Datasets:

jacquelinehe

/

triviaqa_gold

like 0

[ "Lawerence", "Lawrence", "lawrence disambiguation", "lawerence", "Lawrence (disambiguation)", "lawrence" ]

[ { "id": "537826", "score": "1.6412976", "text": "which was published posthumously and detailed his time in the Royal Air Force working as an ordinary aircraftman. He corresponded extensively and was friendly with well-known artists, writers, and politicians. For the Royal Air Force, he participated in the development of rescue motorboats. Lawrence's public image resulted in part from the sensationalised reporting of the Arab revolt by American journalist Lowell Thomas, as well as from \"Seven Pillars of Wisdom\". In 1935, Lawrence was fatally injured in a motorcycle accident in Dorset. Thomas Edward Lawrence was born on 16 August 1888 in Tremadog, Carnarvonshire (now Gwynedd), Wales in a house", "title": "T. E. Lawrence" }, { "id": "19948347", "score": "1.6050949", "text": "public relations. In the 1955 General Election he stood as the Conservative Party candidate for South West Islington, ultimately losing to Labour. In 1957 he published his autobiography, \"Best Foot Forward\". Hodgkinson permanently moved to his holiday home in Dordogne, France, in 1986. He died there on 13 September 1996, aged 76. Colin Hodgkinson (RAF officer) Flight Lieutenant Colin Gerald Shaw Hodgkinson (11 February 1920 – 13 September 1996) was a Royal Air Force (RAF) pilot during the Second World War. His is credited with 2 aerial victories. Colin Hodgkinson was born on 11 February 1920 at Glencot House near", "title": "Colin Hodgkinson (RAF officer)" }, { "id": "15782985", "score": "1.5926529", "text": "a match in which he also took his other five wicket haul of 5/67, to give him match figures of 10/105. Typically though, he found it harder against county professionals. He emigrated to Australia in 1978, where six years later he was killed in a car crash outside Port Pirie, South Australia, on 2 August 1984. George Shaw (cricketer, born 1931) George Bernard Shaw (24 October 1931 – 2 August 1984) was a Welsh cricketer. Shaw was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break. He was born in Treharris, Glamorgan. Shaw made his first-class debut for Glamorgan against the", "title": "George Shaw (cricketer, born 1931)" }, { "id": "5392682", "score": "1.592349", "text": "Ronald Shaw Ronald Shaw (19209 August 1945) was a British pilot who was captured by the Japanese during World War II, and was killed by the atomic bombing of Nagasaki while in Japanese captivity. Shaw was from Edmonton, London, and served as a corporal in the Royal Air Force. He initially served in Egypt before being transferred to the Far East. His plane was shot down by Japanese forces near the island of Java, and he was captured and taken to Japan as a prisoner of war. On 9 August 1945, the US atomic bombing of Nagasaki took place, and", "title": "Ronald Shaw" }, { "id": "6630473", "score": "1.586819", "text": "Alex Henshaw Alexander Adolphus Dumfries Henshaw, (7 November 1912 – 24 February 2007) was a British air racer in the 1930s and a test pilot for Vickers Armstrong during the Second World War. Henshaw was born in Peterborough, the eldest son of a wealthy Lincolnshire family. He was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Stratford-on-Avon (\"Shakespeare's School\" where he sat at the Bard's desk), and Lincoln School (formerly Lincoln Grammar School). He was awarded the Royal Humane Society Medal for saving the life of a boy from the River Witham. Henshaw took to motorcycles, and then learned to fly", "title": "Alex Henshaw" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "T. E. Lawrence\n\nThomas Edward Lawrence (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer who became renowned for his role in the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918) against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. The breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and his ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him international fame as Lawrence of Arabia, a title used for the 1962 film based on his wartime activities.\n\nHe was born out of wedlock in August 1888 to Sarah Junner (1861–1959), a governess, and Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet (1846–1919), an Anglo-Irish nobleman. Chapman left his wife and family in Ireland to cohabit with Junner. Chapman and Junner called themselves Mr and Mrs Lawrence, using the surname of Sarah's likely father; her mother had been employed as a servant for a Lawrence family when she became pregnant with Sarah. In 1896, the Lawrences moved to Oxford, where Thomas attended the High School and then studied history at Jesus College, Oxford, from 1907 to 1910. Between 1910 and 1914 he worked as an archaeologist for the British Museum, chiefly at Carchemish in Ottoman Syria.\n\nSoon after the outbreak of war in 1914 he volunteered for the British Army and was stationed at the Arab Bureau (established in 1916) intelligence unit in Egypt. In 1916, he travelled to Mesopotamia and to Arabia on intelligence missions and became involved with the Arab Revolt as a liaison to the Arab forces, along with other British officers, supporting the Arab Kingdom of Hejaz's independence war against its former overlord, the Ottoman Empire. He worked closely with Emir Faisal, a leader of the revolt, and he participated, sometimes as leader, in military actions against the Ottoman armed forces, culminating in the capture of Damascus in October 1918.\n\nAfter the First World War, Lawrence joined the British Foreign Office, working with the British government and with Faisal. In 1922, he retreated from public life and spent the years until 1935 serving as an enlisted man, mostly in the Royal Air Force (RAF), with a brief period in the Army. During this time, he published his best-known work \"Seven Pillars of Wisdom\" (1926), an autobiographical account of his participation in the Arab Revolt. He also translated books into English, and wrote \"The Mint\", which detailed his time in the Royal Air Force working as an ordinary aircraftman. He corresponded extensively and was friendly with well-known artists, writers, and politicians. For the RAF, he participated in the development of rescue motorboats.\n\nLawrence's public image resulted in part from the sensationalised reporting of the Arab revolt by American journalist Lowell Thomas, as well as from \"Seven Pillars of Wisdom\". On 19 May 1935, Lawrence died, at the age of 46, six days after being injured in a motorcycle accident in Dorset.", "title": "T. E. Lawrence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of footballers killed during World War II\n\nMany former professional and top-level association footballers lost their lives during World War II, either while serving in their own or other countries' armed forces, as civilian casualties of enemy action or in enemy captivity. In addition, a number of Jewish players became victims of the Nazi Holocaust.\n\nIn the case of players whose countries were annexed by others or who migrated from their country of birth, they are classified under the nation of football association in which they spent most if not all of their playing careers.\n\nThose who died as a result of the war or service in it, include:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nService of Finland. Retrieved 15 April 2016. </ref>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[[Category:Cultural history of World War II|Association football]]\nSection::::See also.\n[[Category:Lists of association football players|Killed]]\n[[Category:History of association football|World War II]]\n[[Category:Wartime association football|World War II]]\n[[Category:Lists of people killed in World War II|footballers]]\n[[Category:Death-related lists|football]]\n[[Category:Deaths in sport|association footballers during]]\n[[Category:Lists of sportspeople who died in wars|Footballers]]", "title": "List of footballers killed during World War II" }, { "id": "537861", "score": "1.5657182", "text": "recruiting officer Flying Officer W. E. Johns, later known as the author of the Biggles series of novels. Johns rejected Lawrence's application as he correctly believed that \"Ross\" was a false name. Lawrence admitted that this was so and that the documents he had provided were false. He left, but returned some time later with an RAF messenger, who carried a written order that Johns must accept Lawrence. However, Lawrence was forced out of the RAF in February 1923 after his identity was exposed. He changed his name to T. E. Shaw and joined the Royal Tank Corps later that", "title": "T. E. Lawrence" }, { "id": "6630486", "score": "1.5623832", "text": "in Newmarket on 24 February 2007. He was survived by their only child, Alexander Henshaw Jr. An hour-long film biography of Henshaw entitled \"The Extraordinary Mr Spitfire\" was broadcast for the first time on The History Channel UK in September 2007. Alex Henshaw Alexander Adolphus Dumfries Henshaw, (7 November 1912 – 24 February 2007) was a British air racer in the 1930s and a test pilot for Vickers Armstrong during the Second World War. Henshaw was born in Peterborough, the eldest son of a wealthy Lincolnshire family. He was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Stratford-on-Avon (\"Shakespeare's School\" where", "title": "Alex Henshaw" }, { "id": "11211253", "score": "1.5606351", "text": "The latter year he also joined the Royal Auxiliary Air Force and qualified as a pilot the following year. He served with the force's 601 (County of London) Squadron. It was while serving with the Auxiliary Air Force that Lord Knebworth was killed in the crash of a Hawker Hart at Hendon on 1 May 1933, aged only 29. He was taking part in a practice flight for the upcoming annual air pageant there when his plane failed to pull out of dive and hit the ground, also killing his crewman. His younger brother Alexander was killed at the Second", "title": "Antony Bulwer-Lytton, Viscount Knebworth" }, { "id": "4995665", "score": "1.5585513", "text": "the time. The propeller of the large biplane tore through the side of Black's cockpit, striking and mortally wounding him in the chest and shoulder. He died on the way to hospital. He left a widow, the English actress Florence Desmond, whom he had married in 1935. The winners of the \"Schlesinger Race\" were C. W. A. Scott, (Black's co-pilot in the 1934 MacRoberts Race) and Giles Guthrie. The following is a transcript of \"Incidents Report at Speke Airport\": Tom Campbell Black Tom Campbell Black (December 1899 – 19 September 1936) was an English aviator. He was the son of", "title": "Tom Campbell Black" }, { "id": "2402530", "score": "1.5577801", "text": "over the next three months was promoted to Pilot Officer on probation, then Flying Officer and then Flight Lieutenant. According to his obituary in the \"Guardian\", he saw little action in the service and was told the only chance he would have to fly would be as a rear gunner. Some of his fellow airmen hounded Shaw for autographs while others mocked his posh accent, to which he retaliated with an excellent and unflattering imitation of their less refined speech. He continued to hold a Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve commission after the war until he resigned the commission on", "title": "Sebastian Shaw (actor)" }, { "id": "18888912", "score": "1.5558419", "text": "that had mortally wounded Wallace and Harrison as they had engaged them in a fire fight from within their vehicle. Wallace and Harrison both died from their wounds after being transported to Calgary, and were afforded a full masonic and military funeral processions. Constable Shaw, a veteran of the Royal Flying Corps was buried with full military honours in Swan River, Manitoba. The entirety of the event outraged the community in Banff and surrounding areas leading them to refuse burial to the three perpetrators. The Doukhobour families of the perpetrators refused to take back the bodies of Woiken and Posnikoff,", "title": "1935 Royal Canadian Mounted Police Killings" }, { "id": "17923700", "score": "1.5473391", "text": "Reichswald Forest War Cemetery near Kleve in Germany, his name is on the War Memorial in Cantley, Doncaster. Wilf Shaw Wilfred \"Wilf\" Shaw (21 April 1912−20 February 1945) was an English footballer who played as a right back mainly for Doncaster Rovers. He was killed in action in World War II. Shaw signed to Doncaster from local club Rossington Colliery for the start of the 1930–31 season, though didn't get his first game until 2 May 1931. The following season he made just 2 appearances, and it wasn't until the end of the 1933-34 season that he became a regular", "title": "Wilf Shaw" }, { "id": "20022243", "score": "1.5471692", "text": "Mid. MC. (23) 63 Squadron, killed 29 January 1918. While instructing on the 29 January 1918, another aircraft gone out of control, hit O'Hanlon's Sopwith Pup, and he was seriously injured. Died on 3 February. Vickers test pilot Harold Barnwell, (39) flying solo in a Vickers F.B.26 Vampire, \"B1484\" crashed at Joyce Green, when he attempted a spin without sufficient altitude for recovery. Pilot KWF. One of the fields is used by this Large Radio Controlled Model Aircraft club. In 1938 a long-established English firework maker Joseph Wells and Sons Limited acquired land between the Orchard Hospital and what was", "title": "RAF Joyce Green" }, { "id": "3963812", "score": "1.5459995", "text": "that it was Wilbur putting it all together. Shaw was killed in an airplane crash near Decatur, Indiana, on October 30, 1954, one day before his fifty-second birthday. The pilot, Ray Grimes, and artist Ernest Roose were also killed. As the automotive test evaluator, Shaw's articles were superior to those of his contemporaries in that they gave consistently accurate reports without relying on \"Popular Science\"'s lead in the marketplace over competitors such as \"Mechanix Illustrated\". Shaw's highly regarded autobiography, \"Gentlemen, Start your Engines,\" was published in 1955, and covers events through 1953. Wilbur Shaw Warren Wilbur Shaw (October 31, 1902", "title": "Wilbur Shaw" }, { "id": "2814583", "score": "1.5425358", "text": "(born in 1976), was murdered by carjackers in Austin, Texas in July 1997. Shaw is a descendant of William Brewster of the Mayflower. Shaw has earned numerous honors and awards including 28 medals in Vietnam. He received the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross with 7 Oak Leaf Cluster and the Defense Meritorious Service Medal. Brewster H. Shaw Brewster Hopkinson Shaw Jr. (born May 16, 1945) is a former NASA astronaut, a retired U.S. Air Force Colonel and former executive at Boeing. Shaw was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame on May 6, 2006.", "title": "Brewster H. Shaw" }, { "id": "1587231", "score": "1.5410113", "text": "medical officer stating that after the T.T. they normally had \"several interesting concussion cases\" but that in 1914 there were none. In May 1935, T. E. Lawrence (known as Lawrence of Arabia) had a crash on a Brough Superior SS100 on a narrow road near his cottage near Wareham. The accident occurred because a dip in the road obstructed his view of two boys on bicycles. Swerving to avoid them, Lawrence lost control and was thrown over the handlebars. He was not wearing a helmet, and suffered serious head injuries which left him in a coma; he died after six", "title": "Motorcycle helmet" }, { "id": "4921994", "score": "1.5405445", "text": "the Engineering Institute of Canada. He retired in 1985. In 1967 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. In 1935 he married Johann MacInnes. Their only son, Robert Jr., a commercial airline pilot, was killed in a plane crash in 1966. Robert Fletcher Shaw Robert Fletcher Shaw, (February 16, 1910 – March 22, 2001) was a Canadian businessman, academic, civil servant and deputy commissioner general of the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967. Born in Montreal, Quebec, he was raised in Revelstoke, British Columbia. He received a degree in engineering from McGill University in 1933. In 1937", "title": "Robert Fletcher Shaw" }, { "id": "8976428", "score": "1.5371399", "text": "to the 48-hour working week in 1919 and again in 1924. Shaw did not support communist ideology, but favoured friendly political and trade relations with Russia. In 1893, Shaw married Susannah Whitaker Sterne Ryan Woodhead. They had four daughters. Shaw died in September 1938 in Middlesex, aged 66. Tom Shaw (politician) Thomas Shaw (9 April 1872 – 26 September 1938), known as Tom Shaw, was a British trade unionist and Labour Party politician. Shaw was born in Waterside, Colne, Lancashire. He was the eldest son of a miner, Ellis Shaw, and his wife, Sarah Ann (\"née\" Wilkinson). At age 10,", "title": "Tom Shaw (politician)" }, { "id": "10079044", "score": "1.536931", "text": "to retain the Trophy outright. \"Aircraftsman Shaw\", also known as T. E. Lawrence, or Lawrence of Arabia, was detached to Calshot to help with the 1929 Schneider races. While there he was seconded to the nearby British Power Boat Company factory, where he worked with Hubert Scott-Paine in the development of the 200 Class Seaplane Tender, at the time claimed to be the fastest craft of their size in the world. Through the 1930s, Calshot continued its development and training role, and included: Just before the outbreak of World War II, the two operational squadrons left Calshot: 201 Sqn to", "title": "RAF Calshot" }, { "id": "537866", "score": "1.535111", "text": "discovery in \"The Times\", Lawrence followed Malory scholar Eugene Vinaver from Manchester to Winchester by motorcycle. At the age of 46, two months after leaving military service, Lawrence was fatally injured in an accident on his Brough Superior SS100 motorcycle in Dorset, close to his cottage, Clouds Hill, near Wareham. A dip in the road obstructed his view of two boys on their bicycles; he swerved to avoid them, lost control, and was thrown over the handlebars. He died six days later on 19 May 1935. The location is marked by a small memorial at the side of the road.", "title": "T. E. Lawrence" } ]

[ "", "twelve quadrillion, three hundred and forty-five trillion, six hundred and seventy-eight billion, nine hundred and eighty-seven million, six hundred and fifty-four thousand, three hundred and twenty-one", "12 345 678 987 654 321", "12,345,678,987,654,321", "12345678987654321", "twelve quadrillion three hundred and forty five trillion six hundred and seventy eight billion nine hundred and eighty seven million six hundred and fifty four thousand three hundred and twenty one" ]

[ { "id": "6045693", "score": "1.5167964", "text": "so 10 chosen). So, \"m\" = 10; \"d\" = 14; and \"a\" = 1. Next, \"m\" = 4; \"d\" = 7; and \"a\" = 2. Now, loop back to the second equation above. Consequently, the simple continued fraction for the square root of 114 is Its decimal value is approximately 10.67707 82520 31311 21... A more rapid method is to evaluate its generalized continued fraction. From the formula derived there: and the fact that 114 is 2/3 of the way between 10=100 and 11=121 results in which is simply the aforementioned [10;1,2, 10,2,1, 20,1,2, 10,2,1, 20,1,2, ...] evaluated at every", "title": "Methods of computing square roots" }, { "id": "1697426", "score": "1.5092733", "text": "1 and prime numbers has a magic constant of 111: A six-by-six magic square using the numbers 1 to 36 also has a magic constant of 111: (The square has this magic constant because 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 34 + 35 + 36 = 666, and 666 / 6 = 111). 111 is also the magic constant of the n-Queens Problem for n = 6. It is also an nonagonal number. In base 10, it is a Harshad number. In cricket, the number 111 is sometimes called \"a Nelson\" after Admiral Nelson, who allegedly only had", "title": "111 (number)" }, { "id": "1697424", "score": "1.497199", "text": "111 (number) 111 (One hundred [and] eleven) is the natural number following 110 and preceding 112. 111 is a perfect totient number. 111 is R or the second repunit, a number like 11, 111, or 1111 that consists of repeated units, or 1's. It equals 3 × 37, therefore all triplets (numbers like 222 or 777) in base ten are of the form 3\"n\" × 37. As a repunit, it also follows that 111 is a palindromic number. All triplets in all bases are multiples of 111 in that base, therefore the number represented by 111 in a particular base", "title": "111 (number)" }, { "id": "4206138", "score": "1.4856188", "text": "Here the \"position\" of the significant figures is important, but the \"quantity\" of significant figures is irrelevant. Some examples using these rules: 100 + 110 ≈ 200 100. + 110. = 210. 1×10 + 1.1×10 ≈ 2×10 1.0×10 + 111 = 2.1×10 123.25 + 46.0 + 86.26 ≈ 255.5 100 - 1 ≈ 100 Transcendental functions have a complicated method for determining the significance of the result. These include the logarithm function, the exponential function and the trigonometric functions. The significance of the result depends on the condition number. In general, the number of significant figures for the result is", "title": "Significance arithmetic" }, { "id": "6045678", "score": "1.4826005", "text": "than formula_112 then we just update formula_113 to formula_118 inside res and divide it by 2. Then we update formula_113 to formula_118 in bit by dividing it by 4. The final iteration of the 2nd loop has bit equal to 1 and will cause update of formula_110 to run one extra time removing the factor of 2 from res making it our integer approximation of the root. Faster algorithms, in binary and decimal or any other base, can be realized by using lookup tables—in effect trading more storage space for reduced run time. Pocket calculators typically implement good routines to", "title": "Methods of computing square roots" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Binary number\n\nA binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or binary numeral system, a method of mathematical expression which uses only two symbols: typically \"0\" (zero) and \"1\" (one).\n\nThe base-2 numeral system is a positional notation with a radix of 2. Each digit is referred to as a bit, or binary digit. Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary system is used by almost all modern computers and computer-based devices, as a preferred system of use, over various other human techniques of communication, because of the simplicity of the language and the noise immunity in physical implementation.", "title": "Binary number" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Basel problem\n\nThe Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, concerning an infinite sum of inverse squares. It was first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1650 and solved by Leonhard Euler in 1734, and read on 5 December 1735 in \"The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences\". Since the problem had withstood the attacks of the leading mathematicians of the day, Euler's solution brought him immediate fame when he was twenty-eight. Euler generalised the problem considerably, and his ideas were taken up years later by Bernhard Riemann in his seminal 1859 paper \"On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude\", in which he defined his zeta function and proved its basic properties. The problem is named after Basel, hometown of Euler as well as of the Bernoulli family who unsuccessfully attacked the problem.\n\nThe Basel problem asks for the precise summation of the reciprocals of the squares of the natural numbers, i.e. the precise sum of the infinite series:\nformula_1\n\nThe sum of the series is approximately equal to 1.644934. The Basel problem asks for the \"exact\" sum of this series (in closed form), as well as a proof that this sum is correct. Euler found the exact sum to be formula_2 and announced this discovery in 1735. His arguments were based on manipulations that were not justified at the time, although he was later proven correct. He produced a truly rigorous proof in 1741.\n\nThe solution to this problem can be used to estimate the probability that two large random numbers are coprime. Two random integers in the range from 1 to formula_3, in the limit as formula_3 goes to infinity, are relatively prime with a probability that approaches formula_5, the reciprocal of the solution to the Basel problem.", "title": "Basel problem" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Divisibility rule\n\nA divisibility rule is a shorthand and useful way of determining whether a given integer is divisible by a fixed divisor without performing the division, usually by examining its digits. Although there are divisibility tests for numbers in any radix, or base, and they are all different, this article presents rules and examples only for decimal, or base 10, numbers. Martin Gardner explained and popularized these rules in his September 1962 \"Mathematical Games\" column in \"Scientific American\".", "title": "Divisibility rule" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chi-squared distribution\n\nIn probability theory and statistics, the chi-squared distribution (also chi-square or formula_1-distribution) with formula_2 degrees of freedom is the distribution of a sum of the squares of formula_2 independent standard normal random variables. The chi-squared distribution is a special case of the gamma distribution and is one of the most widely used probability distributions in inferential statistics, notably in hypothesis testing and in construction of confidence intervals. This distribution is sometimes called the central chi-squared distribution, a special case of the more general noncentral chi-squared distribution.\n\nThe chi-squared distribution is used in the common chi-squared tests for goodness of fit of an observed distribution to a theoretical one, the independence of two criteria of classification of qualitative data, and in confidence interval estimation for a population standard deviation of a normal distribution from a sample standard deviation. Many other statistical tests also use this distribution, such as Friedman's analysis of variance by ranks.", "title": "Chi-squared distribution" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Binomial distribution\n\n</math>\n\nIn probability theory and statistics, the binomial distribution with parameters \"n\" and \"p\" is the discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of \"n\" independent experiments, each asking a yes–no question, and each with its own Boolean-valued outcome: \"success\" (with probability \"p\") or \"failure\" (with probability formula_8). A single success/failure experiment is also called a Bernoulli trial or Bernoulli experiment, and a sequence of outcomes is called a Bernoulli process; for a single trial, i.e., \"n\" = 1, the binomial distribution is a Bernoulli distribution. The binomial distribution is the basis for the popular binomial test of statistical significance.\n\nThe binomial distribution is frequently used to model the number of successes in a sample of size \"n\" drawn with replacement from a population of size \"N\". If the sampling is carried out without replacement, the draws are not independent and so the resulting distribution is a hypergeometric distribution, not a binomial one. However, for \"N\" much larger than \"n\", the binomial distribution remains a good approximation, and is widely used.", "title": "Binomial distribution" }, { "id": "6045676", "score": "1.4785986", "text": "left column gives the option between that number or zero to be used for subtraction at that stage of computation. The final answer is 1001, which in decimal is 9. This gives rise to simple computer implementations: short isqrt(short num) { Using the notation above, the variable \"bit\" corresponds to formula_105 which is formula_106, the variable \"res\" is equal to formula_107, and the variable \"num\" is equal to the current formula_108 which is the difference of the number we want the square root of and the square of our current approximation with all bits set up to formula_109. Thus in", "title": "Methods of computing square roots" }, { "id": "1697428", "score": "1.4477973", "text": "of peculiar mannerisms - hops, shuffles, jiggles and so on since an umpire cannot sit down and raise his feet - that he would indulge in if the score was ever a \"Nelson\" multiple. Particularly if the number of wickets also matched - 111/1, 222/2 etc. 111 is also: 111 (number) 111 (One hundred [and] eleven) is the natural number following 110 and preceding 112. 111 is a perfect totient number. 111 is R or the second repunit, a number like 11, 111, or 1111 that consists of repeated units, or 1's. It equals 3 × 37, therefore all triplets", "title": "111 (number)" }, { "id": "5475763", "score": "1.4460592", "text": "of the function formula_114 for formula_115 and formula_116 are for example formula_117. Where the same calculation is done with single digit precision, the result would normally be formula_118. But formula_119, so this approach would contradict the basic principles of interval arithmetic, as a part of the domain of formula_120 would be lost. Instead, the outward rounded solution formula_121 is used. The standard IEEE 754 for binary floating-point arithmetic also sets out procedures for the implementation of rounding. An IEEE 754 compliant system allows programmers to round to the nearest floating point number; alternatives are rounding towards 0 (truncating), rounding toward", "title": "Interval arithmetic" }, { "id": "6045675", "score": "1.4398812", "text": "and test step: find a digit, formula_96, when added to the right of a current solution formula_97, such that formula_98, where formula_99 is the value for which a root is desired. Expanding: formula_100. The current value of formula_101—or, usually, the remainder—can be incrementally updated efficiently when working in binary, as the value of formula_96 will have a single bit set (a power of 2), and the operations needed to compute formula_103 and formula_104 can be replaced with faster bit shift operations. Here we obtain the square root of 81, which when converted into binary gives 1010001. The numbers in the", "title": "Methods of computing square roots" }, { "id": "2945326", "score": "1.4326154", "text": "as a matrix formula_35 yields: A solution to the equation is given by the left null space, simply Thus the product of all 3 equations yields a square (mod N). and So the algorithm found Testing the result yields GCD(3070860 - 22678, 15347) = 103, a nontrivial factor of 15347, the other being 149. This demonstration should also serve to show that the quadratic sieve is only appropriate when \"n\" is large. For a number as small as 15347, this algorithm is overkill. Trial division or Pollard rho could have found a factor with much less computation. In practice, many", "title": "Quadratic sieve" }, { "id": "4154453", "score": "1.4244051", "text": "corner square. You will read the binary result 11000110 = 198 which is indeed 22*9. Why can we read the binary number in this L-shaped fashion? The bottom row is of course just the first six powers of two, but notice that the leftmost column has the next five powers of two. So we can directly read off an 11 digit binary number from the L-shaped set of 11 squares that lie along the left and bottom sides of the grid. Our small 6x6 grid can only multiply numbers each up to 63, and in general an \"n\"x\"n\" grid can", "title": "Location arithmetic" }, { "id": "1697425", "score": "1.4234767", "text": "is the only triplet that can ever be prime. 111 is not prime in base ten, but is prime in base two, where 111 = 7. It is also prime in these other bases up to 128: 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 24, 27, 33, 38, 41, 50, 54, 57, 59, 62, 66, 69, 71, 75, 77, 78, 80, 89, 90, 99, 101, 105, 110, 111, 117, 119 In base 18, the number 111 is 7 (= 343) which is the only base where 111 is a perfect power. The smallest magic square using only", "title": "111 (number)" }, { "id": "2911481", "score": "1.4225607", "text": "by heart a certain number of squares: It may be useful to be aware that the difference between two successive square numbers is the sum of their respective square roots. Hence if you know that 12 × 12 = 144 and wish to know 13 × 13, calculate 144 + 12 + 13 = 169. This is because (\"x\" + 1) − \"x\" = \"x\" + 2\"x\" + 1 − \"x\" = \"x\" + (\"x\" + 1) \"x\" = (\"x\" − 1) + (2\"x\" − 1) Take a given number, and add and subtract a certain value to it that", "title": "Mental calculation" }, { "id": "3848065", "score": "1.4177563", "text": "A − C ≤ 9, both the first and third digits are guaranteed to be single digits.) Its reversal is 100 × ['] + 10 × ' + 1 × [']. The sum is thus 101 × ['] + 20 × ' + 101 × ['] = 101 × [' + '] + 20 × = 101 × [−1 + 10] + 180 = 1089. Multiplying the number 1089 by the integers from 1 to 9 produces a pattern: multipliers adding up to 10 give products that are the digit reversals of each other: Also note the patterns within each", "title": "1089 (number)" }, { "id": "6045677", "score": "1.4150167", "text": "the first loop, we want to find the highest power of 4 in \"bit\" to find the highest power of 2 in formula_110. In the second loop, if num is greater than res + bit, then formula_108 is greater than formula_112 and we can subtract it. The next line, we want to add formula_113 to formula_114 which means we want to add formula_115 to formula_107 so we want codice_1. Then update formula_113 to formula_118 inside res which involves dividing by 2 or another shift to the right. Combining these 2 into one line leads to codice_2. If formula_108 isn't greater", "title": "Methods of computing square roots" }, { "id": "1865928", "score": "1.4110568", "text": "two branches in the loop. The first branch invariably increases codice_11 and does not change codice_3, so that the index codice_111 of the currently scrutinized character of codice_2 is increased. The second branch adds codice_113 to codice_3, and as we have seen, this is always a positive number. Thus the location codice_3 of the beginning of the current potential match is increased. At the same time, the second branch leaves codice_111 unchanged, for codice_3 gets codice_113 added to it, and immediately after codice_93 gets assigned as the new value of codice_11, hence codice_121. Now, the loop ends if codice_111 =", "title": "Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm" }, { "id": "2066879", "score": "1.4004382", "text": "number can only represent every integer from −128 to 127 () inclusive. Negating a two's complement number is simple: Invert all the bits and add one to the result. For example, negating 1111, we get 0000 + 1 = 1. Therefore, 1111 must represent −1. The system is useful in simplifying the implementation of arithmetic on computer hardware. Adding 0011 (3) to 1111 (−1) at first seems to give the incorrect answer of 10010. However, the hardware can simply ignore the left-most bit to give the correct answer of 0010 (2). Overflow checks still must exist to catch operations such", "title": "Two's complement" }, { "id": "2066891", "score": "1.397991", "text": "akin to a mathematical joke. The critical step is \"...110 = ...111 − 1\", i.e., \"2\"X\" = \"X\" − 1\", and thus \"X\" = ...111 = −1. This presupposes a method by which an infinite string of 1s is considered a number, which requires an extension of the finite place-value concepts in elementary arithmetic. It is meaningful either as part of a two's-complement notation for all integers, as a typical 2-adic number, or even as one of the generalized sums defined for the divergent series of real numbers 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ···. Digital arithmetic circuits,", "title": "Two's complement" }, { "id": "6192380", "score": "1.3978666", "text": "a vertex: 1111, 1112(i), 1112(ii), 1122, 1123(i), 1123(ii), 1212, 1213, 1234. (i) cases have simple reflection symmetry, and (ii) glide reflection symmetry. Three can be seen in the same symmetry domain as reduced colorings: 1112 from 1213, 1123 from 1234, and 1112 reduced from 1123. This tiling is topologically related as a part of sequence of regular polyhedra and tilings, extending into the hyperbolic plane: {4,p}, p=3,4,5... This tiling is also topologically related as a part of sequence of regular polyhedra and tilings with four faces per vertex, starting with the octahedron, with Schläfli symbol {n,4}, and Coxeter diagram ,", "title": "Square tiling" }, { "id": "20808566", "score": "1.3975563", "text": "the number of outcomes is large but finite, then in general formula_127, being a ratio of two outputs of the formula_40-function, will take on more values than any single output of the function can. So, for instance, if in Fig. 1 formula_129are all multiples of 0.01 (as would be the case if there were exactly 100 equiprobable outcomes), then formula_17 must be a multiple of 0.01, as well, but formula_9 need not be. That being the case, formula_17 cannot reliably be made to equal formula_133. Hájek also argued (1994) that the condition formula_36 caused acceptable formula_40-functions to be implausibly sparse", "title": "Lewis's triviality result" } ]

[ "Phasianus colchicus versicolor", "cockbird", "pheasant meat", "pheasant", "phasianus colchicus versicolor", "gennceus", "pheasants", "Pheasant meat", "Pheasant", "Gennceus", "Cock pheasant", "Pheasants", "cock pheasant", "phasianus colchicus colchicus", "Phasianus colchicus colchicus", "Cockbird" ]

[ { "id": "1677900", "score": "1.5595243", "text": "species is in Southeast Asia and Africa. The Congo peacock is specific to the African Congo. The subfamily Perdicinae has a much more widespread distribution. Within their range, they occupy almost every available habitat except for the boreal forests and tundra. The family is generally and resident, although some quails undertake long migrations. Several species in the family have been widely introduced around the world, particularly pheasants, which have been introduced to Europe, Australia, and the Americas, specifically for hunting purposes. Captive populations of peacocks and chickens have also escaped (or been released) and become feral. The pheasants and partridges", "title": "Phasianidae" }, { "id": "2871380", "score": "1.491141", "text": "peacock looks at its ugly feet and cries whereupon the tears are fed on by the peahen causing it to be orally impregnated while other variants incorporate sperm transfer from beak to beak. Similar ideas have also been ascribed to Indian crow species. In Greek mythology the origin of the peacocks plumage is explained in the tale of Hera and Argus. The main figure of the Yazidi religion Yezidism, Melek Taus, is most commonly depicted as a peacock. Peacock motifs are widely used even today such as in the logos of the US NBC and the PTV television networks and", "title": "Indian peafowl" }, { "id": "2871342", "score": "1.4815562", "text": "Indian peafowl The Indian peafowl or blue peafowl (\"Pavo cristatus\"), a large and brightly coloured bird, is a species of peafowl native to South Asia, but introduced in many other parts of the world. The male, or peacock, is predominantly blue with a fan-like crest of spatula-tipped wire-like feathers and is best known for the long train made up of elongated upper-tail covert feathers which bear colourful eyespots. These stiff feathers are raised into a fan and quivered in a display during courtship. Despite the length and size of these covert feathers, peacocks are still capable of flight. Peahens lack", "title": "Indian peafowl" }, { "id": "7959893", "score": "1.4773107", "text": "Peacock-pheasant The peacock-pheasants are a bird genus, Polyplectron, of the family Phasianidae, consisting of eight species. They are colored inconspicuously, relying on heavily on crypsis to avoid detection. When threatened, peacock-pheasants will alter their shapes using specialised plumage that when expanded reveals numerous iridescent orbs. The birds also vibrate their plume quills further accentuating their aposematism. Peacock-pheasants exhibit well developed metatarsal spurs. Older individuals may have multiple spurs on each leg. These kicking thorns are used in self-defense. The systematics of the genus are somewhat unclear. Molecular research has revealed that peacock-pheasants are not genetically related to pheasants and only", "title": "Peacock-pheasant" }, { "id": "9043817", "score": "1.4687033", "text": "species (AS) status by the IOC. Lowe's grey peacock-pheasant was described from a captive bird of unknown provenance. Similar examples have turned up on occasion, but the validity and – if distinct – home range of this taxon remains unknown. It was theorized to inhabit western Assam or the eastern Himalayas, but this is based on conjecture. The phylogeny of this species is fairly enigmatic. mtDNA cytochrome \"b\" and D-loop as well as the nuclear ovomucoid intron G sequence data confirms that it belongs to a largely Continental Asian clade together with Germain's peacock-pheasant (\"P. germaini\"), but also the \"brown\"", "title": "Grey peacock-pheasant" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Peafowl\n\nPeafowl is a common name for three bird species in the genera \"Pavo\" and \"Afropavo\" within the tribe Pavonini of the family Phasianidae, the pheasants and their allies. Male peafowl are referred to as peacocks, and female peafowl are referred to as peahens, although peafowl of either sex are often referred to colloquially as \"peacocks.\"\n\nThe two Asiatic species are the blue or Indian peafowl originally of the Indian subcontinent, and the green peafowl of Southeast Asia; the one African species is the Congo peafowl, native only to the Congo Basin. Male peafowl are known for their piercing calls and their extravagant plumage. The latter is especially prominent in the Asiatic species, which have an eye-spotted \"tail\" or \"train\" of covert feathers, which they display as part of a courtship ritual.\n\nThe functions of the elaborate iridescent colouration and large \"train\" of peacocks have been the subject of extensive scientific debate. Charles Darwin suggested that they served to attract females, and the showy features of the males had evolved by sexual selection. More recently, Amotz Zahavi proposed in his handicap theory that these features acted as honest signals of the males' fitness, since less-fit males would be disadvantaged by the difficulty of surviving with such large and conspicuous structures.", "title": "Peafowl" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Phasianidae\n\nThe Phasianidae are a family of heavy, ground-living birds, which includes pheasants, partridges, junglefowl, chickens, turkeys, Old World quail, and peafowl. The family includes many of the most popular gamebirds. The family is a large one and includes 185 species divided into 54 genera. It was formerly broken up into two subfamilies, the Phasianinae and the Perdicinae. However, this treatment is now known to be paraphyletic and polyphyletic, respectively, and more recent evidence supports breaking it up into two subfamilies: Rollulinae and Phasianinae, with the latter containing multiple tribes within two clades. The New World quail (Odontophoridae) and guineafowl (Numididae) were formerly sometimes included in this family, but are now typically placed in families of their own; conversely, grouse and turkeys, formerly often treated as distinct families (Tetraonidae and Meleagrididae, respectively), are now known to be deeply nested within Phasianidae, so they are now included in the present family.", "title": "Phasianidae" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Galliformes\n\nGalliformes is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkeys, chickens, quail, and other landfowl. Gallinaceous birds, as they are called, are important in their ecosystems as seed dispersers and predators, and are often reared by humans for their meat and eggs, or hunted as game birds.\n\nThe order contains about 290 species, inhabiting every continent except Antarctica, and divided into five families: Phasianidae (including chicken, quail, partridges, pheasants, turkeys, peafowl (peacocks) and grouse), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Numididae (guinea fowl), Cracidae (including chachalacas and curassows), and Megapodiidae (incubator birds like malleefowl and brush-turkeys). They adapt to most environments except for innermost deserts and perpetual ice.\n\nMany gallinaceous species are skilled runners and escape predators by running rather than flying. Males of most species are more colorful than the females, with often elaborate courtship behaviors that include strutting, fluffing of tail or head feathers, and vocal sounds. They are mainly nonmigratory. Several species have been domesticated during their long and extensive relationships with humans.\n\nThe name \"galliformes\" derives from \"gallus\", Latin for \"rooster\". Common names are gamefowl or gamebirds, landfowl, gallinaceous birds, or galliforms. Galliforms and waterfowl (order Anseriformes) are collectively called \"fowl\".", "title": "Galliformes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Bird" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bird-of-paradise\n\nThe birds-of-paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes. The majority of species are found in eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia. The family has 44 species in 17 genera. The members of this family are perhaps best known for the plumage of the males of the species, the majority of which are sexually dimorphic. The males of these species tend to have very long, elaborate feathers extending from the beak, wings, tail or head. For the most part they are confined to dense rainforest habitat. The diet of all species is dominated by fruit and to a lesser extent arthropods. The birds-of-paradise have a variety of breeding systems, ranging from monogamy to lek-type polygamy.\n\nA number of species are threatened by hunting and habitat loss.", "title": "Bird-of-paradise" }, { "id": "4700885", "score": "1.4684587", "text": "Chapin visited the Royal Museum of Central Africa and saw two stuffed specimens with similar feathers labeled as the 'Indian peacock' which he later discovered to be the Congo peacock, a completely different species. In 1955 Chapin managed to find seven specimens of the species . The Congo peacock has physical characteristics of both the peafowl and the guineafowl, which may indicate that the Congo peacock is a link between the two families. The male (pea\"cock\") of this species is a large bird of up to in length. Though much less impressive than its Asiatic cousins, the male's feathers are", "title": "Congo peafowl" }, { "id": "8201003", "score": "1.4669162", "text": "Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant The bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant (\"Polyplectron chalcurum\") is also known as the Sumatran peacock-pheasant. It is an Indonesian bird. The bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant is a small, up to 56 cm long, dark brown pheasant with dark grey legs, rather small head and long, narrow tail of sixteen feathers. The tail feathers are chestnut brown with metallic purplish bars near tips. Both sexes are similar. The male has longer tail, two spurs on legs and yellow iris while the unspurred female's is dark brown. The bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant belongs to the family Phasianidae and the genus \"Polyplectron\", which consists of seven peacock-pheasant species.", "title": "Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant" }, { "id": "2871346", "score": "1.4634178", "text": "I, line 210). The Greek word for peacock was \"taos\" and was related to the Persian \"tavus\" (as in \"Takht-i-Tâvus\" for the famed Peacock Throne). The Ancient Hebrew word \"tuki\" (plural \"tukkiyim\") has been said to have been derived from the Tamil \"tokei\" but sometimes traced to the Egyptian \"tekh\". In modern Hebrew the word for peacock is \"tavas\". Peacocks are a larger sized bird with a length from bill to tail of and to the end of a fully grown train as much as and weigh . The females, or peahens, are smaller at around in length and weigh", "title": "Indian peafowl" }, { "id": "734153", "score": "1.4525001", "text": "The Indian peacock has iridescent blue and green plumage, mostly metallic blue and green, but the green peacock has green and bronze body feathers. In both species, females are as big as males, but lack the train and the head ornament. The peacock \"tail\", known as a \"train\", consists not of tail quill feathers, but highly elongated upper tail coverts. These feathers are marked with eyespots, best seen when a peacock fans his tail. Both sexes of all species have a crest atop the head. The Indian peahen has a mixture of dull grey, brown, and green in her plumage.", "title": "Peafowl" }, { "id": "9043815", "score": "1.4430858", "text": "Grey peacock-pheasant The grey peacock-pheasant (\"Polyplectron bicalcaratum\"), also known as Burmese peacock-pheasant, is a large Asian member of the order Galliformes. It is the national bird of Myanmar. It is a large pheasant, up to 76 cm long and greyish brown with finely spotted green eyespots, an elongated bushy crest, bare pink or yellow facial skin, white throat, and grey iris, bill and legs. The sexes are rather similar, but the female is smaller, darker and less ornamented than the male. The young resemble the female. The grey peacock-pheasant is distributed in lowland and hill forests of Bangladesh, Northeast India", "title": "Grey peacock-pheasant" }, { "id": "7044614", "score": "1.4242451", "text": "leading to the names \"aurita\" and \"indica\" and the species has been placed in the past in the genera \"Otis\", \"Eupodotis\" and \"Sypheotis\". The species ending which is related to the gender of the Latin genus has been debated and it believed that \"indicus\" is correct. The horizontal body carriage, size and habit of holding up their tail feathers when walking on the ground have led their local names to make associations with peacocks, with a popular name being the equivalent of \"grass peacock\" (such as \"khar-mor\", \"tan-mor\") in some areas. the name \"Likh\" is used in northwestern India and", "title": "Lesser florican" }, { "id": "734178", "score": "1.4211876", "text": "depicted seated on a peacock. Peacocks are seen supporting the throne of Amitabha, the ruby red sunset coloured archetypal Buddha of Infinite Light. In Persia and Babylonia, the peacock is seen as a guardian to royalty and is often engraved upon royal thrones. Nonetheless, using the peacock as the symbol of royalty has an old and distinguished pedigree in India too. Melek Taus (; ; ), the \"Peacock Angel\", is the Yazidi name for the central figure of their faith. The Yazidi consider \"Tawûsê Melek\" an emanation of God and a benevolent angel who has redeemed himself from his fall", "title": "Peafowl" }, { "id": "7959894", "score": "1.4179058", "text": "distantly to peafowl. Their closest allies are the Asiatic spurfowl and the crimson-headed partridge, endemic to Borneo. These three genera share the curious tendency for multiple metatarsal spurs. Though they are somewhat divergent morphologically, their skeletons are nearly identical. The species of \"Polyplectron\" diverged at some time between, roughly, the Early Pliocene and the Middle Pleistocene, or 5–1 million years ago. \"Polyplectron malacense\" and \"P. schleiermacheri\" form a basal radiation around the southern South China Sea together with \"P. napoleonis\", as is confirmed by comparison of biogeography and mtDNA cytochrome \"b\" and D-loop as well as the nuclear ovomucoid intron", "title": "Peacock-pheasant" }, { "id": "8201005", "score": "1.417418", "text": "analyses. What seems clear is that the present species evolved from mainland Southeast Asian stock, probably during the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (3.6-1 mya). The loss of ocelli thus is, contrary to long-held opinion, an autapomorphy, and the southern species of this clade - formerly separated in the genus \"Chalcurus\" - are probably not each other's closest relatives. An Indonesian endemic, the bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant inhabits to mountain forests of west Sumatra. As with other member in the genus, this elusive bird is shy and very wary. But unlike other peacock-pheasants, it has no ocelli. The bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant is evaluated", "title": "Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant" }, { "id": "8008322", "score": "1.4159358", "text": "Malayan peacock-pheasant The Malayan peacock-pheasant (\"Polyplectron malacense\") also known as crested peacock-pheasant or Malaysian peacock-pheasant, is a medium-sized pheasant of the galliform family Phasianidae. The closely related Bornean peacock-pheasant (\"P. schleiermacheri\") was formerly included here as a subspecies, but as understood today, \"P. malacense\" is monotypic. It is one of the shortest-tailed peacock-pheasants. Adult males are about 50 cm long, about half of which is made up by the tail. Their tarsus measures approximately 6.5 cm, and their wings are 20–21 cm long; they weigh from over 600 to nearly 700 g. Their plumage is generally pale brown with small", "title": "Malayan peacock-pheasant" }, { "id": "10964212", "score": "1.41067", "text": "Papilio bianor Papilio bianor, the Chinese peacock black swallowtail emerald or Chinese peacock is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae, the swallowtails. It is native to Asia and Australia. Three of its subspecies are also known as West Himalayan common peacock, East Himalayan common peacock and Indo-Chinese common peacock. The subspecies Papilio bianor polyctor (better known as West Himalayan common peacock) is the state butterfly of the Indian state Uttarakhand. This species is variable in size. Individuals emerged in the spring reach 4 to 8 centimeters wide, while those emerged in the summer can reach 12 centimeters. The", "title": "Papilio bianor" }, { "id": "7542425", "score": "1.4091165", "text": "Palawan peacock-pheasant The Palawan peacock-pheasant (\"Polyplectron napoleonis\") is a medium-sized (up to 50 cm long) bird in the family Phasianidae. The Palawan peacock-pheasant is featured prominently in the culture of the indigenous peoples of Palawan. The bird is also depicted in the official seal of the city of Puerto Princesa. The adult male is the most peacock-like member of the genus \"Polyplectron\" in appearance. It has an erectile crest and highly iridescent electric blue-violet, metallic green-turquoise dorsal plumage. It breast and ventral regions are dark black. The retrices are wide, flat, and rigid. Their terminal edges are squared. Each tail", "title": "Palawan peacock-pheasant" }, { "id": "734175", "score": "1.4087315", "text": "culture. In Hinduism, the Indian peacock is the mount of the God of war, Lord Kartikeya. During a war with Asuras, Karthikeya split the demon king Surapadman in half. Out of respect for his adversary’s prowess in battle, the God converted the two halves as an integral part of himself. One half became a peacock serving as his mount, and another a rooster adorning his flag. The peacock displays the divine shape of Omkara when it spreads its magnificent plumes into a full-blown circular form. Peacock feathers also adorn the crest of Lord Krishna, an avatar of Lord Vishnu, one", "title": "Peafowl" }, { "id": "14292027", "score": "1.4057482", "text": "Hainan peacock-pheasant The Hainan peacock-pheasant (\"Polyplectron katsumatae\") is an endangered bird that belongs to the pheasant family Phasianidae. It is endemic to the island of Hainan, China. It is extremely rare. The bird was long considered a subspecies of grey peacock-pheasant or \"Polyplectron bicalcaratum\". The Hainan peacock-pheasant is smaller, and it possesses a short crest and ruff (Johnsgard 1986). It has red facial skin as opposed to grey in the yellow-orange facial skin of the grey peacock-pheasant. Beebe (1922) noted various plumage differences between the two and considered them separate species. Due to lack of detailed taxonomic studies, whether it", "title": "Hainan peacock-pheasant" }, { "id": "8008335", "score": "1.4037344", "text": "Society and Wildlife Conservation International. The Department of Wildlife and National Parks of Malaysia is preparing a captive breeding program to bolster the population in reserves and prevent inbreeding depression by release of captive-bred birds. Malayan peacock-pheasant The Malayan peacock-pheasant (\"Polyplectron malacense\") also known as crested peacock-pheasant or Malaysian peacock-pheasant, is a medium-sized pheasant of the galliform family Phasianidae. The closely related Bornean peacock-pheasant (\"P. schleiermacheri\") was formerly included here as a subspecies, but as understood today, \"P. malacense\" is monotypic. It is one of the shortest-tailed peacock-pheasants. Adult males are about 50 cm long, about half of which is", "title": "Malayan peacock-pheasant" } ]

[ "Penelon", "lady penelope creighton ward", "Lady Penelope", "creighton ward mansion", "Lady Penelope Creighton Ward", "Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward", "Penelope Creighton-Ward", "Creighton-Ward Mansion", "lady penelope", "penelope creighton ward", "penelon" ]

[ { "id": "17714282", "score": "1.7910709", "text": "and Sugar Smacks breakfast cereal. In 1990, Gerry Anderson filmed a car insurance advert for Swinton Insurance titled \"Parker's Day Off\", in which Lady Penelope, at the wheel of FAB 1, drives with a dangerous recklessness that is only checked when Parker comes to her rescue in \"Thunderbird 2\". The title character was played by the original Parker puppet and was worked by veteran operator Christine Glanville. In 1993, a \"Thunderbirds\"-themed advert for the Nestlé Kit Kat chocolate bar, \"Scott Takes a Break\", was filmed. This includes the original \"5–4–3–2–1!\" countdown and shots of all the \"Thunderbird\" machines taking off", "title": "Works based on Thunderbirds" }, { "id": "10566858", "score": "1.7773185", "text": "butler and chauffeur (driving FAB 1, a modified, pink Rolls-Royce). Like Penelope, he is an International Rescue field agent. Born in London, Parker speaks with a heavy Cockney accent, although he frequently attempts to speak with Received Pronunciation (most notably for his catchphrase, \"Yes, M'Lady\"). Parker is a reformed criminal, having served prison sentences for cat burglary and safecracking. His criminal exploits, coupled with a prominent facial feature, earned him the nickname \"Nosey\" (this may also be a reference to his nosiness – he eavesdrops on his employer's conversations in \"Vault of Death\" and \"Thunderbird 6\"). He was rescued from", "title": "Aloysius Parker" }, { "id": "10566857", "score": "1.7123413", "text": "Aloysius Parker Aloysius \"Nosey\" Parker is a fictional character introduced in the British mid-1960s Supermarionation television series \"Thunderbirds\", who also appears in the film sequels \"Thunderbirds Are Go\" (1966) and \"Thunderbird 6\" (1968) and the 2004 live-action adaptation \"Thunderbirds\". The puppet character of the TV series and first two films was voiced by David Graham. In the live-action film, Parker is portrayed by Ron Cook. Graham reprised his role for the part-computer-animated, part-live-action remake series \"Thunderbirds Are Go!\", which first aired in the UK on 4 April 2015. Parker is employed at Creighton-Ward Mansion by Lady Penelope, serving as her", "title": "Aloysius Parker" }, { "id": "5404641", "score": "1.7120948", "text": "pink paint job and re-trim, the passenger compartment was stock Rolls-Royce. This model attended Anderson's funeral on 13 January 2013. FAB 2, Lady Penelope's private yacht appears in the \"Thunderbirds\" episode \"The Man From MI.5\". At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Parker has lost the ship in a game of poker. FAB 3 is Penelope's racehorse. It is kept at Ascot Stables and is the winner of many derby races. FAB 1 FAB 1 is a pink, six-wheeled car seen in the 1960s British science-fiction television series \"Thunderbirds\", its three film adaptations, and the reboot TV", "title": "FAB 1" }, { "id": "4724631", "score": "1.7056351", "text": "In his review published in the \"Daily Mail\", critic Barry Norman described the sequel to \"Thunderbirds Are Go\" as child-orientated but still a showcase of \"technical excellence\". In what he termed a \"class-conscious\" side to the film, Norman also discussed the characterisation of Parker, a manservant, as a butt of jokes, such as being the one unfortunate character to find himself stuck upside-down in a tree as the Tiger Moth crash-lands. La Rivière theorises that the commercial failure of the film is attributable to the facts that ITC financier Lew Grade had cancelled \"Thunderbirds\" as a television series in 1966,", "title": "Thunderbird 6" }, { "id": "3819716", "score": "1.6892724", "text": "studied drama at the University of Southern California, where he studied for a master's degree in theater history. Parker began his show-business career in summer 1951 when he had a $32-a-week job as an extra in the play \"Mister Roberts\", although he is credited with the voice of Leslie, the chauffeur, in the 1950 film \"Harvey\". Within months, he was on location with a minor part in \"Untamed Frontier\" with Joseph Cotten and Shelley Winters. Parker became a contract player with Warner Bros., appearing in small roles in several films such as \"Springfield Rifle\" (1952), \"Island in the Sky\", \"The", "title": "Fess Parker" }, { "id": "2643513", "score": "1.6832902", "text": "positive acclaim (other than the special effects) was Sophia Myles' performance as superspy Lady Penelope, a portrayal in a style identical to that of her television counterpart. Another positive view was Ron Cook as Lady Penelope's butler and chauffeur Parker. The \"Thunderbirds\" craft, as well as Tracy Island, were also seen to be very close to the style of the original designs. Purists disliked the fact that \"FAB-1,\" Lady Penelope's car, was a Ford rather than a Rolls-Royce. However, this was because the producers could not reach a suitable agreement with BMW in the authorised use of the Rolls-Royce marque;", "title": "Thunderbirds (2004 film)" }, { "id": "9255455", "score": "1.6712973", "text": "Olsen's next move, Jeff dispatches Virgil (David Holliday) and Alan to fly Tin-Tin, Penelope and Parker back from the Alps in \"Thunderbird 2\". The IR agents depart from Paradise Peaks in the hotel's cable car, only to find themselves speeding uncontrollably down the mountainside when Olsen sabotages the terminus. With \"Thunderbird 2\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s electromagnetic grabs unable to connect with the car chassis, Parker climbs onto the roof to hook the wires with the end of Penelope's umbrella and attach them himself. When the braking force of Virgil and Alan's retro-rockets throws the butler into the air, he uses the umbrella to", "title": "The Cham-Cham" }, { "id": "9255448", "score": "1.6633602", "text": "The Cham-Cham \"The Cham-Cham\" is the 25th episode of \"Thunderbirds\", a British 1960s Supermarionation television series co-created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson. The penultimate instalment of series one, it first aired on 24 March 1966 on ATV Midlands. Alan Pattillo both wrote and directed the episode, which opens with a United States Air Force (USAF) aircraft being shot down during the radio transmission of a popular instrumental music track. International Rescue suspects sabotage, and Lady Penelope, Tin-Tin and Parker are dispatched to investigate the band's current tour venue — a hotel in the Swiss Alps. There, it is discovered that", "title": "The Cham-Cham" }, { "id": "4724549", "score": "1.6452024", "text": "Field in a car, which Penelope and Parker pursue in FAB 1. The Hood transfers to a speedboat, and then a helicopter piloted by an accomplice; Parker shoots the aircraft down with the Rolls-Royce's built-in machine gun and the Hood is seemingly killed. Meanwhile, the real Grant is returned to \"Zero-X\" and the spacecraft launches without further incident. Mission accomplished, Penelope invites Scott and Virgil to join her at \"The Swinging Star\", a fashionable nightclub. Landing back on Tracy Island after escorting \"Zero-X\", Alan feels unappreciated when Jeff insists that he remain on standby at base while his brothers spend", "title": "Thunderbirds Are Go" }, { "id": "17714281", "score": "1.6288393", "text": "Among these was \"Thunderbirds\", whose theme was re-mixed under the name \"\"Thunderbirds\" Are Go! (The Pressure Mix)\", and billed as \"featuring MC Parker\". A music video compilation was also released; the segment for \"\"Thunderbirds\" Are Go! (The Pressure Mix)\" contains footage from the TV episodes intercut with specially filmed shots of the original Parker puppet, dressed in \"era\" clothing and working as a DJ. Between 1965 and 1967, AP Films created a series of \"Thunderbirds\"-themed television advertisements for the brands Lyons Maid and Kellogg's, featuring contributions from the original voice cast and promoting such products as the Fab ice lolly", "title": "Works based on Thunderbirds" }, { "id": "10566866", "score": "1.6192789", "text": "name was Aloysius, stating that he was \"only ever 'Nosey' Parker\". Virgin Trains' \"Thunderbird\" locomotive 57311 is named Parker. Bibliography Aloysius Parker Aloysius \"Nosey\" Parker is a fictional character introduced in the British mid-1960s Supermarionation television series \"Thunderbirds\", who also appears in the film sequels \"Thunderbirds Are Go\" (1966) and \"Thunderbird 6\" (1968) and the 2004 live-action adaptation \"Thunderbirds\". The puppet character of the TV series and first two films was voiced by David Graham. In the live-action film, Parker is portrayed by Ron Cook. Graham reprised his role for the part-computer-animated, part-live-action remake series \"Thunderbirds Are Go!\", which first", "title": "Aloysius Parker" }, { "id": "12652855", "score": "1.6139576", "text": "after an adverse court verdict. Parker's character was \"peripheral\" according to The \"New York Post\" Kyle Smith and upstaged according to Scott and Ebert. However, Michael Phillips of the \"Chicago Tribune\" noted that Parker's portrayal infused dimension into Chavis, whose cousin's death was the subject of the film. Phillips noted that the role showed that with the right choices Parker had the potential to be a big star in the future. In 2012, Parker appeared as a World War II squadron commander in \"Red Tails\", a film portraying Tuskegee Airmen. Parker's character drinks to cope with the stress of the", "title": "Nate Parker" }, { "id": "17714247", "score": "1.6070945", "text": "declined the studio's offer after rejecting the concepts for the re-imagined \"Thunderbirds\" machines; additionally, he declined an offer of £750,000 to attend the film's premiere. He received no on-screen credit for his role in co-creating the TV series. Plans for a live-action film had first been announced by ITC's Los Angeles offices in 1993. Originally expected to be released in time for Christmas 1995, the film was to have been directed by Renny Harlin, with Tom Cruise a possibility for the role of Scott Tracy. Other actors under consideration included Bob Hoskins (as Parker) and Patsy Kensit, Joanna Lumley and", "title": "Works based on Thunderbirds" }, { "id": "4724553", "score": "1.586699", "text": "by Penelope and Parker in FAB1, Alan is driven to the real Swinging Star and Penelope, joined by the Tracy family, Brains and Tin-Tin, all disguised to conceal their identities, propose a toast to Alan as the \"hero of the day\". When shooting on Series One of \"Thunderbirds\" wrapped in late 1965, Gerry Anderson and his ITC financier, Lew Grade, agreed that a feature film adaptation, to be shot at the same time as the prospective Series Two, would be the next logical step in the expansion of the AP Films \"Thunderbirds\" franchise. With United Artists contracted to distribute the", "title": "Thunderbirds Are Go" }, { "id": "4724550", "score": "1.5841823", "text": "the night partying. In bed, Alan experiences a surreal dream in which Parker \"flies\" him and Penelope in FAB1 to a version of The Swinging Star located in space. Present at the interstellar nightclub are Cliff Richard Jr and The Shadows, who perform a song titled \"Shooting Star\" and an instrumental, \"Lady Penelope\". The dream sequence ends abruptly when Alan plummets from The Swinging Star back to Earth and awakes to discover he has fallen out of bed. After a six-week flight, the \"Zero-X\" Martian Exploration Vehicle lands on Mars on 22 July. While investigating the barren surface, the crew", "title": "Thunderbirds Are Go" }, { "id": "16004794", "score": "1.5823941", "text": "in the South Pacific Ocean. In this location, IR is safe from criminals and spies who envy the organisation's technology and seek to acquire the secrets of its machines. Despite its humanitarian principles, some of IR's operations are necessitated not by misadventure but deliberate sabotage motivated by greed for power and wealth. For missions that require criminal investigation, the organisation incorporates a network of undercover agents headed by English aristocrat Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward and her butler Aloysius Parker. Based at Creighton-Ward Mansion in Kent, Penelope and Parker's primary mode of transport is FAB 1, a specially-modified Rolls-Royce. The most persistent", "title": "Thunderbirds (TV series)" }, { "id": "10274120", "score": "1.5785053", "text": "an air-cooled machine-gun located behind the Rolls-Royce grille. Lady Penelope's yacht which featured in the episode \"The Man From MI.5\". Parker seemingly lost the vessel after using it as currency in a game of poker. Small personal transports that hover above the ground, used by all members of IR. These vehicles were also seen in Anderson's earlier series \"Fireball XL5\". They were used to get around the fact that the puppeteers could not make the marionettes walk realistically. A mobile command center carried aboard \"Thunderbird 1\", usually manned by Scott Tracy once \"Thunderbird 1\" is on-scene at a rescue operation.", "title": "Thunderbirds machines" }, { "id": "9212342", "score": "1.5649914", "text": "of the website ScreenRelish considers a scene in which Parker and Kyrano fight over which of them should be allowed to serve drinks to be the fourth-best moment of the entire series: \"... it's hard for any \"Thunderbirds\" fan not to smirk slightly when watching this, and knowing that both Kyrano and Parker had their voices provided by the same actor!\" The Mighty Atom (Thunderbirds) \"The Mighty Atom\" is the 14th episode of the first series of \"Thunderbirds\", a 1960s British Supermarionation television series created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson and produced by their company AP Films. Written by Dennis", "title": "The Mighty Atom (Thunderbirds)" }, { "id": "16004814", "score": "1.5591207", "text": "regularly to study the accent. Anderson's first choice for the role of Penelope had been Fenella Fielding, but Sylvia insisted she take the part herself. Her Penelope voice was intended to emulate Fielding and Joan Greenwood. On Penelope and Parker's secondary role as comic relief, Gerry explained, \"We British can laugh at ourselves, so therefore we had Penelope and Parker as this comedy team. And in America they love the British aristocracy too.'\" As well as Jeff Tracy, English-Canadian actor Peter Dyneley voiced the recurring character of Commander Norman, chief of air traffic control at London International Airport. His supporting", "title": "Thunderbirds (TV series)" } ]

[ "less than denominator", "less than the denominator" ]

[ { "id": "4873449", "score": "1.7021133", "text": "multiplicative inverse of a fraction. The reciprocal of a proper fraction is improper, and the reciprocal of an improper fraction not equal to 1, that is, numerator and denominator are not equal, is a proper fraction. When the numerator and denominator of a fraction are equal (formula_12, for example), its value is 1, and the fraction therefore is improper. Its reciprocal also has the value 1, and is improper, too. Any integer can be written as a fraction with the number one as denominator. For example, 17 can be written as formula_13, where 1 is sometimes referred to as the", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873442", "score": "1.6471112", "text": "a fraction, the number of equal parts being described is the numerator (from Latin ', \"counter\" or \"numberer\"), and the type or variety of the parts is the denominator (from Latin ', \"thing that names or designates\"). As an example, the fraction amounts to eight parts, each of which is of the type named \"fifth.\" In terms of division, the numerator corresponds to the dividend, and the denominator corresponds to the divisor. Informally, the numerator and denominator may be distinguished by placement alone but in formal contexts they are always separated by a fraction bar. The fraction bar may be", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873472", "score": "1.6301227", "text": "its numerator will be the result of subtracting the numerators of the original fractions. For instance, To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators. Thus: To explain the process, consider one third of one quarter. Using the example of a cake, if three small slices of equal size make up a quarter, and four quarters make up a whole, twelve of these small, equal slices make up a whole. Therefore, a third of a quarter is a twelfth. Now consider the numerators. The first fraction, two thirds, is twice as large as one third. Since one third of", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873447", "score": "1.6177399", "text": "cannot be zero. Examples include formula_1, formula_5, formula_6, formula_7, and 3/17. \"Simple fractions\" can be positive or negative, proper, or improper (see below). Compound fractions, complex fractions, mixed numerals, and decimals (see below) are not \"simple fractions\", though, unless irrational, they can be evaluated to a simple fraction. Common fractions can be classified as either proper or improper. When the numerator and the denominator are both positive, the fraction is called proper if the numerator is less than the denominator, and improper otherwise. In general, a common fraction is said to be a proper fraction if the absolute value of", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873438", "score": "1.613769", "text": "with positive common fractions, where the numerator and denominator are natural numbers. The numerator represents a number of equal parts, and the denominator indicates how many of those parts make up a unit or a whole. The denominator cannot be zero because zero parts can never make up a whole. For example, in the fraction 3/4, the numerator, 3, tells us that the fraction represents 3 equal parts, and the denominator, 4, tells us that 4 parts make up a whole. The picture to the right illustrates formula_2 or of a cake. A common fraction is a numeral which represents", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fraction\n\nA fraction (from , \"broken\") represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts. When spoken in everyday English, a fraction describes how many parts of a certain size there are, for example, one-half, eight-fifths, three-quarters. A \"common\", \"vulgar\", or \"simple\" fraction (examples: formula_1 and formula_2) consists of a numerator, displayed above a line (or before a slash like ), and a non-zero denominator, displayed below (or after) that line. Numerators and denominators are also used in fractions that are not \"common\", including compound fractions, complex fractions, and mixed numerals.\n\nIn positive common fractions, the numerator and denominator are natural numbers. The numerator represents a number of equal parts, and the denominator indicates how many of those parts make up a unit or a whole. The denominator cannot be zero, because zero parts can never make up a whole. For example, in the fraction , the numerator 3 indicates that the fraction represents 3 equal parts, and the denominator 4 indicates that 4 parts make up a whole. The picture to the right illustrates of a cake.\n\nA common fraction is a numeral which represents a rational number. That same number can also be represented as a decimal, a percent, or with a negative exponent. For example, 0.01, 1%, and 10 are all equal to the fraction 1/100. An integer can be thought of as having an implicit denominator of one (for example, 7 equals 7/1).\n\nOther uses for fractions are to represent ratios and division. Thus the fraction can also be used to represent the ratio 3:4 (the ratio of the part to the whole), and the division (three divided by four). The non-zero denominator rule, which applies when representing a division as a fraction, is an example of the rule that division by zero is undefined.\n\nWe can also write negative fractions, which represent the opposite of a positive fraction. For example, if represents a half-dollar profit, then − represents a half-dollar loss. Because of the rules of division of signed numbers (which states in part that negative divided by positive is negative), −, and all represent the same fraction negative one-half. And because a negative divided by a negative produces a positive, represents positive one-half.\n\nIn mathematics the set of all numbers that can be expressed in the form , where \"a\" and \"b\" are integers and \"b\" is not zero, is called the set of rational numbers and is represented by the symbol Q, which stands for quotient. A number is a rational number precisely when it can be written in that form (i.e., as a common fraction). However, the word \"fraction\" can also be used to describe mathematical expressions that are not rational numbers. Examples of these usages include algebraic fractions (quotients of algebraic expressions), and expressions that contain irrational numbers, such as formula_3 (see square root of 2) and (see proof that π is irrational).", "title": "Fraction" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Irreducible fraction\n\nAn irreducible fraction (or fraction in lowest terms, simplest form or reduced fraction) is a fraction in which the numerator and denominator are integers that have no other common divisors than 1 (and −1, when negative numbers are considered). In other words, a fraction is irreducible if and only if \"a\" and \"b\" are coprime, that is, if \"a\" and \"b\" have a greatest common divisor of 1. In higher mathematics, \"irreducible fraction\" may also refer to rational fractions such that the numerator and the denominator are coprime polynomials. Every positive rational number can be represented as an irreducible fraction in exactly one way.\n\nAn equivalent definition is sometimes useful: if \"a\" and \"b\" are integers, then the fraction is irreducible if and only if there is no other equal fraction such that or , where means the absolute value of \"a\". (Two fractions and are \"equal\" or \"equivalent\" if and only if \"ad\" = \"bc\".)\n\nFor example, , , and are all irreducible fractions. On the other hand, is reducible since it is equal in value to , and the numerator of is less than the numerator of .\n\nA fraction that is reducible can be reduced by dividing both the numerator and denominator by a common factor. It can be fully reduced to lowest terms if both are divided by their greatest common divisor. In order to find the greatest common divisor, the Euclidean algorithm or prime factorization can be used. The Euclidean algorithm is commonly preferred because it allows one to reduce fractions with numerators and denominators too large to be easily factored.", "title": "Irreducible fraction" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Algebraic fraction\n\nIn algebra, an algebraic fraction is a fraction whose numerator and denominator are algebraic expressions. Two examples of algebraic fractions are formula_1 and formula_2. Algebraic fractions are subject to the same laws as arithmetic fractions.\n\nA rational fraction is an algebraic fraction whose numerator and denominator are both polynomials. Thus formula_1 is a rational fraction, but not formula_4 because the numerator contains a square root function.", "title": "Algebraic fraction" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rational function\n\nIn mathematics, a rational function is any function that can be defined by a rational fraction, which is an algebraic fraction such that both the numerator and the denominator are polynomials. The coefficients of the polynomials need not be rational numbers; they may be taken in any field \"K\". In this case, one speaks of a rational function and a rational fraction \"over K\". The values of the variables may be taken in any field \"L\" containing \"K\". Then the domain of the function is the set of the values of the variables for which the denominator is not zero, and the codomain is \"L\".\n\nThe set of rational functions over a field \"K\" is a field, the field of fractions of the ring of the polynomial functions over \"K\".", "title": "Rational function" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Continued fraction\n\n}</math>\n\nIn mathematics, a continued fraction is an expression obtained through an iterative process of representing a number as the sum of its integer part and the reciprocal of another number, then writing this other number as the sum of its integer part and another reciprocal, and so on. In a finite continued fraction (or terminated continued fraction), the iteration/recursion is terminated after finitely many steps by using an integer in lieu of another continued fraction. In contrast, an infinite continued fraction is an infinite expression. In either case, all integers in the sequence, other than the first, must be positive. The integers formula_3 are called the coefficients or terms of the continued fraction.\n\nIt is generally assumed that the numerator of all of the fractions is 1. If arbitrary values and/or functions are used in place of one or more of the numerators or the integers in the denominators, the resulting expression is a generalized continued fraction. When it is necessary to distinguish the first form from generalized continued fractions, the former may be called a simple or regular continued fraction, or said to be in canonical form.\n\nContinued fractions have a number of remarkable properties related to the Euclidean algorithm for integers or real numbers. Every rational number has two closely related expressions as a finite continued fraction, whose coefficients can be determined by applying the Euclidean algorithm to formula_6. The numerical value of an infinite continued fraction is irrational; it is defined from its infinite sequence of integers as the limit of a sequence of values for finite continued fractions. Each finite continued fraction of the sequence is obtained by using a finite prefix of the infinite continued fraction's defining sequence of integers. Moreover, every irrational number formula_7 is the value of a \"unique\" infinite regular continued fraction, whose coefficients can be found using the non-terminating version of the Euclidean algorithm applied to the incommensurable values formula_7 and 1. This way of expressing real numbers (rational and irrational) is called their \"continued fraction representation\".\n\nThe term \"continued fraction\" may also refer to representations of rational functions, arising in their analytic theory. For this use of the term, see Padé approximation and Chebyshev rational functions.", "title": "Continued fraction" }, { "id": "4873463", "score": "1.5947214", "text": "the numerator and denominator are both multiplied by 2, the result is formula_59, which has the same value (0.5) as formula_1. To picture this visually, imagine cutting a cake into four pieces; two of the pieces together (formula_59) make up half the cake (formula_1). Dividing the numerator and denominator of a fraction by the same non-zero number will also yield an equivalent fraction. This is called reducing or simplifying the fraction. A simple fraction in which the numerator and denominator are coprime (that is, the only positive integer that goes into both the numerator and denominator evenly is 1) is", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873474", "score": "1.5906944", "text": "is a common factor of the left denominator and right numerator and is divided out of both. Since a whole number can be rewritten as itself divided by 1, normal fraction multiplication rules can still apply. When multiplying mixed numbers, it is considered preferable to convert the mixed number into an improper fraction. For example: In other words, formula_17 is the same as formula_112, making 11 quarters in total (because 2 cakes, each split into quarters makes 8 quarters total) and 33 quarters is formula_113, since 8 cakes, each made of quarters, is 32 quarters in total. To divide a", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873448", "score": "1.582694", "text": "the fraction is strictly less than one—that is, if the fraction is greater than −1 and less than 1. It is said to be an improper fraction, or sometimes top-heavy fraction, if the absolute value of the fraction is greater than or equal to 1. Examples of proper fractions are 2/3, –3/4, and 4/9; examples of improper fractions are 9/4, –4/3, and 3/3. The reciprocal of a fraction is another fraction with the numerator and denominator exchanged. The reciprocal of formula_10, for instance, is formula_11. The product of a fraction and its reciprocal is 1, hence the reciprocal is the", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873444", "score": "1.5755568", "text": "is always read \"half\" or \"halves\", the denominator 4, which may be alternatively expressed as \"quarter\"/\"quarters\" or as \"fourth\"/\"fourths\", and the denominator 100, which may be alternatively expressed as \"hundredth\"/\"hundredths\" or \"percent\". When the denominator is 1, it may be expressed in terms of \"wholes\" but is more commonly ignored, with the numerator read out as a whole number. (For example, may be described as \"three wholes\" or as simply \"three\".) When the numerator is one, it may be omitted. (For example, \"a tenth\" or \"each quarter\".) The entire fraction may be expressed as a single composition, in which case", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873475", "score": "1.5620075", "text": "fraction by a whole number, you may either divide the numerator by the number, if it goes evenly into the numerator, or multiply the denominator by the number. For example, formula_114 equals formula_35 and also equals formula_116, which reduces to formula_35. To divide a number by a fraction, multiply that number by the reciprocal of that fraction. Thus, formula_118. To change a common fraction to a decimal, do a long division of the decimal representations of the numerator by the denominator (this is idiomatically also phrased as \"divide the denominator into the numerator\"), and round the answer to the desired", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "9372709", "score": "1.5422964", "text": "are polynomials, the algebraic fraction is called a \"rational algebraic fraction\" or simply \"rational fraction\". Rational fractions are also known as rational expressions. A rational fraction formula_6 is called \"proper\" if formula_7, and \"improper\" otherwise. For example, the rational fraction formula_8 is proper, and the rational fractions formula_9 and formula_10 are improper. Any improper rational fraction can be expressed as the sum of a polynomial (possibly constant) and a proper rational fraction. In the first example of an improper fraction one has where the second term is a proper rational fraction. The sum of two proper rational fractions is a", "title": "Algebraic fraction" }, { "id": "4873466", "score": "1.5377285", "text": "up the whole, then each piece must be larger. When two positive fractions have the same numerator, they represent the same number of parts, but in the fraction with the smaller denominator, the parts are larger. One way to compare fractions with different numerators and denominators is to find a common denominator. To compare formula_3 and formula_77, these are converted to formula_78 and formula_79. Then \"bd\" is a common denominator and the numerators \"ad\" and \"bc\" can be compared. This modification of the two fractions is known as \"cross multiplying\", and it is not necessary to determine the value of", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873445", "score": "1.5316374", "text": "it is hyphenated, or as a number of fractions with a numerator of one, in which case they are not. (For example, \"two-fifths\" is the fraction and \"two fifths\" is the same fraction understood as 2 instances of .) Fractions should always be hyphenated when used as adjectives. Alternatively, a fraction may be described by reading it out as the numerator \"over\" the denominator, with the denominator expressed as a cardinal number. (For example, may also be expressed as \"three over one\".) The term \"over\" is used even in the case of solidus fractions, where the numbers are placed left", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873483", "score": "1.5269754", "text": "to the numerator and the denominator are 1 and −1. An algebraic fraction whose numerator or denominator, or both, contain a fraction, such as formula_149, is called a complex fraction. The field of rational numbers is the field of fractions of the integers, while the integers themselves are not a field but rather an integral domain. Similarly, the rational expressions are the field of fractions of polynomials. There are different integral domains of polynomials, depending on the integral domain the coefficients of the polynomials are from (e.g. from integers, real numbers, complex numbers, ...). Considering the field of fractions generated", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873465", "score": "1.5145059", "text": "formula_69 can be reduced to lowest terms by dividing the numerator and denominator by 21: The Euclidean algorithm gives a method for finding the greatest common divisor of any two positive integers. Comparing fractions with the same positive denominator yields the same result as comparing the numerators: If the equal denominators are negative, then the opposite result of comparing the numerators holds for the fractions: If two positive fractions have the same numerator, then the fraction with the smaller denominator is the larger number. When a whole is divided into equal pieces, if fewer equal pieces are needed to make", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873437", "score": "1.5118318", "text": "Fraction (mathematics) A fraction (from Latin \"\", \"broken\") represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts. When spoken in everyday English, a fraction describes how many parts of a certain size there are, for example, one-half, eight-fifths, three-quarters. A \"common\", \"vulgar\", or \"simple\" fraction (examples: formula_1 and 17/3) consists of an integer numerator displayed above a line (or before a slash), and a non-zero integer denominator, displayed below (or after) that line. Numerators and denominators are also used in fractions that are not \"common\", including compound fractions, complex fractions, and mixed numerals. We begin", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873460", "score": "1.5114558", "text": "or for mixed numerals. They lost their meaning as technical terms and the attributes \"complex\" and \"compound\" tend to be used in their every day meaning of \"consisting of parts\". In a complex fraction, either the numerator, or the denominator, or both, is a fraction or a mixed number, corresponding to division of fractions. For example, formula_42 and formula_43 are complex fractions. To reduce a complex fraction to a simple fraction, treat the longest fraction line as representing division. For example: If, in a complex fraction, there is no unique way to tell which fraction lines takes precedence, then this", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "576461", "score": "1.5114462", "text": "adding unity to the numerator, we shall have the second fraction, , which will be too large. Multiplying in like manner the numerator and denominator of this fraction by the third quotient, and adding to the numerator the numerator of the preceding fraction, and to the denominator the denominator of the preceding fraction, we shall have the third fraction, which will be too small. Thus, the third quotient being 15, we have for our numerator , and for our denominator, . The third convergent, therefore, is . We proceed in the same manner for the fourth convergent. The fourth quotient", "title": "Continued fraction" }, { "id": "71306", "score": "1.5097777", "text": "to resolve the ambiguity. Where the zero is before a digit other than the units digit, the explicit zero is not ambiguous and is therefore optional, but preferred. Thus: To construct a fraction, the denominator is written first, followed by 分之 (\"parts of\") and then the numerator. This is the opposite of how fractions are read in English, which is numerator first. Each half of the fraction is written the same as a whole number. Mixed numbers are written with the whole-number part first, followed by 又 (\"and\"), then the fractional part. Percentages are constructed similarly, using 百 (100) as", "title": "Chinese numerals" }, { "id": "4873454", "score": "1.5082582", "text": "right of the decimal separator represent an infinite series. For example, = 0.333... represents the infinite series 3/10 + 3/100 + 3/1000 + ... . Another kind of fraction is the percentage (Latin \"per centum\" meaning \"per hundred\", represented by the symbol %), in which the implied denominator is always 100. Thus, 51% means 51/100. Percentages greater than 100 or less than zero are treated in the same way, e.g. 311% equals 311/100, and −27% equals −27/100. The related concept of \"permille\" or \"parts per thousand\" (ppt) has an implied denominator of 1000, while the more general parts-per notation, as", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" } ]

[ "fei world cup show jumping final", "The FEI World Cup Show Jumping Final" ]

[ { "id": "11238884", "score": "1.6899912", "text": "Geier (Poland) and H.L. van Borgman (the Netherlands) came into the broader management. The 6-board national matches between Germany and Spain, and Germany and Austria were started in March 1931 under the auspices of the IFSB. This was the first step towards the future correspondence chess Olympiads, which from 1935 to the present day have been played on 6 boards. On 30 August 1931 there was a meeting in Dresden where it was stated that 43% of the competitors in the tournaments were not German, thus demonstrating its truly international nature. The majority of countries in Europe, from Portugal to", "title": "Internationaler Fernschachbund" }, { "id": "13083280", "score": "1.6744802", "text": "by Ernst Leverkus, who had organized it as meeting for winter-resilient drivers of the well-known Zündapp KS 601 motorcycle-sidecar combination. The KS 601 (the \"Green elephant\") gave its name to the meeting. Initially from 1956 the meeting took place at the Solituderennen (Solitude) racetrack near Stuttgart. After changing places the organizer, BVDM, took over 1961 and placed the meeting at the Nürburgring. After serious problems and organizational changes in 1978 a transfer took place to the Salzburgring — in the first year still as an emergency meeting with 400 participants, but, starting in 1979, it became a regular meeting. Attendance", "title": "Elephant Rally" }, { "id": "7817292", "score": "1.655515", "text": "in a number of countries, and when John Calvert-Jones traveled from Australia and won the UK championships, the stimulus was provided for the move to seek international status. Under the guidance of Tom Ratcliffe, an International Federation of Flying Fifteen Associations was formed by nine countries from four continents. The first world championships were held in Perth, Australia in 1979 and subsequently have alternated between the Northern and Southern hemispheres biennially. The first European Championship took place in Spain in May 2004. Latest information about World Championship venues and results and countries where the Flying 15 is sailed are available", "title": "Flying Fifteen" }, { "id": "18340575", "score": "1.6428115", "text": "chapter competitions are invited to compete in their respective region championships, where they vie for the right to compete in the world championship. Past venues for the world championship include Montreal, Canada; San Diego, USA; Vienna, Austria; Washington, DC, USA; Cape Town, South Africa; Florence, Italy; Cairns, Australia; Baltimore, USA; Toronto, Canada; and Copenhagen, Denmark. Winners at the international level competed against representatives from other nations. Winners at the national level competed against representatives from other states. Local brain bees take place in their respective states, while the National Brain Bee in the United States is usually held in Baltimore,", "title": "International Brain Bee" }, { "id": "14227489", "score": "1.6427411", "text": "in 2009, when it became known as the Antrim International Cross Country. In addition to having been held at numerous venues, the competition has been known under a large variety of names. It was called the Mallusk Crosscountry between 1977–1991, except a brief change to the Brooks International Crosscountry in 1989. The meeting was frequently renamed for sponsorship reasons, becoming the Milk International in 1986, the Reebok International Crosscountry in 1992 and 1993, the Ulster Milk Games International in 1994, the Coca-Cola International Crosscountry from 1995–1999 and finally the Fila International Crosscountry for 2000–01. During the meeting's time at Stormont", "title": "Antrim International Cross Country" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Double (association football)\n\nThe Double, in association football, is the achievement of winning a country's top tier division and its primary cup competition in the same season. The lists in this article examine this definition of a double, while derivative sections examine much less frequent, continental instances. \"The Double\" can also mean beating a team both home and away in the same league season, a feat often noted as \"doing the double\" over a particular opponent.\n\nThe first club to achieve a double was Preston North End in 1889, winning the FA Cup and The Football League in the inaugural season of the league.\n\nThe team that holds the record for the most doubles is Linfield of Northern Ireland, with a total of 25.", "title": "Double (association football)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of bicycle-sharing systems\n\nThis is a list of bicycle-sharing systems, both docked and dockless. As of December 2016, roughly 1000 cities worldwide have bike-sharing programs.\nSection::::Bicycle sharing systems.\nThe following table lists bicycle-sharing systems around the world. Most systems listed allow users to pick up and drop off bicycles at any of the automated stations within the network.", "title": "List of bicycle-sharing systems" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Velvet Rope Tour\n\nThe Velvet Rope Tour was the third concert tour by American recording artist Janet Jackson. Launched in support of her sixth studio album \"The Velvet Rope\" (1997), the tour visited Europe, North America, Japan, New Zealand, Africa, and Australia. Jackson was inspired to create an autobiographical show using elements of Broadway theatre, portraying her struggle with depression and self-esteem. The tour's stage production was developed as a storybook setting, allowing spectators to cross beyond her \"velvet rope\" and experience her life story through the evolution of her musical career. It consists of twenty-six songs, several band interludes, and intense choreography along with nine costume changes and four sets. Jackson depicts themes such as burlesque and domestic violence among the show's complex production of pyrotechnics and theatrics.\n\nIts setlist was composed of a wide array of Jackson's discography, focusing on new material in addition to medleys of previous hits. The tour is divided into five segments, each displaying different themes and settings. In \"What About\", Its racy visuals and depictions of violence drew controversy. In her rendition of \"Rope Burn\", Jackson selects a fan from the audience, performing a lap dance and kissing them while strapped into a chair. The show's suggestive promotional ads were banned from a number of publications, the image was reported to cause traffic accidents in Europe. A number of reviews commended Jackson's stage presence as consistently exceptional, noting improvement in her vocal delivery. It broke several attendance records and is the most attended stadium concert of all time in Hawaii. A private show was held in South East Asia by request of Princess Hamidah of the Brunei Royal Family.\n\nHBO broadcast the show during a special titled \"The Velvet Rope: Live in Madison Square Garden\". It drew over 15 million viewers and was the most watched program among homes subscribed to the network. The special won an Emmy Award, and was also nominated for Image Awards and TMF Awards. It was released on DVD as \"The Velvet Rope Tour – Live in Concert\", certified platinum in several territories. Various aspects of the tour have influenced numerous performers, including Britney Spears, Pink, Rihanna, Christina Aguilera, Panic! at the Disco, Jay-Z, and Arashi. Jackson notably selected NSYNC and Usher to open for the tour; introducing both to the public during their early careers. It has also inspired the careers of several performers, dancers, and professional choreographers.", "title": "The Velvet Rope Tour" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:CHECKWIKI/WPC 557 dump" }, { "id": "9304730", "score": "1.6406968", "text": "July 1966 in Bled, then in Yugoslavia. R Buckminster Fuller was one of the main speakers at the Congress. At the General Assembly, four key policy documents were ratified: \"Rules and Regulations for International Graphic Design Competitions\", the \"Honorarium for Judges of International Competitions\" document and the revised \"Code of Ethics and Professional Practice\", and the \"Code of Contract and Conditions of Engagement for Graphic Designers\". , head of design at Phillips in Eindhoven, was elected President and Pieter Brattinga from the Netherlands, Secretary-General. The first student seminar was also held in Bled from 11–13 July 1966 and the theme", "title": "Ico-D" }, { "id": "11758037", "score": "1.6406262", "text": "show what would have happened had gold, bronze and silver medals been awarded to the first three. The following championships were run in Antwerp, Cologne, Copenhagen, Glasgow, Vienna and Montreal. \"After a modest start in the early 1890s,\" said the British cycling official George Herbert Stancer, \"[the ICA] achieved considerable success, eventually gaining the support of all the important sport-controlling bodies in the cycling world. But he went on: France's objection was that Britain had more than one vote and more than one team in championships. The NCU represented only England and the associations of the other individual nations that", "title": "International Cycling Association" }, { "id": "17316887", "score": "1.6367884", "text": "British Rock Meeting The British Rock Meeting was a recurring outdoor rock festival usually held in Germany. The first British Rock Meeting was held in 1971 and was a 2-day, 2-city event, with the bands playing in both Speyer, Germany and Vienna, Austria. The second, in 1972, was a 3-day festival held in Germersheim, Germany, with over 70,000 attendees. Some of the bands showcased at these events included Deep Purple, Rory Gallagher, Pink Floyd, Uriah Heep, Status Quo, Fleetwood Mac and Rod Stewart. The whole affair was heavily sponsored by the American Army (50-70% of the audiences consisted of G.I.'s).", "title": "British Rock Meeting" }, { "id": "11238883", "score": "1.6306388", "text": "1929/30; II.Eduard Dyckhoff (Germany), 1930/1; III.Arthur Priwonitz (Germany), 1931/2; IV.Hans Müller (Austria), 1932/3; V.Marcel Duchamp (France), 1933/4; VI.Hilding Persson (Sweden), 1934/5; VII.Paul Keres (Estonia), 1935/6; VIII.Milan Vidmar (Yugoslavia), 1936/7; IX.Miklós Szigeti (Hungary), 1937/8 and X.Edmund Adam (Germany), 1938/9. . Six months after it was established, the leaders of the IFSB met again, in Duisburg on 21 July 1929. There were now over 100 individual members. Another meeting was held in Hamburg on 26 July 1930. Here K. Allmendinger and Dr. E. Dyckhoff, both German, joined the governing body, and F. Kunert (Austria), M. Seibold (Germany), Dr. K. Schørring (Denmark), V.", "title": "Internationaler Fernschachbund" }, { "id": "9833867", "score": "1.6298422", "text": "competition eventually expanded to rotating annual events in Varna, Moscow and Tokyo. In 1979 the event first came to the United States in Jackson, Mississippi, where it now returns every four years. The rotation is currently among Jackson, Varna, Helsinki, Finland and Shanghai, China. These first competitions were given sanction by the International Dance Committee of UNESCO's International Theater Institute. Today, international ballet competitions flourish worldwide, and the USA IBC in Jackson remains one of the oldest and most respected competitions in the world. In 1982, the United States Congress passed a Joint Resolution designating Jackson as the official home", "title": "Jackson metropolitan area, Mississippi" }, { "id": "5761032", "score": "1.6217675", "text": "operate a single contest from similar stations in one compact geographic area. Twenty-two teams of two operators each represented fifteen countries, and included some top competitors from the Soviet Union and nations of the former Eastern Bloc for whom the trip was their first to a western nation. Subsequent WRTC events have been held in 1996 (San Francisco, California, United States), 2000 (Bled, Slovenia), 2002 (Helsinki, Finland), and 2006 (Florianópolis, Brazil). The closest thing to a world championship in the sport of contesting, WRTC 2010 took place in Moscow, Russia. The 2014 event will by hosted in New England. There", "title": "Contesting" }, { "id": "6627131", "score": "1.6207218", "text": "resolution designating Jackson, Mississippi, as the official home of the USA International Ballet Competition. Competitions occur every four years in Olympic style. The International Ballet Competition (IBC) originated in Varna, Bulgaria in 1964. The competition eventually expanded to rotating annual events in Varna, Moscow and Tokyo. In 1979 the event first came to the United States in Jackson, Mississippi, where it now returns every four years. The rotation is currently among Jackson, Varna, New York, Helsinki, and Shanghai. A number of other international competitions are also sanctioned by UNESCO International Dance Council. After a distinguished career as a teacher in", "title": "USA International Ballet Competition" }, { "id": "2786705", "score": "1.6190841", "text": "finals, out of 6700 total teams competing in the earlier rounds. The St. Petersburg Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics won their second world championship. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Izhevsk State Technical University, and Lviv National University also received gold medals. The 2009 ACM-ICPC World Finals were held in Stockholm, Sweden, April 18–22, at the campus of the hosting institution, KTH - The Royal Institute of Technology, as well as at the Grand Hotel, the Radisson Strand, and the Diplomat Hotel. There were 100 teams from over 200 regional sites competing for the World Championship. The St. Petersburg Institute of", "title": "International Collegiate Programming Contest" }, { "id": "11089835", "score": "1.6187271", "text": "Gothenburg and Del Mar/USA, 1993 Gothenburg and s’Hertogenbosch/Netherlands, 1994 Gothenburg and s’Hertogenbosch/Netherlands, 1995 Gothenburg and Los Angeles/USA, 1996 Gothenburg and Genève/Switzerland, 1997 Gothenburg and s’Hertogenbosch/Netherlands, 1998 Gothenburg and Helsinki/Finland; World Cup final jumping: 2000 Las Vegas, USA; Annual international competitions: Aachen, Dortmund, Berlin, Wiesbaden, Bremen, Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Donaueschingen, Spangenberg, Gera, Kiel and Neumünster in Germany, New York/USA, Toronto/Canada, Zürich and Genève/Switzerland, Oberanven/Luxemburg, Sevilla/Spain, St. Petersburg/Russia, Dublin/Ireland; Others: Münster, Bad Salzuflen, Bad Honnef in Germany, Flyinge/Sweden, Modena/Italy, Punchestown/Ireland, Lugano/Switzerland, Monterrey/Mexico, São Paulo/Brazil, Hamilton/Bermuda. The lost Gold Medal The Olympic Games were held in Montréal, Canada in 1976. The Olympic", "title": "Hermann Duckek" }, { "id": "6365162", "score": "1.6164453", "text": "in the 1950s. The first European Championship in the sport was held in 1961 in Stockholm, Sweden. Four additional international championships were held in Europe in the 1960s, and three more were held in the 1970s. The first World Championship was held in 1980 in Cetniewo, Poland, where competitors from eleven European and Asian countries participated. World Championships have been generally held in even-numbered years since 1984, although there was no World Championship in 1996, and there was a World Championship in 1997. Asian nations began sending national teams to international events in 1980, and teams from nations in Oceania", "title": "Amateur radio direction finding" }, { "id": "11238886", "score": "1.6160709", "text": "Johansson and Dr. Rey also fulfilled this task. On 22 April 1934, the Federation's governing body met for the sixth time and there was the first meeting of IFSB members in Berlin. The most important issue was the correspondence chess Olympiad for European countries. This started in January 1935 with the preliminaries and final taking five years altogether, and were planned every 5 years. The tournament's chief promoters were Kunert and von Massow, and they also devised the plan for the tournament. A significant change occurred in the management of the IFSB in 1935: The office holders belonging to the", "title": "Internationaler Fernschachbund" }, { "id": "301497", "score": "1.6137446", "text": "War II, orienteering spread throughout Europe and to Asia, North America and Oceania. In Sweden in 1959, an international orienteering conference was held. Representatives from 12 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, East and West Germany, Hungary, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia) participated. In 1961, orienteering organizations representing 10 European nations founded the International Orienteering Federation (IOF). Since then, IOF has supported the founding of many national orienteering federations. By 2010, 71 national orienteering federations were member societies of the International Orienteering Federation. These federations enabled the development of national and world championships. World championships were held every two years until", "title": "Orienteering" }, { "id": "19355774", "score": "1.6120002", "text": "in locations like Prague (the Czech Republic), Vienna (Austria), Bratislava, Prievidza, Zvolen (Slovakia), Zagreb and Dubrovnik (Croatia), Ingolstadt (Germany), Budva (Montenegro), Minsk (Belarus), Moscow, Ryazan, Oryol, Kalyazin and many other Russian cities. July 5, 2007 at the rented football stadium located directly on the shores of Budva, Montenegro, W5 held its very first kickboxing event called \"Rame uz rame\" (Serb.) (Eng. \"Shoulder to shoulder\"). The tournament was attended by about 5,000 spectators. The main theme of the event was \"Russia Vs. Balkan countries\". Formally the tournament in Budva was held before the official registration of W5. However, this tournament is", "title": "World version W5" }, { "id": "6365163", "score": "1.6111746", "text": "and North America began competing in the 1990s. Athletes from twenty-six nations attended the 2000 World Championship in Nanjing, China, the first to be held outside of Europe. As the sport grew in the 1960s and 1970s, each nation devised its own set of rules and regulations. The need for more clearly defined and consistent rules for international competitions led to the formation of an ARDF working group by the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) in the late 1970s. The first ARDF event to use the new standardized rules was the 1980 World Championship. These rules have been revised and", "title": "Amateur radio direction finding" }, { "id": "9393867", "score": "1.6019647", "text": "Eduard Dyckhoff and the later Austrian OTB Grandmaster Erich Eliskases. Friendly matches with other countries began in 1930 and they were conducted regularly after 1950. In the first CC-Olympiad of European countries (an idea of Franz Kunert) 1937-1939, the Austrian team with Ernst Grünfeld, Erich Eliskases, Hans Müller, Albert Becker, Karl Poschauko and Hans Haberditz finished the finals in second place : Hungary (20.5) was first, followed by Austria (19.5) Switzerland (16) and then Portugal, Denmark and Germany. After World War II, in 1947, Hans Schmid founded the section for correspondence chess within the Austrian Chess Federation. In the same", "title": "ICCF Austria" } ]

[ "", "18", "eighteen" ]

[ { "id": "5005863", "score": "1.5596172", "text": "During a tournament, rules are that the person to shoot the lowest number of strokes on one hole, goes first the following hole. The highest number of strokes results in going last. Thus, shooting order changes frequently and is something that must be paid attention to. During the game, if a player is having difficulty finishing a hole, rules state that a player may take eight as their score once they exceed this number of strokes and move on. The playing field is marked by a green, semi-fairway, fairway, bunkers, rough, and out of bounds. Balls landing out of bounds", "title": "Park golf" }, { "id": "923806", "score": "1.5280517", "text": "of 36 holes (six matches). Golfers can employ a slightly different strategy during a match play event since the scoring is different. The situation in the match and the outcome of each shot already played on a hole will both be taken into account. On the whole, match play encourages more aggressive play, especially at the professional level, where a par is not usually good enough to win a hole. Since a very poor result for a hole is no worse than a slightly-below-average result when playing against an opponent with an average score, it often makes sense to accept", "title": "Match play" }, { "id": "12529547", "score": "1.5025101", "text": "maximum of 14 clubs is allowed in a player's bag at one time during a stipulated round. The choice of clubs is at the golfer's discretion, although every club must be constructed in accordance with parameters outlined in the rules. (Clubs that meet these parameters are usually called \"conforming\".) Violation of these rules can result in disqualification. The exact shot hit at any given time on a golf course, and which club is used to accomplish the shot, are always completely at the discretion of the golfer; in other words, there is no restriction whatsoever on which club a golfer", "title": "Golf" }, { "id": "4591731", "score": "1.4909858", "text": "tournament. The shot is regarded as one of the most spectacular both of Woods' career and in recent PGA Tour history. In 2009, Mark Calcavecchia set a new PGA Tour record with 9 consecutive birdies in his second round of the Canadian Open. After having started the round on the 10th hole, he birdied holes 12 through 18, then holes 1 and 2 of the front nine. Clublink Corp first filed an application in October 2015 to redevelop the property. In its plan, there was no provision for a golf course. The Town of Oakville Council responded in August 2017", "title": "Glen Abbey Golf Course" }, { "id": "6275958", "score": "1.490107", "text": "the front left of the sharply terraced green. In 2003, John Jacobs birdied the last two holes to win the Senior PGA Championship. The 17th is a par three. An errant tee shot often finds the lake guarding the green. The finishing hole is a uphill par four, requires a precise tee shot and the approach shot is to a winding and sloped green with a numerous challenging pin locations. When the PGA Championship was held at Aronimink in 1962, Gary Player prevailed as he posted a score of 278 (−2). In 1977, John Fought needed only 28 holes to", "title": "Aronimink Golf Club" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lowest rounds of golf\n\nThis article lists the lowest rounds of golf. In professional competition a round of 59 or less is regarded as a significant achievement. In men's major championships the lowest round is 62 by Branden Grace at the 2017 Open Championship. The lowest officially recorded round is 55 by Rhein Gibson in 2012. In women's major championships the lowest round is 61, held jointly by Leona Maguire, Lee Jeong-eun and Kim Hyo-joo, all at the Evian Championship.", "title": "Lowest rounds of golf" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Golf\n\nGolf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible.\n\nGolf, unlike most ball games, cannot and does not use a standardized playing area, and coping with the varied terrains encountered on different courses is a key part of the game. Courses typically have either 18 or 9 \"holes\", regions of terrain that each contain a \"cup\", the hole that receives the ball. Each hole on a course contains a teeing ground to start from, and a putting green containing the cup. There are several standard forms of terrain between the tee and the green, such as the fairway, rough (tall grass), and various \"hazards\" such as water, rocks, or sand-filled \"bunkers\". Each hole on a course is unique in its specific layout.\n\nGolf is played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual, known as stroke play, or the lowest score on the most individual holes in a complete round by an individual or team, known as match play. Stroke play is the most commonly seen format at all levels, especially at the elite level.\n\nThe modern game of golf originated in 15th century Scotland. The 18-hole round was created at the Old Course at St Andrews in 1764. Golf's first major, and the world's oldest tournament in existence, is The Open Championship, also known as the British Open, which was first played in 1860 at the Prestwick Golf Club in Ayrshire, Scotland. This is one of the four major championships in men's professional golf, the other three being played in the United States: The Masters, the U.S. Open, and the PGA Championship.", "title": "Golf" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Glossary of golf\n\nThe following is a glossary of the terminology currently used in the sport of golf. Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article, they appear in italics. Old names for clubs can be found at Obsolete golf clubs.\n", "title": "Glossary of golf" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Stroke Index\n\nThe stroke index is a numbering system used in handicap golf competitions. The rules of golf require that the committee in charge of a competition publish a Handicap Stroke Table indicating the order of holes at which handicap strokes are to be given. Normally the table is included on the scorecard and lists the stroke index of each hole, a number from 1 to 18. Handicap strokes are given at holes where the stroke index of the hole is less than or equal to the number of strokes given. The table can be used in both match play and stroke play competitions.", "title": "Stroke Index" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Masters Tournament\n\nThe Masters Tournament (usually referred to as simply The Masters, or the U.S. Masters outside North America) is one of the four major championships in professional golf. Scheduled for the first full week of April, the Masters is the first major of the year, and unlike the others, it is always held at the same location, Augusta National Golf Club, a private course in the city of Augusta, Georgia, in the southeastern United States.\n\nThe Masters was started by amateur champion Bobby Jones and investment banker Clifford Roberts. After his grand slam in 1930, Jones acquired the former plant nursery and co-designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie.<ref name=itcpgat11/> First played in 1934, the tournament is an official money event on the PGA Tour, the European Tour, and the Japan Golf Tour. The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event, held by the Augusta National Golf Club.\n\nThe tournament has a number of traditions. Since 1949, a green jacket has been awarded to the champion, who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory, although it remains his personal property and is stored with other champions' jackets in a specially designated cloakroom. In most instances, only a first-time and currently reigning champion may remove his jacket from the club grounds. A golfer who wins the event multiple times uses the same green jacket awarded upon his initial win (unless they need to be re-fitted with a new jacket). The Champions Dinner, inaugurated by Ben Hogan in 1952, is held on the Tuesday before each tournament, and is open only to past champions and certain board members of the Augusta National Golf Club. Beginning in 1963, legendary golfers, usually past champions, have hit an honorary tee shot on the morning of the first round to commence play. These have included Fred McLeod, Jock Hutchinson, Gene Sarazen, Sam Snead, Byron Nelson, Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Lee Elder, and Tom Watson. Since 1960, a semi-social contest at the par-3 course has been played on Wednesday, the day before the first round.\n\nNicklaus has the most Masters wins, with six between 1963 and 1986. Tiger Woods won five between 1997 and 2019. Palmer won four between 1958 and 1964. Five have won three titles at Augusta: Jimmy Demaret, Sam Snead, Gary Player, Nick Faldo, and Phil Mickelson. Player, from South Africa, was the first non-American player to win the tournament, in 1961; the second was Seve Ballesteros of Spain, the champion in 1980 and 1983.\n\nThe Augusta National course first opened in 1933 and has been modified many times by different architects. Among the changes: greens have been reshaped and, on occasion, entirely re-designed, bunkers have been added, water hazards have been extended, new tee boxes have been built, hundreds of trees have been planted, and several mounds have been installed.", "title": "Masters Tournament" }, { "id": "11216098", "score": "1.4811637", "text": "par or worse. After the first two days, no team has had a bogey-free 36 holes. The American team maintained their one stroke lead by shooting a 3-under-par 69. The Americans had a total of five birdies, four of which were on par-5s. The other birdie was on the par-4 opening hole. Since 2000, three of the seven winners have held the lead after 36 holes and have gone on to win the championship. The English and Scottish teams are tied in 2nd place, one stroke behind the Americans. Both teams shot rounds of 68. The South African team is", "title": "2007 World Cup (men's golf)" }, { "id": "8846560", "score": "1.478313", "text": "These are stroke play, skins, and near-pin. In stroke play, two to four players compete against each other over 18 holes of any chosen course. The winner is the player who has the lowest score at the end of the 18th hole. In match play, 2 players play through 18 holes, competing for the lowest score on each hole. For each hole, the player who achieves the lowest score earns a point. The player with the most points at the end of the last hole wins. In near-pin mode, each player gets one shot per hole. The player that lands", "title": "Swingerz Golf" }, { "id": "4628029", "score": "1.477002", "text": "64 lowest scores over the 36 holes, and ties for 64th place compete in the match play stage of the Championship, on the event's principal course, and are seeded by qualifying scores. Each match consists of one round of 18 holes, except for the Final, which is over 36 holes. Since there are generally more than 64 qualifiers from the stroke play stage, the first round of the match play involves a small number of matches to reduce the number of qualifiers to exactly 64. Tied matches are broken by sudden death over extra holes. The event is played in", "title": "The Amateur Championship" }, { "id": "923796", "score": "1.474999", "text": "hole receives one point. If the golfers tie, then the hole is halved. For example, in an 18-hole match, the first hole is a par-4 and Player A scores a 3 (birdie) and Player B scores a 4 (par); Player A is now 1-up with 17 to play. In the same match on the second hole, a par-5, Player A takes 8 strokes and Player B takes 5 (par); Player B wins the hole and the match is now \"all square\" with 16 to play. On the third hole, a par-3, both players take 3 strokes and the match is", "title": "Match play" }, { "id": "10329807", "score": "1.4728361", "text": "can hit 18 greens, hit every fairway, you know—Vision 54, which means you birdie every hole, that's in the back of my mind. I want to putt better, chip better. That day when I hit 18 greens and one putt, I'll know I'm a complete golfer. Will that ever happen? I'm not sure, but it's possible. The 54 vision is always in the back of my mind.\" In another interview she said, \"How do you shoot a 54? Hit one fairway. Hit one green. Make one putt. Do that 18 times and you have achieved golf perfection.\" She even has", "title": "Perfect round" }, { "id": "4591730", "score": "1.4680828", "text": "one form or another. Number 15 is a short par 3 with a sharply-sloping green, after which players climb out of the valley to the 16th hole. The 18th hole is notable due to its connection to Tiger Woods, who, in the final round of the 2000 Canadian Open, hit a six-iron shot 218 yards from a bunker on the right side of the fairway to about 18 feet from the hole. The shot was all carry over a large pond that guards the green. In doing so, Woods proceeded to defeat his playing partner Grant Waite and won the", "title": "Glen Abbey Golf Course" }, { "id": "13575507", "score": "1.4672383", "text": "shot landed, relation to target, and so forth), coming to the conclusion that more than 60% of golf shots are part of the 'short game' - those made from within around 100 yards of the hole. He discovered that players with the best short games win the most money, and that while touring professionals miss shots from further than 100 yards from the hole by an average 7% of the total shot distance, that percentage rises to 16–20% on shots from within 100 yards. This research formed the basis for many of his future efforts in golf, and led to", "title": "Dave Pelz" }, { "id": "8110726", "score": "1.4662013", "text": "those shots onto a green with more painted rings around the pin for points. The \"Elimination Challenge\" had the five remaining players playing stroke play golf from two different locations: 72 yards and 178 yards. The 72 yard shot would have to be hit from behind a tree, after which the players would have to finish the hole. Whoever had the lowest score after the first location would be granted immunity, but a tie would send everyone to location two. The tie took place with Tucker in last, the scores carried over, and everyone went to the second location, where", "title": "The Big Break V: Hawaii" }, { "id": "5201515", "score": "1.465995", "text": "area of critical importance. By simple math, with par for a hole based on 2 putts, and at least one additional stroke needed to get the ball on the green, a scratch golfer will take up to 54 strokes on a typical par-72 course with the intention of getting on the green and/or in the hole; only about a third of the strokes taken in a round will be with a wood or long iron with the main intent being distance. In cases where the player doesn't make \"green in regulation\" (meaning the ball is not on the green with", "title": "Wedge (golf)" }, { "id": "12529560", "score": "1.4631507", "text": "style will be banned in 2016 on the profession circuits. A hole is classified by its par, meaning the number of strokes a skilled golfer should require to complete play of the hole. The minimum par of any hole is 3 because par always includes a stroke for the tee shot and two putts. Pars of 4 and 5 strokes are ubiquitous on golf courses; more rarely, a few courses feature par-6 and even par-7 holes. Strokes other than the tee shot and putts are expected to be made from the fairway; for example, a skilled golfer expects to reach", "title": "Golf" }, { "id": "7724528", "score": "1.4611211", "text": "for the hole include the terrain and obstacles (such as trees, water hazards, hills, or buildings) that may require a golfer to take more (or fewer) shots. Some golf courses feature par-sixes and, very rarely, par-sevens, but the latter are not recognised by the United States Golf Association. Typical championship golf courses have par values of 72, comprising four par-threes, ten par-fours, and four par-fives. Championship course par can be as high as 73 to as low as 69. Most 18-hole courses not designed for championships have a par close to 72, but some will be lower. Courses with par", "title": "Par (score)" }, { "id": "7724529", "score": "1.4477303", "text": "above 73 are rare. Courses built on relatively small parcels of land will often be designed as \"Par-3 Courses\" in which every hole (or almost every hole) is a par-three (for a total par of 54 or slightly higher over 18 holes). A golfer's score is compared with the par score. If a course has a par of 72 and a golfer takes 75 strokes to complete the course, the reported score is +3, or \"three-over-par\" and takes three shots more than par to complete the course. If a golfer takes 70 strokes, the reported score is −2, or \"two-under-par\".", "title": "Par (score)" }, { "id": "10861571", "score": "1.4464786", "text": "mode consists of 12 rounds, each with 18 holes of golf. There are three different golf courses, one each in the United States, Japan, and Great Britain (although the background and the scenery does not vary). As the player progresses in the tournament mode, their skill level is increased allowing them to hit the ball farther with greater control. They can also upgrade their golf clubs from the initial black carbon club set, to glass fiber and ceramic clubs. This also increases the distance the player is able to hit the ball. \"Arnold Palmer Tournament Golf\" has no save feature,", "title": "Arnold Palmer Tournament Golf" }, { "id": "923804", "score": "1.4454834", "text": "of stroke play to cut the field to 64 (individual) or 32 (teams), and then proceed to a single-elimination match play tournament. All elimination matches are 18 holes except for the final in individual competitions, which is 36 holes. The European Tour and PGA Tour Australasia co-sanction a Perth (Australia) tournament that in 2017 adopts a match play format. It is conducted with three rounds of stroke play, with two cuts -- one to 65 at the end of the second round, and one to 24 at the end of the third round, then proceeds on the final day to", "title": "Match play" }, { "id": "5393129", "score": "1.4394851", "text": "at the par-three, 195-yard 11th hole, Hudson holed his tee shot for a hole-in-one. At the next hole, the downhill 311-yard, par-four 12th, and this time using a driver, he once again holed his tee shot, for another ace. This is believed to be the only time a player has scored holes-in-one at consecutive holes in a major professional tournament. Despite the relative rarity of holes in one, there have been a total of six in Ryder Cup matches. Peter Butler scored the first in 1973 at Muirfield followed by a 20-year gap before Nick Faldo scored a hole in", "title": "Hole in one" } ]

[ "Gtterdmmerung (The Twilight of the Gods)", "gtterdmmerung twilight of gods" ]

[ { "id": "343312", "score": "1.8381346", "text": "amply discussed in his essay \"Oper und Drama\". The first two components of the \"Ring\" cycle were \"Das Rheingold\" (\"The Rhinegold\"), which was completed in 1854, and \"Die Walküre\" (\"The Valkyrie\"), which was finished in 1856. In \"Das Rheingold\", with its \"relentlessly talky 'realism' [and] the absence of lyrical 'numbers, Wagner came very close to the musical ideals of his 1849–51 essays. \"Die Walküre\", which contains what is virtually a traditional aria (Siegmund's \"Winterstürme\" in the first act), and the quasi-choral appearance of the Valkyries themselves, shows more \"operatic\" traits, but has been assessed by Barry Millington as \"the music", "title": "Richard Wagner" }, { "id": "600060", "score": "1.837037", "text": "Siegfried's youth, \"Young Siegfried\", later renamed \"Siegfried\", itself preceded by \"Die Walküre\" (\"The Valkyrie\"). Finally, to these three works Wagner added a prologue which he named \"Das Rheingold\". At the bottom of the Rhine, the three Rhinemaidens, Woglinde, Wellgunde, and Floßhilde, play together. Alberich, a Nibelung dwarf, appears from a deep chasm and tries to woo them. The maidens mock his advances and he grows angry – he chases them, but they elude, tease and humiliate him. A sudden ray of sunshine pierces the depths, to reveal the Rhine gold. The maidens sing a hymn of praise to the gold,", "title": "Das Rheingold" }, { "id": "3049797", "score": "1.7594123", "text": "the Valkyries greet each other and sing their battle-cry. Apart from the song of the Rhinemaidens in \"Das Rheingold\", it is the only ensemble piece in the first three operas of Wagner's \"Ring\" cycle. The complete opera \"Die Walküre\" was first performed on 26 June 1870 in the National Theatre Munich against the composer's intent. By January of the next year, Wagner was receiving requests for the \"Ride\" to be performed separately, but wrote that such a performance should be considered \"an utter indiscretion\" and forbade \"any such thing\". However, the piece was still printed and sold in Leipzig, and", "title": "Ride of the Valkyries" }, { "id": "600210", "score": "1.7498262", "text": "Die Walküre ' (The Valkyrie\"\"'), WWV 86B is the second of the four music dramas that constitute Richard Wagner's \"Der Ring des Nibelungen,\" (English: \"The Ring of the Nibelung\"). It was performed, as a single opera, at the National Theatre Munich on 26 June 1870, and received its first performance as part of the \"Ring\" cycle at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus on 14 August 1876. As the \"Ring\" cycle was conceived by Wagner in reverse order of performance, \"Die Walküre\" was the penultimate of the four texts to be written, although Wagner composed the music in the proper sequence. The text", "title": "Die Walküre" }, { "id": "343278", "score": "1.7371635", "text": "\"Die Walküre\" (\"The Valkyrie\") and \"Das Rheingold\" (\"The Rhine Gold\") and revising the other libretti to agree with his new concept, completing them in 1852. The concept of opera expressed in \"Opera and Drama\" and in other essays effectively renounced the operas he had previously written, up to and including \"Lohengrin.\" Partly in an attempt to explain his change of views, Wagner published in 1851 the autobiographical \"A Communication to My Friends\". This contained his first public announcement of what was to become the \"Ring\" cycle: I shall never write an \"Opera\" more. As I have no wish to invent", "title": "Richard Wagner" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Der Ring des Nibelungen\n\n' (The Ring of the Nibelung), WWV 86, is a cycle of four German-language epic music dramas composed by Richard Wagner. The works are based loosely on characters from Germanic heroic legend, namely Norse legendary sagas and the \"Nibelungenlied\". The composer termed the cycle a \"Bühnenfestspiel\" (stage festival play), structured in three days preceded by a (\"preliminary evening\"). It is often referred to as the Ring\" cycle, Wagner's \"Ring, or simply The Ring\"\"'.\n\nWagner wrote the libretto and music over the course of about twenty-six years, from 1848 to 1874. The four parts that constitute the \"Ring\" cycle are, in sequence:\nIndividual works of the sequence are often performed separately, and indeed the operas contain dialogues that mention events in the previous operas, so that a viewer could watch any of them without having watched the previous parts and still understand the plot. However, Wagner intended them to be performed in series. The first performance as a cycle opened the first Bayreuth Festival in 1876, beginning with \"Das Rheingold\" on 13 August and ending with \"Götterdämmerung\" on 17 August. Opera stage director Anthony Freud stated that \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\" \"marks the high-water mark of our art form, the most massive challenge any opera company can undertake.\"", "title": "Der Ring des Nibelungen" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Das Rheingold\n\nDas Rheingold (; The Rhinegold), WWV 86A, is the first of the four music dramas that constitute Richard Wagner's \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\" (English: \"The Ring of the Nibelung\"). It was performed, as a single opera, at the National Theatre Munich on 22 September 1869, and received its first performance as part of the \"Ring\" cycle at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, on 13 August 1876.\n\nWagner wrote the \"Ring\" librettos in reverse order, so that \"Das Rheingold\" was the last of the texts to be written; it was, however, the first to be set to music. The score was completed in 1854, but Wagner was unwilling to sanction its performance until the whole cycle was complete; he worked intermittently on this music until 1874. The 1869 Munich premiere of \"Das Rheingold\" was staged, much against Wagner's wishes, on the orders of his patron, King Ludwig II of Bavaria. Following its 1876 Bayreuth premiere, the \"Ring\" cycle was introduced into the worldwide repertory, with performances in all the main opera houses, in which it has remained a regular and popular fixture.\n\nIn his 1851 essay \"Opera and Drama\", Wagner had set out new principles as to how music dramas should be constructed, under which the conventional forms of opera (arias, ensembles, choruses) were rejected. Rather than providing word-settings, the music would interpret the text emotionally, reflecting the feelings and moods behind the work, by using a system of recurring leitmotifs to represent people, ideas and situations. \"Das Rheingold\" was Wagner's first work that adopted these principles, and his most rigid adherence to them, despite a few deviations – the Rhinemaidens frequently sing in ensemble.\n\nAs the \"preliminary evening\" within the cycle, \"Das Rheingold\" gives the background to the events that drive the main dramas of the cycle. It recounts Alberich's theft of the Rhine gold after his renunciation of love; his fashioning of the all-powerful ring from the gold and his enslavement of the Nibelungs; Wotan's seizure of the gold and the ring, to pay his debt to the giants who have built his fortress Valhalla; Alberich's curse on the ring and its possessors; Erda's warning to Wotan to forsake the ring; the early manifestation of the curse's power after Wotan yields the ring to the giants; and the gods' uneasy entry into Valhalla, under the shadow of their impending doom.", "title": "Das Rheingold" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Die Walküre" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ride of the Valkyries\n\nThe \"Ride of the Valkyries\" () refers to the beginning of act 3 of \"Die Walküre\", the second of the four operas constituting Richard Wagner's \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\".\nAs a separate piece, the \"Ride\" is often heard in a purely instrumental version, which may be as short as three minutes. Together with the \"Bridal Chorus\" from \"Lohengrin\", the \"Ride of the Valkyries\" is one of Wagner's best-known pieces.", "title": "Ride of the Valkyries" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rhinemaidens\n\nThe Rhinemaidens are the three water-nymphs (\"Rheintöchter\" or \"Rhine daughters\") who appear in Richard Wagner's opera cycle \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\". Their individual names are Woglinde, Wellgunde and Flosshilde (Floßhilde), although they are generally treated as a single entity and they act together accordingly. Of the 34 characters in the \"Ring\" cycle, they are the only ones who did not originate in the Old Norse \"Eddas\". Wagner created his Rhinemaidens from other legends and myths, most notably the \"Nibelungenlied\" which contains stories involving water-sprites (nixies) or mermaids of the Danube.\n\nThe key concepts associated with the Rhinemaidens in the \"Ring\" operas—their flawed guardianship of the Rhine gold, and the condition (the renunciation of love) through which the gold could be stolen from them and then transformed into a means of obtaining world power—are wholly Wagner's own invention, and are the elements that initiate and propel the entire drama.\n\nThe Rhinemaidens are the first and the last characters seen in the four-opera cycle, appearing both in the opening scene of \"Das Rheingold\", and in the final climactic spectacle of \"Götterdämmerung\", when they rise from the Rhine waters to reclaim the ring from Brünnhilde's ashes. They have been described as morally innocent, yet they display a range of sophisticated emotions, including some that are far from guileless. Seductive and elusive, they have no relationship to any of the other characters, and no indication is given as to how they came into existence, beyond occasional references to an unspecified \"father\".\n\nThe various musical themes associated with the Rhinemaidens are regarded as among the most lyrical in the entire \"Ring\" cycle, bringing to it rare instances of comparative relaxation and charm. The music contains important melodies and phrases which are reprised and developed elsewhere in the operas to characterise other individuals and circumstances, and to relate plot developments to the source of the narrative. It is reported that Wagner played the Rhinemaidens' lament at the piano, on the night before he died in Venice, in 1883.", "title": "Rhinemaidens" }, { "id": "600215", "score": "1.7235358", "text": "I propose, some future time, to produce those three Dramas with their Prelude, in the course of three days and a fore-evening\". In accordance with this scheme Wagner preceded \"Siegfried's Death\" (later \"Götterdämmerung\" (\"The Twilight of the Gods\") with the story of Siegfried's youth, \"Young Siegfried\", later renamed \"Siegfried\". This was in turn preceded by \"Die Walküre\" (\"The Valkyrie\"), dealing with Siegfried's origins, the whole tetralogy being fronted by a prologue, \"Das Rheingold\". Because Wagner prepared his texts in reverse chronological sequence, \"Die Walküre\" was the third of the dramas to be conceived and written, but appears second in the", "title": "Die Walküre" }, { "id": "9117146", "score": "1.7165129", "text": "\"trilogy\" had a certain cachet for Wagner which the term \"tetralogy\" never acquired. In October 1851 Wagner drafted a short prose sketch for the preliminary opera which would precede the trilogy proper. He vacillated over the title of the work, trying out in turn, Der Raub: Vorspiel (\"The Theft: Prelude\"), \"Der Raub des Rheingoldes\" (\"The Theft of the Rhinegold\") and \"Das Rheingold (Vorspiel)\" (\"The Rhinegold (Prelude)\"). The following month he drafted some prose sketches for the first of the three main dramas, Siegmund und Sieglinde: der Walküre Bestrafung (\"Siegmund and Sieglinde: the Valkyrie's Punishment\"). Between March and November 1852 he", "title": "Composition of Der Ring des Nibelungen" }, { "id": "600260", "score": "1.7055542", "text": "synthesis of poetry and music is achieved without any notable sacrifice in musical expression\". The modern view is that, of the \"Ring\" operas, \"Die Walküre\" is both the most approachable and the one that can most successfully be performed in extracts. Die Walküre ' (The Valkyrie\"\"'), WWV 86B is the second of the four music dramas that constitute Richard Wagner's \"Der Ring des Nibelungen,\" (English: \"The Ring of the Nibelung\"). It was performed, as a single opera, at the National Theatre Munich on 26 June 1870, and received its first performance as part of the \"Ring\" cycle at the Bayreuth", "title": "Die Walküre" }, { "id": "423772", "score": "1.6816208", "text": "a prelude. Wagner called \"Das Rheingold\" a \"Vorabend\" or \"Preliminary Evening\", and \"Die Walküre\", \"Siegfried\" and \"Götterdämmerung\" were subtitled First Day, Second Day and Third Day, respectively, of the trilogy proper. The scale and scope of the story is epic. It follows the struggles of gods, heroes, and several mythical creatures over the eponymous magic ring that grants domination over the entire world. The drama and intrigue continue through three generations of protagonists, until the final cataclysm at the end of \"Götterdämmerung\". The music of the cycle is thick and richly textured, and grows in complexity as the cycle proceeds.", "title": "Der Ring des Nibelungen" }, { "id": "14570985", "score": "1.6780566", "text": "from Wagner's \"Die Walküre\" was long a concert favourite, and has been recorded many times. His other Wagner transcriptions from the Ring Cycle were: \"Valhalla\", \"Siegmund's Love Song\", \"Ride of the Valkyries\" (\"Die Walküre\"), and \"Forest Murmurs\" (\"Siegfried\"). Pianists who have recorded these pieces include Josef Hofmann, Ignaz Friedman, Isador Goodman, Michael Ponti, Jean-Yves Thibaudet, Denis Plutalov and Severin von Eckardstein. He also transcribed: Brassin wrote two piano concertos and two German operettas (\"Der Thronfolger\", The Heir to the Throne and \"Der Missionär\", The Missionary), as well as many smaller, now largely forgotten piano pieces. Louis Brassin Louis Brassin (24", "title": "Louis Brassin" }, { "id": "4628464", "score": "1.6776013", "text": "\"Der Zwerg (The Dwarf)\", the U.S. premiere of Viktor Ullmann's \"Der zerbrochene Krug\" \"(The Broken Jug)\", Walter Braunfels' \"Die Vögel (The Birds)\" and the U.S. premiere of Franz Schreker's \"Die Gezeichneten\" \"(The Stigmatized)\" as part of this mission, as well as children's performances of Hans Krasa's \"Brundibar\". The company presented its first presentation of Richard Wagner's complete \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\" in the summer of 2010. New productions of \"Das Rheingold\" and \"Die Walküre\" were performed in early 2009, followed by \"Siegfried\" (September–October 2009) and \"Götterdämmerung\" (April 2010). Three full cycles were produced from May 29 through June 26, 2010,", "title": "Los Angeles Opera" }, { "id": "16348255", "score": "1.6772861", "text": "staged by Vera Nemirova, finishing with Götterdämmerung in 2012. The complete cycle is to be performed twice in 2012. Singers have included Susan Bullock as Brünnhilde, Eva-Maria Westbroek as Sieglinde, Frank van Aken as Siegmund and Terje Stensvold as Wotan. Single performances were recorded. Gavin Dixon noted in his review of \"Die Walküre\":As with the previous Rhinegold recording, what really makes this Walküre distinctive is the contribution of conductor Sebastian Weigle. His patience with this music is wonderful. He knows that Wagner needs no help in building up his climaxes or creating the drama that the story needs. So tempos", "title": "Sebastian Weigle" }, { "id": "20592726", "score": "1.6764584", "text": "The Rheingold \"The Rheingold\" is the seventh episode of the of the American fantasy television series \"\", and the 119th episode overall. The episode was written by R. J. Stewart and directed by John Fawcett; it first aired on November 13, 2000. The series, set in Ancient Greece, focuses on Xena (Lucy Lawless), a ruthless warrior seeking redemption for her past actions. Throughout her adventures, she is accompanied by her best friend (Renee O'Connor), who assists her in recognizing and pursuing the greater good. In the episode, upon meeting a warrior named Beowulf, Xena decides to travel to the Norselands", "title": "The Rheingold" }, { "id": "423793", "score": "1.6737388", "text": "the final work in the cycle. He chose the title \"Götterdämmerung\" instead of \"Siegfrieds Tod\". In the completed work the gods are destroyed in accordance with the new pessimistic thrust of the cycle, not redeemed as in the more optimistic originally planned ending. Wagner also decided to show onstage the events of \"Das Rheingold\" and \"Die Walküre\", which had hitherto only been presented as back-narration in the other two parts. These changes resulted in some discrepancies in the cycle, but these do not diminish the value of the work. On King Ludwig's insistence, and over Wagner's objections, \"special previews\" of", "title": "Der Ring des Nibelungen" }, { "id": "423800", "score": "1.6663015", "text": "cycle in May 2006 in its new waterfront home, the Copenhagen Opera House. This version of the \"Ring\" tells the story from the viewpoint of Brünnhilde and has a distinct feminist angle. For example, in a key scene in \"Die Walküre\", it is Sieglinde and not Siegmund who manages to pull the sword Nothung out of a tree. At the end of the cycle, Brünnhilde does not die, but instead gives birth to Siegfried's child. The Canadian Opera Company celebrated the opening of its new home, the Four Seasons Centre, by performing three complete Ring Cycles in September 2006. Each", "title": "Der Ring des Nibelungen" }, { "id": "423794", "score": "1.6659427", "text": "\"Das Rheingold\" and \"Die Walküre\" were given at the National Theatre in Munich, before the rest of the \"Ring\". Thus, \"Das Rheingold\" premiered on 22 September 1869, and \"Die Walküre\" on 26 June 1870. Wagner subsequently delayed announcing his completion of \"Siegfried\" to prevent this work also being premiered against his wishes. Wagner had long desired to have a special festival opera house, designed by himself, for the performance of the \"Ring\". In 1871, he decided on a location in the Bavarian town of Bayreuth. In 1872, he moved to Bayreuth, and the foundation stone was laid. Wagner would spend", "title": "Der Ring des Nibelungen" }, { "id": "16106007", "score": "1.6602192", "text": "Schager and Dara Hobbs. A production of \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\" opened in 2015 with \"Das Rheingold\", followed a year later by \"Die Walküre\". The Wagner project has received international recognition. In 2014 the theatre began a professional project for young people (\"Jugendtheaterprojekt\") with \"Romeo und Julia – Out With Love\" based on Shakespeare's \"Romeo and Juliet\" in the Shakespeare-year 2014. In a joint venture with the school Kurt-Tucholsky-Gesamtschule, the Intendantin Andrea Krauledat and the theatre pedagogue Viola Schneider staged the production, performed in the theatre hall. The following season, the project was continued by Schiller's \"Die Räuber\" in collaboration", "title": "Stadttheater Minden" }, { "id": "600233", "score": "1.6536195", "text": "the full in \"Die Walküre\"; Holman numbers 36 such motifs that are introduced in the work. The well-known \"Valkyrie\" motif, used to introduce Brünnhilde in Act 2, forms the basis of the famous Ride of the Valkyries that opens Act 3. Wagner wrote the concert version of the Ride in 1862, for performance in concerts at Vienna and Leipzig. As with \"Das Rheingold\", many years elapsed between the completion of the \"Die Walküre\" score and its first performance. Seeing little chance of the \"Ring\" project coming to any immediate fruition, and in need of money, in August 1857 Wagner abandoned", "title": "Die Walküre" }, { "id": "600054", "score": "1.649127", "text": "Das Rheingold Das Rheingold (; The Rhinegold), WWV 86A, is the first of the four music dramas that constitute Richard Wagner's \"Der Ring des Nibelungen,\" (English: \"The Ring of the Nibelung\"). It was performed, as a single opera, at the National Theatre Munich on 22 September 1869, and received its first performance as part of the \"Ring\" cycle at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, on 13 August 1876. Wagner wrote the \"Ring\" librettos in reverse order, so that \"Das Rheingold\" was the last of the texts to be written; it was, however, the first to be set to music. The score was", "title": "Das Rheingold" }, { "id": "9117147", "score": "1.6403513", "text": "elaborated these short sketches after his usual practice, developing prose drafts from them, which he then proceeded to turn into verse drafts. By that time he had renamed the operas \"Das Rheingold\" and \"Die Walküre\" respectively. Whereas the prose draft of \"Das Rheingold\" was written before that of \"Die Walküre\", the verse draft of \"Die Walküre\" preceded that of \"Das Rheingold\". So while there is some truth to the oft-quoted remark that the \"Ring\" cycle was conceived \"backwards\", it is not completely accurate. The original prose sketch for \"Das Rheingold\" consisted of just three paragraphs, each prefaced by a Roman", "title": "Composition of Der Ring des Nibelungen" } ]

[ "3", "", "three" ]

[ { "id": "12258484", "score": "1.3717213", "text": "The origins of six state names are unknown or disputed. Several of the states that derive their names from (corrupted) names used for Native peoples, have retained the plural ending of \"s\". The borders of the 13 original states were largely determined by colonial charters. Their western boundaries were subsequently modified as the states ceded their western land claims to the Federal government during the 1780s and 1790s. Many state borders beyond those of the original 13 were set by Congress as it created territories, divided them, and over time, created states within them. Territorial and new state lines often", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "id": "10423310", "score": "1.3534443", "text": "2010 a sister presentation and then series, \"How the States Got Their Shapes\" was aired. The States (TV series) The States is a 2007 American documentary television series about the history of each state in the United States of America, narrated by Edward Herrmann. The show documents each of the 50 states in the union. The show begins with an introduction to the five states to be documented within the episode. Each state's segment begins with the narrator giving a clue as to what that state might be, and then revealing the answer. ( e.g. \"There is a North Dakota", "title": "The States (TV series)" }, { "id": "6683495", "score": "1.3452637", "text": "1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase \"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA\" in all capitalized letters in the headline of his \"original Rough draught\" of the Declaration of Independence. This draft of the document did not surface until June 21, 1776, and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation. The short form \"United States\" is also standard. Other common forms are the \"U.S.\", the \"USA\", and \"America\". Colloquial names are the \"U.S. of A.\" and, internationally, the \"States\". \"Columbia\", a name popular in poetry and", "title": "United States" }, { "id": "17016406", "score": "1.3376161", "text": "Hawaii was assigned number 50 after those states were admitted to the union. There are no Smithsonian trinomial numbers assigned for the District of Columbia or any United States territories. Most states use trinomials of the form \"nnAAnnnn\", but some specify a space or dash between parts of the identifier, i.e., \"nn AA nnnn\" or \"nn-AA-nnnn\". Some states use variations of the trinomial system. Arizona, California, Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island and Vermont use two-letter abbreviations of the state name instead of the Smithsonian number. Alaska uses three-letter abbreviations for USGS map quadrangles in place of the county code. Arizona uses", "title": "Smithsonian trinomial" }, { "id": "10423308", "score": "1.3208144", "text": "The States (TV series) The States is a 2007 American documentary television series about the history of each state in the United States of America, narrated by Edward Herrmann. The show documents each of the 50 states in the union. The show begins with an introduction to the five states to be documented within the episode. Each state's segment begins with the narrator giving a clue as to what that state might be, and then revealing the answer. ( e.g. \"There is a North Dakota and a South Dakota, a North Carolina and a South Carolina, but there's been one", "title": "The States (TV series)" }, { "id": "12258483", "score": "1.3179672", "text": "a wide variety of languages. Twenty-four state names originate from Native American languages. Of these, eight are from Algonquian languages, seven are from Siouan languages, three are from Iroquoian languages, one is from Uto-Aztecan languages and five others are from other indigenous languages. Hawaii's name is derived from the Polynesian Hawaiian language. Of the remaining names, 22 are from European languages: Seven from Latin (mainly Latinized forms of English names), the rest are from English, Spanish and French. Eleven states are named after individual people, including seven named for royalty and one named after a President of the United States.", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "id": "191648", "score": "1.3110397", "text": "first letter of the county's name. Where a letter is at the beginning of more than one name, a number accompanies precedingly in alphabetical order. This reflects an anomalous coincidental situation wherein 10 counties begin with B, seven with C and four with L, which is 21 of the 44 counties. After the Civil War, many Midwestern and Southern Democrats moved to the Idaho Territory. As a result, the early territorial legislatures were solidly Democrat-controlled. In contrast, most of the territorial governors were appointed by Republican presidents and were Republicans. This led to sometimes-bitter clashes between the two parties, including", "title": "Idaho" }, { "id": "5021", "score": "1.3014674", "text": "\"the United States of North America\" in the first sentence, then \"the said United States\" afterwards; \"the United States of America\" and \"the United States of North America\" derive from \"the United Colonies of America\" and \"the United Colonies of North America\". The Treaty of Peace and Amity of September 5, 1795, between the United States and the Barbary States contains the usages \"the United States of North America\", \"citizens of the United States\", and \"American Citizens\". U.S. President George Washington, in his 1796 \"Farewell Address\", declaimed that \"The name of American, which belongs to you in your national capacity,", "title": "American (word)" }, { "id": "13638564", "score": "1.3011487", "text": "specified an entry location outside the United States with 50 0 reserved for Hawaii, 50 1 reserved for Panama and Puerto Rico, and 50 2 reserved for Alaska. Within the United States, the geographical codes were: 51: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont 52: Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia 53: Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee 54: Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas 55: Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Wyoming 56: Arizona, California, Idaho, Georgia, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington", "title": "Service number (United States Army)" }, { "id": "6683496", "score": "1.2998564", "text": "songs of the late 18th century, derives its origin from Christopher Columbus; it appears in the name \"District of Columbia\". The phrase \"United States\" was originally plural, a description of a collection of independent states—e.g., \"the United States are\"—including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865. The singular form—e.g., \"the United States is\"—became popular after the end of the American Civil War. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom \"these United States\". The difference is more significant than usage; it is a difference between a collection of states", "title": "United States" }, { "id": "5024", "score": "1.2967808", "text": "In 1801, the document titled \"Letter to American Spaniards\"—published in French (1799), in Spanish (1801), and in English (1808)—might have influenced Venezuela's Act of Independence and its 1811 constitution. The Latter-day Saints' Articles of Faith refer to the American continents as where they are to build Zion. Common short forms and abbreviations are the \"United States\", the \"U.S.\", the \"U.S.A.\", and \"America\"; colloquial versions include the \"U.S. of A.\" and \"the States\". The term \"Columbia\" (from the Columbus surname) was a popular name for the U.S. and for the entire geographic Americas; its usage is present today in the District", "title": "American (word)" }, { "id": "9301510", "score": "1.2927445", "text": "team from each region\"<br> Western States: Alaska<br> Mountains/Plains States: New Mexico<br> Central States: Kentucky<br> Southeastern States: South Carolina<br> Northeastern States: Connecticut National Winners <br> 1st Place: California - Arcadia High School (Arcadia, California) <br> 2nd Place: Alabama <br> 3rd Place: Virginia <br> <br> Honorable Mention<br> \"(top ten)\" <br> 4th Place: Oregon<br> 5th Place: Colorado<br> 6th Place: New Jersey<br> 7th Place: Florida<br> 8th Place: Indiana<br> 9th Place: Westminster Christian Academy, St. Louis, Missouri<br> 10th Place: Wisconsin<br> <br> Unit Awards<br> \"Best non-finalist team for expertise in each unit of competition\"<br> Unit 1: Utah<br> Unit 2: Connecticut<br> Unit 3: Arizona<br> Unit 4: Vermont<br>", "title": "We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution" }, { "id": "6683487", "score": "1.2850704", "text": "is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico. The State of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries. Paleo-Indians migrated", "title": "United States" }, { "id": "437922", "score": "1.2807779", "text": "Geography of the United States The term \"United States\", when used in the geographical sense, is the contiguous United States, the state of Alaska, the island state of Hawaii, the five insular territories of Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa, and minor outlying possessions. The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and maritime borders with Russia, Cuba, and the Bahamas in addition to Canada and Mexico. The United States's northern border with Canada is the world's longest bi-national land border. From 1989 through 1996, the total area of the US was", "title": "Geography of the United States" }, { "id": "11750570", "score": "1.2777708", "text": "Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, and South Carolina use a 3-letter, 3-number format in the format ABC-123, 123-ABC (sometimes both at the same time), or some variant thereof with mixed numbers and letters. Florida and New Jersey both use four letters and two numbers: Florida uses an ABC-D12 format, while New Jersey uses an A12-BCD format. Florida also uses an optional two-letter, four-number format for its no-cost \"In God We Trust\" plates. License plate numbers are usually assigned in ascending order, beginning with a starting point such as AAA-001.", "title": "United States license plate designs and serial formats" }, { "id": "1544865", "score": "1.2661037", "text": "the standard Romanian alphabet with three additional letters used to mark sounds specific only to this language: å, ľ and ń. Å and \"å\" are also used in the practical orthography of Chamorro, a language indigenous to the people of Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. The capital of Guam is also called \"Hagåtña\". The letter \"Å\" (U+00C5) is also used throughout the world as the international symbol for the non-SI unit ångström, a physical unit of length named after the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström. It is always upper case in this context (symbols for units named after persons are", "title": "Å" }, { "id": "6683486", "score": "1.2645476", "text": "United States The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km), the United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area and slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe's 3.9 million square miles (10.1 million km). With a population of over 325 million people, the U.S. is the third most populous country. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population", "title": "United States" }, { "id": "437926", "score": "1.258949", "text": "to the south and southwest, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the \"continental\" or \"contiguous United States\", and as the \"Lower 48\". Alaska, which is not included in the term \"contiguous United States\", is at the northwestern end of North America, separated from the Lower 48 by Canada. The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia,", "title": "Geography of the United States" }, { "id": "11985", "score": "1.2563734", "text": "the United States is Washington, D.C\". There is a question about how to pluralize abbreviations, particularly acronyms. Often a writer will add an 's' following an apostrophe, as in \"PC's\". However, this style is not preferred by many style guides. For instance, Kate Turabian, writing about style in academic writings, allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms \"only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters\". Turabian would therefore prefer \"DVDs\" and \"URLs\" and \"Ph.D.'s\", while the Modern Language Association explicitly says, \"do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an abbreviation\". Also,", "title": "Abbreviation" }, { "id": "11750575", "score": "1.255312", "text": "order, or some combination thereof. Other states like Indiana and Tennessee also once used the practice, with Tennessee discontinuing in the 1980s and Indiana in 2008. Only three places in the United States use letters to designate a residence where a vehicle was registered. In Hawaii, the license plates have a unique letter designation based on the island counties that residents purchased or registered the vehicles from; a vehicle with a registration number beginning with H or Z is registered in Hawai‘i County, one beginning with K is registered in Kaua‘i County, one beginning with M or L is registered", "title": "United States license plate designs and serial formats" } ]

[ "Florence Nightingale Graham", "florence nightingale graham", "Florence Graham", "florence graham", "Elizabeth Arden", "elizabeth arden" ]

[ { "id": "1720040", "score": "2.0080676", "text": "had emigrated to Canada from Cornwall, United Kingdom, in the 1870s. Her father, William Graham, was Scottish, and her mother, Susan, was Cornish and had arranged for a wealthy aunt in Cornwall to pay for her children's education. Arden dropped out of nursing school in Toronto. She then joined her elder brother in Manhattan, working briefly as a bookkeeper for the E. R. Squibb Pharmaceuticals Company. While there, Arden spent hours in their lab, learning about skincare. She then worked—again briefly—for Eleanor Adair, an early beauty culturist, as a \"treatment girl\". In her salons and through her marketing campaigns, Elizabeth", "title": "Elizabeth Arden" }, { "id": "1720039", "score": "1.9222386", "text": "Elizabeth Arden Florence Nightingale Graham (December 31, 1878 – October 18, 1966), who went by the business name Elizabeth Arden, was a Canadian American businesswoman who founded what is now Elizabeth Arden, Inc., and built a cosmetics empire in the United States. By 1929 she owned 150 upscale salons across the United States and Europe. Her 1000 products were found in the luxury market in 22 countries. She was the sole owner, and at the peak of her career, she was one of the wealthiest women in the world. Arden was born in 1878 in Woodbridge, Ontario, Canada. Her parents", "title": "Elizabeth Arden" }, { "id": "7172357", "score": "1.8878486", "text": "awards and honours: Myra Bennett Myra M. Bennett, CM, MBE (April 1, 1890 – April 26, 1990) born London, England, died Daniel's Harbour, Newfoundland, Canada. Dubbed \"The Florence Nightingale of Newfoundland\" by the Evening Telegram, is a tribute to her tremendous contribution to the people of the Great Northern Peninsula and known simply as \"The Nurse\". Bennett (née Grimsley) worked as a tailor in London before training as a nurse at Woolwich during the first World War. She later studied midwifery at Clapham School of Midwifery. She came to Newfoundland as a district nurse under the outport nursing scheme. Her", "title": "Myra Bennett" }, { "id": "7172354", "score": "1.884114", "text": "Myra Bennett Myra M. Bennett, CM, MBE (April 1, 1890 – April 26, 1990) born London, England, died Daniel's Harbour, Newfoundland, Canada. Dubbed \"The Florence Nightingale of Newfoundland\" by the Evening Telegram, is a tribute to her tremendous contribution to the people of the Great Northern Peninsula and known simply as \"The Nurse\". Bennett (née Grimsley) worked as a tailor in London before training as a nurse at Woolwich during the first World War. She later studied midwifery at Clapham School of Midwifery. She came to Newfoundland as a district nurse under the outport nursing scheme. Her plan was to", "title": "Myra Bennett" }, { "id": "2211317", "score": "1.8310311", "text": "Anna Maxwell Anna Caroline Maxwell (March 14, 1851January 2, 1929), was a nurse who came to be known as \"the American Florence Nightingale\". Her pioneering activities were crucial to the growth of professional nursing in the United States. Maxwell was born in Bristol, New York on March 14, 1851. Her father was a Scottish emigrant, clergyman John Eglinton Maxwell, and her mother was an American-born woman of English descent, Diantha Caroline Maxwell. The family moved to Canada for some of Maxwell's childhood, returning in 1874. That year, she began nursing without formal training, as an assistant matron at New England", "title": "Anna Maxwell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Elizabeth Arden\n\nElizabeth Arden (born Florence Nightingale Graham; December 31, 1881 – October 18, 1966) was a Canadian-American businesswoman who founded what is now Elizabeth Arden, Inc., and built a cosmetics empire in the United States. By 1929, she owned 150 salons in Europe and the United States. Her 1,000 products were being sold in 22 countries. She was the sole owner, and at the peak of her career, she was one of the wealthiest women in the world.", "title": "Elizabeth Arden" }, { "id": "14987072", "score": "1.8286221", "text": "her brother is only surpassed by her surgical skill. After graduating in the top of her class at Harvard and completing her surgical residency at Johns Hopkins, she comes to Los Angeles on a medical case and decides to stay after she is fired from her fellowship. She asks Naomi Bennett for a job when the two practices merge. She has known Dr. Addison Montgomery for many years and views her as a close friend and surrogate sister. As a young woman, she was addicted to prescription medication and crashed Derek's car while high. When she came home, she overdosed", "title": "Amelia Shepherd" }, { "id": "13576578", "score": "1.8118858", "text": "Evelyn Pepper Evelyn Agnes Pepper, C.St.J. (3 March 1905 – 2 April 1998) was a Canadian nurse and nursing sister, named as a Commander of the Order of St John. She was awarded the Florence Nightingale Medal and was made Honorary President of the Nursing Sisters Association of Canada Pepper was born in Ottawa and graduated from Ottawa Civic Hospital in 1928 before attending McGill University. She served as a Nursing Sister for the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps in England, Italy, the Netherlands and France during World War II. She was awarded the Order of Canada in 1996 for", "title": "Evelyn Pepper" }, { "id": "16851711", "score": "1.7973595", "text": "Florence Sarah Lees Florence Sarah Lees (31 March 1840 – 19 October 1922) was one of the English pioneers of district nursing. Florence Lees was born on 31 March 1840 in Blandford, Dorset. She used to visit the sick with her mother and in 1866 she became an observer in Florence Nightingale's school at St Thomas' Hospital (now part of King's College London) in London. When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870 she volunteered for military nursing. She was put in charge of the hospital at Marange and then Homburg by the Crown Princess of Prussia, Queen Victoria's eldest", "title": "Florence Sarah Lees" }, { "id": "18602471", "score": "1.7908189", "text": "a Florence Nightingale Scholarship for the study of public health administration at the University of Toronto. Stephenson also worked in the American zone in Germany for the Red Cross and went on to work in Singapore, North Borneo, Brunei and Sarawak. \"The Glasgow Herald\" reported that, here, she was the first white woman to have been seen in one community and she delivered a baby to a 'headhunter' in another. After leaving the Red Cross, she assumed the position of County Nursing Officer for East Suffolk in 1948; this was at the very beginnings of the NHS. This was followed", "title": "Elsie Stephenson" }, { "id": "6737086", "score": "1.7883453", "text": "College in New York City and a 1900 graduate of New York Medical College In 1907, when Stearns was a resident at Metropolitan Hospital (then located on Blackwell's Island in New York City), as well as Flower Free Surgical Hospital, he was arrested for performing an unspecified private operation on a nurse and longtime friend named Susan T. Greene (also known as Mrs. Graham), who then died of septic peritonitis. Given the evasiveness of the \"New York Times\" article about the case in terms of specifics, as well as considering that the nurse used the false name Mrs. Graham when", "title": "Guy Beckley Stearns" }, { "id": "3677775", "score": "1.7695737", "text": "Jiangsu, China (now the main district of Huai'an, Jiangsu, China). Her parents, Virginia Myers (Leftwich) and Dr. L. Nelson Bell, were American medical missionaries at the Presbyterian Hospital 300 miles north of Shanghai. She grew up in China in a deeply religious household. Some of her early life in China is depicted in the biography of her father, a general surgeon, in \"A Foreign Devil in China\" (by John Charles Pollock, ). Graham studied for three years at a high school in Pyongyang, now in North Korea, before graduating from a school in Montreat, North Carolina, while her parents were", "title": "Ruth Graham" }, { "id": "16507492", "score": "1.7521749", "text": "Mabel H. Grosvenor Dr. Mabel Harlakenden Grosvenor (July 28, 1905 in Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia – October 30, 2006 in Baddeck, Nova Scotia) was a Canadian-born American pediatrician, and a granddaughter and secretary to the scientist and telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bell. She lived in both Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia and Washington, D.C. Grosvenor oversaw the stewardship of Bell's legacy Canadian estate at Beinn Bhreagh, Baddeck, Nova Scotia, until her death, and was also the Honorary President of the Alexander Graham Bell Club (founded in 1891), Canada's oldest continuing women's club. The club grew out of a social organization started", "title": "Mabel H. Grosvenor" }, { "id": "20922383", "score": "1.7513394", "text": "(13 February 1861 – 24 Sep 1940) a sister of the Chief Secretary (later Sir) John Gordon, was promoted to Superintendent of Night Nurses, the second highest nursing rank. Many nurses thought the position should have gone to the more senior charge nurse Louise Hawkins, and that this was a case of favoritism. Six nurses, Graham among them, sent a petition to Premier Kingston requesting an independent enquiry. A committee of twelve, including Drs. Way (who was instrumental in her promotion), Stirling, Giles and Sir John Colton, met to consider the Premier's request for a review of the appointment. This", "title": "Margaret Graham (matron)" }, { "id": "971040", "score": "1.7495021", "text": "she [Nightingale] started out there was no such thing as nursing. The Dickens character Sarah Gamp, who was more interested in drinking gin than looking after her patients, was only a mild exaggeration. Hospitals were places of last resort where the floors were laid with straw to soak up the blood. Florence transformed nursing when she got back [from Crimea]. She had access to people in high places and she used it to get things done. Florence was stubborn, opinionated and forthright but she had to be those things in order to achieve all that she did.\" Though Nightingale is", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "id": "3677772", "score": "1.7447035", "text": "Ruth Graham Ruth McCue Bell Graham (June 10, 1920 – June 14, 2007) was an American Christian author, most well known as the wife of evangelist Billy Graham. Born in Qingjiang, Jiangsu, Republic of China, the second of five children, her parents, L. Nelson Bell and Virginia Leftwich Bell, were medical missionaries at the Presbyterian Hospital north of Shanghai. At the age of 13 she was enrolled in Pyeng Yang Foreign School in Pyongyang, Korea, where she studied for three years. She completed her high school education at Montreat, North Carolina, while her parents were there on furlough. She graduated", "title": "Ruth Graham" }, { "id": "20922387", "score": "1.7446988", "text": "medical superintendent, Dr. C. T. C. de Crespigny, who individually ordered them to work in Victoria ward under Dunstan, and all but two probationers refused and were suspended. Graham smoothed the way for the nurses to return to work, advising them they would not be required to serve under Dunstan. Dunstan was an efficient and conscientious nurse and might have had better relations with her juniors had Graham been more accepting, tactful and accommodating. Matron Graham was an excellent teacher but avoided paperwork wherever possible, leaving it for her night charge nurse. In 1904 she enlisted with the Australian Army", "title": "Margaret Graham (matron)" }, { "id": "18205917", "score": "1.7309958", "text": "own office in Hull. He married Florence Mildred Wright on June 16, 1868 in Hull, Quebec and had two sons and two daughters. Charles Everett Graham Charles Everett Graham (1844) was a physician and politician in Quebec. He was born November 2, 1844 in Kingston, Ontario and died January 13, 1921 in Hull, Quebec. Graham was a member of the Hull council from 1876 to 1895, and served as mayor in 1878-1879 and in 1895-1896. The son of Duncan Graham and Anna Maria Everett, he was born in Kingston, Canada West and moved to Ottawa with his family in early", "title": "Charles Everett Graham" }, { "id": "2434802", "score": "1.7225986", "text": "with her mother. Agnes was reportedly very negative and condescending towards Katharine, which had a negative impact on Katharine's self-confidence. Her older sister Florence Meyer was a successful photographer and wife of actor Oscar Homolka. Her father's sister, Florence Meyer Blumenthal, founded the Prix Blumenthal. Meyer was an alumna of The Madeira School (to which her father had donated much land) and attended Vassar College before transferring to the University of Chicago. In Chicago, she became quite interested in labor issues and shared friendships with people from walks of life very different from her own. After graduation, she worked for", "title": "Katharine Graham" }, { "id": "20809854", "score": "1.7195103", "text": "Born into an affluent Long Island family in Brooklyn, New York on June 25, 1924, Rosalind Palmer is a daughter of the late Winthrop (Bushnell) Palmer, chair and professor of literature and fine arts at Long Island University, and Carleton Humphreys Palmer, president of E. R. Squibb and Sons, a Brooklyn, New York-based pharmaceutical company which was founded in 1892 and is now a subsidiary of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Raised in New York's Locust Valley, she was educated at Connecticut's Ethel Walker School. In 1940, she resided in Manhattan with her parents and older siblings, Lowell and Winthrop. Following her", "title": "Rosalind P. Walter" }, { "id": "19483204", "score": "1.7177029", "text": "of the Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses (now Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery), attached to that hospital. They were married shortly afterwards and in 1908 returned to Australia, settling in Peterborough (then called Petersburg) where Melville practised in partnership with Dr. Goode from 1908 to 1913. While in Peterborough, he became interested in occupational diseases peculiar to railwaymen. He took a great interest in public affairs and gave lectures on health and other subjects for the Railway Town Men's Movement, and the Y.M.C.A and in his early days there often gave morning lectures at the old", "title": "Melville Birks" } ]

[ "Warp", "Warping", "warping", "Warp drive (disambiguation)", "warp disambiguation", "Warp (disambiguation)", "spacewarp", "Warped (disambiguation)", "WARP", "Warpdrive", "Spacewarp", "warped disambiguation", "warp", "warpdrive", "warp drive disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "630022", "score": "1.6136216", "text": "using a loom to interlace two sets of threads at right angles to each other: the warp which runs longitudinally and the weft (older \"woof\") that crosses it. One warp thread is called an end and one weft thread is called a pick. The warp threads are held taut and in parallel to each other, typically in a loom. There are many types of looms. Weaving can be summarized as a repetition of these three actions, also called the primary motion of the loom. The warp is divided into two overlapping groups, or lines (most often adjacent threads belonging to", "title": "Weaving" }, { "id": "630020", "score": "1.5861483", "text": "Weaving Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. Other methods are knitting, crocheting, felting, and braiding or plaiting. The longitudinal threads are called the warp and the lateral threads are the weft or filling. (\"Weft\" is an old English word meaning \"that which is woven\"; compare \"leave\" and \"left\".) The method in which these threads are inter-woven affects the characteristics of the cloth. Cloth is usually woven on a loom, a device that holds the warp threads in place while", "title": "Weaving" }, { "id": "630021", "score": "1.5558965", "text": "filling threads are woven through them. A fabric band which meets this definition of cloth (warp threads with a weft thread winding between) can also be made using other methods, including tablet weaving, back strap loom, or other techniques without looms. The way the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is called the weave. The majority of woven products are created with one of three basic weaves: plain weave, satin weave, or twill. Woven cloth can be plain (in one colour or a simple pattern), or can be woven in decorative or artistic design. In general, weaving involves", "title": "Weaving" }, { "id": "19241704", "score": "1.5494194", "text": "string (similar to how a pullstring works), then allowing the yo-yo to wind itself back to one's hand, exploiting its spin (and the associated rotational energy). This is often called \"yo-yoing\". First made popular in the 1920s, yo-yoing remains a popular pastime of many generations and cultures. It was first invented in ancient Greece. Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. Other methods are knitting, felting, and braiding or plaiting. The longitudinal threads are called the warp and the lateral", "title": "String (structure)" }, { "id": "13032755", "score": "1.5262033", "text": "is called the \"frame\". It provides the means of fixing the length-wise threads, called the warp, and keeping them under tension. The warp threads are wound on a roller called the \"warp beam\", and attached to the \"cloth beam\" which will hold the finished material. Because of the tension the warp threads are under, they need to be strong. The thread that is woven through the warp is called the weft. The weft is threaded through the warp using a shuttle. The original \"hand-loom\" was limited in width by the weaver's reach, because of the need to throw the shuttle", "title": "Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Selvage\n\nA selvage (US English) or selvedge (British English) is a \"self-finished\" edge of a piece of fabric which keeps it from unraveling and fraying.<ref name=\"institute\"/> The term \"self-finished\" means that the edge does not require additional finishing work, such as hem or bias tape, to prevent fraying.\n\nIn woven fabric, selvages are the edges that run parallel to the warp (the longitudinal threads that run the entire length of the fabric), and are created by the weft thread looping back at the end of each row. In knitted fabrics, selvages are the unfinished yet structurally sound edges that were neither cast on nor bound off. Historically, the term selvage applied only to loom woven fabric, though now can be applied to flat-knitted fabric.\n\nThe terms \"selvage\" and \"selvedge\" are a corruption of \"self-edge\", and have been in use since the 16th century.", "title": "Selvage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Warp and weft\n\nWarp and weft are the two basic components used in weaving to turn thread or yarn into fabric. The lengthwise or longitudinal warp yarns are held stationary in tension on a frame or loom while the transverse weft (sometimes woof) is drawn through and inserted over and under the warp. A single thread of the weft crossing the warp is called a \"pick\". Terms vary (for instance, in North America, the weft is sometimes referred to as the fill or the filling yarn). Each individual warp thread in a fabric is called a warp end or end.<ref name=\"Barber 1991, p. 79\"/>\n\nInventions during the 18th century spurred the Industrial Revolution, with the \"picking stick\"", "title": "Warp and weft" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Weaving\n\nWeaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. Other methods are knitting, crocheting, felting, and braiding or plaiting. The longitudinal threads are called the warp and the lateral threads are the weft, woof, or filling. (\"Weft\" is an Old English word meaning \"that which is woven\"; compare \"leave\" and \"left\".) The method in which these threads are interwoven affects the characteristics of the cloth.\nCloth is usually woven on a loom, a device that holds the warp threads in place while filling threads are woven through them. A fabric band that meets this definition of cloth (warp threads with a weft thread winding between) can also be made using other methods, including tablet weaving, back strap loom, or other techniques that can be done without looms.\n\nThe way the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is called the weave. The majority of woven products are created with one of three basic weaves: plain weave, satin weave, or twill weave. Woven cloth can be plain or classic (in one colour or a simple pattern), or can be woven in decorative or artistic design.", "title": "Weaving" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Glossary of sewing terms\n\nSewing is the craft of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with needle and thread. Sewing is one of the oldest of the textile arts, arising in the Paleolithic Era. Although usually associated with clothing and household linens, sewing is used in a variety of crafts and industries, including shoemaking, upholstery, sailmaking, bookbinding and the manufacturing of some kinds of sporting goods. Sewing is the fundamental process underlying a variety of textile arts and crafts, including embroidery, tapestry, quilting, appliqué and patchwork.\n\n\n\n", "title": "Glossary of sewing terms" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Knitted fabric\n\nKnitted fabric is a textile that results from knitting, the process of inter-looping of yarns or inter-meshing of loops. Its properties are distinct from woven fabric in that it is more flexible and can be more readily constructed into smaller pieces, making it ideal for socks and hats. ", "title": "Knitted fabric" }, { "id": "17027518", "score": "1.4867167", "text": "of both the warp and weft are sometimes used in these cloths. The ends of the more important cloths are finished with a tapestry weave. The process of dying pattern of a particular cloth involves first setting the warp up on a frame which gives us the length of the cloth. In most cases one end mirrors the other and the left side of a panel mirrors the right. Two identical panels are dyed, woven and then joined. The technique is very labour-intensive and so the designer, usually the weaver, double up on the setting out and dying so that", "title": "Textiles of Sumba" }, { "id": "3373422", "score": "1.4834969", "text": "to lift selected sets of threads in the warp. The tablets may be turned in one direction continually as a pack, turned individually to create patterns, or turned some number of times \"forward\" and the same number \"back\". Twisting the tablets in only one direction can create a ribbon that curls in the direction of the twist, though there are ways to thread the tablets that mitigate this issue. Traditionally, one end of the warp was tucked into, or wrapped around the weaver's belt, and the other is looped over a toe, or tied to a pole or furniture. Some", "title": "Tablet weaving" }, { "id": "574100", "score": "1.4819223", "text": "it had gained the meaning of a machine for interlacing thread. Weaving is done by intersecting the longitudinal threads, the warp, i.e. \"that which is thrown across\", with the transverse threads, the weft, i.e. \"that which is woven\". The major components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses or shafts (as few as two, four is common, sixteen not unheard of), shuttle, reed and takeup roll. In the loom, yarn processing includes shedding, picking, battening and taking-up operations. These are the principal motions. There are two secondary motions, because with each weaving operation the newly constructed fabric must", "title": "Loom" }, { "id": "630024", "score": "1.4797568", "text": "in the event of a thread break. The two main stop motions are the The principal parts of a loom are the frame, the warp-beam or weavers beam, the cloth-roll (apron bar), the heddles, and their mounting, the reed. The warp-beam is a wooden or metal cylinder on the back of the loom on which the warp is delivered. The threads of the warp extend in parallel order from the warp-beam to the front of the loom where they are attached to the cloth-roll. Each thread or group of threads of the warp passes through an opening (eye) in a", "title": "Weaving" }, { "id": "12154659", "score": "1.4720056", "text": "observable. In addition to many of the specific weaves from the north, additional styles were created by using multiple weft strands at a time. The most basic weave is called a diagonal weave, as it creates a series of parallel lines running down the length of the weave at a diagonal. Whether one weaves from left to right or from right to left does not matter, as the pattern is the same; however, the direction must stay the same or the pattern will change. As with loom weaving, one starts with an even number of warp strands, but with \"no", "title": "Fingerweaving" }, { "id": "574107", "score": "1.4647281", "text": "alternately through a heddle, and through a space between the heddles (the shed), so that raising the shaft raises half the threads (those passing through the heddles), and lowering the shaft lowers the same threads — the threads passing through the spaces between the heddles remain in place. This was a great invention in the 13th century. Hand weavers could only weave a cloth as wide as their armspan. If cloth needed to be wider, two people would do the task (often this would be an adult with a child). John Kay (1704–1779) patented the flying shuttle in 1733. The", "title": "Loom" }, { "id": "4483461", "score": "1.4611021", "text": "made into cloth in a number of ways. Knitting and crochet are common methods of twisting and shaping the yarn into garments or fabric. The most common use of yarn to make cloth is weaving. In weaving, the yarn is wrapped on a frame called a loom and pulled taut vertically. This is known as the warp. Then another strand of yarn is worked back and forth wrapping over and under the warp. This wrapped yarn is called the weft. Most art and commercial textiles are made by this process. For centuries weaving has been the way to produce clothes.", "title": "Fiber art" }, { "id": "8409374", "score": "1.4590311", "text": "off. Historically, the term selvage applied only to loom woven fabric, though now can be applied to flat-knitted fabric. The terms \"selvage\" and \"selvedge\" are a corruption of \"self-edge\", and have been in use since the 16th century. In textile terminology, threads that run the length of the fabric (longitudinally) are warp ends. Threads running laterally from edge to edge, that is from left side to right side of the fabric as it emerges from the loom, are weft picks. Selvages form the extreme lateral edges of the fabric and are formed during the weaving process. The weave used to", "title": "Selvage" }, { "id": "16099529", "score": "1.4590037", "text": "the communities, extended the threads of interdependence, and wove the very fabric of Bhutanese society. Plain weave textiles are usually woven in patterns with stripes and plaids. Warp is the yarn that runs lengthwise on the loom. The warp pattern designs are characterized by their supplementary warp floating technique that forms bands of repeated motifs on ground. The different warp pattern designs are differentiated with their color schemes. The number of legs or cross hatches in each supplementary warp pattern band is one indicator of the superiority of the textile. The textile is even more priced when the weaver includes", "title": "Textiles of Bhutan" }, { "id": "17290898", "score": "1.4573532", "text": "a young boy, passed each end in order to the loomer, who threaded it through the healds and reeds. The mill had two drawing-in frames. Alternatively, if the loom had already run that cloth, a short length of warp thread could be left on the healds and reed. A \"twister\" would knot the threads and draw it through. A Barber-Colman knotter could tie in warp threads to the new beam, much faster than a twister. This process took 20 minutes, considerably faster than starting afresh. The loomed weavers beam was taken into the weaving shed, where a weaver would tenter", "title": "Bancroft Shed" }, { "id": "8043901", "score": "1.4518931", "text": "common type of machine made lace—is a warp knit fabric but using many more guide-bars (12+) than the usual machines which mostly have three or four bars. (14+) In weaving, threads are always straight, running parallel either lengthwise (warp threads) or crosswise (weft threads). By contrast, the yarn in knitted fabrics follows a meandering path (a \"course\"), forming symmetric loops (also called bights) symmetrically above and below the mean path of the yarn. These meandering loops can be easily stretched in different directions giving knit fabrics much more elasticity than woven fabrics. Depending on the yarn and knitting pattern, knitted", "title": "Knitted fabric" }, { "id": "630023", "score": "1.450165", "text": "the opposite group) that run in two planes, one above another, so the shuttle can be passed between them in a straight motion. Then, the upper group is lowered by the loom mechanism, and the lower group is raised (shedding), allowing to pass the shuttle in the opposite direction, also in a straight motion. Repeating these actions form a fabric mesh but without beating-up, the final distance between the adjacent wefts would be irregular and far too large. The secondary motion of the loom are the: The tertiary motions of the loom are the stop motions: to stop the loom", "title": "Weaving" }, { "id": "7955225", "score": "1.4399767", "text": "if it is done on every stitch, in which case the \"inside\" of the fabric is used on the outside Weaving in, or \"inlay\", is a related but different technique that is used to thread an extra yarn(s) into the fabric without knitting it. The woven yarn(s) need not be the same thickness or color as the knitted yarn, and almost always (but not necessarily) follow the horizontal rows (courses) of knitting. Because the extra yarn simply passes back and forth between the knitted stitches, it can be pulled out unless it is secured in some way at the sides.", "title": "Weaving (knitting)" }, { "id": "9579368", "score": "1.4399278", "text": "thickness of the thread. The number of times the thread can be wrapped around a ruler in adjacent turns over an inch is called the \"wraps per inch\". Plain weaves generally use half the number of wraps per inch for the number of ends per inch, whereas denser weaves like a twill weave will use a higher ratio like two-thirds of the number of wraps per inch. Finer threads require more threads per inch than thick ones, and thus result in a higher number of ends per inch. The number of ends per inch in a piece of woven cloth", "title": "Units of textile measurement" }, { "id": "19241686", "score": "1.4365007", "text": "yarns twisted, and then twisted together. More generally, the term can be applied to a cord. Natural fibres used for making twine include cotton, sisal, jute, hemp, henequen, and coir. A variety of synthetic fibres are also used. Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, and ropemaking. Thread is a type of yarn intended for sewing by hand or machine. Modern manufactured sewing threads may be finished with wax or other lubricants to withstand the stresses involved in sewing. Embroidery threads are yarns specifically designed", "title": "String (structure)" } ]

[ "moon likeness", "Luna (natural satellite)", "dorsa argand", "sol iiia", "The Moon", "pictures on moon", "Moon like", "🌙", "Luna (moon)", "Earth and Moon", "Moon likeness", "Dorsa Argand", "moonless", "luna natural satellite", "moon like", "moon mass", "Earth and moon", "moonlikeness", "Moon-like", "Sol 3a", "moon moon", "Solar and lunar eclipses", "Moonless", "earth s moon", "satellite of earth", "earth s natural satellites", "lunar mass", "Lunar radius", "🌜", "The moon", "moon earth", "Earth I", "Earth's natural satellites", "Lunar mass", "Earth's Moon", "Pictures on the moon", "moon distance from earth", "Sol IIIa", "Mass of the Moon", "Mass of Moon", "moon", "Moonlike", "Moon (Earth)", "☽", "luna satellite", "Earth's moon", "Moon distance from earth", "luna moon", "earth and moon", "lunar radius", "solar and lunar eclipses", "Terra I", "☾", "Natural Earth satellite", "lunarian", "Moon", "sol 3a", "natural earth satellite", "Luna (satellite)", "Moon (moon)", "Moon mass", "terra i", "🌛", "Moon-likeness", "Satellite of Earth", "mass of moon", "moonlike", "earth i", "Lunarian", "Moonlikeness" ]

[ { "id": "123341", "score": "1.4926233", "text": "the Earth, a solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes in front of the Sun. The type of solar eclipse event depends on the distance of the Moon from the Earth during the event. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Earth intersects the umbra portion of the Moon's shadow. When the umbra does not reach the surface of the Earth, the Sun is only partially occulted, resulting in an annular eclipse. Partial solar eclipses occur when the viewer is inside the penumbra. The eclipse magnitude is the fraction of the Sun's diameter that is covered by the Moon. For", "title": "Eclipse" }, { "id": "7745017", "score": "1.4856724", "text": "observed during a total eclipse are called: The diagrams to the right show the alignment of the Sun, Moon, and Earth during a solar eclipse. The dark gray region between the Moon and Earth is the umbra, where the Sun is completely obscured by the Moon. The small area where the umbra touches Earth's surface is where a total eclipse can be seen. The larger light gray area is the penumbra, in which a partial eclipse can be seen. An observer in the antumbra, the area of shadow beyond the umbra, will see an annular eclipse. The Moon's orbit around", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "123343", "score": "1.4821833", "text": "advance eastward at a rate of 1,700 km/h, until it no longer intersects the Earth's surface. During a solar eclipse, the Moon can sometimes perfectly cover the Sun because its apparent size is nearly the same as the Sun's when viewed from the Earth. A total solar eclipse is in fact an occultation while an annular solar eclipse is a transit. When observed at points in space other than from the Earth's surface, the Sun can be eclipsed by bodies other than the Moon. Two examples include when the crew of Apollo 12 observed the in 1969 and when the", "title": "Eclipse" }, { "id": "7745053", "score": "1.45938", "text": "shadow covers only a small fraction of the Earth. The Earth continues to receive at least 92 percent of the amount of sunlight it receives without an eclipse – more if the penumbra of the Moon's shadow partly misses the Earth. Seen from the Moon, the Earth during a total solar eclipse is mostly brilliantly illuminated, with only a small dark patch showing the Moon's shadow. The brilliantly-lit Earth reflects a lot of light to the Moon. If the corona of the eclipsed Sun were not present, the Moon, illuminated by earthlight, would be easily visible from Earth. This would", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "7745018", "score": "1.455969", "text": "the Earth is inclined at an angle of just over 5 degrees to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun (the ecliptic). Because of this, at the time of a new moon, the Moon will usually pass to the north or south of the Sun. A solar eclipse can occur only when new moon occurs close to one of the points (known as nodes) where the Moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic. As noted above, the Moon's orbit is also elliptical. The Moon's distance from the Earth can vary by about 6% from its average value. Therefore, the Moon's", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Solar eclipse\n\nA solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of the Earth, totally or partially. Such an alignment occurs approximately every six months, during the eclipse season in its new moon phase, when the Moon's orbital plane is closest to the plane of the Earth's orbit. In a total eclipse, the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by the Moon. In partial and annular eclipses, only part of the Sun is obscured. Unlike a lunar eclipse, which may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth, a solar eclipse can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world. As such, although total solar eclipses occur somewhere on Earth every 18 months on average, they recur at any given place only once every 360 to 410 years.\n\nIf the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit and in the same orbital plane as Earth, there would be total solar eclipses once a month, at every new moon. Instead, because the Moon's orbit is tilted at about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit, its shadow usually misses Earth. Solar (and lunar) eclipses therefore happen only during eclipse seasons, resulting in at least two, and up to five, solar eclipses each year, no more than two of which can be total. Total eclipses are more rare because they require a more precise alignment between the centers of the Sun and Moon, and because the Moon's apparent size in the sky is sometimes too small to fully cover the Sun.\n\nAn eclipse is a natural phenomenon. In some ancient and modern cultures, solar eclipses were attributed to supernatural causes or regarded as bad omens. Astronomers' predictions of eclipses began in China as early as the 4th century BC; eclipses hundreds of years into the future may now be predicted with high accuracy. \n\nLooking directly at the Sun can lead to permanent eye damage, so special eye protection or indirect viewing techniques are used when viewing a solar eclipse. Only the total phase of a total solar eclipse is safe to view without protection. Enthusiasts known as eclipse chasers or umbraphiles travel to remote locations to see solar eclipses.\n\nThe symbol for an occultation, and especially a solar eclipse, is (U+1F775 🝵).", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Transit of Venus\n\nA transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and a superior planet, becoming visible against (and hence obscuring a small portion of) the solar disk. During a transit, Venus can be seen from Earth as a small black dot moving across the face of the Sun. The duration of such transits is usually several hours (the transit of 2012 lasted 6 hours and 40 minutes). A transit is similar to a solar eclipse by the Moon. While the diameter of Venus is more than three times that of the Moon, Venus appears smaller, and travels more slowly across the face of the Sun, because it is much farther away from Earth.\n\nTransits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable astronomical phenomena. They occur in a pattern that generally repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121.5 years and 105.5 years. The periodicity is a reflection of the fact that the orbital periods of Earth and Venus are close to 8:13 and 243:395 commensurabilities.\n\nThe last transit of Venus was on 5 and 6 June 2012, and was the last Venus transit of the 21st century; the prior transit took place on 8 June 2004. The previous pair of transits were in December 1874 and December 1882. The next transits of Venus will take place on 10–11 December 2117 and 8 December 2125.\n\nVenus transits are historically of great scientific importance as they were used to gain the first realistic estimates of the size of the Solar System. Observations of the 1639 transit provided an estimate of both the size of Venus and the distance between the Sun and the Earth that was more accurate than any other up to that time. Observational data from subsequent predicted transits in 1761 and 1769 further improved the accuracy of this initial estimated distance through the use of the principle of parallax. The 2012 transit provided scientists with a number of other research opportunities, particularly in the refinement of techniques to be used in the search for exoplanets.", "title": "Transit of Venus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lunar eclipse\n\nA lunar eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the moon to be darkened. Such alignment occurs during an eclipse season, approximately every six months, during the full moon phase, when the Moon's orbital plane is closest to the plane of the Earth's orbit.\n\nThis can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned (in syzygy) with Earth between the other two, which can happen only on the night of a full moon when the Moon is near either lunar node. The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon's proximity to the lunar node.\n\nWhen the moon is totally eclipsed by the Earth, it takes on a reddish color that is caused by the planet when it completely blocks direct sunlight from reaching the Moon surface, as only the light reflected from the lunar surface has been refracted by Earth's atmosphere. This light appears reddish due to the Rayleigh scattering of blue light, the same reason sunrise and sunsets are more orange than during the day. \n\nUnlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly 2 hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only up to a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's shadow is smaller. Also unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions.\n\nThe symbol for a lunar eclipse (or indeed any body in the shadow of another) is (U+1F776 🝶).", "title": "Lunar eclipse" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Transit of Mercury\n\nA transit of Mercury across the Sun takes place when the planet Mercury passes directly between the Sun and a superior planet. During a transit, Mercury appears as a tiny black dot moving across the Sun as the planet obscures a small portion of the solar disk. Because of orbital alignments, transits viewed from Earth occur in May or November. The last four such transits occurred on May 7, 2003; November 8, 2006; May 9, 2016; and November 11, 2019. The next will occur on November 13, 2032. A typical transit lasts several hours. Mercury transits are much more frequent than transits of Venus, with about 13 or 14 per century, primarily because Mercury is closer to the Sun and orbits it more rapidly.\n\nOn June 3, 2014, the Mars rover \"Curiosity\" observed the planet Mercury transiting the Sun, marking the first time a planetary transit has been observed from a celestial body besides Earth.", "title": "Transit of Mercury" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eclipse\n\nAn eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object or spacecraft is temporarily obscured, by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer. This alignment of three celestial objects is known as a syzygy. Apart from syzygy, the term eclipse is also used when a spacecraft reaches a position where it can observe two celestial bodies so aligned. An eclipse is the result of either an occultation (completely hidden) or a transit (partially hidden).\n\nThe term eclipse is most often used to describe either a solar eclipse, when the Moon's shadow crosses the Earth's surface, or a lunar eclipse, when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow. However, it can also refer to such events beyond the Earth–Moon system: for example, a planet moving into the shadow cast by one of its moons, a moon passing into the shadow cast by its host planet, or a moon passing into the shadow of another moon. A binary star system can also produce eclipses if the plane of the orbit of its constituent stars intersects the observer's position.\n\nFor the special cases of solar and lunar eclipses, these only happen during an \"eclipse season\", the two times of each year when the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun crosses with the plane of the Moon's orbit around the Earth and the line defined by the intersecting planes points near the Sun. The type of solar eclipse that happens during each season (whether total, annular, hybrid, or partial) depends on apparent sizes of the Sun and Moon. If the orbit of the Earth around the Sun and the Moon's orbit around the Earth were both in the same plane with each other, then eclipses would happen each and every month. There would be a lunar eclipse at every full moon, and a solar eclipse at every new moon. And if both orbits were perfectly circular, then each solar eclipse would be the same type every month. It is because of the non-planar and non-circular differences that eclipses are not a common event. Lunar eclipses can be viewed from the entire nightside half of the Earth. But solar eclipses, particularly total eclipses occurring at any one particular point on the Earth's surface, are very rare events that can be many decades apart.", "title": "Eclipse" }, { "id": "8269775", "score": "1.4498296", "text": "this manner. Solar transit In astronomy, a solar transit is a movement of any object passing between the Sun and the Earth. This mainly includes the planets Mercury and Venus. A solar eclipse is also a solar transit of the Moon, but technically only if it does not cover the entire disc of the Sun (an annular eclipse), as \"transit\" counts only objects that are smaller than what they are passing in front of. Solar transit is only one of several types of astronomical transit. A solar transit (also called a solar outage, sometimes solar fade, sun outage, or sun", "title": "Solar transit" }, { "id": "7557227", "score": "1.4484539", "text": "the two disks are sufficiently aligned, a ring of sunlight remains visible around the Moon. This is called an annular eclipse, from Latin \"annulus\", meaning \"ring\". For a total solar eclipse to happen, the ratio of the apparent diameters of the Moon and of the Sun must be 1.0 or more, and the three celestial bodies (Sun, Earth and Moon) must be aligned centrally enough. When that is the case, the Moon's disk covers the Sun's disk in the sky completely. The path of totality (i.e. of the travelling shadow of the Moon cutting off all direct sunlight from reaching", "title": "Magnitude of eclipse" }, { "id": "14116013", "score": "1.4478741", "text": "of northern Antarctica at the Indian Ocean was included. Solar eclipse of July 30, 1935 A partial solar eclipse occurred on July 30, 1935. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth. The eclipse occurred around 100 miles (160 km) offshore from Cape Town, the area of the southernmost of Africa and occurred in the area dividing the", "title": "Solar eclipse of July 30, 1935" }, { "id": "14116012", "score": "1.4471328", "text": "Solar eclipse of July 30, 1935 A partial solar eclipse occurred on July 30, 1935. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth. The eclipse occurred around 100 miles (160 km) offshore from Cape Town, the area of the southernmost of Africa and occurred in the area dividing the Atlantic and the Indian oceans, also a small part", "title": "Solar eclipse of July 30, 1935" }, { "id": "20069121", "score": "1.4446498", "text": "Solar eclipse of November 21, 1862 A partial solar eclipse occurred on June 27, 1862 during spring. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth. As is shown under 6% obscuration, the center of the Moon's shadow was missed by about 2,670 km above the area (68 S) south of the Antarctic Circle. It was the first of", "title": "Solar eclipse of November 21, 1862" }, { "id": "20069084", "score": "1.4420116", "text": "Solar eclipse of June 27, 1862 A partial solar eclipse occurred on June 27, 1862 during winter. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth. As is shown over 92% obscuration, the center of the Moon's shadow was missed by about 250 km (150 mi) above the Antarctic Circle. It was the first of three partial eclipses that", "title": "Solar eclipse of June 27, 1862" }, { "id": "7745006", "score": "1.4418795", "text": "Solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when an observer (on Earth) passes through the shadow cast by the Moon which fully or partially blocks (\"occults\") the Sun. This can only happen when the Sun, Moon and Earth are nearly aligned on a straight line in three dimensions (syzygy) during a new moon when the Moon is close to the ecliptic plane. In a total eclipse, the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by the Moon. In partial and annular eclipses, only part of the Sun is obscured. If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit, a little closer", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "11632261", "score": "1.4409976", "text": "Solar eclipse of July 11, 2010 The total solar eclipse of July 11, 2010, occurred over the southern Pacific Ocean. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. The eclipse on this day was", "title": "Solar eclipse of July 11, 2010" }, { "id": "7745015", "score": "1.4408293", "text": "where the changes between the two occur. Because the Earth's orbit around the Sun is also elliptical, the Earth's distance from the Sun similarly varies throughout the year. This affects the apparent size of the Sun in the same way, but not as much as does the Moon's varying distance from Earth. When Earth approaches its farthest distance from the Sun in early July, a total eclipse is somewhat more likely, whereas conditions favour an annular eclipse when Earth approaches its closest distance to the Sun in early January. \"Central eclipse\" is often used as a generic term for a", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "14068429", "score": "1.4363463", "text": "Gold Coast <BR>Animated path Solar eclipse of July 13, 2037 A total solar eclipse will occur on July 13, 2037. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Totality will pass through the centre", "title": "Solar eclipse of July 13, 2037" }, { "id": "7745054", "score": "1.4361175", "text": "be essentially the same as the earthshine which can frequently be seen when the Moon's phase is a narrow crescent. In reality, the corona, though much less brilliant than the Sun's photosphere, is much brighter than the Moon illuminated by earthlight. Therefore, by contrast, the Moon during a total solar eclipse appears to be black, with the corona surrounding it. Artificial satellites can also pass in front of the Sun as seen from the Earth, but none is large enough to cause an eclipse. At the altitude of the International Space Station, for example, an object would need to be", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "361654", "score": "1.4327626", "text": "on Earth. During a total solar eclipse, when the disk of the Sun is covered by that of the Moon, parts of the Sun's surrounding atmosphere can be seen. It is composed of four distinct parts: the chromosphere, the transition region, the corona and the heliosphere. The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about above the photosphere, and has a temperature of about . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which can be detected via their absorption spectra. The", "title": "Sun" }, { "id": "8269769", "score": "1.4323256", "text": "Solar transit In astronomy, a solar transit is a movement of any object passing between the Sun and the Earth. This mainly includes the planets Mercury and Venus. A solar eclipse is also a solar transit of the Moon, but technically only if it does not cover the entire disc of the Sun (an annular eclipse), as \"transit\" counts only objects that are smaller than what they are passing in front of. Solar transit is only one of several types of astronomical transit. A solar transit (also called a solar outage, sometimes solar fade, sun outage, or sun fade) also", "title": "Solar transit" }, { "id": "14015655", "score": "1.432256", "text": "Solar eclipse of July 13, 2018 A partial solar eclipse occurred on July 13, 2018. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon’s shadow misses the Earth. Part of the Moon's shadow fell near the South Pole, so partial coverage of the Sun was visible in parts of southern Australia, such as Melbourne and Geelong in Victoria, Mount Gambier in South Australia,", "title": "Solar eclipse of July 13, 2018" }, { "id": "20046504", "score": "1.431083", "text": "Solar eclipse of August 18, 1830 A partial solar eclipse occurred on August 18, 1830 during winter. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth. It was one of four partial eclipses that took place that year, each two in two months, the last one was on March 30 in the same hemisphere, the next one was on", "title": "Solar eclipse of August 18, 1830" } ]

[ "Général Bonaparte", "emperor of france napoleon i", "Boneparte", "Napoleon I of France", "Napoleaon", "Napeoleon", "Napoleon Bonapart", "Napoleón Bonaparte", "napoleon i of italy", "general bonaparte", "Napoleon I Bonaparte", "Napoleon the Great", "Napolean", "Emperor Napoleon I", "napolian", "napoleone di buonaparte", "napoléon buonaparte", "napolean bonarparte", "napoleon i bonaparte", "napoleon boneparte", "napoleon i of french bibliography", "napolen s coup", "Napoleon's", "napoleon emperor of france", "Napoloen", "napolean", "Napoleon of France", "napoléon i emperor of french", "napoleon i of french", "napoleon ier", "Napoleon I of Italy", "napoleon s", "Napoléon I, Emperor of the French", "jupiter scapin", "napoleon i great of french bibliography", "napoleon bonepart", "Napoleon I of the French", "napoléon ier", "emperor napoleon", "napoleaon", "Napoleone di Buonaparte", "napoléon i bonaparte", "napolean bonaparte", "Napoleone Buonaparte", "Napoleon bonaparte", "napeoleon", "napolean bonapart", "Napoléon I Bonaparte", "Napoleón", "général bonaparte", "napoleon buonaparte", "Napoleon Ier", "Napolean Bonaparte", "napoleonist", "jean d epee", "boneparte", "Jean d'Epee", "Napoleon I", "le petit caporal", "napoléon", "Le petit caporal", "napoleon great", "Bonaparte", "napoloen", "napoleon i emperor of french", "emperor napoleon i", "nepolian", "napoleon s height", "napoleon i", "Armed Soldier of Democracy", "Napoleon i of france", "Napoleon's height", "Napoleon", "Napoleon I of the French bibliography", "Napoleon Emperor of France", "Napolean bonarparte", "Napoleonist", "Napolen's coup", "napoleon", "Napolean Bonapart", "Napoleon Boneparte", "Emperor Napoleon", "Napoleon Bonaparte", "Age of Napoleon", "Napoleon bonepart", "Napoléon Bonaparte", "Napoleon Buonaparte", "Emperor of France Napoleon I", "napoléon i", "Napolean bonapart", "Napoléon Ier", "Jupiter Scapin", "little corporal", "napoléon i of france", "napoleonic", "Napoleonic", "napoleón bonaparte", "Napoléon Buonaparte", "armed soldier of democracy", "bonaparte", "Little Corporal", "napoleone buonaparte", "napoleon bonapart", "napoleon i of france", "Napoléon", "napoleón", "napoleone bonaparte", "Napoléon I", "napoleon of france", "Napoleon i of france bibliography", "Napolian", "napoleon i of france bibliography", "Nepolian", "Napoleon I of France bibliography", "Napoleon I, Emperor of the French", "Napoleon I the Great of the French bibliography", "napoléon bonaparte", "Napoleone Bonaparte", "age of napoleon", "napoleon bonaparte", "General Bonaparte", "Napoléon I of France" ]

[ { "id": "10437929", "score": "1.8653021", "text": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement established in Fontainebleau, France, on 11 April 1814 between Napoleon I and representatives from the Austrian Empire, Russia and Prussia. The treaty was signed at Paris on 11 April by the plenipotentiaries of both sides and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April. With this treaty, the allies ended Napoleon's rule as emperor of France and sent him into exile on Elba. In the War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814), a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom and a number of German states drove Napoleon out of", "title": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)" }, { "id": "10437938", "score": "1.8422627", "text": "out from the French National Archives by Rooney and Pierce, were returned to France by the United States in 2002. Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement established in Fontainebleau, France, on 11 April 1814 between Napoleon I and representatives from the Austrian Empire, Russia and Prussia. The treaty was signed at Paris on 11 April by the plenipotentiaries of both sides and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April. With this treaty, the allies ended Napoleon's rule as emperor of France and sent him into exile on Elba. In the War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814),", "title": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)" }, { "id": "10437930", "score": "1.8340755", "text": "Germany in 1813. In 1814, while the United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal invaded France across the Pyrenees, the Russians, Austrians and their allies invaded France across the Rhine and, after the Battle of Paris, entered into negotiations with members of the French government for the abdication of Napoleon. On 31 March, the Coalition issued a declaration to the French nation: On 1 April, Russian Emperor Alexander I addressed the French Sénat conservateur in person and laid out similar terms as were in the previous day's declaration. As a gesture of good will, he announced that 150,000 French prisoners of war", "title": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)" }, { "id": "1286572", "score": "1.7395694", "text": "now, after deliberate delay, he left for the French capital on 7 April. On 10 April he found a city at peace and, much to his annoyance, largely in the control of Tsar Alexander. The Austrians disliked the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau that Russia had imposed on Napoleon in their absence, but Metternich was reluctant to oppose them and on 11 April signed the treaty. Thereafter he focused on safeguarding Austrian interests in the forthcoming peace; asserting Austria's influence in Germany over that of Prussia; and undoing Russian ascendancy. For these reasons he ensured that the Italian provinces", "title": "Klemens von Metternich" }, { "id": "9320481", "score": "1.7012035", "text": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (1631) The Treaty of Fontainebleau () was signed on May 30, 1631 between Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, and the Kingdom of France. The accord established a secret alliance between the two Catholic states during the Thirty Years' War. The treaty, which was to be valid for eight years, called for French military assistance in case of an attack on Bavaria. France also confirmed Bavaria's possession of the Upper Palatinate and status as an electorate. For his part, Maximilian promised not to support France's enemies, such as the Imperial forces of the Austrian Habsburgs. The treaty proved", "title": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (1631)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Klemens von Metternich" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma\n\nMarie Louise (12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was an Austrian archduchess who reigned as Duchess of Parma from 11 April 1814 until her death. She was Napoleon's second wife and as such Empress of the French and Queen of Italy from their marriage on 1 April 1810 until his abdication on 6 April 1814.\n\nAs the eldest child of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and Emperor of Austria, and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Marie Louise grew up during a period of continuous conflict between Austria and revolutionary France. A series of military defeats at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte had inflicted a heavy human toll on Austria and led Francis to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire. The end of the War of the Fifth Coalition resulted in the marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise in 1810, which ushered in a brief period of peace and friendship between Austria and the French Empire. Marie Louise agreed to the marriage despite being raised to despise France. She was adored by Napoleon, who had been eager to marry a member of one of Europe's leading royal houses to cement his relatively young Empire. With Napoleon, she bore a son, styled the King of Rome at birth, later Duke of Reichstadt, who briefly succeeded him as Napoleon II.\n\nNapoleon's fortunes changed dramatically in 1812 after his failed invasion of Russia. The European powers, including Austria, resumed hostilities towards France in the War of the Sixth Coalition, which ended with the abdication of Napoleon and his exile to Elba. The 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau gave the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla to Marie Louise, who ruled the duchies until her death.\n\nMarie Louise married morganatically twice after Napoleon's death in 1821. Her second husband was Count Adam Albert von Neipperg (married 1821), an equerry she met in 1814. She and Neipperg had three children. After Neipperg's death in 1829, she married Count Charles-René de Bombelles, her chamberlain, in 1834. Marie Louise died in Parma in 1847.", "title": "Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "War of the Austrian Succession\n\nThe War of the Austrian Succession () was a European conflict that took place between 1740 and 1748. Fought primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic and Mediterranean, related conflicts included King George's War in North America, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War and the First and Second Silesian Wars. \n\nIts pretext was the right of Maria Theresa to succeed her father Emperor Charles VI as ruler of the Habsburg monarchy. France, Prussia and Bavaria saw it as an opportunity to challenge Habsburg power, while Maria Theresa was backed by Britain, the Dutch Republic and Hanover, collectively known as the Pragmatic Allies. As the conflict widened, it drew in other participants, among them Spain, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Russia.\n\nPrussia occupied Silesia in 1740 and repulsed Austrian efforts to regain it, although Austria and Sardinia defeated Spanish attempts to regain their territories in Northern Italy. By early 1748, France had conquered most of the Austrian Netherlands but a British naval blockade was crippling their trade and the state was close to bankruptcy. The stalemate led to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) which confirmed Maria Theresa in her titles but failed to resolve underlying tensions between the signatories, many of whom were unhappy with the terms. France achieved minimal gains for vast expenditure, while the Spanish failed to recover Menorca or Gibraltar, ceded to Britain in 1713. \n\nThe clearest winner was Prussia, which acquired Silesia from Austria, an outcome that undermined the long-standing Anglo-Austrian Alliance, since Maria Theresa deeply resented Britain's insistence she cede Silesia to make peace and whose main objective became regaining it. The war also demonstrated the vulnerability of Hanover, then held in personal union with the British Crown, while many British politicians felt they had received little benefit from the enormous subsidies paid to Austria. The result was the realignment known as the Diplomatic Revolution, in which Austria and France ended the French–Habsburg rivalry which had dominated European affairs for centuries, while Prussia allied with Great Britain. These changes set the scene for the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in 1756.", "title": "War of the Austrian Succession" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Seven Years' War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of Germany" }, { "id": "1580988", "score": "1.6897371", "text": "abdicated as Emperor on 13 April, as a result of negotiations at Fontainebleau. Peace talks had started on 9 May between Talleyrand, who negotiated with the allies of Chaumont on behalf of the exiled Bourbon king Louis XVIII of France, and the allies. The Treaty of Paris established peace between France and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, who in March had defined their common war aim in Chaumont. The Treaty was also signed by Portugal and Sweden while Spain signed shortly after in July. The allied parties did not sign a common document,", "title": "Treaty of Paris (1814)" }, { "id": "9209281", "score": "1.6862776", "text": "formed the balance of power for decades. Treaty of Chaumont The Treaty of Chaumont was a series of separately signed but identically worded agreements between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom dated 1 March 1814, although the actual signings took place on 9 or 19 March. The treaty was intended to draw the powers of the Sixth Coalition into a closer alliance in the event that France rejected the peace terms they had recently offered. Each agreed to put 150,000 soldiers in the field against France and to guarantee the European peace", "title": "Treaty of Chaumont" }, { "id": "9209279", "score": "1.6821468", "text": "years. Following discussions in late February 1814, representatives of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain reconvened a meeting at Chaumont, Haute-Marne on 1 March 1814. The resulting Treaty of Chaumont was signed on 9 or 19 March 1814, (although dated 1 March), by Emperor Alexander I, Emperor Francis II (with Metternich), King Frederick William III, and British Foreign Secretary Viscount Castlereagh. The Treaty called for Napoleon to give up all conquests, thus reverting France to her pre-revolutionary borders, in exchange for a cease-fire. If Napoleon rejected the treaty, the Allies pledged to continue the war. The following day Napoleon rejected", "title": "Treaty of Chaumont" }, { "id": "2270540", "score": "1.6785915", "text": "told the Emperor that they refused to march. Napoleon asserted that the army would follow him. Ney replied, \"The army will follow its chiefs\". Napoleon abdicated on 11 April 1814 and the war officially ended soon after, although some fighting continued until May. The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed on 11 April 1814 between the continental powers and Napoleon, followed by the Treaty of Paris on 30 May 1814 between France and the Great Powers including Britain. The victors exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba, and restored the Bourbon monarchy in the person of Louis XVIII. The Allied leaders", "title": "War of the Sixth Coalition" }, { "id": "18595466", "score": "1.6756198", "text": "Treaty of Paris (1812) The Treaty of Paris of 5 March 1812 between Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia established a Franco-Prussian alliance directed against Russia. On 24 June, Prussia joined the French invasion of Russia. The unpopular alliance broke down when the Prussian contingent in French service signed a separate armistice, the Convention of Tauroggen, with Russia on 30 December 1812. On 17 March 1813, Frederick William declared war on France and issued his famous proclamation \"To My People\". In East German historiography, the Franco-Prussian alliance strengthened the hand of the monarchy and nobility against", "title": "Treaty of Paris (1812)" }, { "id": "1581020", "score": "1.6736035", "text": "allowed Coalition forces to pass through Swiss territory. So with Article 84 of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna dated 20 November 1815, the four major Coalition powers (Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia) and France gave their formal and authentic acknowledgement of the perpetual neutrality of Switzerland. Treaty of Paris (1815) Treaty of Paris of 1815, was signed on 20 November 1815 following the defeat and second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte. In February, Napoleon had escaped from his exile on Elba; he entered Paris on 20 March, beginning the Hundred Days of his restored rule. Four days", "title": "Treaty of Paris (1815)" }, { "id": "10437933", "score": "1.6713516", "text": "and that their surrender was inevitable. The Coalition sovereigns were in no mood to compromise and rejected Napoleon's offer. Emperor Alexander stated: With the rejection of his conditional abdication and no military option left to him, Napoleon bowed to the inevitable: Over the next few days, with Napoleon's reign over France now at an end, the formal treaty was negotiated and signed by the plenipotentiaries in Paris on 11 April and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April. The agreement contained a total of 21 articles. Based on the most significant terms of the accord, Napoleon was stripped of his powers", "title": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)" }, { "id": "10437931", "score": "1.6710283", "text": "who had been held by the Russians since the French invasion of Russia, two years earlier, would be released immediately. The next day, the Senate agreed to the Coalition's terms and passed a resolution deposing Napoleon. They also passed a decree dated 5 April, justifying their actions, and ending:...the senate declares and decrees as follows :—1. Napoleon Buonaparte is cast down from the throne, and the right of succession in his family is abolished. 2. The French people and army are absolved from their oath of fidelity to him. 3. The present decree shall be transmitted to the departments and", "title": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)" }, { "id": "18595480", "score": "1.6677446", "text": "Neu-Stettin on 17 January. As knowledge of the magnitude of Napoleon's defeat grew, Berlin sought to revive Metternich's proposal of October. On 12 January, Karl Friedrich von dem Knesebeck arrived in Vienna to negotiate an Austro-Prussian neutrality agreement that was designed to force a Franco-Russian peace. Knesebeck was instructed to get Austrian approval for a Russo-Prussian agreement and a Prussian exit from the war in the event that the Austrians were unwilling at that moment to abandon Napoleon. Metternich was unwilling to sign anything, but he gave his word that Austria approved of a Russo-Prussian truce. On 4 February, in", "title": "Treaty of Paris (1812)" }, { "id": "1580989", "score": "1.66716", "text": "but instead concluded separate treaties with France allowing for specific amendments. The allies had agreed to reduce France to her 1792 borders and restore the independence of her neighbors after Napoleon Bonaparte's defeat. In addition to the cessation of hostilities, the treaty provided a rough draft of a final settlement, which according to article 32 was to be concluded within the next two months at a congress involving all belligerents of the Napoleonic Wars. This provision resulted in the Congress of Vienna, held between September 1814 and June 1815. The preliminary conditions already agreed in Paris were moderate for France", "title": "Treaty of Paris (1814)" }, { "id": "10429095", "score": "1.666589", "text": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807) The Treaty of Fontainebleau was a secret agreement signed on 27 October 1807 in Fontainebleau, France between King Charles IV of Spain and the French Emperor Napoleon. Under the treaty, the House of Braganza was to be driven from the Kingdom of Portugal with the country subsequently divided into three regions. Negotiated and agreed between Don plenipotentiary of Charles IV and Marshal Géraud Duroc as the representative of Napoleon, the accord contained 14 articles along with supplementary provisions relating to troop allocations for the planned invasion of Portugal. According to historian Charles Oman, it is probable", "title": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807)" }, { "id": "10437932", "score": "1.6569734", "text": "armies, and proclaimed immediately in all the quarters of the capital.On 3 April 1814, word reached Napoleon, who was at the Palace of Fontainebleau, that the French Senate had dethroned him. As the Coalition forces had made public their position that their quarrel was with Napoleon and not the French people, he called their bluff and abdicated in favour of his son, with the Empress Marie-Louise as regent. Three plenipotentiaries took this conditional abdication to the Coalition sovereigns: While the plenipotentiaries were travelling to deliver their message, Napoleon heard that Auguste Marmont had placed his corps in a hopeless position", "title": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)" }, { "id": "10437936", "score": "1.655623", "text": "the French nation was in a state of rebellion and that Napoleon was a usurper. Castlereagh explained that he would not sign on behalf of the king of the United Kingdom because to do so would recognise the legitimacy of Napoleon as emperor of the French and that to exile him to an island over which he had sovereignty, only a short distance from France and Italy, both of which had strong Jacobin factions, could easily lead to further conflict. In 2005, two Americans, former history professor John William Rooney (74) and Marshall Lawrence Pierce (44), were charged by a", "title": "Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)" }, { "id": "1580998", "score": "1.6553771", "text": "addition to the definitive peace treaty between France and Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, there were four additional conventions and the act confirming the neutrality of Switzerland signed on the same day. These were listed by the British Foreign office as: The 1815 peace treaties were drawn up entirely in French, the \"lingua franca\" of contemporary diplomacy. There were four treaties, between France and each of the four major Seventh Coalition powers: Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia. All four treaties were signed on the same day (20 November 1815), had verbatim stipulations, and were styled the same way", "title": "Treaty of Paris (1815)" }, { "id": "588506", "score": "1.6540867", "text": "at the Congress. Russia demanded annexation of Poland (already occupied by Russian troops), and this demand was finally satisfied, despite protests by France, Austria and the United Kingdom. Austria was afraid of future conflicts with Russia or Prussia and the United Kingdom was opposed to their expansion as well – and Talleyrand managed to take advantage of these contradictions within the former anti-French coalition. On 3 January 1815, a secret treaty was signed by France's Talleyrand, Austria's Metternich and Britain's Castlereagh. By this tract, officially a secret treaty of defensive alliance, the three powers agreed to use force if necessary", "title": "Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" } ]

[ "The first Monday in September", "labor sunday", "Labor Day'", "Labor Day", "labor day weekend", "labor day", "Labor Day (US)", "labor day united states", "First Monday in September", "first monday in september", "labor day us", "Laborday", "Labor day", "Labor Day (United States)", "Labor Day Weekend", "Labor Sunday", "laborday", "Labor Day;" ]

[ { "id": "248205", "score": "1.7579927", "text": "in June in order to create a long weekend for workers. The traditional date of Labour Day in the Bahamas, however, is 7 June, in commemoration of a significant workers' strike that began on that day in 1942. Labour Day is meant to honor and celebrate workers and the importance of their contributions to the nation and society. In the capital city, Nassau, thousands of people come to watch a parade through the streets, which begins at mid-morning. Bands in colorful uniforms, traditional African junkanoo performers, and members of various labour unions and political parties are all part of the", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": "248206", "score": "1.7482588", "text": "procession, which ends up at the Southern Recreation Grounds, where government officials make speeches for the occasion. For many residents and visitors to the Bahamas, the afternoon of Labour Day is a time to relax at home or perhaps visit the beach. Labour Day (French: \"Fête du Travail\") has been celebrated in Canada on the first Monday in September since the 1880s. The origins of Labour Day in Canada can be traced back to December 1872 when a parade was staged in support of the Toronto Typographical Union's strike for a 58-hour work-week, almost a full decade before a similar", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": "248209", "score": "1.6336794", "text": "festival in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on 22 July 1882. Returning to the United States, McGuire and the Knights of Labor organised a similar parade based on the Canadian event on 5 September 1882 in New York City, USA. On 23 July 1894, Canadian Prime Minister John Thompson and his government made Labour Day, to be held in September, an official holiday. In the United States, the New York parade became an annual event that year, and in 1894 was adopted by American president Grover Cleveland to compete with International Workers' Day (May Day). While Labour Day parades and picnics are", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": "17283392", "score": "1.6092745", "text": "September. In 1894, the government of Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson declared the first Monday in September as Canada's official Labour Day. Labor Day in the United States is on the same day. May Day is however marked by unions and leftists. It is celebrated on the 1st of May. May Day is an important day of trade union and community group protest in the province of Quebec (though not a provincial state holiday). Celebration of the International Labour Day (or \"International Workers' Day\"; ) in Montreal goes back to 1906, organized by the Mutual Aid circle. The tradition", "title": "International Workers' Day" }, { "id": "248202", "score": "1.5759398", "text": "countries. In Canada and the United States, the holiday is celebrated on the first Monday of September and considered the unofficial end of summer, with summer vacations ending and students returning to school around then. For most countries, \"Labour Day\" is synonymous with, or linked with, International Workers' Day, which occurs on 1 May. Some countries vary the actual date of their celebrations so that the holiday occurs on a Monday close to 1 May. Labour Day in Australia is a public holiday on dates which vary between states and territories. It is the first Monday in October in the", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Workers' Memorial Day\n\nWorkers' Memorial Day, also known as International Workers' Memorial Day or International Commemoration Day for Dead and Injured, takes place annually around the world on April 28, an international day of remembrance and action for workers killed, disabled, injured, or made unwell by their work. In Canada, it is commemorated as the National Day of Mourning.\n\nWorkers' Memorial Day is an opportunity to highlight the preventable nature of most workplace incidents and ill health and to promote campaigns and union organization in the fight for improvements in workplace safety. The slogan for the day is \"Remember the dead – Fight for the living.\"<ref name=\"Manchester\"/>\n\nAlthough April 28 is used as the focal point for remembrance and a day of international solidarity, campaigning and other related activities continue throughout the year right around the world.", "title": "Workers' Memorial Day" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Victoria Day\n\nVictoria Day () is a federal Canadian public holiday celebrated on the last Monday preceding May 25. Initially in honour of Queen Victoria's birthday, it has since been celebrated as the official birthday of Canada's sovereign. It is informally considered to be the beginning of the summer season in Canada.\n\nThe holiday has been observed in Canada since at least 1845, originally falling on Victoria's actual birthday (May 24). The holiday has always been a distinctly Canadian observance and continues to be celebrated across the country. It falls on the Monday between the 18th and the 24th (inclusive) and so is always the penultimate Monday of May ( in 2023 and in 2024).\n\nVictoria Day is a federal statutory holiday, as well as a holiday in six of Canada's ten provinces and all three of its territories. In Quebec, before 2003, the Monday preceding May 25 of each year was unofficially the , a commemoration of Adam Dollard des Ormeaux initiated in the 1920s to coincide with Victoria Day. In 2003, provincial legislation officially created National Patriots' Day on the same date.", "title": "Victoria Day" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Hurricane Dorian" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Remembrance Day" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Emancipation Day\n\nEmancipation Day is observed in many former European colonies in the Caribbean and areas of the United States on various dates to commemorate the emancipation of slaves of African descent.\n\nOn August 1, 1985, Trinidad and Tobago became the first independent country to declare a national holiday to commemorate the abolition of slavery.\n\nIt is also observed in other areas in regard to the abolition. Or other forms of involuntary servitude.", "title": "Emancipation Day" }, { "id": "248217", "score": "1.564783", "text": "is celebrated every 19 June. This holiday was proposed in 1973 to be commemorated on the anniversary of the 1937 Butler labour riots. In the United States, Labor Day is a federal holiday observed on the first Monday of September. It is customarily viewed as the end of the summer vacation season. Many schools open for the year on the day after Labor Day. The holiday is shared with Canada, where it is known as Labour Day (Fête du Travail in French). Labour Day Labour Day (Labor Day in the United States) is an annual holiday to celebrate the achievements", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": "248212", "score": "1.5564095", "text": "after the 2005 season, that team played the nearby Montreal Alouettes on Labour Day weekend. Since the 2014 CFL season, when the Ottawa Redblacks began play, the Montreal–Ottawa Labour Day tradition has once again been observed. Likewise, Ontario University Athletics has a long-established tradition to play university football on Labour Day. The Labour Day parade in Grand Falls-Windsor, Newfoundland started in 1921 and still continues today, over 90 years later. The celebrations go on for three days with a parade on Labour Day Monday. Before 1961, 24 May was celebrated in Jamaica as Empire Day in honour of the birthday", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": "248211", "score": "1.5292156", "text": "summer. The rule may have been intended as a status symbol for new members of the upper and middle classes in the late 19th and early 20th century. A Labour Day tradition in Atlantic Canada is the Wharf Rat Rally in Digby, Nova Scotia, while the rest of Canada watches the Labour Day Classic, a Canadian Football League event where rivals like Calgary Stampeders and Edmonton Eskimos, Hamilton Tiger-Cats and Toronto Argonauts (except in 2011 and 2013, due to scheduling conflicts), and Saskatchewan Roughriders and Winnipeg Blue Bombers play on Labour Day weekend. Before the demise of the Ottawa Renegades", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": "248207", "score": "1.527628", "text": "event in New York City by the American Knights of Labor, a late 19th-century U.S. labor federation, launched the movement towards the American Labor Day holiday. The Toronto Trades Assembly (TTA) called its 27 unions to demonstrate in support of the Typographical Union who had been on strike since 25 March. George Brown, Canadian politician and editor of the \"Toronto Globe\" hit back at his striking employees, pressing police to charge the Typographical Union with \"conspiracy.\" Although the laws criminalising union activity were outdated and had already been abolished in Great Britain, they were still on the books in Canada", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": "248204", "score": "1.5110414", "text": "around Melbourne stopped work and marched from the University of Melbourne to Parliament House to achieve an eight-hour day. Their direct action protest was a success, and they are noted as being among the first organised workers in the world to achieve an 8-hour day, with no loss of pay. Bangladesh Garment Sramik Sanghati, an organization working for the welfare of garment workers, has requested that 24 April be declared Labour Safety Day in Bangladesh, in memory of the victims of the Rana Plaza building collapse. Labour Day is a national holiday in the Bahamas, celebrated on the first Friday", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": "5699034", "score": "1.5056903", "text": "of July (Canada Day on July 1 in Canada and American Independence Day on July 4 in the United States) and Labor/Labour Day (the first Monday in September for both the US and Canada), leaving a stretch of about two months with no holidays (some Canadian provinces hold a Civic Holiday, but neither Canada nor the United States has ever recognized a national holiday during that month). The late July period provides relatively few opportunities for merchandising, since it is typically after the peak of summer product sales in June and early July, but before the \"back to school\" shopping", "title": "Christmas in July" }, { "id": "248201", "score": "1.4942966", "text": "Labour Day Labour Day (Labor Day in the United States) is an annual holiday to celebrate the achievements of workers. Labour Day has its origins in the labour union movement, specifically the eight-hour day movement, which advocated eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest. For most countries, Labour Day is synonymous with, or linked with, International Workers' Day, which occurs on 1 May. For other countries, Labour Day is celebrated on a different date, often one with special significance for the labour movement in that country. Labour Day is a public holiday in many", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": "248216", "score": "1.4879869", "text": "anniversary of the eight-hour day was commemorated with a parade. The event was then celebrated annually in late October as either \"Labour Day\" or \"Eight-Hour Demonstration Day\". In 1899 government legislated that the day be a public holiday from 1900. The day was celebrated on different days in different provinces. This led to ship owners complaining that seamen were taking excessive holidays by having one Labour Day in one port then another in their next port. In 1910 the government stipulated that the holiday would be observed on the same day throughout the nation. In Trinidad and Tobago, Labour Day", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": "248210", "score": "1.4866996", "text": "organised by unions, many Canadians regard Labour Day as the Monday of the last long weekend of summer. Non-union celebrations include picnics, fireworks displays, water activities, and public art events. Since the new school year generally starts right after Labour Day, families with school-age children take it as the last chance to travel before the end of summer. An old fashioned tradition in Canada and the United States frowns upon the wearing of white after Labour Day. Explanations for this tradition vary; the most common is that white is a summer colour and Labour Day unofficially marks the end of", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": "248215", "score": "1.4819454", "text": "is a non-working holiday for most citizens of Kazakhstan because it always falls on a weekend. In New Zealand, Labour Day is a public holiday held on the fourth Monday in October. Its origins are traced back to the eight-hour working day movement that arose in the newly founded Wellington colony in 1840, primarily because of carpenter Samuel Parnell's refusal to work more than eight hours a day. He encouraged other tradesmen also to work for only eight hours a day and in October 1840, a workers' meeting passed a resolution supporting the idea. On 28 October 1890, the 50th", "title": "Labour Day" }, { "id": "17283422", "score": "1.4808722", "text": "its capital city, Sarajevo, June 12 and 13 are also celebrated as Labour day due to its many natural parks and springs. Labour Day is one of the public holidays in Bulgaria, where it is known as \"Labour Day and International Workers' Solidarity Day\" (). The first attempt to celebrate it was in 1890 by the Bulgarian Typographical Association. In 1939, Labour Day was declared an official holiday. Since 1945 the communist authorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria began to celebrate the holiday every year. After the end of socialism in Bulgaria in 1989 Labour Day continues to be", "title": "International Workers' Day" }, { "id": "12415203", "score": "1.4794704", "text": "the Knights of Labor, which organized the first parade in New York City. In 1887, Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty states in the United States officially celebrated Labor Day. Canada's Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September. More than 80 countries celebrate International Workers' Day on May 1 – the ancient European holiday of May Day. (May Day was chosen by the Second Internationale of socialist and communist parties to commemorate the Haymarket", "title": "Labor Day" }, { "id": "17283380", "score": "1.454676", "text": "was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty US states officially celebrated Labor Day. Thus by 1887 in North America, Labour Day was an established, official holiday but in September, not on 1 May. 1 May was chosen to be International Workers' Day to commemorate the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago. In that year beginning on 1 May, there was a general strike for the eight-hour workday. On 4 May, the police acted to disperse a public assembly in support of", "title": "International Workers' Day" }, { "id": "3681044", "score": "1.4531457", "text": "Retail Business Holidays Act. Schools are generally already closed, regardless of the holiday's status, because of summer vacation. The Caribbean Cultural Festival, formerly known as Caribana, is held this holiday weekend in Toronto, coinciding with Emancipation Day. The first Monday in August is not generally observed as a holiday in Quebec, parts of Newfoundland and Labrador, or Yukon, but replacement summer holidays may be observed as follows: The holiday is not an official holiday, although some businesses may close for the day. Additionally, federal workers receive the day off and federal services are closed, but municipal and provincial services and", "title": "Civic Holiday" }, { "id": "10283188", "score": "1.4518511", "text": "Bermuda Day Bermuda Day is a public holiday in the islands of Bermuda. It is celebrated on the last Friday in May (previously on May 24th or nearest Monday if that fell on a weekend. From 2018, a decision was made to move it permanently to a Friday). Bermuda Day is traditionally the first day of the year that residents will go into the sea. It is also traditionally the first day on which Bermuda shorts are worn as business attire (although in recent years, Bermuda shorts are increasingly worn at any time of the year). Many people also see", "title": "Bermuda Day" } ]

[ "bulletin sydney", "Sydney Bulletin", "bulletin", "The Bulletin", "sydney bulletin", "The Bulletin: Sydney", "The Sydney Bulletin" ]

[ { "id": "9371176", "score": "1.9575887", "text": "John Haynes (journalist) John Haynes (26 April 1850 – 15 August 1917) was a parliamentarian in New South Wales, Australia for five months short of thirty years, and co-founder (1880), with J. F. Archibald, of \"The Bulletin\". Haynes was born in Singleton, New South Wales, son of John Haynes, a schoolteacher, and his wife Margaret, née Daly. He was apprenticed as a compositor with the Morpeth Leader and worked for several country newspapers. In 1871, he married Sarah Belford and they had five sons and one daughter. In 1873, he moved to Sydney. In 1880, he founded \"The Bulletin\" with", "title": "John Haynes (journalist)" }, { "id": "9371177", "score": "1.9209722", "text": "Archibald, and in 18 months built its circulation in up to 15,000. He believed in serious provocative journalism, especially exposure articles. As the result of one article, he was sued by the owner of the Clontarf pleasure gardens. He refused to pay the costs of the resulting libel action and was imprisoned for six weeks in 1882 (the public raised £3,000 and he was released). In 1887, Haynes stood for Mudgee, as a supporter of the Free Trade Party, led by Henry Parkes, which tended to be associated with Protestants. During the campaign, he repudiated his Roman Catholic faith, which", "title": "John Haynes (journalist)" }, { "id": "9371180", "score": "1.9030561", "text": "as a criminal and murderer. Haynes died at his residence at Alfred Street, North Sydney from heart failure supervening Influenza. He was buried on 17 August 1917 in the Presbyterian section of Rookwood Cemetery. John Haynes (journalist) John Haynes (26 April 1850 – 15 August 1917) was a parliamentarian in New South Wales, Australia for five months short of thirty years, and co-founder (1880), with J. F. Archibald, of \"The Bulletin\". Haynes was born in Singleton, New South Wales, son of John Haynes, a schoolteacher, and his wife Margaret, née Daly. He was apprenticed as a compositor with the Morpeth", "title": "John Haynes (journalist)" }, { "id": "8182194", "score": "1.8899534", "text": "Early popular works told of a frontier society - writers such as Rolf Boldrewood (\"Robbery Under Arms\"), Marcus Clarke (\"For the Term of His Natural Life\") wrote of the bushrangering and convictism of nineteenth century Australia. Two Sydney journalists, J.F. Archibald and John Haynes, founded \"The Bulletin\" magazine: the first edition appeared on 31 January 1880. It was intended to be a journal of political and business commentary, with some literary content. Initially radical, nationalist, democratic and racist, it gained wide influence and became a celebrated entry-point to publication for Australian writers and cartoonists such as Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson,", "title": "History of Australia (1851–1900)" }, { "id": "2146032", "score": "1.8418096", "text": "as a modern news magazine in the 1960s, and was Australia's longest running magazine publication until the final issue was published in January 2008. \"The Bulletin\" was founded by J. F. Archibald and John Haynes, with the first issue being published in 1880. The original content of \"The Bulletin\" consisted of a mix of political comment, sensationalised news, and Australian literature. In the early years, \"The Bulletin\" played a significant role in the encouragement and circulation of nationalist sentiments that remained influential far into the next century. Its writers and cartoonists regularly attacked the British, Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Jews, and", "title": "The Bulletin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Sydney\n\nThe History of Sydney is the story of the peoples of the land that has become modern Sydney.\n\nAboriginal Australians have inhabited the Sydney region for at least 30,000 years, and Aboriginal engravings and cultural sites are common in the Sydney area. The traditional owners of the land on which modern Sydney stands are the Darug, Dharawal and Eora people.The modern history of the city began with the arrival of a First Fleet of British ships in 1788 and the foundation of a penal colony by Great Britain.\n\nFrom 1788 to 1900, Sydney was the capital of the British colony of New South Wales. The town of Sydney was declared a city in 1842, and a local government was established. In 1901, the Australian colonies federated to become the Commonwealth of Australia, and Sydney became the capital of the state of New South Wales. Sydney today is Australia's largest city and a major international centre of culture and finance. The city has played host to numerous international events, including the 2000 Summer Olympics.", "title": "History of Sydney" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of New South Wales\n\nThe history of New South Wales refers to the history of the Australian state of New South Wales and the area's preceding Indigenous and British colonial societies. The Mungo Lake remains indicate occupation of parts of the New South Wales area by Indigenous Australians for at least 40,000 years. The English navigator James Cook became the first European to map the coast in 1770 and a First Fleet of British convicts followed to establish a penal colony at Sydney in 1788.\n\nThe colony established an autonomous Parliamentary democracy from the 1850s and became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 following a vote to Federate with the other British colonies of Australia. Through the 20th century, the state was a major destination for an increasingly diverse collection of migrants from many nations. In the 21st century, the state is the most populous in Australia, and its capital, Sydney is a major financial capital and host to international cultural and economic events.", "title": "History of New South Wales" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Freemasons (E–Z)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of Freemasons (E–Z)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:CHECKWIKI/WPC 552 dump" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:CHECKWIKI/WPC 557 dump" }, { "id": "2277016", "score": "1.8348224", "text": "to be published to this day. Two Sydney journalists, J. F. Archibald and John Haynes, founded \"The Bulletin\" magazine; the first edition appeared on 31 January 1880. It was intended to be a journal of political and business commentary, with some literary content. Initially radical, nationalist, democratic, and racist, it gained wide influence and became a celebrated entry-point to publication for Australian writers and cartoonists such as Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson, Miles Franklin, and the illustrator and novelist Norman Lindsay. Sydney once had the largest tram system in Australia, the second largest in the British Commonwealth (after London), and one", "title": "History of Sydney" }, { "id": "2149255", "score": "1.7677677", "text": "partner in 1882, and the following year Archibald left for two years in London. When he returned in 1886, the magazine was struggling, and Archibald bought out the other partners. Under Archibald's sole control, and with A. G. Stephens as his literary editor, \"The Bulletin\" became Australia's leading outlet for poets, cartoonists, short-stories and comic writers. Archibald had no life outside the magazine and devoted his every waking hour to it. It was his decision to open \"The Bulletin\"'s pages to contributions from readers, and his brand of radical, republican, xenophobic politics that the magazine reflected for the 16 years", "title": "J. F. Archibald" }, { "id": "17428966", "score": "1.7391543", "text": "National Library of Australia in cooperation with the State Library of New South Wales. The Australian (1824 newspaper) The Australian (Sydney, NSW, 1824 - 1848) was a weekly English language newspaper published in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The paper was first published on Thursday 14 October 1824. It was founded by Robert Wardell and William Charles Wentworth. The last issue of the paper appeared on Thursday 28 September 1848. Publication of the paper ceased due to \"the large amount of unpaid subscriptions, which we are unable to collect without proceeding to compulsory measures\". Many issues of the paper have", "title": "The Australian (1824 newspaper)" }, { "id": "17428965", "score": "1.7227887", "text": "The Australian (1824 newspaper) The Australian (Sydney, NSW, 1824 - 1848) was a weekly English language newspaper published in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The paper was first published on Thursday 14 October 1824. It was founded by Robert Wardell and William Charles Wentworth. The last issue of the paper appeared on Thursday 28 September 1848. Publication of the paper ceased due to \"the large amount of unpaid subscriptions, which we are unable to collect without proceeding to compulsory measures\". Many issues of the paper have been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program, a project of the", "title": "The Australian (1824 newspaper)" }, { "id": "19529755", "score": "1.7018319", "text": "basement' in Castlereagh Street, Sydney. Mrs Mackenzie wrote industry news, components notes, a short story or maybe a wireless 'poem'. Mr Marsden wrote technical article. Mr A. Mitchell, as Editor, arranged the material, adding relevant material from Sydney's Evening News daily where he worked. The first 12- page issue had a print run of a few hundred copies, and went on sale from Mrs Mackenzie's shop at 8am on 4 August 1922. It carried the imprint: Published by WJ.MacLardy, 249 Castlereagh Street, Sydney. Initially \"Wireless Weekly\" was exclusively for amateurs, but gradually became a broadcast listeners' journal. With the start", "title": "Wireless Weekly" }, { "id": "14400361", "score": "1.680469", "text": "He helped publicise the conscription campaign for prime minister W.M. Hughes, who became a friend and supporter. In 1918 Williamsons released him to manage publicity for the Eighth War Loan, earning the admiration of Joynton Smith, then lord mayor of Sydney and chairman of the War Loan Committee. He later went on to write Smith's memoirs. He founded Smith's Weekly in 1919 with his friend Robert Clyde Packer, funded by Joynton Smith with the assistance of J.F. Archibald. A vigorous patriotic newspaper, unafraid to take sides and loaded with comment, minor features and cartoons, it was an immediate hit with", "title": "Claude Eric Fergusson McKay" }, { "id": "10069754", "score": "1.6803188", "text": "1960s the magazine spawned a number of book-length illustrated anthologies. After McArdle's illness and death, John Ross took on the editorship in December 1969 with various others filling the role, and the magazine format was reduced to 20 x 27.5 cm until it ceased publication in 1974. Writers included some of Australia's most significant authors, novelists, journalists and commentators: Western Australian writer Henrietta Drake-Brockman originated the ‘Our Authors’ Page’, a full-page feature on a leading writer, which was given a leading position in each issue opposite the table of contents between 1950 and 1953. A book review column ran almost", "title": "Walkabout (magazine)" }, { "id": "2149253", "score": "1.6797684", "text": "J. F. Archibald Jules François Archibald, known as J. F. Archibald, (14 January 1856 – 10 September 1919), Australian journalist and publisher, was co-owner and editor of \"The Bulletin\" during the days of its greatest influence in Australian politics and literary life. He was also the founder and namesake of the annual Archibald Prize art award. Born to an Irish Catholic family in Kildare, now known as Geelong West, Victoria, he was baptised John Feltham Archibald, but changed his forenames in later life \"when he became an enthusiast in everything French\". Contemporary associates affectionately knew him as \"Archie\" and expressed", "title": "J. F. Archibald" }, { "id": "19803676", "score": "1.6782036", "text": "the debt would extend their employment, and so the sale was agreed. Smith took out a loan for £28,000 from AMP to finalise the sale. Smith began renovating the Arcadia Hotel \"piecemeal\" In 1919, Smith established a new Sydney journal, \"Smith's Weekly\", employing R.C. Packer (founder of Australia's Packer media dynasty) and Claude McKay as co-editors. The first issue was launched on 1 March 1919, with 100,000 copies printed in the basement of the Imperial Arcade. It was reported that the arcade itself was \"a white elephant for the businessman long after it was redecorated in 1897\". Smith \"let shops", "title": "Imperial Arcade, Sydney" }, { "id": "17501931", "score": "1.6766253", "text": "feature of the nation’s oldest magazine Australasian Post, until its demise in 2004. He has now written, compiled and edited twenty books, including The Book of Australian Popular Rhymed Verse, which contains 1000 poems from early colonial days to the present and The Big Book of Verse for Aussie Kids - which contains over 600 rhymed poems. Haynes is also credited with starting morning shows at the Tamworth Country Music Festival, having set up the very first ’bush verse’ morning show in 1989. His Big Bush Brekky Variety Show has been a feature of the Festival for almost twenty years.", "title": "Jim Haynes (writer)" }, { "id": "2149254", "score": "1.6759589", "text": "admiration for his journalistic flair, literary perspicacity and culinary talents. He was also a target of humour because of his pretentious name change (pronounced \"Jules Frankwa\") and false pretensions to having a part-Scottish father and a French Jewish mother. After working as an accountant, journalist (with the Melbourne \"Daily Telegraph\"), public servant and miner in Victoria and Queensland, Archibald arrived in Sydney in 1878, where he formed a partnership with John Haynes and William Mackenzie McLeod, and on 31 January 1880 they launched \"The Bulletin\" as a weekly paper of political, business and literary news. William Henry Traill became a", "title": "J. F. Archibald" }, { "id": "8769042", "score": "1.6716061", "text": "\"Sydney Gazette\" was the only paper published until 1824, when William Wentworth began publishing the colony's first privately owned newspaper, \"The Australian\" (no connection with the current paper of the same name, which was established by Rupert Murdoch in 1964). The Australian Journalist's Association (AJA) was formed in 1910 and registered federally in 1911. In 1921, the University of Queensland became the first Australian institution to offer a diploma of journalism. The AJA was amalgamated in 1992 into the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance. In 1956, Ampol Petroleum founder Sir William Gaston Walkley established Australia's most prestigious Journalism Awards, the", "title": "Journalism in Australia" }, { "id": "13992488", "score": "1.6714723", "text": "as Dunlop and Berlei. They employed such prominent Sydney artists as James Muir Auld, Fred Britton, Frank Burdett, Harold Cazneaux, Albert Collins (who was a director from 1916–51), Roy de Maistre, Adrian Feint, George Frederick Lawrence, Percival Leason, John Passmore, Lloyd Rees, Bill Sparrow and Roland Wakelin. After 1923 he ceased active involvement with the company. He founded magazine \"The Home\", published monthly from February 1920–42, in the mould of \"Harper's Bazaar\", \"Vogue\" and \"Vanity Fair\". He founded Ure Smith Pty. Ltd. in 1939, initially to publish \"Australian National Journal\" (quarterly, 1939–47). He edited books on J. J. Hilder, Arthur", "title": "Sydney Ure Smith" }, { "id": "10069755", "score": "1.6710968", "text": "continuously from 1953—1971 under the byline ‘Scrutarius’ (who was journalist H. C. (Peter) Fenton), totalling almost 200 columns and which reviewed usually four books per issue. The magazine thus provided a showcase of diverse Australian literature to a mostly 'middlebrow' audience that was otherwise ill-served by other periodicals and newspapers. ANTA recognised that the magazine it intended to publish would only be successful if it were well illustrated. Its 16th board meeting, held in Sydney in May 1934, passed a motion to employ a staff photographer for the purposes of improving \"the quality of 'arresting pictures' that were being forwarded", "title": "Walkabout (magazine)" }, { "id": "2149256", "score": "1.6683447", "text": "he controlled its content. In 1902, Archibald's health broke down and he resigned the editorship, though retaining overall control. Unable to rest, he launched a new monthly magazine, \"The Lone Hand\". But soon afterwards, he had a complete collapse and spent several years in the Callan Park Hospital for the Insane. Even from there, he kept writing, and in 1907 published \"The Genesis of The Bulletin\", an important source for the history of the magazine. Archibald's health never really recovered, and, in 1914, he sold his interest in \"The Bulletin\". He died in Sydney on 10 September 1919 and is", "title": "J. F. Archibald" } ]

[ "Hedehog", "hedehog" ]

[ { "id": "7419159", "score": "1.7937791", "text": "time before mechanical means of doing laundry had been invented. She notes that Mrs. Tiggy-winkle has become \"synonymous for female hedgehogs and for fastidious housekeepers\". M. Daphne Kutzer, Professor of English at the State University of New York at Plattsburgh and author of \"Beatrix Potter: Writing in Code\" (2003) indicates Potter was venturing into new territory in creating a tale with a large human presence (Lucie). Potter's artistic uncertainty is evident in her attempt to establish a relationship between clothes and the social and animal selves of humans and animals. Mrs. Tiggy-winkle wears human clothing while the neighbourhood animals wear", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle" }, { "id": "7419130", "score": "1.7396691", "text": "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter. It was published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1905. Mrs. Tiggy-winkle is a hedgehog washerwoman who lives in a tiny cottage in the fells of the Lake District. A child named Lucie happens upon the cottage and stays for tea. The two deliver freshly laundered clothing to the animals and birds in the neighbourhood. Potter thought the book would be best enjoyed by girls, and, like most girls' books of the period, it is set indoors with a", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle" }, { "id": "7419173", "score": "1.7377937", "text": "of the countries into whose languages Potter's books have been translated\". The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter. It was published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1905. Mrs. Tiggy-winkle is a hedgehog washerwoman who lives in a tiny cottage in the fells of the Lake District. A child named Lucie happens upon the cottage and stays for tea. The two deliver freshly laundered clothing to the animals and birds in the neighbourhood. Potter thought the book would be best enjoyed by girls, and, like most", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle" }, { "id": "7419146", "score": "1.6983237", "text": "except for the inclusion of the figures and some minor artistic liberties. Potter included in her illustrations a depiction a small door used to close abandoned mine shafts in the fells. During her explorations of the area she visited farms at Skelghyl and sheep farms in the fells. The model for the preliminary illustrations of Mrs. Tiggy-winkle was Potter's own pet hedgehog. Potter wrote to Warne on 12 November, \"Mrs. Tiggy as a model is comical; so long as she can go to sleep on my knee she is delighted, but if she is propped up on end for half", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle" }, { "id": "7418846", "score": "1.6941776", "text": "cloak and hood, and a muff and mittens fashioned from the wool. Mrs. Tittlemouse is a key (not a central) character in the tale, but a character incompletely personified, and one whose story Potter chose to develop in 1910. Potter was an unsentimental naturalist who thought no creature either good or bad, and had no qualms describing earwigs in Mrs. Tittlemouse's passage or woodlice in her pantry. Her publisher Harold Warne however had different ideas about what was appropriate for a children's book. He had become accustomed to Potter's unusual choice of animal subjects through the years, but, ever sensitive", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse" }, { "id": "7418851", "score": "1.671908", "text": "the character appeared in the 1971 Royal Ballet film, \"The Tales of Beatrix Potter\", and, in 1992, her tale and \"The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies\" were integrated into a single animated episode for the BBC series, \"The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends\". \"Mrs. Tittlemouse\" called upon Potter's keen observation of insects, arachnids, and amphibians, and her youthful experience drawing them. Their depictions in text and illustration reflect her understanding of insect anatomy, colouration, and behaviour; they are rendered with accuracy, humour, and true to their individual natures – she knew that toads only seek water during the spawning", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse" }, { "id": "14354308", "score": "1.667708", "text": "Tabitha Twitchit Mrs. Tabitha Twitchit is a fictional anthropomorphic cat who features in the books of Beatrix Potter. She is a shopkeeper and the long-suffering mother of three unruly kittens, Moppet, Mittens and Tom Kitten. The success of her early books enabled Potter to purchase a farm called Hill Top in Cumbria. Among the animals there was a cat called Tabitha Twitchit. In the books, she is shown as standing on her hind legs and wearing fashionable clothes. She and her kittens live in a house based on the Hill Top farmhouse while her shop is based on one in", "title": "Tabitha Twitchit" }, { "id": "7419153", "score": "1.6602783", "text": "her beloved hedgehog and laid her to rest in the garden at the Potter family home at 2 Bolton Gardens, Kensington. The tale has had two dramatic adaptations. In 1971, Sir Frederick Ashton performed the role of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle in the Royal Ballet film \"The Tales of Beatrix Potter\", which he also choreographed. In 1993, the tale was adapted (with \"The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher\") as one of six episodes of the animated BBC anthology series \"The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends\". In the 2018 film \"Peter Rabbit\", Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle is voiced by Australian singer-songwriter Sia doing a", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle" }, { "id": "7419152", "score": "1.6585422", "text": "She wrote a friend on 1 February 1906, \"I am sorry to say I am upset about poor Mrs. Tiggy. She hasn't seemed well the last fortnight, and has begun to be sick, and she is so thin. I am going to try some physic but I am a little afraid that the long course of unnatural diet and indoor life is beginning to tell on her. It is a wonder she has lasted so long. One gets very fond of a little animal. I hope she will either get well or go quickly.\" A few weeks later Potter chloroformed", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle" }, { "id": "7419133", "score": "1.6460181", "text": "\"The Tales of Beatrix Potter\". In 1993, the tale was adapted to animation and telecast as an episode of the BBC series, \"The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends\". In the world of Peter rabbit and friends the story was combined with the tale of Jeremy Fisher, the 7th book in the series. This book, the tale of Mrs. Tiggy-winkle, is the 6th book in the series. It is also the 6th book to be published. A little girl named Lucie lives on a farm called Little-town. She is a good little girl, but has lost three pocket handkerchiefs and", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle" }, { "id": "7419131", "score": "1.6360043", "text": "focus on housework. Potter's pet hedgehog, Mrs. Tiggy-winkle, and Kitty MacDonald, a Scottish washerwoman, were the inspirations for the eponymous heroine. Lucie Carr, a child friend of Potter's, was the model for the fictional Lucie. Potter's Peter Rabbit and Benjamin Bunny make cameo appearances in the illustrations. The Newlands Valley and the surrounding fells are the sources for the backgrounds in the illustrations. Mrs. Tiggy-winkle has been described as one of Potter's most positive creations, but critics consider Lucie an artistic failure. Although \"Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle\" is set in an identifiable place and time period, the tale is mythologized by reaching", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle" }, { "id": "9673586", "score": "1.6295131", "text": "to the black rabbit. Like the first rhyme, the little black rabbit rhyme is of three stanzas accompanied by three illustrations. The third rhyme tells of Old Mr. Pricklepin, a hedgehog, who elsewhere in Potter is identified as Mrs. Tiggy-winkle's uncle. His shining eyes, his wrinkled paws, and his human shoes emphasize their relationship. The single stanza is accompanied by an illustration Potter believed to be the finest she ever produced. As early as 1893 Potter illustrated and made a booklet of \"There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe\". There, the Old Woman's children are depicted as", "title": "Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes" }, { "id": "7419160", "score": "1.6291437", "text": "and shed only their skins. Logically, Kutzer points out, all the animals should wear either human clothing or only their skins. She believes Peter Rabbit's blue jacket is used in the tale as a gimmick to remind the reader that other Potter books exist for purchase, and a gimmick that disrupts Potter's artistic intent. If Peter wears human clothing then why do the other animals wear only their skins? The issue of animal clothing versus human clothing is further confused when Mrs. Tiggy-winkle sheds her human clothing at the end of the tale to reveal herself a hedgehog who may", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle" }, { "id": "7418840", "score": "1.6225784", "text": "Mrs. Tittlemouse's good health. Helen Beatrix Potter was born on 28 July 1866 in London to barrister Rupert William Potter and his wife Helen (Leech) Potter. She was educated by governesses and tutors, and passed a quiet and solitary childhood reading, painting, drawing, tending a nursery menagerie of small animals, and visiting museums and art exhibitions. Her interests in the natural world and country life were nurtured with holiday trips to Scotland, the English Lake District, and Camfield Place, the Hertfordshire home of her paternal grandparents. Potter's adolescence was a quiet as her childhood. She grew into a spinsterish young", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse" }, { "id": "14354315", "score": "1.6170609", "text": "\"The Tale of Samuel Whiskers, or the Roly-Poly Pudding\". Tabitha Twitchit and Ribby were voiced by Rosemary Leach and Patricia Routledge respectively. The \"real\" Tabitha Twitchit appears in Susan Wittig Albert's \"Cottage Tales of Beatrix Potter\", in which she is the president of Sawrey's Cat Council. More recently, John Patrick is adapting a number of Beatrix Potter's tales into an upcoming live-action/animated musical feature film for his brand-new film studio, called Storybook Studio. The film will be titled \"Beatrix Potter's The Tales of Peter Rabbit and Friends\". One of the stories adapted for the film is \"The Tale of Tom", "title": "Tabitha Twitchit" }, { "id": "12220667", "score": "1.6098423", "text": "Tiggywinkles Tiggywinkles is a British animal welfare charity and veterinary hospital, also known as St Tiggywinkles and The Wildlife Hospital Trust. Tiggywinkles, which specialises in the rescue and treatment of wild animals, was founded in 1983 as the Wildlife Hospital Trust by Les Stocker as the United Kingdom's first wildlife hospital. The name derives from the hedgehog character in Beatrix Potter's story \"The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle\". It is based at Haddenham, Buckinghamshire, where it operates an animal hospital and visitor centre, and teaches wild animal practice to veterinary surgeons and veterinary nurses. It was formally constituted in February 1983", "title": "Tiggywinkles" }, { "id": "14354316", "score": "1.6087794", "text": "Kitten\". Tabitha Twitchit will be voiced by Rosie Kendrick, while Moppet and Mittens will be voiced by child actress Rachel Weiner. Tom Kitten will be voiced by child actress Ella Bradley and Tabitha's visiting friends will all be voiced by Tracy Spencer-Wright. Tabitha Twitchit Mrs. Tabitha Twitchit is a fictional anthropomorphic cat who features in the books of Beatrix Potter. She is a shopkeeper and the long-suffering mother of three unruly kittens, Moppet, Mittens and Tom Kitten. The success of her early books enabled Potter to purchase a farm called Hill Top in Cumbria. Among the animals there was a", "title": "Tabitha Twitchit" }, { "id": "7419157", "score": "1.6077765", "text": "Fayle' instead of the tablecloth marked J.F. If this continues every week, Mr. J. Fisher will have to get married, so as to have the washing done at home. Ruth K. MacDonald, Professor of English at New Mexico State University, past president of the Children's Literature Association, and author of \"Beatrix Potter\" (1986), views the plot of \"Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle\" as \"thin\" and lacking the complications of Potter's previously published \"The Tale of Two Bad Mice\" (1905) and later books. The tale is held together, she asserts, by its attractive central character, and points out that, like many girls' books of", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle" }, { "id": "12220669", "score": "1.6045258", "text": "2nd edition, 2005) and a popular account (\"Something in a Cardboard Box: Tales from a Wild Life Hospital\", Chatto & Windus, 1989). Beginning in July 2008, Tiggywinkles featured in \"Wild Animal ER\", a 20-part, half-hour documentary TV series presented by Kate Gerbeau and produced by Two Hand Productions, and shown on Channel Five in the UK. It was also featured in the first episode of \"Come Outside\" called \"Hedgehogs\". Tiggywinkles Tiggywinkles is a British animal welfare charity and veterinary hospital, also known as St Tiggywinkles and The Wildlife Hospital Trust. Tiggywinkles, which specialises in the rescue and treatment of wild", "title": "Tiggywinkles" }, { "id": "7419168", "score": "1.6035899", "text": "hedgehog over the years, including an \"Giant\" model, originally intended for display in stores. All of these were discontinued by 2001, when Eden Toys went out of business. Potter's illustrations of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle were featured on biscuit tins made by Huntley & Palmer between 1974 and 1978, and on a series of enamel items made by Crummles of Poole, Dorset from 1974 to 1995. These included five different images on four different-sized enamel boxes, as well as an enamel thimble, needle case, and pin cushion. From 1977 to 1995 (when it went out of business), Schmid & Co. of Toronto", "title": "The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle" } ]

[ "Mallard Drake", "duckies", "eend", "mallard drake", "quacked", "Quack (sound)", "Quacking", "duck", "ducks", "quack sound", "Duck", "Quacked", "DUCK", "ducklings", "duckling", "Eend", "Duckling", "Duckies", "Ducklings", "quacking", "Ducks" ]

[ { "id": "1857648", "score": "1.57919", "text": "mainly due to urbanization of the natural habitats and their transformation, as well as due to overhunting. The pochard is one of the species to which the \"Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds\" (AEWA) applies. Common pochard The common pochard (; \"Aythya ferina\") is a medium-sized diving duck. The scientific name is derived from Greek \" aithuia\" an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Aristotle, and Latin \"ferina\", \"wild game\", from \"ferus\", \"wild\". The adult male has a long dark bill with a grey band, a red head and neck, a black breast, red eyes and", "title": "Common pochard" }, { "id": "2066344", "score": "1.5723968", "text": "and crown and a whitish face. Eclipse males are like females but with red bills. They are gregarious birds, forming large flocks in winter, often mixed with other diving ducks, such as common pochards. They feed mainly by diving or dabbling. They eat aquatic plants, and typically upend for food more than most diving ducks. A wheezing \"veht\" call can be given by the male. Series of hoarse \"vrah-vrah-vrah\" calls can also be heard from females. Red-crested pochards build nests by the lakeside among vegetation and lay 8–12 pale green eggs. The birds' status in the British Isles is much", "title": "Red-crested pochard" }, { "id": "1857645", "score": "1.5633872", "text": "Common pochard The common pochard (; \"Aythya ferina\") is a medium-sized diving duck. The scientific name is derived from Greek \" aithuia\" an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Aristotle, and Latin \"ferina\", \"wild game\", from \"ferus\", \"wild\". The adult male has a long dark bill with a grey band, a red head and neck, a black breast, red eyes and a grey back. The adult female has a brown head and body and a narrower grey bill-band. The triangular head shape is distinctive. Pochards are superficially similar to the closely related North American redhead and canvasback. Females", "title": "Common pochard" }, { "id": "1851438", "score": "1.5488217", "text": "are placed farther back on the body, which makes walking on land difficult, the webbing on their feet is larger than dabbling ducks and their bills are broader, to facilitate underwater foraging. In addition, pochards have a lobed hind toe. No pochard has a metallic coloured speculum, something that is characteristic of other ducks. During breeding season, adult males have a copper head and neck, with a black breast. The back and sides are grey, the belly is white and the rump and tail are a light black. Male bills are pale blue with a black tip and a thin", "title": "Redhead (bird)" }, { "id": "2066343", "score": "1.5414839", "text": "Red-crested pochard The red-crested pochard (\"Netta rufina\") is a large diving duck. The scientific name is derived from Greek \"Netta\" \"duck\", and Latin \"rufina\", \"golden-red\" (from \"rufus\", \"ruddy\"). Its breeding habitat is lowland marshes and lakes in southern Europe and Central Asia, wintering in the Indian Subcontinent and Africa. It is somewhat migratory, and northern birds winter further south into north Africa. The adult male is unmistakable. It has a rounded orange head, red bill and black breast. The flanks are white, the back brown, and the tail black. The female is mainly a pale brown, with a darker back", "title": "Red-crested pochard" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anatidae\n\nThe Anatidae are the biological family of water birds that includes ducks, geese, and swans. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on all the world's continents except Antarctica. These birds are adapted for swimming, floating on the water surface, and in some cases diving in at least shallow water. The family contains around 174 species in 43 genera. (The magpie goose is no longer considered to be part of the Anatidae and is now placed in its own family, Anseranatidae.)\n\nThey are generally herbivorous, and are monogamous breeders. A number of species undertake annual migrations. A few species have been domesticated for agriculture, and many others are hunted for food and recreation. Five species have become extinct since 1600, and many more are threatened with extinction.", "title": "Anatidae" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Anatidae species\n\nThe avian family Anatidae, commonly called waterfowl, comprise the ducks, geese, and swans. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) recognizes these 174 Anatidae species distributed among 53 genera, 32 of which have only one species. Eight species on the list are extinct; they are marked (E).\n\nThis list is presented according to the IOC taxonomic sequence and can also be sorted alphabetically by common name and binomial.\n", "title": "List of Anatidae species" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of birds of Spain\n\nThis is a list of the bird species recorded in Spain. The area covered by this list is mainland Spain, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, and three small Spanish enclaves on the North African shore. The avifauna of Spain included a total of 660 species recorded in the wild by 2022 according to Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO/BirdLife) with supplemental additions from Avibase. 24 have been introduced by humans, six of which also have possibly wild-origin records. Three species have not been recorded since 1950, 8 are endemic to Spanish islands, and one of the endemic species is extinct.\n\nThis list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (English and scientific names) are those of \"The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World\", 2022 edition. The Spanish names in parentheses are from the SEO/BirdLife list.\n\nThe following tags have been used to highlight some categories of occurrence. \n\nAn additional note such as (Canary Islands only) means that the species has been recorded solely in that locality. Species without a note of that type have been recorded at a minimum in mainland Spain. The notes of population status such as \"endangered\" apply to the world population and are from \"Bird Checklists of the World\".", "title": "List of birds of Spain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Anseriformes by population\n\nThis is a list of Anseriformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields.\n\nAnseriformes (Anser being Latin for \"\"goose\"\") is the taxonomic order to which the ducks, geese, swans, and screamers belong. BirdLife International has assessed 166 species; 89 (54% of total species) have had their population estimated. A variety of methods are used for counting waterfowl. For example, in North America, national and sub-national agencies use planes and helicopters to make aerial transects of breeding populations, and extrapolate these counts over the species' known ranges. Methodologies are continuously being refined; thus estimates can be expected to become more accurate over time. Forecasts can be made by studying habitat condition trends and by interviewing local experts. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology.\n\nThe first bird in this list, the crested shelduck, retains a status of Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List but may in fact be extinct. The last confirmed reporting was in 1964 near Vladivostok. North Korea claimed a sighting in March 1971, but this record is highly suspect. Unconfirmed reports do, however, periodically roll in from Northeast China, giving scientists hope that the last individual has not yet died.\nTo be assessed as Critically Endangered a species must have experienced a decline of at least 80% in the past ten years or three generations, or be projected to decline that much in the future ten years or three generations. As some species below are rapidly approaching their minimum viable population (MVP), the future may see their removal from the list and addition to the preceding paragraph.\n\nExtinct species:\n", "title": "List of Anseriformes by population" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of birds of Israel\n\nThis is a list of the bird species recorded in Israel. The avifauna of Israel include a total of 554 species, of which eight have been introduced by humans. Five species are listed as extirpated from Israel.\n\nThe official checklist of birds of Israel is maintained by the Israeli Rarities and Distribution Committee (IRDC).\n\nThis list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of \"The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World\", 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Israel.\n\nThe following tags have been used to highlight several categories, but not all species fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring native species.\n", "title": "List of birds of Israel" }, { "id": "6826348", "score": "1.5274289", "text": "with black pupils. Different varieties sport different markings and colors. The green mandarin is the fish that has been described. The red mandarin is the same species, but its pelvic fins and what would be orange is red. In some rare cases, the entire dragonet is red with black stripes. The spotted mandarin is light gray-green with black, pink and blue spots. Mandarinfish are reef dwellers, preferring sheltered lagoons and inshore reefs. While they are slow-moving and fairly common within their range, they are not easily seen due to their bottom-feeding habit and their small size (reaching only about 6", "title": "Synchiropus splendidus" }, { "id": "4218808", "score": "1.5120444", "text": "Baer's pochard Baer's pochard (\"Aythya baeri\") is a diving duck found in eastern Asia. It breeds in southeast Russia and northeast China, migrating in winter to southern China, Vietnam, Japan, and India. The name commemorates the Estonian naturalist Karl Ernst von Baer. At , it is similar in size and stance to its close relative, the ferruginous duck (\"A. nyroca\"), although the coloration of the drakes (males) is entirely different. Baer's pochard males are similar to those of the greater scaup (\"A. marila\"), but have a dark back and upper flanks; the white lower flanks and belly are conspicuous. The", "title": "Baer's pochard" }, { "id": "4218805", "score": "1.5120444", "text": "Baer's pochard Baer's pochard (\"Aythya baeri\") is a diving duck found in eastern Asia. It breeds in southeast Russia and northeast China, migrating in winter to southern China, Vietnam, Japan, and India. The name commemorates the Estonian naturalist Karl Ernst von Baer. At , it is similar in size and stance to its close relative, the ferruginous duck (\"A. nyroca\"), although the coloration of the drakes (males) is entirely different. Baer's pochard males are similar to those of the greater scaup (\"A. marila\"), but have a dark back and upper flanks; the white lower flanks and belly are conspicuous. The", "title": "Baer's pochard" }, { "id": "15972850", "score": "1.5111725", "text": "Egyptian geese, Eurasian wigeon, gadwall, garden warbler, garganey, great crested grebe, great spotted woodpecker, green sandpiper, greenshank, green woodpecker, grey heron, greylag geese, hobby, jay, kingfisher, lapwing, lesser whitethroat, linnet, little egret, little grebe, little ringed plover, mallard, Mandarin, marsh harrier, marsh tit, Mediterranean gull, moorhen, mute swan, northern pochard, northern wheatear, nuthatch, osprey, oystercatcher, peregrine falcon, pied flycatcher, pintail, red-crested pochard, red kite, red knot, redshank, reed warbler, ruff, spotted flycatcher, sand martin, Savi's warbler, sedge warbler, shelduck, shoveler, sinensis cormorant, spotted crake, stock dove, swallow, swift, tawny owl, treecreeper, tufted duck, water rail, whimbrel, whooper swan, willow warbler,", "title": "Tring Reservoirs" }, { "id": "2659256", "score": "1.5048859", "text": "variety of sea birds such as guillemot and eider, which breed on Eilean Garbh. Inland, ducks such as mallard, teal, wigeon and pochard can be found along with heron, snipe, pheasant and red grouse. The hooded crow and jackdaw are present in considerable numbers, but geese are only occasional visitors. Mammals are under-represented; there are no red deer, stoat, weasel, red fox or hare. In the mid-20th century Gigha had eight boats engaged in fishing for cod and lobster, but commercial activity ceased some time ago. Gigha's coasts have seen numerous wrecks. In August 1886 the \"Staffa\" ran aground on", "title": "Gigha" }, { "id": "1851437", "score": "1.5030589", "text": "blue bill during the breeding season. The redhead is in the family Anatidae (ducks, swans, geese) and genus \"Aythya\" (diving ducks). There are currently no described subspecies of the redhead. The redhead and the common pochard form a sister group which itself is sister to the canvasback. This group is then sister to the monophyletic group consisting of the white-eyes (hardhead, Madagascar pochard, and the sister species ferruginous duck and baer's pochard) and scaups (New Zealand scaup, ring-necked duck, tufted duck, greater scaup, lesser scaup). The redhead is a pochard, a diving duck specially adapted to foraging underwater. Their legs", "title": "Redhead (bird)" }, { "id": "11474210", "score": "1.5021094", "text": "bass, wrasse (4 varieties), seahorse, pipe fish, pollack, coalfish, flounder, plaice, conger eel, European eel, dragonet, red gurnard, grey gurnard, blenny (shanney), bullhead, burbot, butterfish, sand-eel, salmon, sea trout, garfish, mackerel, angler fish (incorrectly named in restaurants \"monk fish\"), dab, whitebait, scad (horse mackerel), shad, herring, turbot, pouting, poor cod and rockling. Because of the Gulf Stream, the climate of Scilly is particularly mild so sub-tropical plants can grow there, including true palm trees. Scilly is the first landing for many migrant birds, including extreme rarities from North America and Siberia. Scilly is situated far into the Atlantic Ocean, so", "title": "Flora and fauna of Cornwall" }, { "id": "10166202", "score": "1.4990628", "text": "of great crested grebe, shelduck, wigeon, curlew, redshank and dunlin. Others like sandwich tern, ringed plover, ruff and greenshank occur on migration during the autumn. Washed up on the beach, you can also find cockles, mussels, periwinkles and tellins. Rockpools often contain butterfish, gobies, sea anemones, shore crabs and shrimps. Pockets of saltmarsh contain colourful flowers such as sea aster, thrift and scurvy grass. One plant that grows in the soft mud is the uncommon eelgrass, an important food source for the wigeon. Torryburn Torryburn is a village and parish in Fife, Scotland, lying on the north shore of the", "title": "Torryburn" }, { "id": "1767117", "score": "1.4896555", "text": "is originally derived from spotted teal females by introgression and thus the molecular data gives a misleading picture of the species' true relationships. This is supported by the observation that in mallard × American black duck hybrids, females of both taxa prefer the sexually dimorphic mallard drakes over the dull-plumaged black duck drakes; that the green-winged teal is in some aspects—such as the less contrasting nuptial plumage—intermediate between the common and speckled teal is also interesting to note. Alternatively, the common teal might be derived from the green-winged teal, with the molecular difference being due to genetic drift or a", "title": "Green-winged teal" }, { "id": "1865790", "score": "1.4871689", "text": "the male looks similar to the female, but can be told apart by its bright yellow-orange or red beak, lack of any crest, and a less-pronounced eye-stripe. Mandarin ducklings are almost identical in appearance to wood ducklings, and very similar to mallard ducklings. The ducklings can be distinguished from mallard ducklings because the eye-stripe of mandarin ducklings (and wood ducklings) stops at the eye, while in mallard ducklings it reaches all the way to the bill. Various mutations of the mandarin duck are found in captivity. The most common is the white mandarin duck. Although the origin of this mutation", "title": "Mandarin duck" }, { "id": "13265781", "score": "1.4846253", "text": "come in a variety of colors and patterns. The Muscovy duck can be crossed with mallards in captivity to produce hybrids, known as mulard duck (\"mule duck\") because they are sterile. Muscovy drakes are commercially crossed with mallard-derived hens either naturally or by artificial insemination. The 40–60% of eggs that are fertile result in birds raised only for their meat or for production of foie gras: they grow fast like mallard-derived breeds but to a large size like Muscovy ducks. Conversely, though crossing Mallard drakes with Muscovy hens is possible, the offspring are desirable neither for meat nor for egg", "title": "Domestic muscovy duck" }, { "id": "2552332", "score": "1.4788793", "text": "(\"Bubo scandiacus\") and brent goose and other make large colonies on the islands and sea shores. The latter include little auk (\"Alle alle\"), black-legged kittiwake (\"Rissa tridactyla\"), black guillemot (\"Cepphus grylle\"), ivory gull (\"Pagophila eburnea\"), \"uria\", \"charadriiformes\" and glaucous gull (\"Larus hyperboreus\"). Amont other bird species are skua, sterna, northern fulmar, (\"Fulmarus glacialis\"), ivory gull (\"Pagophila eburnea\"), glaucous gull (\"Larus hyperboreus\"), Ross's gull (\"Rhodostethia rosea\"), long-tailed duck (\"Clangula hyemalis\"), eider, loon and willow grouse (\"Lagopus lagopus\"). There are 39 fish species, mostly typical of braskish environment; the major ones are grayling and \"Coregonus\" (whitefishes), such as muksun (\"Coregonus muksun\"), broad", "title": "Laptev Sea" }, { "id": "959019", "score": "1.473279", "text": "the lakes and ponds, and slowly invades the water surface. This type of ecosystem is noted for its variety and large population of birds, some of them very rare. The most important are the tufted duck (\"Aythya fuligula\", red-crested pochard (\"Netta rufina\"), mallard (\"Anas platyrhynchos\"), greylag goose (\"Anser anser\"), pygmy cormorant (\"Microcarbo pygmeus\"), purple heron (\"Ardea purpurea\"), great white egret (\"Egretta alba\"), little egret (\"Egretta garzetta\"), eurasian spoonbill(\"Platalea leucorodia\"), great white pelican (\"Pelecanus onocrotalus\"), Dalmatian pelican (\"Pelecanus crispus\"), mute swan (\"Cygnus olor\"), and glossy ibis (\"Plegadis falcinellus\"). A recent and welcomed newcomer is the pheasant (\"Phasianus colchicus\"). Among the mammals,", "title": "Danube Delta" }, { "id": "2066345", "score": "1.4701844", "text": "confused because there have been many escapes and deliberate releases over the years, as well as natural visitors from the continent. However, it is most likely that they are escapees that are now breeding wild and have built up a successful feral population. They are most numerous around areas of England including Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire. The red-crested pochard is one of the species to which the \"Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds\" (AEWA) applies. Red-crested pochard The red-crested pochard (\"Netta rufina\") is a large diving duck. The scientific name is derived from Greek \"Netta\" \"duck\", and Latin", "title": "Red-crested pochard" }, { "id": "45208", "score": "1.4688606", "text": "escapes from boar farms and illegal releases. Many rivers contain otters and seals are common on coasts. Over 200 species of bird reside permanently and another 200 migrate. Common types are the common chaffinch, common blackbird, house sparrow and common starling; all small birds. Large birds are declining in number, except for those kept for game such as pheasant, partridge, and red grouse. Fish are abundant in the rivers and lakes, in particular salmon, trout, perch and pike. Sea fish include dogfish, cod, sole, pollock and bass, as well as mussels, crab and oysters along the coast. There are more", "title": "British Isles" } ]

[ "clue", "Clues (album)", "clues", "clues album", "Clue (disambiguation)", "Clue", "Clues", "clue disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "783995", "score": "1.8362951", "text": "these terms commonly became \"Across\" and \"Down\" and notations for clues could either use the words or the letters \"A\" and \"D\", with or without hyphens. Crossword A crossword is a word puzzle that usually takes the form of a square or a rectangular grid of white-and black-shaded squares. The game's goal is to fill the white squares with letters, forming words or phrases, by solving clues, which lead to the answers. In languages that are written left-to-right, the answer words and phrases are placed in the grid from left to right and from top to bottom. The shaded squares", "title": "Crossword" }, { "id": "783945", "score": "1.6735866", "text": "clue. There are numerous other forms of wordplay found in cryptic clues. Backwards words can be indicated by words like \"climbing\", \"retreating\", or \"ascending\" (depending on whether it is an across clue or a down clue) or by directional indicators such as \"going North\" (meaning upwards) or \"West\" (right-to-left); letters can be replaced or removed with indicators such as \"nothing rather than excellence\" (meaning replace E in a word with O); the letter \"I\" can be indicated by \"me\" or \"one;\" the letter \"O\" can be indicated by \"nought\", \"nothing\", \"zero\", or \"a ring\" (since it visually resembles one); the", "title": "Crossword" }, { "id": "783926", "score": "1.644484", "text": "squares. Every letter is checked (i.e. is part of both an \"across\" word and a \"down\" word) and usually each answer must contain at least three letters. In such puzzles shaded squares are typically limited to about one-sixth of the total. Crossword grids elsewhere, such as in Britain, South Africa, India and Australia, have a lattice-like structure, with a higher percentage of shaded squares (around 25%), leaving about half the letters in an answer unchecked. For example, if the top row has an answer running all the way across, there will often be no across answers in the second row.", "title": "Crossword" }, { "id": "784223", "score": "1.6399045", "text": "or \"comes up\" (for down clues). Here the clue appears to say one thing, but with a slight shift of viewpoint it says another. For example: gives , a flow-er of London. Here, the surface reading suggests a blossom, which disguises the fact that the name of a river is required. Notice the question mark: this is often (though by no means always) used by compilers to indicate this sort of clue is one where you need to interpret the words in a different fashion. The way that a clue reads as an ordinary sentence is called its \"surface reading\"", "title": "Cryptic crossword" }, { "id": "783946", "score": "1.6028416", "text": "letter \"X\" might be clued as \"a cross\", or \"ten\" (as in the Roman numeral), or \"an illiterate's signature\", or \"sounds like your old flame\" (homophone for \"ex\"). \"Senselessness\" is solved by \"e\", because \"e\" is what remains after removing (less) \"ness\" from \"sense\". With the different types of wordplay and definition possibilities, the composer of a cryptic puzzle is presented with many different possible ways to clue a given answer. Most desirable are clues that are clean but deceptive, with a smooth \"surface reading\" (that is, the resulting clue looks as natural a phrase as possible). The Usenet newsgroup", "title": "Crossword" }, { "id": "783954", "score": "1.5921412", "text": "which grid is part of the puzzle. Any type of puzzle may contain \"cross-references\", where the answer to one clue forms part of another clue, in which it is referred to by number and direction. E.g., a puzzle might have 1-Across clued as \"Central character in The Lord of the Rings\" = FRODO, with 17-Down clued as \"Precious object for 1-Across\" = RING. When an answer is composed of multiple or hyphenated words, some crosswords (especially in Britain) indicate the structure of the answer. For example, \"(3,5)\" after a clue indicates that the answer is composed of a three-letter word", "title": "Crossword" }, { "id": "783994", "score": "1.5842934", "text": "and answers, plus the full contents of a dictionary and Wikipedia. Web sites such as crosswordguru.com make such databases available for people to create or solve puzzles with computer assistance one clue at a time. Originally Petherbridge called the two dimensions of the cross-word puzzle \"Horizontal\" and \"Vertical\". Among various numbering schemes, the standard became that in which only the start squares of each word were numbered, from left to right and top to bottom. \"1 Horizontal\" and \"1 Vertical\" and the like were names for the clues, the cross words, or the grid locations, interchangeably. Later in the Times", "title": "Crossword" }, { "id": "783925", "score": "1.5791266", "text": "Crossword A crossword is a word puzzle that usually takes the form of a square or a rectangular grid of white-and black-shaded squares. The game's goal is to fill the white squares with letters, forming words or phrases, by solving clues, which lead to the answers. In languages that are written left-to-right, the answer words and phrases are placed in the grid from left to right and from top to bottom. The shaded squares are used to separate the words or phrases. Crossword grids such as those appearing in most North American newspapers and magazines feature solid areas of white", "title": "Crossword" }, { "id": "784206", "score": "1.5780952", "text": "\"muddled\", \"wild\", \"drunk\", or any other term indicating change. One example: gives , which means \"chaperone\" and is an anagram of \"corset\", indicated by the word \"shredded\". Anagram clues are characterized by an indicator word adjacent to a phrase that has the same number of letters as the answer. The indicator tells the solver that there is an anagram they need to solve to work out the answer. Indicators come either before or after the letters to be anagrammed. In an American cryptic, only the words given in the clue may be anagrammed; in some older puzzles, the words to", "title": "Cryptic crossword" }, { "id": "3320271", "score": "1.558005", "text": "use of horizontal and vertical lines to create boxes for solvers to enter letters). He subsequently pioneered the use of black squares in a symmetrical arrangement to separate words in rows and columns. With the exception of the numbering scheme, the form of Wynne's \"Word-Cross\" puzzles is that used for modern crosswords. A few weeks after the first \"Word-Cross\" appeared, the name of the puzzle was changed to \"Cross-Word\" as a result of a typesetting error. Wynne's puzzles have been known as \"crosswords\" ever since. Arthur Wynne became a naturalized US citizen in the 1920s. He died in Clearwater, Florida,", "title": "Arthur Wynne" }, { "id": "783959", "score": "1.5537875", "text": "some of the shaded squares even before one starts solving them, e.g. there must be a shaded square where a row having no clues intersects a column having no clues. A fill-in crossword (also known as crusadex or cruzadex) features a grid and the full list of words to be entered in that grid, but does not give explicit clues for where each word goes. The challenge is figuring out how to integrate the list of words together within the grid so that all intersections of words are valid. Fill-in crosswords may often have longer word length than regular crosswords", "title": "Crossword" }, { "id": "784210", "score": "1.5482793", "text": "indicator as it fits cohesively with \"lap\" to give the solution, . Here the answer is formed by joining individually clued words to make a larger word (namely, the answer). For example: The answer is formed by for \"outlaw\" and for \"leader\". The definition is \"managing money\". With this example, the words appear in the same order in the clue as they do in the answer, and no special words are needed to indicate this. However, the order of the parts is sometimes indicated with words such as \"against\", \"after\", \"on\", \"with\" or \"above\" (in a down clue). A container", "title": "Cryptic crossword" }, { "id": "784218", "score": "1.5390873", "text": "answer. An example is: The answer would be , which is \"someone wanting women to vote\". The word \"odd\" indicates that we must take every other letter of the rest of the clue, starting with the first: StUfF oF mR wAuGh Is SeT. Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings, such as \"night\" and \"knight\". Homophone clues always have an indicator word or phrase that has to do with phonetics, such as \"reportedly\", \"they say\", \"utterly\" (here treated as \"utter(ing)-ly\" and not with its usual meaning), \"vocal\", \"to the audience\", \"auditioned\", \"by the sound of it\",", "title": "Cryptic crossword" }, { "id": "784215", "score": "1.5373287", "text": "to mean \"contains,\" but in the surface sense suggests \"pelts\". A complication is that \"damaged\" often (but not in this clue) means \"rearrange the letters\". Possible indicators of a hidden clue are \"in part\", \"partially\", \"in\", \"within\", \"hides\", \"conceals\", \"some\", and \"held by\". Another example: gives , which is the first part of, or \"introduction to\", the word \"do-gooder\", and means \"canine\". Hidden words clues are sometimes called \"Embedded words\" or \"Telescopic clues\". The opposite of a hidden word clue, where letters \"missing\" from a sentence have to be found, is known as a Printer's Devilry, and appears in some", "title": "Cryptic crossword" }, { "id": "784220", "score": "1.5312568", "text": "in the previous example, \"we hear\" was adjacent to \"twins\" and the answer was \"pare\" rather than \"pair\". The indicator could come between the words if they were of different lengths and the enumeration was given, such as in the case of \"right\" and \"rite\". The letter bank form of cluing consists of a shorter word (or words) containing no repeated letters (an \"isogram\"), and a longer word or phrase built by using each of these letters (but no others) at least once but repeating them as often as necessary. This type of clue has been described by American constructors", "title": "Cryptic crossword" }, { "id": "6178242", "score": "1.5287772", "text": "give the player a grade. Word searches each have a certain category (i.e. \"animals\") that determine what kind of words the player will be searching for. Like a normal word search the word may appear forwards, backwards, or diagonally. The player touches the starting letter of the word, and drags the stylus to the ending letter of the word to highlight it. Once a word is found it is automatically crossed off form the word box on the left. The player's time is displayed, but no grade is given. Anagrams give the player a certain number of letters, and the", "title": "Crosswords DS" }, { "id": "784212", "score": "1.5284686", "text": "and \"after the first\". An example of curtailment: The answer is . If you ignore the punctuation, a book is a \"read\", and book \"endlessly\" is \"boo\", a \"shout\". Other indicators include \"nearly\" and \"unfinished\". An example of internal deletion: The answer is , which means \"challenging\", and is darling without its middle letter, or \"heartlessly\". Note that \"sweetheart\" could also be simply \"wee\" or the letter \"E\", that is, the \"heart\" (middle) of \"sweet\". A clue may, rather than having a definition part and a wordplay part, have two definition parts. Thus: would have the answer , because \"blind\"", "title": "Cryptic crossword" }, { "id": "783960", "score": "1.5238532", "text": "to make the crossword easier to solve, and symmetry is often disregarded. Fitting together several long words is easier than fitting together several short words because there are fewer possibilities for how the long words intersect together. These types of crosswords are also used to demonstrate artificial intelligence abilities, such as finding solutions to the puzzle based on a set of determined constraints. A crossnumber (also known as a cross-figure) is the numerical analogy of a crossword, in which the solutions to the clues are numbers instead of words. Clues are usually arithmetical expressions, but can also be general knowledge", "title": "Crossword" }, { "id": "783981", "score": "1.5212271", "text": "of shaded squares is minimized. Nouns (including surnames) and the infinitive or past participle of verbs are allowed, as are abbreviations; in larger crosswords, it is customary to put at the center of the grid phrases made of two to four words, or forenames and surnames. A variant of Italian crosswords does not use shaded squares: words are delimited by thickening the grid. Another variant starts with a blank grid: the solver must insert both the answers and the shaded squares, and Across and Down clues are either ordered by row and column or not ordered at all. Modern Hebrew", "title": "Crossword" }, { "id": "783938", "score": "1.5193741", "text": "in some sense other than their literal meaning, requiring some form of lateral thinking. Depending on the puzzle creator or the editor, this might be represented either with a question mark at the end of the clue or with a modifier such as \"maybe\" or \"perhaps\". In more difficult puzzles, the indicator may be omitted, increasing ambiguity between a literal meaning and a wordplay meaning. Examples: In cryptic crosswords, the clues are puzzles in themselves. A typical clue contains both a definition at the beginning or end of the clue and wordplay, which provides a way to manufacture the word", "title": "Crossword" } ]

[ "8,000", "", "8000", "8 000", "eight thousand" ]

[ { "id": "14085465", "score": "1.7817694", "text": "was £3,200. The 1991 series replaced the £1-£50 questions with the Basic 64 which started at one pound and doubled up to 64 pounds before the £100 question. In 1993, prize limits were lifted by the Independent Television Commission, paving the way for the eventual arrival of \"Who Wants to be a Millionaire?\" which itself featured a question worth £64,000 until the format of the show changed in August 2007. None of the ATV episodes survived. The $64,000 Question (UK game show) The $64,000 Question is a UK game show based on the US format of the same name that", "title": "The $64,000 Question (UK game show)" }, { "id": "491515", "score": "1.7769098", "text": "will usually ask them to state what answer they would have gone for, and reveal if it would have been correct or incorrect. During the British original, between 1998 and 2007, the show's format focused on fifteen questions. The safety nets in this format were set to £1,000 and £32,000 respectively, with the payout structure being as follows: After 2007, the format was changed, reducing the number of questions to twelve; the overall change in format was later incorporated into a number of international versions over a period of four years, including the Arab, Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Polish, Spanish, and", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" }, { "id": "6919886", "score": "1.713154", "text": "answering a question, and are provided with a safety net that grants them a guaranteed cash prize if they give an incorrect answer, provided they reach a specific milestone in the quiz. The original series aired for 30 series and a total of 592 episodes, from 4 September 1998 to 11 February 2014, and was presented by Chris Tarrant. Over the course of its run, the original series had around five contestants walk away with the top cash prize of £1 million, and faced a number of controversies during its run, including an attempt to defraud the show of its", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)" }, { "id": "6919908", "score": "1.7092339", "text": "money, up to the top prize of £1 million. The questions they undertake are randomly chosen from a list of generated questions based on general knowledge, with each consisting of four answers to choose from. While undertaking questions, the contestant is allowed to use a set of lifelines to provide them assistance with a question at any time, and two safety nets - if a contestant gets a question wrong, but had reached a designated cash value during their game, they left with that amount as their prize. Unlike other game shows, if a contestant is unsure about a question", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)" }, { "id": "491507", "score": "1.6997977", "text": "answer questions; and the amount offered increases as they tackle questions that become increasingly difficult. The maximum cash prize offered in most versions of the format is one million of the local currency. The original British version debuted on 4 September 1998, and was aired until its final episode on 11 February 2014; a revived series of seven episodes to commemorate its 20th anniversary in 2018, were aired from 5 to 11 May. Since its debut, international variants of the game show have been aired in around 160 countries worldwide. The format of the show was created by David Briggs,", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" }, { "id": "6919919", "score": "1.6830232", "text": "the Bowens back to tackle a new question, with their original winnings reinstated; the couple chose not to risk the new question, and left with £500,000 for their charity. In September 2001, British Army Major Charles Ingram became a contestant on \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\", joined by his wife Diana, and a close friend and college lecturer, Tecwen Whittock. After the first day of filming, the group devised a scheme that would allow Ingram to win the £1 million cash prize when he returned for the second day of recording, on 10 September - for each question he", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)" }, { "id": "6919887", "score": "1.6823792", "text": "top prize by a contestant. The original format of the programme was tweaked in later years, changing the number of questions from fifteen to twelve and altering the payout structure as a result, and later incorporating a time limit. Four years after the original series ended, ITV announced that the series would be revived, this time produced by Stellify Media, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme. The revived format was based upon the original design. It was hosted by Jeremy Clarkson, filmed at dock10 studios and aired every evening between 6 May and 11 May 2018. On 14", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)" }, { "id": "491530", "score": "1.6767893", "text": "11 February 2014. Four years later, ITV revived the programme for a special 7-episode series, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the British original. This series of special episodes was hosted by Jeremy Clarkson and aired every evening between 6 May and 11 May 2018. Since the British original debuted in 1998, several different versions of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\" have been created across the world, including Australia, the United States, and India. In total over 100 different international variations have been made. On 18 April 1999, Nine Network launched an Australian version of the game show for", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" }, { "id": "491518", "score": "1.6682262", "text": "the programme; the 2004 series that was dubbed \"Super Millionaire\", in which the final prize was increased to $10,000,000; and for the 10th anniversary special of the US edition, run during August 2009 for eleven episodes. The decision to remove this round would later occur in other international versions, including the British original. In 2008, the U.S. version changed its format so that contestants were required to answer questions within a set time limit. The limit varied depending on the difficulty of the question: Time for each question began counting down immediately after a question was given and its answers", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" }, { "id": "11064869", "score": "1.6676414", "text": "have any lifelines used on the discarded question returned to them. The lifeline first appeared in the UK program in a number of celebrity editions, and most recently in its 300th episode in 2002. It was also used the US version from 2004–2008. The idea was taken from the UK show \"The People Versus\". The most notable change to the format is the addition of a bonus 16th question, which is worth $5 million. After answering question 15 correctly, they have the option of going for the bonus question. If the contestant gives the correct answer, he or she will", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Australian game show)" }, { "id": "13688674", "score": "1.666469", "text": "points (plus a nominal 20 for 2 remaining lives) and triumphed over Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School from Elstree in Hertfordshire (250 points), and Westbourne High School from Ipswich (245 points). In one show, in the 16th series in 1995, William G. Stewart dropped his cards whilst explaining the rules of the first round. The questions had to be scrapped. A notable contestant on this show, and clearly seen in the outtake as he was standing at position 7, was Ingram Wilcox, who later won the top prize on \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\". On 25 December 1999, a \"Millennium", "title": "Fifteen to One" }, { "id": "8771577", "score": "1.6660523", "text": "if they had the cash, they could elect to 'buy' answers to questions at £10,000 a time. Finishing Round 5 meant the contestant would begin again at Round 1. There was no limit on the amount of money someone could win which theoretically meant someone could win more than a million pounds, the top prize of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\", although no contestant ever won anywhere near this amount of money. If a person got their question wrong, they lost all money in that round and their seat in the game went to the person who set the", "title": "The People Versus" }, { "id": "20672547", "score": "1.6654488", "text": "2001 win of £1,000,000 on \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\" and the subsequent court trial. Charles Ingram, a major in the British Army entered British quiz show \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\" in September 2001. Suspicions arose during filming after coughing was heard loudly adjacent to the correct answers. A sound technician informed Celador CEO Paul Smith of their suspicions, with filming allowed to continue and the tapes reviewed after filming had completed. Ingram eventually won the million pounds, however upon reviewing the tapes and each cough heard, Ingram was accused of cheating by having his wife, Diana,", "title": "Quiz (play)" }, { "id": "6919940", "score": "1.6572878", "text": "If the contestant gave a wrong answer in the first round they would go home with nothing, while if they made it to round 2, they would receive $25,000. From 2011–2014, some weeks were 'Double Your Money' weeks, so if a contestant got a question right, its value would be doubled with a maximum jackpot of $93,600. However if a question was jumped, its value was not doubled. With the hiring of new host Chris Harrison, the format was changed once again to resemble that of the original \"Millionaire\". Each contestant faces 14 general-knowledge questions of increasing difficulty, with no", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show)" }, { "id": "8217706", "score": "1.6550229", "text": "Questions are worth different values starting with £1, increasing to £3 after the second instant bargain, and finally £5 after the fourth; by the final two ITV series, the values started at £3 but increased to £5 after the fourth instant bargain. The question is asked and players can buzz in at any time. Correct answers add the money to their score and incorrect answers subtract the money from their score with only one player allowed to buzz in on each question. If a contestant runs out of money at any time, they are eliminated from further play, but may", "title": "Sale of the Century (UK game show)" }, { "id": "6919933", "score": "1.6540903", "text": "question is worth a specified amount of money; the amounts are cumulative in the first round, but not in the second. If, at any time the contestant gives a wrong answer, the game is over and the contestant's winnings are reduced (or increased, in the first two questions) to $1,000 for tier-one questions, $5,000 for tier-two questions, and $50,000 for tier-three questions. However, the contestant has the option of \"walking away\" without giving an answer after being presented with a question, in which case the game ends and the contestant is guaranteed to walk away with all the money they", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show)" }, { "id": "2190206", "score": "1.6459997", "text": "before abandoning that project in favor of producing an American version of the British game show \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\". \"Millionaire\" has a very similar format to \"The $64,000 Question\" – 15 questions (now 14) in which the contestant's money roughly doubles with each correct question until reaching the top prize. However, the questions in \"Millionaire\" are of a broader variety than \"Question\"'s one-category line of questioning and have a different category for each question, contestants are allowed to leave the game with their money after a question is revealed but before it is answered, and \"Millionaire\" offers", "title": "The $64,000 Question" }, { "id": "6919927", "score": "1.640135", "text": "she would be his lifeline in exchange for £200. Fowler refused, adding: \"I thought a fair price would be a quarter of whatever the man won, so if I helped him get from £32,000 to £64,000 I would expect to get £16,000.\" The man was later revealed by ITV sources not to have made it onto the programme. In March 2007 various UK newspapers reported that an organised syndicate had been getting quiz enthusiasts onto the show in return for a percentage of their winnings. The person behind the syndicate was Keith Burgess from Northern Ireland. Burgess admitted to helping", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)" }, { "id": "6919939", "score": "1.6374182", "text": "was revealed after the question was either answered or jumped. The value of each question was added to the contestant's bank, with a maximum amount that could be won at $68,600. Like usual the contestant could leave with their current winnings at any point, though if they didn't pass round one they would only receive half their banked money (ie. if a contestant won $30,000 and walked away they would only receive $15,000). The second round consisted of four questions presented in the traditional format, with the difficulty of the question tied to the amount of money it was worth.", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show)" }, { "id": "491547", "score": "1.631815", "text": "the UK version of \"Millionaire\" by ranking it number 23 on its \"BFI TV 100\" list, which compiled what British television industry professionals believed were the greatest programmes to have ever originated from that country. The UK \"Millionaire\" also won the 1999 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Programme, and four National Television Awards for Most Popular Quiz Programme from 2002 to 2005. The original primetime version of the U.S. \"Millionaire\" won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001. Philbin was honoured with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" } ]

[ "Jospeh Ratzinger", "Benedito 16", "Papst benedikt xvi", "Pope Benedictus XVI", "Josef Ratzinger", "Relativism: The Central Problem for Faith Today", "265th pope", "benedict xvi", "benedict xvi of rome", "pope benedict xvi", "Benedetto 16", "Benedetto XVI", "Cardinal Joseph Alois Ratzinger", "papa ratzi", "Pope Benedict the 16th", "Benedicto 16", "joseph aloys ratzinger", "Cardinal Ratsinger", "Benoit 16", "Benedictus PP. XVI", "HH Pope Benedict XVI", "benedito xvi", "Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger", "Benedict 16th", "Pope benedictus xvi", "Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI", "papa bento xvi", "Benedict 16", "benedictus pp xvi", "Benedicto XVI", "benedictus xvi", "Cardinal Ratzinger", "Benedictus 16", "Joseph Raztinger", "joseph cardinal ratzinger", "benoit 16", "his holiness pope benedict xvi", "pope emeritus benedict xvi", "pope benidict xvi", "Pope Benedict 16th", "PopeBenedictXVI", "Pope Ratzinger", "Porta Fidei", "benedikt xvi", "hh pope benedict xvi", "benoît 16", "pope benedictus xvi", "benedict sixteenth", "benoit xvi", "Benedictus xvi", "benedetto xvi", "joseph raztinger", "benedictus 16", "Benedict XVI", "Joseph Aloys Ratzinger", "jospeh ratzinger", "Pope Benedict 16", "Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger", "cardinal joseph alois ratzinger", "benedicto 16", "Joseph A. Ratzinger", "Pope Benidict XVI", "benedicto xvi", "benoît xvi", "Bento XVI", "Benedikt XVI", "Benedict the Sixteenth", "benedict 16th", "Benedict the 16th", "joseph ratzinger", "benedetto 16", "joe ratzinger", "bento xvi", "josef ratzinger", "porta fidei", "benedict 16", "Benoît 16", "Pope Benedict XVI", "Benoît XVI", "papst benedikt xvi", "cardinal ratsinger", "Benedito XVI", "Joe Ratzinger", "Benedikt XVI.", "Papa Ratzi", "joseph aloisius ratzinger", "Papa Bento XVI", "Pope benedict XVI", "popebenedictxvi", "Pope benedict xvi", "Pontifex emeritus", "Benedikt xvi", "pontifex emeritus", "pope benedict 16th", "Bxvi", "Joseph Ratzinger", "Joseph Alois Ratzinger", "Benoit XVI", "His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI", "Benedict xvi", "Benedict the sixteenth", "benedito 16", "josef alois ratzinger", "pope ratzinger", "relativism central problem for faith today", "cardinal joseph ratzinger", "Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger", "pb16", "cardinal ratzinger", "joseph alois ratzinger", "Benedictus XVI", "Josef Alois Ratzinger", "Benedict XVI of Rome", "PB16", "bxvi", "pope benedict 16", "Papst Benedikt XVI" ]

[ { "id": "3012263", "score": "1.5323954", "text": "and for liberalising use of the Tridentine Mass as found in the Roman Missal of 1962. In 2012, the 50th anniversary of Vatican II, an assembly of the Synod of Bishops discussed re-evangelising lapsed Catholics in the developed world. Citing the frailties of advanced age, Benedict resigned in 2013, the first pope to do so in nearly 600 years. Pope Francis, the current pope of the Catholic Church, succeeded Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 as the first pope from the Americas, the first from the Southern Hemisphere, and the first Pope from outside Europe since the Syrian Gregory III, who", "title": "Catholic Church" }, { "id": "5364299", "score": "1.4832768", "text": "Marcel Lefebvre over canon law and the ignored order to disband the Society of St. Pius X. Villot was named Chamberlain of the Roman Church, also known as the Camerlengo, on 16 October 1970, the first non-Italian to hold the office in half a millennium. On 15 July 1971, he was appointed President of the newly formed Pontifical Council \"Cor Unum\" until 4 September 1978, when he resigned during the brief pontificate of Pope John Paul I. Elevated to Cardinal Bishop of Frascati on 12 December 1974, Villot remained Secretary of State for the remainder of Paul VI's reign, and", "title": "Jean-Marie Villot" }, { "id": "13663056", "score": "1.4813557", "text": "concrete ecclesiological exercise of papal primacy. Since the election of Pope Francis in 2013, he has displayed a simpler and less formal approach to the office, choosing to reside in the Vatican guesthouse rather than the papal residence. Following the resignation of Benedict, Francis became the first Jesuit pope, the first pope from the Americas, and the first from the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2016, Francis has faced increasingly open criticism, particularly from theological conservatives, on the question of admitting civilly divorced and remarried Catholics to Communion with the publication of \"Amoris Laetitia\", and on the question of alleged systematic cover", "title": "Christianity in the 21st century" }, { "id": "18199173", "score": "1.4761648", "text": "Pontiffs of the first millennium in the light of the liturgical innovations contained in \"Liber Pontificalis\". He was a teacher and consultant for the Pontifical Universities in Rome and around the world. Since 2002 he coordinates the Italian Delegation which participates at the “National Prayer Breakfast” (NPB) in Washington. In 2018 the NPB was in its 66th edition. The NPB is the biggest inter-religious network of leaders (an international Convention is held every year in Washington, with invitations from the Senate and Congress of the USA, with the ruling President and Vice President always present) who recognize in Jesus, regardless", "title": "Salvatore Martinez" }, { "id": "325866", "score": "1.4678571", "text": "name. He was the first pope to have a Papal Inauguration and the last pope to use the \"Sedia Gestatoria\". He is the first Pope born in the 20th century, and the last Pope to die in the 20th century. Cardinal Karol Wojtyła was elected John Paul I's successor as Pope on Monday, 16 October 1978. The next day he celebrated Mass together with the College of Cardinals in the Sistine Chapel. After the Mass, he delivered his first \"Urbi et Orbi\" (a traditional blessing) message, broadcast worldwide via radio. In it he pledged fidelity to the Second Vatican Council", "title": "Pope John Paul I" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Pope Benedict XVI" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of popes\n\nThis chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the \"Annuario Pontificio\" under the heading \"I Sommi Pontefici Romani\" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes. Published every year by the Roman Curia, the \"Annuario Pontificio\" no longer identifies popes by regnal number, stating that it is impossible to decide which pope represented the legitimate succession at various times. The 2001 edition of the \"Annuario Pontificio\" introduced \"almost 200 corrections to its existing biographies of the popes, from St Peter to John Paul II\". The corrections concerned dates, especially in the first two centuries, birthplaces and the family name of one pope.\n\nThe term \"pope\" () is used in several churches to denote their high spiritual leaders (for example Coptic pope). This title in English usage usually refers to the head of the Catholic Church. The Catholic pope uses various titles by tradition, including \"Summus Pontifex\", \"Pontifex Maximus\", and \"Servus servorum Dei\". Each title has been added by unique historical events and unlike other papal prerogatives, is not incapable of modification.\n\nHermannus Contractus may have been the first historian to number the popes continuously. His list ends in 1049 with Leo IX as number 154. Several changes were made to the list during the 20th century. Christopher was considered a legitimate pope for a long time but was removed due to how he obtained the papacy. Pope-elect Stephen was listed as Stephen II until the 1961 edition, when his name was removed. The decisions of the Council of Pisa (1409) were reversed in 1963 in a reinterpretation of the Western Schism, extending Gregory XII's pontificate to 1415 and classifying rival claimants Alexander V and John XXIII as antipopes.\n\nA significant number of these popes have been recognized as saints, including 48 out of the first 50 consecutive popes, and others are in the sainthood process. Of the first 31 popes, 28 died as martyrs (see List of murdered popes).", "title": "List of popes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of the Catholic Church\n\nThe history of the Catholic Church is integral to the history of Christianity as a whole. It is also, according to church historian, Mark A. Noll, the \"world's oldest continuously functioning international institution.\" This article covers a period of just under two thousand years.\n\nOver time, schisms have disrupted the unity of Christianity. The Catholic Church considers that major divisions occurred in c. 144 with Marcionism, 318 with Arianism, 451 with the Oriental Orthodox, 1054 to 1449 (see East–West Schism) during which time the Orthodox Churches of the East parted ways with the Western Church over doctrinal issues (see the filioque) and papal primacy, and in 1517 with the Protestant Reformation, of which there were many divisions, resulting in over 200 denominations.\n\nThe Catholic Church has been the driving force behind some of the major events of world history including the Christianization of Western and Central Europe and Latin America, the spreading of literacy and the foundation of the universities, hospitals, the Western tradition of monasticism, the development of art and music, literature, architecture, contributions to the scientific method, just war theory and trial by jury. It has played a powerful role in global affairs, including the Reconquista, the Crusades, the Inquisition, the Investiture Controversy, the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe in the late 20th century.\n\n", "title": "Timeline of the Catholic Church" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Papal renunciation\n\nA papal renunciation () also called a papal abdication, occurs when the reigning pope of the Catholic Church voluntarily steps down from his position. As the reign of the pope has conventionally been from election until death, papal renunciation is an uncommon event. Before the 21st century, only five popes unambiguously resigned with historical certainty, all between the 10th and 15th centuries. Additionally, there are disputed claims of four popes having resigned, dating from the 3rd to the 11th centuries; a fifth disputed case may have involved an antipope.\n\nAdditionally, a few popes during the \"saeculum obscurum\" were \"deposed\", meaning driven from office by force. The history and canonical question here is complicated; generally, the official Vatican list of popes seems to recognize such \"depositions\" as valid renunciations if the pope acquiesced, but not if he did not. The later development of canon law has been in favor of papal supremacy, leaving no recourse to the removal of a pope involuntarily.\n\nThe most recent pope to resign was Benedict XVI, who vacated the Holy See on 28 February 2013. He was the first pope to do so since Gregory XII in 1415.\n\nDespite its common usage in discussion of papal renunciations,<ref name=CEAbdication/> the term \"abdication\" is not used in the official documents of the church for renunciation by a pope.", "title": "Papal renunciation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pope Paul VI\n\nPope Paul VI (; ; born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, ; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his death in August 1978. Succeeding John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council, which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements.\n\nMontini served in the Holy See's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954. While in the Secretariat of State, Montini and Domenico Tardini were considered to be the closest and most influential advisors of Pope Pius XII. In 1954, Pius named Montini Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese. Montini later became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops' Conference. John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors. Upon his election to the papacy, Montini took the name Paul VI.\n\nHe re-convened the Second Vatican Council, which had automatically closed with the death of John XXIII. After the council had concluded its work, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, often walking a thin line between the conflicting expectations of various groups within Catholicism. The magnitude and depth of the reforms affecting all fields of church life during his pontificate exceeded similar reform programmes of his predecessors and successors. Paul VI spoke repeatedly to Marian conventions and Mariological meetings, visited Marian shrines and issued three Marian encyclicals. Following Ambrose of Milan, he named Mary as the Mother of the Church during the Second Vatican Council. Paul VI described himself as a humble servant for a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes from the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in the Third World. His positions on birth control, promulgated famously in the 1968 encyclical , were often contested, especially in Western Europe and North America. The same opposition emerged in reaction to the political aspects of some of his teaching.\n\nFollowing the standard procedures that lead to sainthood, Pope Benedict XVI declared that the late pontiff had lived a life of heroic virtue and conferred the title of Venerable upon him on 20 December 2012. Pope Francis beatified him on 19 October 2014 after the recognition of a miracle attributed to his intercession. His liturgical feast was celebrated on the date of his birth on 26 September until 2019 when it was changed to the date of his sacerdotal ordination on 29 May.<ref name=feastday/> Pope Francis canonised Paul VI on 14 October 2018.", "title": "Pope Paul VI" }, { "id": "4839720", "score": "1.4592321", "text": "Texts, the Commission for Latin America, and the Special Council for Asia of the General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops. On 20 May 2006, he was appointed Archbishop of Naples. He became a Cardinal-Priest with his deaconry elevated pro hac vice to a titular church. He was the first head of a Roman dicastery in decades to be given a diocesesan appointment, which some interpreted as an signal that Pope Benedict XVI, elected just a year earlier, was not hesitant to exert his authority over church administration. In 2007 he called on the youth of Naples to \"unsheathe [their]", "title": "Crescenzio Sepe" }, { "id": "2287053", "score": "1.4554396", "text": "Pope John XV Pope John XV (; born in Rome, died April 1 996) was Pope from August 985 to his death in 996. He succeeded Pope John XIV (983–984). He was said to have been Pope after another Pope John who reigned four months after John XIV and was named \"Papa Ioannes XIV Bis\" or \"Pope John XIVb\". This supposed second John XIV never existed, rather he was confused with a certain cardinal deacon John, son of Robert, who was opposed to antipope Boniface VII and is now excluded from the papal lists. In 993, he was the first", "title": "Pope John XV" }, { "id": "325820", "score": "1.4534822", "text": "will be a short one\". On the balcony of St Peter's Basilica, protodeacon Cardinal Pericle Felici announced that the cardinals had elected Albino Luciani, Patriarch of Venice, who had chosen the name Pope John Paul I. It was the first time that a pope chose a double name. He later explained that the double name was taken to gratefully honour his two immediate predecessors: John XXIII, who had named him a bishop, and Paul VI, who had named him Patriarch of Venice and Cardinal. He was also the first pope to designate himself \"the First\" with the name. (Pope Francis,", "title": "Pope John Paul I" }, { "id": "6622946", "score": "1.4533865", "text": "view of a relation with Christ: On February 11, 2013, Pope Benedict XVI announced that he would tender his resignation on February 28, 2013, less than three weeks later. On March 13, 2013, Pope Francis—the first Jesuit pope and the first pope from the Americas—was elected to the papacy. History of the papacy The history of the papacy, the office held by the pope as head of the Roman Catholic Church, according to Catholic doctrine, spans from the time of Peter to the present day. During the Early Church, the bishops of Rome enjoyed no temporal power until the time", "title": "History of the papacy" }, { "id": "4873893", "score": "1.440994", "text": "embarrassment to the Church. Participating in the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), Roy was created Cardinal-Priest of \"Nostra Signora del Ss. Sacramento e Santi Martiri Canadesi\" by Pope Paul VI in the consistory of February 22, 1965. He was named the first President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity and of that for Justice and Peace on January 6, 1967, and then first President of Family on January 11, 1973. As President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity and of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, it was to Roy, that Pope Paul VI addressed his apostolic letter", "title": "Maurice Roy" }, { "id": "10457349", "score": "1.4406905", "text": "of his reign. Such was the case with Benedict XVI – it was speculated that he chose the name because he wished to emulate Benedict XV, and to also call attention to the fact that at 7.5 years, Benedict XV's reign was relatively short. Benedict XVI's own reign, which ended with his resignation on 28 February 2013, also lasted less than 8 years (he was already 78 when elected). Saint Peter was the first Pope; no Pope of Rome has chosen the name Peter II, although there is no prohibition against doing so. Since the 1970s some antipopes, with only", "title": "Papal name" }, { "id": "322584", "score": "1.4392314", "text": "then ordained to the priesthood in September 1700 and celebrated his first Mass in Rome on 6 October 1700. After the death of Pope Innocent XII in 1700, a conclave was convoked to elect a successor. Albani was regarded as a fine diplomat known for his skills as a peacemaker and so was unanimously elected pope on 23 November 1700. He agreed to the election after three days of consultation. Unusually, from the viewpoint of current practice, his election came within three months after his ordination as a priest and within two months after he celebrated his first Mass, though", "title": "Pope Clement XI" }, { "id": "14695592", "score": "1.4356433", "text": "evangelisation\" in countries where the Church has long existed \"but which are living a progressive secularisation of society and a sort of 'eclipse of the sense of God'.\" On 30 June 2010, Pope Benedict XVI appointed as its first President Archbishop Salvatore Fisichella, until then President of the Pontifical Academy for Life. On May 13, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI named Archbishop Jose Octavio Ruiz Arenas as the first Secretary of the Pontifical Council. Archbishop Ruiz Arenas had been serving as the Vice President of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America and had served as the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic", "title": "Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization" }, { "id": "1310790", "score": "1.4349027", "text": "Pope Benedict XV Pope Benedict XV (Latin: \"Benedictus\"; ), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa (21 November 1854 – 22 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 3 September 1914 until his death in 1922. His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I and its political, social, and humanitarian consequences in Europe. Between 1846 and 1903, the Catholic Church had experienced two of its longest pontificates in history up to that point. Together Pius IX and Leo XIII ruled for a total of 57 years. In 1914, the College of Cardinals chose della Chiesa at the", "title": "Pope Benedict XV" }, { "id": "509409", "score": "1.4331174", "text": "21st century. He taught the importance of both the Catholic Church and an understanding of God's redemptive love. Pope Benedict also revived a number of traditions, including elevating the Tridentine Mass to a more prominent position. He strengthened the relationship between the Catholic Church and art, promoted the use of Latin, and reintroduced traditional papal garments, for which reason he was called \"the pope of aesthetics\". He has been described as \"the main intellectual force in the Church\" since the mid-1980s. On 11 February 2013, Benedict unexpectedly announced his resignation in a speech in Latin before the cardinals, citing a", "title": "Pope Benedict XVI" }, { "id": "10224395", "score": "1.4275624", "text": "the first person ordained as a Bishop by Ratzinger, who would become Pope Benedict XVI. As Secretary of the Doctrine of the Faith, he was the second-highest official of that dicastery, under Cardinal Ratzinger. In 1987, he helped write the instruction Donum Vitae on the respect for human life. Bovone was later appointed to head the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints on June 13, 1995. As he had yet to be raised to the College of Cardinals, he only held the title of Pro-Prefect of the congregation, until John Paul II created him Cardinal- Deacon of \"Ognissanti in", "title": "Alberto Bovone" }, { "id": "4878462", "score": "1.4248519", "text": "Shortly after the blessing was imparted, Prince Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere, the Marshal of the Conclave, issued a statement by order of the secretary of the conclave: It was rumoured that immediately after the election, he decided to appoint Pietro Gasparri as his Cardinal Secretary of State. The contemporary report by \"The New York Times\" on the following day 7 February appears to confirm this as it reported that Gasparri, who had served as Benedict XV's Secretary of State was reappointed by the new pope and the reappointment was announced almost immediately after the new pope assumed his pontificate.", "title": "1922 Papal conclave" }, { "id": "1310867", "score": "1.4242482", "text": "in St. Peter's Square on 27 April 2005, Pope Benedict XVI paid tribute to Benedict XV when explaining his choice: Pope Benedict XV Pope Benedict XV (Latin: \"Benedictus\"; ), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa (21 November 1854 – 22 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 3 September 1914 until his death in 1922. His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I and its political, social, and humanitarian consequences in Europe. Between 1846 and 1903, the Catholic Church had experienced two of its longest pontificates in history up to that point. Together Pius IX and", "title": "Pope Benedict XV" }, { "id": "325971", "score": "1.4225454", "text": "changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first pope to visit five continents. Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric Church into a Church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967 motu proprio \"Pro Comperto Sane\" opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world. Until then,", "title": "Pope Paul VI" }, { "id": "4860651", "score": "1.4183221", "text": "he was promoted to full Prefect of the congregation. On 26 December 1994, the American magazine \"Time\" published an article titled \"Who Will Be First Among Us?\" which prematurely speculated on who would be the next pope \"as John Paul approaches the twilight of his papacy.\" Laghi was listed among eight cardinals who were considered leading candidates; the article identified Laghi as head of the Congregation for Catholic Education with conservative credentials. In 1997 the Dirty War scandal was widely exposed, and, though Laghi denied the charges, it was considered to have ended his chance for the papacy. He headed", "title": "Pio Laghi" } ]

[ "", "7", "seven" ]

[ { "id": "11348755", "score": "1.8343278", "text": "Catholic Bible Within Catholicism, the Bible comprises the whole 73-book canon recognized by the Catholic Church, including the deuterocanonical books. It is sometimes referred to as the Catholic Bible. The Catholic Bible is composed of the 46 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books of the New Testament. Of these books, Tobit, Judith, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, parts of Esther and parts of Daniel are deuterocanonical, and are found in the Bibles of Eastern Christianity. These books are usually not found in the Protestant Bible, but are sometimes included in a separate inter-testamental section called", "title": "Catholic Bible" }, { "id": "14705479", "score": "1.8190112", "text": "not and therefore classify the seven Catholic deuterocanonical books as part of the Apocrypha. The practice of including only the Old and New Testament books within printed bibles was standardized among Protestants following the 1825 decision by the British and Foreign Bible Society. From the Reformation, Protestants have usually excluded the books which Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians consider to be Deuterocanonical, viewing them as non-canonical. However, prior to an 1825 British and Foreign Bible Society decision, most Protestant Bibles did include these additional books within the same printed bibles. It was usually to be found in a separate section", "title": "Protestant Bible" }, { "id": "11348770", "score": "1.796026", "text": "Koryon\"). Catholic Bible Within Catholicism, the Bible comprises the whole 73-book canon recognized by the Catholic Church, including the deuterocanonical books. It is sometimes referred to as the Catholic Bible. The Catholic Bible is composed of the 46 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books of the New Testament. Of these books, Tobit, Judith, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, parts of Esther and parts of Daniel are deuterocanonical, and are found in the Bibles of Eastern Christianity. These books are usually not found in the Protestant Bible, but are sometimes included in a separate inter-testamental section", "title": "Catholic Bible" }, { "id": "38321", "score": "1.7924099", "text": "Council of Trent 1545–1563. It includes 46 books for the Old Testament (45 if Jeremiah and Lamentations are counted as one) and 27 for the New. Most Protestants term these books as apocrypha. Modern Protestant traditions do not accept the deuterocanonical books as canonical, although Protestant Bibles included them in Apocrypha sections until the 1820s. However, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches include these books as part of their Old Testament. The Roman Catholic Church recognizes: In addition to those, the Greek and Russian Orthodox Churches recognize the following: Russian and Georgian Orthodox Churches include: There is also 4 Maccabees", "title": "Bible" }, { "id": "14705478", "score": "1.7674576", "text": "Protestant Bible A Protestant Bible is a Christian Bible whose translation or revision was produced by Protestants. Such Bibles comprise 39 books of the Old Testament (according to the Jewish Hebrew Bible canon, known especially to non-Protestants as the protocanonical books) and the 27 books of the New Testament for a total of 66 books. This is often contrasted with the 73 books of the Catholic Bible, which includes seven deuterocanonical books as a part of the Old Testament. The division between protocanonical and deuterocanonical books is not accepted by all Protestants who simply view books as being canonical or", "title": "Protestant Bible" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Protestant Bible\n\nA Protestant Bible is a Christian Bible whose translation or revision was produced by Protestants. Such Bibles comprise 39 books of the Old Testament (according to the Hebrew Bible canon, known especially to non-Protestants as the protocanonical books) and 27 books of the New Testament for a total of 66 books. Some Protestants use Bibles which also include 14 additional books in a section known as the Apocrypha (though these are not considered canonical) bringing the total to 80 books. The division between protocanonical and deuterocanonical books is not accepted by all Protestants who simply view books as being canonical or not and therefore classify books found in the deuterocanon, along with other books, as part of the Apocrypha.\n\nIt was in Luther's Bible of 1534 that the Apocrypha was first published as a separate intertestamental section. To this date, the Apocrypha is \"included in the lectionaries of Anglican and Lutheran Churches.\" The practice of including only the Old and New Testament books within printed bibles was standardized among many English-speaking Protestants following a 1825 decision by the British and Foreign Bible Society. Today, \"English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again\" and they may be printed as intertestamental books.", "title": "Protestant Bible" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Deuterocanonical books\n\nThe deuterocanonical books (from the Greek meaning \"belonging to the second canon\") are books and passages considered by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and the Assyrian Church of the East to be canonical books of the Old Testament, but which Protestant denominations regard as apocrypha. They date from 300 BC to 100 AD, mostly from 200 BC to 70 AD, before the definite separation of the Christian church from Judaism. While the New Testament never directly quotes from or names these books, the apostles most frequently used and quoted the Septuagint, which includes them. Some say there is a correspondence of thought, and others see texts from these books being paraphrased, referred, or alluded to many times in the New Testament, depending in large measure on what is counted as a reference.\n\nAlthough there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Hebrew Bible canon was fixed, some scholars hold that the Hebrew canon was established well before the 1st century AD – even as early as the 4th century BC, or by the Hasmonean dynasty (140–40 BC). \n\nThe Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, which the early Christian church used as its Old Testament, included all of the deuterocanonical books. The term distinguished these books from both the protocanonical books (the books of the Hebrew canon) and the biblical apocrypha (books of Jewish origin that were sometimes read in Christian churches as scripture but which were not regarded as canonical).\n\nThe Council of Rome (382 AD) defined a list of books of scripture as canonical. It included most of the deuterocanonical books.", "title": "Deuterocanonical books" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Old Testament\n\nThe Old Testament (often abbreviated OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew writings by the Israelites. The second division of Christian Bibles is the New Testament, written in the Koine Greek language.\n\nThe Old Testament consists of many distinct books by various authors produced over a period of centuries. Christians traditionally divide the Old Testament into four sections: the first five books or Pentateuch (corresponds to the Jewish Torah); the history books telling the history of the Israelites, from their conquest of Canaan to their defeat and exile in Babylon; the poetic and \"Wisdom books\" dealing, in various forms, with questions of good and evil in the world; and the books of the biblical prophets, warning of the consequences of turning away from God.\n\nThe books that compose the Old Testament canon and their order and names differ between various branches of Christianity. The canons of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches comprise up to 49 books; the Catholic canon comprises 46 books; and the most common Protestant canon comprises 39 books.\n\nThere are 39 books common to essentially all Christian canons. They correspond to the 24 books of the Tanakh, with some differences of order, and there are some differences in text. The additional number reflects the splitting of several texts (Samuel, Kings, Chronicles, Ezra–Nehemiah, and the Twelve Minor Prophets) into separate books in Christian Bibles. The books that are part of the Christian Old Testament but that are not part of the Hebrew canon are sometimes described as deuterocanonical. In general, Catholic and Orthodox churches include these books in the Old Testament. Most Protestant Bibles do not include the deuterocanonical books in their canon, but some versions of Anglican and Lutheran Bibles place such books in a separate section called apocrypha. These books are ultimately derived from the earlier Greek Septuagint collection of the Hebrew scriptures and are also Jewish in origin. Some are also contained in the Dead Sea Scrolls.", "title": "Old Testament" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Biblical canon\n\nA biblical canon is a set of texts (also called \"books\") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible.\n\nThe English word \"canon\" comes from the Greek , meaning \"rule\" or \"measuring stick\". The use of the word \"canon\" to refer to a set of religious scriptures was first used by David Ruhnken, in the 18th century.\n\nVarious biblical canons have developed through debate and agreement on the part of the religious authorities of their respective faiths and denominations. Some books, such as the Jewish–Christian gospels, have been excluded from various canons altogether, but many disputed books are considered to be biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical by many, while some denominations may consider them fully canonical. Differences exist between the Hebrew Bible and Christian biblical canons, although the majority of manuscripts are shared in common.\n\nDifferent religious groups include different books in their biblical canons, in varying orders, and sometimes divide or combine books. The Jewish Tanakh (sometimes called the Hebrew Bible) contains 24 books divided into three parts: the five books of the \"Torah\" (\"teaching\"); the eight books of the \"Nevi'im\" (\"prophets\"); and the eleven books of \"Ketuvim\" (\"writings\"). It is composed mainly in Biblical Hebrew. The Septuagint (in Koine Greek), which closely resembles the Hebrew Bible but includes additional texts, is used as the Christian Greek Old Testament, at least in some liturgical contexts. The first part of Christian Bibles is the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible but divided into 39 (Protestant) or 46 (Catholic) books and ordered differently. The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books: the four canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation. The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon. The Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Assyrian Christian churches may have differences in their lists of accepted books.\n\nSome Christian groups have additional or alternate canonical books which are considered holy scripture but not part of the Bible.", "title": "Biblical canon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Biblical apocrypha" }, { "id": "1948877", "score": "1.7490549", "text": "The \"Common Bible\" of 1973 ordered the books in a way that pleased both Catholics and Protestants. It was divided into four sections: The non-deuterocanonicals gave the \"Common Bible\" a total of 81 books: it included 1 Esdras (also known as 3 Ezra), 2 Esdras (4 Ezra), and the Prayer of Manasseh, books that have appeared in the Vulgate's appendix since Jerome's time \"lest they perish entirely\", but are not considered canonical by Catholics and are thus not included in most modern Catholic Bibles. In 1977, the RSV Apocrypha was expanded to include 3 Maccabees, 4 Maccabees, and Psalm 151,", "title": "Revised Standard Version" }, { "id": "3345512", "score": "1.7482531", "text": "translations and Latin ones especially the Latin translation known as the vulgate.\" Not all the books in the Septuagint are included among those that the Catholic Church considers to be part of the Old Testament. On the other hand, the early Eastern translation known as the Peshitta excluded five New Testament books that the Catholic Church declares to be canonical. Translations used by Protestants typically use the shorter Masoretic Text as their basis regarding the Old Testament. The Luther Bible included what he called the Apocrypha and changed the traditional order of some of the New Testament books. Some minor", "title": "Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition" }, { "id": "3345511", "score": "1.7312655", "text": "Esdras, 3 Maccabees, 4 Maccabees and Psalm 151, which are part of the Septuagint but not of the Catholic canon, were not added. A Catholic Bible differs in the number, order, and occasionally preferred emphasis than books typically found in Bibles used by Protestants. The Catholic Church declares: \"Easy access to Sacred Scripture should be provided for all the Christian faithful. That is why the Church from the very beginning accepted as her own that very ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament which is called the septuagint; and she has always given a place of honor to other Eastern", "title": "Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition" }, { "id": "305834", "score": "1.721812", "text": "Babylon; (3) the poetic and \"Wisdom books\" dealing, in various forms, with questions of good and evil in the world; and (4) the books of the biblical prophets, warning of the consequences of turning away from God. The Old Testament contains 39 (Protestant), 46 (Catholic), or more (Orthodox and other) books, divided, very broadly, into the Pentateuch (Torah), the historical books, the \"wisdom\" books and the prophets. The table uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Christian Bible, such as the Catholic New American Bible Revised Edition and the Protestant Revised Standard Version and English Standard", "title": "Old Testament" }, { "id": "13188359", "score": "1.7201517", "text": "Eastern Orthodox books of the Old Testament include the Roman Catholic deuterocanonical books, plus 3 Maccabees and 1 Esdras (also included in the Clementine Vulgate), while Baruch is divided from the Epistle of Jeremiah, making a total of 49 Old Testament books in contrast with the Protestant 39-book canon. Other texts printed in Orthodox Bibles are considered of some value (like the additional Psalm 151, and the Prayer of Manasseh) or are included as an appendix (like the Greek 4 Maccabees, and the Slavonic 2 Esdras). Most of the Old Testament books of the Protestant Apocrypha are called deuterocanonical by", "title": "Christian biblical canons" }, { "id": "305832", "score": "1.7008531", "text": "common Protestant canon comprises 39 books. The 39 books in common to all the Christian canons correspond to the 24 books of the Tanakh, with some differences of order, and there are some differences in text. The additional number reflects the splitting of several texts (Kings, Samuel and Chronicles, Ezra–Nehemiah and the minor prophets) into separate books in Christian bibles. The books which are part of a Christian Old Testament but which are not part of the Hebrew canon are sometimes described as deuterocanonical. In general, Protestant Bibles do not include the deuterocanonical books in their canon, but some versions", "title": "Old Testament" }, { "id": "46231", "score": "1.6958419", "text": "and which in the United States is the most used translation, being still considered a standard among Protestant churches and being used liturgically in the Orthodox Church in America—contains 80 books: 39 in the Old Testament, 14 in the Apocrypha, and 27 in the New Testament. The Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Assyrian Christian churches may have minor differences in their lists of accepted books. The list given here for these churches is the most inclusive: if at least one Eastern church accepts the book it is included here. Rabbinic Judaism recognizes the 24 books of the Masoretic Text, commonly", "title": "Books of the Bible" }, { "id": "46230", "score": "1.6852206", "text": "of Christian Bibles is called the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the above 24 books but divided into 39 books and ordered differently. The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches also hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon. The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books; the four Canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation. The King James Bible—which has been called \"the most influential version of the most influential book in the world, in what is now its most influential language\"", "title": "Books of the Bible" }, { "id": "46243", "score": "1.6833017", "text": "formerly the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church. In general, among Christian denominations, the New Testament canon is an agreed-upon list of 27 books, although book order can vary. The book order is the same in the Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant traditions. The Slavonic, Armenian and Ethiopian traditions have different New Testament book orders. Books of the Bible Different religious groups include different books in their biblical canons, in varying orders, and sometimes divide or combine books. Christian Bibles range from the 73 books of the Catholic Church canon, the 66 books of the canon of some", "title": "Books of the Bible" }, { "id": "229051", "score": "1.679519", "text": "necessary for the King James version, as readings from these books were included in the daily Old Testament lectionary of the Book of Common Prayer. Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the Apocrypha – generally, following the Luther Bible, in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not considered part of the Old Testament text – and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature, especially in Puritan circles; The Apocrypha of the King James Version has the same 14 books as had been found in the", "title": "King James Version" }, { "id": "10670826", "score": "1.6749945", "text": "decision to omit these books entirely from the Bible was made by Protestant laity rather than clergy. Bibles dating from shortly after the Reformation have been found whose tables of contents included the entire Roman Catholic canon, but which did not actually contain the disputed books, leading some historians to think that the workers at the printing presses took it upon themselves to omit them. However, Anglican and Lutheran Bibles usually still contained these books until the 20th century, while Calvinist Bibles did not. Several reasons are proposed for the omission of these books from the canon. One is the", "title": "Development of the Old Testament canon" }, { "id": "14705484", "score": "1.6709633", "text": "edition. In 1602 Cipriano de Valera, a student of de Reina, published a revision of the Bear Bible which was printed in Amsterdam in which the deuterocanonical books were placed in a section between the Old and New Testaments called the Apocrypha. This translation, subsequently revised, came to be known as the Reina-Valera Bible. For the following three centuries, most English language Protestant Bibles, including the Authorized Version, continued with the practice of placing the Apocrypha in a separate section after the Old Testament. However, there were some exceptions. A surviving quarto edition of the Great Bible, produced some time", "title": "Protestant Bible" }, { "id": "14705487", "score": "1.6700228", "text": "intertestamental period in the chronology of the Christian scriptures between the Old and New Testaments. This period is known to Protestants as the \"400 Silent Years\" because it is believed to have been a span where God made no additional canonical revelations to his people. . Protestant Bibles comprise 39 books of the Old Testament (according to the Jewish Hebrew Bible canon, known especially to non-Protestants as the protocanonical books) and the 27 books of the New Testament for a total of 66 books. These books with their commonly accepted names among the Protestant churches are given below. Note that", "title": "Protestant Bible" }, { "id": "5133147", "score": "1.6689234", "text": "Testament books are found in the same order as they are found in other bibles, this is not the case for the Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible and the deuterocanonical books). According to the introduction to the seventeenth edition: \"Here we kept, in broad outlines, the distribution of the books according to the three categories present in the Jewish or Hebrew bible\". The result is that the Christian Community Bible's order is a blend of the Jewish and Catholic order (here represented by the Douay-Rheims Bible). The King James Version is also listed for comparison purposes: There are versions of", "title": "Christian Community Bible" }, { "id": "61782", "score": "1.6680608", "text": "the Bible accepted by the Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant churches vary somewhat, with Jews accepting only the Hebrew Bible as canonical; there is however substantial overlap. These variations are a reflection of the range of traditions, and of the councils that have convened on the subject. Every version of the Old Testament always includes the books of the Tanakh, the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The Catholic and Orthodox canons, in addition to the Tanakh, also include the deuterocanonical books as part of the Old Testament. These books appear in the Septuagint, but are regarded by Protestants to be apocryphal.", "title": "Christianity" } ]

[ "Happy birthday to you happy birthday to you", "good morning to all", "Good Morning Dear Teacher", "Happy birthday to you, happy birthday to you", "Happy Birthday to you", "rupa marya v warner chappell music inc", "happy birthday to you happy birthday to you", "Happy birthday to you", "Happy birthday song", "happy birthday song", "good morning dear teacher", "Happy Birthday To You", "happy birthday to you", "Happy Birthday to You", "Good Morning to All", "Rupa Marya v. Warner Chappell Music Inc" ]

[ { "id": "887928", "score": "2.457528", "text": "Ware Orem and Mrs. R. R. Forman. In 1988, Warner/Chappell Music purchased the company owning the copyright for 25 million, with the value of \"Happy Birthday\" estimated at 5 million. Based on the 1935 copyright registration, Warner claimed that the United States copyright will not expire until 2030, and that unauthorized public performances of the song are illegal unless royalties are paid to Warner. In one specific instance in February 2010, the royalty for a single use was said to be 700. By one estimate, the song is the highest-earning single song in history, with estimated earnings since its creation", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "887948", "score": "2.4167843", "text": "ruled that the song was not copyrighted by Summy Co., who had written in the song book, \"Special permission through courtesy of the Clayton F. Summy Co.\" Since there was no evidence Summy Co. had copyright on the song, the song is still considered to be in the public domain. Prior to the lawsuit, Warner/Chappell had been earning $2 million a year licensing the song for commercial use, with a notable example the $5,000 paid by the filmmakers of the 1994 documentary, \"Hoop Dreams\", in order to safely distribute the film. On February 8, 2016, Warner/Chappell agreed to pay a", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "19118614", "score": "2.1538286", "text": "did not go so far, holding only that Warner/Chappell did not prove they owned the copyright. However, because there are no other claimants to the copyright, and the copyright to the melody long ago expired, the plaintiffs suggested that the song is \"effectively\" in the public domain. Prior to the lawsuit, Warner/Chappell had been earning $2 million a year licensing the song for commercial use. In February 2016 Warner/Chappell settled for US $14 million, paving the way for the song to become public domain. Jennifer Nelson (filmmaker) Jennifer Nelson is an American documentary filmmaker, based in New York, known for", "title": "Jennifer Nelson (filmmaker)" }, { "id": "5738246", "score": "2.091186", "text": "is also permitted, provided no alteration is made in the content, and provided no fixed copy of the altered version is created. The song \"Happy Birthday to You\" is one of the best known songs in the world and generated over $2 million in royalties each year for its purported copyright owners even though the copyright has now been ruled invalid. In September 2015, a judge ruled that the copyright was invalid, and on February 8, 2016, Warner/Chappell Music agreed to settle a class action lawsuit brought to challenge these fees. After mediation, Warner will pay more than $14 million", "title": "Music licensing" }, { "id": "887939", "score": "2.074655", "text": "basis for claiming that Summy Company legally registered the copyright for the song, as well as the later renewal of these copyrights. A later 2015 lawsuit would find this claim baseless. That specific new lyrics that also included the full text of \"Happy Birthday to You\", was a copyright on the derivative work. A 1957 acquisition of C.C. Birchard & Company saw Summy Company becoming the Summy-Birchard Company. A later corporate restructuring in the 1970s saw Summy-Birchard becoming a division of a new company: Birch Tree Group Limited. Warner/Chappell Music acquired Birch Tree Group Limited in 1988 for 25 million.", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "887946", "score": "2.0741708", "text": "The company also argued that it was not acting in bad faith in withholding the evidence of the 1927 publication. On September 22, 2015, federal judge George H. King ruled that the Warner/Chappell copyright claim over the lyrics was invalid. The 1935 copyright held by Warner/Chappell applied only to a specific piano arrangement of the song, not the lyrics or melody. The court held that the question of whether the 1922 and 1927 publications were authorized, thus placing the song in the public domain, presented questions of fact that would need to be resolved at trial. However, Warner/Chappell had failed", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "19118613", "score": "2.0647678", "text": "a specific piano arrangement of the song, not the lyrics or melody. The court held that the question of whether the 1922 and 1927 publications were authorized, thus placing the song in the public domain, presented questions of fact that would need to be resolved at trial. However, Warner/Chappell had failed to prove that it actually had ever held a copyright to the lyrics, so the court was able to grant summary judgment to the plaintiffs, thus resolving the case. Some initial news sources characterized the decision as ruling that the song was in the public domain, but the decision", "title": "Jennifer Nelson (filmmaker)" }, { "id": "19118612", "score": "2.0299082", "text": "Birthday\" lyrics and sheet music would still be subject to common law copyright as an unpublished work, and that it was unknown whether the \"special permission\" from the Summy Company covered \"Good Morning to All\", \"Happy Birthday\", or both, thus alleging that the publication in \"The Everyday Song Book\" was unauthorized. The company also argued that it was not acting in bad faith in withholding the evidence of the 1927 publication. On September 22, 2015, federal judge George H. King ruled that the Warner/Chappell copyright claim over the lyrics was invalid. The 1935 copyright held by Warner/Chappell applied only to", "title": "Jennifer Nelson (filmmaker)" }, { "id": "887945", "score": "2.0120094", "text": "Summy Co.\". Manifold and Rifkin argued that because the music and lyrics were published without a valid copyright notice as was required at the time, \"Happy Birthday\" was in the public domain. Warner/Chappell disputed the evidence, arguing that unless there was \"necessary authorization from the copyright owner\", the \"Happy Birthday\" lyrics and sheet music would still be subject to common law copyright as an unpublished work, and that it was unknown whether the \"special permission\" from the Summy Company covered \"Good Morning to All\", \"Happy Birthday\", or both, thus alleging that the publication in \"The Everyday Song Book\" was unauthorized.", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "887947", "score": "2.0107014", "text": "to prove that it actually had ever held a copyright to the lyrics, so the court was able to grant summary judgment to the plaintiffs, thus resolving the case. Some initial news sources characterized the decision as ruling that the song was in the public domain, but the decision did not go so far, holding only that Warner/Chappell did not prove they owned the copyright. However, because there are no other claimants to the copyright, and the copyright to the melody long ago expired, the plaintiffs suggested that the song was \"de facto\" in the public domain. Also, the judge", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "2599232", "score": "1.9511995", "text": "works of Cole Porter, Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. In the 1930s and 1940s, Chappell Music also ran a profitable orchestration division for Broadway musicals, with house arrangers of the caliber of Robert Russell Bennett, Don Walker, Ted Royal and Hans Spialek. Between them they had orchestrated about 90% of the productions seen up to late 1941. Between 1995 and 2000 several music companies were found to have used illegal marketing agreements, such as minimum advertised pricing, to artificially inflate prices of compact discs in order to end price wars by discounters such as Best Buy and Target. A settlement", "title": "Warner Music Group" }, { "id": "887940", "score": "1.9127183", "text": "The company continued to insist that one cannot sing the \"Happy Birthday to You\" lyrics for profit without paying royalties: in 2008, Warner collected about 5,000 per day (2 million per year) in royalties for the song. Warner/Chappell claimed copyright for every use in film, television, radio, anywhere open to the public, and for any group where a substantial number of those in attendance are not family or friends of whoever is performing the song. Brauneis cited problems with the song's authorship and the notice and renewal of the copyright, and concluded: \"It is almost certainly no longer under copyright.\"", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "887930", "score": "1.912682", "text": "on Brauneis's research, Good Morning to You Productions, a company producing a documentary about \"Good Morning to All\", sued Warner/Chappell for falsely claiming copyright to the song. In September 2015, a federal judge declared that the Warner/Chappell copyright claim was invalid, ruling that the copyright registration applied only to a specific piano arrangement of the song, and not to its lyrics and melody. In 2016, Warner/Chappell settled for US $14 million, and the court declared that \"Happy Birthday to You\" was in the public domain. The person whose birthday is being celebrated is filled in for \"[NAME]\". The earliest known", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "2599231", "score": "1.8972514", "text": "seed venture fund. Warner/Chappell Music dates back to 1811 and the creation of Chappell & Company, a sheet music and instrument merchant in London. In 1929, Jack L. Warner, president of Warner Bros. Pictures Inc., founded Music Publishers Holding Company (MPHC) to acquire music copyrights as a means of providing inexpensive music for films and, in 1987, Warner Bros.' corporate parent, Warner Communications, acquired Chappell & Company from PolyGram. Its printed music operation, Warner Bros. Publications, was sold to Alfred Publishing on June 1, 2005. Among the historic compositions of which the publishing rights are controlled by WMG are the", "title": "Warner Music Group" }, { "id": "18591743", "score": "1.8864496", "text": "issued an opinion that there were insignificant differences between the first verses of the 1948 and registered versions for copyright to exist in it. On January 26, 2018, Judge Denise Cote of the Southern District of New York filed an order in which Ludlow Music and The Richmond Organization—the defendants in the lawsuit—agreed to a settlement stipulating: \"Defendants agree that hereafter they will not claim copyright in the melody or lyrics of any verse of the song We Shall Overcome (\"the Song\"), included in the registration Nos. EU645288 (1960) and EP 179877 (1963). Defendants agree that the melody and lyrics", "title": "Isaias Gamboa (music producer)" }, { "id": "19118611", "score": "1.8860369", "text": "the copy was blurry, obscuring a line of text below the title. Manifold and Rifkin located a clearer copy of an older edition, published in 1922, that also contained the \"Happy Birthday\" lyrics. The previously obscured line was revealed to be the credit \"Special permission through courtesy of The Clayton F Summy Co.\". Manifold and Rifkin argued that because the music and lyrics were published without a valid copyright notice as was required at the time, \"Happy Birthday\" was in the public domain. Warner/Chappell disputed the evidence, arguing that unless there was \"necessary authorization from the copyright owner\", the \"Happy", "title": "Jennifer Nelson (filmmaker)" }, { "id": "6800958", "score": "1.8841634", "text": "publishing rights to the song for a mere US$30 which later he split with Jacobs. Cahn then persuaded the still unknown Andrews Sisters to perform the song (recorded November 24, 1937). It became their first major hit, earning them a gold record, the first ever to a female vocal group. It was also a worldwide hit. Bei Mir Bist Du Schön was the theme song for the 1938 movie, \"Love, Honor and Behave\". Over time, the song grossed some $3 million, with Secunda and Jacobs missing significant royalties. In 1961, the copyright on the song expired, and the ownership reverted", "title": "Bei Mir Bistu Shein" }, { "id": "17650386", "score": "1.8790947", "text": "Pictures. The two split, with Coslow becoming a movie producer, and Spier starting a successful career as general manager of Chappell Music. While at Chappell, he was involved in such Broadway hits as \"Oklahoma!\", \"Bloomer Girl\", \"State Fair\", and \"South Pacific\". In 1938, Spier started Larry Spier Music Publishers Inc. to control \"Memory Lane\" and other copyrights. Among the songs it published was \"In the Beauty of Tahoe\" (1941) by Harold Adamson, Joe DiMaggio, and Pierce Norman. His son, Larry Spier Jr., began working at the company in 1950, and in 1955, took over as president, picking up where his", "title": "Memory Lane Music Group" }, { "id": "8230368", "score": "1.8661537", "text": "1962. In 1934 Noble assigned the copyright to British publisher Campbell, Connelly & Company. But before the copyright was renewed, Noble assigned the United States copyright to M. Witmark & Sons. Suit was brought by Campbell, Connelly against Noble, stating that the assignment covered all rights, including rights in the U.S. A British High Court judge ruled in favor of Campbell, Connelly. In Mitch Albom's best-selling book \"Tuesdays With Morrie\", Mitch's wife, Janine, sings this song to Morrie Schwartz. In 1946, Luis Russell recorded the song, which went to number three on the Most-Played Juke Box Race Records charts. A", "title": "The Very Thought of You" }, { "id": "10737421", "score": "1.8634982", "text": "Bros. Music Chairman Chuck Kaye led the company to purchase Chappell & Co. from PolyGram. It was ranked in 2010 by \"Music & Copyright\" as the world’s third-largest music publisher Among the songs in the company's library are \"Winter Wonderland\" and formerly \"Happy Birthday to You\" until the copyright of the song was invalidated in 2015 and put in the public domain the next year. In 2005, Warner/Chappell sold most of its printed music division, Warner Bros. Publications, to Alfred Publishing, and in 2006 launched the Pan European Digital Licensing (P.E.D.L.) initiative. In 2007, when Radiohead released \"In Rainbows\" through", "title": "Warner/Chappell Music" } ]

[ "Legends Football League", "Phoenix Scorch", "legends football league", "2013–14 lfl australia season", "LFL Canada", "lingerie football league", "Lingerie football", "san francisco seduction", "Lingerie Football League", "2013–14 LFL Australia season", "lfl europe", "phoenix scorch", "Lingerie Football", "lingerie football", "lfl canada", "San Francisco Seduction", "LFL Australia", "LFL Europe", "lfl australia" ]

[ { "id": "3094593", "score": "1.6968465", "text": "women from team logos and changing the league tagline from \"True Fantasy Football\" to \"Women of the Gridiron\". Playing style is full-contact and similar to other indoor football leagues. Uniforms consist of shoulder pads, elbow pads, knee pads, performance wear, and ice hockey-style helmets with clear plastic visors in lieu of face masks. Prior to the 2013 season, players wore garters, bras, and panties. There are no kickoffs, except the option for an on-side kick should the game be close near the end, nor field goals; halves and after scores begin on team's own 15-yard line. Kicking off after every", "title": "Legends Football League" }, { "id": "3094634", "score": "1.6644051", "text": "one point the league was marketed toward \"mostly beer-drinking college students aged 21 and up.\" The league has since attempted to reach a broader audience, including couples, kids, and families. The original uniforms of the Lingerie Football League consisted of an athletic bra and underwear that were more revealing than protective. The uniforms had lace and ribbons and the athletes all had to wear garter belts. The uniforms have received extensive criticism for their revealing nature. In an ESPN article, Sarah Spain, the co-host of espnW, wrote, \"After watching these women play, I can honestly say I respect the heck", "title": "Legends Football League" }, { "id": "6818273", "score": "1.6623861", "text": "Ofri Becker, merged with the AFI and began organized play with helmets, pads, referees and coaches with the AFI serving as governing body. The AFI has grown to five tackle and flag football leagues, including some 90 teams and over 1000 players. In each league, teams play in colored jerseys displaying the team sponsor. The Moshiko AFI men's contact league is six-on-six and played according to AFI rules. In 2008, Stevie's Boyz came back from a 21-0 deficit to upset Big Blue in the Holyland Bowl, the national flag football championship game. AFI operates a successful women's league, the WAFI,", "title": "American Football in Israel (organization)" }, { "id": "2586107", "score": "1.656362", "text": "Legends Cup (LFL) The Legends Cup, formerly known as the Lingerie Bowl, is the championship game of the Legends Football League (formerly Lingerie Football League). It features a game of full-contact American football with female athletes playing seven-on-seven tackle football. The players in the game wear helmets, shoulder pads, elbow pads, knee pads, bras and underwear. Originally played as an annual Super Bowl halftime alternative shown on pay-per-view TV, Lingerie Bowl I aired during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Team Euphoria losing to the Team Dream by a score of 6-0. Two more games were subsequently played (Lingerie Bowl", "title": "Legends Cup (LFL)" }, { "id": "19654986", "score": "1.629754", "text": "A7FL American 7s Football League (\"A7FL\") is a semi-professional traveling league in the United States which plays a seven-man version of American football named American 7s Football. Launched in 2015, its games are played without football helmets or other protective equipment. The A7FL is the highest level of competition in American 7s football. Founded in 2014 with play commencing the following year, the A7FL plays an eight-game schedule running from March to June. It primarily attracts semi-professional football players seeking opportunities to stay in-shape during spring. In 2016, the league participated in a safety study led by the New Jersey", "title": "A7FL" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Unusual articles" }, { "id": "19091208", "score": "1.6278732", "text": "own uniforms, made of heavy canvas with black and white stripes. On November 13, 1887 the Virginia Cavaliers and Pantops Academy fought to a scoreless tie in the first organized football game in the state of Virginia. Students at UVA were playing pickup games of the kicking-style of football as early as 1870, and some accounts even claim that some industrious ones organized a game against Washington and Lee College in 1871, just two years after Rutgers and Princeton's historic first game in 1869. But no record has been found of the score of this contest. Washington and Lee also", "title": "Early history of American football" }, { "id": "8447325", "score": "1.6267283", "text": "allowing players to better grip the ball. American football players wear much bulkier protective equipment, such as a padded plastic helmet, shoulder pads, hip pads and knee pads. These protective pads were introduced decades ago and have improved ever since to help minimize lasting injury to players. An American football helmet consists of a hard plastic top with thick padding on the inside, a facemask made of one or more metal bars, and a chinstrap used to secure the helmet. An unintended consequence of all the safety equipment has resulted in increasing levels of force in the game which, unprotected", "title": "Comparison of American football and rugby union" }, { "id": "12363153", "score": "1.6121655", "text": "several non-contact variants of American football, such as flag football. In flag football the ballcarrier is not tackled; instead, defenders aim to pull a flag tied around their waist. Another variant, touch football, simply requires the ballcarrier to be touched to be considered downed. A game of touch football may require that the player be touched with either one or two hands to be considered down, depending on the rules used. American football American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron, is a team sport played by two teams of eleven", "title": "American football" }, { "id": "2586118", "score": "1.5957191", "text": "second placed teams of the 2013–14 LFL Australia season. Legends Cup (LFL) The Legends Cup, formerly known as the Lingerie Bowl, is the championship game of the Legends Football League (formerly Lingerie Football League). It features a game of full-contact American football with female athletes playing seven-on-seven tackle football. The players in the game wear helmets, shoulder pads, elbow pads, knee pads, bras and underwear. Originally played as an annual Super Bowl halftime alternative shown on pay-per-view TV, Lingerie Bowl I aired during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Team Euphoria losing to the Team Dream by a score of", "title": "Legends Cup (LFL)" }, { "id": "5178190", "score": "1.5956736", "text": "accepted by the IOC are building a competitive women's division, expanding the sport into Africa, and overcoming the current worldwide competitive imbalance that is in favor of American teams. Other codes of football share a common history with American football. Canadian football is a form of the game that evolved parallel to American football. While both games share a common history, there are some important differences between the two. A more modern sport that derives from American football is Arena football, designed to be played indoors inside of hockey or basketball arenas. The game was invented in 1981 by Jim", "title": "History of American football" }, { "id": "2857137", "score": "1.5779278", "text": "games related to modern rugby football and soccer (association football). American and Canadian football developed alongside each other and were originally more distinct before Canadian teams adopted features of the American game. Both varieties are distinguished from other football sports by their use of hard plastic helmets and shoulder pads, the forward pass, the system of downs, a number of unique rules and positions, measurement in customary units of yards (even in Canada, which mostly metricated in the 1970s, yards are still used), and a distinctive brown leather ball in the shape of a prolate spheroid with pointed ends. The", "title": "Gridiron football" }, { "id": "1285217", "score": "1.5778489", "text": "Arena Football League in 2003. A ball with red, white and blue panels was introduced in the American Indoor Football League in 2005 and used by its successors, as well as the Ultimate Indoor Football League of the early 2010s and the Can-Am Indoor Football League during its lone season in 2017. Footballs used in gridiron-style games have prominent points on both ends. The shape is generally credited to official Hugh \"Shorty\" Ray, who introduced the new ball in 1934 as a way to make the forward pass more effective. Law 2 of the game specifies that the ball is", "title": "Football (ball)" }, { "id": "4561459", "score": "1.5770854", "text": "1969). The red and orange look was recreated in 2009 during AFL Legacy Weekends to mark the 50th anniversary of the AFL's founding. The United States Football League, which played from February to July in its three-season existence from 1983 to 1985, allowed officials to wear black shorts. The United Football League, which launched play in October 2009, featured officials wearing solid red polo shirts without stripes with black numbers and black pants. As no teams in the league wore red or orange, there was no prospect of a clash of colors. From 2010, the UFL switched to a customized", "title": "Official (American football)" }, { "id": "6790137", "score": "1.5727844", "text": "immediate target to NFL players who considered American football the exclusive realm of Americans. Players were looking to take Yepremian's head off, and before his first kickoff his coach told him to run to the bench as soon as he kicked before his opponents could lay into him. Yepremian kicked off, then in a harried state ran to the wrong bench, finding himself sitting with the opposing team. Yepremian had never worn a helmet and at first decided not to use one with a face mask, but that changed during Week 4 of the 1966 season, when he was knocked", "title": "Garo Yepremian" }, { "id": "7907583", "score": "1.5715034", "text": "receivers. In this game, the thrower will assign point values for each catch; the first receiver to reach 500 points wins. Organized sandlot football has been around since as early as 1908; in that year, a circuit was launched in Rochester, New York after the city banned high school football in its schools. The circuit produced a team known as the Rochester Jeffersons, who later joined the National Football League as a charter member in 1920, as well as several other teams that lasted into the 1930s. Street football is usually played as a pick-up game and has very little", "title": "Street football (American)" }, { "id": "13751995", "score": "1.5684164", "text": "Full Color Football: The History of the American Football League Full Color Football: The History of the American Football League is a sports documentary miniseries that focuses on the American Football League (AFL, 1960–1969), recognized by many as the genesis of modern professional football. The 5-part series originally aired on the US pay-cable network Showtime in the fall of 2009 to coincide with the 50th anniversary season of both the AFL's founding and its original 8 teams. Reruns are currently airing on NFL Network. The show traces the history of the league using game broadcasts and highlight footage (some of", "title": "Full Color Football: The History of the American Football League" }, { "id": "6769303", "score": "1.5653434", "text": "3D players and in the 1960s an industrial designer named Lee Payne was showing Norman Sas a new set of player prototypes whose additional realism would change Electric Football forever. Tudor introduced these players on its first large game, the #600 model. Besides figures in five different realistic poses, Payne sold them on the idea of painting the figures using actual NFL uniform colors. He was instrumental in working with the creative services department of the NFL to obtain the NFL license for marketing the NFL uniformed teams. By now Payne was working directly for Tudor Games as head of", "title": "Electric Football" }, { "id": "4561457", "score": "1.5651414", "text": "trousers with a thin white stripe down the side. Officials also wear a black belt, black shoes, and a peaked cap. A letter indicating the role of each official appears on the back of the shirt at some levels, while NFL officials have numbers with a small letter or letters above. Shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks, an American flag was added to the shirts of NFL officials. The stripes were first introduced in the 1920s. Prior to this, plain white shirts were worn. College football referee Lloyd Olds is credited with the idea after a quarterback mistakenly handed", "title": "Official (American football)" }, { "id": "19091233", "score": "1.5627441", "text": "most important rule changes in the establishment of the modern game. As a result of the 1905–1906 reforms, mass formation plays became illegal and forward passes legal. Bradbury Robinson, playing for visionary coach Eddie Cochems at St. Louis University, threw the first legal pass in a September 5, 1906, game against Carroll College at Waukesha. Other important changes, formally adopted in 1910, were the requirements that at least seven offensive players be on the line of scrimmage at the time of the snap, that there be no pushing or pulling, and that interlocking interference (arms linked or hands on belts", "title": "Early history of American football" }, { "id": "20326724", "score": "1.5624673", "text": "of scrimmage, measurements in yards, players wearing hard plastic helmets and shoulder pads, more specialist positions and formations, among others. Walter Camp, known as the \"Father of American Football\", is credited with creating the system of downs and line of scrimmage rules in the 1880s that originally differentiate gridiron football from its older counterparts. Canada would later implement similar rules when the Ontario Rugby Football Union adopted the Burnside rules in 1903. Association football is the most popular sport in almost all North, Central American and Caribbean Countries. Unqualified, \"football\" is generally understood to refer to whichever form of football", "title": "Sports in North America" } ]

[ "Allied operations in World War II", "allied operations in world war ii" ]

[ { "id": "704343", "score": "1.8631006", "text": "the problem of Montgomery handling two invasions. Moreover, he proposed that FUSAG should represent the main Allied threat to the Germans, which they would expect to land around Calais. Once Operation Neptune landings had taken place, this should be passed off as a diversion to distract German defences from the main attack by FUSAG. The new Fortitude South came with six subsidiary plans, Quicksilver I-VI, with specific implementation details. For deceptions the Allies had developed a number of methodologies, referred to as \"special means\". They included combinations of physical deception, fake wireless activity, leaks through diplomatic channels, and double agents.", "title": "Operation Fortitude" }, { "id": "8614342", "score": "1.7644831", "text": "Eventually the Allies committed 39 divisions to the Battle of Normandy: 22 American, 12 British, three Canadian, one Polish, and one French, totalling over a million troops all under overall British command. \"Overlord\" was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale lodgement on the Continent. The first phase, the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold, was code-named Operation Neptune. To gain the required air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion, the Allies launched a bombing campaign (codenamed Operation Pointblank) to target German aircraft-production, fuel supplies, and airfields. Under the Transport Plan, communications infrastructure and road", "title": "Operation Overlord" }, { "id": "3045762", "score": "1.759581", "text": "deception operation conducted by the Allied Nations. It formed part of Operation Bodyguard, a broad strategic military deception intended to support the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in July 1944. Bodyguard was designed to confuse the Axis high command as to Allied intentions during the lead-up to the invasion. Operation Fortitude South was a sub-plan which called for the fabrication of a non-existent field army in South East England, with the aim of threatening an invasion in the Pas de Calais region of France. Fortitude had evolved from plans submitted by Noel Wild, head of Ops (B), and John Bevan,", "title": "Operation Quicksilver (deception plan)" }, { "id": "704350", "score": "1.7565039", "text": "give the impression of a much larger invasion force (the FUSAG) in the South-East of England, to achieve tactical surprise in the Normandy landings and, once the invasion had occurred, to mislead the Germans into thinking it a diversionary tactic with Calais the real objective. The key element of Fortitude South was Operation Quicksilver. It entailed the creation of the belief in German minds that the Allied force consisted of two army groups, 21st Army Group under Montgomery (the genuine Normandy invasion force), and 1st U.S. Army Group (FUSAG) (a fictitious force under General George Patton), positioned in south eastern", "title": "Operation Fortitude" }, { "id": "3045764", "score": "1.7551782", "text": "a realistic threat to the Calais region. Quicksilver was Strangeways implementation plan for Fortitude South, it consisted of six sections focused on the creation of the First United States Army Group (FUSAG). The Allied story for FUSAG was that the army group, based in south-east England, would invade the Pas de Calais region several weeks after a smaller diversionary landing in Normandy. The order of battle for the army was intended to represent, to the German viewpoint, the bulk of Allied forces in England. Quicksilver was the code name for a number of physical deceptions to support the fabrication of", "title": "Operation Quicksilver (deception plan)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Operation Fortitude\n\nOperation Fortitude was the code name for a World War II military deception employed by the Allied nations as part of an overall deception strategy (code named \"Bodyguard\") during the build-up to the 1944 Normandy landings. Fortitude was divided into two sub-plans, North and South, with the aim of misleading the German High Command as to the location of the invasion.\n\nFortitude had evolved from plans submitted by Noel Wild, head of Ops (B), and John Bevan, from the London Controlling Section in late 1943. Early revisions in January 1944 suggested a fictional build up of troops in southern England with the hope of drawing German attention to the Calais region. Colonel David Strangeways, head of Montgomery's R Force deception staff, was unimpressed with the approach. Strangeways was widely critical of the original plan and eventually re-wrote the Fortitude deception with a focus on creating a more realistic threat.\n\nBoth Fortitude plans involved the creation of phantom field armies (based in Edinburgh and the south of England) which threatened Norway (Fortitude North) and Pas de Calais (Fortitude South). The operation was intended to divert Axis attention away from Normandy and, after the invasion on 6 June 1944, to delay reinforcement by convincing the Germans that the landings were purely a diversionary attack.", "title": "Operation Fortitude" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Operation Copperhead\n\nOperation Copperhead was a small military deception operation run by the British during the Second World War. It formed part of Operation Bodyguard, the cover plan for the invasion of Normandy in 1944, and was intended to mislead German intelligence as to the location of General Bernard Montgomery. The operation was conceived by Dudley Clarke in early 1944 after he watched the film \"Five Graves to Cairo\". Following the war M. E. Clifton James wrote a book about the operation, \"I Was Monty's Double\". It was later adapted into a film, with James in the lead role.\n\nThe German high command expected Montgomery (one of the best-known Allied commanders) to play a key role in any cross-channel bridgehead. Clarke and the other deception planners reasoned that a high-profile appearance outside the United Kingdom would suggest that an Allied invasion was not imminent. An appropriate look-alike was found, M. E. Clifton James, who spent a short time with Montgomery to familiarise himself with the general's mannerisms. On 26 May 1944, James flew first to Gibraltar and then to Algiers, making appearances where the Allies knew German intelligence agents would spot him. He then flew secretly to Cairo and remained in hiding until Montgomery's public appearance in Normandy following the invasion.\n\nThe operation did not appear to have any significant impact on German plans and was not reported high up the chain of command. It was executed some time before D-Day, and in the mid of several other Allied deceptions. German intelligence might have suspected a trick, or not attributed much importance to the visit.", "title": "Operation Copperhead" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of military operations in the West European Theater during ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Language learning centre/Word list" }, { "id": "3045760", "score": "1.7346208", "text": "Operation Quicksilver (deception plan) Operation Quicksilver was a Second World War military deception. Undertaken by the Allies in 1944, the operation threatened an invasion of France in the Pas de Calais region through the simulation of a large Field Army in South East England. Quicksilver formed part of the Operation Fortitude deception, itself part of the strategic Operation Bodyguard plan. The key element of Quicksilver was the creation in German minds that \"First United States Army Group\" (FUSAG) commanded by General George Patton supposedly would land in the Pas-de-Calais for the major invasion of Europe, after the landings in Normandy", "title": "Operation Quicksilver (deception plan)" }, { "id": "10345669", "score": "1.6687657", "text": "Glimmer and Operation Taxable. Operation Accumulator Operation Accumulator was an Allied naval operation near the Channel Islands on the night of 12/13 June 1944, in support of Operation Overlord, the invasion of France. As part of Operation Fortitude, a series of deception operations had been used to divert attention from the Allied landings by suggesting that a second invasion force was still waiting to land. This caused the defenders to divert their forces from the fighting in Normandy, holding them in reserve for an invasion in the Pas de Calais, to the east. Some days after the initial landings, it", "title": "Operation Accumulator" }, { "id": "3045767", "score": "1.6649708", "text": "invasion force opposite Pas de Calais, the point on the French coast closest to England and therefore a likely invasion site. The deception was so effective that the Germans kept 15 reserve divisions near Calais even after the invasion had begun at Normandy, lest it prove to be a diversion from the \"real\" invasion at Calais. Contrary to a widespread misconception, the FUSAG deception was not primarily implemented with dummy tanks, airplanes, or other dummy equipment, since at that stage of the war the Germans were unable to fly reconnaissance planes over England and such effort would have been wasted.", "title": "Operation Quicksilver (deception plan)" }, { "id": "3045768", "score": "1.657109", "text": "Dummy landing craft were stationed at ports in eastern and southeastern England where they might be observed by the Germans. (The Allies did possess extensive dummy equipment, which was used in North Africa and later in continental Europe.) Operation Quicksilver (deception plan) Operation Quicksilver was a Second World War military deception. Undertaken by the Allies in 1944, the operation threatened an invasion of France in the Pas de Calais region through the simulation of a large Field Army in South East England. Quicksilver formed part of the Operation Fortitude deception, itself part of the strategic Operation Bodyguard plan. The key", "title": "Operation Quicksilver (deception plan)" }, { "id": "3045765", "score": "1.606833", "text": "FUSAG, including wireless deception, troop movements and bombing campaigns. Quicksilver was subdivided into six subplans numbered I through VI: The operation was carried out by means of false radio signals purporting to show units massing in southeastern England, together with false reports to German intelligence by double agents provided by the Double Cross System. Allowing one of the double agents to claim to have stolen documents describing the closely guarded invasion plans might have aroused suspicion. Instead, agents were allowed to report minutiae such as insignia on soldiers' uniforms and unit markings on vehicles. The observations in the south-central areas", "title": "Operation Quicksilver (deception plan)" }, { "id": "3045766", "score": "1.6018004", "text": "largely gave accurate information about the units located there: the actual invasion forces. Reports from southwest England indicated few troop sightings, when in reality many units were housed there. Reports from the southeast depicted the real and the notional Quicksilver forces. Any military planner would know that to mount a massive invasion of Europe from England, Allied units had to be staged around the country, with those that would land first nearest to the invasion point. German intelligence used the agent reports to construct an order of battle for the Allied forces that placed the center of gravity of the", "title": "Operation Quicksilver (deception plan)" }, { "id": "8614353", "score": "1.5745294", "text": "(AVREs) were modified for many tasks, including laying bridges and firing large charges into pillboxes. The Duplex-Drive tank (DD tank), another design developed by Hobart's group, was a self-propelled amphibious tank kept afloat using a waterproof canvas screen inflated with compressed air. These tanks were easily swamped, and on D-Day many sank before reaching the shore, especially at Omaha. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted Operation Bodyguard, the overall strategy designed to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings. Operation Fortitude included Fortitude North, a misinformation campaign using", "title": "Operation Overlord" }, { "id": "1863918", "score": "1.57287", "text": "and speed up the capture of Cherbourg. The need to acquire or produce extra landing craft for the expanded operation meant that the invasion had to be delayed to June. Eventually, thirty-nine Allied divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy: twenty-two US, twelve British, three Canadian, one Polish, and one French, totalling over a million troops all under overall British command. Operation Overlord was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale lodgement on the Continent. The first phase, the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold, was codenamed Operation Neptune. To gain the air superiority", "title": "Normandy landings" }, { "id": "10345666", "score": "1.5716565", "text": "Operation Accumulator Operation Accumulator was an Allied naval operation near the Channel Islands on the night of 12/13 June 1944, in support of Operation Overlord, the invasion of France. As part of Operation Fortitude, a series of deception operations had been used to divert attention from the Allied landings by suggesting that a second invasion force was still waiting to land. This caused the defenders to divert their forces from the fighting in Normandy, holding them in reserve for an invasion in the Pas de Calais, to the east. Some days after the initial landings, it was decided to mount", "title": "Operation Accumulator" }, { "id": "3045763", "score": "1.5575278", "text": "from the London Controlling Section in late 1943. Early revisions in January 1944 suggested a fictional build up of troops in southern England with the hope of drawing German attention to the Calais region. Colonel David Strangeways, head of Montgomery's R Force deception staff, was unimpressed with the approach. He had worked under Dudley Clarke in Cairo during the early war. There he had learned Clarke's maxim that deception relied on getting the enemy to do something, not just think something. Strangeways was widely critical of the original plan and eventually re-wrote the Fortitude deception with a focus on creating", "title": "Operation Quicksilver (deception plan)" }, { "id": "1863978", "score": "1.554044", "text": "Operation Gambit Operation Gambit was a part of Operation Neptune, the landing phase of the invasion of northern France (Overlord) during the Second World War. Gambit involved two X class submarines (British midget submarines) marking the ends of the Anglo-Canadian invasion beaches. Using navigation lights and flags, the submarines indicated the western and eastern limits of Sword and Juno. \"X20\" and \"X23\" arrived in position on 4 June and due to the delay caused by bad weather, remained in position until on 6 June (D-Day) when they surfaced, erected the navigational aids, an telescopic mast with a light shining to", "title": "Operation Gambit" }, { "id": "7739551", "score": "1.5528549", "text": "double agents, Operation Fortitude South attempted to inflate the size of the Allied force in England and develop a threat against the Pas-de-Calais (rather than Normandy, the real target of Operation Overlord). As D-Day approached, Allied planners moved on to tactical deceptions (roughly under the umbrella of Fortitude) to help cover the progress of the real invasion forces. The D-Day naval deceptions (Taxable and Glimmer) were planned for the eve of the Normandy landings to develop threats against the Pas-de-Calais involving No. 218 Squadron and No. 617 Squadron of the Royal Air Force and Harbour Defence Motor Launch's of the", "title": "Operation Titanic" }, { "id": "9537744", "score": "1.5507183", "text": "fighters to be moved away from the Overlord beaches to defend the plants. Tedder concluded that a committee needed to study the pre-Overlord targeting, but when the committee met in March, no consensus was reached. On March 25, 1944 Portal chaired a meeting of the generals and restated the Pointblank objective of air superiority was still the highest CBO priority. Although the \"Joint Chiefs of Staff\" had previously argued that it was impossible to impede German military rail traffic due to the large reserve capacity, for the secondary priority Portal identified that pre-invasion railyard attacks only needed to reduce traffic", "title": "Combined Bomber Offensive" }, { "id": "17348382", "score": "1.5457727", "text": "to consult with the British command before this could be approved. Colonel G. S. Eyster from G-3 was then ordered to prepare an American plan, under the codename Operation Peppermint. Further briefings were given to Admiral Harold Stark, and Lieutenant Generals Carl Spaatz and John C. H. Lee, and Eisenhower also wrote to Lieutenant General Hastings Ismay, the Chief of Staff of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill to inform the British Chiefs of Staff, but no British or American commanders actually participating in Operation Overlord were informed. The British subsequently adopted a similar plan to Operation", "title": "Operation Peppermint" }, { "id": "8614331", "score": "1.5439107", "text": "Operation Overlord Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings (Operation Neptune, commonly known as D-Day). A 1,200-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving more than 5,000 vessels. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June, and more than two million Allied troops were in France by the end of August. The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion in 1944 was taken at the Trident Conference in", "title": "Operation Overlord" } ]

[ "new orleans louisiana u s", "City of New Orleans", "big easy", "New Orleans, LA", "La Nouvelle-Orléans", "no orleans", "little woods new orleans", "city of new orleans louisiana", "Nouvelle-Orleans", "New Orlians", "nola", "The City of New Orleans", "orleans parish louisiana", "New Orleans, Lousiana", "orleans parish city of new orleans louisiana", "No Orleans", "Little Woods, New Orleans", "Nouvelle-Orléans", "orleans parish new orleans louisiana", "n awlins", "cresent city", "Parish of Orleans", "No Orleans, Louisiana", "nawlins", "City of new orleans", "Nawlins", "New orleans", "un locode usmsy", "new orleans usa", "north shore broadcasting", "new orleans lousiana", "New Orleans , LA", "City of New Orleans, Louisiana", "orléans louisiana", "Norleans", "New Orléans", "new orléans la", "new orleans", "new orleans la", "nova orleans", "Orleans Parish", "new orlians", "New Orleans", "The Crescent City", "North Shore Broadcasting", "choppa city", "The Big EZ", "Orleans, Louisiana", "orleans parrish", "New Orlean", "new orleans louisiana usa", "New Orleans, Louisiana", "Orleans Parish/City of New Orleans, Louisiana", "La Nouvelle-Orleans", "Choppa city", "Big Easy", "New Orléans, LA", "New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.", "norleans", "N'awlins", "orleans parish", "New Orleans (La.)", "New Orléans, Louisiana", "New Orleans (LA)", "new orléans louisiana", "Orleans Parish, Louisiana", "crescent city", "entercom new orleans", "NOLA", "la nouvelle orléans", "new orleans county", "Entercom (New Orleans)", "new orlean", "no orleans louisiana", "New Orleans, USA", "Orléans, Louisiana", "UN/LOCODE:USMSY", "orleans louisiana", "Orleans Parish, LA", "Big EZ", "Orleans Parish/New Orleans, Louisiana", "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA", "Orleans Parrish", "big ez", "Nova Orleans", "la nouvelle orleans", "Cresent City", "New Orleans, La.", "nouvelle orléans", "nouvelle orleans", "new orléans", "The Big Easy", "city of new orleans", "orleans parish la", "city that care forgot", "new orleans louisiana", "The City That Care Forgot", "New Orleans County", "parish of orleans" ]

[ { "id": "11326653", "score": "1.6608332", "text": "largest of such camps in the United States. By the time the camp closed in 1946, more than 4,030 prisoners had been detained there. The camp had initially been established as a military post in 1895 to replace Fort Abraham Lincoln located south of Mandan. On April 6, 1952, the Missouri River crested at 27.9 feet, resulting in the city's worst flood in forty-two years. Nearly everything south of the railroad was underwater. Two hundred homes were destroyed and the Wachter family reported a loss of three hundred cattle. The flood of 1952 remains the largest recent flooding for the", "title": "History of Bismarck, North Dakota" }, { "id": "683221", "score": "1.6441407", "text": "American tribe occupied the area long before Europeans arrived. The Hidatsa name of Bismarck is \"mirahacii arumaaguash\" (\"Place of the tall willows\"); the Arikara name is \"ituhtaáwe [itUhtaáwe].\" In 1872 European Americans founded a settlement at what was then called Missouri Crossing, so named because the Lewis and Clark Expedition crossed the river there on their exploration of the Louisiana Purchase in 1804-1806. It had been an area of Mandan settlement. Later the new town was called Edwinton, after Edwin Ferry Johnson (1803–1872), engineer-in-chief for the Northern Pacific Railway. Its construction of railroads in the territory attracted workers and settlers.", "title": "Bismarck, North Dakota" }, { "id": "683241", "score": "1.6417389", "text": "\"Lewis and Clark\" passenger riverboat plies the Missouri; Fox Island Landing, about a half mile southwest of Riverwood Golf Course; and the Bismarck Dock at General Sibley Park, which has a boat ramp and picnic facilities. Near Bismarck are several dammed lakes, including McDowell Dam Lake, east of the city; Harmon Lake, north of neighboring Mandan on the west side of the river; and two lakes several miles west of the city. In February 2007, Bismarck broke the record for the most snow angels made in one place. A total of 8,962 participants came to the capitol grounds for the", "title": "Bismarck, North Dakota" }, { "id": "285661", "score": "1.6151731", "text": "Forks and Devils Lake are in scenic areas of North Dakota. West Fargo, the fifth largest city in North Dakota, is one of the fastest growing cities. and was recognized as a Playful City USA by KaBOOM! in 2011. Williston is near the confluence of the Missouri River and the Yellowstone River near Montana. Medora in the North Dakota Badlands hosts the Medora Musical every summer and is the gateway to Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Fort Yates, along the Missouri River on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, claims to host the final resting place of Hunkpapa Lakota leader Sitting Bull", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "id": "11326644", "score": "1.6045756", "text": "Northern Pacific, which survived bankruptcy and continued the railroad. Upon emerging from bankruptcy, construction immediately commenced on a $1 million bridge to span the Missouri River. The first passenger train crossed the Missouri in 1882, bringing never-ending traffic to the area. The territorial capital of Dakota Territory was moved from Yankton to Bismarck in 1883, putting Bismarck in the national spotlight. Local political boss Alexander McKenzie is credited for achieving the new role for Bismarck. When the Dakota Territory was split into two states, North Dakota and South Dakota, Jamestown, ND was chosen as the new state capital for North", "title": "History of Bismarck, North Dakota" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Missouri River\n\nThe Missouri River is the longest river in the United States. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of the Eastern Centennial Mountains of Southwestern Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for <ref name=\"modifications\"/> before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river drains a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 km), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. Although a tributary of the Mississippi, the Missouri River is marginally longer<ref name=\"USGS\"/> and carries a comparable volume of water.<ref name=\"missouriflow\"/><ref name=\"MississippiStLouis\"/> When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the world's fourth longest river system.<ref name=\"RiversWorld\" />\n\nFor over 12,000 years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source of sustenance and transportation. More than ten major groups of Native Americans populated the watershed, most leading a nomadic lifestyle and dependent on enormous bison herds that roamed through the Great Plains. The first Europeans encountered the river in the late seventeenth century, and the region passed through Spanish and French hands before becoming part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase.\n\nThe Missouri River was one of the main routes for the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century. The growth of the fur trade in the early 19th century laid much of the groundwork as trappers explored the region and blazed trails. Pioneers headed west \"en masse\" beginning in the 1830s, first by covered wagon, then by the growing numbers of steamboats that entered service on the river. Conflict between settlers and Native Americans in the watershed led to some of the most longstanding and violent of the American Indian Wars.\n\nDuring the 20th century, the Missouri River basin was extensively developed for irrigation, flood control, and the generation of hydroelectric power. Fifteen dams impound the main stem of the river, with hundreds more on tributaries. Meanders have been cut off and the river channelized to improve navigation, reducing its length by almost from pre-development times. Although the lower Missouri valley is now a populous and highly productive agricultural and industrial region, heavy development has taken its toll on wildlife and fish populations as well as water quality.", "title": "Missouri River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lewis and Clark Expedition\n\nThe Lewis and Clark Expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the United States expedition to cross the newly acquired western portion of the country after the Louisiana Purchase. The Corps of Discovery was a select group of U.S. Army and civilian volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend Second Lieutenant William Clark. Clark and 30 members set out from Camp Dubois, Illinois, on May 14, 1804, met Lewis and ten other members of the group in St. Charles, Missouri, then went up the Missouri River. The expedition crossed the Continental Divide of the Americas near the Lemhi Pass, eventually coming to the Columbia River, and the Pacific Ocean in 1805. The return voyage began on March 23, 1806, at Fort Clatsop, Oregon, and ended on September 23 of the same year.\n\nPresident Thomas Jefferson commissioned the expedition shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 to explore and to map the newly acquired territory, to find a practical route across the western half of the continent, and to establish an American presence in this territory before European powers attempted to establish claims in the region. The campaign's secondary objectives were scientific and economic: to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to establish trade with local Native American tribes. The expedition returned to St. Louis to report its findings to Jefferson, with maps, sketches, and journals in hand.", "title": "Lewis and Clark Expedition" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sacagawea\n\nSacagawea ( or ; also spelled Sakakawea or Sacajawea; May – December 20, 1812 or April 9, 1884) was a Lemhi Shoshone woman who, in her teens, helped the Lewis and Clark Expedition in achieving their chartered mission objectives by exploring the Louisiana Territory. Sacagawea traveled with the expedition thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean, helping to establish cultural contacts with Native American people and contributing to the expedition's knowledge of natural history in different regions.\n\nThe National American Woman Suffrage Association of the early 20th century adopted her as a symbol of women's worth and independence, erecting several statues and plaques in her memory, and doing much to recount her accomplishments.", "title": "Sacagawea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Northern Pacific Railway\n\nThe Northern Pacific Railway was a transcontinental railroad that operated across the northern tier of the western United States, from Minnesota to the Pacific Northwest. It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly of land grants, which it used to raise money in Europe for construction.\n\nConstruction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific when former President Ulysses S. Grant drove in the final \"golden spike\" in western Montana on September 8, 1883. The railroad had about of track and served a large area, including extensive trackage in the states of Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin. In addition, the NP had an international branch to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The main activities were shipping wheat and other farm products, cattle, timber, and minerals; bringing in consumer goods, transporting passengers; and selling land.\n\nThe Northern Pacific was headquartered in Minnesota, first in Brainerd, then in Saint Paul. It had a tumultuous financial history; the NP merged with other lines in 1970 to form the Burlington Northern Railroad, which in turn merged with the Santa Fe Railway to become the BNSF Railway in 1996.", "title": "Northern Pacific Railway" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Interstate 94\n\nInterstate 94 (I-94) is an east–west Interstate Highway connecting the Great Lakes and northern Great Plains regions of the United States. Its western terminus is just east of Billings, Montana, at a junction with I-90; its eastern terminus is in Port Huron, Michigan, where it meets with I-69 and crosses the Blue Water Bridge into Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, where the route becomes Ontario Highway 402. It thus lies along the primary overland route from Seattle (via I-90) to Toronto (via Ontario Highway 401) and is the only east–west Interstate Highway to have a direct connection to Canada.\n\nI-94 intersects with I-90 several times: at its western terminus; Tomah to Madison in Wisconsin; in Chicago, Illinois; and in Lake Station, Indiana. Major cities that I-94 connects to are Billings, Bismarck, Fargo, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Madison, Milwaukee, Chicago, and Detroit.", "title": "Interstate 94" }, { "id": "11326642", "score": "1.5945919", "text": "Their population is estimated to have ranged from about 10,000 to 20,000 during those years. The Mandans had a farming-based culture and lived in earth lodges. Edwinton was founded in 1872 when the North Pacific Railway reached the eastern banks of the Missouri River. The first buildings constructed were at present-day Camp Hancock, then known as Camp Greeley, which was established as an infantry post and supply depot to ensure expansion of the railroad. The name was changed to “Bismarck” one year later to honor the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck. When Burleigh County was organized in 1873, Bismarck became", "title": "History of Bismarck, North Dakota" }, { "id": "262540", "score": "1.592714", "text": "the Missouri River mackinaw, which specialized in carrying furs. Since these boats could only travel downriver, they were dismantled and sold for lumber upon their arrival at St. Louis. Water transport increased through the 1850s with multiple craft ferrying pioneers, emigrants and miners; many of these runs were from St. Louis or Independence to near Omaha. There, most of these people would set out overland along the large but shallow and unnavigable Platte River, which was described by pioneers as \"a mile wide and an inch deep\" and \"the most magnificent and useless of rivers\". Steamboat navigation peaked in 1858", "title": "Missouri River" }, { "id": "11326664", "score": "1.5842228", "text": "flooding evacuated 1700 citizens in or near the Fox Island and South Port. Much of south Bismarck or south of Bismarck Expressway was flooded or flooding. A similar occurrence also happened in 2011. History of Bismarck, North Dakota Bismarck is the capital of the state of North Dakota, the county seat of Burleigh County, and the second most populous city in North Dakota after Fargo. The city was formed in 1872 as \"Edwinton\" after Edwin Ferry Johnson, a chief engineer for the Northern Pacific Railway company, when the railroad reached the eastern banks of the Missouri River. The name was", "title": "History of Bismarck, North Dakota" }, { "id": "9432446", "score": "1.574513", "text": "highway. At approximately mile marker 275 on the westbound lanes between Jamestown and Valley City, the highway crosses the Laurentian Continental Divide, at an elevation of above sea level. The rivers that are west of this divide flow South into the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Mexico, while the rivers that are east of the divide flow North into Hudson Bay. The James River, that flows through Jamestown, feeds into the Atlantic Ocean, while the Sheyenne River, that flows through Valley City ( east of Jamestown), feeds into Hudson Bay. In Fargo, a well-known yet unnamed pedestrian bridge crosses", "title": "Interstate 94 in North Dakota" }, { "id": "4444397", "score": "1.5708563", "text": "buffet, and 24 lounge table seats were installed on the dome level, which made Northern Pacific advertise the rebuilt dome sleepers as “Lounge in the Sky.” The scenic route went west across northern Illinois to the Mississippi River at Savanna, Illinois and then followed the Mississippi through La Crosse, Wisconsin, St. Paul, and Minneapolis in Minnesota as far as Little Falls, Minnesota. North Dakota cities served include Fargo, Bismarck, and Dickinson. Crossing Montana, the train passed through Glendive, Billings, Livingston, Bozeman, Butte, and Missoula. After passing through Sandpoint, the train made stops at Spokane, Pasco, Yakima, and East Auburn (a", "title": "North Coast Limited" }, { "id": "11326648", "score": "1.5677886", "text": "competitor to the Patterson for decades. The Grand Pacific attracted more of a family audience than the Patterson. Finney's Drug was located on the first floor of the building for most of its tenure. In 1963, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy addressed the National Congress of American Indians at the hotel. The first vehicular bridge in the region to span the Missouri River was completed in 1922. The Liberty Memorial Bridge completed the coast-to-coast link of U.S. Highway 10, and remained the only vehicular bridge within 500 miles for many years. Within two years of its completion, the bridge was", "title": "History of Bismarck, North Dakota" }, { "id": "3362906", "score": "1.564218", "text": "City, Kansas. By 1846, the Great Flood of 1844's damage to up-river traffic was fixed, as primitive dredging had opened up the Missouri River as far as the Platte River confluence near Kanesville, Iowa (later renamed Council Bluffs). By 1853, Omaha, Nebraska, on the west bank, became the starting point of choice for many, as armed conflicts in \"Bleeding Kansas\" made travel across Kansas more hazardous. Many emigrants from the eastern seaboard traveled from the east coast across the Allegheny Mountains to Brownsville, Pennsylvania (a barge building and outfitting center) or Pittsburgh and thence down the Ohio River on flatboats", "title": "California Trail" }, { "id": "683240", "score": "1.5641286", "text": "the Battle of the Greasy Grass). The park includes On-a-Slant Village, a partially rebuilt earth lodge village once occupied by people of the historic Mandan tribe. Guided tours of both sites are offered in the summertime. There are also a museum on park history, nature trails, and a campground. Hunting and fishing are popular in the area, with hunting seasons for deer, pheasant, and waterfowl. Fishing is a year-round sport on the Missouri River bordering Bismarck, and there are public docks on the river. From north to south, there is a dock at the Port of Bismarck, from which the", "title": "Bismarck, North Dakota" }, { "id": "683220", "score": "1.5593374", "text": "to the Union. Bismarck is across the river from Mandan, named after a historic Native American tribe of the area. The two cities make up the core of the Bismarck-Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area. The North Dakota State Capitol, the tallest building in the state, is in central Bismarck. The state government employs more than 4,000 in the city. As a hub of retail and health care, Bismarck is the economic center of south-central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota. For thousands of years, present-day central North Dakota was inhabited by indigenous peoples, who created successive cultures. The historic Mandan Native", "title": "Bismarck, North Dakota" }, { "id": "16503578", "score": "1.5537326", "text": "Ohio rivers and eventually past Niagara Falls to the coast of the North Atlantic. From there, he retraced his steps to the Mississippi, then turned north and reached the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, near present-day St. Louis. He followed the Missouri River to its headwaters, in what is now Montana, before crossing the Great Divide and continuing his journey westward on a waterway he says local tribes called \"The Beautiful River\". That river, probably a tributary of the Columbia, took him into the Pacific Northwest and eventually to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Later European and", "title": "Moncacht-Apé" }, { "id": "592144", "score": "1.5496798", "text": "banks. There a passage could be made with a lot of shovel work to cut down the banks or the travelers could find an already established crossing. Those emigrants on the eastern side of the Missouri River in Missouri or Iowa used ferries and steamboats (fitted out for ferry duty) to cross into towns in Nebraska. Several towns in Nebraska were used as \"jumping off places\" with Omaha eventually becoming a favorite after about 1855. Fort Kearny (est. 1848) is about from the Missouri River, and the trail and its many offshoots nearly all converged close to Fort Kearny as", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "id": "683226", "score": "1.549", "text": "in this neighborhood date to the 1880s, although many were built in the first decades of the 20th century. At times, the city has proposed widening the streets in the neighborhood to improve traffic flow. Many residents object because such a project would require the removal of many of the towering American elms which line the streets. These have escaped the elm disease that destroyed street canopies of trees in Eastern cities. After the completion of Garrison Dam in 1953 by the Army Corps of Engineers, which improved flood control, the floodplain of the Missouri River became a more practical", "title": "Bismarck, North Dakota" }, { "id": "17162736", "score": "1.5446324", "text": "sought proved to be Sacagawea's brother. The expedition spent the winter of 1804–1805 encamped near the site of Bismarck, North Dakota. They left there on April 7, 1805 and came within view of the Pacific Ocean, near Astoria, Oregon, on November 7. After exploring the area, they departed eastward on March 23, 1806 and arrived in St. Louis six months to the day later. Only one of the expedition members died en route, most likely of appendicitis. While they did not find the mammoths or salt mountains reputed to be in the American West, \"these were a small loss compared", "title": "Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar" }, { "id": "2584893", "score": "1.5438783", "text": "summer or Browning in the winterthe train crosses Marias Pass and enters the Northern Plains of eastern Montana and North Dakota. The land changes from prairie to forest as it travels through Minnesota. From Saint Paul Union Depot, the train crosses the Mississippi River at Hastings, Minnesota and passes through southeastern Minnesota cities on or near Lake Pepin before crossing the Mississippi again at La Crosse, Wisconsin. It passes through rural southern Wisconsin, turns south at Milwaukee, and ends at Chicago Union Station. In recent years, oil production workers traveling to the Bakken oil fields have frequently traveled on the", "title": "Empire Builder" }, { "id": "17893180", "score": "1.5422041", "text": "Fort Benton, Montana, which was the upper terminus of river travel on the Missouri. In 1872 the \"Far West\" made the quickest trip on record from Sioux City, Iowa, to Fort Benton, Montana – seventeen days, twenty hours – with Mark Coulson as master. In 1876, the \"Far West\" was contracted by the United States Army to be part of the Custer/Terry military expedition against the Sioux Indians. The \"Far West\" was used to ferry supplies from the rail head at Bismarck up the Missouri to the Montana Territory, and then up the Yellowstone River where the military column was", "title": "Far West (steamship)" } ]

[ "cats", "Domestic Cat", "Tom (cat)", "domestic cat", "domestic housecats", "Felis domesticus", "felis cattus", "Felis cattus domesticus", "Domestic Cats", "Felix domesticus", "House cats", "f domesticus", "Felis catus", "f catus", "tom cat", "Felis silverstris catus", "feline sexual behavior", "Domestic housecats", "Pet cat", "felis domesticus", "Cats have 9 lives", "felis silvestris catus", "Felis cattus", "cat animal", "moggy", "felis domesticus catus", "felis silverstris catus", "Felis silvestris catus", "felix domesticus", "common housecat", "Asocial Aggression", "housecats", "Felis sylvestris catus", "felis familiaris", "Feline sexual behavior", "Domestic Feline", "F. domesticus", "Domesticated cat", "midnight crazies", "feline asocial aggression", "goyang i", "A Cat", "moggie", "Felis Silvestris Catus", "Moggies", "domesticated cat", "asocial aggression", "felis silvestris domesticus", "alley cat", "Common housecat", "pet cat", "Housecat", "House Cat", "🐱", "felis catus domesticus", "cats have 9 lives", "Moggie", "Felis silvestris domesticus", "domestic feline", "cat baths", "🐈", "Cat", "Cats", "house cats", "house cat", "F. catus", "Housecats", "Felis Catus", "Felis familiaris", "felis sylvestris catus", "Cat (animal)", "cat", "felis catus", "Cat poison", "Alley-cat", "domestic cats", "😻", "House cat", "moggies", "Goyangi", "housecat", "Domestic cats", "Felis domesticus catus", "Midnight crazies", "Felis catus Domesticus", "felis cattus domesticus", "Goyang-i", "Evening Crazies", "Cat baths", "evening crazies", "Feline Asocial Aggression", "Felis catus domesticus", "Moggy", "Domestic feline", "goyangi", "Domestic cat", "cat poison" ]

[ { "id": "8094165", "score": "2.04907", "text": "symbol of fidelity) in the \"Arnolfini Portrait\". In this case, Clark continued to have affairs with men and women, which contributed to the breakdown of the marriage in 1974: Hockney's depiction of the couple together but separated foreshadows their divorce. The informal interior scene littered with symbolic objects echoes Victorian paintings, such as Ford Madox Brown's \"The Awakening Conscience\". Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy is a painting by the British artist David Hockney. Painted between 1970 and 1971, it depicts the fashion designer Ossie Clark and the textile designer Celia Birtwell in their", "title": "Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy" }, { "id": "8094159", "score": "2.0224447", "text": "Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy is a painting by the British artist David Hockney. Painted between 1970 and 1971, it depicts the fashion designer Ossie Clark and the textile designer Celia Birtwell in their flat, shortly after their wedding, with one of the couple's cats on Clark's knee. The white cat depicted in the painting was Blanche; Percy was another of their cats, but Hockney thought \"Percy\" made a better title. The work is part of a series of double portraits made by Hockney from 1968, often portraying his friends. Hockney and Clark", "title": "Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy" }, { "id": "8094160", "score": "1.933189", "text": "had been friends since meeting in Manchester in 1961, and Hockney was Clark's best man at his wedding to Birtwell in 1969. Hockney did preparatory work for the painting from 1969, making drawings and taking photographs. He worked on the painting from early 1970 to early 1971. The couple are depicted in the bedroom of their flat in Notting Hill Gate, near life size, either side of a tall window with a pair of shutters, one open to reveal the balustrade of a balcony looking out over trees to a Georgian façade beyond. To the left, Birtwell stands in a", "title": "Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy" }, { "id": "8094162", "score": "1.8623505", "text": "floor to the right of Clark, and a plain table to the left of Birtwell bearing a vase of lilies and a yellow book. There is a framed print on the wall behind her. Hockney worked and reworked the portraits many times until he was satisfied, repainting Clark's head perhaps twelve times. He has described the style of the painting as being close to naturalism, although the surfaces are characteristically abstracted and flattened. Hockney achieves the difficult task of balancing the dark figures \"contre-jour\", against the light flooding in through the window behind them. The work is in acrylic on", "title": "Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy" }, { "id": "8094163", "score": "1.8305707", "text": "canvas, and measures (or in its frame). The painting was presented to the Tate Gallery by the friends of the gallery in 1971, and remains in the Tate collection. It featured in the final ten of the Greatest Painting in Britain Vote in 2005, the only work by a living artist to do so. Hockney drew on both the \"Arnolfini Portrait\" by Jan van Eyck and \"A Rake's Progress\" by William Hogarth in the symbolism and composition of the painting. A copy of a Hockney etching, showing his own interpretation of \"A Rake's Progress\" (1961–63), is on the wall behind", "title": "Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy\n\nMr and Mrs Clark and Percy is a painting by the British artist David Hockney. Painted between 1970 and 1971, it depicts the fashion designer Ossie Clark and the textile designer Celia Birtwell in their flat in Notting Hill Gate shortly after their wedding, with one of the couple's cats on Clark's knee. The white cat depicted in the painting was Blanche; Percy was another of their cats, but Hockney thought \"Percy\" made a better title.", "title": "Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy" }, { "id": "8094164", "score": "1.8303186", "text": "Birtwell. The positions of the two figures are reversed from the \"Arnolfini Portrait\", with the implication that Birtwell is the assertive partner. Hockney's portrait, with the bride standing and the groom sitting, also reverses the convention of traditional wedding portraiture, such as \"Mr and Mrs Andrews\" by Thomas Gainsborough. The lilies next to Birtwell, a symbol of female purity, are also associated with depictions of the Annunciation (at the time of the portrait Birtwell was pregnant). The cat \"Percy\" (slang for penis) sits erect on Clark's crotch. The cat is a symbol of infidelity and envy, echoing the dog (a", "title": "Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy" }, { "id": "5584272", "score": "1.8014803", "text": "Albert (born 1969) and George (born 1971), but their private relationship deteriorated and they divorced in 1974. She has been a muse for the painter David Hockney since 1968, and features in many of his paintings including \"Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy\" (1970–71), one of Hockney's most celebrated and one of the most viewed paintings in the Tate Britain gallery. In 2005, it featured on the \"Today\" programme's shortlist of the \"Greatest Painting in Britain\". She also appears in the 1974 Hockney biopic, \"A Bigger Splash\". After the break-up of her marriage, Birtwell continued in fashion, designing for the", "title": "Celia Birtwell" }, { "id": "1799335", "score": "1.6421247", "text": "Clark (\"Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy\", 1970–71), curator Henry Geldzahler, art dealer Nicholas Wilder, George Lawson and his ballet dancer lover, Wayne Sleep, and also his romantic interests throughout the years including Peter Schlesinger and Gregory Evans. Perhaps more than all of these, Hockney has turned to his own figure year after year, creating over 300 self-portraits. From 1999 to 2001 Hockney used a camera lucida for his research into art history as well as his own work in the studio. He created over 200 drawings of friends, family, and himself using this antique lens-based device. In 2016, the", "title": "David Hockney" }, { "id": "8094161", "score": "1.5737705", "text": "purple dress with hand on hip; to the right sits Clark in green jumper and trousers, lounging on a modern metal-framed chair with his bare feet in the thick pile of a rug and a cigarette in his left hand, and with a white cat on his lap. Both Birtwell and Clark are looking out at the viewer, drawing them as a third person into the composition. The cat rebels by ignoring the viewer, looking out of the window instead. The room is relatively bare and uncluttered, in simple 1960s minimalist style, with a telephone and a lamp on the", "title": "Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy" }, { "id": "2599313", "score": "1.5579588", "text": "revelation, able to turn initial ideas into formers almost instantaneously. On 6 August 1996, 54-year-old Ossie Clark was stabbed to death in his council flat, in Kensington and Chelsea, London, by his former lover, 28-year-old Italian Diego Cogolato. In March 1997, Cogolato was convicted of manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility, and jailed for six years. Ossie Clark is featured in David Hockney's 1970 painting \"Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy\". It now hangs in the Tate Britain gallery on Millbank and is one of the most visited paintings in Britain. He also appears prominently in the 1974 Hockney", "title": "Ossie Clark" }, { "id": "20974161", "score": "1.5507371", "text": "Collector\" in 1964, and the swimming pool became a recurring theme in his paintings, such as \"Peter Getting Out of Nick's Pool\" (1966, Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool) and most notably \"A Bigger Splash\" (1967, Tate Gallery). He painted a series of double portraits from 1968 to 1977, including \"American Collectors (Fred and Marcia Weisman)\" (1968, Art Institute of Chicago), and \"Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy\" (1971, Tate Gallery). This work brings together two of Hockney's themes from his paintings of the late 1960s and early 1970s: the swimming pool, and the double portrait. It depicts a male figure in", "title": "Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures)" }, { "id": "1799357", "score": "1.4877324", "text": "to enhance aspects of reverse perspective. Hockney is openly gay, and has openly explored the nature of gay love in his portraiture. Sometimes, as in \"We Two Boys Together Clinging\" (1961), named after a poem by Walt Whitman, the works refer to his love for men. In 1963, he painted two men together in the painting \"Domestic Scene, Los Angeles\", one showering while the other washes his back. In summer 1966, while teaching at UCLA he met Peter Schlesinger, an art student who posed for paintings and drawings, and with whom he became romantically involved. On the morning of 18", "title": "David Hockney" }, { "id": "19392056", "score": "1.4690702", "text": "such as the art pieces, the tree, and even the man. Beside the lines, as if to disrupt the piece and add depth, the ground beneath the house is paved with slanted lines and textured tiles. Hockney’s painting is a collection of strategic lines and smooth colors to display an image in its simplest form with just a hint of variation to create a surreal scene. Outside of the home having a dual purpose, this idea of duality between the objects and subjects come into play. Mrs. Weisman in the painting stands at a frontal position as if to mimic", "title": "American Collectors (Fred and Marcia Weisman)" }, { "id": "17271609", "score": "1.4615457", "text": "oversize work composed of 32 canvases showing a road amongst trees. It is noted for Hockney’s polychromatic style expressed in the diversity of colours. 51 paintings made and shown on iPads were displayed showing the transition from winter to summer on Woldgate in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Using the app \"Brushes\" the artist replaced the traditional sketchbook with the digital medium. In addition to iPad Paintings, David Hockney also did collages to add more detail to them. During the exhibition there were some related activities organized by the museum; these included a conference on the East Riding of Yorkshire’s", "title": "David Hockney: A Bigger Picture" }, { "id": "1799369", "score": "1.4402457", "text": "French edition of \"Vogue\". Consistent with his interest in cubism and admiration for Pablo Picasso, Hockney chose to paint Celia Birtwell (who appears in several of his works) from different views for the cover, as if the eye had scanned her face diagonally. \"David Hockney: A Rake's Progress\" (2012) is a biography of Hockney covering the years 1937–1975, by writer/photographer Christopher Simon Sykes. In 2012, Hockney featured in BBC Radio 4‘s list of \"The New Elizabethans\" to mark the diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. A panel of seven academics, journalists and historians named Hockney among the group of people", "title": "David Hockney" }, { "id": "19392055", "score": "1.4324937", "text": "a small wall. The size demands an audience and its limited color palette is easy on the eyes. The painting was private and given to Mr. and Mrs. Weisman after Hockney had made it for them. The slight variation in the painting is what creates movement instead of the use of strokes and rhythm. At that time Hockney did not do commissions and so he created an intimate painting for the couple. Vertical lines play a large role in the makeup of the piece. The blinds of the house and the brown lines are mimicked by the objects surrounding them", "title": "American Collectors (Fred and Marcia Weisman)" }, { "id": "19392058", "score": "1.4072139", "text": "the couple character, but the real Mr. and Mrs. Weisman were not amused. The couple kept the painting for several years before giving up the painting. The painting was eventually on loan at the Pasadena Museum of Art in Germany. Now you can find the painting at the Art Institute of Chicago, where it was gifted by Mr. and Mrs. Frederic G. Picks. American Collectors (Fred and Marcia Weisman) American Collectors (Fred and Marcia Weisman) is a 1968 painting by British artist David Hockney. The painting is currently in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago. It was accessioned", "title": "American Collectors (Fred and Marcia Weisman)" }, { "id": "1799331", "score": "1.3987117", "text": "he met R. B. Kitaj. While there, Hockney said he felt at home and took pride in his work. At the Royal College of Art, Hockney featured in the exhibition \"Young Contemporaries\" – alongside Peter Blake – that announced the arrival of British Pop art. He was associated with the movement, but his early works display expressionist elements, similar to some works by Francis Bacon. When the RCA said it would not let him graduate if he did not complete an assignment of a life drawing of a female model in 1962, Hockney painted \"Life Painting for a Diploma\" in", "title": "David Hockney" }, { "id": "1799334", "score": "1.3986506", "text": "from still-lifes to landscapes, portraits of friends, his dogs, and stage designs for the Royal Court Theatre, Glyndebourne, and the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. Hockney has always returned to painting portraits throughout his career. From 1968, and for the next few years, he painted portraits and double portraits of friends, lovers, and relatives just under lifesize in a realistic style that adroitly captured the likenesses of his subjects. Hockney has repeatedly been drawn to the same subjects – his family, employees, artists Mo McDermott and Maurice Payne, various writers he has known, fashion designers Celia Birtwell and Ossie", "title": "David Hockney" }, { "id": "12388361", "score": "1.3980356", "text": "for some of the aforementioned criticism. These same girls appear in his 1861 work , and they appear again, but reversed, in his 1873 version of , showing that he repeated themes when convenient. Although he generally painted in oils, a number of small watercolors on cardboard exist, typically unsigned, that are his work. The family, and his son the painter Herbert Sidney Percy in particular, referred to these as \"\"potboilers\"\", meaning that they were quickly, and often crudely executed, yet easily and cheaply sold \"to put food on the table\" when working on larger, more time-consuming oils for exhibition,", "title": "Sidney Richard Percy" } ]

[ "robert kiprono cheruiyot", "Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot" ]

[ { "id": "14490858", "score": "1.912946", "text": "to win the men's Boston race in a period of 20 years. His next major outing came at the 2010 Chicago Marathon, but he was below his Boston form, finishing in sixth place some three minutes behind race winner Samuel Wanjiru. He returned to defend his title at the 2011 Boston Marathon and although his time of 2:06:43 hours was comparatively quick, he came sixth and was over three and a half minutes behind winner Geoffrey Mutai. His second race of the year came at the Frankfurt Marathon, but again he was out of contention and finished fifth with a", "title": "Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot" }, { "id": "14490856", "score": "1.8932548", "text": "at the Alphen aan den Rijn and followed it up with a fifth-place finish at the 2009 Boston Marathon six weeks later with time of 2:10:06. In the fall, he returned to Frankfurt to defend his title. He turned in a time of 2:06:23, a new personal best, and finished second. In 2010, Cheruiyot won the Boston Marathon with a time of 2:05:52, breaking the course record by more than a minute. The weather for the race was excellent – high 40s with a headwind of . Cheruiyot and 2009 champion, Deriba Merga, left the rest of the field behind", "title": "Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot" }, { "id": "7907986", "score": "1.8579819", "text": "the fastest marathon ever by an American, 2:04:58, to finish fourth. Kenya's Geoffrey Mutai ran 57 seconds under the recognized world record at the time, in winning in 2:03:02, and credited Hall with setting - and maintaining - a fast early pace. However, this was not an American record, since the Boston course is not eligible for records owing to its point-to-point course and elevation drop of greater than 1 m/km; a strong net tailwind (15–20 miles/hr) contributed to the runners' remarkable 2011 times. In January 2012, Hall led at halfway point but finished second behind Meb Keflezighi in the", "title": "Ryan Hall (runner)" }, { "id": "17231654", "score": "1.8527055", "text": "time of 2 hours, 26 minutes and 25 seconds. It was her second win at Boston, the other coming in 2006, and her first major win since taking two years off to have a baby. She finished 33 seconds ahead of Ethiopia's Meseret Hailu, who took second place. Defending champion Sharon Cherop of Kenya took third, 36 seconds off the lead. American Shalane Flanagan finished fourth. Jeptoo is the third consecutive Kenyan winner. East Africans have won 17 of the past 19 races of the women's side. Hiroyuki Yamamoto of Japan won the men's wheelchair race, beating out nine-time champion", "title": "2013 Boston Marathon" }, { "id": "1535833", "score": "1.8525872", "text": "Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya won the Boston Marathon in a time of 2:03:02. Although this was the fastest marathon ever run at the time, the International Association of Athletics Federations noted that the performance was not eligible for world record status given that the course did not satisfy rules that regarded elevation drop and start/finish separation (the latter requirement being intended to prevent advantages gained from a strong tailwind, as was the case in 2011). The Associated Press reported that Mutai had the support of other runners who describe the IAAF's rules as \"flawed\". According to the \"Boston Herald\", race", "title": "Boston Marathon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot\n\nRobert Kiprono Cheruiyot (born August 10, 1988) is a Kenyan marathon runner. He is known as a \"true marathoner\" who rarely races other distances.<ref name=letsrun/> He finished fifth or better in the first four international marathons he has entered.<ref name=letsrun/>", "title": "Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot\n\nRobert \"Mwafrika\" Kipkoech Cheruiyot (born 26 September 1978 in Kapsabet, Kenya), sometimes known as Omar Ahmed, is a Kenyan marathon runner and is the former record holder and four-time winner of the Boston Marathon.", "title": "Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of winners of the Boston Marathon" }, { "id": "2528445", "score": "1.8473122", "text": "a time of 2:05:05, breaking the 10-year-old course record. Second-place runner Emmanuel Mutai, also of Kenya, and third-place runner Tsegaye Kebede of Ethiopia also beat the previous record for the event, with times of 2:06:28 and 2:07:14, respectively. Geoffrey Mutai, who won the Boston Marathon earlier in the year, became the first man to win both races in course-record time in the same year. Firehiwot Dado of Ethiopia won the women's race in a time of 2:23:15, her first major marathon victory. Coming second, 4 seconds behind the leader originally from Ethiopia, but now living in the Bronx, was Bizunesh", "title": "New York City Marathon" }, { "id": "16476527", "score": "1.8465177", "text": "23 miles. However, he too began to slow and Wesley Korir, who had kept a more even pace, made his way up the field and took the lead at 25 miles (40 km). Korir won in a time of 2:12:40 hours with Matebo over twenty seconds behind. The rest of the midpoint leaders slowed in the latter stages and Kenya's Bernard Kipyego and American Jason Hartmann moved up to take third and fourth place. The women's field was reduced in calibre before the start as Bogomolova, Aselefech Mergia and Mamitu Daska were all pre-race withdrawals. The race began slowly—the runners", "title": "2012 Boston Marathon" }, { "id": "8899234", "score": "1.8433163", "text": "It was the 15th time in the last 17 years that a Kenyan has won the Boston marathon but it was also the slowest Boston Marathon since 1977 as runners faced cold headwinds gusting up to 50 miles per hour. Cheruiyot also won $100,000 for the victory and gained a significant lead in the World Marathon Majors series. On April 21, 2008, he won his fourth Boston Marathon title with a time of 2:07:45, making him the first four-time winner in the men's open division since Bill Rodgers (fellow Kenyan Catherine Ndereba recorded her fourth win in 2005). In April", "title": "Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot" }, { "id": "12881749", "score": "1.8407515", "text": "of 2:38:24, and ninth place in 1911 with a time of 2:36:15. On April 19, 1912, \"over an unusually sticky course, Mike Ryan, wearing the colors of the Irish American Athletic Club of New York City won the Boston Athletic Association's sixteenth Marathon race with a time of 2:21:18,\" cutting the former record by 21.04 seconds. In 1909, he finished third place in the Yonkers Marathon, with a time of 2:49:40. In 1910, Ryan won the 2nd annual Canadian Marathon, held in Hamilton, Ontario, \"defeating a field of over thirty of the best Canadian distance runners\" with a time of", "title": "Michael J. Ryan (athlete)" }, { "id": "8899232", "score": "1.838855", "text": "years. His record was broken in the 2010 Boston Marathon by Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot (unrelated) with a finishing time of 2:05:52. He finished 4th in the 2005 New York Marathon and 2nd in the 2009 New York Marathon. He sought to win another title in Boston in 2005 as well but only finished 5th that year. During his win at Chicago in 2006, Cheruiyot did not actually break the tape at the finish line. He slipped at the end and crossed the finish line as he slipped forward making him the winner. It was ruled that he did cross the", "title": "Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot" }, { "id": "15541869", "score": "1.8363411", "text": "2011 Boston Marathon The 2011 Boston Marathon took place on Monday, April 18, 2011. Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya won the men's race in a time of 2:03:02. In recognizing Mutai's mark as the \"fastest Marathon ever run\", the International Association of Athletics Federations noted that the performance was not eligible for world record status given that the course does not satisfy rules regarding elevation drop (it has \"more than three times the elevation drop permitted for record-setting\") and start/finish separation. The Associated Press reported that Mutai has the support of other runners who describe the IAAF's rules as \"flawed\". According", "title": "2011 Boston Marathon" }, { "id": "8899236", "score": "1.8324475", "text": "Cosmas Ndeti Cosmas Ndeti (born November 24, 1971) is a three-time winner of the Boston Marathon. He was the winner of the 1993, 1994, and 1995 races. He set the course record in 1994 with a time of 2:07:15, which was also the best marathon performance in 1994. That course record stood for 12 years until it was broken by one second when Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot, a fellow Kenyan, won the 2006 race. He received a three-month ban for doping, after failing a test for ephedrine at the 1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. This made him the first doping", "title": "Cosmas Ndeti" }, { "id": "6752232", "score": "1.8315508", "text": "Farah. In April 2011, he finished third in the 2011 Boston Marathon with a time of 2:04:53 hours. This was among the fastest ever times for the marathon, but it was recorded on a downhill circuit. He ran at Boston's first B.A.A. 10K race in June and finished second behind Geoffrey Mutai, a finish which he and Mutai repeated at the Giro di Castelbuono a month later. He returned to defend his title at the 2011 New York City Marathon, but was again beaten by Mutai and ended the race in fourth place. At the 2012 Boston Marathon he faltered", "title": "Gebregziabher Gebremariam" }, { "id": "1535846", "score": "1.8272824", "text": "the start is quite far west of the finish, allowing a helpful tailwind, the Boston Marathon does not satisfy two of the criteria necessary for the ratification of world or American records. On April 18, 2011, Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya ran the fastest marathon ever in a time of 2:03:02 at the 2011 Boston Marathon (since surpassed by Dennis Kipruto Kimetto's 2:02:57 in Berlin 2014). Bezunesh Deba from Ethiopia set the women's course record with a 2:19:59 performance on April 21, 2014. This was declared after Rita Jeptoo from Kenya was disqualified following a confirmed doping violation. Other course records", "title": "Boston Marathon" }, { "id": "5946390", "score": "1.8248396", "text": "existing world record (2:03:59 by Haile Gebrselassie) by nearly one minute, and the Boston course record by nearly three minutes. Helped by ideal cool temperatures and a strong tailwind on the point-to-point course, the lead pack reached the halfway mark on record pace of 1:01:54. The two Kenyans broke away from the pack at 30 kilometres and ran stride-for-stride over the last 12 kilometres until a sprint in the final straight-away by Mutai gave him the victory by four seconds, 2:03:02 to 2:03:06. Because Boston is a point-to-point course, with an overall downhill slope, the times were not officially recognised.", "title": "Moses Mosop" }, { "id": "8849263", "score": "1.8240134", "text": "her best to 66:27 minutes—making her the fifth fastest ever—but left her in third place in the race. In 2013, she won both the Boston Marathon in a time of 2:26:25, and the Chicago Marathon in a time of 2:19:57 (personal best). Jeptoo defended her Boston Marathon title in 2014, winning with a time of 2:18:57 and setting a new course record. Jeptoo defended her Chicago Marathon title in 2014, winning with a time of 2:24:35. However, she had a positive doping test in her \"A\" sample, given in Kenya two weeks before the race. Her agent Federico Rosa, a", "title": "Rita Jeptoo" }, { "id": "1535836", "score": "1.8237944", "text": "of 2:19:59. As a result, she became the course record holder. Her performance bested that of Margaret Okayo, who ran a time of 2:20:43 in 2002. In 2016, Jami Marseilles, an American, became the first female double amputee to finish the Boston Marathon. Bobbi Gibb was the grand marshal of the race. The Women's Open division winner, Atsede Baysa, gave Gibb her trophy; Gibb said that she would go to Baysa's native Ethiopia in 2017 and return it to her. The Boston Marathon is open to runners 18 or older from any nation, but they must meet certain qualifying standards.", "title": "Boston Marathon" }, { "id": "14466404", "score": "1.8136787", "text": "was held in Boston in June, and he won the race in a state record time of 27:19 minutes. At the Giro di Castelbuono, the oldest European road race, he won as it took on a 10K format for the first time. In August he ran the Bogotá Half Marathon in a course record time of 1:02:20 hours, beating Deriba Merga by a margin of over two minutes. In November he won the 2011 New York City Marathon with another quick time of 2:05:05 hours, breaking the course record. This made him the first runner since American legend Bill Rodgers", "title": "Geoffrey Mutai" }, { "id": "12574707", "score": "1.8110164", "text": "finished fast enough to qualify for the next year's Boston Marathon. At Morse's urging, she reluctantly agreed to race in Boston; at the time, she was not interested in becoming a regular marathoner and wished to continue racing shorter distances. Driscoll went on to win the 1990 Boston Marathon in a world best time of 1:43:17, beginning a seven-year winning streak in that race. She set a world record at the 1991 race with a time of 1:42:42, and won her fifth Boston and broke the world record a fifth time in 1994, despite a bout of food poisoning days", "title": "Jean Driscoll" }, { "id": "17231655", "score": "1.8094183", "text": "Ernst Van Dyk of South Africa by 39 seconds. American Tatyana McFadden won the women's wheelchair race. At 2:50 pm EDT, race clock time 4:09.43, almost two hours after the winners had completed the race, two explosions occurred near the finish line. Three spectators were killed and 264 others were injured. Among the injured, 17 were reported in critical condition. At least 14 people required amputations. The race was halted 8 minutes after the explosions; runners east of Massachusetts Avenue were diverted into Boston Common, while those west of it were diverted to Kenmore Square. Over 5,000 participants who were", "title": "2013 Boston Marathon" } ]

[ "Aleister Crowly", "aliester crowley", "Crowleyan", "Aha !", "Edward Alexander Crowley", "Aleister Crowley (biography)", "Aleister Crowley (Biography)", "aleister crowley biography", "alick crowley", "alastair crowley", "aha", "alistair crowley", "Alick Crowley", "aliestter crowley", "Alestair crowley", "Alistair Crowley", "frater perdurabo", "Frater Perdurabo", "Great Beast 666", "The Great Beast", "alexander crowley", "Alesteir Crowley", "alesteir crowley", "great beast", "crowleyan", "edward alexander crowley", "alestair crowley", "alister crowley", "Alastair Crowley", "great beast 666", "Alistair crowley", "maria ferrari de miramar", "Aliester Crowley", "crowley aleister", "Alexander Crowley", "aleister crowley", "aleister crowly", "Crowley, Aleister", "Alister Crowley", "Maria Ferrari de Miramar", "Aleister Crowley", "Aliestter crowley" ]

[ { "id": "6229755", "score": "1.6832585", "text": "1992). A.K.A. \"The Professor\" and \"The Man That Fooled Houdini\", he was born as David Frederick Wingfield Verner in Ottawa. One of the most influential 20th-century performing-arts magicians. 1898 - Lewis Davenport Ltd. was founded, the oldest family magic business in the world and still in existence today. 1902 - The \"Expert at the Card Table\" is published by The Charles T. Powner Co. was written by S. W. Erdnase. Considered by serious card workers as one of the most important books written on the subject. 1902 - May 10, The Society of American Magicians is founded at Martinka's Magic", "title": "Timeline of magic" }, { "id": "7720348", "score": "1.676936", "text": "of folk magic and occultism in the British Isles and Europe. Among his best-known works are \"The Black Arts\", \"The Tarot\", \"A History of Magic\", and the influential 24-volume set \"Man, Myth & Magic\", which he both edited and contributed to. He also wrote regularly for the British journal \"History Today\". Cavendish's work is highly regarded for its depth of research and agnostic stance towards its sometimes controversial subject matter. While written for a lay audience rather than for scholars, books like \"The Black Arts\" and \"The Powers of Evil in Western Religion, Magic and Folk Belief\" remain accessible, reputable,", "title": "Richard Cavendish (occult writer)" }, { "id": "20585667", "score": "1.6396753", "text": "the couple were joined in Venice by John Cowper and Llewelyn Powys, where the four behaved, according to one writer, so scandalously that they were arrested, and almost thrown out of the city. Wilkinson had first met the occultist and writer Aleister Crowley in about 1907, and the two became closer friends after 1915, when they were both living in America. Crowley would later gain notoriety as \"The Great Beast\" and \"The wickedest man in the world\". Wilkinson was never a follower of Crowley's teachings – \"We hardly ever discussed magic. Nor did we talk much about sex\" – but", "title": "Louis Wilkinson" }, { "id": "12216103", "score": "1.6381537", "text": "E. E. Rehmus E. E. Rehmus, also alternatively given as Ed Rehmus, Edward Rehmus or Edward E. Rehmus (June 1929 – March 2004), was an American occultist, linguist, Egyptologist, classicist, writer, editor, translator, illustrator, cartoonist, and occasional graphic artist primarily known for being the author of \"The Magician's Dictionary\". Joseph Haskew, his long-term partner, wrote of Rehmus's early life and youth: Haskew further adds: As a polymath and philomath, Rehmus was actively involved with the quest to understand and expand human intelligence, himself being a member of several high-IQ support groups. Among these affiliations was his involvement with the San", "title": "E. E. Rehmus" }, { "id": "19078886", "score": "1.6293449", "text": "of the Witch Robert Cochrane. Although Howard claimed that he was \"never totally convinced\" of Cochrane's claim to have come from a hereditary tradition of witches stretching back generations, he added that Cochrane's writings \"had a lasting influence on my progress through the Craft\". Searching for an occult organisation in which to involve himself, he visited the headquarters of the Society of the Inner Light in Hampstead, although being nineteen at the time he was deemed too young to join. In 1967, Howard wrote to the Luciferian ceremonial magician and astrologer Madeline Montalban after reading one of her articles in", "title": "Michael Howard (Luciferian)" }, { "id": "12085", "score": "1.6273078", "text": "the British intelligence services. In 1920 he established the Abbey of Thelema, a religious commune in Cefalù, Sicily where he lived with various followers. His libertine lifestyle led to denunciations in the British press, and the Italian government evicted him in 1923. He divided the following two decades between France, Germany, and England, and continued to promote Thelema until his death. Crowley gained widespread notoriety during his lifetime, being a recreational drug experimenter, bisexual and an individualist social critic. He was denounced in the popular press as \"the wickedest man in the world\" and a Satanist. Crowley has remained a", "title": "Aleister Crowley" }, { "id": "1933294", "score": "1.6111681", "text": "the Bible, Church Fathers and poets. Omnipresent is Molitor's conviction in the power of the devil who acts through the permission of God, to deceive mortals who are thereby culpable. He explained Merlin as a real human being and not, as many authorities commonly believed, the offspring of a devil and a woman. Ulrich Molitor Ulrich Molitor (also Molitoris) (born c. 1442, died before 23 December 1507) was a legal scholar. He wrote an early treatise on witchcraft, \"De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus\" (Of Witches and Diviner Women), published in 1489 when he was Doctor of Laws of Padua and", "title": "Ulrich Molitor" }, { "id": "1951235", "score": "1.6080431", "text": "of Witchcraft\" (1959). Crowley (the founder of Thelema) was described as \"the most notorious occultist magician of the 20th century\", and he remains an influential figure over Western esotericism and the counter-culture. His motto of \"Do What Thou Wilt\" is inscribed on the vinyl of Led Zeppelin's album \"Led Zeppelin III\", and he is the subject of Ozzy Osbourne's single \"Mr Crowley\". Each country of the United Kingdom has its own body responsible for heritage matters. English Heritage is the government body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored", "title": "Culture of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "3204426", "score": "1.6079732", "text": "Equally popular was the English astrologer Robert Turner's translation of the \"Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy\" (1655), which was erroneously attributed to having been written by Agrippa. However, perhaps \"the most influential vehicle for the dissemination of high magic to a wider audience was, in fact, Reginald Scot's \"Discoverie of Witchcraft\"\", a book first published in the early seventeenth century in which Scot condemned the cunning folk as liars and tricksters, but in which he had also provided a wide variety of talismans, charms and rituals as examples of what the cunning folk and ceremonial magicians used and performed. This", "title": "Cunning folk in Britain" }, { "id": "7126045", "score": "1.6026748", "text": "Sorcery (1976). After he died, a draft manuscript for a third book was discovered, and this was completed by Scott Penrose, the current President of The Magic Circle, and Steve Short. It had no working title, but when it was published in 2014 it was entitled The Sophisticated Sorcerer. Shaxon died on 27 October 2012 following a short illness. Alan Shaxon Alan Shaxon (28 December 1933 – 27 October 2012) was a professional magician and a former president of The Magic Circle. He specialised in cabaret performances and was billed as one of England's foremost magicians. The Magic Circle gave", "title": "Alan Shaxon" }, { "id": "12179", "score": "1.6013937", "text": "figure, both amongst occultists and in popular culture, particularly that of Britain, but also of other parts of the world. In 2002, a BBC poll placed Crowley seventy-third in a list of the 100 Greatest Britons. Richard Cavendish has written of him that \"In native talent, penetrating intelligence and determination, Aleister Crowley was the best-equipped magician to emerge since the seventeenth century.\" The scholar of esotericism Egil Asprem described him as \"one of the most well-known figures in modern occultism\". The scholar of esotericism Wouter Hanegraaff asserted that Crowley was an extreme representation of \"the dark side of the occult\",", "title": "Aleister Crowley" }, { "id": "12180", "score": "1.6013011", "text": "adding that he was \"the most notorious occultist magician of the twentieth century\". The philosopher John Moore opined that Crowley stood out as a \"Modern Master\" when compared with other prominent occult figures like George Gurdjieff, P. D. Ouspensky, Rudolf Steiner, or Helena Blavatsky, also describing him as a \"living embodiment\" of Oswald Spengler's \"Faustian Man\". Biographer Tobias Churton considered Crowley \"a pioneer of consciousness research\". Hutton noted that Crowley had \"an important place in the history of modern Western responses to Oriental spiritual traditions\", while Sutin thought that he had made \"distinctly original contributions\" to the study of yoga", "title": "Aleister Crowley" }, { "id": "3490413", "score": "1.5958793", "text": "Burling Hull Burling Hull (September 9, 1889 – November 1982) was an inventive magician, self-styled \"the Edison of magic,\" specializing in mentalism and sleight of hand effects. During the greater part of his life he lived in DeLand, Florida. His aliases and stage names included: \"Volta the Great\", \"The Man with the Radar Mind\", \"The White Wizard,\" and \"Gideon ('Gid') Dayn.\" Hull claimed to be — and is generally credited as — the inventor of the Svengali deck of cards, which he patented in 1909. He claimed to have invented more than 500 magical effects and he was a prolific", "title": "Burling Hull" }, { "id": "9669022", "score": "1.5942059", "text": "narrow confines of Gardner's philosophy\". Michael Howard considered him to be \"one of the most fascinating, enigmatic and controversial figures of the modern Craft revival\". John of Monmouth claimed that Cochrane was \"the man behind, what is now called, 'Traditional Witchcraft. Historian Ethan Doyle White asserted that Cochrane left behind \"an ever-expanding legacy\", noting that by the 21st century, he had become an \"almost tutelary figure\" within the Traditional Witchcraft movement, and warrants the title of \"Father of Traditional Witchcraft\" more than any other occultist. Elsewhere, Doyle White asserted that Cochrane had been \"without doubt the most influential\" of Gardner's", "title": "Robert Cochrane (witch)" }, { "id": "9422466", "score": "1.5937625", "text": "Gerald Hamilton Gerald Bernard Francis Hamilton (1 November 1890 – 1970) was a British memoirist, critic and internationalist known as \"the wickedest man in Europe\". Born Gerald Frank Hamilton Souter in Shanghai on 1 November 1890, but educated at Lambrook preparatory and Rugby School in England, he counted among his friends Winston Churchill, Robin Maugham, Tallulah Bankhead and Christopher Isherwood, who wrote of Hamilton's remarkable personality and frequently shady dealings in his literary memoir \"Christopher and His Kind\". Hamilton's father was a businessman of Scottish descent with commercial interests in China, his mother was English. Hamilton converted to Roman Catholicism.", "title": "Gerald Hamilton" }, { "id": "12216104", "score": "1.5935843", "text": "Francisco area Mensa society; he often contributed to that local society's publication, \"The Ecphorizer\". Rehmus was also a member of the Prometheus Society, a high-IQ society with admission standards 600 times more stringent than Mensa's. His contributor notice from \"The Ecphorizer\" runs thus: His public reputation rests mainly on his contribution to the study of the occult through his renowned book \"The Magician's Dictionary\", a vast pseudo-encyclopaedic work first published in 1990 that proposes a re-evaluation of some of the core building blocks of modern belief structures through definition and commentary on key words and phrases, from \"Aaron\" to \"Zuvuya\".", "title": "E. E. Rehmus" }, { "id": "16427154", "score": "1.5893688", "text": "the magicians' organisation the Magic Circle. He was involved in curating the Magic Circle's museum in the 1970s and edited the Circle's magazine \"The Magic Circular\" from 1990-1998. Peter Eldin Peter Eldin (born 1939) is a British author and magician. He has written almost two hundred books; most of them are non-fiction for young people. According to WorldCat there are \"132 works in 188 publications in 12 languages and 8,912 library holdings.\" He writes mainly on factual material, fun (puzzles, quizzes, jokes, and games) and magic for children, and has also edited magic magazines \"The Magic Circular\" and \"Abracadabra\", and", "title": "Peter Eldin" }, { "id": "9208937", "score": "1.5877095", "text": "Ray Sherwin Ray Sherwin, born in 1952 in Yorkshire, England, is an English occult author and publisher. Together with Peter J. Carroll, he is one of the originators of the system of magical discipline called chaos magic. In the late 1970s, he began publishing a magazine called \"The New Equinox\", an irregular journal dealing with Thelemic magick, chaos magic and related subjects. He developed chaos magic theory and early rituals. In 1978, he co-founded the Illuminates of Thanateros with Carroll, later publishing Carroll's book, \"Liber Null\". Also during 1978, Sherwin wrote and published \"The Book of Results\". These two books,", "title": "Ray Sherwin" }, { "id": "4343502", "score": "1.5859652", "text": "intermediary. Barrett's belief in magical power might be summed up this way: Francis Barrett (occultist) Francis Barrett (born probably in London around 1770–1780) was an English occultist. Barrett, an Englishman, claimed himself to be a student of chemistry, metaphysics and natural occult philosophy. He was known to be an extreme eccentric who gave lessons in the magical arts in his apartment and fastidiously translated Kabbalistic and other ancient texts into English, such as von Welling's work, 'Philosophy of The Universe' circa 1735, from German (1801). According to his biographer Francis X. King, Barrett's parents were humble folk married in the", "title": "Francis Barrett (occultist)" }, { "id": "9208938", "score": "1.5828193", "text": "\"Liber Null\" and \"The Book of Results\", were the first books written on the topic of chaos magic. He is also the author of the magical texts \"The Theatre of Magick\" and \"Strange Smell in the Car\". Ray Sherwin Ray Sherwin, born in 1952 in Yorkshire, England, is an English occult author and publisher. Together with Peter J. Carroll, he is one of the originators of the system of magical discipline called chaos magic. In the late 1970s, he began publishing a magazine called \"The New Equinox\", an irregular journal dealing with Thelemic magick, chaos magic and related subjects. He", "title": "Ray Sherwin" } ]

[ "The Taking of Pelham 123 (film)", "Pelham 123", "The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3", "Taking of Pelham 123", "taking of pelham one two three film", "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (film)", "The Taking of Pelham 123", "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (disambiguation)", "The Taking of Pelham 1-2-3", "taking of pelham 123 film", "taking of pelham one two three disambiguation", "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three", "Taking of Pelham 1-2-3", "Taking of Pelham 1 2 3", "taking of pelham one two three", "Taking of Pelham One Two Three", "pelham 123", "taking of pelham 123", "taking of pelham 1 2 3" ]

[ { "id": "11670234", "score": "1.9610649", "text": "The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 film) The Taking of Pelham 123 is a 2009 American thriller film directed by Tony Scott. The film is about a train dispatcher (Denzel Washington) who is pressed into the role of negotiator after a criminal (John Travolta) takes a subway car of passengers hostage. It is a film adaptation of the novel of the same name by Morton Freedgood (writing under the pseudonym John Godey), and is a remake of the original 1974 film adaptation, which was also remade in 1998 as a TV film. Production began in March 2008, and it was", "title": "The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 film)" }, { "id": "9692220", "score": "1.8860471", "text": "ransom. The film is a remake, with Edward James Olmos in the Walter Matthau role and Vincent D'Onofrio replacing Robert Shaw as the senior hijacker. Although not particularly well received by critics or viewers, this version was reportedly more faithful to the book, specifically in the rigging of the hijacked train for the getaway. The film was shot in Toronto's TTC subway system, mainly using the system's station platform Bay (TTC), St. Andrew (TTC) station and Museum (TTC) station, and two of a class of older cars being retired by the TTC. The two cars were shipped by road to", "title": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1998 film)" }, { "id": "3695715", "score": "1.8686898", "text": "this version was reportedly more faithful to the book, though it revised the setting with new technologies. Another remake set in a post 9/11 New York City directed by Tony Scott and starring Denzel Washington and John Travolta, was released in 2009 to mixed reviews. The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film) The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (also known as The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3) is a 1974 American thriller film directed by Joseph Sargent, produced by Gabriel Katzka and Edgar J. Scherick, and starring Walter Matthau, Robert Shaw, Martin Balsam and Héctor Elizondo.", "title": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)" }, { "id": "3695687", "score": "1.827332", "text": "it one of 1974's finest films and it was a box office success. As in the novel, the film follows a group of criminals taking the passengers hostage inside a New York City Subway car for ransom. Musically, it features \"one of the best and most inventive thriller scores of the 1970s\". It was remade in 1998 as a television film and was again remade in 2009 as a theatrical film. In New York City, four men wearing similar disguises and carrying concealed weapons board the same downtown 6 train, Pelham 1-2-3, at different stations. Using the code names Mr.", "title": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)" }, { "id": "3695695", "score": "1.8165897", "text": "film came out during the so-called \"Golden Age\" of skyjacking in the United States, from 1968 through 1979. Additionally, New York City was edging toward a financial crisis, crime had risen citywide (as depicted in the contemporaneous film \"Death Wish\", and the subway was perceived as neither safe nor reliable. At first the Metropolitan Transportation Authority refused to cooperate with the filmmakers. Godey’s novel was more detailed about how the hijackers would accomplish their goal and recognized that the caper’s success did not rely solely on defeating the “deadman feature” in the motorman’s cab. Screenwriter Stone, however, made a fictional", "title": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)\n\nThe Taking of Pelham One Two Three (also known as The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3) is a 1974 American crime drama film Peter Stone adapted the screenplay<ref name=\"The Taking of Pelham One Two Three\"/> from the 1973 novel of the same name written by Morton Freedgood under the pen name John Godey.\n\nThe title is derived from the train's radio call sign, which is based upon where and when the train began its run; in this case, the train originated at the Pelham Bay Park station in the Bronx at 1:23 p.m. For several years after the film was released, the New York City Transit Authority would not schedule any train to leave Pelham Bay Park station at 1:23.\n\nThe film received critical acclaim and holds a rating of 100 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 41 reviews. Several critics called it one of 1974's finest films, and it was a box office success. As in the novel, the film follows a group of criminals taking the passengers hostage inside a New York City Subway car for ransom. Musically, it features \"one of the best and most inventive thriller scores of the 1970s\". It was remade in 1998 as a television film and was again remade in 2009 as a theatrical film.", "title": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 film)\n\nThe Taking of Pelham 123 is a 2009 American action thriller film The film was released on June 12, 2009. It grossed $150 million against a production budget of about $100 million and received mixed reviews from critics.", "title": "The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1998 film)\n\nThe Taking of Pelham One Two Three is a 1998 American television crime thriller film directed by Félix Enríquez Alcalá and starring Edward James Olmos.<ref name= \"vreview\" /> It is a television adaptation of the novel of the same name by Morton Freedgood (writing under the pseudonym John Godey), and is a remake of the 1974 film adaptation. It was followed by a 2009 remake.", "title": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1998 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of film director and actor collaborations\n\nSome film directors and actors have collaborated numerous times and have become noteworthy for their partnerships. Note: In some instances, the body of work is too extensive to list all the films on which they worked together.\n", "title": "List of film director and actor collaborations" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Database reports/English language films without article ..." }, { "id": "3695708", "score": "1.7932184", "text": "Three\" was released on October 2, 1974. It grossed $16,550,000 at the box office. For several years after the film was released, the New York City Transit Authority would not schedule any train to leave Pelham Bay Park station at 1:23. Although this policy was eventually rescinded, dispatchers have generally avoided scheduling a Pelham train at 1:23 p.m. or a.m. The film was generally well received by critics. \"Variety\" called it “a good action caper” but “the major liability is Peter Stone’s screenplay, which develops little interest in either Matthau or Shaw’s gang, nor the innocent hostages” which are “simply", "title": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)" }, { "id": "11670235", "score": "1.7794945", "text": "released on June 12, 2009. A man calling himself Ryder hijacks Pelham 123, a New York City Subway 6 train that departed from Pelham Bay Park station at 1:23 p.m. Ryder is accompanied by three other heavily armed men: Bashkin, Emri and former train operator Phil Ramos. They uncouple the front car from the rest of the train and take the passengers hostage. Metropolitan Transportation Authority employee Walter Garber is working the Rail Control Center as a train dispatcher and receives a ransom call from Ryder, who demands $10 million in cash be paid within 60 minutes. Ryder warns that", "title": "The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 film)" }, { "id": "11670260", "score": "1.7732979", "text": "of release. These features included commentaries and behind-the-scenes featurettes. In South Korea, DVD, and Blu-ray were released on October 23, 2009. The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 film) The Taking of Pelham 123 is a 2009 American thriller film directed by Tony Scott. The film is about a train dispatcher (Denzel Washington) who is pressed into the role of negotiator after a criminal (John Travolta) takes a subway car of passengers hostage. It is a film adaptation of the novel of the same name by Morton Freedgood (writing under the pseudonym John Godey), and is a remake of the original", "title": "The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 film)" }, { "id": "3695714", "score": "1.7631934", "text": "not the plot mechanics. And what could have been formula trash turns out to be fairly classy trash, after all.\" Gene Siskel also gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, describing it as a \"solid new thriller laced with equal amounts of tension and comedy.\" The film holds a 100% \"Fresh\" score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 38 critics. In 1998, the film was remade as a television film with the same title, with Edward James Olmos in the Matthau role and Vincent D'Onofrio replacing Shaw as the senior hijacker. Although not particularly well received by critics or viewers,", "title": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)" }, { "id": "3695690", "score": "1.7553711", "text": "the train. Blue accepts this and spares a hostage. A police motorcycle arrives with the ransom and two patrolmen carry the money down the tunnel. During the standoff, one of many police snipers in the tunnel shoots at Brown, and the hijackers exchange gunfire with the police. In retaliation, Blue kills the conductor. The money is delivered and divided among the hijackers. Blue orders Garber to restore power to the subway line; set the signals to green all the way to South Ferry; and clear the police from stations along the route. Garber warns that this will take time. Before", "title": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)" }, { "id": "11670246", "score": "1.7508981", "text": "film, the main character (played by Walter Matthau) is named Zachary Garber and is a lieutenant in the transit police; in the 2009 film, the main character (played by Denzel Washington) is named Walter Garber and works as a subway train dispatcher. Ryder also demands $10 million instead of $1 million as in the original film and book or $5 million in the made-for TV film. Ryder does not use the \"Mr. Blue\" nickname as in the original film. Instead, Ryder is a nickname adopted by Dennis Ford. In the 1974 film, the train-operating hostage-taker is the only member of", "title": "The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 film)" }, { "id": "15950341", "score": "1.7442154", "text": "Mikhael Ganouna, producer of the film, Wright's hijacking accomplice, George Brown, lives in Paris but isn't worried about being extradited because he has already served his sentence. The Flight 841 hijacking was a copycat of a similar incident two months earlier, involving the hijacking of Western Airlines Flight 701 from Los Angeles to Seattle on June 3, 1972 by Willie Roger Holder, a black Vietnam veteran, and Catherine Marie Kerkow, his white girlfriend. The hijackers claimed they had a bomb in an attache case and demanded $500,000. After allowing all 97 passengers to get off in San Francisco, they flew", "title": "George Wright (fugitive)" }, { "id": "13660632", "score": "1.7427453", "text": "Unstoppable (2010 film) Unstoppable is a 2010 American action thriller film directed and produced by Tony Scott and starring Denzel Washington and Chris Pine. It is loosely based on the real-life CSX 8888 incident, telling the story of a runaway freight train and the two men who attempt to stop it. The film was released in the United States and Canada on November 12, 2010. It received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $167 million against a production budget around $90 million. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing at the 83rd Academy Awards,", "title": "Unstoppable (2010 film)" }, { "id": "6408162", "score": "1.7380168", "text": "of relief, spotting another aircraft that has just taken off. As first billed: Between 1961 and 1973, nearly 160 hijackings took place in American airspace. David Harper's novel \"Hijacked\" was published in 1970. Film rights were bought by Walter Seltzer. The star was Charlton Heston, who had made four films with Seltzer. Under the working titles \"Hijacked\" and \"Airborne\", principal photography took place from early January to early March 1972. With the emphasis on an aeronautic incident, the production obtained a World Airways Boeing 707 (N374WA) to play the part of the \"Global Airways\" airliner. With 90% of the filming", "title": "Skyjacked (film)" }, { "id": "970112", "score": "1.7312491", "text": "set in the near future. Also in 2010, he starred as a veteran railroad engineer in the action film \"Unstoppable\", about an unmanned, half-mile-long runaway freight train carrying dangerous cargo. The film was his fifth and final collaboration with director Tony Scott, following \"Crimson Tide\" (1995), \"Man on Fire\" (2004), \"Déjà Vu\" (2006) and \"The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3\" (2009). In 2012, Washington starred in \"Flight\", for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. He co-starred with Ryan Reynolds in \"Safe House\", where he prepared for his role by subjecting himself to a torture", "title": "Denzel Washington" }, { "id": "11670247", "score": "1.7275448", "text": "the group to live long enough to see himself behind bars, while all of the hostage takers die in the 2009 film. Production began in March 2008 with all cast and crew being required to attend a track safety course taught by MTA personnel, as much of the filming would take place in the subway on active tracks. For the initial hijack sequence at Grand Central on the Flushing Line, the crew used the westbound track during late night hours while regular 7 train service operated in both directions on the eastbound track. An actual R142A train (the model used", "title": "The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 film)" }, { "id": "3695692", "score": "1.7236272", "text": "and Daniels drive south above the train's route. With no one at the controls, the train gains speed. The hijackers collect their disguises and weapons for disposal, but Grey refuses to surrender his gun, resulting in a stand-off with Blue, who shoots him dead. The undercover officer shoots and kills Brown. While Green escapes through the emergency exit onto the street, Blue exchanges fire with the officer. Garber, contemplating the train’s last suspicious movement, concludes that the hijackers defeated the dead-man feature and are no longer on board. He returns to where the train had stopped, enters the same emergency", "title": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)" }, { "id": "7640190", "score": "1.7204807", "text": "Van Dyke. \"The Taking of Pelham One Two Three\", his novel about the hijacking of a New York City Subway train, was a best seller in 1973 and was made into the 1974 movie starring Walter Matthau and Robert Shaw, a 1998 TV-movie remake of the same title, and a 2009 theatrical-feature remake, \"The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3\". His work was later referenced in the film \"Reservoir Dogs\" and Beastie Boys song Sure Shot. He died April 16, 2006 in his home in West New York, NJ. Published under his pen name John Godey unless otherwise noted. Morton", "title": "Morton Freedgood" }, { "id": "3695691", "score": "1.720458", "text": "the process is complete, however, Green moves the train farther south. When Garber becomes alarmed, Blue explains that he wanted more distance from the police inside the tunnel. The hijackers override the dead-man's switch so that the train will run without anyone at the controls. Garber joins Inspector Daniels above ground where the train stopped. When the route is clear, the hijackers set the train in motion and get off. As they make their way to the tunnel’s emergency exit, the undercover officer jumps off the train and hides between the rails. Unaware that the hijackers left the train, Garber", "title": "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)" }, { "id": "5507798", "score": "1.7180607", "text": "that \"Bruce Payne steals the plane—and the movie\". DVD was released in Region 1 in the United States on May 27, 1998 and Region 2 in the United Kingdom on April 26, 1999, it was distributed by Warner Home Video. Passenger 57 Passenger 57 is a 1992 American action thriller film directed by Kevin Hooks. The film stars Wesley Snipes and Bruce Payne. Its success made Snipes a popular action hero icon. It also introduced Snipes' famous line: \"Always bet on black.\" International psychopath terrorist Charles Rane (Payne), known as \"The Rane of Terror\", is caught by the FBI and", "title": "Passenger 57" } ]

[ "Bodega Bay, CA", "bodega bay california", "Bodega Bay, California", "bodega bay ca" ]

[ { "id": "2058436", "score": "1.7735023", "text": "The Birds (film) The Birds is a 1963 American horror-thriller film directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, loosely based on the 1952 story of the same name by Daphne du Maurier. It focuses on a series of sudden, unexplained violent bird attacks on the people of Bodega Bay, California over the course of a few days. The film stars Rod Taylor and Tippi Hedren (in her screen debut), supported by Jessica Tandy, Suzanne Pleshette and Veronica Cartwright. The screenplay is by Evan Hunter, who was told by Hitchcock to develop new characters and a more elaborate plot while keeping du", "title": "The Birds (film)" }, { "id": "3659", "score": "1.7716029", "text": "start gathering, watching, and attacking. The question: \"What do the birds want?\" is left unanswered. Hitchcock made the film with equipment from the Revue Studio, which made \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". He said it was his most technically challenging film yet, using a combination of trained and mechanical birds against a backdrop of wild ones. Every shot was sketched in advance. An HBO/BBC television film, \"The Girl\" (2012), depicted Hedren's experiences on set; she said that Hitchcock became obsessed with her and sexually harassed her. He reportedly isolated her from the rest of the crew, had her followed, whispered obscenities to", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock" }, { "id": "2058455", "score": "1.722619", "text": "\"slickly executed and fortified with his characteristic tongue-in-cheek touches,\" Hitchcock \"deals more provocatively and effectively in human menace. A fantasy framework dilutes the toxic content of his patented terror-tension formula, and gives the picture a kind of sci-fi exploitation feel, albeit with a touch of production gloss.\" Brendan Gill of \"The New Yorker\" called the film \"a sorry failure. Hard as it may be to believe of Hitchcock, it doesn't arouse suspense, which is, of course, what justifies and transforms the sadism that lies at the heart of every thriller. Here the sadism is all too nakedly, repellently present.\" With", "title": "The Birds (film)" }, { "id": "2058445", "score": "1.7106476", "text": "he hired Evan Hunter to adapt Daphne du Maurier's novella, \"The Birds\", first published in her 1952 collection \"The Apple Tree\". Hunter had previously written \"Vicious Circle\" for \"Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine\", which he adapted for the television anthology series \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". He also adapted Robert Turner's story \"Appointment at Eleven\" for the same television series. Hunter later suspected that he was hired because he had demonstrated he could write suspense (with the 87th Precinct novels, as Ed McBain) and because his novel \"The Blackboard Jungle\" had received critical acclaim. The relationship between Hunter and Hitchcock during the creation", "title": "The Birds (film)" }, { "id": "2058446", "score": "1.7085013", "text": "of \"The Birds\" was documented by the writer in his 1997 autobiography \"Me and Hitch\", which contains a variety of correspondence between the writer, director and Hitchcock's assistant, Peggy Robertson. Hunter began working on the screenplay in September 1961. He and Hitchcock developed the story, suggesting foundations such as the townspeople having a guilty secret to hide, and the birds an instrument of punishment. He suggested that the film begin using some elements borrowed from the screwball comedy genre then have it evolve into \"stark terror\". This appealed to Hitchcock, according to the writer, because it conformed to his love", "title": "The Birds (film)" }, { "id": "2058460", "score": "1.6824245", "text": "announced they will be making a television adaptation of \"The Birds\" for broadcast in 2018. The series, from \"Harry Potter\" producer David Heyman, will bear a closer resemblance to the 1952 Daphne du Maurier novelette than the 1963 film, and rather than northern California, the birds will attack in Cornwall. The pilot for the series is being written by Conor McPherson who adapted the original source material into a stage play in 2009. Streaming audio The Birds (film) The Birds is a 1963 American horror-thriller film directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, loosely based on the 1952 story of the", "title": "The Birds (film)" }, { "id": "2058459", "score": "1.67485", "text": "that? Why? I mean, can't we find new stories, new things to do?\" However, since 2007, development has been stalled. On June 16, 2009, Brad Fuller of Dimension Films stated that no further developments had taken place, commenting, \"We keep trying, but I don't know.\" Eventually, in December 2009, Campbell was replaced as director by Dennis Iliadis. In 2014, Dutch director Diederik Van Rooijen had replaced Iliadis as director. Several shooting scenes from the film are reenacted in \"The Girl\", a 2012 HBO/BBC film that gives a version of the relationship between Hitchcock and Hedren. In August 2017, the BBC", "title": "The Birds (film)" }, { "id": "1984042", "score": "1.6681247", "text": "I didn't want it to be taken advantage of, twisted, turned and made into an even uglier situation than it was\". According to Spoto's book, Hitchcock brought in two members of his crew during the filming of \"The Birds\" and asked them to keep careful watch on the activities of Hedren, \"when she left the set - where she went, who she visited, how she spent her free time\". He then advised her on what she should eat, whom she should see, and how she should live. He told the cast and crew they were not allowed to talk to", "title": "Tippi Hedren" }, { "id": "2058456", "score": "1.6666384", "text": "the passage of time the film's standing among critics has improved. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 96% based on reviews from 52 critics, with an average rating of 8.2/10, and the website's consensus states: \"Proving once again that build-up is the key to suspense, Hitchcock successfully turned birds into some of the most terrifying villains in horror history.\" On Metacritic it has a score of 87 out of 100, based on reviews from 12 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Film critic David Thomson refers to it as Hitchcock's \"last unflawed film\". Humanities scholar Camille Paglia wrote a", "title": "The Birds (film)" }, { "id": "2058454", "score": "1.6608058", "text": "enjoy than carp at.\" Philip K. Scheuer of the \"Los Angeles Times\" was among the critics who panned the film, writing that Hitchcock \"was once widely quoted as saying he hated actors. After his 1960 'Psycho' and now 'The Birds,' it must be fairly obvious that he has extended his abhorrence to the whole human race. For reasons hardly justified either dramatically or esthetically, the old master has become a master of the perverse. He has gone all out for shock for shock's sake, and it is too bad.\" \"Variety\" published a mixed assessment, writing that while the film was", "title": "The Birds (film)" }, { "id": "2058444", "score": "1.6602745", "text": "as they carefully escort Melanie to the car past a mass of birds nearby. The car slowly makes its way through a landscape in which thousands of birds are ominously perching. Residents in the town of Capitola, California awoke on August 18, 1961 to find sooty shearwaters slamming into their rooftops and their streets covered with dead birds. News reports suggested domoic acid poisoning (amnesic shellfish poisoning) as the cause. According to the local \"Santa Cruz Sentinel\", Alfred Hitchcock requested news copy in 1961 to use as \"research material for his latest thriller\". At the end of the same month,", "title": "The Birds (film)" }, { "id": "16025592", "score": "1.6553901", "text": "his autobiography \"I Follow but Myself\" Baker stated that it bore some resemblance to \"The Terror\" by Arthur Machen (first published 1917). When Alfred Hitchcock's \"The Birds\" was released in 1963, ostensibly based on a short story \"The Birds\" (1952) by Daphne du Maurier, Baker considered pursuing litigation against Universal Studios. but eventually decided against doing so because legal counsel considered that the works were substantially different. The opinion states: \"The treatment of the general idea of attacks by birds in the two works is as different as it could be.\" Du Maurier denied that she had taken the idea", "title": "Frank Baker (author)" }, { "id": "2058448", "score": "1.6460514", "text": "Pritchett, who both offered lengthy reflections on the work. Hitchcock decided to do without any conventional incidental score. Instead, he made use of sound effects and sparse source music in counterpoint to calculated silences. He wanted to use the electroacoustic Mixtur-Trautonium to create the birdcalls and noises. He had first encountered this predecessor to the synthesizer on Berlin radio in the late 1920s. It was invented by Friedrich Trautwein and further developed by Oskar Sala into the Trautonium, which would create some of the bird sounds for this film. The director commissioned Sala and Remi Gassmann to design an electronic", "title": "The Birds (film)" }, { "id": "14210120", "score": "1.6251299", "text": "Luis Borges' short story \"25th August, 1983\", \"Double Take\"'s narrative plot is based on a fictional encounter Alfred Hitchcock has with an older version of himself. Whilst on set of his 1962 film \"The Birds\", Hitchcock calls a twelve-minute break in order to answer a phone call in one of the universal studio buildings. After a foreboding encounter with a security guard, Hitchcock finds his way into a room similar to the tearooms in both the Chasen's hotel in Los Angeles and the Claridge's hotel in London. Here, Hitchcock and his doppelgänger meet. The ensuing conversation between the two is", "title": "Double Take (2009 film)" }, { "id": "1984031", "score": "1.6250255", "text": "and was asked by Hitchcock to play the leading role in his upcoming film \"The Birds\". \"I was so stunned. It never occurred to me that I would be given a leading role in a major motion picture. I had great big tears in my eyes\", Hedren later recalled. \"The Birds\" (1963) was Hedren's screen debut. Hitchcock became her drama coach, and gave her an education in film-making as she attended many of the production meetings such as script, music or photography conferences. Hedren said, \"I probably learned in three years what it would have taken me 15 years to", "title": "Tippi Hedren" }, { "id": "16894932", "score": "1.6233151", "text": "Captivated by Hedren's Nordic looks, Hitchcock becomes infatuated with her. While filming \"The Birds\", he makes physical advances to her in the back of a limousine but she rebuffs him and escapes through the back door. In retaliation for her rejection, Hitchcock exposes Hedren to terrifying encounters with birds. A mechanical bird breaks the apparently shatterproof glass of a telephone booth during filming, scratching Hedren's face with splintering glass. After arriving on set to shoot a scene where Hedren's character (Melanie Daniels) is trapped in an attic with aggressive birds, she discovers that Hitchcock has ordered the mechanical birds to", "title": "The Girl (2012 TV film)" }, { "id": "2058449", "score": "1.6191413", "text": "soundtrack. They are credited with \"electronic sound production and composition\", and Hitchcock's previous musical collaborator Bernard Herrmann is credited as \"sound consultant\". Source music includes the first of Claude Debussy's \"Deux arabesques\", which Tippi Hedren's character plays on piano, and \"Risseldy Rosseldy\", an Americanized version of the Scottish folk song \"Wee Cooper O'Fife\", which is sung by the schoolchildren. The special effects shots of the attacking birds were done at Walt Disney Studios by animator/technician Ub Iwerks, who used the sodium vapor process (\"yellow screen\") which he had helped to develop. The SV process films the subject against a screen", "title": "The Birds (film)" }, { "id": "11695642", "score": "1.6173047", "text": "Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films Alfred Hitchcock's films show an interesting tendency towards recurring themes and plot devices throughout his life as a director. This article lists some of the themes and plot devices that occur repeatedly in his films. There are images of birds in nearly all of Hitchcock's films. Some of the most prominent are listed below. Black people appear mostly as background characters in many of his films, except Philippe Dubois who is both intelligent and clever, The church have appeared in some of this films, Cultured villains have been shown in many of his", "title": "Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films" }, { "id": "2058452", "score": "1.6166346", "text": "the top 10 foreign films selected by the Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards. Hitchcock also received the Association's Director Award for the film. It also won the Horror Hall of Fame Award in 1991. \"The Birds\" received mixed reviews upon its initial release. Bosley Crowther of \"The New York Times\" was positive, calling it \"a horror film that should raise the hackles on the most courageous and put goose-pimples on the toughest hide.\" Crowther was unsure whether the birds were meant to be an allegory because \"it isn't in Mr. Hitchcock's style to inject allegorical meanings or social significance in", "title": "The Birds (film)" }, { "id": "11329787", "score": "1.6125333", "text": "shots, whatever we needed.\" Almost two decades earlier, Boyle had delivered the Statue of Liberty reproduction that was used in the climactic scene of \"Saboteur\". For \"The Birds\", Boyle was put in charge of the title characters. He later recalled, \"We needed to find out which birds we could use best, and finally settled on two types: sea gulls, which were very greedy beasts that would always fly toward the camera if there was a piece of meat, and crows, which had a strange sort of intelligence.\" Boyle described his relationship with Hitchcock: \"It was a meeting of equals: the", "title": "Robert F. Boyle" } ]

[ "telstar 11n", "telstar 1", "telstar", "Telstar 11N", "Telstar 1", "telstar i", "TELSTAR", "Telstar I", "Telstar" ]

[ { "id": "2068737", "score": "1.9737295", "text": "shortly after sub-orbital flights launched from White Sands Missile Range, such as the Viking 12 sounding rocket on February 4, 1955. Following the Soviet Union's successful Sputnik 1 (launched on October 4, 1957), the United States attempted its first launch of an artificial satellite from Cape Canaveral on December 6, 1957. However, the rocket carrying Vanguard TV3 exploded on the launch pad. NASA was founded in 1958, and Air Force crews launched missiles for NASA from the Cape, known then as Cape Canaveral Missile Annex. Redstone, Jupiter, Pershing 1, Pershing 1a, Pershing II, Polaris, Thor, Atlas, Titan and Minuteman missiles", "title": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station" }, { "id": "6567391", "score": "1.9490311", "text": "communications. Courier 1B, built by Philco, also launched in 1960, was the world's first active repeater satellite. Satellites these days are used for many applications such as GPS, television, internet and telephone. Telstar was the first active, direct relay commercial communications satellite. Belonging to AT&T as part of a multi-national agreement between AT&T, Bell Telephone Laboratories, NASA, the British General Post Office, and the French National PTT (Post Office) to develop satellite communications, it was launched by NASA from Cape Canaveral on July 10, 1962, the first privately sponsored space launch. Relay 1 was launched on December 13, 1962, and", "title": "History of telecommunication" }, { "id": "9457115", "score": "1.9343487", "text": "reflector for radio communications. Courier 1B, built by Philco, also launched in 1960, was the world's first active repeater satellite. Satellites these days are used for many applications such as uses in GPS, television, internet and telephone uses. Telstar was the first active, direct relay commercial communications satellite. Belonging to AT&T as part of a multi-national agreement between AT&T, Bell Telephone Laboratories, NASA, the British General Post Office, and the French National PTT (Post Office) to develop satellite communications, it was launched by NASA from Cape Canaveral on July 10, 1962, the first privately sponsored space launch. Relay 1 was", "title": "Telecommunications engineering" }, { "id": "14585151", "score": "1.9279606", "text": "Delta IV-M+(4,2) rocket, flying from Space Launch Complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. This made it the first GPS satellite to be launched on an Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle, and the first time since 1985 that anything other than a Delta II had been used to launch one. The launch occurred successfully at 03:00 UTC on 28 May 2010, at the start of a nineteen-minute launch window. It was originally scheduled to occur in 2006, however program and engineering delays resulted in it slipping to 2010. The first launch attempt was made on 21 May 2010, during", "title": "USA-213" }, { "id": "15941186", "score": "1.9220335", "text": "project. NASA's contribution to it was limited to launch services, as well as tracking and telemetry duties. The first two Telstar satellites were experimental and nearly identical. Telstar 1 was launched on top of a Thor-Delta rocket on July 10, 1962. It successfully relayed through space the first television pictures, telephone calls, fax images and provided the first live transatlantic television feed. Telstar 2 was launched May 7, 1963. Bell Telephone Laboratories designed and built the Telstar satellite. They were prototypes intended to prove various concepts behind the large constellation of orbiting satellites. Bell Telephone Laboratories also developed much of", "title": "Unmanned NASA missions" }, { "id": "17317875", "score": "1.912713", "text": "Delta IV-M+(5,4) rocket, Delta 362, was used to place it into a supersynchronous transfer orbit, from which the spacecraft will be maneuvered into geostationary orbit. It was launched from Space Launch Complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 00:27 UTC on 25 May 2013. A launch attempt 24 hours before was cancelled because of a problem with a helium pressurization line. The launch was successful. USA-243 USA-243, also known as WGS-5, is an American military communications satellite. It was the fifth satellite to be launched as part of the Wideband Global SATCOM program, and the second Block", "title": "USA-243" }, { "id": "13017638", "score": "1.9113734", "text": "D was the presence of three Castor-1 solid rocket boosters, clustered around the first stage. Both Delta D launches were conducted from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 17A. The first, on 19 August 1964, carried the Syncom 3 satellite. The last, on 6 April 1965, carried the first commercial communications satellite, Intelsat I. Delta D The Delta D, Thrust Augmented Delta or Thor-Delta D was an American expendable launch system used to launch two communications satellites in 1964 and 1965. It was derived from the Delta C, and was a member of the Delta family of rockets. The", "title": "Delta D" }, { "id": "13494645", "score": "1.9079324", "text": "Delta II 7925-9.5 rocket, serial number D241, from Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch occurred at 16:28:01 GMT (11:28 local time), on January 17, 1997. Thirteen seconds later, the rocket's flight termination system was activated by its onboard computer. This detonated explosive charges aboard the rocket, causing it to explode. At the time of explosion, the rocket was above the launch complex. It was the lowest-altitude launch failure at Cape Canaveral since Atlas-Centaur AC-5 in 1965 and only the third total loss of a Delta in the previous two decades. An investigation determined that", "title": "GPS IIR-1" }, { "id": "13038726", "score": "1.903547", "text": "of 954 kg (2,103 lb) to a GTO. The Delta 3000 was launched from Space Launch Complex 2W at Vandenberg AFB and Launch Complex 17A and B at Cape Canaveral. Of the 35 launches, there were two complete and one partial failure. The first, Vehicle 134 lifted from LC-17A at Cape Canaveral on September 13, 1977 with an Italian-built OTS communications satellite. Fifty-two seconds after liftoff, the Delta exploded. Booster and satellite debris were dredged from the sea bottom and it was ultimately discovered that a hairline crack in one SRB motor caused exhaust gas to escape and burn through", "title": "Delta 3000" }, { "id": "12115079", "score": "1.9007343", "text": "Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17. One of the two satellites had been shipped to Cape Canaveral May 4, 2009; the second satellite arrived at the launch site on June 25, 2009. It was reported that several items of debris, identified by amateur satellite watchers as remnants of the Delta-2 launch vehicle, had crashed in a field in Mongolia on February 19, 2010. The perceived advantage of STSS is that its satellites, by operating at a lower altitude and by using long- and short-wave infrared sensors, will be able to acquire and track missiles in midcourse and during", "title": "Space Tracking and Surveillance System" }, { "id": "13297015", "score": "1.900688", "text": "flight for Project Vanguard. A further Viking launch was conducted in May 1957, and the Vanguard made its maiden flight from the complex in September. Following this, the United States first satellite launch attempt was made from LC-18A, using Vanguard TV3, on 6 December 1957. The launch failed after the rocket lost thrust and exploded on the launch pad. All twelve Vanguard launches were conducted from LC-18A, with the complex being transferred to NASA after it took over responsibility for Vanguard following its formation in 1958. After the Vanguard's retirement in 1959, LC-18A was transferred to the US Air Force", "title": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 18" }, { "id": "3543800", "score": "1.8917859", "text": "On 6 December 1957 the US Navy launched Vanguard TV-3 rocket, carrying a 1.3 kg (2.9 lbs) satellite, from Cape Canaveral. It only reached an altitude of 1.2 meters (4 ft), fell, and exploded. The satellite was blasted off the top of the rocket where it landed in bushes near the pad and began transmitting signals, leading to \"New York Journal-American\" columnist Dorothy Kilgallen remarking \"Why doesn't somebody go out there, find it, and shoot it?\" The American press called it \"Kaputnik\". Investigation into the accident concluded that inadequate fuel tank pressure had allowed hot exhaust gases to back up", "title": "Vanguard (rocket)" }, { "id": "17143643", "score": "1.889761", "text": "band transponders, powered by a single solar array. NASA was contracted to launch INSAT-1A using a Delta 3910 rocket with a PAM-D upper stage. The launch occurred at 06:47 UTC on 10 April 1982, from Launch Complex 17A at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The satellite was successfully inserted into geosynchronous transfer orbit, from which it raised itself into geostationary orbit. It received the International Designator 1982-031A and Satellite Catalog Number 13129. Following launch, INSAT-1A had some initial problems deploying its antennas, solar array and stabilisation boom. The C-band antenna could not be deployed for twelve days, and the solar", "title": "INSAT-1A" }, { "id": "2068738", "score": "1.8756955", "text": "were all tested from the site, the Thor becoming the basis for the expendable launch vehicle (ELV) Delta rocket, which launched Telstar 1 in July 1962. The row of Titan (LC-15, 16, 19, 20) and Atlas (LC-11, 12, 13, 14) launch pads along the coast came to be known as Missile Row in the 1960s. NASA's first manned spaceflight program was prepared for launch from Canaveral by U.S. Air Force crews. Mercury's objectives were to place a manned spacecraft in Earth orbit, investigate human performance and ability to function in space, and safely recover the astronaut and spacecraft. Suborbital flights", "title": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station" }, { "id": "19595078", "score": "1.8735476", "text": "ATS-4 ATS-4 (Applications Technology Satellite) was a communications satellite launched by NASA on August 10, 1968 from Cape Canaveral through an Atlas-Agena D rocket. The objective of ATS-4 was to investigate the possibilities of a gravity gradient stabilization system (the method of stabilizing artificial satellites). The satellite has a cylindrical shape with a 142cm diameter and 183cm (about 360 cm considering the motor cover) with the surface covered by solar panels, and stabilized by gravity gradient. A total of four experiments were conducted during the mission: The ATS-4 launch vehicle failed in the ignition, resulting in an unplanned low elliptical", "title": "ATS-4" }, { "id": "13017567", "score": "1.8726068", "text": "The Delta C was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 17. Most launches carried NASA research satellites into low Earth orbit. Delta C The Delta C, or Thor-Delta C was an American expendable launch system used for thirteen orbital launches between 1963 and 1969. It was a member of the Delta family of rockets. The first stage was a Thor missile in the DSV-2A configuration, and the second stage was the Delta D, which was derived from the earlier Delta. The baseline Delta C used an Altair-2 third stage, whilst the Delta C1 had an FW-4D third", "title": "Delta C" }, { "id": "10887746", "score": "1.8701224", "text": "and E-6 aircraft. Other installations will go into fixed and transportable command posts. It successfully interoperated with legacy communications using an command post terminal and the Army Single Channel Anti-jam ManPortable Terminal, The first satellite, USA-214, was successfully launched by an Atlas V 531 rocket on 14 August 2010, from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. This occurred four years behind schedule; when the contract was awarded in 2000 the first launch was expected to occur in 2006. The program was restructured in October 2004, when the National Security Agency did not deliver key cryptographic", "title": "Advanced Extremely High Frequency" }, { "id": "13123533", "score": "1.8670297", "text": "the launch pad by a ramp on the southwest side of the launch pedestal. Thirty-two Atlas B, D, E and F missiles were launched on suborbital test flights from LC-11. The first launch to use the complex was Atlas 3B, the first flight of a complete Atlas, which was launched on 19 July 1958. In addition to the suborbital tests, one orbital launch was conducted from the complex. On 18 November 1958, Atlas 10B launched SCORE, the world's first communications satellite into low Earth orbit. Two on-pad explosions occurred on LC-11. The first was Missile 48D in April 1960, which", "title": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 11" }, { "id": "13705425", "score": "1.8668966", "text": "It was the last spacecraft to launch from Space Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, a launch pad which was first used in August 1957 for test flights of the PGM-17 Thor missile. It is also the final flight of an AS-4000 bus, the final GPS launch on a Delta II, and the final Delta II launch to be overseen by the US Air Force. Following separation from its carrier rocket, GPS IIR-21 received its USA designation, USA-206. It was deployed into a transfer orbit, from which raised itself to a semi-synchronous medium Earth orbit on", "title": "USA-206" }, { "id": "16237410", "score": "1.8662808", "text": "at 00:38 UTC on 20 January 2012, using a Delta IV-M+(5,4) carrier rocket flying from Space Launch Complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch was conducted by United Launch Alliance, and marked the eighteenth flight of the Delta IV. The carrier rocket successfully placed the satellite into a supersynchronous transfer orbit, with 24 degrees of inclination. Upon achieving orbit, WGS-4 was assigned its USA designation, and the International Designator 2012-003A. The satellite will use its onboard propulsion systems to inject itself into geosynchronous orbit. USA-233 USA-233 or WGS-4 is an American military communications satellite which was", "title": "USA-233" } ]

[ "australocentrist", "pax australiana", "iso 3166 1 au", "australian s", "australian", "ostralia", "austraila", "Imperial Australia", "australia commonwealth", "straya", "austrlaia", "Australia (nation state)", "Australian Commonwealth", "Technology in Australia", "Australian geopolitics", "orstraya", "Australia (federation)", "technology in australia", "philosophy in australia", "science in australia", "australia federation", "Australia (state)", "australia constitutional monarchy", "Federal Australia", "australia nation", "ISO 3166-1:AU", "Austalia", "Etymology of Australia", "australian country life", "Australian city life", "Empire of Australia", "Australocentrist", "Science in Australia", "mainland australia", "Austraila", "empire of australia", "Austrlaia", "australia monarchy", "Geopolitics of Australia", "Commonwealth of Australia", "Peace of Australia", "Ausrtalia", "modern australia", "Mainland Australia", "Asutralia", "aussieland", "continental australia", "peace of australia", "australian commonwealth", "austrailia", "The Commonwealth of Australia", "federal australia", "australia state", "geopolitics of australia", "Australia (Commonwealth)", "New Australian", "austalia", "australias", "Australia's", "Australia.", "Ostralia", "Austraya", "Australia (empire)", "AustraliA", "dominion of australia", "country life in australia", "australian woman s day", "australia commonwealth realm", "Aussieland", "Philosophy in Australia", "AUSTRALIA", "Modern Australia", "australia", "australian geopolitics", "australia dominion", "australia country", "Australia (commonwealth realm)", "Dominion of Australia", "Australlia", "commonwealth australia", "commonwealth of australia", "Australo", "Australia (nation-state)", "ausrtalia", "Orstraya", "Australija", "austrlia", "Austrlia", "australie", "asutralia", "new australian", "Straya", "Commonwealth of australia", "united states of australia", "australian city life", "Australiia", "australia s", "australo", "Country life in Australia", "Australia (dominion)", "United States of Australia", "Austrailia", "australia realm", "Australian country life", "imperial australia", "australiia", "etymology of australia", "australia nation state", "australien", "city life in australia", "Australocentric", "Australia (country)", "Australai", "australai", "Australie", "Australian's", "australlia", "Australian Woman's Day", "Australia", "austraya", "Australien", "City life in Australia", "Australia (Commonwealth realm)", "australija", "Pax Australiana", "AUSTRALIAN", "Australian mainland", "Australia (constitutional monarchy)", "Australocentrism", "australian mainland", "australocentric", "Australia (nation)", "australia empire", "Australia (commonwealth)", "Australo-", "Australia (realm)", "Commonwealth Australia", "Continental Australia", "australocentrism", "Australias", "Australia (monarchy)" ]

[ { "id": "6975642", "score": "1.8389915", "text": "by Thomas Keneally. The British American colony of Maryland received a larger felon quota than any other province. Alternatives to the American colonies were investigated and the newly discovered and mapped East Coast of New Holland was proposed. The details provided by James Cook during his expedition to the South Pacific in 1770 made it the most suitable. On 18 August 1786 the decision was made to send a colonisation party of convicts, military, and civilian personnel to Botany Bay under the command of Admiral Arthur Phillip who was to be the Governor of the new colony. There were 775", "title": "Convicts in Australia" }, { "id": "52566", "score": "1.7801652", "text": "Holland by the Dutch East India Company, but there was no attempt to colonise it. In 1770 James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific Ocean, claimed the continent for Britain, and named it New South Wales. In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail, arriving in 1788. Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840, to Tasmania until", "title": "British Empire" }, { "id": "1774278", "score": "1.7608693", "text": "1718 onwards transportation was entirely to North America. The arrangements ceased when the American Revolutionary War meant it was no longer possible for the United Kingdom to send convicts to what had become the United States. The British Government then looked to the newly discovered east coast of Australia to use as a penal colony. Convicts were transported to Australia in 1787, arriving in Botany Bay, then Sydney Cove, in January 1788. From the very start of European settlement convicts were used as indentured labourers in five out of the six colonies. Many were used on public works, but a", "title": "Convict" }, { "id": "784965", "score": "1.7573985", "text": "to 20 January 1788, taking 250 to 252 days from departure to final arrival. Convicts were originally transported to the Thirteen Colonies in North America, but after the American War of Independence ended in 1783, the newly formed United States refused to accept further convicts. On 6 December 1785, Orders in Council were issued in London for the establishment of a penal colony in New South Wales, on land claimed for Britain by explorer James Cook in his first voyage to the Pacific in 1770. The First Fleet was commanded by Commodore Arthur Phillip, who was given instructions authorising him", "title": "First Fleet" }, { "id": "13228963", "score": "1.7282557", "text": "his voyage up the east coast of Australia, observed no signs of agriculture or other development by its inhabitants. Some historians argue that under prevailing European law such land was deemed \"terra nullius\" or land belonging to nobody or land 'empty of inhabitants' (as defined by Emerich de Vattel). Cook wrote that he formally took possession of the east coast of New Holland on 22 August 1770 when on Possession Island off the west coast of Cape York Peninsula. The British Government decided to establish a prison colony in Australia in 1786. Under the European legal doctrine of \"terra nullius\",", "title": "Australian frontier wars" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Oceania\n\nThe history of Oceania includes the history of Australia, Easter Island, Fiji, Hawaii, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Western New Guinea, and other Pacific island nations.", "title": "History of Oceania" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Sydney\n\nThe History of Sydney is the story of the peoples of the land that has become modern Sydney.\n\nAboriginal Australians have inhabited the Sydney region for at least 30,000 years, and Aboriginal engravings and cultural sites are common in the Sydney area. The traditional owners of the land on which modern Sydney stands are the Darug, Dharawal and Eora people.The modern history of the city began with the arrival of a First Fleet of British ships in 1788 and the foundation of a penal colony by Great Britain.\n\nFrom 1788 to 1900, Sydney was the capital of the British colony of New South Wales. The town of Sydney was declared a city in 1842, and a local government was established. In 1901, the Australian colonies federated to become the Commonwealth of Australia, and Sydney became the capital of the state of New South Wales. Sydney today is Australia's largest city and a major international centre of culture and finance. The city has played host to numerous international events, including the 2000 Summer Olympics.", "title": "History of Sydney" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "European Australians\n\nEuropean Australians are citizens or residents of Australia whose ancestry originates from the peoples of Europe. They form the largest panethnic group in the country. At the 2021 census, the number of ancestry responses categorised within European ancestral groups as a proportion of the total population amounted to 57.2% (including 46% North-West European and 11.2% Southern and Eastern European).<ref name=\"ReferenceA\"/><ref name=\"ReferenceB\"/> It is impossible to quantify the precise proportion of the population with European ancestry. For instance, many census recipients nominated two European ancestries, tending towards an overcount. Conversely, 29.9% of census recipients nominated \"Australian\" ancestry (categorised within the Oceanian ancestry group although the Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most of them are likely to have at least partial Anglo-Celtic European ancestry),<ref name=\"Commonwealth of Australia\"/><ref name=\"ReferenceB\"/> tending towards an undercount.\n\nSince the early 19th century, people of European descent have formed the majority of the population in Australia. Historically, European immigrants had great influence over Australian culture and society, which resulted in the perception of Australia as a European-derived country.\n\nThe majority of European Australians are of British Isles – English, Irish, Scottish, or Welsh – ancestral origin. While not an official ancestral classification, they are often referred to as Anglo-Celtic Australians. Other significant ancestries include Italian, German, Greek, Dutch, European New Zealanders, Polish, Maltese, and Scandinavian.", "title": "European Australians" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Age of Enlightenment\n\nThe Age of Enlightenment or the Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries with global influences and effects. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on the value of human happiness, the pursuit of knowledge obtained by means of reason and the evidence of the senses, and ideals such as liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.\n\nThe Enlightenment was preceded by the Scientific Revolution and the work of Francis Bacon, John Locke, and others. Some date the beginning of the Enlightenment to the publication of René Descartes' \"Discourse on the Method\" in 1637, featuring his famous dictum, \"Cogito, ergo sum\" (\"I think, therefore I am\"). Others cite the publication of Isaac Newton's \"Principia Mathematica\" (1687) as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution and the beginning of the Enlightenment. European historians traditionally date its beginning with the death of Louis XIV of France in 1715 and its end with the 1789 outbreak of the French Revolution. Many historians now date the end of the Enlightenment as the start of the 19th century, with the latest proposed year being the death of Immanuel Kant in 1804.\n\nPhilosophers and scientists of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffeehouses and in printed books, journals, and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Catholic Church and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism, communism, and neoclassicism, trace their intellectual heritage to the Enlightenment.\n\nThe central doctrines of the Enlightenment were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to an absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Church. The principles of sociability and utility also played an important role in circulating knowledge useful to the improvement of society at large. The Enlightenment was marked by an increasing awareness of the relationship between the mind and the everyday media of the world, and by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy—an attitude captured by Immanuel Kant's essay \"\", where the phrase \"Sapere aude\" (Dare to know) can be found.", "title": "Age of Enlightenment" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of Western civilization" }, { "id": "20914324", "score": "1.7259715", "text": "or due to exploration of the country not being well enough advanced to know if there were any natural features. The loss of the American Colonies due to the American War of Independence (1775–83) forced the British Government to find another place to send its convicted felons. Its most recent acquisition (1770) New Holland (now Australia) was chosen and the first penal settlement established at Port Jackson in 1788 by Captain Arthur Phillip. Other settlements soon followed, Norfolk Island, Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), Port Macquarie and in 1824 Moreton Bay. In 1840 the transportation of convicts to New South", "title": "Queensland borders" }, { "id": "1815635", "score": "1.721939", "text": "prisoners to Cape Coast Castle (modern Ghana) and the Gorée (Senegal) in West Africa, British authorities turned their attention to New South Wales (in what would become Australia). From the 1820s until the 1860s, convicts were sent to Bermuda to work on the construction of the Royal Naval Dockyard and other defence works, including an area still known as \"Convict Bay\", at St. George's town. In 1787, the \"First Fleet\" of convict ships departed from England to establish the first British settlement in Australia, as a penal colony. The fleet arrived at Port Jackson (Sydney) on 26 January 1788, a", "title": "Penal transportation" }, { "id": "12961202", "score": "1.7217824", "text": "sought to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay on the coast of New South Wales, which had been explored and claimed by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. The settlement was seen as necessary because of the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America. The Fleet arrived between 18 and 20 January 1788, but it was immediately apparent that Botany Bay was unsuitable. On 21 January, Phillip and a few officers travelled to Port Jackson, to the north, to see if it would be a better location for a settlement. They stayed there until 23 January; Phillip named the", "title": "Australia Day" }, { "id": "11986246", "score": "1.718772", "text": "they are now known) have opened at Parklea (1983), Cessnock, Junee (1993), Lithgow, Silverwater (1997), Brewarrina (2000), John Morony Correctional Centre and Dillwynia Women's Correctional Centre in north-west Sydney, Kempsey (2004), Wellington (2007), and Nowra (2010). Great Britain started the European settlement of the Colony of New South Wales in 1788, establishing a penal colony at what is now Sydney. The incentive to establishment the colony came from the conclusion (1783) of the American War of Independence, which forced Britain to find ways of dealing with criminals other than transporting them to North America. The initial settlement at Sydney Cove", "title": "Corrective Services New South Wales" }, { "id": "6975635", "score": "1.715596", "text": "and in 1787, the First Fleet of eleven convict ships set sail for Botany Bay, arriving on 20 January 1788 to found Sydney, New South Wales, the first European settlement on the continent. Other penal colonies were later established in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in 1803 and Queensland in 1824, while Western Australia, founded in 1829 as a free colony, received convicts from 1850. South Australia and Victoria, established in 1836 and 1850 respectively, remained free colonies. Penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly the following decade. The last convict ship arrived in Western Australia", "title": "Convicts in Australia" }, { "id": "383967", "score": "1.7110057", "text": "1776. Britain decided in 1786 to found a new penal outpost in the territory discovered by Cook some 16 years earlier. Captain Philip led the \"First Fleet\" of 11 ships and about 850 convicts into Botany Bay on 18 January 1788, though deemed the location unsuitable due to poor soil and a lack of fresh water. He travelled a short way further north and arrived at Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. This was to be the location for the new colony. Phillip described Sydney Cove as being \"without exception the finest harbour in the world\". The colony was at", "title": "Sydney" }, { "id": "6975634", "score": "1.7062292", "text": "Convicts in Australia Between 1788 and 1868, about 162,000 convicts were transported by the British government to various penal colonies in Australia. The British government began transporting convicts overseas to American colonies in the early 18th century. When transportation ended with the start of the American Revolution, an alternative site was needed to relieve further overcrowding of British prisons and hulks. Earlier in 1770, James Cook charted and claimed possession of the east coast of Australia for Britain. Seeking to pre-empt the French colonial empire from expanding into the region, Britain chose Australia as the site of a penal colony,", "title": "Convicts in Australia" }, { "id": "432660", "score": "1.6960821", "text": "the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force of the Indian Army, 80% of which was composed of native Indian sepoys. On 22 August 1770, James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific. In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail, arriving in 1788. The British government had", "title": "History of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "511830", "score": "1.6950352", "text": "Cove to Parramatta and Toongabbie, but a building program, assisted by convict labour, advanced steadily. Between 1788 and 1792, convicts and their gaolers made up the majority of the population—but after this, a population of emancipated convicts began to grow who could be granted land and these people pioneered a non-government private sector economy and were later joined by soldiers whose military service had expired—and finally, free settlers who began arriving from Britain. Governor Phillip departed the colony for England on 11 December 1792, with the new settlement having survived near starvation and immense isolation for four years. On 16", "title": "History of Australia" }, { "id": "18689627", "score": "1.6949892", "text": "sailing ships departed from England, carrying convicts, marines, and sailors. The ships were heading for New South Wales, the territory claimed by James Cook during his first voyage of discovery in 1770, when he located and charted the eastern coast of New Holland (now Australia). The loss of the American penal colonies following the War of American Independence (and the resulting pressure it put on the British gaol system) combined with the need to secure this new territory against potential Dutch or French claims. The founding of a penal colony in New South Wales was approved by Prime Minister William", "title": "First Fleet Re-enactment Voyage" }, { "id": "6497386", "score": "1.6893057", "text": "which had been claimed for the Netherlands by Abel Tasman in 1642; a small part of the mainland south of 38° (later southern Victoria) and; the west coast of the continent (later Western Australia), which Jean Mengaud, an officer of Louis de Saint Aloüarn officially claimed for France in 1772 — even though it had been mapped previously by Dutch mariners. The British claim remained theoretical until January 1788, when Arthur Phillip arrived with the First Fleet to found a convict settlement at what is now Sydney. Phillip, as Governor of New South Wales, exercised nominal authority over all of", "title": "History of New South Wales" }, { "id": "12998866", "score": "1.6868924", "text": "Stingray Harbor on Australia's east coast in 1770, claiming the land for the British Crown. Settlements in Australia began in 1788 when Britain began to utilize the country for the deportation of convicts, with the first free settles arriving in 1793. Likewise New Zealand became a home for hunters seeking whales and seals in the 1790s with later non-commercial settlements by the Scottish in the 1820s and 30s. In Northern America, revolution was beginning when in 1770, British troops opened fire on a mob pelting them with stones, an event later known as the Boston Massacre. British authorities were unable", "title": "Political history of the world" }, { "id": "12358361", "score": "1.686612", "text": "settlement, of whom 696 were convicts. The actual settlement was located at Sydney Cove. The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney. However, though the settlement was a military prison, and Phillip had full power as governor, the colony also had a civil administration and courts of law. The first test of the doctrine of \"terra nullius\" occurred in \"R v Tommy\" which held that the native inhabitants were only subject to English law where the incident concerned both natives and settlers. The rationale was that Aboriginal tribal groups already operated under their own", "title": "Constitutional history of Australia" }, { "id": "52565", "score": "1.6855285", "text": "the US, but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 Treaty of Ghent, ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States. Since 1718, transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic. Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia. The coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon in 1606 and was named New", "title": "British Empire" }, { "id": "1303253", "score": "1.6833725", "text": "Colony,\" where the prisoners could learn trades and work off their debts. Even though this largely failed, the idea that the state began as a penal colony has persisted, both in popular history and local lore. The British would often ship Irish, Scots, and the Welsh to the Americas whenever rebellions took place in Ireland, Scotland or Wales but these were sent mostly to Maryland and Virginia, not Georgia. When that avenue closed in the 1780s after the American Revolution, Britain began using parts of what is now known as Australia as penal settlements. Australian penal colonies included Norfolk Island,", "title": "Penal colony" } ]

[ "still life painting", "Still lifes", "naturaleza muerta", "Still life", "Still-life", "Still Life", "still life", "stilleben", "Nature morte", "stilllife", "Stilllife", "still lifes", "nature morte", "Naturaleza Muerta", "Stilleben", "Still Life Painting", "Still-Life Painting", "Still-life painting", "Still-lifes", "Naturaleza muerta", "Still-Life" ]

[ { "id": "19631849", "score": "1.649993", "text": "the Virgin's Annunciation may depict a vase of white lilies in her room to indicate her attributes. Plants are also often used as backgrounds or features in portraits, and as main subjects in still lifes. Both animals and plants appear in literature and film. Animals as varied as bees, beetles, mice, foxes, crocodiles and elephants play a wide variety of roles in literature and film. A genre of films has been based on oversized insects, including the pioneering 1954 \"Them!\", featuring giant ants mutated by radiation, and the 1957 \"The Deadly Mantis\". Birds have occasionally featured in film, as in", "title": "Human uses of living things" }, { "id": "19631847", "score": "1.6206558", "text": "the care and cultivation of living plants. Venus Flytrap, sensitive plant and resurrection plant are examples of plants sold as novelties. There are also art forms specializing in the arrangement of cut or living plant, such as bonsai, ikebana, and the arrangement of cut or dried flowers. Ornamental plants have sometimes changed the course of history, as in tulipomania. Both animals and plants are significant in art, whether as background or as main subjects. Animals, often mammals but including fish and insects among other groups, have been the subjects of art from the earliest times, in both early history as", "title": "Human uses of living things" }, { "id": "18291836", "score": "1.594005", "text": "origin, among the most important survival mechanisms of animals and of humans – the mechanism of disguise and camouflage. It serves both for defense and attack. It is a fallacy we all use, usually without being conscious of it, and we are all its victims when others use it to mislead us. An insect may look just like one of the leaves of the plant on which it lives until another insect approaches it and then the \"leaf\" devours it. A flower may look just like a female wasp, and the males coming to mate with \"her\" cause the flower", "title": "Art versus Nonart: Art out of Mind" }, { "id": "2067823", "score": "1.5908155", "text": "Still life A still life (plural: still lifes) is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which are either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, shells, etc.) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, etc.). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greco-Roman art, still-life painting emerged as a distinct genre and professional specialization in Western painting by the late 16th century, and has remained significant since then. One advantage of the still-life artform is that it allows an artist a lot of freedom to experiment with the arrangement of elements", "title": "Still life" }, { "id": "5969511", "score": "1.5800614", "text": "Artificial flower Artificial flowers are imitations of natural flowering plants used for commercial or residential decoration. They are sometimes made for scientific purposes (the collection of glass flowers at Harvard University, for example, illustrates the flora of the United States). Materials used in their manufacture have included painted linen and shavings of stained horn in ancient Egypt, gold and silver in ancient Rome, rice-paper in China, silkworm cocoons in Italy, colored feathers in South America, and wax and tinted shells. Modern techniques involve carved or formed soap, nylon netting stretched over wire frames, ground clay, and mass-produced injection plastic mouldings.", "title": "Artificial flower" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Still life\n\nA still life (plural: still lifes) is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which are either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, shells, etc.) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, etc.).\n\nWith origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greco-Roman art, still-life painting emerged as a distinct genre and professional specialization in Western painting by the late 16th century, and has remained significant since then. One advantage of the still-life artform is that it allows an artist much freedom to experiment with the arrangement of elements within a composition of a painting. Still life, as a particular genre, began with Netherlandish painting of the 16th and 17th centuries, and the English term \"still life\" derives from the Dutch word \"stilleven\". Early still-life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Later still-life works are produced with a variety of media and technology, such as found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound.\n\nThe term includes the painting of dead animals, especially game. Live ones are considered animal art, although in practice they were often painted from dead models. Because of the use of plants and animals as a subject, the still-life category also shares commonalities with zoological and especially botanical illustration. However, with visual or fine art, the work is not intended merely to illustrate the subject correctly.\n\nStill life occupied the lowest rung of the hierarchy of genres, but has been extremely popular with buyers. As well as the independent still-life subject, still-life painting encompasses other types of painting with prominent still-life elements, usually symbolic, and \"images that rely on a multitude of still-life elements ostensibly to reproduce a 'slice of life. The \"trompe-l'œil\" painting, which intends to deceive the viewer into thinking the scene is real, is a specialized type of still life, usually showing inanimate and relatively flat objects.", "title": "Still life" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Painting\n\nPainting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the \"matrix\" or \"support\"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used.\n\nIn art, the term \"painting \"describes both the act and the result of the action (the final work is called \"a painting\"). The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, pottery, leaf, copper and concrete, and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials, including sand, clay, paper, plaster, gold leaf, and even whole objects.\n\nPainting is an important form in the visual arts, bringing in elements such as drawing, composition, gesture (as in gestural painting), narration (as in narrative art), and abstraction (as in abstract art). Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in still life and landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic (as in Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism) or political in nature (as in Artivism).\n\nA portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by religious art. Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery, to Biblical scenes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, to scenes from the life of Buddha (or other images of Eastern religious origin).", "title": "Painting" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of mythological objects\n\nMythological objects encompass a variety of items (e.g. weapons, armor, clothing) found in mythology, legend, folklore, tall tale, fable, religion, spirituality, superstition, paranormal, and pseudoscience from across the world. This list will be organized according to the category of object. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of mythological objects" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Language learning centre/Word list" }, { "id": "908776", "score": "1.5754735", "text": "are high-quality pottery, often painted, moulded or otherwise decorated, and in many periods distinguished from \"coarse\" wares, which are basic utilitarian pots used by the mass of the population, or in the kitchen rather than for more formal purposes. Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping hard or plastic material, commonly stone (either rock or marble), metal, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by ; others are assembled, built up and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts. The majority", "title": "Fine art" }, { "id": "16909999", "score": "1.5678403", "text": "likely does not represent closely any actual occasion. The walls are covered by paintings by Flemish artists and there are also numerous sculptures including the bronze \"Allegory of Architecture\" by Giambologna. The painting contains representations of the wonders of the natural world (animals, plants, and minerals), along with examples of human creativity (painting and sculpture), and attributes of the five senses. As such the composition represents the early phase of the genre of collector's cabinets. During this early ‘encyclopaedic’ phase, the genre reflected the culture of curiosity of that time, when art works, scientific instruments, naturalia and artificialia were equally", "title": "The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet" }, { "id": "2610", "score": "1.5633495", "text": "as \"a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science\". The oldest documented forms of art are visual arts, which include creation of images or objects in fields including today painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. Sculptures, cave paintings, rock paintings and petroglyphs from the Upper Paleolithic dating to roughly 40,000 years ago have been found, but the precise meaning of such art is often disputed because so little is known about the cultures that produced them. The oldest art objects in the world—a series of tiny, drilled snail shells about 75,000 years", "title": "Art" }, { "id": "3919884", "score": "1.5616492", "text": "rivers and woods and the whole of heaven, with the things that exist and move therein, we are content if a man is able to represent them with even a small degree of likeness ... Roman still life subjects are often placed in illusionist niches or shelves and depict a variety of everyday objects including fruit, live and dead animals, seafood, and shells. Examples of the theme of the glass jar filled with water were skillfully painted and later served as models for the same subject often painted during the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Pliny complained of the declining state", "title": "Roman art" }, { "id": "17839565", "score": "1.5558476", "text": "included artist-designed billboards, television, radio and print interventions, museum exhibitions, lectures, and performance art by disseminating political, environmental, and social activist art works to people who were not members of the traditional art audience. Influenced by alchemy, this installation of hand blown glass vessels engraved with text refers to subjectivity, intuition, and guesswork in scientific inquiry. The art historian Ann Morris Reynolds describes this work as an \"\"apparatus\": a means by which a \"distillation of vague intuitions\" concerning art and science is performed. And true to the second meaning of the term, a political organization or an under ground political", "title": "Eve Andree Laramee" }, { "id": "4134001", "score": "1.5369205", "text": "(\"illustration, left\") shows paintings on the wall that range from landscapes, including a moonlit scene—a genre in itself—to a portrait and a religious picture (the \"Adoration of the Magi\") intermixed with preserved tropical marine fish and a string of carved beads, most likely amber, which is both precious and a natural curiosity. Sculpture both classical and secular (the sacrificing \"Libera\", a Roman fertility goddess) on the one hand and modern and religious (\"Christ at the Column\") are represented, while on the table are ranged, among the exotic shells (including some tropical ones and a shark's tooth): portrait miniatures, gem-stones mounted", "title": "Cabinet of curiosities" }, { "id": "15063026", "score": "1.5357187", "text": "been central to the successful (and sometimes less than successful) design and implementation of pleasingly built environments in which people live. Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials (including clay), which may take forms such as pottery, tile, figurines, sculpture, and tableware. While some ceramic products are considered fine art, some are considered to be decorative, industrial, or applied art objects. Ceramics may also be considered artefacts in archaeology.Ceramic art can be made by one person or by a group of people. In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people design, manufacture, and decorate the pottery. Products", "title": "The arts" }, { "id": "5969515", "score": "1.528506", "text": "cold porcelain, steel wire, paint, glue, tape and sometimes paper and foam as a filler. With the help of cutters, where each flower has its own cutter set, the parts are cut from the still soft clay and then formed with specially designed tools. After drying, these parts are, when needed, painted with precision and then very precisely assembled into a whole flower. When made by a skillful artisan, clay flowers can be very realistic. From Thailand, where this art is very popular, it has spread to Europe, Russia and the US. Glass is melted and blown by hand into", "title": "Artificial flower" }, { "id": "2598", "score": "1.5245206", "text": "Art Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the author's imaginative, conceptual idea, or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art. The three classical branches of art are painting, sculpture and architecture. Music, theatre, film, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature and other media such as interactive media, are included in", "title": "Art" }, { "id": "16822170", "score": "1.5226829", "text": "and forceful, and even vibrant. Cognitive and non-cognitive approaches of nature have directed their focus from natural environments to the consideration of human and human influenced environments and developed aesthetic investigations of everyday life.(Carlson and Lintott, 2007; Parsons 2008a; Carlson 2010) People may be mistaken by the art object analogy. For instance, a sandhill crane is not an art object; an art object is not a sandhill crane. In fact, an art object should be called an \"artifact\". The crane is wildlife on its own and is not an art object. This can be related to Satio's definition of the", "title": "Aesthetics of nature" }, { "id": "11309871", "score": "1.5193601", "text": "its cultural representation.” Merback continues, “It is no longer the old lamentable case of our being estranged from what is real in nature, but that the real has been driven to extinction by its ever-widening simulation.” McConnell, in more recent years, has been displaying works constructed wholly of slip cast (see slipcasting) elements arranged into larger architectural structures. The individual forms presented in these works include such imagery as animal sculptures, Christmas trees, figures from popular culture, religious icons and faux Ming vases. These objects are derived from a bevy of plaster molds intended for the hobby ceramics industry –", "title": "Walter McConnell" }, { "id": "19845014", "score": "1.5191534", "text": "be considered “paintings,” which consist of unconventional materials applied to paper. She chooses materials that are both industrial and natural, including cement, pollen and egg yolk. This combination of natural and manmade remains intrinsic to her work across each of her chosen media. Webster has also experimented with video art in her various gallery shows. On multiple occasions, Webster has exhibited video projections of bears in their natural habitat, implying the consequences of malignant human intervention in the environment. Through these videos, Webster places environmental protection into dialogue with the commercial gallery space, asking the viewer to empathize with nature", "title": "Meg Webster" }, { "id": "18813216", "score": "1.514776", "text": "she made in 1999 for the National Police. In 2001 Nanning explained about the central theme in her work: Nature is my source: plants, leaves, roots, water and the wind. Natural phenomena have been an everlasting inspiration for me, be it the Milky Way or the rise and fall of waves in an eternal, natural movement. In clay, my thrown shapes have evolved into concentric spinning objects without a beginning or end. They represent eternal movement, the primeval source of life on earth. In order to make these forms seem even more weightless, intangible and floating, I gave them a", "title": "Barbara Nanning" }, { "id": "2067826", "score": "1.5117571", "text": "which intends to deceive the viewer into thinking the scene is real, is a specialized type of still life, usually showing inanimate and relatively flat objects. Still-life paintings often adorn the interior of ancient Egyptian tombs. It was believed that food objects and other items depicted there would, in the afterlife, become real and available for use by the deceased. Ancient Greek vase paintings also demonstrate great skill in depicting everyday objects and animals. Peiraikos is mentioned by Pliny the Elder as a panel painter of \"low\" subjects, such as survive in mosaic versions and provincial wall-paintings at Pompeii: \"barbers'", "title": "Still life" }, { "id": "2067850", "score": "1.5109332", "text": "statuettes, vases, coins, jewelry, paintings, musical and scientific instruments, military insignia, fine silver and crystal, were accompanied by symbolic reminders of life's impermanence. Additionally, a skull, an hourglass or pocket watch, a candle burning down or a book with pages turning, would serve as a moralizing message on the ephemerality of sensory pleasures. Often some of the fruits and flowers themselves would be shown starting to spoil or fade to emphasize the same point. Another type of still life, known as \"ontbijtjes\" or \"breakfast paintings\", represent both a literal presentation of delicacies that the upper class might enjoy and a", "title": "Still life" } ]

[ "kingdom center", "The Kingdom Centre", "al mamlaka", "Kingdom Center", "kingdom centre", "Kingdom Centre", "Al Mamlaka" ]

[ { "id": "620951", "score": "1.7453196", "text": "time the skyscraper was topped out. The tower currently contains 474 residential condominium units and a 349-room 5-star Kempinski hotel. Al Faisaliyah Centre (Arabic: برج الفيصلية) is the first skyscraper constructed in Saudi Arabia, and is the third tallest building in Riyadh after the Burj Rafal and the Kingdom Centre. The golden ball that lies atop the tower is said to be inspired by a ballpoint pen, and contains a restaurant; immediately below this is an outside viewing deck. There is a shopping centre with major world brands at ground level. Al Faisaliyah Centre also has a hotel at both", "title": "Riyadh" }, { "id": "620950", "score": "1.7215075", "text": "in Mecca and Burj Rafal in Riyadh), rising to 300 m. A special aspect of the tower is that it is divided into two parts in the last one third of its height and is linked by a sky-bridge walkway, which provides stunning views of Riyadh. Burj Rafal, located on King Fahad Road, is the tallest skyscraper in Riyadh at 307.9 meters (1,010 feet) tall. The tower was designed and engineered by P & T Group. Construction began in 2010 and was completed 2014. The project was considered a success, with 70% of the residential units already sold by the", "title": "Riyadh" }, { "id": "7837354", "score": "1.72085", "text": "Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, the architects behind Burj Khalifa. Saudi Arabia's current tallest building is the 601 m Abraj Al Bait Hotel Tower in Makkah. The top of the tower is similar to that of the Burj Al Arab in Dubai with a similar style of helipad and observation area. Al Rajhi Tower Al Rajhi Tower (Arabic: برج الراجحي) is a $500 million USD tower currently proposed for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Designs for the sail-shaped tower have been drawn up by architects at Atkins. The tower is being built on behalf of the Al Rajhi family and will be used", "title": "Al Rajhi Tower" }, { "id": "11788700", "score": "1.7167226", "text": "Jeddah Tower will have just over 167 floors. Jeddah Tower Jeddah Tower (), previously known as Kingdom Tower () and Mile-High Tower (), is a skyscraper under construction on the north side of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It is planned to be the world's first high building, and the centrepiece and first phase of a development and tourist attraction known as Jeddah Economic City. Initial plans called for a mile high structure, but the geology of the area proved unsuitable for a tower of that height. The current design, created by American architect Adrian Smith, who also designed Burj Khalifa, incorporates", "title": "Jeddah Tower" }, { "id": "4753391", "score": "1.705607", "text": "fees, visitors take two elevators to reach that level. The architect was Ellerbe Becket. Kingdom Centre Kingdom Centre () is a 99-storey, skyscraper in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is the fifth-tallest skyscraper in the country, whose tallest two buildings are the Abraj Al Bait Towers and the Capital Market Authority Tower. It is the world's third-tallest building with a hole after the Shanghai World Financial Center and the 85 Sky Tower in Taiwan. When completed back in 2002, it overtook the Faisaliyah Tower, which – at 267 metres – was the tallest tower in Riyadh at that time. Besides the", "title": "Kingdom Centre" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of tallest buildings in Saudi Arabia\n\nThis list of tallest buildings in Saudi Arabia ranks the tallest buildings in Saudi Arabia by height.\n\nThe tallest building in Mecca is the 601 meter super-tall skyscraper Abraj Al-Bait Royal Clock Tower. It is the world's fourth tallest building and houses the Fairmont Makkah Clock Royal Tower Hotel.\n\nThe high rise construction boom has extended the skyline of in the past two decades, with the PIF Tower, completed in 2021, becoming Riyadh's tallest building at 385 meters.\n\nRiyadh is now the 3rd city in the Middle East after Dubai and Abu Dhabi. A total of 100 skyscrapers have been constructed since 2014 in the city.", "title": "List of tallest buildings in Saudi Arabia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jeddah Tower\n\nJeddah Tower (), previously known as Kingdom Tower (), is a skyscraper construction project currently on hold. Located on the north side of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, it is planned to be the first tall building, and the centrepiece and first phase of a development and tourist attraction known as Jeddah Economic City.\n\nThere was steady progress, but in January 2018, building owner JEC halted structural concrete work with the tower about one-third completed due to labor issues with a contractor following the 2017–2019 Saudi Arabian purge.\n\nThe design, created by American architect Adrian Smith, who also designed the Burj Khalifa, incorporates many unique structural and aesthetic features. The creator and leader of the project is Saudi Arabian prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, a grandson of Ibn Saud, and nephew of the Kings of Saudi Arabia after Ibn Saud. Al-Waleed is the chairman of Kingdom Holding Company (KHC), which is a partner in the Jeddah Economic Company (JEC), which was formed in 2009 for the development of Jeddah Tower and City.<ref name=\"businesswireaugust5\" />", "title": "Jeddah Tower" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of tallest buildings\n\nTall buildings, such as skyscrapers, are intended here as enclosed structures with continuously occupiable floors and a height of at least . Such definition excludes non-building structures, such as towers.", "title": "List of tallest buildings" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of tallest buildings in Asia\n\nThis list of tallest buildings in Asia ranks skyscrapers which are at least tall. The tallest building in Asia (and the tallest in the world) is Burj Khalifa, which stands which was opened on January 4, 2010, in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.\n\nNearly three-quarters of the 50 tallest skyscrapers in the world are located in Asia. Before the construction boom of skyscrapers in Asia since 1997, most of the tallest skyscrapers were built in North America. China has built fifteen of the tallest skyscrapers in the world in the last twenty years. The UAE has also built numerous skyscrapers in the last twenty years, and the city of Dubai has the most skyscrapers in the top fifty list.\n\nThe first list includes skyscrapers which are either completed or topped out according to CTBUH criteria. The second list those buildings which are proposed or under construction according to CTBUH criteria.", "title": "List of tallest buildings in Asia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of tallest towers\n\nSeveral extant building fulfill the engineering definition of a tower: \"a tall human structure, always taller than it is wide, for public or regular operational access by humans, but not for living in or office work, and are \"self-supporting\" or \"free-standing\", which means no guy-wires for support.\" This definition excludes continuously habitable buildings and skyscrapers as well as radio and TV masts. Also excluded because they are not designed for public or regular operational access are bridge towers or pylons, wind turbines, chimneys, transmission towers, sculptures and most large statues and obelisks.\n\nTowers are most often built to use their height for various purposes, and can stand alone or as part of a larger structure. Some common purposes are for telecommunications, and as a viewing platform.\n\nThe Tokyo Skytree, completed in February 2012, is , making it the tallest tower, and third-tallest free-standing structure in the world.", "title": "List of tallest towers" }, { "id": "11788681", "score": "1.7039149", "text": "Saudi Binladin Group is the largest construction firm in the Middle East, with over 35,000 workers and hundreds of projects. They recently constructed the topped-out Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower in Mecca, which is the tallest building in Saudi Arabia and third tallest in the world, as well as the largest skyscraper in the world by floor area and volume. Aside from buildings, the firm has also constructed many major infrastructure projects, such as the King Abdulaziz (Jeddah) International Airport expansion and the six lane Al Qassim Expressway through Saudi Arabia. Saudi Binladin Group is owned by the family of the", "title": "Jeddah Tower" }, { "id": "11788645", "score": "1.696077", "text": "Jeddah Tower Jeddah Tower (), previously known as Kingdom Tower () and Mile-High Tower (), is a skyscraper under construction on the north side of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It is planned to be the world's first high building, and the centrepiece and first phase of a development and tourist attraction known as Jeddah Economic City. Initial plans called for a mile high structure, but the geology of the area proved unsuitable for a tower of that height. The current design, created by American architect Adrian Smith, who also designed Burj Khalifa, incorporates many unique structural and aesthetic features. The creator", "title": "Jeddah Tower" }, { "id": "4753389", "score": "1.6923397", "text": "Kingdom Centre Kingdom Centre () is a 99-storey, skyscraper in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is the fifth-tallest skyscraper in the country, whose tallest two buildings are the Abraj Al Bait Towers and the Capital Market Authority Tower. It is the world's third-tallest building with a hole after the Shanghai World Financial Center and the 85 Sky Tower in Taiwan. When completed back in 2002, it overtook the Faisaliyah Tower, which – at 267 metres – was the tallest tower in Riyadh at that time. Besides the shopping mall, Kingdom Tower contains the Four Seasons Hotel Riyadh and apartments. There is", "title": "Kingdom Centre" }, { "id": "1963330", "score": "1.6740785", "text": "Upon its completion, it will be the tallest skyscraper in the world. The building has been scaled down from its initial proposal, since the ground proved unsuitable for a building that tall, to a height of at least (the exact height is being kept private while in development, similar to the Burj Khalifa), which, at about one kilometre (), would still make it by far the tallest building or structure in the world to date, standing at least taller than the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Construction began in April 2013 and is scheduled for completion in 2019. King Road Tower", "title": "Jeddah" }, { "id": "4674391", "score": "1.6670699", "text": "Al Faisaliyah Center The Al Faisaliyah Centre (or Al Faisaliah Centre, ) is a commercial skyscraper located in the business district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is the fourth tallest building in Saudi Arabia after the Kingdom Centre, Burj Rafal and Abraj Al Bait. It is also called Star Dome.The round portion at the top of Faisaliah Center is a restaurant called “The Globe”. The Globe is one of the premier restaurants in Saudi Arabia and has 360 degree views that make it unique. The construction of Al Faisaliyah Centre was completed on May 2000. The 267 meters high skyscraper", "title": "Al Faisaliyah Center" }, { "id": "1963331", "score": "1.6598861", "text": "is a commercial and office building, the external walls of which are used to show commercials. The building also has a helipad on its roof. King Road Tower has the largest LED display in the world on its walls. Al Jawharah Tower is a residential high-rise under construction. It became the third-tallest structure in Jeddah when completed in 2014. The King Abdullah Square on the intersection of Andalus Road with King Abdullah Road has the world's tallest flagpole. It is high and the Saudi flag atop it weighs . On the 84th Saudi Arabia National Day, September 23, 2014, the", "title": "Jeddah" }, { "id": "4674392", "score": "1.6517811", "text": "was opened to the public in the same month and it consists of 44 floors. Al Faisaliyah Center The Al Faisaliyah Centre (or Al Faisaliah Centre, ) is a commercial skyscraper located in the business district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is the fourth tallest building in Saudi Arabia after the Kingdom Centre, Burj Rafal and Abraj Al Bait. It is also called Star Dome.The round portion at the top of Faisaliah Center is a restaurant called “The Globe”. The Globe is one of the premier restaurants in Saudi Arabia and has 360 degree views that make it unique. The", "title": "Al Faisaliyah Center" }, { "id": "620952", "score": "1.6346407", "text": "sides of the tower while the main building is occupied by offices run by different companies. The Al Faisaliyah Tower has 44 stories. The Riyadh TV Tower is a 170 meter high television tower located inside the premises of the Saudi Ministry of Information. It is a vertical cantilever structure which was built between 1978–81, 9:23 PM, and this year was called TV Year. The first movie made in 1983 by the TV tower group and named \"1,000 Nights and Night\" had Mohammed Abdu and Talal Mmdah as the main characters. At that time, there were no women on TV", "title": "Riyadh" }, { "id": "3098334", "score": "1.6330478", "text": "in hotel holdings. In August 2011 al-Waleed announced that his company had contracted with the Saudi Binladin Group to build the world's tallest building, the Kingdom Tower (at a height of at least ) for SR 4.6 billion. The original plan—announced in 2008—called it برج الميل (Arabic for \"One-Mile Tower\"), at a height of and an estimated cost of $20 billion. In December 2011 Al-Waleed invested $300 million in Twitter, purchasing secondary shares from insiders. The purchase gave Kingdom Holding a \"more than 3% share\" in the company, which was valued at $8 billion in late summer 2011. On 4", "title": "Al-Waleed bin Talal" }, { "id": "11788692", "score": "1.6272423", "text": "was done in 1999 by Andrew Lawrence, a research director at Deutsche Bank who created the \"skyscraper index,\" originally as a joke; however, it illustrated the observation that many of the world's tallest buildings have been built on the eve of financial collapse. The developers' theory is that the international attention gained through large developments and having the world's tallest building will incur gentrification of the country and even be a financial success in the long run. Rory Olcayto, deputy editor of \"The Architects’ Journal,\" said \"The race to build the highest skyscraper is quite futile; where do you stop?", "title": "Jeddah Tower" }, { "id": "6737108", "score": "1.6250823", "text": "of Mecca. The developer and contractor of the complex is the Saudi Binladin Group, the Kingdom's largest construction company. It is the world's most expensive building with the total cost of construction equaling US$15 billion. The complex was built after the demolition of the Ajyad Fortress, the 18th-century Ottoman citadel on top of a hill overlooking the Grand Mosque. The destruction of the historically significant site in 2002 by the Saudi government sparked international outcry and a strong response from Turkey. The tallest tower in the complex is the tallest building in Saudi Arabia, with a height of . Currently", "title": "Abraj Al Bait" }, { "id": "18889774", "score": "1.6196768", "text": "tallest building, Burj Khalifa, is officially 828 meters tall, but its highest usable floor is 585m above ground. Therefore, its vanity height is defined as 244 meters, or 29% of the building's total height. The likely next tallest building, Jeddah Tower (designed by the same architect), will be over 1,000 meters tall but its highest floor is 630m above ground. The top 370m (equivalent to an 85-story building) or 37% of the building's total height is unusable. When vanity height is excluded, the height progression of the world's tallest buildings looks much more modest in comparison. The CTBUH requires a", "title": "Vanity height" }, { "id": "11581254", "score": "1.6093585", "text": "building heights, and/or use has not yet been released. Elite Towers Elite Towers is a cluster of 34 towers located in the City of Arabia in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Currently, there are a few towers that are under construction; all others are approved. The tallest tower in the complex has a height of 290 m (951 ft). The number of floors for the towers range from 30 to 60. The towers in the complex consist of residential, office and hotel towers. The whole complex is a development by Ilyas and Mustafa Galadari Group. The complex consists of 34 skyscrapers:", "title": "Elite Towers" }, { "id": "6742910", "score": "1.6034656", "text": "that the tower would be taller than 1 kilometer. A report on 20 June 2008 claimed that the tower was planned to be tall. During the history of the project it was known by three different names: Al Burj, Tall Tower, and Nakheel Tower. Initially named Al Burj, the project was renamed Tall Tower for a few months, until being changed to Nakheel Tower. Nakheel Tower Nakheel Tower () was a proposed skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates by developer Nakheel. The project was previously called Al Burj ( \"The Tower\"). In January 2009, it was announced that the project", "title": "Nakheel Tower" }, { "id": "6737111", "score": "1.602699", "text": "construction company. The tallest building in the complex (from a height of up until the tip) was designed by the German architect Mahmoud Bodo Rasch and his firm SL Rasch GmbH. The façade was constructed by \"Premiere Composite Technologies\", the clock by German tower clock manufacturer \"PERROT GmbH & Co. KG Turmuhren und Läuteanlagen\". According to the Saudi Ministry of Religious Endowments, the project cost US$15 billion. The project uses clock faces for each side of the main hotel tower. The highest residential (penthouse) floor stands at , just below the media displays under the clock faces. These are with", "title": "Abraj Al Bait" } ]

[ "Leo da vinci", "leonardo davinci", "da vinci", "Leonard de Vinci", "Vinci, Leonardo di Ser Piero da", "Leonardo Da Vinci", "Leonardo Da Vinchi", "leonardo di ser piero da vinci", "Caterina Buti del Vacca", "Da vinci", "Léonardo Da Vinci", "Da Vinci", "Leanardo da vinci", "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci", "Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci", "caterina buti del vacca", "Leonardo da Vinci's workshop", "Leonardo De Vinci", "ldv", "léonard de vinci", "leonardo da vinci personal life", "Leonardo DaVinci", "The Great Leonardo", "leonardo da vinci s workshop", "The Great Lenardo", "leo da vinci", "Da Vincian", "leanardo da vinci", "Leonardo da Vinci Notebooks", "Leonardo Davinci", "leonardo da vinci notebooks", "davinci", "léonardo da vinci", "leonardo da vinchi", "Leonard da Vinci", "L. Da Vinci", "DaVinci", "Leonardo de Vinci", "Leonardo da Vinchi", "vinci leonardo di ser piero da", "leonardo di vinci", "Leonardo daVinci", "Leonardo Di Vinci", "Léonard de Vinci", "great lenardo", "Leonardo da Vinci (personal life)", "leonard de vinci", "leonardo da vinci", "leonard da vinci", "da vincian", "LdV", "great leonardo", "Davinci", "Leonardo Davinchi", "Leonardo da vinci", "leonardo de vinci", "l da vinci", "Leonardo da Vinci", "leonardo davinchi" ]

[ { "id": "2866558", "score": "1.8260647", "text": "Cecilia Gallerani Cecilia Gallerani (; 1473–1536), born in Siena, Italy, was the favourite and most celebrated of the many mistresses of Ludovico Sforza, known as Lodovico il Moro, Duke of Milan. She is best known as the subject of Leonardo da Vinci's painting \"The Lady with an Ermine\" (\"circa\" 1489). While posing for the painting, she invited Leonardo, who at the time was working as court artist for Sforza, to meetings at which Milanese intellectuals discussed philosophy and other subjects. Cecilia herself presided over these discussions. Cecilia was born into a large family from Siena. Her father's name was Fazio.", "title": "Cecilia Gallerani" }, { "id": "1805391", "score": "1.7848792", "text": "Cecilia Gallerani, believed to be a favourite, gave birth to a son named Cesare on 3 May 1491, in the same year in which he married Beatrice d'Este. Gallerani is identified as the subject of Leonardo da Vinci's \"Lady with an Ermine\" – the ermine was the heraldic animal of Ludovico il Moro. Another mistress was Lucrezia Crivelli, who bore him another illegitimate son, Giovanni Paolo, born in the year of Beatrice's death. He was a \"condottiero\". Ludovico also fathered a third illegitimate son, called Sforza, who was born around 1484 and died suddenly in 1487; the boy's mother is", "title": "Ludovico Sforza" }, { "id": "3762770", "score": "1.7370495", "text": "Guillaume Courtois Guillaume Courtois or italianized as Guglielmo Cortese, called Il Borgognone or Le Bourguignon ('the Burgundian'), (1628 – 14 or 15 June 1679) was a French-Italian painter, draughtsman and etcher. He was mainly active in Rome as a history and staffage painter and enjoyed high-level patronage. He was the brother of the painters Jacques Courtois (Giacomo Cortese) and Jean-François Courtois. Guillaume Courtois was born in Saint-Hippolyte, Doubs, in France as the son of the obscure painter Jean-Pierre Courtois. Very little is known about Guillaume’s youth but it is assumed he received his initial training from his father. The father", "title": "Guillaume Courtois" }, { "id": "1805387", "score": "1.7244653", "text": "what is now Lombardy. He was the fourth son of Francesco I Sforza and Bianca Maria Visconti and, as such, was not expected to become ruler of Milan. Nevertheless, his mother, Bianca, prudently saw to it that his education was not restricted to the classical languages. Under the tutelage of the humanist Francesco Filelfo, Ludovico received instruction in the beauties of painting, sculpture, and letters, but he was also taught the methods of government and warfare. He later helped Leonardo paint with pastels. When their father Francesco died in 1466, the family titles devolved upon the dissolute Galeazzo Maria, the", "title": "Ludovico Sforza" }, { "id": "237304", "score": "1.7127471", "text": "upon its role as subordinate to God. This led to Renaissance humanism. Ariosto was born in Reggio nell’Emilia, where his father Niccolò Ariosto was commander of the citadel. He was the oldest of 10 children and was seen as the successor to the patriarchal position of his family. From his earliest years, Ludovico was very interested in poetry, but he was obliged by his father to study law. After five years of law, Ariosto was allowed to read classics under Gregorio da Spoleto. Ariosto's studies of Greek and Latin literature were cut short by Spoleto's move to France to tutor", "title": "Ludovico Ariosto" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Leonardo da Vinci" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Science/Featured biography" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Science" }, { "id": "11163928", "score": "1.709168", "text": "Longhi to a similar post at the Brera in Milan, where he died in 1869. His wife Joséphine was also an artist, and produced an excellent portrait of her father, the archeologist Raoul Rochette, as well as \"The Virgin\" (1842), \"Eudora and Cymadaceus\" (1844),\"St. Cecilia\" (1846),\"Eve\" (1848), \"St. Veronica\" (1851). He was teacher at the École royale de gravure, Brussels. Luigi Calamatta Luigi Antoine Josephe Calamatta (21 june 1801 – 8 March 1869 in Milan) was an Italian painter and engraver. He was born at Civitavecchia, in the Papal States. Orphaned early, he went to live with an uncle, then", "title": "Luigi Calamatta" }, { "id": "3527410", "score": "1.6993828", "text": "ten years old (the future artist Filippino Lippi) to the care of Diamante, who, having received 200 ducats from the commune of Spoleto, as the balance due for the work done in the cathedral, returned with the child to Florence, and, as art biographer Giorgio Vasari says, bought land for himself with the money, giving but a small portion to the child. The accusation of wrongdoing, however, would depend upon the share of the work executed by Fra Diamante, and the terms of his agreement with Lippi. Fra Diamante must have been nearly seventy when he completed the frescoes at", "title": "Fra Diamante" }, { "id": "3762754", "score": "1.6872247", "text": "Jacques Courtois Jacques Courtois or Giacomo Cortese, called il Borgognone or le Bourgignon (12 December 1621 - 14 November 1675) was a French-Italian painter, draughtsman and etcher. He was mainly active in Rome and Florence and became known as the leading battle painter of his age. He also created history paintings and portraits. He became a Jesuit later in life but continued to paint. Jacques Courtois was born in Saint-Hippolyte, near Besançon (Doubs) in France as the son of the obscure painter Jean-Pierre Courtois. Very little is known about Guillaume’s youth but it is assumed he received his initial training", "title": "Jacques Courtois" }, { "id": "12530021", "score": "1.6805854", "text": "He left for Paris and stayed there for four years, perfecting his skills. He then returned to the Provence and continued his journey to Italy, where he would stay for eight years. In Rome he became the pupil of Jacques Courtois, a famous painter of battle scenes who was also known als \"le Bourguignon\" or \"il Borgognone\". He also studied the works of Salvator Rosa, an unorthodox proto-Romantic painter. Joseph Parrocel worked with him in his workshop and was thoroughly influenced by him, even if he gave his style later a more French touch. Parrocel then started a journey through", "title": "Joseph Parrocel" }, { "id": "3527269", "score": "1.6798546", "text": "Under that pretext, Lippi engaged in sexual relations with her, abducted her to his own house, and kept her there despite the nuns' efforts to reclaim her. This relationship resulted in their son, Filippino Lippi, who became a famous painter following his father. In 1457 he was appointed commendatory Rector (\"Rettore commendatario\") of S. Quirico in Legania, from which institutions he occasionally made considerable profits. Despite these profits, Lippi struggled to escape poverty throughout his life. The close of Lippi's life was spent at Spoleto, where he had been commissioned to paint scenes from the life of the Virgin for", "title": "Filippo Lippi" }, { "id": "248506", "score": "1.6747103", "text": "employed were unorthodox for his time. Leonardo was born out of wedlock to notary Piero da Vinci and a peasant woman named Caterina in Vinci in the region of Florence, and he was educated in the studio of Florentine painter Andrea del Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna, and Venice, and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded to him by Francis I of France. Leonardo is renowned primarily as a painter. The \"Mona Lisa\" is the most", "title": "Leonardo da Vinci" }, { "id": "10922133", "score": "1.6720954", "text": "in Comastri; Signor Giovanni Pirotti and his wife Ginevra Bartolucci; Caterina Magri from Felicori; and Signore Augusto Pevet. Among his pupils were Antonio Dugoni, Pompeo Marino Molmenti, Cesare Dell'Acqua, Antonio Rotta, and Antonio Zona. His wife, Anna Matteini (died 1878 in Venice), daughter of the painter Teodoro Matteini, was apt in painting landscapes including: \"Attendolo Sforza with Landscape (1822) and \"Hercules rescues Lica from the Sea\" (1826). Ludovico Lipparini Lodovico Lipparini (February 17, 1802 – March 19, 1856) was an Italian painter. He was born at Bologna, and was instructed in that city, where he brought himself into notice at", "title": "Ludovico Lipparini" }, { "id": "17031508", "score": "1.667248", "text": "Renaissance Dress\", initially attributed the authorship of an unknown German painter of the nineteenth century, which recently have also been called \"The Beautiful Princess\", is actually a creation of the great master Leonardo da Vinci, indicating that the profile, it is appreciated that belongs to Bianca Sforza, the illegitimate daughter of the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza or Ludovico \"the Moor\" . However, other experts are of the opinion that this is the profile of Angela Borgia. Angela Borgia Angela Borgia or Borja, (born in Rome c. 1486; Died in Sassuolo c. 1520–1522). She was the illegitimate daughter of Guillem", "title": "Angela Borgia" }, { "id": "19004238", "score": "1.6664872", "text": "\"Virgin and Child with Saints Joseph and Francis\" for the church of the Sisters of San Francesco Romana al Borgo; a \"Virgin of the Succor\" for the church of San Quirico in Moriano. Giuseppe Antonio Luchi Giuseppe Antonio Luchi, also known as il Diecimino, (July 17, 1709 - May 12, 1774) was an Italian painter. He was born in Diecimo, now within Borgo a Mozzano, in the now Province of Lucca. He initially trained under a doctor Azzi of Castelnuovo, who was painting canvases for the \"Via Crucis\" of the local parish church. In 1725, he went to work in", "title": "Giuseppe Antonio Luchi" }, { "id": "13889219", "score": "1.6647431", "text": "of young Sforza women, Kemp suggested that she is probably Bianca Sforza, the illegitimate (but later legitimized) daughter of Ludovico Sforza (\"Il Moro\"), duke of Milan. In 1496, when Bianca was no more than 13, she was married to Galeazzo Sanseverino, captain of the duke's Milanese forces and a patron of Leonardo. Bianca was dead within months of her marriage, having suffered from a stomach complaint (possibly an ectopic pregnancy). Kemp pointed out that Milanese ladies were often the dedicatees of volumes of poetry on vellum, and that such a portrait of a \"beloved lady\" would have made a suitable", "title": "La Bella Principessa" }, { "id": "3762755", "score": "1.6630399", "text": "from his father. He had two younger brothers who also became painters Guillaume (Guglielmo Cortese) (1628 - 1679) and Jean-François (c. 1627-?). As his brother was later also known as 'il Borgognone' (a reference to their origins in Burgundy, called Bourgogne in French), some of the works of the brothers have been confused. The father took his sons to Italy around 1636 when they were still young. They first travelled to Milan. According to contemporary biographers he served for three years in the Spanish army. During this time he drew marches and battles, fight scenes, landscapes and military costumes. He", "title": "Jacques Courtois" }, { "id": "1692786", "score": "1.656807", "text": "Filippino Lippi Filippino Lippi (April 1457 – April 1504) was an Italian painter working in Florence, Italy during the later years of the Early Renaissance and first few years of the High Renaissance. Filippino Lippi was born in Prato, Tuscany, the illegitimate son of the painter Fra Filippo Lippi and Lucrezia Buti. Filippino first trained under his father. They moved to Spoleto, where Filippino served as workshop adjuvant in the construction of the Cathedral. When his father died in 1469, he completed the frescoes with \"Storie della Vergine\" (\"Histories of the Virgin\") in the cathedral. Filippino Lippi completed his apprenticeship", "title": "Filippino Lippi" }, { "id": "2578798", "score": "1.6525497", "text": "pentimenti. A version of 1620 in the Palazzo Pitti in Florence is the best known and there are several copies by studio and other hands. According to the near-contemporary biography by Filippo Baldinucci, the model for the Judith was his former mistress, the beautiful \"La Mazzafirra\", who is also represented in his Magdalene, the head of Holofernes is a self-portrait, and the maid is \"La Mazzafirra\"'s mother. Cristofano Allori Cristofano Allori (17 October 1577 – 1 April 1621) was an Italian portrait painter of the late Florentine Mannerist school. Allori was born at Florence and received his first lessons in", "title": "Cristofano Allori" }, { "id": "3527577", "score": "1.649771", "text": "her visit to St Agnes of Montepulciano, who, having just expired, raises her foot by miracle. In the National Gallery, London there is a \"Virgin and Child.\" The forms of G. del Pacchia are fuller than those of Perugino (his principal model of style appears to have been in reality Franciabigio); the drawing is not always unexceptionable; the female heads have sweetness and beauty of feature, and some of the colouring has noticeable force. Girolamo del Pacchia Girolamo del Pacchia (c. 1477 – after 1533), was an Italian painter. He was born, probably in Siena, son of a Hungarian cannon-founder.", "title": "Girolamo del Pacchia" }, { "id": "5187359", "score": "1.6468003", "text": "Ferdinand died, this made her the heir of the Brienne claim to the title King of Jerusalem. In 1497, Beatrice, Isabella's one-time friend and rival died in childbirth, aged twenty-one. This was only the beginning of Ludovico's misfortunes. Two years later, he was toppled from power by Louis XII of France. However, any satisfaction that Isabella could have gained from witnessing the downfall of her rival was minimised. Isabella petitioned Louis to name her son the Duke of Bari, a title that belonged to the Milanese family. Louis responded by taking the young boy to France, assuring Isabella that he", "title": "Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan" } ]

[ "military operations in world war ii", "Military operations in World War II" ]

[ { "id": "5135103", "score": "1.7279917", "text": "Operation Ichi-Go Operation Ichi-Go (一号作戦 \"Ichi-gō Sakusen\", lit. \"Operation Number One\") was a campaign of a series of major battles between the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China, fought from April to December 1944. It consisted of three separate battles in the Chinese provinces of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi. These battles were the Japanese Operation Kogo or Battle of Central Henan, Operation Togo 1 or the Battle of Changheng, and Operation Togo 2 and Togo 3, or the Battle of Guilin-Liuzhou, respectively. The two primary goals of Ichi-go were to open a", "title": "Operation Ichi-Go" }, { "id": "673189", "score": "1.6701045", "text": "landing zones before the eyes of an alert enemy could have resulted in catastrophe. There was another airfield near Grave and the 52nd Lowland could have been landed there, as the 1st Light Antitank Battery did on 26 September. The Polish 1st Parachute Brigade commander Major-General Stanisław Sosabowski, was prepared to try a dangerous drop through the fog which held up his deployment but again was refused. Market Garden was a risky plan that required a willingness to gamble at the tactical and operational levels. Unfortunately, the detailed planning and leadership required at those levels was not always present. The", "title": "Operation Market Garden" }, { "id": "2255512", "score": "1.6394424", "text": "1944, the Japanese Prime Minister General Hideki Tojo approved of plans for victory in Asia, calling for two operations, Operation U-Go as the invasion of India was code-named and Operation Ichi-Go which was intended to defeat China once and for all. The two operations in India and China were closely linked given that American supplies for China were flown over \"the Hump\" of the Himalayas and the Japanese wanted to take the Assam province of India in part to close the American air bases in India that sustained China at the same time that they were launching Operation Ichi-Go, the", "title": "William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim" }, { "id": "6055323", "score": "1.6186221", "text": "Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign The Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign (: 浙贛作戦, ), also known as Operation Sei-go, refers to a campaign by the China Expeditionary Army of the Imperial Japanese Army under Shunroku Hata and Chinese 3rd War Area forces under Gu Zhutong in the Chinese provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi from mid May to early September 1942. On April 18, 1942, the United States launched the Doolittle Raid, an attack by B-25 Mitchell bombers from the aircraft carrier on Tokyo, Nagoya, and Yokohama. The original plan was for the aircraft to bomb Japan and land at airfields in the unoccupied portion of China.", "title": "Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign" }, { "id": "815647", "score": "1.6141608", "text": "Operation Torch Operation Torch (8–16 November 1942, formerly Operation Gymnast) was an Anglo–American invasion of French North Africa, during the North African Campaign of the Second World War. Torch was the debut of the mass involvement of US troops in the European–North African Theatre. The Soviet Union had long pressed the US and British to start operations in Europe and open a second front, to reduce the pressure of German forces on the Red Army. While US commanders favored Operation Sledgehammer, a landing in Occupied Europe as soon as possible, British commanders believed that it was premature and likely to", "title": "Operation Torch" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Category:South West Pacific theatre of World War II" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:Co-belligerence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:German war crimes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Nazi affiliation task force" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:World" }, { "id": "1484534", "score": "1.6065285", "text": "this as an opportunity to gain full command of all Chinese armed forces. Operation Ichi-Go was the largest Japanese offensive of World War II designed to \"liquidate the China affair\" by knocking China out of the war once and for all that saw some half-million men and 800 tanks, supplied by 70,000 to 100,000 horses dragging wagons and 12,000 to 15,000 vehicles committed to an operation that overran huge areas of China. Stillwell clashed with Chiang over the question of the city of Guilin, which was besieged by the Japanese. Chiang wanted Guilin defended to the last men while Stillwell", "title": "Joseph Stilwell" }, { "id": "5135105", "score": "1.6061573", "text": "men, 15,000 vehicles, 6,000 artillery pieces, 800 tanks and 100,000 horses participated in this operation. The Japanese included Kwantung Army units and equipment from Manchukuo, mechanized units, units from the North China theater and units from mainland Japan to participate in this campaign. It was the largest land campaign organized by the Japanese during the entire Second Sino-Japanese War. Many of the newest American-trained Chinese units and supplies were forcibly locked in the Burmese theater under Joseph Stilwell set by terms of the Lend-Lease Agreement. In Operation Kogo, 390,000 Chinese soldiers, led by General Tang Enbo (湯恩伯), were deployed to", "title": "Operation Ichi-Go" }, { "id": "815674", "score": "1.5995021", "text": "neutralized by French resistance, and one French commander openly welcomed the landing Allies. The only fighting took place in the port of Algiers, where in Operation Terminal, two British destroyers attempted to land a party of U.S. Army Rangers directly onto the dock, in order to prevent the French destroying the port facilities and scuttling their ships. Heavy artillery fire prevented one destroyer from landing, but the other was able to disembark before it too was driven back to sea. The landed troops pushed quickly inland and General Juin surrendered the city to the Allies at 18:00. It quickly became", "title": "Operation Torch" }, { "id": "5135106", "score": "1.5965636", "text": "defend the strategic position of Luoyang. The 3rd Tank Division of the IJA crossed the Yellow River around Zhengzhou in late April and defeated Chinese forces near Xuchang, then swung around clockwise and besieged Luoyang. Luoyang was defended by three Chinese divisions. The 3rd Tank Division began to attack Luoyang on May 13 and took it on May 25. The second phase of Ichigo began in May, following the success of the first phase. Japanese forces advanced southward and occupied Changsha, Hengyang, Guilin and Liuzhou. In December 1944, Japanese forces reached French Indochina and achieved the purpose of the operation.", "title": "Operation Ichi-Go" }, { "id": "815689", "score": "1.5942395", "text": "Approx. 33,000 officers and enlisted Notes Further reading Operation Torch Operation Torch (8–16 November 1942, formerly Operation Gymnast) was an Anglo–American invasion of French North Africa, during the North African Campaign of the Second World War. Torch was the debut of the mass involvement of US troops in the European–North African Theatre. The Soviet Union had long pressed the US and British to start operations in Europe and open a second front, to reduce the pressure of German forces on the Red Army. While US commanders favored Operation Sledgehammer, a landing in Occupied Europe as soon as possible, British commanders", "title": "Operation Torch" }, { "id": "5135104", "score": "1.5931127", "text": "land route to French Indochina, and capture air bases in southeast China from which American bombers were attacking the Japanese homeland and shipping. In Japanese the operation was also called Tairiku Datsū Sakusen (大陸打通作戦), or \"Continent Cross-Through Operation\", while the Chinese refer to it as the Battle of Henan-Hunan-Guangxi (). There were two phases to the operation. In the first phase, the Japanese secured the Pinghan Railway between Beijing and Wuhan; in the second, they displaced the US air forces stationed in Hunan province and reached the city of Liuzhou, near the border with Japanese-held Indochina. 17 divisions, including 500,000", "title": "Operation Ichi-Go" }, { "id": "11239019", "score": "1.5909195", "text": "Operation U-Go The U Go offensive, or Operation C (ウ号作戦 \"U Gō sakusen\"), was the Japanese offensive launched in March 1944 against forces of the British Empire in the northeast Indian regions of Manipur and the Naga Hills (then administered as part of Assam). Aimed at the Brahmaputra valley, through the two towns of Imphal and Kohima, the offensive along with the overlapping Ha Go offensive was one of the last major Japanese offensives during the Second World War. The offensive culminated in the Battles of Imphal and Kohima, where the Japanese and their allies were first held and then", "title": "Operation U-Go" }, { "id": "2028263", "score": "1.588162", "text": "launched Operation Market Garden, an attempt by the British 2nd Army to bypass the Siegfried Line and advance into the Ruhr, Germany’s industrial heartland. The operation required the First Allied Airborne Army to seize several bridges over rivers and canals in the Netherlands, allowing ground forces to advance and cross the Lower Rhine at Arnhem. The 1st British Airborne Division dropped onto Arnhem on 17 September. They encountered far greater resistance than had been expected and only a small force were able to reach Arnhem road bridge. XXX Corps ground advance became delayed and without reinforcement this small force under", "title": "Operation Pegasus" }, { "id": "11239041", "score": "1.5865748", "text": "commands. Operation U-Go The U Go offensive, or Operation C (ウ号作戦 \"U Gō sakusen\"), was the Japanese offensive launched in March 1944 against forces of the British Empire in the northeast Indian regions of Manipur and the Naga Hills (then administered as part of Assam). Aimed at the Brahmaputra valley, through the two towns of Imphal and Kohima, the offensive along with the overlapping Ha Go offensive was one of the last major Japanese offensives during the Second World War. The offensive culminated in the Battles of Imphal and Kohima, where the Japanese and their allies were first held and", "title": "Operation U-Go" }, { "id": "673038", "score": "1.5813124", "text": "Operation Market Garden Operation Market Garden was an unsuccessful World War II military operation fought in the Netherlands from 17 to 25 September 1944, planned and predominantly led by the British Army. Its objective was a series of nine bridges that could have provided an Allied invasion route into Germany. Airborne and land forces succeeded in the liberation of the Dutch cities of Eindhoven and Nijmegen, but at the Battle of Arnhem were defeated in their attempt to secure the last bridge, over the Rhine. Market Garden included two subsidiary operations: an airborne assault to seize the key bridges (\"Market\")", "title": "Operation Market Garden" }, { "id": "673160", "score": "1.5691938", "text": "attempt was made that night to put elements of the Polish brigade across the river. British and Polish engineers on both sides of the Rhine had worked through the day to improvise a crossing using small boats linked by signals cable but the cable kept breaking forcing the Polish troops to slowly row across against the strong current. The attempt was made under enemy observation and fire and only 52 soldiers of the 8th Polish Parachute Company survived the crossing before a halt was called at dawn. While much of the corridor was firmly in Allied hands, German counterattacks were", "title": "Operation Market Garden" }, { "id": "15968330", "score": "1.5685652", "text": "troops. This phase ran from February 1943 to February 1945, and operated under standard British Military command, as opposed to the first phase which operated under the SOE. Learning lessons from the unsuccessful first phase, the second phase worked quite well, with valid assistance to the Chinese guerrilla actions. However, with the major Japanese Operation Ichi-Go underway, the Misson 204 soldiers were pulled out of China, being flown out of the area by the USAAF whose bases at Guilin and Luizhou were the targets of the Japanese. From the Chinese perspective, the leader of the Chinese Surprise troops, General Li", "title": "Mission 204" }, { "id": "7739170", "score": "1.5564318", "text": "their heads down waiting for it to explode. By the time they realised their mistake Hollis was on top of them and had shot them. Operation Market Garden (17 September 1944 – 25 September 1944) was an Allied military operation in World War II in the Netherlands and Germany. Market would employ three Airborne Divisions. The U.S. 101st Airborne Division, would drop in two locations just north of XXX Corps to take the bridges northwest of Eindhoven at Son and Veghel. The U.S. 82nd Airborne Division,would drop northeast of them to take the bridges at Grave and Nijmegen, and the", "title": "69th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)" }, { "id": "5135107", "score": "1.5501764", "text": "Nevertheless, there were few practical gains from this offensive. US air forces moved inland from the threatened bases near the coast. The operation also forced British Commandos working with the Chinese as part of Mission 204 to leave China and return to Burma. The U.S. Fourteenth Air Force often disrupted the Hunan–Guangxi Railway between Hengyang and Liuzhou that had been established in Operation Ichigo. Japan continued to attack airfields where US air forces were stationed up to the spring of 1945. The XX Bomber Command operating Strategic B-29 bombers of the Twentieth Air Force, which were attacking Japan in Operation", "title": "Operation Ichi-Go" }, { "id": "11239035", "score": "1.5498734", "text": "began on 5 February. A force from the Japanese 55th Division infiltrated the lines of Indian XV Corps to overrun an Indian divisional headquarters and isolate the Corps' forward divisions. When they tried to press their attacks against a hastily fortified administrative area known as the \"Admin Box\", they found that Allied aircraft dropped supplies to the garrison, while the Japanese themselves were cut off from their supply sources and starved. British and Indian tanks and infantry broke through a hill pass to relieve the defenders of the Box. The badly supplied and starving Japanese forces were forced to withdraw.", "title": "Operation U-Go" } ]

[ "Pasadena, Texas, USA", "pasadena tex", "pasadena texas usa", "un locode uspas", "pasadena texas", "Pasadena (TX)", "Pasadena, Tex", "Pasadena, TX", "Pasadena, Texas", "Pasadena, Tx", "pasadena tx", "UN/LOCODE:USPAS" ]

[ { "id": "11261009", "score": "1.7669363", "text": "by other explosions, probably about six in total. The incident started at approximately 1:05 PM local time on October 23, 1989, at 1400 Jefferson Road, Pasadena, Texas. A powerful and devastating explosion and fire ripped through the HCC, killing 23 persons—all working at the facility—and injuring 314 other (185 Phillips 66 employees and 129 contract employees). In addition to the loss of life and injuries, the explosion affected all facilities within the complex, causing $715.5 million worth of damage plus an additional business disruption loss estimated at $700 million. The two polyethylene production plants nearest the source of the blast", "title": "Phillips disaster of 1989" }, { "id": "20404287", "score": "1.7593147", "text": "was later revised to 39 as police recovered more bodies from the site. As of 27 October, the death toll stood at 47, with dozens of people still unaccounted for. Police later advised people to stay away from the factory and its nearby area. 2 people later succumbed to their injuries, bringing the death toll to 49. 103 people were present during the explosion. According to the police, 49 people had died due to the fire and the explosions. 2 of the dead had succumbed to their injuries. The first victim was identified by the police as 14-year old Surnah.", "title": "Tangerang fireworks disaster" }, { "id": "16634530", "score": "1.7230588", "text": "town uninhabitable. Ernest Hickson later died (natural causes, 30 July 1930) and his earlier company was liquidated. Inspector J.A.Gee of the Castleford West Riding Police, was subsequently appointed an OBE by HM George V, for his work following the explosion. On 21 September 1992, an explosion at the factory killed five workers, and injured around two hundred people. At 13.20 a distillation column still base containing residues of nitrotoluene ignited. The fireball went through the site's control room and killed two men instantly. The fireball then entered a four-storey office block; a woman and two men would later die from", "title": "Hickson & Welch" }, { "id": "3166988", "score": "1.7076869", "text": "by the Seveso II Directive in 1996). A third and final report was issued when the ACMH was disbanded in 1983. Flixborough disaster The Flixborough disaster was an explosion at a chemical plant close to the village of Flixborough, North Lincolnshire, England on Saturday, 1 June 1974. It killed 28 people and seriously injured 36 out of a total of 72 people on site at the time. The casualty figures could have been much higher, if the explosion had occurred on a weekday, when the main office area would have been occupied. A contemporary campaigner on process safety wrote \"the", "title": "Flixborough disaster" }, { "id": "10537263", "score": "1.6965849", "text": "month after the explosion. While hundreds of detonations were spread over three days, the totality of the event ranked as one of the largest man-made non-nuclear explosions in history. Some of the strongest individual blasts, from exploding storehouses or railcars of ammunition, broke windows as far away as Manhattan and Asbury Park, more than distant. The death toll for the accident is unclear, as employment records were destroyed by the explosion and ammunition workers were individually uninsurable. However, the total is believed to be approximately 100 persons, with hundreds more injured. Many victims disintegrated in the explosions and fires, and", "title": "T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of industrial disasters\n\nThis article lists notable industrial disasters, which are disasters caused by industrial companies, either by accident, negligence or incompetence. They are a form of industrial accident where great damage, injury or loss of life are caused.\n\nOther disasters can also be considered industrial disasters, if their causes are rooted in the products or processes of industry. For example, the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 was made more severe due to the heavy concentration of lumber industry facilities, wood houses, and fuel and other chemicals in a small area.\n\nThe Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents is designed to protect people and the environment from industrial accidents. The Convention aims to prevent accidents from occurring, to reduce their frequency and severity, and to mitigate their effects. The Convention addresses primarily industrial accidents in one country that affect the population and the environment of another country.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of industrial disasters" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of explosions\n\nThis is a list of accidental explosions and facts about each one, grouped by the time of their occurrence. It does not include explosions caused by terrorist attacks or arson, as well as intentional explosions for civil or military purposes. It may still include entries for which the cause is unclear or still under investigation. For a list based on power or death toll see largest artificial non-nuclear explosions or the explosions section of list of accidents and disasters by death toll. This list also contains notable explosions that would not qualify for the articles mentioned above and is more detailed, especially for the latest centuries.\n\n", "title": "List of explosions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Islamist terrorist attacks\n\nThe following is a list of Islamist terrorist attacks.", "title": "List of Islamist terrorist attacks" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of building or structure fires\n\nThis is a list of building or structure fires where a building or structure has caught fire. For major urban conflagrations, see List of town and city fires.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of building or structure fires" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions\n\nThere have been many extremely large explosions, accidental and intentional, caused by modern high explosives, boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions (BLEVEs), older explosives such as gunpowder, volatile petroleum-based fuels such as gasoline, and other chemical reactions. This list contains the largest known examples, sorted by date. An unambiguous ranking in order of severity is not possible; a 1994 study by historian Jay White of 130 large explosions suggested that they need to be ranked by an overall effect of power, quantity, radius, loss of life and property destruction, but concluded that such rankings are difficult to assess.\n\nThe weight of an explosive does not directly correlate with the energy or destructive impact of an explosion, as these can depend upon many other factors such as containment, proximity, purity, preheating, and external oxygenation (in the case of thermobaric weapons, gas leaks and BLEVEs).\n\nIn this article, explosion means \"the sudden conversion of potential energy (chemical or mechanical) into kinetic energy\", as defined by the US National Fire Protection Association, or the common dictionary meaning, \"a violent and destructive shattering or blowing apart of something\". No distinction is made as to whether it is a deflagration with subsonic propagation or a detonation with supersonic propagation.", "title": "Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions" }, { "id": "11299184", "score": "1.6884514", "text": "the start of the fire. The previous month had been wet but had ended with a short dry spell so that by that weekend the weather was \"glorious\" ... providing perfect conditions for heat-generated combustion. As it was a Sunday, no women were at work. There were 115 deaths of men and boys, including all the Works Fire Brigade, in the explosion and in subsequent sympathetic detonations. The bodies of seven victims were never found; 108 corpses were buried in a mass grave at Faversham Cemetery on 6 April. The munitions factory was in a remote spot in the middle", "title": "Faversham explosives industry" }, { "id": "5967408", "score": "1.6881012", "text": "1976. Albert Bondin, injured in a fireworks incident while manufacturing fireworks on October 12 2005, died in hospital on October 21 2005 due to the serious injuries that he suffered. On 22 May 1972, an explosion at Saint Mary's Fireworks Factory occurred which killed local villager John Falzon. This prompted plans and preparations for a new, more modern factory to be built, which began in September that year. On 10 February 1974, another terrible accident occurred when Emanuel Aquilina, Martin Mallia and Jack Bugeja lost their lives whilst manufacturing some fireworks. In the midst of this latest disaster for the", "title": "Qrendi" }, { "id": "18971919", "score": "1.680448", "text": "residents of Connecticut, including Stamford, Greenwich, Southport (which is 55 miles east of Newark), and Preston (130 miles away from the blast). The explosion killed 1 employee and injured 24 people. William Van Zile was 40 years old and lived in North Arlington, NJ when he died. Zile had been working at the Texaco Oil Tank Farm when, while walking with another employee, the full impact of the blast hit him, causing him severe burns and killing him. Twelve workers were at Oak Island Conrail Freight Yard, only a few hundred yards west of the explosion, when the tank exploded.", "title": "1983 Newark explosion" }, { "id": "6456650", "score": "1.6788722", "text": "19 people had died when 30 tonnes of ammonium nitrate were detonated by people doing the same thing. It is not clear why this warning was not heeded. Two explosions, half a second apart, occurred at 7:32 am on September 21, 1921 at Silo 110 of the plant, forming a crater 90 m by 125 m wide and 19 m deep. The explosions were heard as two loud bangs in north-eastern France and in Munich, more than 300 km away, and are estimated to have contained an energy of 1–2 kilotonnes TNT equivalent. The damage to property was valued in", "title": "Oppau explosion" }, { "id": "20866011", "score": "1.6779046", "text": "incident, Kidd spent twelve weeks recovering from his injuries in hospital. The explosions caused significant structural damage to the building at 131 Bolsover Street but the building was repaired. At 4:10am on 28 June 1990, an explosion occurred at the Factory Nightclub in the Headrick's Building at 189 East Street. Investigations later revealed that one of the devices that had been planted within the building had failed to detonate which had been the only factor that had prevented the entire building from being destroyed. Following the explosion, police found 29 sticks of unexploded gelignite in the nightclub. Buildings in the", "title": "Rockhampton nightclub bombings" }, { "id": "4147553", "score": "1.6760428", "text": "pressure to the blast as it followed its path. The blast seriously injured 21-year-old Constable Angela Taylor, who died on 20 April, becoming the first Australian policewoman to be killed in the line of duty. Twenty-two other people were injured. On 7 October 1985, gelignite and detonators were stolen from the Tryconnel Mine at Blackwood. On 25 March 1986, a Holden Commodore was stolen. Both crimes were later found to provide equipment needed for the construction of the bomb. In the course of the investigation, a group of people including Craig Minogue, Rodney Minogue, Stan Taylor, and Peter Reed, were", "title": "Russell Street bombing" }, { "id": "11282654", "score": "1.6668357", "text": "workers with an alert to the approaching crisis. Ultimately, this explosion resulted in 1 fatality, while 32 Phillips Petroleum employees and 39 subcontractors were taken to local hospitals for sustaining burns, smoke inhalation, and cuts from debris. It took search crews five hours to locate the body of a missing employee in the rubble. The dead man was Rodney Gott, a 45-year-old supervisor, who barely survived the Phillips Disaster of 1989. At that time Gott was in a building whose roof collapsed but he remained in the blazing plant to save a woman and attend to the injured. The Occupational", "title": "2000 Phillips explosion" }, { "id": "11261006", "score": "1.6658391", "text": "Phillips disaster of 1989 The Phillips disaster was a devastating series of explosions and fire on October 23, 1989, originating at the Phillips 66 Company's Houston Chemical Complex (HCC) facility near the Houston Ship Channel in Pasadena, Texas, United States. The initial blast registered 3.5 on the Richter scale, and the conflagration took 10 hours to bring under control. The explosions killed 23 employees and injured 314. The HCC produced approximately per year of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), a plastic material used to make milk bottles and other containers. Approximately 1500 people worked at the facility, including 905 company employees and", "title": "Phillips disaster of 1989" }, { "id": "11740161", "score": "1.6614727", "text": "the efforts of exhausted firefighters, the fire did not reach the arsenal. Although four of the arsenal's high explosive magazines had been crushed by the explosion and the roofs of two others were blown in, the magazines did not explode. Two days after the explosion, newspapers reported that eighteen persons were killed, two were missing (and presumed killed), and fifteen others remained hospitalized. The blast injured one hundred persons. The dead included the wife and three children of an employee of the plant who lived one hundred yards from the scene, a stenographer working at the plant, and thirteen workmen", "title": "1924 Nixon Nitration Works disaster" }, { "id": "9457942", "score": "1.6612582", "text": "resulted in the deaths of 22 people. The first accident left a crater 550 feet long, 220 feet wide, and 50 feet deep. The most severe accidental blast killed nine people and injured fifty-three on September 15, 1944. It was caused by human error while a train was being loaded. The loading depot and the train were totally destroyed. Part of the roof at a high school in Harvard, about east of Hastings, collapsed as a result of the explosion; injuring 10 children. In April 1945, the work week was reduced from 60 to 54 hours, in August 1945 to", "title": "Hastings Naval Ammunition Depot, Nebraska" }, { "id": "698428", "score": "1.6605988", "text": "in damages and restitution to France. On October 21, 1980, an explosion at an Amoco plant in New Castle, Delaware, killed six people, caused $46 million in property damage, and eventually led to the loss of 300 jobs. In the 1980s and 1990s, six former Amoco chemical engineers at the firm's Naperville, Illinois, research campus developed a deadly form of brain cancer. Researchers who conducted a three-year study of the cancer cluster determined that the cancer cases were workplace-related, but they could not identify the source of the workers' ailments. In June 2010, BP demolished Building 503, where the employees", "title": "Amoco" }, { "id": "13034080", "score": "1.6592491", "text": "magnesium primers. More than two years later, on 11 July 2011, those same containers, stored in the open under clearly inappropriate conditions at the Evangelos Florakis Navy Base near Mari, Cyprus, exploded, leaving 13 people dead and 61 injured. The explosion created a 600-metre wide crater and caused the almost total destruction of the naval base and very severe damages to the nearby power station of Vasilikos. As a result of the damages sustained by the explosion, the Vasilikos power station, which accounted for more than half of all power production in Cyprus was disabled, causing a severe power shortage", "title": "MV Monchegorsk (1983)" }, { "id": "14742071", "score": "1.6560514", "text": "including the death of two Pakistanis in custody at the station. The latter explosion caused minimal damage and no injuries. On 1 November, a package addressed to the Mexican Embassy in Athens exploded in the office of a courier company, scorching the hands of the employee who handled it. A second package, containing a similar bomb (a small quantity of gunpowder from fireworks) addressed to offices of Eurojust in the Netherlands, was destroyed in a controlled explosion. Two suspects were arrested after police cordoned off the affected area. Both were wearing wigs and armed with Glock pistols, and one was", "title": "Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei" }, { "id": "2491636", "score": "1.6541262", "text": "one another and to reach the men they could still hear screaming for help. They regularly pumped oxygen into the mountain of rubble to keep those who were still trapped below alive.\" The explosions resulted in 346 casualties of which 234 (68%) were killed immediately, with head injuries, thoracic injuries and burns accounted for a large number of deaths. The New York Times, printed a list of the identified casualties on October 26, 1983. Another list of those who survived the incident, was published by the Department of Defense. The information had to be re-printed as individuals were misidentified, and", "title": "1983 Beirut barracks bombings" }, { "id": "18971916", "score": "1.6528342", "text": "checks of the gauge. As a result of this failure, a vapor cloud formed caused by the overflow of about 150,000 gallons of gasoline. 3,000,000 US gallons (11,000,000 liters; 2,500,000 imperial gallons) of fuel spilled, and the flames shot up to 1,000 feet. The blast was felt from up to 100 miles away, in areas including White Plains, New York and Southport, Connecticut. The blast injured 24 people and killed one employee, and caused property damage to facilities nearby. Due to its size, the fire would continue for three days until it was at a more manageable and less life-risking", "title": "1983 Newark explosion" } ]

[ "sororicide", "Sororicide" ]

[ { "id": "7974984", "score": "1.5457475", "text": "brought to her father's hall and plays before the entire court, telling of her sister's crime. The song also mentions her brother named Hugh, and her beloved William, and gives a name to the older sister, Anne. An early Alfred Lord Tennyson poem, \"The Sisters\", also bears a resemblance to the ballad: a sister scorned in love who murders the lover of her sister, and possibly the sister too, out of jealousy. The Twa Sisters \"The Two Sisters\" is a Northumbrian murder ballad that recounts the tale of a girl drowned by her sister. It is first known to have", "title": "The Twa Sisters" }, { "id": "7974976", "score": "1.5372666", "text": "the younger sister is fair. When the murdered girl's body floats ashore, someone makes a musical instrument out of it, generally a harp or a fiddle, with a frame of bone and the girl's \"long yellow hair\" (or \"golden hair\") for strings. The instrument then plays itself and sings about the murder. In some versions, this occurs after the musician has taken it to the family's household, so that the elder sister is publicly revealed (sometimes at her wedding to the murdered girl's suitor) as the murderess. It should be noted that the variant titled \"The Two Sisters\" typically omits", "title": "The Twa Sisters" }, { "id": "19561725", "score": "1.5311153", "text": "of men by other men, during intoxication. The second category could be called \"failed collective suicide\" as it involved a mother poisoning her children and then attempting to poison herself, but failing in the latter. The third category is the \"crime of passion\", where a man kills his wife out of jealousy when she expresses the desire to leave him. The \"jealousy\" is said to be the uncontrollable feeling that drives the person to commit the murder, and the reason for this uncontrollable feeling is the actions of the victim. The victim is hence blamed by the perpetrator, who often", "title": "Historical murders and executions in Stockholm" }, { "id": "2653116", "score": "1.4980006", "text": "found on the dark web advertising their services. Honor killing is a type of murder when a person kills a member of his or her family for tarnishing the family image. Usually the victim is a woman who has violated sexual norms, such as refusing an arranged marriage or having relationships with unapproved, unrelated men. It is often a proxy murder, in which the order to kill is given out by the head of the family, usually the father, instructing a brother to kill his sister. In some very rare cases, hit men have been hired to perform the honor", "title": "Proxy murder" }, { "id": "13761664", "score": "1.4937764", "text": "Scissor Sisters (convicted killers) Linda and Charlotte Mulhall (also called the Scissor Sisters by the media) are sisters from Dublin, Ireland, known for having killed and dismembered their mother's boyfriend, Farah Swaleh Noor, in March 2005. Noor was killed with a Stanley knife wielded by Charlotte and struck with a hammer by Linda following a confrontation with the sisters and their mother, Kathleen Mulhall. His head and penis were sliced off and the rest of his corpse dismembered by the women and dumped in Dublin's Royal Canal where a piece of leg still wearing a sock was spotted floating near", "title": "Scissor Sisters (convicted killers)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of types of killing\n\nIn the English language, terms for types of killing often end in the suffix \"-cide\".\n", "title": "List of types of killing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sororicide\n\nSororicide (from Latin \"soror\" \"sister\" + \"-cide\", from \"caedere\" \"to cut, to kill\") is the act of killing one's own sister.\n\nThere are a number of examples of sororicide and fratricide in adolescents, even pre-adolescents, where sibling rivalry and resulting physical aggression can get out of hand and lead to the death of one of them, particularly when a potent weapon is available or one is significantly older than the other and misjudges their own strength.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Sororicide" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Parricide\n\nParricide refers to the deliberate killing of one’s own father and mother, spouse (husband or wife), children, and/or close relative. However, the term is sometimes used more generally to refer to the intentional killing of a near relative. It is an umbrella term that can be used to refer to acts of matricide and patricide.\n\nMatricide refers to the deliberate killing of one’s own mother. Patricide refers to the deliberate killing of one’s own father. The term parricide is also used to refer to many familicides (i.e. family annihilations wherein at least one parent is murdered along with other family members).\n\nSocieties consider parricide a serious crime and parricide offenders are subject to criminal prosecution under the homicide laws which are established in places (i.e. countries, states, etc.) in which parricides occur. According to the law, in most countries, an adult who is convicted of parricide faces a long-term prison sentence, a life sentence, or even capital punishment. Youthful parricide offenders who are younger than the age of majority (e.g. 18 year olds in the United States) may be prosecuted under less stringent laws which are designed to take their special needs and development into account but these laws are usually waived and as a result, most youthful parricide offenders are transferred into the Adult Judicial System.\n\nParricide offenders are typically divided into two categories, 1) youthful parricide offenders (i.e. ages 8–24) and 2) adult parricide offenders (i.e. ages 25 and older) because the motivations and situations surrounding parricide events change as a child matures.", "title": "Parricide" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Matricide\n\nMatricide is the act of killing one's own mother.\n\n\n", "title": "Matricide" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Filicide\n\nFilicide is the deliberate act of a parent killing their own child. The word \"filicide\" is derived from the Latin words and ('son' and 'daughter') and the suffix \"-cide\", meaning to kill, murder, or cause death. The word can refer both to the crime and to the perpetrator of the crime.", "title": "Filicide" }, { "id": "9690842", "score": "1.4797456", "text": "spouse, daughter, or sister\". Traditionally, honor crimes used to be more prevalent in Southern Italy. In 1546, Isabella di Morra, a young poet from Valsinni, Matera, was stabbed to death by her brothers for a suspected affair with a married nobleman, whom they also murdered. In 2006, 20-year-old Hina Saleem, a Pakistani woman who lived in Brescia, Italy, was murdered by her father who claimed he was \"saving the family's honour\". She had refused an arranged marriage, and was living with her Italian boyfriend. In 2009, in Pordenone, Italy, Sanaa Dafani, an 18-year-old girl of Moroccan origin, was murdered by", "title": "Honor killing" }, { "id": "691341", "score": "1.4744924", "text": "According to the UN in 2002: Crimes of passion are often triggered by jealousy, and, according to Human Rights Watch, \"have a similar dynamic [to honor killings] in that the women are killed by male family members and the crimes are perceived as excusable or understandable.\" Stoning, or lapidation, refers to a form of capital punishment whereby an organized group throws stones at an individual until the person dies, or the condemned person is pushed from a platform set high enough above a stone floor that the fall would probably result in instantaneous death. Stoning continues to be practiced today,", "title": "Adultery" }, { "id": "11865389", "score": "1.4700363", "text": "aggressor or any member of the murderer's family (Often a close male kinsman, preferably the brother, killing of children was not encouraged). Only then has the family of the victim received peace (However, the blood feud continues if a relative decides to revenge, disregardless of who started). However, killing in your own house is the worst action, representing unmorality, which is a great shame in Montenegrin and Albanian cultures. If a criminal was murdered, it often did not result in a feud as criminality was negative in the eyes of society, but in some cases the criminal's family went on", "title": "Krvna osveta" }, { "id": "11235879", "score": "1.462895", "text": "the 12 murders: the 6 by Homecourt in Europe, Esther’s 2 aunts and 2 uncles, and Homecourt himself. Esther presents the journalists with documents found in her sister’s safe that incriminate 41 people, including 3 ministers. Esther, feeling victorious, confronts Jocelyn. He is initially unshaken but his advisor warns him that the article might embarrass him by making him seem incapable of controlling his own niece. The next day, Muriel is shot dead by 3 assassins while leaving the Bouloire-Haussmann offices. Esther and Leon (Muriel’s husband) collect Sembadel and Clapoteau from their apartment and flee the city. Leon decides that", "title": "My Brother-in-Law Killed My Sister" }, { "id": "9690804", "score": "1.4597969", "text": "strangulation. The murders are sometimes performed in public to warn the other individuals within the community of possible consequences of engaging in what is seen as illicit behavior. Often, minor girls and boys are selected by the family to act as the killers, so that the killer may benefit from the most favorable legal outcome. Boys and sometimes women in the family are often asked to closely control and monitor the behavior of their sisters or other females in the family, to ensure that the females do not do anything to tarnish the 'honor' and 'reputation' of the family. The", "title": "Honor killing" }, { "id": "11800541", "score": "1.4532349", "text": "the criminal liability of all will be the same, because the act of one is the act of all. Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code defines murder as killing someone other than a family member with any of the following six circumstances: Murder is punishable by reclusión perpetua (20 to 40 years' incarceration). Without any of these six aggravating circumstances, a killing is instead homicide punishable by reclusión temporal. A murder is committed “with treachery” by employing means, methods, or forms in the execution, which tend directly and specially to insure its execution, without risk to the offender arising", "title": "Philippine criminal law" }, { "id": "5477933", "score": "1.4499017", "text": "Sister My Sister Sister My Sister is a 1994 film starring British actresses Julie Walters, Joely Richardson, and Jodhi May. The film was directed by Nancy Meckler and written by Wendy Kesselman, based on her own play, \"My Sister in This House.\" Both the play and the subsequent film deal with societal repression and its victims. The film is based on a true incident in Le Mans, France in 1933 called the Papin murder case, where two sisters brutally murdered their employer and her daughter. The murder shocked the country, and there was much speculation about the sisters, including allegations", "title": "Sister My Sister" }, { "id": "14328595", "score": "1.4476492", "text": "commit or to cover up another crime\"). However the concept of § 211 II 3 Group StGB is broader than felony murder. Killing in order to commit another crime is also fulfilled when the perpetrator acts with the aim (direct intention – dolus directus of 1 degree) to commit another crime afterward. Whether he commits it afterward or not is irrelevant. The killing can be done with simple intention (dolus eventualis) Killing in order to cover up another crime is fulfilled when the perpetrator acts with the aim (direct intention – direct intention of 1 degree) to cover up the", "title": "Murder in German law" }, { "id": "12039816", "score": "1.4450729", "text": "another theme, Valerius writes of several examples of infamous crimes in Book 8 Chapter 1 and how they related to jealousy. One example Valerius records of acquittal \"(absoluti)\" is where Marcus Horatius is found guilty by King Tullus Hostilius of killing his sister. Horatius was acquitted of the crime when he appealed to the public. The brutal nature of the killing influenced King Tullus to convict him; however, the motive for which Horatius did it influenced the people. In a battle defending Rome Horatius defeated the Curiatius brothers and killed them. His sister was in love with one of these", "title": "Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX" }, { "id": "13761687", "score": "1.4444625", "text": "the grotesque and macabre nature of the crime. This led to the sisters being dubbed \"The Scissor Sisters\" by the media after the pop group from New York, USA. Several books were written on the circumstances surrounding the death of Farah Swaleh Noor: The 2009 RTÉ television series \"Killers\" featured the Mulhall sisters. Linda Mulhall was released in 2018, having served over 12 years of a 15-year sentence. Scissor Sisters (convicted killers) Linda and Charlotte Mulhall (also called the Scissor Sisters by the media) are sisters from Dublin, Ireland, known for having killed and dismembered their mother's boyfriend, Farah Swaleh", "title": "Scissor Sisters (convicted killers)" }, { "id": "8699221", "score": "1.4440119", "text": "for Lucy's mental problems. But unknown to them, Matt – whom they had not known when they were younger – had witnessed the killing and has now returned under a false name to avenge his brother's death. Charlotte finally realizes who he is and what he plans to do. Lucy is still under his influence and almost helps him kill Charlotte, but she manages to escape. Matt takes Lucy to the same spot in the bayou where they had put Jud's body and tries to drown her, but an unidentified hand from beneath drags him down into the bayou and", "title": "Sister, Sister (1987 film)" }, { "id": "688390", "score": "1.4432948", "text": "of Jacob, in the Canaanite city of Shechem by the eponymous son of the ruler, and the violent reaction of her brothers Simeon and Levi, who slew all of the males of the city in revenge, rescued their sister and plundered Shechem. When Jacob protested that their actions might bring trouble upon him and his family, the brothers replied \"Should he [i.e., Shechem] treat our sister as a harlot?\" Similarly, in , Absalom kills Amnon after King David, their father, fails to punish Amnon for raping Tamar, their sister. Recourse to personal vengeance and dueling was considered a class privilege", "title": "Vigilante" }, { "id": "8699220", "score": "1.4380782", "text": "of several people who have died in a bayou near their home. Lucy falls in love with Matt, and the characters find themselves involved in murder, betrayal and dark secrets from the past, which are revealed gradually in flashback. When Charlotte was a teenager and Lucy was a child, Matt's older brother Jud had tried to rape them and they had killed him in self-defense. But in panic they had dragged his body into a bayou and not reported the incident to anyone. Jud's death was a terrible secret only the sisters shared, and it was to some extent responsible", "title": "Sister, Sister (1987 film)" }, { "id": "9690907", "score": "1.4365085", "text": "oldest forms of gender-based violence. It assumes that a woman's behaviour casts a reflection on the family and the community. ... In some communities, a father, brother or cousin will publicly take pride in a murder committed in order to preserve the 'honour' of a family. In some such cases, local justice officials may side with the family and take no formal action to prevent similar deaths.\" Legislation on this issue varies, but today the vast majority of countries no longer allow a husband to legally kill a wife for adultery (although adultery itself continues to be punishable by death", "title": "Honor killing" }, { "id": "1312459", "score": "1.4344978", "text": "to the murder of another Scottish king: \"Alas a king will take sovereignty for four nights and one month;I think it is grievous that the Gaels will boast, woe to him who celebrates him. ... A son of the woman of the English... I think it is wretched, that his brother will kill him.\" The English woman is obviously Saint Margaret, the Anglo-Saxon consort of Malcolm III. But none of her children, male or female, are known to have been killed by one of their own siblings. The confusion probably derives from the murder of their half-sibling Duncan II of", "title": "Edgar, King of Scotland" } ]

[ "Subdivisions of the Netherlands", "netheralands", "subdivisions of netherlands", "iso 3166 1 nl", "Netherlands", "nederlandia", "mainland netherlands", "netherlands european territory", "Metropolitan Netherlands", "administrative divisions of netherlands", "Olanda", "netherlands dut hol", "ISO 3166-1:NL", "Northern Netherlands", "metropolitan netherlands", "The netherlands", "Netherlands, The", "Netherlands (European territory)", "Nehterlands", "The Netheralands", "Administrative divisions of the netherlands", "neatherlands", "Nyderlandai", "Holland (country)", "European Netherlands", "olanda", "netherlands", "northern netherlands", "The Netherlands", "The netherland", "holland country", "climate of netherlands", "nehterlands", "Climate of the Netherlands", "Dutch inhabitants", "Netherlands/HistoryTalk", "Capitals of Holland", "NETHERLANDS", "pays bas", "Administrative divisions of the Netherlands", "capitals of holland", "nyderlandai", "european netherlands", "netherland", "Netherlands, (Dut/Hol)", "Mainland Netherlands", "Neatherlands", "Nederlandia", "Pays-Bas", "dutch inhabitants", "netherlands historytalk" ]

[ { "id": "271498", "score": "1.6694884", "text": "Maastricht Maastricht (; Limburgish : \"Mestreech\" ; French: \"Maestricht\" ; Spanish: \"Mastrique\" ) is a city and a municipality in the southeast of the Netherlands. It is the capital and largest city of the province of Limburg. Maastricht is located on both sides of the Meuse (Dutch: \"Maas\"), at the point where the Jeker joins it. It is adjacent to the border with Belgium. Maastricht developed from a Roman settlement to a Medieval religious centre. In the 16th century it became a garrison town and in the 19th century an early industrial city. Today, the city is a thriving cultural", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "271517", "score": "1.644731", "text": "of the population that is Christian, of whom 92.31% is Catholic. Since the 1980s a number of European and international institutions have made Maastricht their base. They provide an increasing number of employment opportunities for expats living in the Maastricht area. Maastricht is known in the Netherlands and beyond for its lively squares, narrow streets, and historical buildings. The city has 1677 rijksmonumenten (national heritage sites), more than any Dutch city outside Amsterdam. The entire city centre is a protected cityscape (\"beschermd stadsgezicht\"). The tourist information office (VVV) is located in the Dinghuis, a medieval building overlooking Grote Staat. Maastricht's", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "271518", "score": "1.6406975", "text": "main sights include: Furthermore, the Maastricht Exposition and Congress Centre (MECC) hosts many events throughout the year. There are several city parks and recreational areas in Maastricht: The municipal government of Maastricht consists of a city council, a mayor and a number of aldermen. The city council, a 39-member legislative body directly elected for four years, appoints the aldermen on the basis of a coalition agreement between two or more parties after each election. The 2006 municipal elections in the Netherlands were, as often, dominated by national politics and led to a shift from right to left throughout the country.", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "271499", "score": "1.6372565", "text": "and regional hub. It became well-known through the Maastricht Treaty and as the birthplace of the Euro. Maastricht has 1677 national heritage buildings (\"Rijksmonumenten\"), the second highest number in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam. The city is popular with tourists for shopping and recreation, and has a large international student population. Maastricht is a member of the Most Ancient European Towns Network and is part of the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion, which includes the nearby German and Belgian cities of Aachen, Eupen, Hasselt, Liège, and Tongeren. The Meuse-Rhine Euroregion is a metropolis with a population of about 3.9 million with several international universities.", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "271513", "score": "1.6302876", "text": "as the world's leading art fair, annually draws in some of the wealthiest art collectors. In recent years, Maastricht launched several campaigns against drug-dealing in an attempt to stop foreign buyers taking advantage of the liberal Dutch legislation and causing trouble in the downtown area. Since the 1990s, large parts of the city have been refurbished, including the areas around the main railway station and the Maasboulevard promenade along the Meuse, the Entre Deux and Mosae Forum shopping centres, as well as some of the main shopping streets. A prestigious quarter designed by international architects and including the new Bonnefanten", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Maastricht\n\nMaastricht ( , , ; ; ; ) is a city and a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands. It is the capital and largest city of the province of Limburg. Maastricht is located on both sides of the Meuse (), at the point where the Jeker joins it. Mount Saint Peter (\"Sint-Pietersberg\") is largely situated within the city's municipal borders. Maastricht is about 175 km south east of the capital Amsterdam and 65 km from Eindhoven; it is adjacent to the border with Belgium and is part of the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion, an international metropolis with a population of about 3.9 million, which includes the nearby German and Belgian cities of Aachen, Liège and Hasselt.\n\nMaastricht developed from a Roman settlement (\"Trajectum ad Mosam\") to a medieval religious centre. In the 16th century it became a garrison town and in the 19th century an early industrial centre. Today, the city is a thriving cultural and regional hub. It became well known through the Maastricht Treaty and as the birthplace of the euro. Maastricht has 1677 national heritage buildings (\"rijksmonumenten\"), the second highest number in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam. The city is visited by tourists for shopping and recreation, and has a large international student population. In the rest of the Netherlands, the city is often seen as \"foreign\" mainly because of its distant peripheral location near Belgium and Germany but also its atypical culture and alleged \"Burgundian lifestyle\" (meaning: with good and plentiful food and beverage).", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Maastricht University\n\nMaastricht University (abbreviated as UM; ) is a public research university in Maastricht, Netherlands. Founded in 1976, it is the second youngest of the thirteen Dutch universities.\n\nIn 2021, 22,383 students studied at Maastricht University, 56% of whom were foreign students, with over 4,000 employees. About half of the bachelor's programmes are fully offered in English, while the other half is taught wholly or partly in Dutch. Most of the master's and doctoral programmes are in English. Besides traditional programmes, Maastricht University also has three honours liberal arts colleges: University College Maastricht and the Maastricht Science Programme in the same liberal arts tradition. The satellite University College Venlo opened in 2015.\n\nMaastricht University regularly ranks as one of Europe's leading universities. The university has been placed in the top 300 universities in the world by five major ranking tables. Maastricht University was at 88th place in the Times Higher Education World Ranking in 2016 (127th as of 2021), and 4th among Young Universities (6th in 2021). Amongst others, Maastricht University's master's programme in International Business is ranked 25, being in the top 25 of the best business programmes in the world according to the Financial Times, and its Law Faculty is ranked in 3rd place within the European Union and 23rd worldwide by the Times Higher Education World Ranking for the 2021-2022 period. In 2013, Maastricht University was the second Dutch university to be rewarded the ‘Distinctive Quality Feature for Internationalisation’ by the Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders (NVAO).", "title": "Maastricht University" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Siege of Maastricht (1579)\n\nThe siege of Maastricht was a battle of the Eighty Years' War which lasted from March 12 – July 1, 1579. The Spanish were victorious.", "title": "Siege of Maastricht (1579)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Maastricht Treaty\n\nThe Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the European Union (EU). Concluded in 1992 between the then-twelve member states of the European Communities, it announced \"a new stage in the process of European integration\" chiefly in provisions for a shared European citizenship, for the eventual introduction of a single currency, and (with less precision) for common foreign and security policies. Although these were widely seen to presage a \"federal Europe\", the focus of constitutional debate shifted to the later 2007 Treaty of Lisbon. In the wake of the Eurozone debt crisis unfolding from 2009, the most enduring reference to the Maastricht Treaty has been to the rules of compliance – the \"Maastricht criteria\" – for the currency union.\n\nAgainst the background of the end of the Cold War and the re-unification of Germany, and in anticipation of accelerated globalisation, the treaty negotiated tensions between member states seeking deeper integration and those wishing to retain greater national control. The resulting compromise faced what was to be the first in a series of EU treaty ratification crises.", "title": "Maastricht Treaty" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Flag of Maastricht\n\nThe flag of Maastricht ( ; or ) is the official flag of Maastricht, the capital city of the province of Limburg, Netherlands. It constitutes a red vertical surface with a five-pointed star on its left side (a star that is common among many flags e.g., the flag of Chile). It had been a historical flag, with its first image of appearance dating from 1549, of the municipality but was replaced in 1938 with a flag similar in design to the Polish flag. To avoid confusion, the old flag was reinstated in 1994.", "title": "Flag of Maastricht" }, { "id": "271531", "score": "1.6122704", "text": "connections to other cities, various organized boat trips for tourists connect Maastricht with Belgium cities such as Liège. These distances are as the crow flies and so do not represent actual overland distances. Maastricht is twinned with: In 2002 the municipal government officially adopted a local anthem (Limburgish (Maastrichtian variant): \"Mestreechs Volksleed\", ) composed of lyrics in Maastrichtian. The theme was originally written by Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883). Maastricht Maastricht (; Limburgish : \"Mestreech\" ; French: \"Maestricht\" ; Spanish: \"Mastrique\" ) is a city and a municipality in the southeast of the Netherlands. It is the capital and largest city of", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "271515", "score": "1.5657557", "text": "annexed by the city of Maastricht in the course of the 20th century. The outlying areas of the following villages are bordering the municipality of Maastricht directly. \"Clockwise from north-east to north-west:\" \"(B = Situated in Belgium)\" Maastricht's city limits has an international border with Belgium. Most of it borders Belgium's Flemish region, but a small part to the south also has a border with the Walloon region. Both countries are part of Europe's Schengen Area thus are open without border controls. Maastricht features the same climate as most of the Netherlands (\"Cfb\", Oceanic climate), however, due to its more", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "271522", "score": "1.554846", "text": "dominated Maastricht politics for many years and which has also affected national and international politics, is the city's approach to soft drugs. Under the pragmatic Dutch soft drug policy, a policy of non-enforcement, individuals may buy and use cannabis from 'coffeeshops' (cannabis bars) under certain conditions. Maastricht, like many other border towns, has seen a growing influx of 'drug tourists', mainly young people from Belgium, France and Germany, who provide a large amount of revenue for the coffeeshops (around 13) in the city centre. The city government, most notably ex-mayor Leers, have been actively promoting drug policy reform in order", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "12732703", "score": "1.5227551", "text": "Maastricht railway station Maastricht railway station is located in Maastricht, the Netherlands. It is the main railway station in Limburg's capital city. It is the southern terminus of the –Maastricht intercity service by NS. Additionally, Arriva and the Belgian NMBS serve the station with local trains. The station opened on 23 October 1853 together with the . In 1856, a railway connection to was opened. Both lines are now (partially) closed. In 1861, the Liège-Maastricht railway connection was opened. It was not before the opening of the Maastricht–Venlo railway in 1865, that Maastricht was connected to the rest of the", "title": "Maastricht railway station" }, { "id": "271530", "score": "1.5205877", "text": "by the nearby Maastricht Aachen Airport , in nearby Beek, and it is informally referred to by that name. The airport is served by Corendon Dutch Airlines and Ryanair. The airport has regular scheduled flights to destinations around the Mediterranean as well as charter flights to Lourdes and operated by Enter Air. The airport is located about north of the city centre. Maastricht has a river port (\"Beatrixhaven\") and is connected by water with Belgium and the rest of the Netherlands through the river Meuse, the Juliana Canal, the Albert Canal and the Zuid-Willemsvaart. Although there are no regular boat", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "271512", "score": "1.5197351", "text": "during the war. As elsewhere in the Netherlands, the majority of Maastricht Jews died in Nazi concentration camps. During the latter half of the century, traditional industries (such as the famous Maastricht potteries) declined and the city's economy shifted to a service economy. Maastricht University was founded in 1976. Several European institutions found their base in Maastricht. In 1981 and 1991 European Councils were held in Maastricht, the latter one resulting a year later in the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, leading to the creation of the European Union and the euro. Since 1988, The European Fine Art Fair, regarded", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "271511", "score": "1.5165591", "text": "the First World War that the city was forced to look northwards. Like the rest of the Netherlands, Maastricht remained neutral during World War I. However, being wedged between Germany and Belgium, it received large numbers of refugees, putting a strain on the city's resources. Early in World War II, the city was taken by the Germans by surprise during the Battle of Maastricht of May 1940. On 13 and 14 September 1944 it was the first Dutch city to be liberated by Allied forces of the US Old Hickory Division. The three Meuse bridges were destroyed or severely damaged", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "271514", "score": "1.505856", "text": "Museum, a public library, and a theatre was built on the grounds of the former Société Céramique factory near the town centre. As a result, Maastricht looks notably smarter. Further large-scale projects, such as the redevelopment of the area around the A2 motorway, the Sphinx Quarter and the Belvédère area, are under construction. Maastricht consists of five districts (\"stadsdelen\") and 44 neighbourhoods (\"wijken\"). Each neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its postal code. The neighbourhoods of Itteren, Borgharen, Limmel, Amby, Heer, Heugem, Scharn, Oud-Caberg, Sint Pieter and Wolder all used to be separate municipalities or villages until they were", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "271503", "score": "1.4929924", "text": "until it lost the distinction to nearby Liège in the 8th or 9th century. In the early Middle Ages Maastricht was part of the heartland of the Carolingian Empire along with Aachen and the area around Liège. The town was an important centre for trade and manufacturing. Merovingian coins minted in Maastricht have been finds in many places throughout Europe. In 881 the town was plundered by the Vikings. In the 10th century it briefly became the capital of the duchy of Lower Lorraine. During the 12th century the town flourished culturally. The provosts of the church of Saint Servatius", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "271509", "score": "1.4888003", "text": "last time in 1794, when the condominium was dissolved and Maastricht was annexed to the First French Empire (1794–1814). For twenty years Maastricht remained the capital of the French département of Meuse-Inférieure. After the Napoleonic era, Maastricht became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. It was made the capital of the newly formed Province of Limburg (1815–1839). When the southern provinces of the newly formed kingdom seceded in 1830, the Dutch garrison in Maastricht remained loyal to the Dutch king, William I, even when most of the inhabitants of the town and the surrounding area sided", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "2852767", "score": "1.4795299", "text": "costly project, designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, would provide for an athletic centre, student housing, guesthouses, retail facilities and office space. The project was canceled by Servatius because the costs were unrealistic. In recent years, the university has opened offices in the northern Limburg city of Venlo, the Belgian capital of Brussels and the city of Bangalore, India. The Maastricht University, Campus Venlo is located in a 1930s building at Deken van Oppensingel, close to the center of Venlo. Maastricht University currently offers two Master's programmes at this campus; Global Supply Chain Management, and Health Food Innovation Management. Courses", "title": "Maastricht University" }, { "id": "271525", "score": "1.4738309", "text": "a similar national system, the \"wietpas\" (\"cannabis pass\"), restricting access to Dutch coffeeshops to residents of the Netherlands. After protests from local mayors about the difficulty of implementing the issuing of wietpasses, Dutch parliament in 2012 agreed to replace the pass by any proof of residency. The new system has led to a slight reduction in drug tourism to cannabis shops in Maastricht but at the same time to an increase of drug dealing on the street. Maastricht is served by the A2 and A79 motorways. The city can be reached from Brussels and Cologne in approximately one hour and", "title": "Maastricht" }, { "id": "3382191", "score": "1.4730151", "text": "Maastricht Aachen Airport Maastricht Aachen Airport is a regional airport in Beek, Netherlands, located northeast of Maastricht and northwest of Aachen, Germany. It is the second-largest hub for cargo flights in the Netherlands. As of 2016, the airport had a passenger throughput of 176,000 and handled 60.000 tons of cargo. The Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre (MUAC) of the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL) is also located at the airport. Plans for an airport in southern Limburg date back as far as 1919, with various locations being considered. Years of debate between various municipalities over the", "title": "Maastricht Aachen Airport" }, { "id": "12732704", "score": "1.472213", "text": "Netherlands. Due to the fortified character of the town, the first railway station was in fact situated outside of Maastricht, within the municipality of Meerssen. The first station was built out of wood, so that in case of enemy attack, the station could quickly be demolished. The municipality borders were adjusted in 1907, thus making the station part of the municipality of Maastricht. The current, brick building was built in 1913, designed by George Willem van Heukelom. Due to the station's international connections, the station housed border customs. Even though trains from Belgium still call at Maastricht, passport and security", "title": "Maastricht railway station" }, { "id": "271505", "score": "1.4704767", "text": "developed gradually during its long history. In 1204 the city's dual authority was formalised in a treaty, with the prince-bishops of Liège and the dukes of Brabant holding joint sovereignty over the city. Soon afterwards the first ring of medieval walls were built. In 1275, the old Roman bridge collapsed under the weight of a procession, killing 400 people. A replacement, funded by church indulgences, was built slightly to the north and survives until today, the Sint Servaasbrug. Throughout the Middle Ages, the city remained a centre for trade and manufacturing principally of wool and leather but gradually economic decline", "title": "Maastricht" } ]

[ "ny yankees", "baltimore orioles 1901–02", "The N. Y. Yankees", "bronx bombers", "New York Baseball team", "yankees suck", "new york yankee s", "new york baseball team", "Yankees Roster", "The N.Y. Yankees", "Baltimore Orioles (1901-02)", "Baltimore Orioles (1901-1902)", "N. Y. Y.", "n y yankees", "Bronx Bombers", "NY Yankees", "N Y Yankees", "new york yankee", "new york yankees", "Nyy", "new york yankees roster", "Yankees", "New York Yankees (sports)", "baltimore orioles 1901 02", "N Y Y", "New York baseball team", "NYY", "New york yankees", "The Yankees", "lonn trost", "New York Yankee", "New York Highlanders", "Lonn A. Trost", "nyy", "N.Y.Y.", "New York Yankee's", "Ny yankees", "N. Y. Yankees", "Yankees baseball", "yankees baseball", "Baltimore Orioles (1901–02)", "new york highlanders", "yankees roster", "NEW YORK YANKEES", "new york baseball", "New York Yankees roster", "Yankees Suck", "baltimore orioles 1901 1902", "Baltimore Orioles (1901–1902)", "The NY Yankees", "N.Y. Yankees", "n y y", "baltimore orioles 1901–1902", "yankees", "The New York Yankees", "New York Baseball", "new york yankees sports", "New York Yankees", "The N Y Yankees", "The Bronx Bombers", "New York Yankees Roster" ]

[ { "id": "13544744", "score": "1.6618112", "text": "became the 11th team to lose the World Series in consecutive seasons. In the American League, the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27, the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9, and the Boston Red Sox have played in 14 and won 9, including the first World Series. In the National League, the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11, the New York/San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8, the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 20 and won 6, and the Cincinnati Reds have", "title": "World Series" }, { "id": "7642004", "score": "1.653652", "text": "year, the 1998–2001 Yankees joined the 1921–1924 New York Giants, and the Yankee teams of '36–'39, '49–'53, '55–'58 and '60–'64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants. The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4-year period. In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks, the Yankees lost the series when closer Mariano Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7; it was the second time in five years that a team lost the World Series after taking a lead into the bottom of the ninth inning of", "title": "New York Yankees" }, { "id": "5378677", "score": "1.6508644", "text": "York Yankees. Since 1923, the Yankees have compiled 27 World Series championships (with the St. Louis Cardinals being second, having won 11 between 1926 and 2011), and the 1980s are the only decade so far in which they have failed to win at least one title. In 1903, an Oriole minor league team joined the Eastern League (renamed the International League in 1911, and not to be confused with the present day 'Double AA' level, minor league Eastern League). This Orioles team stayed mediocre for the first few years of its existence, but after the arrival of Jack Dunn (1872–1928),", "title": "Baltimore Orioles (minor league)" }, { "id": "8998770", "score": "1.6472077", "text": "The Yankees were defeated three games to one by their rivals, falling short of a return to the ALCS. As of 2018, the Yankees' 27 World Series championships are 16 more than the number won by the St. Louis Cardinals, who have the second-most titles among MLB teams. New York's championship total is the highest of any franchise in a major North American league; the National Hockey League's Montreal Canadiens are second behind the Yankees with 24 Stanley Cup wins. The 40 AL titles won by the Yankees places them 17 in front of the Cardinals for the most pennants", "title": "History of the New York Yankees" }, { "id": "13544794", "score": "1.6456554", "text": "teams have won 66 of the 114 World Series played (57.9%). The New York Yankees have won 27 titles, accounting for 23.7% of all series played and 40.9% of the wins by American League teams. The St. Louis Cardinals have won 11 World Series, accounting for 9.6% of all series played and 23% of the 48 National League victories. When the first modern World Series was played in 1903, there were eight teams in each league. These 16 franchises, all of which are still in existence, have each won at least two World Series titles. The number of teams was", "title": "World Series" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New York Yankees\n\nThe New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The Yankees compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City, the other is the National League (NL)'s New York Mets. The team was founded in when Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise rights to the defunct Baltimore Orioles (no relation to the current team of the same name) after it ceased operations and used them to establish the New York Highlanders. The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in .\n\nThe team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises, a limited liability company that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner, who purchased the team in 1973. Brian Cashman is the team's general manager, and Aaron Boone is the team's field manager. The team's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium in the Bronx from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008. In 1974 and 1975, the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets, in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants. In 2009, they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility, which was closed and demolished. The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance.\n\nArguably the most successful professional sports team in the United States and one of the most highly regarded, the Yankees have won 19 American League East Division titles, 40 American League pennants, and 27 World Series championships, all of which are MLB records. The team has won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues, after briefly trailing the NHL's Montreal Canadiens between 1993 and 1999. The Yankees have had 44 players and 11 managers inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, including many of the sport's most iconic figures in history such as Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Mickey Mantle, Yogi Berra, and Whitey Ford; more recent inductees include Mariano Rivera, and Derek Jeter, who received the two highest vote percentages of all Hall of Fame members. According to \"Forbes\", the Yankees are the second-highest valued sports franchise in the world, after the NFL's Dallas Cowboys, with an estimated value in 2022 of approximately $6 billion. The team has garnered enormous popularity and a dedicated fanbase, as well as widespread enmity from fans of other MLB teams. The team's rivalry with the Boston Red Sox is one of the most well-known rivalries in North American sports. The team's logo is internationally known as a fashion item, and as an icon of New York City and the United States.\n\nFrom 1903 through the 2022 season, the Yankees' overall win–loss record is 10,602-8,000 (a winning percentage).", "title": "New York Yankees" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "2009 World Series" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Babe Ruth" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Minnesota Twins\n\nThe Minnesota Twins are an American professional baseball team based in Minneapolis. The Twins compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) Central Division. The team is named after the Twin Cities area which includes the two adjoining cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul.\n\nThe franchise was founded in Washington, D.C., in 1901 as the Washington Senators. The team moved to Minnesota and was renamed the Minnesota Twins for the start of the 1961 season. The Twins played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 to 1981 and in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 to 2009. The team played its inaugural game at Target Field on April 12, 2010. The franchise won the World Series in 1924 as the Senators, and in 1987 and 1991 as the Twins.\n\nFrom 1901 to 2021, the Senators/Twins franchise's overall regular-season win–loss–tie record is 9,012–9,716–109 (); as the Twins (through 2021), it is 4,789–4,852–8 ().", "title": "Minnesota Twins" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Yankee Stadium (1923)\n\nThe original Yankee Stadium was a stadium located in the Bronx in New York City. It was the home ballpark of the New York Yankees, one of the city's Major League Baseball franchises, from 1923 to 2008, except for 1974–1975 when the stadium was renovated. It hosted 6,581 Yankees regular season home games during its 85-year history. It was also the home of the New York Giants National Football League (NFL) team from 1956 through September 1973. The stadium's nickname, \"The House That Ruth Built\", is derived from Babe Ruth, the baseball superstar whose prime years coincided with the stadium's opening and the beginning of the Yankees' winning history. It has often been referred to as \"The Cathedral of Baseball\".\n\nThe stadium was built from 1922 to 1923 for $2.4 million ($34.4 million in 2022 dollars). Its construction was paid for entirely by Yankees owner Jacob Ruppert, who was eager to have his own stadium after sharing the Polo Grounds with the New York Giants baseball team the previous ten years. Located only a half-mile (0.8 km) north of the upper Manhattan location of the Polo Grounds, Yankee Stadium opened for the 1923 season and was hailed at the time as a one-of-a-kind facility in the country. Over the course of its history, Yankee Stadium became one of the most famous venues in the United States, having hosted a variety of events and historic moments during its existence. While many of these moments were baseball-related—including World Series games, no-hitters, perfect games, and historic home runs—the stadium also hosted boxing matches, the 1958 NFL Championship Game (referred to as \"The Greatest Game Ever Played\"), college football, concerts, Jehovah's Witnesses conventions (see record attendance), and three Papal Masses. The stadium went through many alterations and playing surface configurations over the years. The condition of the facility worsened in the 1960s and 1970s, prompting its closure for renovation from October 1973 through 1975. The renovation significantly altered the appearance of the venue and reduced the distance of the outfield fences.\n\nIn 2006, the Yankees began building a new $2.3 billion stadium on public parkland adjacent to the stadium, which included $1.2 billion in public subsidies. The design includes a replica of the frieze along the roof that had been part of the original Yankee Stadium. Monument Park, a Hall of Fame for prominent former Yankees, was relocated to the new stadium. Yankee Stadium closed following the 2008 season and the new stadium opened in 2009, adopting the \"Yankee Stadium\" moniker. The original Yankee Stadium was demolished in 2010, two years after it closed, and the site was converted into a public park called \"Heritage Field\".", "title": "Yankee Stadium (1923)" }, { "id": "745935", "score": "1.6233525", "text": "the National League champion; two seasons did not end in playing a World Series (1904, when the National League champion New York Giants refused to play their AL counterpart, and 1994, when a players' strike prevented the Series). Through 2018, American League teams have won 66 of the 114 World Series played since 1903, with 27 of those coming from the New York Yankees alone. The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles, the most in the league's history, followed by the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics (15) and the Boston Red Sox (14). Originally a minor league known as", "title": "American League" }, { "id": "386230", "score": "1.6217811", "text": "New York City, most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds. They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions – both NL records. The Giants' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and fourth overall (the New York Yankees are first with 27, then the St. Louis Cardinals (the National League record-holders) with 11, and the Oakland Athletics and the Boston Red Sox both with 9). The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times – 14 times in New York, six in San Francisco – but boycotted the event", "title": "San Francisco Giants" }, { "id": "4342119", "score": "1.6072248", "text": "wins and have gone on to amass 27 World Series championships as of 2016. The city of Philadelphia would have to wait 50 years until its next World Series championship, when the Phillies defeated the Kansas City Royals and thus becoming the last of the \"Original Sixteen\" MLB franchises to accomplish the feat. The A's managed only five hits off of Grimes in Game 1, but all were for extra bases and each produced a run in five different innings. Al Simmons and Mickey Cochrane hit solo home runs for the A's, helping Lefty Grove to a 5-2 win. George", "title": "1930 World Series" }, { "id": "13544761", "score": "1.6068027", "text": "the Boston Red Sox after the 1919 season, appeared in their first World Series two years later in 1921, and became frequent participants thereafter. Over a period of 45 years from 1920 to 1964, the Yankees played in 29 World Series championships, winning 20. The team's dynasty reached its apex between 1947 and 1964, when the Yankees reached the World Series 15 times in eighteen years, helped by an agreement with the Kansas City Athletics (after that team moved from Philadelphia during 1954–1955 offseason) whereby the teams made several deals advantageous to the Yankees (until ended by new Athletics' owner", "title": "World Series" }, { "id": "13544760", "score": "1.6033163", "text": "not win their first championship until the 1920s; and three of the teams that were highly successful prior to 1920 (the Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs) went the rest of the 20th century without another World Series win. The Red Sox and White Sox finally won again in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The Cubs had to wait over a century (until the 2016 season) for their next trophy. They did not appear in the Fall Classic from 1945 until 2016, the longest drought of any MLB club. The New York Yankees purchased Babe Ruth from", "title": "World Series" }, { "id": "22860", "score": "1.6028323", "text": "and producing one of the greatest pitching rotations in the history of baseball. The Braves won the NL West 1991–93 and the NL East 1995–2005, and they returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010. The Braves advanced to the World Series five times in the 1990s, winning the title in 1995. Since their debut in the National League in 1876, the franchise has won 18 divisional titles, 17 National League pennants, and three World Series championships—in 1914 as the Boston Braves, in 1957 as the Milwaukee Braves, and in 1995 in Atlanta. The Braves are", "title": "Atlanta Braves" }, { "id": "143045", "score": "1.600846", "text": "won the World Series in 1997 and 2003, but both titles were followed by controversial periods where the team sold off all the high-priced players and rebuilt. Although they followed their 2003 World Series win with a stretch in which the team posted winning records in four of the next six seasons, along with a surprise 2006 season in which they greatly exceeded expectations and stayed in the postseason race until September, the team has had the least number of winning seasons of any Major League Baseball franchise, with just six (1997, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, and 2009). Like their", "title": "Miami Marlins" }, { "id": "85855", "score": "1.5945265", "text": "Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series. The 1906 Cubs won 116 games, finishing 116–36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox (\"The Hitless Wonders\") by four games to two. The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series, and the first to win it twice. Most recently, the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series, which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and", "title": "Chicago Cubs" }, { "id": "4342220", "score": "1.5941566", "text": "only \"Classic Eight\" National League (1900–1961) team to hold a Series edge over the Bronx Bombers, with three wins to the Yankees' two. The 1937 victory by the Yankees also broke a three-way tie among themselves, the Philadelphia Athletics and the Boston Red Sox for the most World Series wins all-time (five each). By the time the Athletics and Red Sox won their sixth World Series (in 1972 and 2004, respectively), the Yankees had far outpaced them in world championships with 20 in 1972 and 26 in 2004. The 1937 Series was the first in which a team (in this", "title": "1937 World Series" }, { "id": "326738", "score": "1.5932894", "text": "the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons (and 97 seasons from the club's establishment) before they won their first World Series—longer than any other of the 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century. The 77 season drought is the fourth longest World Series drought in Major League Baseball history. The longevity of the franchise and its history of adversity have earned it the dubious distinction of having lost the most games of any team in the history of American professional sports, and in fact was the first professional sports team in modern", "title": "Philadelphia Phillies" }, { "id": "13544762", "score": "1.5920322", "text": "Charles O. Finley). During that span, the Yankees played in all World Series except 1948, 1954, and 1959, winning ten. From 1949 to 1953, the Yankees won the World Series five years in a row; from 1936–1939 the Yankees won four World Series Championships in a row. There are only two other occasions when a team has won at least three consecutive World Series: 1972 to 1974 by the Oakland Athletics, and 1998 to 2000 by the New York Yankees. In an 18-year span from 1947 to 1964, except for 1948 and 1959, the World Series was played in New", "title": "World Series" }, { "id": "375282", "score": "1.5907972", "text": "won 19 National League (NL) titles (the most pennants for the league franchise in one city) and 11 World Series titles (second only to the New York Yankees and the most by any NL franchise), most recently in 2011. They play at Busch Stadium. Previously, the St. Louis Browns played in the American League (AL) from 1902 to 1953, before moving to Baltimore, Maryland to become the current incarnation of the Orioles. The 1944 World Series was an all-St. Louis World Series, matching up the St. Louis Cardinals and St. Louis Browns at Sportsman's Park, won by the Cardinals in", "title": "St. Louis" }, { "id": "41910", "score": "1.590607", "text": "Reds, failed to win their division in either half of that season and were controversially excluded, as were the St. Louis Cardinals, who finished with the NL's second-best record. The Atlanta Braves have currently played in the most NL division series with thirteen appearances. The St. Louis Cardinals have currently won the most NL division series, winning ten of the thirteen series in which they have played. The Pittsburgh Pirates (who finished with a losing record from 1993 to 2012) were the last team to make their first appearance in the NL division series, making their debut in 2013 after", "title": "National League Division Series" }, { "id": "741492", "score": "1.5886703", "text": "policy would allow each league to have 15 teams, with one team in each league playing an interleague game on any given day. As a condition of the sale of the Astros to Jim Crane in November 2011, the team agreed to move to the American League effective with the 2013 season. Through the 2018 season, the Dodgers and Giants have won the most NL pennants, with 23 each. Representing the National League against the American, the Cardinals have won the most World Series (11) followed by the Giants (8), Dodgers (6), Pirates (5), and Reds (5). St. Louis also", "title": "National League" }, { "id": "7765939", "score": "1.5872595", "text": "defeating the San Francisco Giants, three games to one, in the NL Division Series, and then the St. Louis Cardinals, four games to one, in the NL Championship Series; it was the team's fourth World Series appearance, making it the most of any expansion franchise in MLB and the Mets' first appearance since winning the 1986 World Series. The Yankees were the first team in baseball to win three consecutive championships since the 1972–1974 Oakland Athletics, and the first professional sports team to accomplish the feat since the 1996–1998 Chicago Bulls. Although the Yankees were in the midst of a", "title": "2000 World Series" } ]

[ "schloss versailles", "musée historique de versailles", "Musée national du château et des Trianons", "Versailles Museum", "Château de Versailles", "The Palace of Versailles", "musée national du château et des trianons", "chateau of versailles", "Palais de Versailles", "Chateau Versailles", "Musee national du chateau de Versailles et des Trianons", "musee national du chateau de versailles et des trianons", "City of Versailles", "Musée d'Histoire de France", "Musée historique de Versailles", "Château of Versailles", "museum of history of france versailles", "château of versailles", "versailles castle", "Versailles Palace", "Galerie de Versailles", "Schloss Versailles", "Versailles Castle", "palais versailles", "palais de versailles", "Museum of the History of France, Versailles", "versailles museum", "chateau de versailles", "musée national du château de versailles et des trianons", "château de versailles", "Musée de Versailles", "Palace and Park of Versailles", "Musée national du château de Versailles et des Trianons", "palace of versailles", "versailles", "Residence of Versailles", "Chateau of Versailles", "chateau versailles", "Palace of versailles", "palace and park of versailles", "palaceofversailles", "musée d histoire de france", "Palace of Versailles", "versailles palace", "Palais Versailles", "city of versailles", "musée national du château de versailles", "Musée national du Château de Versailles", "Musée d’Histoire de France", "Versailles", "galerie de versailles", "residence of versailles", "Chateau de Versailles", "musée de versailles", "PalaceofVersailles" ]

[ { "id": "3766251", "score": "1.4854178", "text": "Hall of Mirrors The Hall of Mirrors ( or ) is the central gallery of the Palace of Versailles in Versailles, France. Within the hall, the German Empire was declared in 1871 (Deutsche Reichsgründung) and the Treaty of Versailles signed by the victorious powers of World War I in 1919. As the principal and most remarkable feature of King Louis XIV of France's third building campaign of the Palace of Versailles (1678–1684), construction of the Hall of Mirrors began in 1678. To provide for the Hall of Mirrors as well as the \"salon de la guerre\" and the \"salon de", "title": "Hall of Mirrors" }, { "id": "3766261", "score": "1.457734", "text": "of Mirrors as the location wherein was signed the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I on 28 June 1919. The Hall of Mirrors is still used for state occasions of the Fifth Republic, such as receptions for visiting heads of state. Hall of Mirrors The Hall of Mirrors ( or ) is the central gallery of the Palace of Versailles in Versailles, France. Within the hall, the German Empire was declared in 1871 (Deutsche Reichsgründung) and the Treaty of Versailles signed by the victorious powers of World War I in 1919. As the principal and most remarkable feature", "title": "Hall of Mirrors" }, { "id": "11450022", "score": "1.4209075", "text": "in the middle, flying asunder as if by the touch of magic, and lo! we are at the entrance of a splendid room, which was almost dizzy and alive with waterfalls, that tumbled in all directions - the great cascade, which was opposite to the window that faced us, being reflected in innumerable mirrors upon the ceiling and against the walls\"\". Garnett in 1800 visited the site. He describes the 'Hall of Mirrors' as having its sides and ceiling covered with mirrors, in which \"the cascade is seen by reflexion, sometimes running upwards, contrary to the direction of gravity, and", "title": "Ossian's Hall of Mirrors" }, { "id": "20248619", "score": "1.4183171", "text": "Mirror Hall Mirror Hall is an oil on canvas painting by Iranian realist painter Kamal-ol-Molk, his first work since receiving the title \"Kamal-ol-Molk\" (\"Perfection of the Realm\"). It is considered one of his masterpieces, and marks a starting point in Iran's modern art. The painting was executed in over five years, depicting Qajar ruler Naser-ed-Din Shah sitting on a chair in front of a window at the Mirror Hall of the Golestan Palace, where the Qajar dynasty resided. The completion of the painting coincided with the Qajar ruler's murder in 1896, and the rise of Mozaffar-ed-Din Shah, the fifth Qajar", "title": "Mirror Hall" }, { "id": "8785776", "score": "1.4172549", "text": "Hall of Mirrors (2001 film) Hall of Mirrors is a 2001 independent film written and directed by Brad Osborne. \"Hall of Mirrors\" concerns a young, desperate gambling addict who is plummeted into financial ruin. A strange, anonymous caller (who happens to know every intimate detail of the protagonist's life) offers a unique solution to his situation. Lured by the promise of easy money and the beauty of an enigmatic woman, he enters an underworld of counterfeiters and con artists, where he becomes a pawn in a scheme far more elaborate and ruthless than he could have ever imagined. With the", "title": "Hall of Mirrors (2001 film)" }, { "id": "5067473", "score": "1.414834", "text": "\"\" (2017) - John Wick (Keanu Reeves) engages in a chase, gunfight, and climactic knife fight in a multi-floor modern art museum exhibit called \"Reflections of the Soul\" made of halls, rooms, and stairways lined with mirrors with lights and video screens reflected in them. The Kraftwerk album \"Trans-Europe Express\" includes a song called \"The Hall of Mirrors\". Fusion guitarist Allan Holdsworth also has a song called \"House of Mirrors\" of his \"Hard Hat Area\" album. The Insane Clown Posse album \"The Ringmaster\" has a song called \"House of Mirrors\", representing it as one of the attractions of the Dark", "title": "House of mirrors" }, { "id": "20248620", "score": "1.414093", "text": "ruler. Kamal-ol-Molk was later questioned about the theft of some precious gems located at the hall, but the actual culprit was eventually found. The Mirror Hall is famous for its remarkable mirror work. It was designed by architect Abd-ol-Hosein (Sani-ol-Molk), while Minister of Architecture Yahya Khan (Mowtamed-ol-Molk) was the consultant. Mirror Hall Mirror Hall is an oil on canvas painting by Iranian realist painter Kamal-ol-Molk, his first work since receiving the title \"Kamal-ol-Molk\" (\"Perfection of the Realm\"). It is considered one of his masterpieces, and marks a starting point in Iran's modern art. The painting was executed in over five", "title": "Mirror Hall" }, { "id": "5067468", "score": "1.4119277", "text": "House of mirrors A house of mirrors or hall of mirrors is a traditional attraction at funfairs (carnivals) and amusement parks. The basic concept behind a house of mirrors is to be a maze-like puzzle. In addition to the maze, participants are also given mirrors as obstacles, and glass panes to parts of the maze they cannot yet get to. Sometimes the mirrors may be distorted because of different curves, convex, or concave in the glass to give the participants unusual and confusing reflections of themselves, some humorous and others frightening. The first known literary example is in Gaston Leroux's", "title": "House of mirrors" }, { "id": "2872468", "score": "1.4050813", "text": "in mirror glass, in 1980. On 1 October 1980 during a visit to Victoria, Princess Alexandra unveiled a plaque which commemorated both the opening of the new mirror-glass 'Centennial Hall', and the centenary of the building. She also unveiled a second plaque commemorating the bestowal of the title \"Royal\" on the building by Her Majesty the Queen. Following the outcry over the ballroom demolition, and the appointment of new Trustees and a new Chair in 1983, the heritage of the building began to be seen as important as providing modern space for exhibitions. The first conservation assessment of the building", "title": "Royal Exhibition Building" }, { "id": "19286864", "score": "1.3952136", "text": "the authority of France. This artwork features a new hall of mirrors, conveying the concept of decentralized authority. In a small room in the Kunsthalle, mirrors are placed on the left and right walls and on the floor and ceiling, while the front wall comprises a street-facing window covered with an image of the head of Queen Elizabeth I. At the base of the Queen's portrait, a large, red ruff collar sits at the level of her neck. This room of mirrors expresses the organic change inherent to ocularcentrism by using mirrors to explore the interrelationship of the viewer and", "title": "Kyunghwa Lee" }, { "id": "11450019", "score": "1.3871759", "text": "Ossian's Hall of Mirrors Ossian's Hall of Mirrors is a Georgian structure located at The Hermitage in Dunkeld, Scotland. The Hermitage and Ossian's Hall of Mirrors was originally an unremarkable view-house in a position overlooking the Black Linn falls of the Braan, a tributary of the River Tay. This folly was built on a rocky outcrop for the 2nd Duke of Atholl in 1757. The Hermitage was redecorated in 1783 as a shrine to the blind bard, Ossian. Ossian is supposed to have lived and written his heroic verse around the 3rd century. The redecorated hall was intended to evoke", "title": "Ossian's Hall of Mirrors" }, { "id": "11450023", "score": "1.3717433", "text": "sometimes in a horizontal stream over the head.\" In 1869 vandals blew up part of Ossian's Hall and the area was left to decay. In 1943 the 8th Duchess of Atholl donated it and 33 acres (13.3ha) of, by then, coniferous woodland along the banks of the River Braan to the National Trust for Scotland in accordance with the wishes of the late Duke. The National Trust for Scotland has restored the building for the use and enjoyment of the public. Ossian's Hall of Mirrors Ossian's Hall of Mirrors is a Georgian structure located at The Hermitage in Dunkeld, Scotland.", "title": "Ossian's Hall of Mirrors" }, { "id": "9127472", "score": "1.3664377", "text": "of the hall, the door leads to the electoral \"Rest room\" and the \"Blue Cabinet\", with access to the privy chamber. The Blue Cabinet was the bedroom of the Electress and the pavilion also accommodates a kennel room for the hunting dogs. North from the Hall of Mirrors is the entrance to the \"Pheasant room\" and the \"Hunting room\". The Pheasant Room is bordering the kitchen. The kitchen is decorated with precious tiles from Delft which when being laid were mixed up by workers in the wrong order. The blue and white tiles in a Chinese style show flowers and", "title": "Amalienburg" }, { "id": "2094993", "score": "1.339282", "text": "some gifts presented to Nasser ed Din Shah by European monarchs. Among the collections of the Golestan Palace, a watercolor by Mahmoud Khan Saba (Malek osh Shoara) shows the exterior view of this hall during the Qajar period. The Mirror Hall is the most famous of the halls of the Golestan Palace. This relatively small hall is famous for its extraordinary mirror work. The hall was designed by Haj Abd ol Hossein \"Memar Bashi\" (Sanie ol Molk). Yahya Khan (Mowtamed ol Molk), who was the Minister of Architecture, was a consultant for the designer. The Salam (\"Reception\") Hall was originally", "title": "Golestan Palace" }, { "id": "14895875", "score": "1.3384106", "text": "Hall of Realms The Salón de Reinos (translated as \"Hall of the Kingdoms\" or \"Hall of Realms\") or salón grande (\"great hall\") is a 17th-century building in Madrid, originally a wing of the Buen Retiro Palace. The Salón de Reinos and the Casón del Buen Retiro are the only survivors of the original grand scheme of the palace. Built between 1630 and 1635, the Hall of Realms housed the largest paintings in the royal collection, now all in the Museo del Prado. It is named after its paintings of the coats of arms of the 24 kingdoms which formed the", "title": "Hall of Realms" }, { "id": "11962107", "score": "1.3275254", "text": "Quorum of Twelve. In 2008, it was shown again, but this time, as The Madacorp building in the ABC Family show Kyle XY. Where Kyle, Declan, and Tom Foss were seen at in the episode called \"House of Cards\" and then it was later seen again in the episode called \"C.I.R., With Love\", when the whole Trager family go to The Madacorp Open House with Stephen. It was also used as the \"Mendel Institute\" school in Season 1 Episode 10 \"Perception\" in the series \"Almost Human\" in 2014. In 2015 it was used for being \"I am The Center\" church", "title": "Chan Centre for the Performing Arts" }, { "id": "2755851", "score": "1.3265972", "text": "Pavilion, but World War I delayed the groundbreaking until 1921. The Palace of Fine Arts has been seen in films such as \"Vertigo\" (1958), \"Time After Time\" (1979), \"The Room\" (2003), and \"Twisted\" (2004). It also served as the backdrop for set pieces in \"So I Married An Axe Murderer\" (1993) and \"The Rock\" (1996). Additionally, the Palace has appeared in Indian films \"My Name is Khan\" (2010) and \"Vaaranam Aayiram\" (2008). Lucasfilm headquarters was constructed near the Palace of Fine Arts, which has been noted for its similarity to the capital city of Naboo as it appears in the", "title": "Palace of Fine Arts" }, { "id": "3117542", "score": "1.3220632", "text": "Mezzanine. The Wilder Hall of the Eye, located in the east wing of the main level focuses on astronomical tools like telescopes and how they evolved over time so people can see further into space. Interactive features there include a Tesla coil and a \"Camera Obscura\", which uses mirrors and lenses to focus light onto a flat surface. The Ahmanson Hall of the Sky, located in the west wing, focuses on objects that are normally found in the sky, like the Sun and Moon. The main centerpiece of this section is a large solar telescope projecting images of the Sun,", "title": "Griffith Observatory" }, { "id": "2094990", "score": "1.318964", "text": "outside to irrigate the royal gardens. Due to the harmful effects of humidity, this system is no longer in use. The Brilliant Hall was named so for it is adorned by the brilliant mirror work of Iranian artisans. The hall was built by the order of Nasser ed Din Shah to replace another hall called \"Talar e Bolour\" (\"the Crystal Hall\"). Built by the order of Fath Ali Shah, the Crystal Hall had been laid waste by the damp. The Brilliant Hall is famous for its mirror work and chandeliers. An oil painting by Yahya Khan (Sani ol Molk Ghafari),", "title": "Golestan Palace" }, { "id": "11161000", "score": "1.3177346", "text": "reserve. Bonnington Pavilion The Bonnington Pavilion or Hall of Mirrors, now a ruin, is situated in the grounds of the old estate of Bonnington, near New Lanark, overlooking Corra Linn falls on the River Clyde in Lanarkshire, Scotland. Alternative names are the Corra Linn Pavilion and the Falls of Clyde summerhouse. It is said to have been the first Camera obscura built in Scotland. The name comes from the Gaelic 'currach', a marshy place. A legend gives 'Cora' as a daughter of King Malcolm II, who leapt to her death here whilst trying to escape imagined danger. The building is", "title": "Bonnington Pavilion" } ]

[ "avocado pear", "butter fruit", "avocados", "Persea americana", "persea americana", "advocado", "Butter fruit", "Avocado criollo", "avacada", "Avacada", "avocado cultivation in california", "Persea gratissima", "avocado criollo", "Avocado Cultivation in California", "Avokado", "persea gratissima", "alligator pear", "Alligator pear", "Fuerte avocado", "fuerte avocado", "Avocardo", "avocardo", "avocodo", "avacado", "avokado", "Avacado", "Alligator Pear", "Advocado", "Avocados", "avacado pit", "Avacado pit", "Avocodo", "avocado", "Avocado", "Avocado pear" ]

[ { "id": "1428631", "score": "1.4824371", "text": "other Central American and Caribbean Spanish-speaking countries, it is known by the Mexican name, while South American Spanish-speaking countries use a Quechua-derived word, \"palta\". In Portuguese, it is \"abacate\". The fruit is sometimes called an avocado pear or alligator pear (due to its shape and the rough green skin of some cultivars). The Nahuatl \"ahuacatl\" can be compounded with other words, as in \"ahuacamolli\", meaning avocado soup or sauce, from which the Spanish word \"guacamole\" derives. In the United Kingdom, the term \"avocado pear\" is still sometimes misused as applied when avocados first became commonly available in the 1960s. Originating", "title": "Avocado" }, { "id": "5557860", "score": "1.4705707", "text": "Annona glabra Annona glabra is a tropical fruit tree in the family Annonaceae, in the same genus as the Soursop and Cherimoya. Common names include pond apple, alligator apple (so called because American alligators often eat the fruit), swamp apple, corkwood, bobwood, and monkey apple. The tree is native to Florida in the United States, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and West Africa. It is common in the Everglades. The \"A. glabra\" tree is considered an invasive species in Sri Lanka and Australia. It grows in swamps, is tolerant of saltwater, and cannot grow in dry soil. The trees", "title": "Annona glabra" }, { "id": "5030383", "score": "1.3905292", "text": "Grias cauliflora Grias cauliflora, the anchovy pear, (also called the river pear) is a fruit native to Jamaica, Central America, and Colombia. It is often found near rivers or marshes in large colonies. It grows on the evergreen tree \"Grias cauliflora\" of the Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut) family. The edible nuts grow clumped together in large, round, woody and extremely hard seed pods the size of a large grapefruit. The meat of the seed (the \"nut\") is very rich in oil and grows from 7 to 9 cm long and 2 to 4 cm in diameter. The tree has fragrant yellow", "title": "Grias cauliflora" }, { "id": "1428630", "score": "1.3868338", "text": "the likeness between the fruit and the body part. The modern English name comes from an English rendering of the Spanish \"aguacate\" as \"avogato\". The earliest known written use in English is attested from 1697 as \"avogato pear\", a term which was later corrupted as \"alligator pear\". Because the word \"avogato\" sounded like \"advocate\", several languages reinterpreted it to have that meaning. French uses \"avocat\", which also means \"lawyer\", and \"advocate\"-forms of the word appear in several Germanic languages, such as the (now obsolete) German \"Advogato-Birne\", the old Danish \"advokat-pære\" (today it is called \"avocado\") and the Dutch \"advocaatpeer\". In", "title": "Avocado" }, { "id": "1428623", "score": "1.3748691", "text": "Avocado The avocado (\"Persea americana\") is a tree, long thought to have originated in South Central Mexico, classified as a member of the flowering plant family Lauraceae. The fruit of the plant, also called an avocado (or avocado pear or alligator pear), is botanically a large berry containing a single large seed. Avocados are commercially valuable and are cultivated in tropical and Mediterranean climates throughout the world. They have a green-skinned, fleshy body that may be pear-shaped, egg-shaped, or spherical. Commercially, they ripen after harvesting. Avocado trees are partially self-pollinating and are often propagated through grafting to maintain a predictable", "title": "Avocado" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Avocado\n\nThe avocado (\"Persea americana\") is a medium-sized, evergreen tree in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It is native to the Americas and was first domesticated by Mesoamerican tribes more than 5,000 years ago. Then as now it was prized for its large and unusually oily fruit. The tree likely originated in the highlands bridging south-central Mexico and Guatemala. Its fruit, sometimes also referred to as an alligator or avocado pear, is botanically a large berry containing a single large seed. Avocado trees are partially self-pollinating, and are often propagated through grafting to maintain consistent fruit output. Avocados are presently cultivated in the tropical and Mediterranean climates of many countries.<ref name=\"morton\" /> Mexico is the world's leading producer of avocados as of 2020, supplying nearly 30% of the global harvest in that year.<ref name=\"faostat\" /> \n\nThe fruit of domestic varieties have smooth, buttery, golden-green flesh when ripe. Depending on the cultivar, avocados have green, brown, purplish, or black skin, and may be pear-shaped, egg-shaped, or spherical. For commercial purposes the fruits are picked while immature and ripened after harvesting. The nutrient density and extremely high fat content of avocado flesh are useful to a variety of cuisines and are often eaten to enrich vegetarian diets.\n\nIn major production regions like Chile, Mexico and California the water demands of avocado farms place strain on local sources. Global warming is expected to result in significant changes to the suitable growing zones for avocados, and place additional pressures on the locales in which they are produced due to heat waves and drought.", "title": "Avocado" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Guacamole\n\nGuacamole (; (informally shortened to \"guac\" in the United States since the 1980s) is an avocado-based dip, spread, or salad first developed in Mexico. In addition to its use in modern Mexican cuisine, it has become part of international cuisine as a dip, condiment and salad ingredient.", "title": "Guacamole" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chayote\n\nChayote It is one of several foods introduced to the Old World during the Columbian Exchange. At that time, the plant spread to other parts of the Americas, ultimately causing it to be integrated into the cuisine of many Latin American nations.\n\nThe chayote fruit is mostly used cooked. When cooked, chayote is usually handled like summer squash; it is generally lightly cooked to retain the crispy consistency. Raw chayote may be added to salads or salsas, most often marinated with lemon or lime juice, but is often regarded as unpalatable and tough in texture. Whether raw or cooked, chayote is a good source of vitamin C.\n\nAlthough most people are familiar only with the fruit as being edible, the root, stem, seeds and leaves are edible as well. The tubers of the plant are eaten like potatoes and other root vegetables, while the shoots and leaves are often consumed in salads and stir fries, especially in Asia.", "title": "Chayote" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Charles Ranhofer\n\nCharles Ranhofer (November 7, 1836 in Saint-Denis, France – October 9, 1899 in New York) was the chef at Delmonico's Restaurant in New York from 1862 to 1876 and 1879 to 1896. Ranhofer was the author of \"The Epicurean\" (1894), an encyclopedic cookbook of over 1,000 pages, similar in scope to Escoffier's \"Le Guide Culinaire\".", "title": "Charles Ranhofer" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Suggestions for disambiguation repair/A31" }, { "id": "329917", "score": "1.3606644", "text": "Pear The pear () tree and shrub are a species of genus Pyrus , in the family Rosaceae, bearing the pomaceous fruit of the same name. Several species of pear are valued for their edible fruit and juices while others are cultivated as trees. The word \"pear\" is probably from Germanic \"pera\" as a loanword of Vulgar Latin \"pira\", the plural of \"pirum\", akin to Greek \"apios\" (from Mycenaean \"ápisos\"), of Semitic origin (\"pirâ\"), meaning \"fruit\". The adjective \"pyriform\" or \"piriform\" means pear-shaped. The pear is native to coastal and mildly temperate regions of the Old World, from western Europe", "title": "Pear" }, { "id": "10725584", "score": "1.3584932", "text": "hairs that cover the branchlets, flower bases and new growth. This leads to the specific epithet \"hispida\" (meaning \"bristly\"). Common names include dwarf apple and scrub apple, and \"banda\" in the Cadigal language. Loddiges Nursery called it the Rough Metrosideros after the dwarf apple was described by James Edward Smith in 1797 as \"Metrosideros hispida\", having been collected by Surgeon-General of New South Wales, John White in 1795. Antonio José Cavanilles also described it the same year as \"Angophora cordifolia\", having been collected somewhere near the shoreline in Port Jackson. The latter name remained in use until 1976, when \"A.", "title": "Angophora hispida" }, { "id": "1428632", "score": "1.3522253", "text": "as a diminutive in Australian English, a clipped form, \"avo\", has since become a common colloquialism in South Africa and the United Kingdom. It is known as \"butter fruit\" in parts of India and goes by the name \"bơ\" [ɓɘː] in Vietnamese, which is the same word that is used for butter. In eastern China, it is known as \"è lí\" (\"alligator pear\") or \"niú yóu guǒ\" (\"butter fruit\"). In Taiwan, it is known as \"luò lí\" or \"cheese pear\". The subtropical species needs a climate without frost and with little wind. High winds reduce the humidity, dehydrate the flowers,", "title": "Avocado" }, { "id": "5030384", "score": "1.3437471", "text": "flowers about 5 cm across and grows to a height of about 15 m (50 feet). The anchovy pear tree bears spear-shaped, glossy leaves produced in palm-like tufts that reach an average length of 90 cm. The edible, brown, berrylike fruits for which it is cultivated for pickling are not related to the common pear. The fruit has a taste similar to that of the mango. Grias cauliflora Grias cauliflora, the anchovy pear, (also called the river pear) is a fruit native to Jamaica, Central America, and Colombia. It is often found near rivers or marshes in large colonies. It", "title": "Grias cauliflora" }, { "id": "13595144", "score": "1.3350774", "text": "Opuntia Opuntia, commonly called prickly pear, is a genus in the cactus family, \"Cactaceae\". Prickly pears are also known as \"tuna\" (fruit), \"sabra\", \"nopal\" (paddle, plural \"nopales\") from the Nahuatl word \"nōpalli\" for the pads, or nostle, from the Nahuatl word \"nōchtli\" for the fruit; or paddle cactus. The genus is named for the Ancient Greek city of Opus, where, according to Theophrastus, an edible plant grew and could be propagated by rooting its leaves. The most common culinary species is the Indian fig opuntia (\"O. ficus-indica\"). \"O. ficus-indica\" is a large trunk-forming segmented cactus which may grow to with", "title": "Opuntia" }, { "id": "8383048", "score": "1.3288525", "text": "five varieties, not accepted as distinct by all authorities: Juniperus deppeana Juniperus deppeana (alligator juniper or checkerbark juniper; Native American names include \"táscate\" and \"tláscal\") is a small to medium-sized tree reaching 10–15 m (rarely to 25 m) tall. It is native to central and northern Mexico (from Oaxaca northward) and the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas). It grows at moderate altitudes of on dry soils. The bark is usually very distinctive, unlike other junipers, hard, dark gray-brown, cracked into small square plates superficially resembling alligator skin; it is however sometimes like other junipers, with stringy vertical", "title": "Juniperus deppeana" }, { "id": "17766305", "score": "1.3257363", "text": "diameter. Hymenocallis palmeri Hymenocallis palmeri is a plant in the family Amaryllidaceae. Common name is Alligator-lily. It is endemic to Florida, found in cypress swamps, wet meadows, open pine woodlands and wet roadsides. \"Hymenocallis palmeri\" produces egg-shaped bulbs up to 4 cm across. Leaves are bluish green, up to 65 cm long and 10 mm across. Umbels have only 1 or 2 flowers, if 2 then opening one at a time. Flowers are erect, funnel-shaped, white with a greenish eye in the center and teeth along the margins of the staminal corona. Seeds are green, egg-shaped, up to 20 mm", "title": "Hymenocallis palmeri" }, { "id": "1928467", "score": "1.3233148", "text": "Alligator An alligator is a crocodilian in the genus \"Alligator\" of the family Alligatoridae. The two living species are the American alligator (\"A. mississippiensis\") and the Chinese alligator (\"A. sinensis\"). Additionally, several extinct species of alligator are known from fossil remains. Alligators first appeared during the Oligocene epoch about 37 million years ago. The name \"alligator\" is probably an anglicized form of \"\", the Spanish term for \"the lizard\", which early Spanish explorers and settlers in Florida called the alligator. Later English spellings of the name included \"allagarta\" and \"alagarto\". An average adult American alligator's weight and length is and", "title": "Alligator" }, { "id": "15509851", "score": "1.3215382", "text": "Opuntia aurantiaca Opuntia aurantiaca, commonly known as tiger-pear, jointed cactus or jointed prickly-pear, is a species of cactus from South America. The species occurs naturally in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay and is considered an invasive species in Africa and Australia. It was declared a Weed of National Significance by the Australian Weeds Committee in April 2012, and was reported by the Committee to be the most troublesome of all cactus species in New South Wales and the worst Opuntia species in Queensland. It is currently controlled biologically in Australia using the cochineal insect \"Dactylopius austrinus\", and to a lesser extent", "title": "Opuntia aurantiaca" }, { "id": "4217697", "score": "1.3209856", "text": "Chinese alligator The Chinese alligator (\"Alligator sinensis\") (, yáng zǐ è), also known as the Yangtze alligator, China alligator, or historically called the muddy dragon, is one of two known living species of \"Alligator\", a genus in the family Alligatoridae. Its appearance is similar to the American alligator, the other species in its genus, but it is smaller, with a length of about and a mass of about , and has a fully armored body. The Chinese alligator brumates in self-constructed burrows during the winter and mates during the early summer, with its eggs being smaller than any other crocodilian.", "title": "Chinese alligator" }, { "id": "15509852", "score": "1.3154144", "text": "by the larvae of two moths, \"Cactoblastis cactorum\" and \"Tucumania tapiacola\". Opuntia aurantiaca Opuntia aurantiaca, commonly known as tiger-pear, jointed cactus or jointed prickly-pear, is a species of cactus from South America. The species occurs naturally in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay and is considered an invasive species in Africa and Australia. It was declared a Weed of National Significance by the Australian Weeds Committee in April 2012, and was reported by the Committee to be the most troublesome of all cactus species in New South Wales and the worst Opuntia species in Queensland. It is currently controlled biologically in Australia", "title": "Opuntia aurantiaca" }, { "id": "329920", "score": "1.3073831", "text": "given off the five sepals, the five petals, and the very numerous stamens. Pears and apples cannot always be distinguished by the form of the fruit; some pears look very much like some apples, e.g. the nashi pear. One major difference is that the flesh of pear fruit contains stone cells (also called \"grit\"). Pear cultivation in cool temperate climates extends to the remotest antiquity, and there is evidence of its use as a food since prehistoric times. Many traces of it have been found in prehistoric pile dwellings around Lake Zurich. The word “pear”, or its equivalent, occurs in", "title": "Pear" }, { "id": "1928483", "score": "1.3051853", "text": "also consumed by humans. In 2010, the Archbishop of New Orleans ruled that for purposes of Catholic church discipline in relation to abstention from meat, the flesh of the alligator is characterised as fish. Alligator An alligator is a crocodilian in the genus \"Alligator\" of the family Alligatoridae. The two living species are the American alligator (\"A. mississippiensis\") and the Chinese alligator (\"A. sinensis\"). Additionally, several extinct species of alligator are known from fossil remains. Alligators first appeared during the Oligocene epoch about 37 million years ago. The name \"alligator\" is probably an anglicized form of \"\", the Spanish term", "title": "Alligator" }, { "id": "17766304", "score": "1.3050017", "text": "Hymenocallis palmeri Hymenocallis palmeri is a plant in the family Amaryllidaceae. Common name is Alligator-lily. It is endemic to Florida, found in cypress swamps, wet meadows, open pine woodlands and wet roadsides. \"Hymenocallis palmeri\" produces egg-shaped bulbs up to 4 cm across. Leaves are bluish green, up to 65 cm long and 10 mm across. Umbels have only 1 or 2 flowers, if 2 then opening one at a time. Flowers are erect, funnel-shaped, white with a greenish eye in the center and teeth along the margins of the staminal corona. Seeds are green, egg-shaped, up to 20 mm in", "title": "Hymenocallis palmeri" }, { "id": "1428662", "score": "1.3008156", "text": "large enough to effectively disperse avocado seeds in this fashion. Avocado The avocado (\"Persea americana\") is a tree, long thought to have originated in South Central Mexico, classified as a member of the flowering plant family Lauraceae. The fruit of the plant, also called an avocado (or avocado pear or alligator pear), is botanically a large berry containing a single large seed. Avocados are commercially valuable and are cultivated in tropical and Mediterranean climates throughout the world. They have a green-skinned, fleshy body that may be pear-shaped, egg-shaped, or spherical. Commercially, they ripen after harvesting. Avocado trees are partially self-pollinating", "title": "Avocado" } ]

[ "it is naturally magnetised", "It is naturally magnetised" ]

[ { "id": "1681032", "score": "1.8890096", "text": "Lodestone A lodestone is a naturally magnetized piece of the mineral magnetite. They are naturally occurring magnets, which can attract iron. The property of magnetism was first discovered in antiquity through lodestones. Pieces of lodestone, suspended so they could turn, were the first magnetic compasses, and their importance to early navigation is indicated by the name \"lodestone\", which in Middle English means 'course stone' or 'leading stone', from the now-obsolete meaning of \"lode\" as ‘journey, way’. Lodestone is one of only a very few minerals that is found naturally magnetized. Magnetite is black or brownish-black, with a metallic luster, a", "title": "Lodestone" }, { "id": "1681033", "score": "1.8239477", "text": "Mohs hardness of 5.5–6.5 and a black streak. The process by which lodestone is created has long been an open question in geology. Only a small amount of the magnetite on the Earth is found magnetized as lodestone. Ordinary magnetite is attracted to a magnetic field like iron and steel is, but does not tend to become magnetized itself; it has too low a magnetic coercivity (resistance to demagnetization) to stay magnetized for long. Microscopic examination of lodestones has found them to be made of magnetite (FeO) with inclusions of maghemite (cubic FeO), often with impurity metal ions of titanium,", "title": "Lodestone" }, { "id": "1681034", "score": "1.7524116", "text": "aluminium, and manganese. This inhomogeneous crystalline structure gives this variety of magnetite sufficient coercivity to remain magnetized and thus be a permanent magnet. The other question is how lodestones get magnetized. The Earth's magnetic field at 0.5 gauss is too weak to magnetize a lodestone by itself. The leading theory is that lodestones are magnetized by the strong magnetic fields surrounding lightning bolts. This is supported by the observation that they are mostly found near the surface of the Earth, rather than buried at great depth. One of the earliest known references to lodestone's magnetic properties was made by 6th", "title": "Lodestone" }, { "id": "6796349", "score": "1.7502247", "text": "searching for a sponsor of licenses for commercial map data, such as is offered by the company Tele Atlas. The other major supplier is Navteq, which belongs to Nokia. Lodestone is the name of a natural magnetic iron that was used throughout history in the manufacturing of compasses. Sighted owners of S60 devices can use Loadstone for leisure-time activities geocaching. LoroDux was a project by Fachhochschule Hannover. Like in Loadstone the user is led by direction and distance information. The text on the screen is read out by a screenreader. Vibration-Only navigation is possible. Data can be imported from the", "title": "GPS for the visually impaired" }, { "id": "1681037", "score": "1.7396847", "text": "orient their temples, the dwellings of the living, or the interments of the dead. Detailed analysis of the Olmec artifact revealed that the \"bar\" was composed of hematite with titanium lamellae of FeTiO that accounted for the anomalous remanent magnetism of the artifact. Lodestone A lodestone is a naturally magnetized piece of the mineral magnetite. They are naturally occurring magnets, which can attract iron. The property of magnetism was first discovered in antiquity through lodestones. Pieces of lodestone, suspended so they could turn, were the first magnetic compasses, and their importance to early navigation is indicated by the name \"lodestone\",", "title": "Lodestone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lodestone\n\nLodestones are naturally magnetized pieces of the mineral magnetite. They are naturally occurring magnets, which can attract iron. The property of magnetism was first discovered in antiquity through lodestones. Pieces of lodestone, suspended so they could turn, were the first magnetic compasses, and their importance to early navigation is indicated by the name \"lodestone\", which in Middle English means \"course stone\" or \"leading stone\", \nfrom the now-obsolete meaning of \"lode\" as \"journey, way\".\n\nLodestone is one of only a very few minerals that is found naturally magnetized.<ref name=\"Dana\" /> Magnetite is black or brownish-black, with a metallic luster, a Mohs hardness of 5.5–6.5 and a black streak.", "title": "Lodestone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Magnetite\n\nMagnetite is a mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula FeFeO. It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferrimagnetic; it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself. With the exception of extremely rare native iron deposits, it is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on Earth. Naturally magnetized pieces of magnetite, called lodestone, will attract small pieces of iron, which is how ancient peoples first discovered the property of magnetism.\n\nMagnetite is black or brownish-black with a metallic luster, has a Mohs hardness of 5–6 and leaves a black streak.\n\nThe chemical IUPAC name is iron(II,III) oxide and the common chemical name is \"ferrous-ferric oxide\".", "title": "Magnetite" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Magnetism\n\nMagnetism is the class of physical attributes that are mediated by a magnetic field, which refers to the capacity to induce attractive and repulsive phenomena in other entities. Electric currents and the magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, which acts on other currents and magnetic moments. Magnetism is one aspect of the combined phenomena of electromagnetism. The most familiar effects occur in ferromagnetic materials, which are strongly attracted by magnetic fields and can be magnetized to become permanent magnets, producing magnetic fields themselves. Demagnetizing a magnet is also possible. Only a few substances are ferromagnetic; the most common ones are iron, cobalt, and nickel and their alloys. The rare-earth metals neodymium and samarium are less common examples. The prefix \"\" refers to iron because permanent magnetism was first observed in lodestone, a form of natural iron ore called magnetite, FeO.\n\nAll substances exhibit some type of magnetism. Magnetic materials are classified according to their bulk susceptibility. Ferromagnetism is responsible for most of the effects of magnetism encountered in everyday life, but there are actually several types of magnetism. Paramagnetic substances, such as aluminium and oxygen, are weakly attracted to an applied magnetic field; diamagnetic substances, such as copper and carbon, are weakly repelled; while antiferromagnetic materials, such as chromium and spin glasses, have a more complex relationship with a magnetic field. The force of a magnet on paramagnetic, diamagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials is usually too weak to be felt and can be detected only by laboratory instruments, so in everyday life, these substances are often described as non-magnetic.\n\nThe magnetic state (or magnetic phase) of a material depends on temperature, pressure, and the applied magnetic field. A material may exhibit more than one form of magnetism as these variables change.\n\nThe strength of a magnetic field almost always decreases with distance, though the exact mathematical relationship between strength and distance varies. Different configurations of magnetic moments and electric currents can result in complicated magnetic fields.\n\nOnly magnetic dipoles have been observed although some theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles.", "title": "Magnetism" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lodestone (disambiguation)\n\nA lodestone is a naturally magnetized piece of the mineral magnetite.\n\nLodestone may also refer to:\n\n\n\n", "title": "Lodestone (disambiguation)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of geomagnetism\n\nThe history of geomagnetism is concerned with the history of the study of Earth's magnetic field. It encompasses the history of navigation using compasses, studies of the prehistoric magnetic field (archeomagnetism and paleomagnetism), and applications to plate tectonics.\n\nMagnetism has been known since prehistory, but knowledge of the Earth's field developed slowly. The horizontal direction of the Earth's field was first measured in the fourth century BC but the vertical direction was not measured until 1544 AD and the intensity was first measured in 1791. At first, compasses were thought to point towards locations in the heavens, then towards magnetic mountains. A modern experimental approach to understanding the Earth's field began with \"de Magnete\", a book published by William Gilbert in 1600. His experiments with a magnetic model of the Earth convinced him that the Earth itself is a large magnet.", "title": "History of geomagnetism" }, { "id": "11486748", "score": "1.6438186", "text": "90 conclusions or doubts, and 39 corollaries. In the first treatise Garzoni explains the two principal magnetic effects displayed by the loadstone: its tendency to the poles and its interaction with other loadstones, or with iron. Firstly, the author ascertains that the motion towards the poles is a natural one, ascribes it to an internal mover ant its appropriate instrument, which he names the \"qualità delle due facce\" (quality of two faces). The loadstone naturally possesses the quality, or verticity, while iron can acquire it from the stone, becoming magnetized. Iron naturally possesses a similar quality, or 'qualità di una", "title": "Leonardo Garzoni" }, { "id": "615765", "score": "1.5948229", "text": "coil of wire that acts as a magnet when an electric current passes through it but stops being a magnet when the current stops. Often, the coil is wrapped around a core of \"soft\" ferromagnetic material such as mild steel, which greatly enhances the magnetic field produced by the coil. Ancient people learned about magnetism from lodestones (or magnetite) are naturally magnetized pieces of iron ore. The word \"magnet\" was adopted in Middle English from Latin \"magnetum\" \"lodestone\", ultimately from Greek (\"magnētis [lithos]\") meaning \"[stone] from Magnesia\", a part of ancient Greece where lodestones were found. Lodestones, suspended so they", "title": "Magnet" }, { "id": "11486749", "score": "1.5930212", "text": "faccia\" (quality of one face), by means of which it is disposed to receive verticity from a loadstone. Once magnetized, iron behaves exactly like a loadstone. The most interesting features concerns Garzoni's description of the way verticity moves the loadstone and the way it alters surrounding bodies, virtually propagating itself outside the stone. Other interesting features arise from the explanation of double nature of the magnetic quality, and from the problem of the location of the geographical magnetical poles. The second treatise starts with a classical experiment showing the proper alignment of the loadstone to the poles, followed by a", "title": "Leonardo Garzoni" }, { "id": "1958247", "score": "1.5893205", "text": "Magnetite Magnetite is a rock mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula FeO. It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferrimagnetic; it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself. It is the most magnetic of all the naturally-occurring minerals on Earth. Naturally-magnetized pieces of magnetite, called lodestone, will attract small pieces of iron, which is how ancient peoples first discovered the property of magnetism. Today it is mined as iron ore. Small grains of magnetite occur in almost all igneous and metamorphic rocks. Magnetite", "title": "Magnetite" }, { "id": "1681035", "score": "1.5387422", "text": "century BC Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus, whom the ancient Greeks credited with discovering lodestone's attraction to iron and other lodestones. The name \"magnet\" may come from lodestones found in Magnesia, Anatolia. The earliest Chinese literary reference to magnetism occurs in the 4th-century BC \"Book of the Devil Valley Master\" (\"Guiguzi\"). In the chronicle \"Lüshi Chunqiu\", from the 2nd century BC, it is explicitly stated that \"the lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it.\" The earliest mention of a needle's attraction appears in a work composed between 20 and 100 AD, the \"Lunheng\" (\"Balanced Inquiries\"): \"A lodestone attracts a", "title": "Lodestone" }, { "id": "8876454", "score": "1.4992809", "text": "strewn with odd and rare minerals, and is the type locality for five mineral species. Over 100 different minerals have been identified from the area. There are many titanium minerals such as rutile, anatase, brookite, and perovskite, as well as some vanadium mineralization. Some rare-earth-bearing minerals have also been identified. Many companies have mined the area over the last century, including the Diamond Jo Quarry. The complex has developed a unique soil series, Magnet, which has several inches of dark reddish brown loam over reddish brown clay or clay loam. The Magnet is present only over 5000 acres at the", "title": "Magnet Cove igneous complex" }, { "id": "264696", "score": "1.4767435", "text": "\"Lunheng\" (\"Balanced Inquiries\"): \"A lodestone attracts a needle.\" The 11th-century Chinese scientist Shen Kuo was the first person to write – in the \"Dream Pool Essays\" – of the magnetic needle compass and that it improved the accuracy of navigation by employing the astronomical concept of true north. By the 12th century the Chinese were known to use the lodestone compass for navigation. They sculpted a directional spoon from lodestone in such a way that the handle of the spoon always pointed south. Alexander Neckam, by 1187, was the first in Europe to describe the compass and its use for", "title": "Magnetism" }, { "id": "11486750", "score": "1.4721828", "text": "lot of experiences about the interaction between two loadstones, between the loadstone and iron, and about the transmission of the magnetic virtue. Garzoni then considers the diffusion of the magnetic virtue inside the stone, outside it, and inside iron. These results are obtained by magnetizing bodies of different shapes and sizes. In particular, Garzoni considers the behaviour of magnetized iron dust. The behaviour of iron placed in the sphere of action of more loadstones is salso investigated. In the subsequent experiments, Garzoni studies the external diffusion of magnetic virtue by displacing a magnetic needle within the sphere of action. At", "title": "Leonardo Garzoni" }, { "id": "1494113", "score": "1.4686515", "text": "phenomena that are mathematically analogous to magnetic monopoles. Many early scientists attributed the magnetism of lodestones to two different \"magnetic fluids\" (\"effluvia\"), a north-pole fluid at one end and a south-pole fluid at the other, which attracted and repelled each other in analogy to positive and negative electric charge. However, an improved understanding of electromagnetism in the nineteenth century showed that the magnetism of lodestones was properly explained not by magnetic monopole fluids, but rather by a combination of electric currents, the electron magnetic moment, and the magnetic moments of other particles. Gauss's law for magnetism, one of Maxwell's equations,", "title": "Magnetic monopole" }, { "id": "5320205", "score": "1.4646866", "text": "it coition). He shows the effects of cutting a spherical loadstone (which he calls a \"terrella\") through the poles and equator and the direction of attraction at different points. Magnets act at a distance but the force has no permanent presence and is not hindered like light. Materials including gold, silver and diamonds are not affected by magnets, nor can one produce perpetual motion. The earth's normal magnetism. He proposes (incorrectly) that the angle of the ecliptic and precession of the equinoxes are caused by magnetism. A loadstone cut out of rock and floated in water returns to the same", "title": "De Magnete" }, { "id": "1681036", "score": "1.4565889", "text": "needle.\" In the 2nd century BC, Chinese geomancers were experimenting with the magnetic properties of lodestone to make a \"south-pointing spoon\" for divination. When it is placed on a smooth bronze plate, the spoon would invariably rotate to a north-south axis. Based on his discovery of an Olmec artifact (a shaped and grooved magnetic bar) in North America, astronomer John Carlson suggests that lodestone may have been used by the Olmec more than a thousand years prior to the Chinese discovery. Carlson speculates that the Olmecs, for astrological or geomantic purposes, used similar artifacts as a directional device, or to", "title": "Lodestone" }, { "id": "6091826", "score": "1.4271533", "text": "of magnetism. He did not discover these laws, but presented them in logical order. Part One discusses the physical (but not the occult) properties of the lodestone and provides the first extant written account of the polarity of magnets. He was thus the first to use the word “pole” in this context. He provides methods for determining the north and south poles of a magnet, and he describes the effects magnets have upon one another, showing that like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other. He also treats the attraction of iron by lodestones, the magnetization of", "title": "Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt" }, { "id": "11822938", "score": "1.4240153", "text": "reacts with haematite and other iron oxides in the feed at approximately 700 °C, to create magnetite or maghemite whilst leaving other minerals largely unaffected. This process changes paramagnetic haematite into ferromagnetic maghemite/magnetite. Wolframite, like hematite, is paramagnetic and without this reduction step separation of haematite and wolframite would be impossible using magnetic separators. The reduced ore from the kiln is cooled and fed onto a low intensity magnetic separator (LIMS) which is designed to remove the now highly magnetic iron oxides, which are sent to the tailings thickener. The non-magnetic product from the LIMS is sized at 150 μm", "title": "Drakelands Mine" }, { "id": "13158505", "score": "1.4187005", "text": "Magnetic separation Magnetic Separation is which separating components of mixtures by using magnets to attract magnetically susceptible materials. This separation technique can be useful in mining iron as it is attracted to a magnet. In mines where wolframite was mixed with cassiterite, such as South Crofty and East Pool mine in Cornwall or with bismuth such as at the Shepherd and Murphy mine in Moina, Tasmania, magnetic separation is used to separate the ores. At these mines, a device called a Wetherill's Magnetic Separator (invented by John Price Wetherill, 1844–1906) was used. In this machine, the raw ore, after calcination", "title": "Magnetic separation" }, { "id": "1958252", "score": "1.4180497", "text": "titanomagnetite and hemoilmenite or titanohematite. Compositions of the mineral pairs are used to calculate how oxidizing was the magma (i.e., the oxygen fugacity of the magma): a range of oxidizing conditions are found in magmas and the oxidation state helps to determine how the magmas might evolve by fractional crystallization. Magnetite also is produced from peridotites and dunites by serpentinization. Lodestones were used as an early form of magnetic compass. Magnetite typically carries the dominant magnetic signature in rocks, and so it has been a critical tool in paleomagnetism, a science important in understanding plate tectonics and as historic data", "title": "Magnetite" } ]

[ "Gordan's Problem", "Hilbertian", "David Hilbert", "Hilbert, David", "hilbert", "hilbert david", "gordan s problem", "David hillbert", "David hilbert", "Hilbert", "david hilbert", "hilbertian", "david hillbert" ]

[ { "id": "20567813", "score": "1.8277946", "text": "simple groups (also called the \"enormous theorem\"), whose proof between 1955 and 1983 required 500-odd journal articles by about 100 authors, and filling tens of thousands of pages. In a 1900 speech to the International Congress of Mathematicians, David Hilbert set out a list of 23 unsolved problems in mathematics. These problems, spanning many areas of mathematics, formed a central focus for much of 20th-century mathematics. Today, 10 have been solved, 7 are partially solved, and 2 are still open. The remaining 4 are too loosely formulated to be stated as solved or not. In 1929 and 1930, it was", "title": "20th century in science" }, { "id": "1360603", "score": "1.7983265", "text": "Hilbert's problems Hilbert's problems are twenty-three problems in mathematics published by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900. The problems were all unsolved at the time, and several of them were very influential for 20th-century mathematics. Hilbert presented ten of the problems (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 19, 21 and 22) at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians, speaking on August 8 in the Sorbonne. The complete list of 23 problems was published later, most notably in English translation in 1902 by Mary Frances Winston Newson in the \"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society\". Hilbert's problems", "title": "Hilbert's problems" }, { "id": "1510580", "score": "1.7859424", "text": "II and at his request, Zermelo was reinstated to his honorary position in Freiburg. In 1900, in the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians, David Hilbert challenged the mathematical community with his famous Hilbert's problems, a list of 23 unsolved fundamental questions which mathematicians should attack during the coming century. The first of these, a problem of set theory, was the continuum hypothesis introduced by Cantor in 1878, and in the course of its statement Hilbert mentioned also the need to prove the well-ordering theorem. Zermelo began to work on the problems of set theory under Hilbert's influence", "title": "Ernst Zermelo" }, { "id": "12644717", "score": "1.7403308", "text": "on prime numbers. In addition Riemann worked on the properties of objects, which he saw as manifolds that could exist in multi-dimensional space. The final episode considers the great unsolved problems that confronted mathematicians in the 20th century. On 8 August 1900 David Hilbert gave a historic talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris. Hilbert posed twenty-three then unsolved problems in mathematics which he believed were of the most immediate importance. Hilbert succeeded in setting the agenda for 20thC mathematics and the programme commenced with Hilbert's first problem. Georg Cantor considered the infinite set of whole numbers 1,", "title": "The Story of Maths" }, { "id": "3059509", "score": "1.7294918", "text": "list of 23 unsolved mathematical problems, now termed Hilbert's problems. Moritz Cantor and Vito Volterra gave the two plenary lectures at the start of the congress. At the 1904 ICM Gyula Kőnig delivered a lecture where he claimed that Cantor's famous continuum hypothesis was false. An error in Kőnig's proof was discovered by Ernst Zermelo soon thereafter. Kőnig's announcement at the congress caused considerable uproar, and Klein had to personally explain to the Grand Duke of Baden (who was a financial sponsor of the congress) what could cause such an unrest among mathematicians. During the 1912 congress in Cambridge, England,", "title": "International Congress of Mathematicians" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hilbert's problems\n\nHilbert's problems are 23 problems in mathematics published by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900. They were all unsolved at the time, and several proved to be very influential for 20th-century mathematics. Hilbert presented ten of the problems (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 19, 21, and 22) at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians, speaking on August 8 at the Sorbonne. The complete list of 23 problems was published later, in English translation in 1902 by Mary Frances Winston Newson in the \"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society\".", "title": "Hilbert's problems" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Louis Pasteur\n\nLouis Pasteur (, ; 27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the latter of which was named after him. His research in chemistry led to remarkable breakthroughs in the understanding of the causes and preventions of diseases, which laid down the foundations of hygiene, public health and much of modern medicine. His works are credited to saving millions of lives through the developments of vaccines for rabies and anthrax. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern bacteriology and has been honored as the \"father of bacteriology\" and the \"father of microbiology\" (together with Robert Koch; the latter epithet also attributed to Antonie van Leeuwenhoek).\n\nPasteur was responsible for disproving the doctrine of spontaneous generation. Under the auspices of the French Academy of Sciences, his experiment demonstrated that in sterilized and sealed flasks, nothing ever developed; conversely, in sterilized but open flasks, microorganisms could grow. For this experiment, the academy awarded him the Alhumbert Prize carrying 2,500 francs in 1862.\n\nPasteur is also regarded as one of the fathers of germ theory of diseases, which was a minor medical concept at the time. His many experiments showed that diseases could be prevented by killing or stopping germs, thereby directly supporting the germ theory and its application in clinical medicine. He is best known to the general public for his invention of the technique of treating milk and wine to stop bacterial contamination, a process now called pasteurization. Pasteur also made significant discoveries in chemistry, most notably on the molecular basis for the asymmetry of certain crystals and racemization. Early in his career, his investigation of tartaric acid resulted in the first resolution of what is now called optical isomerism. His work led the way to the current understanding of a fundamental principle in the structure of organic compounds.\n\nHe was the director of the Pasteur Institute, established in 1887, until his death, and his body was interred in a vault beneath the institute. Although Pasteur made groundbreaking experiments, his reputation became associated with various controversies. Historical reassessment of his notebook revealed that he practiced deception to overcome his rivals.", "title": "Louis Pasteur" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Leonardo Torres Quevedo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Greeks\n\nThe Greeks or Hellenes (; , \"Éllines\" ) are an ethnic group and nation indigenous to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea, namely Greece and Cyprus, but also in the broader Macedonian region, southern Albania, parts of Italy, Anatolia, Pontus and parts of Egypt, as well as, to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. They also form a significant diaspora (), with Greek communities established around the world.\n\nGreek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people themselves have always been centered on the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.\n\nIn recent times, most ethnic Greeks live within the borders of the modern Greek state or in Cyprus. The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.\n\nGreeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture, visual arts, exploration, theatre, literature, philosophy, ethics, politics, architecture, music, mathematics, medicine, science, technology, commerce, cuisine and sports. The Greek language is the oldest written language still in use and its vocabulary has been the basis of many languages, including English as well as international scientific nomenclature. Greek was by far the most widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and the New Testament of the Christian Bible was also originally written in Greek.", "title": "Greeks" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Michael Servetus\n\nMichael Servetus (; as real name; ; also known as \"Miguel Servet\", \"Miguel de Villanueva\", \"Revés\", or \"Michel de Villeneuve\"; 29 September 1509 or 1511 – 27 October 1553) was a Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer, and Renaissance humanist. He was the first European to correctly describe the function of pulmonary circulation, as discussed in \"Christianismi Restitutio\" (1553). He was a polymath versed in many sciences: mathematics, astronomy and meteorology, geography, human anatomy, medicine and pharmacology, as well as jurisprudence, translation, poetry, and the scholarly study of the Bible in its original languages.\n\nHe is renowned in the history of several of these fields, particularly medicine. He participated in the Protestant Reformation, and later rejected the Trinity doctrine and mainstream Catholic Christology. After being condemned by Catholic authorities in France, he fled to Calvinist Geneva where he was denounced by John Calvin himself and burned at the stake for heresy by order of the city's governing council.", "title": "Michael Servetus" }, { "id": "1360616", "score": "1.6948438", "text": "list of 23 problems which it hoped could cause major mathematical breakthroughs, \"thereby strengthening the scientific and technological capabilities of DoD.\" Of the cleanly formulated Hilbert problems, problems 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, and 21 have a resolution that is accepted by consensus. On the other hand, problems 1, 2, 5, 9, 15, 18, and 22 have solutions that have partial acceptance, but there exists some controversy as to whether they resolve the problems. That leaves 8 (the Riemann hypothesis), 12 and 16 unresolved, and 4 and 23 as too vague to ever be described as", "title": "Hilbert's problems" }, { "id": "514639", "score": "1.6918699", "text": "computation. In 1998 he compiled a list of 18 problems in mathematics to be solved in the 21st century, known as Smale's problems. This list was compiled in the spirit of Hilbert's famous list of problems produced in 1900. In fact, Smale's list contains some of the original Hilbert problems, including the Riemann hypothesis and the second half of Hilbert's sixteenth problem, both of which are still unsolved. Other famous problems on his list include the Poincaré conjecture (now a theorem, proved by Grigori Perelman), the P = NP problem, and the Navier–Stokes equations, all of which have been designated", "title": "Stephen Smale" }, { "id": "12971291", "score": "1.690443", "text": "the International Congress of Philosophy and the Second International Congress of Mathematicians. This group of Italian mathematicians was very much in evidence at these congresses, pushing their axiomatic agenda. Padoa gave a well regarded talk and Peano, in the question period after David Hilbert's famous address on unsolved problems, remarked that his colleagues had already solved Hilbert's second problem. At the University of Göttingen, during the 1898–1899 winter term, the eminent German mathematician David Hilbert (1862–1943) presented a course of lectures on the foundations of geometry. At the request of Felix Klein, Professor Hilbert was asked to write up the", "title": "Foundations of geometry" }, { "id": "1360617", "score": "1.6754845", "text": "solved. The withdrawn 24 would also be in this class. 6 is considered as a problem in physics rather than in mathematics. Hilbert's twenty-three problems are (for details on the solutions and references, see the detailed articles that are linked to in the first column): Hilbert's problems Hilbert's problems are twenty-three problems in mathematics published by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900. The problems were all unsolved at the time, and several of them were very influential for 20th-century mathematics. Hilbert presented ten of the problems (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 19, 21 and 22) at the Paris", "title": "Hilbert's problems" }, { "id": "102444", "score": "1.6719942", "text": "the speech that Hilbert gave said: He presented fewer than half the problems at the Congress, which were published in the acts of the Congress. In a subsequent publication, he extended the panorama, and arrived at the formulation of the now-canonical 23 Problems of Hilbert. See also Hilbert's twenty-fourth problem. The full text is important, since the exegesis of the questions still can be a matter of inevitable debate, whenever it is asked how many have been solved. Some of these were solved within a short time. Others have been discussed throughout the 20th century, with a few now taken", "title": "David Hilbert" }, { "id": "3059510", "score": "1.6642659", "text": "Edmund Landau listed four basic problems about prime numbers, now called Landau's problems. The 1924 congress in Toronto was organized by John Charles Fields, initiator of the Fields Medal; it included a roundtrip railway excursion to Vancouver and ferry to Victoria. The first two Fields Medals were awarded at the 1936 ICM in Oslo. In the aftermath of World War I, at the insistence of the Allied Powers, the 1920 ICM in Strasbourg and the 1924 ICM in Toronto excluded mathematicians from the countries formerly part of the Central Powers. This resulted in a still unresolved controversy as to whether", "title": "International Congress of Mathematicians" }, { "id": "3059508", "score": "1.6634939", "text": "Felix Klein and Georg Cantor are credited with putting forward the idea of an international congress of mathematicians in the 1890s. The first International Congress of Mathematicians was held in Zurich in August 1897. The organizers included such prominent mathematicians as Luigi Cremona, Felix Klein, Gösta Mittag-Leffler, Andrey Markov, and others. The congress was attended by 208 mathematicians from 16 countries, including 12 from Russia and 7 from the U.S.A. Only four were women (none of them speakers): Iginia Massarini, Vera von Schiff, Charlotte Scott, and Charlotte Wedell. During the 1900 congress in Paris, France, David Hilbert announced his famous", "title": "International Congress of Mathematicians" }, { "id": "186131", "score": "1.6514354", "text": "was formed in 1899, in the context of a vector controversy. In 1897, Hensel introduced p-adic numbers. The 20th century saw mathematics become a major profession. Every year, thousands of new Ph.D.s in mathematics were awarded, and jobs were available in both teaching and industry. An effort to catalogue the areas and applications of mathematics was undertaken in Klein's encyclopedia. In a 1900 speech to the International Congress of Mathematicians, David Hilbert set out a list of 23 unsolved problems in mathematics. These problems, spanning many areas of mathematics, formed a central focus for much of 20th-century mathematics. Today, 10", "title": "History of mathematics" }, { "id": "584393", "score": "1.6412656", "text": "of the 19th century, with work done chiefly by Clausius, Ludwig Boltzmann and Josiah Gibbs, which would later have an influence on Albert Einstein's mathematical model for Brownian movement. In 1900 at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris David Hilbert presented a list of mathematical problems, where his sixth problem asked for a mathematical treatment of physics and probability involving axioms. Around the start of the 20th century, mathematicians developed measure theory, a branch of mathematics for studying integrals of mathematical functions, where two of the founders were French mathematicians, Henri Lebesgue and Émile Borel. In 1925 another French", "title": "Stochastic process" }, { "id": "94199", "score": "1.6402687", "text": "Problems on May 24, 2000. These seven problems are considered by CMI to be \"important classic questions that have resisted solution over the years.\" For each problem, the first person to solve it will be awarded $1,000,000 by the CMI. In announcing the prize, CMI drew a parallel to Hilbert's problems, which were proposed in 1900, and had a substantial impact on 20th century mathematics. Of the initial 23 Hilbert problems, most of which have been solved, only the Riemann hypothesis (formulated in 1859) is included in the seven Millennium Prize Problems. For each problem, the Institute had a professional", "title": "Clay Mathematics Institute" }, { "id": "2347746", "score": "1.6326047", "text": "Hilbert's sixteenth problem Hilbert's 16th problem was posed by David Hilbert at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900, as part of his list of 23 problems in mathematics. The original problem was posed as the \"Problem of the topology of algebraic curves and surfaces\" (\"Problem der Topologie algebraischer Kurven und Flächen\"). Actually the problem consists of two similar problems in different branches of mathematics: The first problem is yet unsolved for \"n\" = 8. Therefore, this problem is what usually is meant when talking about Hilbert's sixteenth problem in real algebraic geometry. The second problem", "title": "Hilbert's sixteenth problem" }, { "id": "169320", "score": "1.6270845", "text": "and theorems of mathematical science using a standard notation invented by Peano. In 1897, the first International Congress of Mathematicians was held in Zürich. Peano was a key participant, presenting a paper on mathematical logic. He also started to become increasingly occupied with \"Formulario\" to the detriment of his other work. In 1898 he presented a note to the Academy about binary numeration and its ability to be used to represent the sounds of languages. He also became so frustrated with publishing delays (due to his demand that formulae be printed on one line) that he purchased a printing press.", "title": "Giuseppe Peano" }, { "id": "246906", "score": "1.6262865", "text": "1900 by German mathematician David Hilbert. This list achieved great celebrity among mathematicians, and at least nine of the problems have now been solved. A new list of seven important problems, titled the \"Millennium Prize Problems\", was published in 2000. Only one of them, the Riemann hypothesis, duplicates one of Hilbert's problems. A solution to any of these problems carries a $1 million reward. Mathematics Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα \"máthēma\", \"knowledge, study, learning\") includes the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek and use patterns to formulate new conjectures; they resolve the truth or falsity", "title": "Mathematics" }, { "id": "1360606", "score": "1.6207032", "text": "remote and less important than in Hilbert's time. Also, the 4th problem concerns the foundations of geometry, in a manner that is now generally judged to be too vague to enable a definitive answer. The other twenty-one problems have all received significant attention, and late into the twentieth century work on these problems was still considered to be of the greatest importance. Paul Cohen received the Fields Medal during 1966 for his work on the first problem, and the negative solution of the tenth problem during 1970 by Yuri Matiyasevich (completing work of Martin Davis, Hilary Putnam and Julia Robinson)", "title": "Hilbert's problems" }, { "id": "1360611", "score": "1.6132859", "text": "on a criterion for simplicity and general methods) was rediscovered in Hilbert's original manuscript notes by German historian in 2000. Since 1900, mathematicians and mathematical organizations have announced problem lists, but, with few exceptions, these collections have not had nearly as much influence nor generated as much work as Hilbert's problems. One of the exceptions is furnished by three conjectures made by André Weil during the late 1940s (the Weil conjectures). In the fields of algebraic geometry, number theory and the links between the two, the Weil conjectures were very important . The first of the Weil conjectures was proved", "title": "Hilbert's problems" } ]

[ "popes by nationality", "List of Roman Catholic popes by nationality", "list of german popes", "Recent Pope", "Popes by nationality", "german pope", "list of popes of rome", "list of vatican monarchs", "popes", "List of popes of Rome", "Syrian popes", "recent pope", "List of German popes", "List of Vatican monarchs", "list of syrian popes", "List of Roman Catholic Popes", "list of roman catholic popes by nationality", "List of Popes of Rome", "List of Popes", "list of roman catholic popes", "List of popes by nationality", "list of popes by nationality", "Popes", "Recent pope", "african popes", "List of Syrian popes", "list of catholic popes", "List of popes", "timeline of papacy", "List of Bishops of Rome", "African popes", "list of bishops of rome", "syrian popes", "List of bishops of Rome", "List of Catholic popes", "Timeline of the Papacy", "list of popes", "List of Popes by nationality", "List of the popes", "German pope" ]

[ { "id": "3929037", "score": "1.5859741", "text": "Emanuele. The Sisters of Maria Bambina, who staffed the kitchen at the Pontifical Major Roman Seminary at the Lateran offered a wing of their convent. The grounds also housed Italian soldiers. Fathers Vincenzo Fagiolo and Pietro Palazzini, vice-rector of the seminary, were recognized by Yad Vashem for their efforts to assist Jews. Pope John XXIII returned to the palace some pastoral functions by fixing here the seat of the vicariate and offices of the Diocese of Rome. The same pope removed the collections of the Lateran Museum to the Vatican. The Lateran Palace is now also occupied by the Museo", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "3929031", "score": "1.5805204", "text": "which were held the various Councils of the Lateran during the medieval period. The private apartments of the popes in this palace were situated between this \"Triclinium\" and the city walls. The fall of the palace from this position of glory was the result of the departure of the popes from Rome during the Avignon Papacy. Two destructive fires, in 1307 and 1361, did irreparable harm, and although vast sums were sent from Avignon for the rebuilding, the palace never again attained its former splendour. The palace had Gothic architectural elements at this point. When the popes returned to Rome", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "3929022", "score": "1.5771747", "text": "Lateran Palace The Lateran Palace (), formally the Apostolic Palace of the Lateran (), is an ancient palace of the Roman Empire and later the main papal residence in southeast Rome. Located on St. John's Square in Lateran on the Caelian Hill, the palace is adjacent to the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, the cathedral church of Rome. From the fourth century, the palace was the principal residence of the popes, and continued so for about a thousand years until the seat ultimately moved to the Vatican. The palace is now used by the Vatican Historical Museum, which illustrates the", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "3929026", "score": "1.559591", "text": "independent of the Empire. Author Erik Thunø notes that the incentive to refurbish the Lateran Palace was to create an imperial residence from which the pope could exercise not only spiritual but also temporal authority. The pope’s palace at the Lateran in Rome was extensively added to in the late eighth century by Pope Hadrian I (772-95) and Pope Leo III (795-816). Leo III, built an enormous \"Triclinium\". It was one of the most famous halls of the ancient palace and was the state banqueting hall, lined with mosaics. Nothing remains of this, but in 1743 copies of the mosaics", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "1681573", "score": "1.5558931", "text": "Clement V, who in 1309 transferred the seat of the Papacy to Avignon, a Papal fiefdom that was an enclave in France. The Lateran Palace has also been the site of five ecumenical councils (see Lateran Councils). During the time the papacy was seated in Avignon, France, the Lateran Palace and the archbasilica deteriorated. Two fires ravaged them in 1307 and 1361. After both fires the pope sent money from Avignon to pay for their reconstruction and maintenance. Nonetheless, the archbasilica and Lateran Palace lost their former splendor. When the papacy returned from Avignon and the pope again resided in", "title": "Archbasilica of St. John Lateran" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fourth Council of the Lateran\n\nThe Fourth Council of the Lateran or Lateran IV was convoked by Pope Innocent III in April 1213 and opened at the Lateran Palace in Rome on 11 November 1215. Due to the great length of time between the Council's convocation and meeting, many bishops had the opportunity to attend what is considered by the Roman Catholic Church to have been the twelfth ecumenical council.", "title": "Fourth Council of the Lateran" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lateran Palace\n\nThe Lateran Palace (), formally the Apostolic Palace of the Lateran (), is an ancient palace of the Roman Empire and later the main papal residence in southeast Rome.\n\nLocated on St. John's Square in Lateran on the Caelian Hill, the palace is adjacent to the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, the cathedral church of Rome. From the fourth century, the palace was the principal residence of the popes, and continued so for about a thousand years until the Apostolic Residence ultimately moved to the Vatican. The palace is now used by the Vatican Historical Museum, which illustrates the history of the Papal States. The palace also houses the offices of the Vicariate of Rome, as well as the residential apartments of the Cardinal Vicar, the pope's delegate for the daily administration of the diocese. Until 1970, the palace was also home to the important collections of the Lateran Museum, now dispersed among other parts of the Vatican Museums.\n\nFollowing the Lateran Treaty of 1929, the palace and adjoining basilica are extraterritorial properties of the Holy See.<ref group=Notes name=Notes1/>", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran\n\nThe Archbasilica Cathedral of the Most Holy Savior and of Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist in the Lateran (), also known as the Papal Archbasilica of Saint John [in] Lateran, Saint John Lateran, or the Lateran Basilica, is a Catholic cathedral church of the Diocese of Rome in the city of Rome, and serves as the seat of the bishop of Rome, the pope. The archbasilica lies outside of Vatican City proper, which is located approximately to the northwest. Nevertheless, as properties of the Holy See, the archbasilica and its adjoining edifices enjoy an extraterritorial status from Italy, pursuant to the terms of the Lateran Treaty of 1929.\n\nThe church is the oldest and highest ranking of the four major papal basilicas as well as one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome, holding the unique title of \"archbasilica\". Founded in 324, it is the oldest public church in the city of Rome, and the oldest basilica of the Western world. It houses the \"cathedra\" of the Roman bishop,<ref name=NoPatriarch /> and has the title of ecumenical mother church of the Catholic faithful. The building deteriorated during the Middle Ages and was badly damaged by two fires in the 14th century. It was rebuilt in the late 16th century during the reign of Pope Sixtus V. The new structure's interior was renovated in the late 17th century, and its façade was completed in 1735 under Pope Clement XII.\n\nThe current rector is Cardinal Archpriest Angelo De Donatis, Vicar General for the Diocese of Rome.<ref name=\"DioceseofRome\" /> The president of the French Republic, currently Emmanuel Macron, is \"ex officio\" the \"First and Only Honorary Canon\" of the archbasilica, a title that the heads of state of France have possessed since King Henry IV.\n\nThe large Latin inscription on the façade reads: \"Clemens XII Pont Max Anno V Christo Salvatori In Hon SS Ioan Bapt et Evang\". This abbreviated inscription translates as: \"Pope Clement XII, in the fifth year [of his Pontificate, dedicated this building] to Christ the Savior, in honor of Saints John the Baptist and [John] the Evangelist\". The inscription indicates, with its full title (see below), that the archbasilica was originally dedicated to Christ the Savior and, centuries later, co-dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and Saint John the Evangelist. Christ the Savior remains its primary dedication, and its titular feast day is 6 August, the Transfiguration of Christ. As the cathedral of the pope as bishop of Rome, it ranks superior to all other churches of the Catholic Church, including Saint Peter's Basilica.", "title": "Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Basilica dei Santi Quattro Coronati" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lateran Obelisk\n\nThe Lateran Obelisk is the largest standing ancient Egyptian obelisk in the world, and it is also the tallest obelisk in Italy. It originally weighed , but after collapsing and being re-erected shorter, now weighs around . It is located in Rome, in the square across from the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran and the San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital.\n\nThe obelisk was made around 1400 in Karnak, Egypt, during the reigns of Pharaohs Thutmose III and Thutmose IV. Roman Emperor Constantius II had it moved to Alexandria in the early 4th centuryAD, then in AD357 had it shipped to Rome and erected at the Circus Maximus. The obelisk collapsed sometime after the Circus's abandonment in the 5th century and was buried under mud. It was dug up and restored in the late 1580s, and by the order of Pope Sixtus V was topped with a Christian cross and installed in its present location near the Lateran Palace.", "title": "Lateran Obelisk" }, { "id": "3929023", "score": "1.5547593", "text": "history of the Papal States. The palace also houses the offices of the Vicariate of Rome, as well as the residential apartments of the Cardinal Vicar, the pope's delegate for the daily administration of the diocese. Until 1970, the palace was also home to the important collections of the Lateran Museum, now dispersed among other parts of the Vatican Museums. Following the Lateran Treaty of 1929, the palace and adjoining basilica are extraterritorial properties of the Holy See. The site on which the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano sits was occupied during the early Roman Empire by the \"domus\"", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "3929035", "score": "1.5328202", "text": "century. Its site was considered unhealthy in Rome's malarial summers, however. In the late seventeenth century, Innocent XII located, in a part of it, a hospice for orphans who were set to work in a little silk manufactory. In the nineteenth century, Gregory XVI and Pius IX founded at the Lateran a museum of religious art and pagan culture for overflow from the Vatican galleries. In 1925 Pius XI established an ethnographic museum devoted to artifacts sent back by missionaries. On 11 February 1929, the Lateran Treaty was signed here, at last regulating the relations between the Holy See and", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "3929032", "score": "1.5300443", "text": "they resided first at Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere, then at Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, and lastly fixed their residence at the Vatican. St. Peter's Basilica, also built by Constantine, had until then served primarily as a pilgrimage church. Sixtus V, more concerned with rationalized urban planning than the preservation of antiquities, then destroyed what still remained of the ancient palace of the Lateran in 1586 preserving only the Sancta Sanctorum, and erected the present much smaller edifice in its place, designed by his favorite architect Domenico Fontana. The architect he employed, immediately upon his election, was Domenico", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "3929039", "score": "1.5080783", "text": "Cardinal Vicar General of His Holiness for the Diocese of Rome. Tourists can visit the papal apartments, usually in the morning. In \" (2010)\", the basilica of the palace is presented as a dilapidated structure which holds a scroll of Romulus. Lateran Palace The Lateran Palace (), formally the Apostolic Palace of the Lateran (), is an ancient palace of the Roman Empire and later the main papal residence in southeast Rome. Located on St. John's Square in Lateran on the Caelian Hill, the palace is adjacent to the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, the cathedral church of Rome. From", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "3929028", "score": "1.499317", "text": "mosaic and five ornate niches on each side, were built around 800 to serve as the heart of papal ceremonial. Architecturally they were reminiscent of Byzantine imperial buildings in Constantinople. In the tenth Century Sergius III restored it after a disastrous fire, and later it was greatly embellished by Innocent III. This was the period of its greatest magnificence, when Dante speaks of it as beyond all human achievements. At this time the centre of the piazza was occupied by the palace and tower of the Annibaldi family. Between this palace and the Lateran basilica was the equestrian statue of", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "3929036", "score": "1.4958767", "text": "the Italian State. It established that both the basilica and the Lateran Palace were extraterritorial properties of the Holy See, enjoying privileges similar to foreign embassies on Italian soil. During the Second World War, the Lateran and its related buildings provided a safe haven from the Nazis and Italian Fascists for numbers of Jews and other refugees. Among those who found shelter there were Alcide De Gasperi, Pietro Nenni, Ivanoe Bonomi and others. The Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul and the sixty orphan refugees they cared for were ordered to leave their convent on the Via Carlo", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "3929034", "score": "1.4931474", "text": "the part of the Vatican Palace containing the present papal apartments, which he undertook later, and in his additions to the Quirinal Palace. The east front was finished under Clement XII, who surmounted it with his coat-of-arms in 1735. From the old Lateran constructions three monuments survive, two of which are located in one building built by Domenico Fontana in 1589 opposite the Lateran Basilica. These monuments are the Scala Santa and the Chapel of the Sancta Sanctorum. The Lateran remained in a suburban environment, surrounded by gardens and vineyards, until the growth of modern Rome in the later nineteenth", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "7967145", "score": "1.4924972", "text": "1281. After Alexander IV, the palace was the seat of Urban IV, the Papal election, 1268-1271 that elected Gregory X (the longest papal election in Church history), John XXI (who died in the building in 1277 when his study collapsed), Nicholas III and Martin IV, who moved to Orvieto in 1281. They were all elected in the most famous hall of the palace, the \"Sala del Conclave\" so called because it was home to the first and longest conclave in history. Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo Palazzo dei Papi is a palace in Viterbo, northern Latium, Italy. It is one", "title": "Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo" }, { "id": "2105606", "score": "1.4899778", "text": "saw Rome subject to civil unrest and the abandonment of several Christian monuments, the popes chose to reside first at Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere and then at Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. The Vatican Palace had fallen into disrepair from lack of upkeep and the Lateran Palace underwent two destructive fires, in 1307 and 1361, which did irreparable harm. In 1447, Pope Nicholas V razed the ancient fortified palace of Eugene III to erect a new building, the current Apostolic Palace. In the 15th century, the Palace was placed under the authority of a prefect. This position of", "title": "Apostolic Palace" }, { "id": "1681568", "score": "1.4856892", "text": "Nero of conspiracy against the Emperor. The accusation resulted in the confiscation and redistribution of his properties. The Lateran Palace fell into the hands of the Emperor when Constantine I married his second wife Fausta, sister of Maxentius. Known by that time as the \"Domus Faustae\" or \"House of Fausta,\" the Lateran Palace was eventually given to the Bishop of Rome by Constantine I. The actual date of the donation is unknown, but scholars speculate that it was during the pontificate of Pope Miltiades, in time to host a synod of bishops in 313 that was convened to challenge the", "title": "Archbasilica of St. John Lateran" }, { "id": "3929038", "score": "1.4744272", "text": "Storico Vaticano, which illustrates the history of the Papal States. It was moved to the palace in 1987 and opened to the public in 1991. On 27 July 1992, a bomb explosion devastated the facade of the Rome Vicariate at St. John Lateran. The attack is widely assumed to have been the work of the Italian Mafia, a warning against Pope John Paul II's frequent anti-Mafia statements. Repairs were completed in January 1996. As for the present pastoral functions of the palace, it today houses the offices of the Vicariate of Rome, as well as the living quarters of the", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "17285846", "score": "1.467745", "text": "papacy. Also on display on the lower floor are the \"papamobili\" (Popemobiles); carriages and motorcars of Popes and Cardinals, including the first cars used by Popes. The Lateran Palace, which is next to the Basilica of Saint John Lateran to its left within the courtyard of the church with a common entry gate, is a large apartment complex of the Pope. Domenico Fontana was the architect of this palace which was built to his design in 1586. Right at the entrance the staircase is a massive and impressive structure with the ceiling decorated with frescoes. It had been refurbished by", "title": "Vatican Historical Museum" }, { "id": "3929024", "score": "1.4627695", "text": "of the Plautii Laterani family. The Laterani served as administrators for several emperors; their ancestor Lucius Sextius Lateranus is said to have been the first plebeian to attain the rank of consul, in 366 BC. One of the Laterani, Consul-designate Plautius Lateranus, became famous for being accused by Nero of conspiracy against the emperor. The accusation resulted in the confiscation and redistribution of his properties. The \"Domus Laterani\" came into the possession of the emperor when Constantine I married his second wife Fausta, sister of Maxentius. Around 312, Constantine had the imperial horse-guards barracks adjoining the palace, which was known", "title": "Lateran Palace" }, { "id": "2105605", "score": "1.4565407", "text": "these last and other parts of the palace, but other parts, such as the Sala Regia and Cappella Paolina, are closed to tourists. The Scala Regia can be seen into from one end but not entered. In the fifth century, Pope Symmachus built a papal palace close to the Old St. Peter's Basilica which served an alternative residence to the Lateran Palace. The construction of a second fortified palace was sponsored by Pope Eugene III and extensively modified under Pope Innocent III in the twelfth century. Upon returning to Rome in 1377 after the interlude of the Avignon Papacy, which", "title": "Apostolic Palace" }, { "id": "3581186", "score": "1.4529686", "text": "Lateran Lateran and Laterano are the shared names of several buildings in Rome. The properties were once owned by the Lateranus family of the Roman Empire. The Laterani lost their properties to Emperor Constantine who gave them to the Roman Catholic Church in 311. The most famous Lateran buildings are the Lateran Palace, once called the Palace of the Popes, and the Basilica of St. John Lateran, the cathedral of Rome, which although part of Italy is a property of the Holy See, which has extraterritorial privileges as a result of the 1929 Lateran Treaty. As the official ecclesiastical seat", "title": "Lateran" } ]

[ "Holo-alphabetic sentence", "Holoalphabetic sentence", "Pangram", "Pangrams", "List of common phrases that contain all letters of the alphabet", "list of common phrases that contain all letters of alphabet", "holo alphabetic sentence", "pangrams", "cozy lummox gives smart squid who asks for job pen", "Panagram", "pangram", "holoalphabetic sentence", "Cozy lummox gives smart squid who asks for job pen", "panagram" ]

[ { "id": "654004", "score": "1.5022414", "text": "using a made-to-order hardware description language as a stepping stone and then applied the Tseytin transformation to the resulting chip. The pangram \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\", and the search for a shorter pangram, are the cornerstone of the plot of the novel \"Ella Minnow Pea\" by Mark Dunn. The search successfully comes to an end when the phrase \"Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs\" is discovered. Pangram A pangram (, \"pan gramma\", \"every letter\") or holoalphabetic sentence is a sentence using every letter of a given alphabet at least once. Pangrams have been", "title": "Pangram" }, { "id": "4877964", "score": "1.4750941", "text": "With this goal in mind \"Enterprise 32\" is started, a project involving many of the novel's main characters. With but five characters left (L, M, N, O, and P), the elusive phrase is eventually discovered by Ella in one of her father's earlier letters: \"Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs,\" which has only 32 letters. The council accepts this and restores the right to all 26 letters to the populace. Ella Minnow Pea is the 18-year-old protagonist of the novel. Her name is a play on words as it sounds like the pronunciation of the letters \"LMNOP\", fitting", "title": "Ella Minnow Pea" }, { "id": "16493922", "score": "1.394249", "text": "the novel adjective. An experiment by Wellwood, Gagliardi, and Lidz (2016) showed that four-year-olds associate unknown words with a quality meaning when they are presented with adjective syntax, and with a quantitative meaning when they are presented with determiner syntax. For example, in \"Gleebest of the cows are by the barn,\" \"gleebest\" would be interpreted as \"many\" or \"four,\" a quantity. Yet children associate the same unknown word with a quality interpretation when the word is presented in an adjective position. In the sentence \"The gleebest cows are by the barn,\" \"gleebest\" would be interpreted as \"striped\" or \"purple,\" a", "title": "Syntactic bootstrapping" }, { "id": "6873432", "score": "1.357418", "text": "of other things have been structured in threes, a tradition that grew out of oral storytelling. Examples include the Three Little Pigs, Three Billy Goats Gruff, and the Three Musketeers. Similarly, adjectives are often grouped in threes to emphasize an idea. The Latin phrase \"\"omne trium perfectum\"\" (everything that comes in threes is perfect, or, every set of three is complete) conveys the same idea as the rule of three. The rule of three can refer to a collection of three words, phrases, sentences, lines, paragraphs/stanzas, chapters/sections of writing and even whole books. The three elements together are known as", "title": "Rule of three (writing)" }, { "id": "2179656", "score": "1.347573", "text": "might end up something like: \"I packed my bag and in it I put a PSP, a PS3, a TV, High-End PC, Gabe Newell, a C# program that can divide by zero, death metal t-shirts, a house, stolen bicycle, my pet mouse, a bar of health.\" A common variation of the game is that the items listed must be in alphabetical order, so the first person would need to choose an object beginning with A, the second person's object would begin with B, and so on. Other variations involve using a scenario other than packing the bag. For example, \"I", "title": "I packed my bag" }, { "id": "4673253", "score": "1.3444047", "text": "there are five red bags, each one containing three apples. Now grabbing an empty green bag, move all the apples from all five red bags into the green bag. Now the green bag will have fifteen apples.<br> Thus the product of five and three is fifteen.<br> This can also be stated as \"five times three is fifteen\" or \"five times three equals fifteen\" or \"fifteen is the product of five and three\". Multiplication can be seen to be a form of repeated addition: the first factor indicates how many times the second factor occurs in repeated addition; the final sum", "title": "Elementary arithmetic" }, { "id": "197605", "score": "1.3435092", "text": "the best of its era. It accepted complex, complete sentence commands like \"put the blue book on the writing desk\" at a time when most of its competitors parsers were restricted to simple two word verb-noun combinations such as \"put book\". The parser was actively upgraded with new features like undo and error correction, and later games would 'understand' multiple sentence input: 'pick up the gem and put it in my bag. take the newspaper clipping out of my bag then burn it with the book of matches'. Several companies offered optional commercial feelies (physical props associated with a game).", "title": "Interactive fiction" }, { "id": "6873437", "score": "1.3393104", "text": "of threes, tension is built with the first two items in the pattern and then released with the final item, which should be the funniest of the three. Most triples are short in length, often only two or three sentences, but the rule can also be implemented effectively at longer length as long as base formula is still followed. In storytelling, authors often create triplets or structures in three parts. In its simplest form, this is merely \"beginning, middle, and end\", from Aristotle's Poetics. Syd Field wrote a popular handbook of screenwriting, in which he touted the advantages of three-act", "title": "Rule of three (writing)" }, { "id": "11103041", "score": "1.335387", "text": "distributions: one representing spam and one representing legitimate e-mail (\"ham\"). Imagine there are two literal bags full of words. One bag is filled with words found in spam messages, and the other with words found in legitimate e-mail. While any given word is likely to be somewhere in both bags, the \"spam\" bag will contain spam-related words such as \"stock\", \"Viagra\", and \"buy\" significantly more frequently, while the \"ham\" bag will contain more words related to the user's friends or workplace. To classify an e-mail message, the Bayesian spam filter assumes that the message is a pile of words that", "title": "Bag-of-words model" }, { "id": "6436888", "score": "1.3348504", "text": "forms (e.g. \"better\" and \"best\"). \"My best number was the one I'd practiced least.\" \"Which one hurt more?\" \"You did good\". \"Steel and coal companies were the ones worst affected by tariffs\". The adverbs 'surely' and 'really' would be grammatical in this figure (\"we surely had a good time, we really had a good time\"), while only 'sure' maintains its meaning after becoming flat. Each flat adverb modifies specific type of words: Flat adverbs work as intensifiers that modify specific words. Again, consider sentences containing \"real\" and \"really\" (* signifies ungrammaticality): \"I really like the pie.\"\"I real like the pie.*\"Here,", "title": "Flat adverb" }, { "id": "7496515", "score": "1.3338659", "text": "must each, in turn, say only one word which must be \"red\" or \"blue\". If the word matches their hat color they are released, if not, they are killed on the spot. A sympathetic guard warns them of this test one hour beforehand and tells them that they can formulate a plan where by following the stated rules, 9 of the 10 prisoners will definitely survive, and 1 has a 50/50 chance of survival. What is the plan to achieve the goal? The prisoners agree that if the first prisoner sees an odd number of red hats, he will say", "title": "Hat puzzle" }, { "id": "16349133", "score": "1.3335116", "text": "do so more slowly than they would if they used Bayes' theorem. This bias was discussed by Ward Edwards in 1968, who reported on experiments like the following one: There are two bookbags, one containing 700 red and 300 blue chips, the other containing 300 red and 700 blue. Take one of the bags. Now, you sample, randomly, with replacement after each chip. In 12 samples, you get 8 reds and 4 blues. what is the probability that this is the predominantly red bag? Most subjects chose an answer around .7. The correct answer according to Bayes' theorem is closer", "title": "Conservatism (belief revision)" }, { "id": "17456058", "score": "1.3260156", "text": "hospital, linguists discerned that by January 1971 she knew her own name, the words \"mother\" and \"father\", the four color words \"red\", \"blue\", \"green\", and \"brown\", the words \"no\" and \"sorry\", and a few miscellaneous nouns such as \"jewelry box\", \"door\", and \"bunny\". She also appeared to understand negative commands, and accordingly could discern a warning using a negation, although whether she understood them in the context of sentences was unclear. There was speculation, though no conclusive evidence, that she understood the intonation to indicate a yes or no question and that she understood imperative mood sentences based on tone", "title": "Linguistic development of Genie" }, { "id": "19022936", "score": "1.323288", "text": "ball is there, under the bed. There are many balls in the bag. c) Lexical sequencing - It Tells which word follows which e.g.: sit-stand, come-go, high-low 3. Types of patterns of sentences: there are different patterns of sentence. as follows below: a) Two- part patterns like She goes (she / goes) b) Three-part patterns e.g.: He is reading (He / is / reading ) c) Four-part patterns e.g.: Geetha went to school ( Geetha/went/to/school) d) Patterns beginning with 'there', 'wh' type question e.g.: There are five baskets in the rack. What is your name? e) Patterns of Command and", "title": "Structural approach" }, { "id": "4815169", "score": "1.3209851", "text": "experimental results where software using this system was able to add several words to a stub of a sentence, keeping that stub coherent and, optionally, maintaining some connection to a full input sentence supplied as context. For example, given \"But the other ...\" the program returns \"But the other semifinal match between fourth-seeded ...\". Given \"Japan manufactures many consumer products.\" for context, and the same three-word stub, it returns \"But the other executives included well-known companies ...\". Five pages of such examples were given. He made red, green, and blue-striped medallions to commemorate the event, and had them distributed to", "title": "Robert Hecht-Nielsen" }, { "id": "4655418", "score": "1.3153524", "text": "more commonly used in British English than in American English, some amount is natural in any variety of English. American style guides give advice, for example, on notional agreement for phrases such as \"a number of\", \"a lot of\", and \"a total of\". The \"AMA Manual of Style\" says, \"\"The number\" is singular and \"a number of\" is plural\" (thus \"the number of mosquitoes is increasing\" but \"a number of brands of mosquito repellent are available\") and \"The same is true for \"the total\" and \"a total of\"\" (thus \"the total was growing\" but \"a total of 28 volunteers have", "title": "Synesis" }, { "id": "573027", "score": "1.313612", "text": "on the grounds that for a sentence to be false is nothing more than for it not to be true; and since quadruplicity doesn't drink \"anything\", the sentence is simply false, not meaningless. In a sketch about linguistics, British comedy duo Fry and Laurie used the nonsensical sentence \"Hold the newsreader's nose squarely, waiter, or friendly milk will countermand my trousers.\" John Hollander wrote a poem titled \"Coiled Alizarine\" in his book \"The Night Mirror\". It ends with Chomsky's sentence. Clive James wrote a poem titled \"A Line and a Theme from Noam Chomsky\" in his book \"\". It opens", "title": "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" }, { "id": "10517177", "score": "1.3119432", "text": "specific verbs. Sentences are easier to understand when the beginning connects to prior sentences and the end presents new information. Graceful sentences and paragraphs are concise, shapely (uninterrupted and coordinated), and elegant (balanced in syntax, meaning, sound and rhythm). Paragraphs are cohesive when sentences have a sense of flow, and coherent when paragraphs are felt as the whole. In later editions, he discussed ethics of writing understood as a social act between writer and reader and offered steps to produce coherent documents. Noting the kinship between \"Style\" and The Elements of Style by William Strunk and E.B. White, Berkeley professor", "title": "Joseph M. Williams" }, { "id": "7496519", "score": "1.3050833", "text": "5 prisoners answer correctly and 5 do not. Note that the prisoners cannot find a strategy guaranteeing the release of more than 5 prisoners. Indeed, for a single prisoner, there are as many distributions of hat colors where he says the correct answer than there are where he does not. Hence, there are as many distributions of hat colors where 6 or more prisoners say the correct answer than there are where 4 or fewer do so. In this variant, a countably infinite number of prisoners, each with an unknown and randomly assigned red or blue hat line up single", "title": "Hat puzzle" }, { "id": "17834737", "score": "1.2995005", "text": "least two independent clauses may be called a \"complex-compound sentence\" or \"compound-complex sentence\". Sentence 1 is an example of a simple sentence. Sentence 2 is compound because \"so\" is considered a coordinating conjunction in English, and sentence 3 is complex. Sentence 4 is compound-complex (also known as complex-compound). Example 5 is a sentence fragment. The simple sentence in example 1 contains one clause. Example 2 has two clauses (\"I don't know how to bake\" and \"I buy my bread already made\"), combined into a single sentence with the coordinating conjunction \"so\". In example 3, \"I enjoyed the apple pie\" is", "title": "Sentence clause structure" } ]

[ "The first space burial", "first space burial" ]

[ { "id": "12422589", "score": "1.7056543", "text": "\"WorldView-4\" was taken on 26 November 2016 and released on 2 December. \"WorldView-4\" was launched on 11 November 2016 at 18:30:33 UTC from Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 3E aboard an Atlas V rocket. The rocket launched in the 401 configuration with serial number AV-062, and was provided and administered by United Launch Alliance. This is the same rocket that had been scheduled to launch the \"InSight\" Mars lander, which was delayed until 2018. The rocket had been erected at the Vandenberg launch pad on 16 December 2015 for the \"InSight\" mission; after the \"WorldView-4\" mission took the", "title": "WorldView-4" }, { "id": "3061400", "score": "1.6580777", "text": "cremated remains into space and returned them to Earth. The first private space burial, Celestis' \"Earthview 01: The Founders Flight\", was launched on April 21, 1997. An aircraft, departing from the Canary Islands, carried a Pegasus rocket containing samples of the remains of 24 people to an altitude of 11 km (38,000 ft) above the Atlantic Ocean. The rocket then carried the remains into an elliptical orbit with an apogee of and a perigee of , orbiting the Earth once every 96 minutes until reentry on May 20, 2002, northeast of Australia. Famous people on this flight included Gene Roddenberry", "title": "Space burial" }, { "id": "2735966", "score": "1.6310774", "text": "in close proximity to a free-flying satellite (SPAS-01). Mission duration was 147 hours before landing on a lakebed runway at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on June 24, 1983. Hauck was spacecraft commander for the second mission of \"Discovery\" on mission STS-51-A, which launched on November 8, 1984. His crew included Dave Walker (pilot), and three mission specialists, Joseph Allen, Anna Fisher, and Dale Gardner. During the mission the crew deployed two satellites, Telesat Canada’s Anik D-2, and Hughes’ LEASAT-1 (Syncom IV-1). In the first space salvage mission in history, the crew also retrieved for return to earth the Palapa", "title": "Frederick Hauck" }, { "id": "2737652", "score": "1.6192875", "text": "Florida, on its maiden flight and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California. During the seven-day mission, the crew successfully activated the OAST-1 solar cell wing experiment, deployed the SBS-D, SYNCOM IV-2, and TELSTAR 3-C satellites, operated the CFES-III experiment, the student crystal growth experiment, as well as photography experiments using the IMAX motion picture camera. The mission was completed in 96 orbits of the Earth in 144 hours and 57 minutes. Following an aborted attempt to launch STS-41-D where two main engines were stopped shortly after they started because the third failed to start, Hawley is reported to have", "title": "Steven Hawley" }, { "id": "2741061", "score": "1.6191398", "text": "They also used a variety of cameras, including both the IMAX in cabin and cargo bay cameras, for Earth observations from their record-setting altitude of over 400 miles. Following 75 orbits of Earth in 121 hours, \"Discovery\" landed at Edwards Air Force Base on April 29, 1990. On STS-45, Bolden commanded a crew of seven aboard , launched on March 24, 1992, from Kennedy Space Center. STS-45 was the first Spacelab mission dedicated to NASA's \"Mission to Planet Earth\". During the nine-day mission, the crew operated the twelve experiments that constituted the ATLAS-1 (Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science) cargo.", "title": "Charles Bolden" }, { "id": "3132800", "score": "1.609685", "text": "December 1990. Space Shuttle \"Discovery\" (March 13–18, 1989) was launched from Kennedy Space Center. During 80 orbits of the Earth on this highly successful five-day mission, the crew deployed a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, and performed numerous secondary experiments, including a Space Station \"heat pipe\" radiator experiment, two student experiments, a protein crystal growth experiment, and a chromosome and plant cell division experiment. In addition, the crew took over 4,000 photographs of the earth using several types of cameras, including the IMAX 70 mm movie camera. Mission duration was 119 hours and concluded with a landing at Edwards Air", "title": "Robert C. Springer" }, { "id": "3179974", "score": "1.6066476", "text": "operating a group of instruments which included an ultraviolet astronomical camera, an x-ray telescope, and a liquid helium-cooled infrared telescope which performed landmark observations of the Earth's atmosphere and the Aurora Australis (the Southern Lights). The 8-day unclassified Department of Defense mission aboard the Orbiter Discovery launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 28, 1991, and landed at Kennedy on May 6, 1991. STS-52 was a 10-day mission aboard the Orbiter Columbia during which the crew successfully deployed the Laser Geodynamic Satellite (LAGEOS), a joint Italian-American project. They also operated the first U.S. Microgravity Payload (USMP) with", "title": "Charles L. Veach" }, { "id": "2737680", "score": "1.6065593", "text": "served as a Mission Specialist on the crew of STS-41-D which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 30, 1984. This was the maiden flight of the Orbiter \"Discovery\". During this seven-day mission the crew successfully activated the OAST-1 solar cell wing experiment, deployed three satellites, operated the CFES-III experiment, the student crystal growth experiment, and photography experiments using the IMAX motion picture camera. STS 41-D completed 96 orbits of the Earth in 145 hours before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on September 5, 1984. Mullane then was assigned to STS-62-A, the first Shuttle mission scheduled to", "title": "Mike Mullane" }, { "id": "2978272", "score": "1.604543", "text": "on August 8, 1989. The mission carried Department of Defense payloads and a number of secondary payloads. After 80 orbits of the Earth, this five-day mission concluded with a dry lakebed landing on Runway 17 at Edwards Air Force Base, California on August 13, 1989. Brown next flew on the crew of STS-48 aboard the Orbiter \"Discovery\" which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on September 12, 1991. This was a five-day mission during which the crew deployed the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) which is designed to provide scientists with their first complete data set on the upper atmosphere's", "title": "Mark N. Brown" }, { "id": "2676846", "score": "1.5995383", "text": "Freedom hardware. After 93 orbits of the Earth in 143 hours, 32 minutes, 44 seconds, the mission concluded with a landing on Runway 33, at Edwards Air Force Base, on April 11, 1991. STS-55 \"Columbia\", was launched from KSC on April 26, 1993. With Ross serving as Payload Commander/Mission Specialist, nearly 90 experiments were conducted during the German-sponsored Spacelab D-2 mission to investigate life sciences, materials science, physics, robotics, astronomy, and the Earth and its atmosphere. Columbia landed on May 6, 1993 at Edwards Air Force Base, Runway 22, after 160 orbits of the Earth in 239 hours and 45", "title": "Jerry L. Ross" }, { "id": "3002339", "score": "1.593954", "text": "objective was the deployment of a Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite with an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) rocket booster. The mission was concluded after 110 orbits of the Earth returning to a landing on the lakebed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on December 1, 1991. STS-55, the German D-2 Spacelab mission, was launched on April 26, 1993, aboard \"Columbia\", and landed 10 days later on May 6, 1993, at Edwards AFB California. During the ambitious mission 89 experiments were performed in many disciplines such as materials processing, life sciences, robotics, technology, astronomy, and Earth mapping. STS-70 launched from the", "title": "Terence T. Henricks" }, { "id": "2755223", "score": "1.5740936", "text": "launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on September 29, 1988, aboard the Space Shuttle \"Discovery\". Mission duration was 97 hours during which crew members successfully deployed the TDRS-C satellite and operated eleven secondary payloads which included two student experiments. \"Discovery\" completed 64 orbits of the Earth before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on October 3, 1988. On STS-38 Covey was the spacecraft commander of a five-man crew which launched at night from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 15, 1990. During the five-day mission crew members conducted Department of Defense operations. After 80 orbits of the", "title": "Richard O. Covey" }, { "id": "2739642", "score": "1.5729928", "text": "Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 8, 1984. He was accompanied by Captain Frederick (Rick) Hauck (spacecraft commander), Captain David M. Walker (pilot), and fellow mission specialists, Dr. Anna L. Fisher and Commander Dale Gardner. This was the second flight of the Orbiter \"Discovery\". During the mission the crew deployed two satellites, Canada's Anik D-2 (Telesat H) and Hughes' LEASAT-1 (Syncom IV-1), and operated the 3M Company's Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions experiment. In the first space salvage attempt in history, Allen and Gardner performed spacewalks and successfully retrieved for return to Earth the Palapa B-2 and Westar VI communications", "title": "Joseph P. Allen" }, { "id": "2493042", "score": "1.5716958", "text": "of LDEF was filmed with an IMAX camera, and appeared in the IMAX film \"Destiny in Space\" in 1994. Earth observation footage from the camera also appeared in the 1990 film \"Blue Planet\". \"Columbia\" landed safely on 20 January 1990 at 1:35:37 am PST on Runway 22 of Edwards Air Force Base, California. The shuttle had a landing weight of . The roll-out distance was , and the roll-out time was 62 seconds. The orbiter returned to KSC on 26 January 1990. In addition to the Syncom IV-F5 satellite, STS-32 carried a number of mid-deck scientific payloads, some of which", "title": "STS-32" }, { "id": "2741060", "score": "1.5705805", "text": "and Robert M. Lightfoot Jr. was announced as acting NASA Administrator. On STS-61-C, Bolden piloted . During the six-day flight, crew members deployed the SATCOM Ku band satellite and conducted experiments in astrophysics and materials processing. The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center on January 12, 1986, orbited the Earth 96 times, and ended with a successful night landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California on January 18, 1986. Bolden piloted during STS-31. Launched on April 24, 1990, from Kennedy Space Center, the crew spent the five-day mission deploying the Hubble Space Telescope and conducting a variety of mid-deck experiments.", "title": "Charles Bolden" }, { "id": "2983143", "score": "1.5698011", "text": "Department of Defense payload DOD-1 and then performed several Military-Man-in-Space and NASA experiments. After completing 115 orbits of the Earth in 175 hours, \"Discovery\" landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on December 9, 1992. STS-65 \"Columbia\" launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on July 8, 1994, returning to Florida on July 23, 1994. The crew conducted the second International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2) mission utilizing the long Spacelab module in the payload bay. The flight consisted of 82 experiments from 15 countries and six space agencies from around the world. During the record setting 15-day flight, the crew conducted", "title": "Robert D. Cabana" }, { "id": "2733696", "score": "1.569298", "text": "STS-51-I STS-51-I was the 20th mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the sixth flight of Space Shuttle \"Discovery\". During the mission, \"Discovery\" deployed three communications satellites into orbit. The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 27, 1985, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on September 3. \"Discovery\" launched at 6:58 am EDT on August 27, 1985. Two earlier launch attempts, one on August 24 and another on August 25, were scrubbed – the first because of poor weather, and the second because the backup orbiter computer failed and had to be replaced. The successful", "title": "STS-51-I" }, { "id": "3049664", "score": "1.5658282", "text": "170 hours of space flight, \"Discovery\" landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on June 24, 1985. Nagel then flew as pilot on STS-61A, the West German D-1 Spacelab mission, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on October 30, 1985. This mission was the first in which payload activities were controlled from outside the United States. More than 75 scientific experiments were completed in the areas of physiological sciences, materials processing, biology, and navigation. After completing 111 orbits of the Earth, Shuttle \"Challenger\" landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California on November 6, 1985. On his third flight, Nagel", "title": "Steven R. Nagel" }, { "id": "3002357", "score": "1.5634806", "text": "Space Center, Florida, on February 28, 1990. This mission carried Department of Defense payloads and a number of secondary payloads. After 72 orbits of the Earth, the STS-36 mission concluded with a lakebed landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on March 4, 1990, after traveling 1.87 million miles. STS-42 \"Discovery\" launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on January 22, 1992. Fifty-five major experiments conducted in the International Microgravity Laboratory-1 module were provided by investigators from eleven countries, and represented a broad spectrum of scientific disciplines. During 128 orbits of the Earth, the STS-42 crew accomplished the mission's primary", "title": "David C. Hilmers" }, { "id": "19562482", "score": "1.5626783", "text": "1988. From September 12–18, 1991, he was the pilot on the crew of STS-48. This was the first Space Shuttle flight in support of \"Mission to Planet Earth.\" During the five-day mission, the crew aboard the successfully deployed the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), designed to provide scientists with their first complete data set on the upper atmosphere's chemistry, winds and energy inputs. The crew also conducted numerous secondary experiments ranging from growing protein crystals, to studying how fluids and structures react in weightlessness. After 81 orbits of the Earth, \"Discovery\" landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California. More recently,", "title": "Kenneth S. Reightler Jr." } ]

[ "新加坡", "sing pore", "singa pura", "S'porean", "cingkappur kudiyaracu", "hsin chia p o", "etymology of singapore", "republik singapura", "SG100", "Xin Jia Po", "S'pore", "Xinjiapo", "Singapore as a regional and global hub", "capital of singapore", "Xīnjiāpō", "Light of the South", "asia singapore", "cingkappur", "light of south", "xīnjiāpō gònghéguó", "Singapore (Country)", "Signapore", "Capital of Singapore", "Singapore City (disambiguation)", "statistics of singapore", "Singapour", "The Republic of Singapore", "hub in singapore context", "signapore", "Cingkappur Kudiyaracu", "singy", "manchester of east", "UN/LOCODE:SGSIN", "singapore singapore", "The Manchester of the East", "Singa Pura", "Etymology of Singapore", "Xinjiapo Gongheguo", "sinjiapo", "Singapore Kudiyarasu", "singapour", "Cingkappur", "SINGAPORE", "republic of singapore", "Republik Singapura", "சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு", "singapore kudiyarasu", "City of Singapore", "singapore basic facts", "Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó", "新加坡共和國", "Singapore, Singapore", "Asia/Singapore", "Sing a pore", "Lion City", "un locode sgsin", "iso 3166 1 sg", "s porean", "singapore country", "Singapore", "city of singapore", "singapore city disambiguation", "xinjiapo", "Singapore City", "ISO 3166-1:SG", "Singpore", "Manchester of the East", "சிங்கப்பூர்", "singapore", "Sinjiapo", "HUB in a Singapore context", "xin jia po", "s pore", "lion city", "singapore as regional and global hub", "新加坡共和国", "Republic of Singapore", "Republic Of Singapore", "Singapore basic facts", "singpore", "xīnjiāpō", "Hsin-chia-p'o", "Statistics of Singapore", "xinjiapo gongheguo", "Singapor", "Xinjiapo Gònghégúo", "Singy", "Hsin-chia-p'o Kung-ho-kuo", "singapore city", "hsin chia p o kung ho kuo", "xinjiapo gònghégúo", "singapor", "sg100" ]

[ { "id": "2239338", "score": "1.9824747", "text": "unchanged after the merger with the Federation of Malaya, Sarawak and North Borneo, while Singapore was a state in the Federation of Malaysia from 1963 to 1965, and after independence in 1965. The late Lee Kuan Yew was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. Lee was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong and was conferred the title of Senior Minister in the Prime Minister's Office. Goh retired on 12 August 2004 and was succeeded by Lee Kuan Yew's son Lee Hsien Loong. Goh was appointed Senior Minister, and the elder Lee Minister Mentor. Lee and Goh resigned", "title": "Prime Minister of Singapore" }, { "id": "1983153", "score": "1.9779081", "text": "and began to assume the responsibility of the government in a carefully managed leadership transition. According to Lee Kuan Yew, his preferred successor was Tony Tan; however Goh was selected by the second generation of PAP leaders that included Tony Tan, Suppiah Dhanabalan, and Ong Teng Cheong, and Lee accepted their decision. On 28 November 1990, Goh became the second Prime Minister of Singapore, taking over from Lee Kuan Yew. Lee remained an influential member of his Cabinet, holding the post of Senior Minister. The 1991 general elections, the first electoral test for Goh, led to the party winning 61%", "title": "Goh Chok Tong" }, { "id": "19072485", "score": "1.964159", "text": "held since 2001. Lee's immediate predecessor, Goh Chok Tong, was named Senior Minister, and ranked second in order of precedence. Goh's predecessor, Lee Kuan Yew, who was the nation's first prime minister and Lee Hsien Loong's father, was subsequently named Minister Mentor. First Lee Hsien Loong Cabinet The First Cabinet of Lee Hsien Loong of the Government of Singapore was sworn into office on 12 Aug 2004. The swearing-in ceremony was held outdoors on the Istana grounds—instead of City Hall where his two predecessors Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong held their ceremonies— in order to accommodate 1,400 invited", "title": "First Lee Hsien Loong Cabinet" }, { "id": "1983149", "score": "1.9391503", "text": "Goh Chok Tong Goh Chok Tong (born 20 May 1941; , Wade–Giles: Wu2-tso4-tung4) is a Singaporean politician. A member of the People's Action Party (PAP), he became Singapore's second Prime Minister on 28 November 1990, succeeding Lee Kuan Yew, and served in the role until 12 August 2004, when he stepped down and was succeeded by Lee Hsien Loong. He subsequently served as Senior Minister until May 2011, and as Chairman of the Monetary Authority Of Singapore (MAS). He continues to serve as a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Marine Parade Group Representation Constituency and holds the honorary title", "title": "Goh Chok Tong" }, { "id": "744207", "score": "1.9389026", "text": "Lee Kuan Yew Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ (16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), commonly referred to by his initials LKY, was the first Prime Minister of Singapore, governing for three decades. Lee is recognised as the nation's founding father, with the country described as transitioning from the \"third world to first world in a single generation\" under his leadership. After attending the London School of Economics, Lee graduated from Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge University, with double starred-first-class honours in law. In 1950, he became a barrister of the Middle Temple and practised law until 1959. Lee co-founded the", "title": "Lee Kuan Yew" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Lee Kuan Yew" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Lee Hsien Loong" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Goh Chok Tong\n\nGoh Chok Tong (; born 20 May 1941) is a Singaporean former politician who served as Prime Minister of Singapore between 1990 and 2004, and Secretary-General of the People's Action Party between 1992 and 2004. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Marine Parade SMC between 1976 and 1988, and Marine Parade GRC between 1988 and 2020.\n\nPrior to his appointment as prime minister, he was the country's deputy prime minister, where he advocated for the Medisave, a scheme that allows Singaporeans to set aside part of their income into a Medisave account to meet future medical expenses. Goh also advocated for the Edusave Awards, a monetary reward for students who did well in school based on either their academic or character, to enshrine meritocracy. \n\nDuring his tenure as prime minister, political reforms like the introduction of Non-Constituency Members of Parliament (NCMP), to allow more oppositions into Parliament, Group Representation Constituency (GRC), to make sure that the minorities are represented in Parliament and Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP), to have independent opinions in Parliament since all NMPs are non-partisan, were also proposed by Goh when he was serving as Deputy Prime Minister after assuming the responsibility of the government in a carefully managed leadership transition.\n\nGoh's tenure as prime minister was also marked by the 1991 aircraft hijack of SQ117, 1997 Asian financial crisis, 2001 embassies attack plot and the 2003 SARS outbreak. His government enacted the Elected President scheme in 1991 as presidents before were appointed by Parliament. His government also introduced the Vehicle Quota Scheme to limit the number of vehicles in the city-state.\n\nHe was succeeded by Lee Hsien Loong, the eldest son of Singapore's first prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew, on 12 August 2004 and was subsequently appointed as a senior minister in the Cabinet and chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) between 2004 and 2011. \n\nHe resigned from the Cabinet in 2011 before stepping down as a Member of Parliament (MP) and retire from politics in 2020. He was given the honorary title Emeritus Senior Minister in 2011 by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. He is also the only living former prime minister.", "title": "Goh Chok Tong" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Goh Keng Swee\n\nGoh Keng Swee (; 6 October 1918 – 14 May 2010), born Robert Goh Keng Swee, He was also one of the founders of the People's Action Party (PAP), which has governed the country continuously since independence.\n\nGoh was a prominent member of the country's first generation of political leaders after Singapore became independent in 1965. He served as Minister for Finance between 1959 and 1965, and again between 1967 and 1970, Minister for Interior and Defence between 1965 and 1967, Minister for Defence between 1970 and 1979 and Minister for Education between 1979 and 1985.\n\nAs Minister for Interior and Defence, Goh's main objective was to strengthen the country's military and domestic security capabilities after the British had withdrawn its troops from the former British Crown colony, which made the newly-independent nation vulnerable. A key policy was the creation of National Service (NS), a mandatory conscription system for able-bodied young males. Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew had mentioned that he wanted a conscription consisting both men and women however, Goh rejected it, citing that the labour cost would be too great for the newly-independent nation.\n\nDuring Goh's tenure as Minister for Finance, he declined to allow the central bank to issue currency, favouring instead a currency board system as this would signal to citizens, academics and the financial world that governments cannot \"spend their way to prosperity\", the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) was later established in 1971. \n\nIn 1981, Goh also expressed the view that the central bank need not hold large amounts of cash in reserve to defend the currency, proposing that the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation be established to invest excess reserves. At the time, it was unprecedented for a non-commodity-based economy to have such a sovereign wealth fund. The foreign merchant bank, Rothschild, advised on the GIC.", "title": "Goh Keng Swee" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of the Republic of Singapore\n\nThe history of the Republic of Singapore began when Singapore was expelled from Malaysia and became an independent republic on 9 August 1965. After the separation, the fledgling nation had to become self-sufficient, however was faced with problems including mass unemployment, housing shortages and lack of land and natural resources such as petroleum. During Lee Kuan Yew's term as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1990, his government curbed unemployment, raised the standard of living and implemented a large-scale public housing programme. The country's economic infrastructure was developed, racial tension was eliminated and an independent national defence system was established. Singapore evolved from a third world nation to first world nation towards the end of the 20th century.\n\nIn 1990, Goh Chok Tong succeeded Lee as Prime Minister. During his tenure, the country tackled the economic impacts of the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the 2003 SARS outbreak, as well as terrorist threats posed by the Jemaah Islamiah (JI) post-9/11 and the Bali bombings. In 2004, Lee Hsien Loong, the eldest son of Lee Kuan Yew, became the third prime minister.", "title": "History of the Republic of Singapore" }, { "id": "1983162", "score": "1.9330397", "text": "reducing the minister's salary as a populist move, a move that sparked controversy and public disapproval Goh is married to Tan Choo Leng and they have a son and a daughter, who are twins. Their son, Goh Jin Hian, is a medical doctor and their daughter, Goh Jin Theng, lives in London with her husband, Lee Craven. Goh Chok Tong Goh Chok Tong (born 20 May 1941; , Wade–Giles: Wu2-tso4-tung4) is a Singaporean politician. A member of the People's Action Party (PAP), he became Singapore's second Prime Minister on 28 November 1990, succeeding Lee Kuan Yew, and served in the", "title": "Goh Chok Tong" }, { "id": "2288601", "score": "1.9253012", "text": "for the opposition political parties and bring the PAP government down. On 28 November 1990, Goh Chok Tong took over from Lee Kuan Yew as Singapore's Prime Minister, and Lee Hsien Loong was made one of two Deputy Prime Ministers (along with Ong Teng Cheong). He also continued to serve as the Minister for Trade and Industry until 1992. In 1992, Lee was diagnosed with lymphoma and underwent a three-month period of chemotherapy. When his treatment began, he relinquished his position as the Minister for Trade and Industry, though he continued to be a Deputy Prime Minister. His chemotherapy was", "title": "Lee Hsien Loong" }, { "id": "18670207", "score": "1.9116282", "text": "1990, he was appointed Senior Minister by his successor. He was ranked second in the order of precedence, superseding the country’s sitting Deputy PMs. Goh Chok Tong was appointed Senior Minister in 2004, upon his handover to the country’s third Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. As SM, he was ranked second in the order of precedence, while Lee Kuan Yew, appointed Minister Mentor, was third in the order of precedence. Both Goh and Lee resigned from cabinet after the 2011 General Elections. They remained in Parliament as backbench MPs. S. Jayakumar relinquished his Deputy Prime Minister role in 2009 and", "title": "Senior Minister" }, { "id": "744257", "score": "1.8853931", "text": "was elected as the new Prime Minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister and played a role he described as advisory. In public, Lee would refer to Goh as \"my Prime Minister\", in deference to Goh's authority. Lee subsequently stepped down as Secretary-General of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong in November 1992. From the decade of the 2000s, Lee expressed concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans. In one of his", "title": "Lee Kuan Yew" }, { "id": "5352359", "score": "1.8546108", "text": "Kwa Geok Choo Kwa Geok Choo (; 21 December 1920 – 2 October 2010) was a Singaporean lawyer and the wife of Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore, and the mother of Lee Hsien Loong, the third and current Prime Minister. She was the co-founder and partner of law firm Lee & Lee. Kwa Geok Choo was the daughter of Kwa Siew Tee, former general manager of Oversea-Chinese Bank and Singapore Municipal Commissioner. Kwa attended the Methodist Girls' School, Raffles Institution and Raffles College, and was a Queen's Scholar of Malaya. According to Lee Kuan Yew's memoirs,", "title": "Kwa Geok Choo" }, { "id": "362209", "score": "1.85132", "text": "veto power in the use of national reserves and appointments to public office. The opposition parties have complained that the GRC system has made it difficult for them to gain a foothold in parliamentary elections in Singapore, and the plurality voting system tends to exclude minority parties. In 1990, Goh Chok Tong succeeded Lee and became Singapore's second Prime Minister. During Goh's tenure, the country went through some post-independence crises, such as the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the 2003 SARS outbreak. In 2004, Lee Hsien Loong, the eldest son of Lee Kuan Yew, became the country's third Prime Minister.", "title": "Singapore" }, { "id": "19072484", "score": "1.8501272", "text": "First Lee Hsien Loong Cabinet The First Cabinet of Lee Hsien Loong of the Government of Singapore was sworn into office on 12 Aug 2004. The swearing-in ceremony was held outdoors on the Istana grounds—instead of City Hall where his two predecessors Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong held their ceremonies— in order to accommodate 1,400 invited guests representing different demographics of the population. S. Jayakumar was elevated to Deputy Prime Minister, while Tony Tan retained his DPM position — a post he held since his return to Cabinet in 1995. Lee Hsien Loong retained his Finance Minister post", "title": "First Lee Hsien Loong Cabinet" }, { "id": "3941651", "score": "1.8465605", "text": "entered the Cabinet of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew in 1984 as the Minister for Labour with the additional portfolios of Second Minister for Home Affairs and Second Minister for Law. Jayakumar was appointed Minister for Home Affairs and Second Minister for Law on 2 January 1985. In 1988, Jayakumar was appointed Minister for Law and Minister for Home Affairs. He retained these portfolios when Goh Chok Tong became Prime Minister in 1990. In January 1994, Jayakumar was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for Law. On 12 August 2004 when it was his 65th birthday, Jayakumar was appointed", "title": "S. Jayakumar" }, { "id": "16296827", "score": "1.8366721", "text": "Mentor Lee Kuan Yew and Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong tendered their resignations from the Cabinet, stating that they wished to give the Prime Minister a \"fresh clean slate\" in forming the Government and enable him to \"have a completely younger team of ministers to connect to and engage with this young generation\". Goh was given the honorary title of Emeritus Senior Minister; the same title was offered to Lee but he declined. Lee and Goh were appointed as senior advisers to the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) and the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) respectively. Four days later,", "title": "Third Lee Hsien Loong Cabinet" }, { "id": "744208", "score": "1.8366334", "text": "People's Action Party (PAP) in 1954 and was its first secretary-general until 1992, leading the party to eight consecutive victories. After Lee chose to step down as Prime Minister in 1990, he served as Senior Minister under his successor, Goh Chok Tong until 2004, then as Minister Mentor (an advisory post) until 2011, under his son Lee Hsien Loong. In total, Lee held successive ministerial positions for 56 years. He continued to serve his Tanjong Pagar constituency for nearly 60 years as a Member of Parliament until his death in 2015. From 1991, he helmed the 5-member Tanjong Pagar GRC,", "title": "Lee Kuan Yew" }, { "id": "744232", "score": "1.8218336", "text": "national elections held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won 43 of the 51 seats in the legislative assembly. Singapore gained self-government with autonomy in all state matters except defence and foreign affairs, and Lee became the first Prime Minister of Singapore on 3 June 1959, taking over from Chief Minister Lim Yew Hock. A key event was the motion of no confidence in the government, in which 13 PAP assemblymen crossed party lines and abstained from voting on 21 July 1961. Together with six prominent left-leaning leaders from trade unions, the breakaway members established a new party, the Barisan", "title": "Lee Kuan Yew" }, { "id": "744256", "score": "1.8172503", "text": "Lee despite their differences, stating that while \"I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree... His passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. Asean lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew.\" After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong. At that point in time he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh", "title": "Lee Kuan Yew" }, { "id": "2934024", "score": "1.815278", "text": "his second following the 1980 general election from 1 June 1981 till his retirement. From 1 June 1980 he was redesignated First Deputy Prime Minister upon S. Rajaratnam being made Second Deputy Prime Minister, and served as chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) until he stepped down from Parliament on 3 December 1984 at the age of 66 years. In a tribute to mark the occasion, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew wrote: \"A whole generation of Singaporeans take their present standard of living for granted because you had laid the foundations of the economy of modern Singapore.\" After", "title": "Goh Keng Swee" }, { "id": "16296828", "score": "1.812433", "text": "on 18 May, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced a new Cabinet line-up. In addition to Lee Kuan Yew, Goh Chok Tong, George Yeo and Lim Hwee Hua, four other ministers retired: Wong Kan Seng, Mah Bow Tan, Lim Boon Heng and Raymond Lim. Two ministers, Lim Hng Kiang and Lim Swee Say, retained their respective Trade and Industry and Prime Minister's Office portfolios, while existing ministers were appointed to new positions in the remaining 11 ministries. Tharman Shanmugaratnam was promoted to Deputy Prime Minister and appointed Minister for Manpower in addition to his portfolio of Minister for Finance, replacing", "title": "Third Lee Hsien Loong Cabinet" }, { "id": "2288599", "score": "1.8039509", "text": "resigned on 1 January 1985, except for Lee Kuan Yew himself. Lee was first elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the Teck Ghee Single Member Constituency in 1984, at the age of thirty-two. Following his first election, he was appointed as a Minister of State in the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Defence by his father Lee Kuan Yew who was the prime minister at that time. In 1985, Lee chaired the government's economic committee, which recommended changes to established government policies to reduce business costs, foster longer-term growth and revive the Singapore economy, which was", "title": "Lee Hsien Loong" } ]

[ "donna summers", "LaDonna A. Gaines", "Donna Sommer", "donna sommer", "ladonna gaines", "queen of disco", "Donna Summer", "dona summer", "Donna summer", "Donna Summers", "donna summer", "LaDonna Gaines", "LaDonna Adrian Gaines", "Dona summer", "ladonna adrian gaines", "Queen of disco" ]

[ { "id": "9035343", "score": "1.8017671", "text": "Love to Love You Baby (song) \"Love to Love You Baby\" is a song by American singer Donna Summer from her second studio album \"Love to Love You Baby\" (1975). Produced by Pete Bellotte, and written by Italian musician Giorgio Moroder, Summer, and Bellotte, the song was first released as a single in the Netherlands on June 1975 as \"Love to Love You\" and then released worldwide on November 1975 as \"Love to Love You Baby\". It became one of the first disco hits to be released in an extended form. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame named it", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (song)" }, { "id": "5817723", "score": "1.7900379", "text": "Hot 100 singles chart in early 1976. It also became her first number-one Hot Dance Club Play Chart hit. The album (side one of which was completely taken up with the full-length version of the title track) was also released in late 1975 and was soon certified gold for sales of over 500,000 copies in the US. The song was branded \"graphic\" by some music critics and was even banned by some radio stations for its explicit content. \"Time\" later reported that a record twenty-two orgasms were simulated by Summer in the making of the song. In some areas of", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (album)" }, { "id": "97792", "score": "1.7645409", "text": "release two \"true\" disco songs: \"Last Train To London\" and \"Shine A Little Love\". In 1975, American singer and songwriter Donna Summer recorded a song which she brought to her producer Giorgio Moroder entitled \"Love to Love You Baby\" which contained a series of simulated orgasms. The song was never intended for release but when Moroder played it in the clubs it caused a sensation. Moroder released it and it went to number 2. It has been described as the arrival of the expression of raw female sexual desire in pop music. A 17-minute 12 inch single was released. The", "title": "Disco" }, { "id": "9035347", "score": "1.7549706", "text": "of the lyrics. Nevertheless, she imagined herself as an actress (namely Marilyn Monroe) playing the part of someone in sexual ecstasy. The studio lights were dimmed so that Summer was more or less in complete darkness as she lay on the floor. The final recording lasted over 16 minutes, and according to the BBC, contained 23 \"orgasms\". By that point, the song was renamed \"Love to Love You Baby\". It took up the entire first side of the album of the same name, and edited versions were also found on 7\" vinyl. Originally released in November 1975, the song became", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (song)" }, { "id": "5817719", "score": "1.7543728", "text": "Love to Love You Baby (album) Love to Love You Baby is the second studio album by American singer Donna Summer, released on August 27, 1975 and her first to be released internationally and in the United States. Her previous album \"Lady of the Night\" (1974) was released only in the Netherlands. In the summer of 1974, Summer approached producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte with an idea for a song. A re-issued 45 of \"Je t'aime... moi non plus\" by Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg was back on the charts, prompting Summer to pen her own 'racy' song. She", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (album)" }, { "id": "1326307", "score": "1.7451262", "text": "each time it ended. Bogart requested that Moroder produce a longer version for discothèques. Moroder, Bellotte, and Summer returned with a 17-minute version. Bogart tweaked the title to \"Love to Love You Baby\", and Casablanca signed Summer, releasing the single in November 1975. The shorter 7\" version of the single was promoted by radio stations, while clubs regularly played the 17 minute version (the longer version would also appear on the album). By early 1976, \"Love to Love You Baby\" had reached No. 2 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and had become a Gold single, while the album", "title": "Donna Summer" }, { "id": "9035344", "score": "1.7418572", "text": "one of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll, Summer's only selection on this list. By 1975, Summer had been living in Germany for eight years and had participated in several musical theatre shows. She had also released an album in The Netherlands entitled \"Lady of the Night\" (1974), written by Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte and produced by Bellotte, which had given her a couple of hit singles. She was still a complete unknown in her home country when she suggested the lyric \"Love to Love You Baby\" to Moroder in 1975. He turned the lyric into a", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (song)" }, { "id": "5817726", "score": "1.7323134", "text": "releases retained the same track listing for side one\" Production Love to Love You Baby (album) Love to Love You Baby is the second studio album by American singer Donna Summer, released on August 27, 1975 and her first to be released internationally and in the United States. Her previous album \"Lady of the Night\" (1974) was released only in the Netherlands. In the summer of 1974, Summer approached producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte with an idea for a song. A re-issued 45 of \"Je t'aime... moi non plus\" by Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg was back on the", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (album)" }, { "id": "9035354", "score": "1.727713", "text": "The word \"Baby\" appears on the sleeve but not the label Netherlands 7\" (Groovy GR 1218) NB This Dutch re-release was issued shortly after the song became a hit internationally, with \"Baby\" being added to the title France 7\" (Atlantic 10.693) Canada 7\" (Oasis OC 401X) Sweden 7\" (Polar POS 1209) Spain 7\" (Ariola 16575) Following the dance chart success of the Patrick Cowley remix of Summer's \"I Feel Love\" in 1982, Casablanca Records/PolyGram re-issued her first hit single \"Love to Love You Baby\". However, the single failed to make an impact on the charts the second time around, and", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (song)" }, { "id": "9035348", "score": "1.7276099", "text": "an international disco smash. In the U.S., it became Summer's first US Top 40 hit, spending two weeks at #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in February 7 & 14 1976 being held off the number one spot by Paul Simon's \"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover\" and logged four weeks atop the \"Billboard\" Dance Club Songs chart, as well number three on the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. In the UK, upon release in January 1976, the song reached #4 on the UK Singles Chart in spite of the BBC's initial refusal to promote it. They also refused", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (song)" }, { "id": "5817722", "score": "1.7200555", "text": "did not have a US release after modest success in Europe. Moroder took it to Casablanca Records and label president Neil Bogart eventually decided to release it, but requested Moroder produce a version near twenty minutes. Summer, Moroder, and producer Pete Bellotte returned with a seventeen-minute version. Casablanca signed Summer and issued the single in November 1975 as \"Love to Love You Baby\". Casablanca distributed Summer's work in the US while other labels distributed it in different nations during this period. \"Love to Love You Baby\" was Summer's first single and first hit in America, reaching #2 on the \"Billboard\"", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (album)" }, { "id": "9035355", "score": "1.7163019", "text": "it would be the label's final single re-release of tracks from the Donna Summer back catalog in the 1980s. In 1984, Casablanca Records was closed by PolyGram. UK 7\" (Casablanca CAN 1014) UK 12\" (Casablanca CANX 1014) NB: The \"Come On Over to My Place Version\" is in fact the original full-length album version Germany CD single (Casablanca 874 395-2) Love to Love You Baby (song) \"Love to Love You Baby\" is a song by American singer Donna Summer from her second studio album \"Love to Love You Baby\" (1975). Produced by Pete Bellotte, and written by Italian musician Giorgio", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (song)" }, { "id": "5817720", "score": "1.7159111", "text": "had come up with the lyric \"love to love you, baby\" as the possible title for the song. Moroder in particular was interested in developing the new disco sound that was becoming increasingly popular, and used Summer's idea to develop the song into an overtly sexual disco track. The original three-minute single was released several times before it had any success – and later edited versions of the re-recorded much longer track were the versions which became a major international hit, almost a year later. He had the idea that she should moan and groan orgasmically, but Summer was initially", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (album)" }, { "id": "9035350", "score": "1.6971316", "text": "also began interfering with aspects of Summer's personal and professional life. She would later become a born-again Christian, leave disco, Casablanca and the Bogarts behind, and file a lawsuit against them. Thereafter, Summer decided to exclude \"Love to Love You Baby\" from her concert playlists. However, she reintroduced the song into her concert repertoire some 25 years later. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame named the song one of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll in 1995. \"VH1\" placed \"Love to Love You Baby\" at #63 in their list of 100 Greatest Dance Songs in 2000. \"Slant Magazine\"", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (song)" }, { "id": "9035351", "score": "1.6905375", "text": "ranked the song 10th in its 100 Greatest Dance Songs in 2006. Marked by \"little more than Donna Summer simulating an orgasm over a background of blaxploitation cymbals, wah-wah guitars, a funky-butt clarinet riff, and some synth chimes, \"Love to Love You Baby\" […] was extended into a seventeen-minute minisymphony at the behest of Casablanca Records chief Neil Bogart, who wanted a soundtrack for his sexual exploits. The song reached number two in the American charts and was largely responsible for the development of the twelve inch single.\" Donna Summer has since been forced to stop performing \"Love to Love", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (song)" }, { "id": "9035345", "score": "1.6643796", "text": "full disco song and asked Summer to record it. The full lyrics were somewhat explicit, and at first, Summer said she would only record it as a demo to give to someone else. However, Summer's erotic moans and groans impressed Moroder so much that he persuaded her to release it as her own song, and \"Love to Love You\" became a moderate hit in the Netherlands. In an interview in 1976, Summer responded to a number of questions that she claimed she'd been asked about the process of recording the song: \"Everyone's asking, 'Were you alone in the studio?' Yes,", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (song)" }, { "id": "9071177", "score": "1.6643758", "text": "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance) \"I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)\" was a popular single by Tina Charles, from her debut album, \"I Love to Love\"; the song was composed by Jack Robinson and James Bolden. The track was an international success both upon its original 1976 release and also when - remixed by The DMC (Disco Mix Club) - it was reissued ten years later (the DMC version features the instrumental \"Sunburn\" by the Biddu Orchestra as its B-side). Charles had already been recording for seven years and had sung", "title": "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)" }, { "id": "9071179", "score": "1.6578057", "text": "\"I Love to Love...\" was followed by seven more chart records for Charles; only her Top Ten entries \"Dance Little Lady Dance\" and \"Doctor Love\" reached the Top 20. \"I Love to Love...\" afforded Charles an international hit, reaching #1 in Ireland, #2 in France, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Sweden while in Austria, Germany and Spain the single peaked at respectively #20, #6 and #3. The track was also a hit in Australia (#6) and New Zealand (#7). In Canada \"I Love to Love...\" won the Juno for bestselling international single for the year 1976 having sold over 200,000", "title": "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)" }, { "id": "9035353", "score": "1.6468915", "text": "Netherlands 7\" (Groovy GR 1211) NB This original release (without the \"Baby\" in the title) ran for just over 3 minutes and 20 seconds. This version was integrated into the 16-minute version found on the album. All subsequent international releases either contained a new edit of the full album version (lasting just under five minutes) or the original version (but still adding \"Baby\" to the title). In some cases (for example, the United States), both versions were found on different sides of the record. US 7\" (Oasis OC 401) UK 7\" (GTO GT 17) Germany 7\" (Atlantic ATL 10625) NB", "title": "Love to Love You Baby (song)" }, { "id": "7631650", "score": "1.6426985", "text": "/ Love To Love You Baby\". A version of the medley had already appeared on the \"Age of Consent\" album, combining Donna Summer's seminal disco classic \"I Feel Love\" with John Leyton's \"Johnny Remember Me\", which had topped the UK charts in 1961. For its single release, former Soft Cell singer Marc Almond was enlisted to duet with Jimmy Somerville, and another Donna Summer disco song, \"Love to Love You Baby\", was added as the intro and coda. The single also featured a new backing track that was more synthpop-oriented and catchy than the original album version. As with the", "title": "The Age of Consent (album)" } ]

[ "foreign legionaire", "Foreign Legion", "foreign legion", "foreign legion disambiguation", "Foreign legion (disambiguation)", "Foreign legion", "Foreign Legion (disambiguation)", "Foreign legionaire" ]

[ { "id": "20423787", "score": "1.7266276", "text": "later successively constituted, and only if they were required. All the dispositions of the Royal Ordinance of March 10 1831 (date of creation of the 1831 Legion) were placed rigorously in application. The firs battalion was immediately formed in Pau. On February 3 1836, chef de bataillon (Commandant - Major) Marie Alphonse Bedeau was entrusted with command. One month later, the general staff headquarters of the battalion and the first two companies were formed. Six other companies where formed later in June 1836. However, in the following month of August, the battalion was licensed and the government proposed to the", "title": "2nd Foreign Legion (France)" }, { "id": "8209870", "score": "1.6963726", "text": "has been no national conscription since 1997. France has a special military corps, the French Foreign Legion, founded in 1830, which consists of foreign nationals from over 140 countries who are willing to serve in the French Armed Forces and become French citizens after the end of their service period. The only other countries having similar units are Spain (the Spanish Foreign Legion, called \"Tercio\", was founded in 1920) and Luxembourg (foreigners can serve in the National Army provided they speak Luxembourgish). France is a permanent member of the Security Council of the UN, and a recognised nuclear state since", "title": "France" }, { "id": "20425849", "score": "1.685374", "text": "solution then, was the utilization of foreign troops, and since the Kingdom was reduced, it was not feasible to recruit contingents in occupied lands such as during Napoleon’s era. Accordingly, a new sort of troop was required. Here forth the Royal Ordinance which created the French Foreign Legion: The French Foreign Legion was accordingly created by a 9 Articled Royal Ordinance on March 9, 1831. The law was then signed by Louis Philippe I and State War Secretary Marshal Soult. The royal ordinance gave immediately the cadre as to the usage and formation of this military organization: The first particularity", "title": "Origins of the French Foreign Legion" }, { "id": "20423790", "score": "1.6831908", "text": "Lieutenant-colonel and the formation of elite companies was authorized. To award these arms accomplishments, the Legion received on June 7 1840, the flag which was given in 1832, to the first Legion. 2nd Foreign Legion (France) The 2nd Foreign Legion () was created by the King. On June 29 1835, Louis Philippe I, the King of France ceded the French Foreign Legion to Queen Isabella II of Spain. Subsequently, 4100 men which included foreigners in service of France and French officers passed accordingly into the ranks of the Spanish Army, which was in confrontation with the Carlists. Nevertheless, the campaign", "title": "2nd Foreign Legion (France)" }, { "id": "147787", "score": "1.6810966", "text": "often sent to the worst postings and received the worst assignments, and its members were generally uninterested in the new colony of the French. The Legion served alongside the Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa, formed in 1832, which was a penal military unit made up of men with prison records who still had to do their military service or soldiers with serious disciplinary problems. The Foreign Legion's first service in Algeria came to an end after only four years, as it was needed elsewhere. To support Isabella's claim to the Spanish throne against her uncle, the French government decided", "title": "French Foreign Legion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "French Foreign Legion\n\nThe French Foreign Legion () is a corps of the French Army which comprises several specialties: infantry, cavalry, engineers, airborne troops. It was created in 1831 to allow foreign nationals into the French Army. It formed part of the Armée d’Afrique, the French Army's units associated with France's colonial project in Africa, until the end of the Algerian war in 1962.\n\nLegionnaires are highly trained soldiers and the Legion is unique in that it is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French Armed Forces. The Legion is today known as a unit whose training focuses on traditional military skills and on its strong esprit de corps, as its men come from different countries with different cultures. Consequently, training is often described as not only physically challenging, but also very stressful psychologically. French citizenship may be applied for after three years' service.<ref name=\"Tweedie\" /> Any soldier who is wounded during a battle for France can immediately apply to be a French citizen under a provision known as \"\" (\"French by spilled blood\").<ref name=\"Tweedie\" />", "title": "French Foreign Legion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of the French Foreign Legion\n\nThe Foreign Legion has had a long and unique history amongst the units of the French Army. It was historically formed of expatriate enlisted personnel led by French officers. Founded by a royal ordinance issued by King Louis Philippe of France on March 9, 1831 with aim of bolstering the strength of the French Army while also finding a use for the influx of refugees inundating France at the time. The Foreign Legion subsequently found a permanent home in the ranks of the French military. The Foreign Legion's history spans across Conquest of Algeria, the Franco-Prussian War, numerous colonial exploits, both World Wars, the First Indochina War, and the Algerian War.", "title": "History of the French Foreign Legion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "National Guard (France)\n\nThe National Guard () is a French military, gendarmerie, and police reserve force, active in its current form since 2016 but originally founded in 1789 during the French Revolution.\n\nFor most of its history the National Guard, particularly its officers, has been widely viewed as loyal to middle-class interests.\nIt was founded as separate from the French Army and existed both for policing and as a military reserve. However, in its original stages from 1792 to 1795, the National Guard was perceived as revolutionary and the lower ranks were identified with sans-culottes. It experienced a period of official dissolution from 1827 to 1830 but was reestablished. Soon after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the National Guard in Paris again became viewed as dangerously revolutionary, which contributed to its dissolution in 1871.\n\nIn 2016, France announced the reestablishment of the National Guard for the second time, in response to a series of terrorist attacks in the country.<ref name=\"Local.fr\"/><ref name=\"France24\"/><ref name=\"militarytimes\"/>", "title": "National Guard (France)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Origins of the French Foreign Legion\n\nThe Foreign Legion was established in 1831 by King Louis Philippe I to consolidate all foreign corps fighting under French colors, which included, among others, the Swiss Guards, the Swiss regiment of the Royal Guard, and the Hohenlohe Regiment. After its creation, the Legion participated in the further recruitment of foreign nationals into French military service.\n\nInitially, the Legion was heavily involved in the French conquest of Algeria (1830–1849) and the First Carlist War (1833–1840). After the Legion was essentially abandoned by the French government during the First Carlist War, a second Legion was formed in 1836. This Legion would become the modern Foreign Legion and would participate in the expansion and maintenance of the French colonial empire during the 19th and 20th centuries.", "title": "Origins of the French Foreign Legion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Military history of France" }, { "id": "3329480", "score": "1.6722254", "text": "cries at a review on 29 April Charles X dissolved the Guard the following day, on the grounds of offensive behaviour towards the crown. He neglected to disarm the disbanded force, and its muskets resurfaced in 1830 during the July Revolution. A new National Guard was established in 1831 following the July Revolution in 1830. It played a major role in suppressing the Paris June Rebellion of 1832 against the government of King Louis-Phillipe. However, the same National Guard fought in the Revolution of 1848 in favour of the republicans. This change in allegiance reflected a general erosion in the", "title": "National Guard (France)" }, { "id": "147784", "score": "1.6705456", "text": "Spanish Legion. The French Foreign Legion was created by Louis Philippe, the King of the French, on 10 March 1831 from the foreign regiments of the Kingdom of France. Recruits included soldiers from the recently disbanded Swiss and German foreign regiments of the Bourbon monarchy. The Royal Ordinance for the establishment of the new regiment specified that the foreigners recruited could only serve outside France. The French expeditionary force that had occupied Algiers in 1830 was in need of reinforcements and the Legion was accordingly transferred by sea in detachments from Toulon to Algeria. The Foreign Legion was primarily used,", "title": "French Foreign Legion" }, { "id": "14881720", "score": "1.6692345", "text": "was intended to be used as a counterweight to the royal army. The regular army was weakened by the flight of many aristocratic officers. Faced with the creation of soldiers' clubs (Jacobin committees), erosion of discipline, loss of their privileges as nobles and political mistrust, perhaps two thirds of the commissioned ranks emigrated after June 1791. They were largely replaced by experienced non-commissioned officers. In July 1791 twelve foreign regiments of mostly German mercenaries were amalgamated into the line, followed by the disbanding of the Swiss regiments a year later. Major reorganizations of the army took place in 1791 and", "title": "French Royal Army (1652–1830)" }, { "id": "5413977", "score": "1.6624498", "text": "were created as part of a reorganization between 1818 and 1822. These two corps were popularly known as « bigors » and « marsouins » respectively. Starting in 1831, these two arms ceased to serve on board naval ships and were exclusively armed with regular army equipment and weapons. Their role was now to serve on land in the new French colonial territories, as well as defending the large naval ports and bases in France itself. The diverse colonial or exterior operations administered by the July Monarchy, essentially conducted by the Marine and their troupes, led to the rehabilitation and", "title": "Troupes de marine" }, { "id": "20425881", "score": "1.6523502", "text": "complete. But the government, tired of the Spanish adventure, licensed a battalion on August 11, 1836, and sent the Legion to Spain. These were the last reinforcements. The government again began to forma the Legion in November 1836. On November 21, a new battalion was constituted at Pau. With 1,200 men, the battalion embarked at Toulon on the \"Suffren\" on December 11, and arrived four days later in Algiers. Recruitment continued in France, and on September 4, 1837, a second battalion was constituted royal ordinance. The two battalions together were the equivalent of a regular infantry regiment. Starting from Algiers,", "title": "Origins of the French Foreign Legion" }, { "id": "20425837", "score": "1.6477399", "text": "was dissolved in 1830 because it was judged to be too loyal to its future sovereign. This last regiment would give the 1831 Legion the particular marching cadence. While the classic infantry regiments paraded at a rhythm of a hundred and twenty paces per minute. The Legion strong of its affiliation with the Ancien Régime and in particular the Hohenlohe Regiment, adopted a slower and more solemn rhythm of almost 80-85 paces per minute. The French Army was exempt of Foreigners beginning 1830. However, this state of exemption would not last: Charles X of France, the King of France since", "title": "Origins of the French Foreign Legion" }, { "id": "16172143", "score": "1.6472492", "text": "the French colonial empire. The original \"Ordonnance royale\" (Royal order) creating this corps provided for two battalions, each of eight companies. A third battalion was created in September 1833. According to the order the rank and file of these units were to be drawn from: (i) serving soldiers who had been sentenced to existing disciplinary companies and who had not completed their period of army service upon release; and (ii) civilian convicts who upon completing terms of imprisonment had still to meet their obligations for compulsory military service. The newly raised Bat' d'Af' saw active service for the first time", "title": "Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa" }, { "id": "2071412", "score": "1.6446767", "text": "formed on 17 September 1803, and \"Matelots des Bataillons de la Marine Impériale\" of which some 32,000 served with the French Navy at its height of expansion by Napoleon. Units of the latter were created for service on land by conscripting naval personnel surplus to requirement of the Navy. There also existed the marine artillery, which were mostly naval gunners used for coastal batteries and fortresses called \"bataillons de la Matelot du Haut-Bord\" (or \"Les Equipages de Haut-Bord\" – marines of the High Shore) created by Napoleon's decree on 1 April 1808. The flag of the \"1er Régiment d'Artillerie de", "title": "Grande Armée" }, { "id": "20423786", "score": "1.644206", "text": "2nd Foreign Legion (France) The 2nd Foreign Legion () was created by the King. On June 29 1835, Louis Philippe I, the King of France ceded the French Foreign Legion to Queen Isabella II of Spain. Subsequently, 4100 men which included foreigners in service of France and French officers passed accordingly into the ranks of the Spanish Army, which was in confrontation with the Carlists. Nevertheless, the campaign of Algeria required numerous troops, accordingly on December 16 1835, the King signed a Royal Ordinance which created a New Legion. The format was first limited to one battalion. The others were", "title": "2nd Foreign Legion (France)" }, { "id": "3013322", "score": "1.6436939", "text": "\"Matériel\"; Logistics (\"Train\"); Signals (\"Transmissions\"). Parachute units are maintained by several of the \"armes\". The \"Légion étrangère\" (French Foreign Legion) was established in 1831 for foreign nationals willing to serve in the French Armed Forces. The Legion is commanded by French officers. It is an elite military unit numbering around 7,000 troops. The Legion has gained worldwide recognition for its service, most recently in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan since 2001. It is not strictly an \"Arme\" but a \"commandement particulier\", whose regiments belong to several arms, notably the infantry and the engineering arm. The Troupes de marine are the", "title": "French Army" }, { "id": "694901", "score": "1.6436762", "text": "and in August 1830 the commander of the French expeditionary force which had occupied the city recommended their continued employment in this role. The existence of the new corps was formally recognised by a Royal decree dated 7 March 1833. From their beginning the Zouave units included a French European element, initially drawn from the demobilized \"Garde royal\" of Charles X and other Parisian volunteers. From March 1833 each zouave battalion was organised into ten companies, of which eight were Muslim Berbers and Arabs and two French. In 1838 a third battalion was raised, and the regiment thus formed was", "title": "Zouave" }, { "id": "9495969", "score": "1.6432793", "text": "across Conquest of Algeria, the Franco-Prussian War, numerous colonial exploits, both World Wars, the First Indochina War, and the Algerian War. The French Foreign Legion was created by a royal ordinance issued by King Louis Philippe, at the suggestion of Minister of War Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, on March 9, 1831. Nine days later on March 18, 1831, an additional directive was issued restricting membership in the newly formed Legion to foreigners. The latter directive reflected the initial purpose of the Foreign Legion as a mechanism to lessen the potential disruption to the provisional French government and the newly enthroned House", "title": "History of the French Foreign Legion" }, { "id": "9496041", "score": "1.6408247", "text": "40 years. History of the French Foreign Legion The French Foreign Legion has had a long and unique history amongst the units of the French Army. The French Foreign Legion was historically formed of expatriate enlisted personnel led by French officers. Founded by a royal ordinance issued by King Louis Philippe of France on March 9, 1831 with aim of bolstering the strength of the French Army while also finding a use for the influx of refugees inundating France at the time. The Foreign Legion subsequently found a permanent home in the ranks of the French military. The Foreign Legion's", "title": "History of the French Foreign Legion" }, { "id": "10727801", "score": "1.6399903", "text": "March 10, 1831; the French Foreign Legion was created. On April 1 1841, the Legion was split in two formations. The 2nd Regiment was organized at Bône, on April 13 1841, provisionary at two battalions of the 1st Foreign Regiment; the 4th battalion was sent to Algiers and the 5th battalion was garrisoned at Bône. The regiment consisted, just like the other Line infantry regiments of the époque, a formation of 3000 men. The 3rd battalion was formed in the following month of May. The regiment was quartered at Constantine in Algeria, with garrisons held at Bône, Bougie, and Djidjelli.", "title": "2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment" }, { "id": "20425839", "score": "1.6328211", "text": "I, King of the French on August 7. While swearing by the Constitutional Charter Oath of 1814, he installed the July Monarchy. A sovereign for the nation by the will of the nation, his friends and enemies didn't want the King to possess a force that would be too loyal and be remarkably trained like the Hohenlohe regiment which was dissolved in July 1830. In fact, the political forces only wanted a national army. However and to the dismay, events in Algeria and internal politics constrained a new incorporation of Foreigners. The creation of the Legion was more of a", "title": "Origins of the French Foreign Legion" } ]

[ "cubs", "Lovable Losers", "pat and ron show", "The Cubbies", "Cubs (baseball)", "Chicago National League Ball Club", "chicago national league ball club", "chicago orphans", "take me out to cubs game", "The cubs", "chicago national league club", "list of chicago cubs captains", "Chicaco Cubs", "chicago cubbies", "chicago cubs", "cubs baseball", "lovable losers", "The Chicago Cubs", "Chicago cubs", "Chicago Cubs (sports)", "Chicago Cubbies", "Pat and Ron Show", "cubbies", "Take Me Out To A Cubs Game", "Chicago Colts", "chicago colts", "The Chicago Cubbies", "Chicago Cubs", "List of Chicago Cubs captains", "chicago cubs sports", "chicaco cubs", "Chicago Orphans", "Take Me Out to a Cubs Game", "Chicago CUbs", "Chicago National League Club" ]

[ { "id": "4341599", "score": "1.6271889", "text": "history to win 3 games without a loss. Babe Adams did it the year before, but in seven games, and Christy Mathewson accomplished the feat in the 1905 Series. This was the A's first World Series title. 1910 World Series (4–1): Philadelphia Athletics (A.L.) over Chicago Cubs (N.L.) 1910 World Series The 1910 World Series featured the Philadelphia Athletics and the Chicago Cubs, with the Athletics winning in five games to earn their first championship. Jack Coombs of Philadelphia won three games and Eddie Collins supplied timely hitting. The 2nd greatest Cubs team in history closed out its glory years,", "title": "1910 World Series" }, { "id": "13544744", "score": "1.6063278", "text": "became the 11th team to lose the World Series in consecutive seasons. In the American League, the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27, the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9, and the Boston Red Sox have played in 14 and won 9, including the first World Series. In the National League, the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11, the New York/San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8, the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 20 and won 6, and the Cincinnati Reds have", "title": "World Series" }, { "id": "326738", "score": "1.6050212", "text": "the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons (and 97 seasons from the club's establishment) before they won their first World Series—longer than any other of the 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century. The 77 season drought is the fourth longest World Series drought in Major League Baseball history. The longevity of the franchise and its history of adversity have earned it the dubious distinction of having lost the most games of any team in the history of American professional sports, and in fact was the first professional sports team in modern", "title": "Philadelphia Phillies" }, { "id": "40483", "score": "1.6003064", "text": "with a man on third in the top of the ninth, a spitball got away from Chesbro and Lou Criger scored the go-ahead run on one of the most famous wild pitches in history. The NL champion New York Giants declined to play any postseason series, fearing it would give their New York rivals credibility (they had expected the Highlanders to win), but a sharp public reaction led the two leagues immediately to make the World Series a permanent championship, starting in 1905. These successful times soon ended, however, as Boston lost 100 games in 1906. However, several new star", "title": "Boston Red Sox" }, { "id": "4342476", "score": "1.5969653", "text": "Series (4–2): Chicago White Sox (A.L.) over Chicago Cubs (N.L.) 1906 World Series The 1906 World Series featured a crosstown matchup between the Chicago Cubs, who had posted the highest regular-season win total (116) and winning percentage (.763) in the major leagues since the advent of the 154-game season; and the Chicago White Sox. The White Sox, known as the \"Hitless Wonders\" after finishing with the worst team batting average (.230) in the American League, beat the Cubs in six games for one of the greatest upsets in Series history. This was the first World Series played by two teams", "title": "1906 World Series" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chicago Cubs\n\nThe Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as part of the National League (NL) Central division. The club plays its home games at Wrigley Field, which is located on Chicago's North Side. The Cubs are one of two major league teams based in Chicago; the other, the Chicago White Sox, is a member of the American League (AL) Central division. The Cubs, first known as the White Stockings, were a founding member of the NL in 1876, becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903.\n\nThroughout the club's history, the Cubs have played in a total of 11 World Series. The 1906 Cubs won 116 games, finishing 116–36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox (\"The Hitless Wonders\") by four games to two. The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series, and the first to win it twice. Most recently, the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series, which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought, both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball. The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major sports leagues in the United States and Canada. Since the start of divisional play in 1969, the Cubs have appeared in the postseason 11 times through the 2022 season.\n\nThe Cubs are known as \"the North Siders\", a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago, and in contrast to the White Sox, whose home field (Guaranteed Rate Field) is located on the South Side.\n\nThrough 2022, the franchise's all-time record is 11,161–10,609 ().", "title": "Chicago Cubs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Boston Red Sox" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Detroit Tigers\n\nThe Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit. The Tigers compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member of the American League (AL) Central division. One of the AL's eight charter franchises, the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city. They are also the oldest continuous one name, one city franchise in the AL.\n\nSince their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901, the Tigers have won four World Series championships (, , , and ), 11 AL pennants (1907, 1908, 1909, 1934, 1935, 1940, 1945, 1968, 1984, 2006, 2012), and four AL Central division championships (2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014). They also won division titles in 1972, 1984, and 1987 as a member of the AL East. Since 2000, the Tigers have played their home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit.\n\nThe Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown (just west of Downtown Detroit) and began playing there in 1896. In 1912, the team moved into Navin Field, which was built on the same location. It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium. It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until 1999.\n\nFrom 1901 to 2022, the Tigers overall win–loss record is 9,512–9,407 (a winning percentage of ). The franchise's best winning percentage was .656 in 1934, while its worst was .265 in 2003.", "title": "Detroit Tigers" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Major League Baseball no-hitters\n\nBelow is a list of Major League Baseball no-hitters, enumerating every no-hitter pitched in Major League Baseball history. In addition, all no-hitters that were broken up in extra innings or were in shortened games are listed, although they are not currently considered official no-hitters. (Prior to 1991, a performance in which no hits were surrendered through nine innings or in a shortened game was considered an official no-hit game.) The names of those pitchers who threw a perfect game no-hitter are \"italicized\". For combined no-hitters by two or more pitchers on the same team, each is listed with his number of innings pitched. Games which were part of a doubleheader are noted as either the first game or second game.\n\nThrough November 2, 2022, there have been 318 no-hitters officially recognized by Major League Baseball (MLB); the first 43 in the pre-modern era (before the formation of the American League in 1901) and the balance in the modern era. Three other games are also noted; one in 1875 by Joe Borden that is accepted as a no-hitter but not recognized by MLB (as MLB does not accept the National Association as a major league), one in 1876 by Borden that is disputed and not recognized by MLB, and one in 1901 by Pete Dowling that is also disputed and not recognized by MLB. The first no-hitter officially recognized by MLB was pitched by George Bradley on July 15, 1876, during the first season of play in the National League. The most recent major league no-hitter was thrown by Cristian Javier, Bryan Abreu, Rafael Montero, and Ryan Pressly of the Houston Astros against the Philadelphia Phillies during Game 4 of the World Series on November 2, 2022.", "title": "List of Major League Baseball no-hitters" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Major League Baseball perfect games\n\nOver the 140 years of Major League Baseball history, and over 235,500 games played, there have been 23 official perfect games by the current definition. No pitcher has ever thrown more than one. The perfect game thrown by Don Larsen in game 5 of the 1956 World Series is the only postseason perfect game in major league history and one of only three postseason no-hitters. The first two major league perfect games, and the only two of the premodern era, were thrown in 1880, five days apart. The frequency of perfect games has increased significantly since 1981. Fourteen perfect games were thrown in the 40 seasons from 1980 through 2019, while only nine were thrown in the 100-plus prior seasons. There were three perfect games in 2012; the only other year of the modern era in which as many as two were thrown was 2010. By contrast, there have been spans of 23 and 33 consecutive seasons in which no perfect game was thrown. Though two perfect-game bids have gone into extra innings, no extra-inning game has ever been completed to perfection.", "title": "List of Major League Baseball perfect games" }, { "id": "4342448", "score": "1.5923979", "text": "one of baseball's most dominant teams in the early 1900s. This was the year of the infamous \"Merkle's Boner\" play that allowed the Chicago Cubs to reach the World Series after beating the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants) in a one-game \"playoff\", actually the makeup game for the tie that the Merkle play had caused. The Series was anti-climactic after tight pennant races in both leagues. Ty Cobb had a much better World Series than in the previous year, as did the rest of his team. The final two games, held in Detroit, were shutouts. This was", "title": "1908 World Series" }, { "id": "13544760", "score": "1.5922345", "text": "not win their first championship until the 1920s; and three of the teams that were highly successful prior to 1920 (the Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs) went the rest of the 20th century without another World Series win. The Red Sox and White Sox finally won again in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The Cubs had to wait over a century (until the 2016 season) for their next trophy. They did not appear in the Fall Classic from 1945 until 2016, the longest drought of any MLB club. The New York Yankees purchased Babe Ruth from", "title": "World Series" }, { "id": "7641946", "score": "1.5843089", "text": "the AL pennant winner. The World Series was not skipped again for another 90 years, when a strike truncated the 1994 season. It was the last time Boston beat New York in a pennant-deciding game for a full century (2004). In 1904, pitcher Jack Chesbro set the single-season wins record at 41, which still stands. Under current playing practices, this is most likely an unbreakable record, especially considering that the last thirty game winner was Denny McLain (31) in 1968. The original Polo Grounds burned down in 1911 and the Highlanders allowed the Giants to play in Hilltop Park during", "title": "New York Yankees" }, { "id": "85855", "score": "1.5827848", "text": "Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series. The 1906 Cubs won 116 games, finishing 116–36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox (\"The Hitless Wonders\") by four games to two. The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series, and the first to win it twice. Most recently, the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series, which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and", "title": "Chicago Cubs" }, { "id": "13963417", "score": "1.5799778", "text": "Area franchise without a world championship. The Sharks would reach the Stanley Cup finals for the 2015-2016 season, but ultimately lost to the Pittsburgh Penguins in six games. All quotes are from Joe Buck unless otherwise noted. 2010 World Series The 2010 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2010 season. The 106th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff played between the American League (AL) champion Texas Rangers and the National League (NL) champion San Francisco Giants; the Giants won the series, four games to one, to secure their first World Series", "title": "2010 World Series" }, { "id": "8640477", "score": "1.5734649", "text": "game did not immediately resume. As it turned out, the Cubs and Giants ended the season in a tie for the pennant, and the postponed game was replaced by a new game played on October 8, 1908, at the Polo Grounds. The Cubs prevailed 4–2, and advanced to the 1908 World Series. In 2008, the Chicago White Sox ended the season 1/2 game behind the Minnesota Twins for the American League Central division title. The fractional difference was due to the September 13 game between the White Sox and the Detroit Tigers, which had been rained out and not yet", "title": "One-game playoff" }, { "id": "9094988", "score": "1.5731802", "text": "since 1989 and only the fifth since 1949 no pitcher pitched a no-hitter. Major League Baseball seasons since 1901 without a no-hitter pitched are 1909, 1913, 1921, 1927–1928, 1932–1933, 1936, 1939, 1942–1943, 1949, 1959, 1982, 1985, 1989, 2000 and 2005. 2000 Major League Baseball season The 2000 Major League Baseball season ended with the New York Yankees defeating the New York Mets in five games, for their third consecutive World Series title. The 2000 World Series was known as the Subway Series because both fans and the two teams could take the subway to and from every game of the", "title": "2000 Major League Baseball season" }, { "id": "13544792", "score": "1.5724375", "text": "New York Mets in the World Series 4–1, capturing their first title in 30 years. The 2015 contest was the first time that two expansion clubs met for the Fall Classic. In 2016, the Chicago Cubs ended their 108-year long drought without a World Series title by defeating the Cleveland Indians, rallying from a 3–1 Series deficit in the process. That extended Cleveland's World Series title drought to 68 years and counting – the Indians last won the Series in 1948 – now the longest title drought in the majors. Beginning in 2017, home field advantage in the World Series", "title": "World Series" }, { "id": "10963536", "score": "1.569256", "text": "The Los Angeles Dodgers, however, won three of the next four games and captured their first World Series championship since moving to the west coast in 1958. 92,706 fans witnessed Game 5 of the World Series at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the most ever to attend a World Series game, or for that matter any non-exhibition major league baseball game. The White Sox won that game 1–0 over the Dodgers' 23-year-old pitcher Sandy Koufax, but the Dodgers clinched the series by beating the Sox 9–3 two days later at Comiskey Park. Fox became the last player in the 20th", "title": "1959 Chicago White Sox season" }, { "id": "338444", "score": "1.5684576", "text": "setting the MLB record for most consecutive losing seasons, with 20 from 1993 until 2012. This era was followed by three consecutive postseason appearances: the 2013 National League Division Series and the 2014–2015 Wild Card games. Their September pennant race in 1997 featured the franchises' last no-hitter and last award for Sporting News' Executive of the Year. Football is the most popular and tradition laden sport in the region. The nation's first professional game was played in the city on November 12, 1892, between the Allegheny Athletic Association and the Pittsburgh Athletic Club, the first pro-team in nearby Latrobe and", "title": "Pittsburgh" }, { "id": "4342475", "score": "1.5676074", "text": "the World Series over the powerful Cubs, who would compensate by winning the next two World Series from young Ty Cobb, Hugh Jennings and the Detroit Tigers even though they fell far short of 116 wins in 1907 or 1908, for the last Cub World Series wins in over a hundred years. This game is notable for being the only time the Chicago White Sox have ever clinched a postseason series at home. It remained the only time a Chicago-based team had ever clinched a series at home until the Cubs won the 2015 NLDS on their homefield. 1906 World", "title": "1906 World Series" }, { "id": "8624442", "score": "1.5661848", "text": "strike-shortened seasons of 1981, 1994 and 1995. No NL team won or lost 95 games for the first time since 1983. Also, this was the second consecutive season in which no team won at least 60% of its games, the first time that this has happened in Major League Baseball history. 2007 in baseball 1 – The appearance by the Huskies of Rouen, France in the final marks the first time since 1976 that a team from outside the professional leagues of the Netherlands or Italy has finished in the top two. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Francoeur and Rowand finished tied in the", "title": "2007 in baseball" }, { "id": "3607750", "score": "1.565121", "text": "Baseball event. Boston slumped in 1905, while New York repeated its NL championship and won the 1905 World Series against the Philadelphia Athletics. The two teams eventually met in the 1912 World Series with the Red Sox winning in seven games. The Series has been played every year since except , when a 232-day players' strike ended the season in mid-August. 1904 World Series In 1904, there was no World Series played between the champions of the two major leagues, the American League (AL) and the National League (NL). The champions were the Boston Americans (now the Boston Red Sox),", "title": "1904 World Series" }, { "id": "4172027", "score": "1.5647495", "text": "Series where a team leading 3–0 in the series would fail to complete the sweep by losing game 4 but still win game 5 to win the series. 1910 and 1937 were the others. This was the last World Series until 2017 in which both participating teams won over 100 games during the regular season. The Baltimore Orioles won the American League East division by 15 games over the New York Yankees and the Cincinnati Reds won the National League West division by games over the Los Angeles Dodgers. Coming into the World Series, the Orioles had won 14 straight", "title": "1970 World Series" }, { "id": "5341015", "score": "1.5640807", "text": "White Sox. He played in his first game on April 9, going 0-for-3. 1994 in baseball As a result of a players' strike, the MLB season ended prematurely on August 11, 1994. No postseason (including the World Series) was played. Minor League Baseball was not affected. During the shortened Major League Baseball season, the league adorned uniforms and stadiums to announce the 125th anniversary of baseball's first professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings. The Yomiuri Giants also celebrated their sixtieth anniversary with their eighteenth championship in the Japan Series. Considered by some to be among history's greatest athletes, Michael Jordan", "title": "1994 in baseball" } ]

[ "Rhine Estuary", "rhine river", "Rhinen", "rhine", "Rhine (river)", "rhine estuary", "River Rhine", "rhine mouth", "Rhine river", "Rayn", "Rhine River", "alpenrhein river", "upper rhine river plains", "Rhein (river)", "Rhine basin", "Rhinewater", "Rhine", "Rhein River", "rhinen", "Length of the Rhine", "length of rhine", "Upper Rhine River Plains", "rhinewater", "river rhein", "river rhine pollution november 1986", "river rhine", "Rhine mouth", "Alpenrhein River", "River Rhine Pollution: November 1986", "rhine basin", "The Rhine", "rayn", "rijn", "rhein river", "River Rhein", "Rijn" ]

[ { "id": "495172", "score": "1.6491153", "text": "where still being part of the Mittelrhein wine region. It changes into the Lower Rhine near Bad Godesberg and leaves North Rhine-Westphalia near Emmerich at a width of 730 metres. Almost immediately after entering the Netherlands, the Rhine splits into many branches. The Pader, which flows entirely within the city of Paderborn, is considered Germany's shortest river. For many, North Rhine-Westphalia is synonymous with industrial areas and urban agglomerations. However, the largest part of the state is used for agriculture (almost 52%) and forests (25%). The state consists of five government regions (\"Regierungsbezirke\"), divided into 31 districts (\"Kreise\") and 23", "title": "North Rhine–Westphalia" }, { "id": "349987", "score": "1.6467805", "text": "the Western Netherlands\": \"Order: upstream to downstream\": Rhine The Rhine (, , , , , ) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the German Rhineland and the Netherlands and eventually empties into the North Sea. The largest city on the Rhine is Cologne, Germany, with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about , with an average discharge of about", "title": "Rhine" }, { "id": "349946", "score": "1.6452584", "text": "German are spoken. Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland, it is along the Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg. Duisburg is the home of Europe's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam. The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg, is nowadays a clean river, thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls, a transition", "title": "Rhine" }, { "id": "7015110", "score": "1.6450226", "text": "branch of the Rhine, which flows past Arnhem; splits off the IJssel which flows into the IJsselmeer and then splits into the Lek and the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede. The Lek flows into the Merwede. The Kromme Rijn continues past Utrecht, becomes the Leidse Rijn, then Oude Rijn and flows into the North Sea at Katwijk. There are other minor branches such as the Vecht, Hollandse IJssel and the Noord. The German term \"Niederrhein\" refers both to the German section of the Lower Rhine as well as to parts of the surrounding Lower Rhine region. Lower Rhine The", "title": "Lower Rhine" }, { "id": "349945", "score": "1.6236596", "text": "flows through the largest conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr region. One of the most important cities in this region is Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe (Duisport). The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural. In Wesel, 30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route, the Wesel-Datteln Canal, which runs parallel to the Lippe. Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in Germany, crosses the river. Near Krefeld, the river crosses the Uerdingen line, the line which separates the areas where Low German and High", "title": "Rhine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rhine\n\nThe Rhine is one of the major European rivers. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps. It forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German borders. After that the Rhine defines much of the Franco-German border, after which it flows in a mostly northerly direction through the German Rhineland. Finally in Germany the Rhine turns into a predominantly westerly direction and flows into the Netherlands where it eventually empties into the North Sea. It drains an area of 9,973 sq km and its name derives from the Celtic \"Rēnos\". There are also two German states named after the river, North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate.\n\nIt is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about , with an average discharge of about .\n\nThe Rhine and the Danube comprised much of the Roman Empire's northern inland boundary, and the Rhine has been a vital navigable waterway bringing trade and goods deep inland since those days.\nThe various castles and defenses built along it attest to its prominence as a waterway in the Holy Roman Empire.\nAmong the largest and most important cities on the Rhine are Cologne, Rotterdam, Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Strasbourg, Nijmegen, and Basel.", "title": "Rhine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route\n\nEuroVelo 15 (EV15), named the \"Rhine Cycle Route\", is a EuroVelo long-distance cycling route running 1230km along the Rhine river valley from the headwaters of the Rhine in Andermatt in Switzerland to the river's mouth in Hook of Holland in the Netherlands. The route crosses Europe from south to north, from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea, passing through four countries: Switzerland, France, Germany and the Netherlands.\n\nThe Rhine Cycle Route is called the following in the languages along its course: , and .", "title": "EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "EuroVelo\n\nEuroVelo is a network of currently 17 long-distance cycling routes criss-crossing Europe, in various stages of completion. When completed, the EuroVelo network's total length will almost be . more than were in place. EuroVelo is a project of the European Cyclists' Federation (ECF).\n\nEuroVelo routes can be used for bicycle touring across the continent, as well as by local people making short journeys. The routes are made of both existing national bike routes — such as the Dutch LF-Routes, the German D-Routes, the French véloroute \"SN3V\" and the British National Cycle Network — and existing general purpose roads, together with new stretches of cycle routes to connect them.", "title": "EuroVelo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of bridges over the Rhine\n\nThis is a list of railway bridges over the Rhine.", "title": "List of bridges over the Rhine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of tallest church buildings\n\nThis list of tallest church buildings ranks church buildings by height. From the Middle Ages until the advent of the skyscraper, Christian church buildings were often the world's tallest buildings. From 1311, when the spire of Lincoln Cathedral surpassed the height of the Great Pyramid of Giza, until the Washington Monument was completed in 1884, a succession of church buildings held this title.\n\nThe tallest church building in the world is the Ulm Minster (161.5 m), the main Lutheran congregation in Ulm, Germany. The tallest Catholic, as well as the tallest domed church building, is the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace (158 m) in Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast. The tallest church building with two steeples as well as the tallest cathedral is Cologne Cathedral (157.4 m) in Cologne, Germany. The tallest Eastern Orthodox, as well as the tallest domed cathedral, will be People's Salvation Cathedral (now 120 m; 127 m when completed) in Bucharest, Romania. The tallest brickwork church building is St Martin's Church (130.6 m) in Landshut, Germany, while the tallest brickwork church building with two steeples is St Mary's Church (125 m) in Lübeck, Germany. The tallest wooden church building is Săpânța-Peri Monastery church (78 m) in Săpânța, Romania. The tallest church building in the Americas is the Cathedral of Maringá (124 m) in Maringá, Brasil. If completed, the Sagrada Família in Barcelona, Spain, will be the tallest church building in the world, at .\n\nThe city with the most church buildings surpassing is Hamburg (five of the 28 tallest churches), second is Lübeck (four of the 55 tallest churches), in the Americas it is New York City (two). The city with the most church buildings taller than is Berlin (15), second are Hamburg, Vienna, Munich and Dresden (eight each), and in the Americas it is New York City (four).", "title": "List of tallest church buildings" }, { "id": "3560756", "score": "1.6120671", "text": "The once-important but now small Kromme Rijn branch (in Roman times part of the Limes Germanicus and border river of the Roman Empire) carries the name \"Rhine\" towards the city of Utrecht. In order to regulate the distribution of drainage between the different branches of the Rhine, several dams have been constructed. If the dams are closed, there is little flow in the Nederrijn and most of the water is drained by the IJssel. Bridges over the Nederrijn are in Arnhem (railway and three road bridges), in Heteren (A50) and Rhenen. Ferries are found near Doorwerth, Wageningen, Opheusden, Elst and", "title": "Nederrijn" }, { "id": "7744857", "score": "1.6080894", "text": "at least, the river's principal crossings, was the basis of defensive strategy. The Rhine River flows west along the border between the German states and the Swiss Cantons. The stretch between Rheinfall, by Schaffhausen and Basel, is the High Rhine (\"Hochrhein\"); it cuts through steep hillsides over a gravel bed, and moves in torrents in such paces as the former rapids at Laufenburg. A few miles north and east of Basel, the terrain flattens. The Rhine makes a wide, northerly turn, in what is called the Rhine knee, and enters the so-called Rhine ditch (\"Rheingraben\"), part of a rift valley", "title": "Army of Sambre and Meuse" }, { "id": "349911", "score": "1.6056468", "text": "Rhine The Rhine (, , , , , ) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the German Rhineland and the Netherlands and eventually empties into the North Sea. The largest city on the Rhine is Cologne, Germany, with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about , with an average discharge of about . The Rhine and the Danube formed", "title": "Rhine" }, { "id": "12623136", "score": "1.6041713", "text": "on both sides through walls and channelized from Freiburg onward. However, on December 23, 1991 there was a flood that caused damage in the eastern part of Freiburg. The riverside paths below the bridges of the Mannheim-Basel-Karlsruhe-railway, called Rheintalbahn in German, are often flooded during high water. Even though warning signs were installed along the path, two cyclists died there in 2010 and 2013 during a flood. In order to prevent accidents like this, the city is planning to install boom gates along the path. The drainage basin of the Dreisam as far as Riegel covers 568 km². In Germany", "title": "Dreisam" }, { "id": "20321696", "score": "1.5931776", "text": "passage from Basel to Iffezheim was \"corrected\" (straightened) between 1817 and 1875 to make year-round transport easier. Between 1927 and 1975, the construction of a canal allowed the control of the water level. In the 1790s, though, the river was wild and unpredictable, in some places four or more times wider than the twenty-first century incarnation of the river, even under regular conditions. Its channels wound through marsh and meadow, and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods. It was crossable at Kehl, by Strasbourg, and Hüningen, by Basel, where systems of viaducts and causeways", "title": "Early clashes in the Rhine campaign of 1796" }, { "id": "349932", "score": "1.5878866", "text": "summer discharge 700 m³/s) and is the second largest waterfall in Europe in terms of potential energy, after Dettifoss in Iceland. The High Rhine is characterized by numerous dams. On the few remaining natural sections, there are still several rapids. Near Koblenz in the Aargau, the Aare joins the Rhine. With an average discharge of 557 m³/s, the Aare is more voluminous than the Rhine, which has an average discharge of 439 m³/s. Nevertheless, the Alpine Rhine is considered the main branch, because it is longer. In the centre of Basel, the first major city in the course of the", "title": "Rhine" }, { "id": "349947", "score": "1.5874834", "text": "from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures, such as the reforestation of Slag and brownfields. The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water. It contributes to the Rhine. Other rivers in the Ruhr Area, above all, the Emscher, still carry a considerable degree of pollution. The Dutch name for Rhine is \"Rijn\". The Rhine turns west and enters the Netherlands, where, together with the rivers Meuse and Scheldt, it forms the extensive Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta, with the largest river delta in Europe. Crossing the border into the Netherlands at Spijk, close to Nijmegen and Arnhem, the Rhine is", "title": "Rhine" }, { "id": "7015108", "score": "1.5811522", "text": "Lower Rhine The Lower Rhine (; kilometres 660 to 1,033 of the river Rhine) flows from Bonn, Germany, to the North Sea at Hoek van Holland, Netherlands (including the Nederrijn or \"Nether Rhine\" within the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta); alternatively, \"Lower Rhine\" may be refer to the part upstream of Pannerdens Kop, excluding the Nederrijn. Almost immediately after entering the Netherlands, the Rhine splits into numerous branches. The main branch is called the Waal which flows from Nijmegen to meet the Meuse; after which it is called Merwede. Near Rotterdam the river is known as Nieuwe Maas, and becomes the Nieuwe Waterweg", "title": "Lower Rhine" }, { "id": "15844530", "score": "1.5718529", "text": "onwards, pollution was countered by the construction of sewage treatment plants. Ergolz The Ergolz is the main river in the canton of Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland. It rises on Mount Geisflue in the Faltenjura mountains in the upper region of Basel-Landschaft, on the border with Aargau and Solothurn, and joins the Rhine at Augst. Among the tributaries of the Ergolz are \"Eibach\", \"Homburgerbach\", \"Diegterbach\", \"Frenke\" (Anterior and Posterior Frenke), \"Orisbach\", \"Röserenbach\" and \"\". Since 1934 the water level and discharge of the Ergolz have been measured at Liestal. During these more than 70 years, the average flow towards the Rhine was .", "title": "Ergolz" }, { "id": "3097479", "score": "1.5717442", "text": "Colmar, the Fecht in Illhaeusern, the Giessen in Sélestat, the Andlau near Fegersheim, the Ehn near Geispolsheim, the Bruche next to Strasbourg and the Souffel upstream from La Wantzenau before meeting with the Rhine downstream from Gambsheim's lock. As the Ill nears the city of Mulhouse, most of its flow is diverted into a discharge channel leading to the Doller, protecting the historical center of the town from floods. Flowing through the city of Strasbourg, the river forms part of the 17th-century fortifications and passes through a series of locks and channels in the picturesque old town, including the Petite", "title": "Ill (France)" }, { "id": "349933", "score": "1.5695193", "text": "stream, is located the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from west to north. Here the High Rhine ends. Legally, the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine. The river now flows north as Upper Rhine through the Upper Rhine Plain, which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide. The most important tributaries in this area are the Ill below of Strasbourg, the Neckar in Mannheim and the Main across from Mainz. In Mainz, the Rhine leaves the Upper Rhine Valley and flows through", "title": "Rhine" }, { "id": "17745491", "score": "1.5690546", "text": "its steady north-south course from the Alps to the North Sea, it is one of the most attractive rivers for tourists with its most charming countryside. It has been one of the most important traffic routes for cultural exchange between the Mediterranean region and Northern Europe for two thousand years. The fluvial topography of the Rhine is amongst the most enchanting and invites to visit the bordering cities and villages with numerous UNESCO world heritage sites, like Strasbourg, Speyer cathedral, the Rhine Gorge and Cologne cathedral. EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route EuroVelo 15 (EV15), named the \"Rhine Cycle Route\", is", "title": "EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route" }, { "id": "7015044", "score": "1.5649797", "text": "The most important cities on the left bank are Bingen, Bacharach, Oberwesel, St. Goar, Boppard and Koblenz on the Upper Middle Rhine and Andernach, Bad Breisig, Sinzig, Remagen and Bonn on the Lower Middle Rhine. On the right bank we find Rüdesheim, Assmannshausen, Lorch, Kaub, St. Goarshausen, Braubach and Lahnstein on the Upper Middle Rhine and Vallendar, Bendorf, Neuwied, Bad Hönningen, Linz am Rhein, Bad Honnef and Königswinter on the lower part. Larger tributaries on the left include Nahe, Moselle and Ahr; on the right Lahn, Wied and Sieg. The most outstanding castles are the Marksburg, the only undamaged hilltop", "title": "Middle Rhine" }, { "id": "9614933", "score": "1.55656", "text": "many of these warehouses have been converted into restaurants and cafés. Oudegracht The Oudegracht, or \"old canal\", runs through the center of Utrecht, the Netherlands. It starts in the southeast of the city. Here the Kromme Rijn (the original main bed of the Rhine river) and the Vaartse Rijn (a medieval canal reconnecting Utrecht to the newer main stream of the Rhine, the Lek) arrive to meet the original moat of the fortified town, and the Oudegracht goes from there into the center of town. Parts of the Oudegracht follow the original flow of the river Rhine, but there is", "title": "Oudegracht" }, { "id": "482330", "score": "1.5564511", "text": "rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city. The city lies in the Upper Rhine Plain, at between and above sea level, with the upland areas of the Vosges Mountains some to the west and the Black Forest to the east. This section of the Rhine valley is a major axis of north–south travel, with river traffic on the Rhine itself, and major roads and railways paralleling it on both banks. The city is some east of Paris. The mouth of the Rhine lies approximately to the north, or as", "title": "Strasbourg" } ]

[ "sir matthew pinsent", "Pinsent, Matthew", "Matthew Pinsent", "matt pinsent", "Sir Matthew Pinsent", "matthew pinsent", "pinsent matthew", "Matt Pinsent" ]

[ { "id": "3281581", "score": "2.1375885", "text": "with two golds and three in overall. The men's rowing events became most notable for Great Britain's Steve Redgrave, who won his fifth consecutive Olympic gold medal for the coxless four. He first won at Los Angeles in 1984, followed by gold medals in 1988, 1992, 1996, and 2000, a record span of 16 years between his first and last gold medal. It was also his sixth overall Olympic medal, having won the bronze in 1988 for the coxed pair. At age 38, Redgrave also became the oldest male rower to win an Olympic gold medal, until he was surpassed", "title": "Rowing at the 2000 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "1630138", "score": "2.0939326", "text": "Steve Redgrave Sir Steven Geoffrey Redgrave (born on 23 March 1962) is a retired British rower who won gold medals at five consecutive Olympic Games from 1984 to 2000. He has also won three Commonwealth Games gold medals and nine World Rowing Championships golds. He is the most successful male rower in Olympic history, and the only man to have won gold medals at five Olympic Games in an endurance sport. Redgrave is regarded as one of Britain's greatest-ever Olympians. As of 2016 he is the fourth most decorated British Olympian after cyclists Sir Chris Hoy, Jason Kenny and Sir", "title": "Steve Redgrave" }, { "id": "1630142", "score": "2.080543", "text": "with a gold Olympic pin by IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch in recognition of his achievement. At the World Rowing Championships he won nine gold medals, two silvers, and a bronze. He won the World Championship for Indoor rowing in 1991. He competed at Henley Royal Regatta for more than two decades, winning : the Silver Goblets & Nickalls' Challenge Cup for coxless pairs seven times (twice with Andy Holmes, once with Simon Berrisford and four times with Matthew Pinsent); the Stewards' Challenge Cup for coxless fours five times; the Diamond Challenge Sculls twice; the Double Sculls Challenge Cup with", "title": "Steve Redgrave" }, { "id": "1630140", "score": "2.050261", "text": "Marlow School. Redgrave's primary discipline was sweep rowing where he won Olympic Gold rowing both bowside and strokeside (port and starboard). From 1991 the crews in which he rowed became renowned for their consistent dominance, winning almost every time they raced. For much of his career he suffered illness—in 1992 he was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, and in 1997 he was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2. Redgrave won gold medals at five consecutive Olympic Games from 1984 to 2000 plus a bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Games. Immediately after winning the 1996 Olympic Gold Medal, he stated if", "title": "Steve Redgrave" }, { "id": "1630141", "score": "2.017325", "text": "anyone found him close to a rowing boat again they could shoot him. However, he changed his mind shortly afterwards, and resumed training after a four-month break. In 2000, he won his fifth consecutive Olympic Gold Medal and retired from the sport. In August 2000, prior to his final Olympic games, the BBC broadcast \"Gold Fever\", a three-part BBC documentary which had followed the coxless four in the years leading up to the Olympics. It included video diaries recording the highs and lows in the quest for gold. At the medal ceremony after 2000 Summer Olympics he was also presented", "title": "Steve Redgrave" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Steve Redgrave\n\nSir Steven Geoffrey Redgrave (born 23 March 1962) is a British retired rower who won gold medals at five consecutive Olympic Games from 1984 to 2000. He has also won three Commonwealth Games gold medals and nine World Rowing Championships golds. He is the most successful male rower in Olympic history, and the only man to have won gold medals at five Olympic Games in an endurance sport.\n\nRedgrave is regarded as one of Britain's greatest-ever Olympians. As of 2016 he was the fourth-most decorated British Olympian, after cyclists Sir Chris Hoy, Sir Jason Kenny and Sir Bradley Wiggins. He has carried the British flag at the opening of the Olympic Games on two occasions. In 2002, he was ranked number 36 in the BBC poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. He received the BBC Sports Personality of the Year – Lifetime Achievement Award in 2011.", "title": "Steve Redgrave" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rowing at the 2000 Summer Olympics\n\nRowing at the 2000 Summer Olympics took place at the Sydney International Regatta Centre in Penrith, New South Wales, Australia. It featured 547 competitors (363 men and 184 women) from 51 nations taking part in 14 events.\n\nThe medals were split among 20 nations. Romania was the most successful nation, topping the medal table with three golds, all won in the women's events. Despite finishing second, Germany also dominated the medal table with six in overall. Great Britain and France, on the other hand, had a two-way tie for third place in the standings, with two golds and three in overall.\n\nThe men's rowing events became most notable for Great Britain's Steve Redgrave, who won his fifth consecutive Olympic gold medal for the coxless four. He first won at Los Angeles in 1984, followed by gold medals in 1988, 1992, 1996, and 2000, a record span of 16 years between his first and last gold medal. It was also his sixth overall Olympic medal, having won the bronze in 1988 for the coxed pair. At age 38, Redgrave also became the oldest male rower to win an Olympic gold medal, until he was surpassed by Australia's James Tomkins at the subsequent games. Tomkins, competing in his fourth games, won the bronze medal, and third medal overall for the men's coxless pair with his partner Matthew Long.\n\nIn the women's rowing events, Romania's Elisabeta Lipă won her third consecutive Olympic gold medal and fourth overall. Lipă, who was part of Romania's women's eight, won her first in Los Angeles in 1984, followed by gold medals in 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2004. It was also her seventh overall, having won a silver and a bronze in 1988 and an additional silver in 1992. Germany's Kathrin Boron had won her first Olympic gold medal and third overall in the quadruple sculls, teaming up with her partner Jana Thieme.\n\nThe rowing events also depict some numerous dramatic races, as the single scull events became highly anticipated and closely contested. Ekaterina Karsten, the defending Olympic champion from Belarus, won a photo finish in the women's single sculls, over Bulgaria's Rumyana Neykova by one hundredths of a second. On the other hand, New Zealand's Rob Waddell, world champion (and world record holder in indoor rowing) beat defending Olympic champion Xeno Müller of Switzerland, along with Germany's Marcel Hacker and Canada's Derek Porter in a tough, close race.\n\nGreat Britain won the gold medal in the men's eight for the first time since 1912, beating Australia by four fifths of a second.\n\n", "title": "Rowing at the 2000 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Matthew Pinsent\n\nSir Matthew Clive Pinsent, (; born 10 October 1970) is an English rower and broadcaster. During his rowing career, he won 10 world championship gold medals and four consecutive Olympic gold medals.\n\nSince retiring, he has worked as a sports broadcaster for the BBC.", "title": "Matthew Pinsent" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tim Foster\n\nTimothy James Carrington Foster, MBE (born 19 January 1970) is an English rower who won a gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.", "title": "Tim Foster" }, { "id": "1630149", "score": "1.9826088", "text": "Broadlands Science and Engineering School as one of the four houses there. At Linton Village College in Cambridgeshire and Woodcote High School in Croydon, there is a school faculty (house) named after him. Steve Redgrave Sir Steven Geoffrey Redgrave (born on 23 March 1962) is a retired British rower who won gold medals at five consecutive Olympic Games from 1984 to 2000. He has also won three Commonwealth Games gold medals and nine World Rowing Championships golds. He is the most successful male rower in Olympic history, and the only man to have won gold medals at five Olympic Games", "title": "Steve Redgrave" }, { "id": "1716373", "score": "1.944106", "text": "he was Boat Club President), having taken a year out in 1992 in order to concentrate on preparing for the Barcelona Olympics. In 1990, while still at Oxford, he joined Steve Redgrave in the coxless pair at the World Rowing Championships, winning bronze. This was the beginning of a long partnership, and the pair won at the World Championships in 1991, and at the Olympic Games in 1992 and 1996. In 2000 he won Olympic gold again as part of a coxless four with Redgrave, James Cracknell and Tim Foster. In August 2000, the month prior to winning gold in", "title": "Matthew Pinsent" }, { "id": "1630148", "score": "1.9440682", "text": "Blue in 1997. In 2002, his fifth Olympic gold was voted the greatest sporting moment in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Sporting Moments. The Redgrave Pinsent Rowing Lake was opened by him and Matt Pinsent in 2006. The lake and boathouse provide training, medical and scientific facilities for the GB rowing squad. In 2011 he was awarded the \"BBC Sports – Lifetime Achievement Award\". In 2013 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Edinburgh \"in recognition of his outstanding sporting achievements and role as a sports ambassador\". He is commemorated at Burnham Grammar School, Redbridge Community School and", "title": "Steve Redgrave" }, { "id": "1630147", "score": "1.9095104", "text": "\"for services to Rowing\" which he received from Queen Elizabeth II on 1 May 2001 in Buckingham Palace. He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1987 and promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1997. In 2000 he was voted the BBC Sports Personality of the Year. In 2001 the International Rowing Federation awarded him the Thomas Keller Medal for Outstanding International Rowing Career. In November 2001 he was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of the University from Heriot Watt University having previously been awarded an Honorary", "title": "Steve Redgrave" }, { "id": "3607301", "score": "1.9033346", "text": "(with Ed Coode replacing the injured Foster), and finally the gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics. In August 2000, the month prior to winning gold in Sydney, he took part in a 3-part BBC documentary entitled Gold Fever. This followed the coxless four team in the years leading up to the Olympics, including video diaries recording the highs and lows in their quest for gold. With Redgrave then having retired, Cracknell swapped from rowing on strokeside to bowside to join Pinsent in the coxless pairs. The pair won the World Championships in 2001, when they also won the coxed", "title": "James Cracknell" }, { "id": "3787448", "score": "1.859355", "text": "the 1996 Olympics, where they won Bronze. Following his Olympic medal, he continued his university studies at Oxford, competing in the 1997 Boat Race. In 1997 he won a seat in the coxless four alongside Steve Redgrave, Matthew Pinsent and James Cracknell. In the run up to the Olympics, he again needed back surgery and time off after severing tendons in his hand by punching a window at a boat club party. In August 2000, the month prior to winning gold in Sydney, a three-part BBC documentary entitled \"Gold Fever\" was broadcast. This followed the coxless four team in the", "title": "Tim Foster" }, { "id": "6837693", "score": "1.8548", "text": "and Sir Steve Redgrave, who won five gold medals in five consecutive Games in rowing, a record for an endurance event. Sailor Sir Ben Ainslie jointly holds the Great Britain record for most individual Olympic gold medals with Chris Hoy and Sir Mo Farah with four, and the most gold medals in a single event with three gold medals (in the Men's Finn class sailing event 2004–2012) - again shared with Jason Kenny (men's team sprint 2008–2016), Steve Redgrave (men's coxless pair 1988–1996) and Ed Clancy (men’s team pursuit 2008-2016). Sir Chris Hoy holds the record for gold medals in", "title": "Great Britain at the Olympics" }, { "id": "6878006", "score": "1.8542824", "text": "two-time Olympic champions from East Germany in the men's 8 twice at the Lucerne pre-olympic regatta. Steve Redgrave won his first of five consecutive gold medals. Elisabeta Oleniuc, later known as Elisabeta Lipă, also won her first gold medal. Twenty years later she won her fifth gold medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. The quadruple sculls events, as in 1976 and 1980, were again held without coxswain for men and with coxswain for women. Rowing at the 1984 Summer Olympics Rowing at the 1984 Summer Olympics featured 14 events in total, for both men and women. Events were", "title": "Rowing at the 1984 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "1630144", "score": "1.8376398", "text": "in starting a rowing academy in India at Lavasa, the new Hill City being developed near Pune City. In 2010, he was named a Patron of the Jaguar Academy of Sport. In 2012, he took up kayaking and attempted the Devizes to Westminster marathon kayak race but had to withdraw halfway through due to tiredness. He rowed on the \"Gloriana\" as part of the royal pageant for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. In April 2008, Redgrave took part in the Olympic Torch relay for the games in Beijing, and he went on to be one of the final torch-bearers", "title": "Steve Redgrave" }, { "id": "3478727", "score": "1.8372573", "text": "the 1999 World Championship in the pair, but Ginn had missed the 2000 Sydney Olympics with a severe back injury, and Tompkins had finished third with a new partner Matthew Long in the pair. Tomkins was also the oldest male rower to win an Olympic gold medal, surpassing Steve Redgrave. Norway's Olaf Tufte won the men's single scull, and Germany's Katrin Rutschow-Stomporowski won with women's single scull beating two-time defending Olympic Champion Ekaterina Karsten. The Romanian women's pair of Georgeta Damian and Viorica Susanu took gold before doubling up to help their eight take gold, giving Damian her fourth Olympic", "title": "Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "15299699", "score": "1.8183281", "text": "and Redgrave's fairytale five Olympic gold medal came true. It was a fitting final representative performance for Dodwell in his home country Olympics. Ben Dodwell Ben Dodwell (born 17 April 1972 in Melbourne) is an Australian former rower - a nine-time national champion, a dual Olympian, Olympic medal winner and representative at World Rowing Championships. Dodwell was educated at Melbourne Grammar School where he took up rowing. He rowed in the school's first VIII of 1988. Four years later he would be competing at the Barcelona Olympics. From school he joined the Mercantile Rowing Club in Melbourne. Later during his", "title": "Ben Dodwell" }, { "id": "9298200", "score": "1.8088292", "text": "their seats and their combination into the 2000 Olympic year. They raced at two World Rowing Cups in Europe and then at the Sydney 2000 Olympics they again came up against the same champion British four they'd met in 1998. The British went out the fast in the first 500m and maintained the lead thereafter. The Italians got into 2nd place in the second 500m and also held that spot. The Australians left their run till the 3rd 500m and could never recover to better than third place. The Australian's took bronze and Steve Redgrave's fairytale five Olympic gold medal", "title": "James Stewart (rower)" }, { "id": "14089598", "score": "1.806075", "text": "left their run till the 3rd 500m and could never recover to better than third place. The Australian's took bronze and Redgrave's fairytale five Olympic gold medal came true. In the next Olympiad Hanson didn't compete at a single World Championship or World Cup although he continued to row at the elite national level. He was selected for the 2004 Athens Olympics in the six seat of Australian men's eight who took the bronze medal in Athens. It was Hansen's last representative appearance. During the later stages of his career, Bo attempted to understand how his behaviour related to his", "title": "Bo Hanson (rower)" }, { "id": "3478726", "score": "1.7973477", "text": "at the medal ceremony. Matching Lipă's and Pinsent's feat of four consecutive gold medals was German sculler Kathrin Boron in the women's quadruple sculls. She had won the doubles event in Barcelona 1992 and Sydney 2000 and the quadruple sculls in Atlanta 1996. Australian James Tomkins, competing in his fifth games at the age of 39, won his third gold medal, and fourth medal overall, teaming with his longtime partner Drew Ginn in the men's pair. Tomkins and Ginn had been part of the straight four that won the gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, and they had won", "title": "Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "18965130", "score": "1.7956715", "text": "2000 marked the first Olympic success of the boat club with Ben Hunt-Davis, Fred Scarlett and Rowley Douglas clinching gold medals in the Men's Eights at the Sydney Olympics. Steve Williams achieved gold at the World Championships, along with Alex Partridge who won U23 gold. Steve Williams went on to win gold at the Athens Olympics, as well as becoming world champion in 2005 with Alex Partridge. Again in the 2008 Beijing olympics, Steve Williams defended his Olympic title with Alastair Heathcote, Tom Lucy and Alex Partridge, all gaining a silver medal at Beijing. Carla Ashford and Caroline O'Connor finished", "title": "Oxford Brookes University Boat Club" } ]

[ "apish", "Hominoidea", "hominoidae", "Apish", "History of hominoid taxonomy", "Ape family", "Apes", "hominoidea", "history of hominoid taxonomy", "apes", "Hominoideas", "Simia satyrus", "Hominoids", "ape family", "hominoid", "Ape", "hominoids", "Hominoid", "Hominoidae", "hominoideas", "simia satyrus", "ape" ]

[ { "id": "3818770", "score": "1.926872", "text": "Tarzan of the Apes Tarzan of the Apes is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the first in a series of books about the title character Tarzan. It was first published in the pulp magazine \"The All-Story\" in October 1912. The story follows Tarzan's adventures, from his childhood being raised by apes in the jungle, to his eventual encounters with other humans and Western society. The character was so popular that Burroughs continued the series into the 1940s with two dozen sequels. For the novel's centennial anniversary, Library of America published a hardcover edition based on the original", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "id": "3818793", "score": "1.924331", "text": "series as needed for accuracy. That series had Burroughs' daughter, Joan, in the role of Jane. Tarzan of the Apes Tarzan of the Apes is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the first in a series of books about the title character Tarzan. It was first published in the pulp magazine \"The All-Story\" in October 1912. The story follows Tarzan's adventures, from his childhood being raised by apes in the jungle, to his eventual encounters with other humans and Western society. The character was so popular that Burroughs continued the series into the 1940s with two dozen sequels.", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "id": "9603266", "score": "1.9169602", "text": "60-66, cover dated Nov./Dec. 1975-Nov./Dec. 1976). The Son of Tarzan The Son of Tarzan is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the fourth in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. It was written between January 21 and May 11, 1915, and first published in the magazine \"All-Story Weekly\" as a six-part serial from December 4, 1915 to January 8, 1916. It was first published in book form by A. C. McClurg & Co. in March 1917 and has been reprinted numerous times since by various publishers. In this novel, for the first and only time", "title": "The Son of Tarzan" }, { "id": "9603258", "score": "1.8885496", "text": "The Son of Tarzan The Son of Tarzan is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the fourth in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. It was written between January 21 and May 11, 1915, and first published in the magazine \"All-Story Weekly\" as a six-part serial from December 4, 1915 to January 8, 1916. It was first published in book form by A. C. McClurg & Co. in March 1917 and has been reprinted numerous times since by various publishers. In this novel, for the first and only time in the Tarzan series, the main", "title": "The Son of Tarzan" }, { "id": "3818777", "score": "1.8577183", "text": "in \"The All-Story\" in October 1912. \"The All-Story\" published it in its entirety in installments, and it was published in 1914 as a novel. Though \"The Jungle Book\" is sometimes cited as an influence on Burroughs’ \"Tarzan of the Apes\", he claimed that his only inspiration was the Roman myth of Romulus and Remus. Rudyard Kipling commented that Burroughs \"had 'jazzed' the motif of the Jungle Books and, I imagine, thoroughly enjoyed himself.\" Recent literary criticism often focuses on the identity of the eponymous protagonist of \"Tarzan of the Apes.\" Literary scholars, such as Jeff Berglund, Mikko Tuhkanen, J. Michelle", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "id": "9714783", "score": "1.8503672", "text": "and literary criticism. Under Francis Fisher Browne, the magazine gained national prominence, but it was sold three years after Browne's death in 1913. In 1913, A. C. McClurg published its first Edgar Rice Burroughs \"Tarzan of the Apes\" book. McClurg would publish the first ten novels of the series. By 1923, the company's operations focused exclusively on wholesaling. The company remained in business until 1962. A. C. McClurg A. C. McClurg was a Chicago, Illinois based publisher made famous by their original publishing of the \"Tarzan of the Apes\" novels and other stories of Edgar Rice Burroughs. The company was", "title": "A. C. McClurg" }, { "id": "9603396", "score": "1.8316185", "text": "with a script by Gaylord DuBois and art by Russ Manning. Tarzan the Terrible Tarzan the Terrible is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the eighth in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. It was first published as a serial in the pulp magazine \"Argosy All-Story Weekly\" in the issues for February 12, 19, and 26 and March 5, 12, 19, and 26, 1921; the first book edition was published in June 1921 by A. C. McClurg. Its setting, Pal-ul-don, is one of the more thoroughly realized \"lost civilizations\" in Burroughs' Tarzan stories. The novel", "title": "Tarzan the Terrible" }, { "id": "9603677", "score": "1.8146622", "text": "Tarzan and the Madman Tarzan and the Madman is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the twenty-third in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. Written from January to February 1940, the story was never published in Burroughs' lifetime. It was first published in hardcover by Canaveral Press in June 1964, and in paperback by Ballantine Books in February 1965. Tarzan tracks down a man who has been mistaken for him. The man is under the delusion that \"he\" is Tarzan, and he is living in a lost city inhabited by people descended from early Portuguese", "title": "Tarzan and the Madman" }, { "id": "8786061", "score": "1.8028884", "text": "The Return of Tarzan The Return of Tarzan is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the second in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. It was first published in the pulp magazine \"New Story Magazine\" in the issues for June through December 1913; the first book edition was published in 1915 by A. C. McClurg. The novel picks up soon after where \"Tarzan of the Apes\" left off. The ape man, feeling rootless in the wake of his noble sacrifice of his prospects of wedding Jane Porter, leaves America for Europe to visit his friend", "title": "The Return of Tarzan" }, { "id": "2424438", "score": "1.7995417", "text": "Edgar Rice Burroughs, beginning with \"Under the Moons of Mars\", a serialized novel eventually published in book form as \"A Princess of Mars\", and later \"The Gods of Mars\". Other \"All-Story\" writers included Rex Stout, later a famed mystery writer, and mystery writer Mary Roberts Rinehart, Western writers Max Brand and Raymond S. Spears, and horror and fantasy writers Tod Robbins, Abraham Merritt, Perley Poore Sheehan and Charles B. Stilson. In 2006, a copy of the October 1912 issue of \"All-Story Magazine\", featuring the first appearance of the character Tarzan in any medium, sold for $59,750 in an auction held", "title": "Argosy (magazine)" }, { "id": "9603063", "score": "1.7983845", "text": "Manning. The Beasts of Tarzan The Beasts of Tarzan is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the third in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. Originally serialized in \"All-Story Cavalier\" magazine in 1914, the novel was first published in book form by A. C. McClurg in 1916. The story begins a year after the conclusion of the previous book, Tarzan (Lord Greystoke) and Jane have had a son, whom they've named Jack. Tarzan has spent much time building an estate home on the Waziri lands in Uziri, Africa, but has returned to his ancestral estate", "title": "The Beasts of Tarzan" }, { "id": "9603678", "score": "1.7957547", "text": "explorers. The plot devices of a lost city and a Tarzan \"double\" or impostor had been used by Burroughs in some previous Tarzan novels. Tarzan and the Madman Tarzan and the Madman is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the twenty-third in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. Written from January to February 1940, the story was never published in Burroughs' lifetime. It was first published in hardcover by Canaveral Press in June 1964, and in paperback by Ballantine Books in February 1965. Tarzan tracks down a man who has been mistaken for him. The", "title": "Tarzan and the Madman" }, { "id": "9603476", "score": "1.7951727", "text": "Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle (novel) Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, generally considered the eleventh in his series of books about the title character Tarzan (the previous book, \"Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins\", being omitted from the enumeration on the grounds that it was written for younger readers). It was first published as a serial in \"Blue Book Magazine\" from December 1927 through May 1928; it first appeared in book form in a hardcover edition from A. C. McClurg in September 1928. Tarzan finds an outpost of European knights and crusaders", "title": "Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle (novel)" }, { "id": "9603392", "score": "1.7934035", "text": "Tarzan the Terrible Tarzan the Terrible is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the eighth in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. It was first published as a serial in the pulp magazine \"Argosy All-Story Weekly\" in the issues for February 12, 19, and 26 and March 5, 12, 19, and 26, 1921; the first book edition was published in June 1921 by A. C. McClurg. Its setting, Pal-ul-don, is one of the more thoroughly realized \"lost civilizations\" in Burroughs' Tarzan stories. The novel contains a map of the place as well as a glossary", "title": "Tarzan the Terrible" }, { "id": "9603619", "score": "1.7860473", "text": "Tarzan the Magnificent (novel) Tarzan the Magnificent is a book by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the twenty-first in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. It was originally published as two separate stories serialized in different pulp magazines; \"Tarzan and the Magic Men\" in \"Argosy\" from September to October, 1936, and \"Tarzan and the Elephant Men\" in \"Blue Book\" from November 1937 to January 1938. The two stories were combined under the title \"Tarzan the Magnificent\" in the first book edition, published in 1939 by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. In order of writing, the book follows \"Tarzan's", "title": "Tarzan the Magnificent (novel)" }, { "id": "13560299", "score": "1.7784736", "text": "(It has been adapted for the cinema more times than any book) Even though the copyright on \"Tarzan of the Apes\" has expired in the United States, the name Tarzan is still protected as a trademark of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. Also, the work remains under copyright in some other countries where copyright terms are longer. The novel tells the story of John Clayton II . John and Alice (Rutherford) Clayton, Lord and Lady Greystoke of England, are marooned in the western coastal jungles of equatorial Africa in 1888; after an unstated amount of time later, their son John Clayton", "title": "Tarzan (book series)" }, { "id": "9603060", "score": "1.7778184", "text": "The Beasts of Tarzan The Beasts of Tarzan is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the third in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. Originally serialized in \"All-Story Cavalier\" magazine in 1914, the novel was first published in book form by A. C. McClurg in 1916. The story begins a year after the conclusion of the previous book, Tarzan (Lord Greystoke) and Jane have had a son, whom they've named Jack. Tarzan has spent much time building an estate home on the Waziri lands in Uziri, Africa, but has returned to his ancestral estate in", "title": "The Beasts of Tarzan" }, { "id": "9603551", "score": "1.7755382", "text": "art by Paul Norris, and later by DC Comics in \"Tarzan\" nos. 231-234, dated July 1974-January 1975, adapted by Joe Kubert. Tarzan and the Lion Man Tarzan and the Lion Man is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the seventeenth in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. The novel was originally serialized in the magazine \"Liberty \"from November 1933 through January 1934. It satirizes Hollywood's treatment of the Tarzan character and even spoofs Burroughs' own work. It was written at a time when Johnny Weissmuller was becoming a movie star by playing Tarzan as an", "title": "Tarzan and the Lion Man" }, { "id": "9603507", "score": "1.7744743", "text": "Tarzan and the Lost Empire Tarzan and the Lost Empire is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the twelfth in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. It was first published as a serial in \"Blue Book Magazine\" from October 1928 through February 1929; it first appeared in book form in a hardcover edition from Metropolitan Newspaper Services in September 1929. This was the first Edgar Rice Burroughs book not published by A. C. McClurg, with whom Burroughs had cut off business ties due to a dispute over royalties. Erich von Harben, a young German specialized", "title": "Tarzan and the Lost Empire" }, { "id": "9603621", "score": "1.7728219", "text": "Tarzan and the Foreign Legion Tarzan and the Foreign Legion is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the twenty-second in his series of books about the title character Tarzan. The book, written June–September 1944 while Burroughs was living in Honolulu and published in 1947, was the last new work by Burroughs to be published during his life (\"Llana of Gathol\", the tenth book in the Barsoom series, was published in 1948, but it was a collection of four stories originally published in \"Amazing Stories\" in 1941). The novel is set during World War II. The term \"foreign legion\"", "title": "Tarzan and the Foreign Legion" } ]

[ "", "36", "thirty-six", "thirty six" ]

[ { "id": "309501", "score": "1.7878726", "text": "gradations of volume and tone according to how forcefully a performer presses or strikes the keys. Most modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, 52 white keys for the notes of the C major scale (C, D, E, F, G, A and B) and 36 shorter black keys, which are raised above the white keys, and set further back on the keyboard. This means that the piano can play 88 different pitches (or \"notes\"), going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the \"accidentals\" (F/G, G/A, A/B, C/D, and", "title": "Piano" }, { "id": "2256421", "score": "1.7665921", "text": "frame instead of back posts. The Astin-Weight piano is said to produce a very rich tone, not to every listener's taste but greatly prized by Astin-Weight owners. Almost every modern piano has 36 black keys and 52 white keys for a total of 88 keys (seven octaves plus a minor third, from A0 to C8). Most makers standardized around the 88 key format during the 1880s and 1890s time period. Many older pianos only have 85 keys (seven octaves from A0 to A7), while some manufacturers extend the range further in one or both directions. Henri Pape experimented with an", "title": "Innovations in the piano" }, { "id": "287710", "score": "1.6653562", "text": "notes (a Bösendorfer 290 \"Imperial\" has 97 keys and a Stuart & Sons model has 108 keys). While modern synthesizer keyboards commonly have either 61, 76 or 88 keys, small MIDI controllers are available with 25 notes. (Digital systems allow shifting octaves, pitch, and \"splitting\" ranges dynamically, reducing the need for dedicated keys.) Organs normally have 61 keys per manual, though some spinet models have 44 or 49. An organ pedalboard is a keyboard with long pedals played by the organist's feet. Pedalboards vary in size from 12 to 32 notes. In a typical keyboard layout, \"black note\" keys have", "title": "Musical keyboard" }, { "id": "287712", "score": "1.641339", "text": "as 170 mm. Modern piano keyboards ordinarily have an octave span of 164–165 mm; resulting in the width of black keys averaging 13.7 mm and white keys about 23.5 mm wide at the base, disregarding space between keys. Several reduced-size standards have been proposed and marketed. A 15/16 size (152 mm octave span) and the 7/8 DS Standard (140 mm octave span) keyboard developed by Christopher Donison in the 1970s and developed and marketed by Steinbuhler & Company. U.S. pianist Hannah Reimann has promoted piano keyboards with narrower octave spans and has a U.S. patent on the apparatus and methods", "title": "Musical keyboard" }, { "id": "309561", "score": "1.6055555", "text": "(seven octaves from A to A). Some piano manufacturers have extended the range further in one or both directions. For example, the Imperial Bösendorfer has nine extra keys at the bass end, giving a total of 97 keys and an eight octave range. These extra keys are sometimes hidden under a small hinged lid that can cover the keys to prevent visual disorientation for pianists unfamiliar with the extra keys, or the colours of the extra white keys are reversed (black instead of white). More recently, manufacturer Stuart & Sons created a piano with 108 keys, going from C to", "title": "Piano" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Grand piano" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Musical keyboard\n\nA musical keyboard is the set of adjacent depressible levers or keys on a musical instrument. Keyboards typically contain keys for playing the twelve notes of the Western musical scale, with a combination of larger, longer keys and smaller, shorter keys that repeats at the interval of an octave. Pressing a key on the keyboard makes the instrument produce sounds—either by mechanically striking a string or tine (acoustic and electric piano, clavichord), plucking a string (harpsichord), causing air to flow through a pipe organ, striking a bell (carillon), or, on electric and electronic keyboards, completing a circuit (Hammond organ, digital piano, synthesizer). Since the most commonly encountered keyboard instrument is the piano, the keyboard layout is often referred to as the \"piano keyboard\".", "title": "Musical keyboard" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Toy piano\n\nThe toy piano, also known as the kinderklavier (child's keyboard), is a small piano-like musical instrument. Most modern toy pianos use round metal rods, as opposed to strings in a regular piano, to produce sound. The U.S. Library of Congress recognizes the toy piano as a unique instrument with the subject designation, Toy Piano Scores: M175 T69. The most famous example of a dedicated composition for the instrument is the \"Suite for Toy Piano\" (1948) by John Cage.", "title": "Toy piano" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Split sharp\n\nA split sharp is a kind of key found in some early keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord, clavichord, or organ. It is a musical key divided in two, with separately depressible front and back sections, each sounding its own pitch. The particular keys that were split were those that play the sharps and flats on the standard musical keyboard (the \"black keys\" on a modern piano).\n\nSplit sharps served two distinct purposes. First, in the broken octave, they allowed an instrument to include deep bass notes while retaining a short, compact keyboard.\n\nSecond, in older music, tuning was generally not done by equal temperament, which treats note pairs such as A and B as the same pitch. Instead, they were assigned slightly different pitches on enharmonic keyboards (particularly in \"meantone temperament\"). This allowed certain musical intervals, such as the major third, to sound closer to their ideal just value, hence more closely tuned to just intonation.\n\nSplit sharps present advantages and disadvantages: \"Obviously this would have its advantages under some circumstances in terms of intonation. However, the complexities of fingering and hand position dictated by such a keyboard configuration presented problems.\" Specifically: \"Such devices were obviously an impediment to rapid scale work in the lowest bass register, but this does not matter greatly as Italian seventeenth-century music generally avoids writing of this kind.\"\n\nIn modern usage, split sharps are usually the method of choice for custom keyboards that play 19 equal temperament, which, like meantone, uses different pitches for sharps and flats that are enharmonic in the standard 12 tone.\n\n", "title": "Split sharp" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Black Keys\n\nThe Black Keys are an American rock duo formed in Akron, Ohio, in 2001. The group consists of Dan Auerbach (guitar, vocals) and Patrick Carney (drums). The duo began as an independent act, recording music in basements and self-producing their records, before they eventually emerged as one of the most popular garage rock artists during a second wave of the genre's revival in the 2000s. The band's raw blues rock sound draws heavily from Auerbach's blues influences, including Junior Kimbrough, R.L. Burnside, Howlin' Wolf, and Robert Johnson.\n\nFriends since childhood, Auerbach and Carney founded the group after dropping out of college. After signing with indie label Alive, they released their debut album, \"The Big Come Up\" (2002), which earned them a new deal with Fat Possum Records. Over the next decade, the Black Keys built an underground fanbase through extensive touring of small clubs, frequent album releases and music festival appearances, and broad licensing of their songs. Their third album, \"Rubber Factory\" (2004), received critical acclaim and boosted the band's profile, eventually leading to a record deal with major label Nonesuch Records in 2006. After self-producing and recording their first four records in makeshift studios, the duo completed \"Attack & Release\" (2008) in a professional studio and hired producer Danger Mouse, who subsequently became a frequent collaborator with the band.\n\nThe group's commercial breakthrough came in 2010 with \"Brothers\", which along with its popular single \"Tighten Up\", won three Grammy Awards. Their 2011 follow-up \"El Camino\" received strong reviews and peaked at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, leading to the first arena concert tour of the band's career, the El Camino Tour. The album and its hit single \"Lonely Boy\" won three Grammy Awards. In 2014, they released their eighth album, \"Turn Blue\", their first number-one record in the US, Canada, and Australia. After completing the Turn Blue Tour in 2015, the duo took a hiatus for several years to work on side projects and produce other artists. They returned in 2019 with their ninth album, \"Let's Rock\"; their tenth studio album \"Delta Kream\" was released in 2021 and consists of hill country blues covers.", "title": "The Black Keys" }, { "id": "309560", "score": "1.5926592", "text": "since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, or are illegal in some countries, makers use plastics almost exclusively. Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic. Legal ivory can still be obtained in limited quantities. The Yamaha firm invented a plastic called \"Ivorite\" that they claim mimics the look and feel of ivory. It has since been imitated by other makers. Almost every modern piano has 52 white keys and 36 black keys for a total of 88 keys (seven octaves plus a minor third, from A to C). Many older pianos only have 85 keys", "title": "Piano" }, { "id": "2256423", "score": "1.5842592", "text": "that can be flipped down to cover the keys in order to avoid visual disorientation in a pianist unfamiliar with the extended keyboard. On others, the colours of the extra white keys are reversed (black instead of white). The Stuart and Sons company manufactures extended-range pianos, with all of their pianos having 97 or 102 keys. On their instruments, the note range extends from F0 or C0 to F8, a full eight or eight and a half octaves. The extra keys are the same as the other keys in appearance. Stuart and Sons introduced a 108 key piano in 2018,", "title": "Innovations in the piano" }, { "id": "19109005", "score": "1.5784311", "text": "The first 29 keys counting from the lowest note form the first group and as mentioned they are all monochords. The second group consists of 44 keys. The first two keys counting from the lowest notes strike monochords, but the rest of the keys strike bichords. A standard piano consists largely of trichords although the lower notes use bichords and then monochords as the notes get progressively lower. Monochords extend between two pins at opposing sides, whereas bichords extend between two tuning pins one which is a little higher than the other, and the piano wire actually extends down to", "title": "Minipiano" }, { "id": "287711", "score": "1.5612907", "text": "uniform width, and \"white note\" keys have uniform width and uniform spacing at the front of the keyboard. In the larger gaps between the \"black\" keys, the width of the natural notes C, D and E differ slightly from the width of keys F, G, A and B. This allows close to uniform spacing of 12 keys per octave while maintaining uniformity of seven \"natural\" keys per octave. Over the last three hundred years, the octave span distance found on historical keyboard instruments (organs, virginals, clavichords, harpsichords, and pianos) has ranged from as little as 125 mm to as much", "title": "Musical keyboard" }, { "id": "287707", "score": "1.5604166", "text": "F/G, G/A, A/B) (see Sharp and Flat) are raised and shorter. Because these keys receive less wear, they are often made of black colored wood and called the \"black notes\" or \"black keys\". The pattern repeats at the interval of an octave. The arrangement of longer keys for C major with intervening, shorter keys for the intermediate semitones dates to the 15th century. Many keyboard instruments dating from before the nineteenth century, such as harpsichords and pipe organs, have a keyboard with the colours of the keys reversed: the \"white notes\" are made of ebony and the \"black notes\" are", "title": "Musical keyboard" }, { "id": "4726666", "score": "1.5562123", "text": "keys for the five sharps and flats. A typical, full-size organ manual consists of five octaves, or 61 keys. Piano keyboards, by contrast, normally have 88 keys; some electric pianos and digital pianos have fewer keys, such as 61 or 73 keys. Some smaller electronic organs may have manuals of four octaves or less (25, 49, 44, or even 37 keys). Changes in registration through use of drawknobs, stop tabs, or other mechanisms to control organ stops allow such instruments to achieve an aggregate range well in excess of pianos and other keyboard instruments even with manuals of shorter pitch", "title": "Manual (music)" }, { "id": "6629073", "score": "1.5427985", "text": "to have 64 keys is the 106P (P for \"Pupil\"), a 44-note classroom model with a plastic case, no controls, one loudspeaker and no sustain pedal. The 106P was available as a set of eight on a folding frame, forming a portable keyboard lab. They were attached by an umbilical to a full size teacher piano with controls to feature each pupil piano. This model appears to date from the early 1970s and was available in orange or beige. Page McConnell, of the rock band Phish, is a prominent user of this model. Due to its small stature and color", "title": "Wurlitzer electric piano" }, { "id": "8789416", "score": "1.5350866", "text": "cover more than 7 octaves, and a piano with 88 keys made for 16ths of a tone would not constitute a full octave. To have the same number of octaves as a conventional piano, a piano for 16ths of a tone would need 704 keys. So, using logic and innovative thoughts of modern luthiers, a traditional piano will be enriched infinitely. Every existing instrument has to be modified to adapt to the new rules of the Sonido 13 system, but also new instruments have to be designed and created. Thus, modern luthiers have an almost fantastic but still unexplored world", "title": "Sonido 13" }, { "id": "6154033", "score": "1.5319471", "text": "ordinary sized keyboard, his fingers get stuck in between the black keys. He had two piano in his home in New York, a regular piano and a specially made French piano with wider keys. The whole keyboard was also tilted downward at the back, which he explained was a decided advantage. For his return concert in Berlin in 1907, Steinway especially built him a piano with the keys proportionally enlarged, the entire keyboard is about one foot longer than the standard keyboard. The keyboard was also slanted like his home piano. Though some of his many compositions are best described", "title": "Martinus Sieveking" }, { "id": "1441322", "score": "1.5291383", "text": "diatonic toy pianos have only eight keys and can play one octave. Other variants may have non-functioning black keys between every key (which would make it appear to play the quarter tones between E/F and B/C), but they either do not play, play the same notes as an adjacent white key, or play a special sound effect. Early toy pianos used glass bars to produce their sound, but Albert Schoenhut, son of a German toy-making family, introduced metal sounding bars to make the instrument more durable. One popular model used metal xylophone bars, struck by a wooden sphere thrown up", "title": "Toy piano" }, { "id": "287706", "score": "1.5183519", "text": "organ, digital piano, synthesizer). Since the most commonly encountered keyboard instrument is the piano, the keyboard layout is often referred to as the \"piano keyboard\". The twelve notes of the Western musical scale are laid out with the lowest note on the left; The longer keys (for the seven \"natural\" notes of the C major scale: C, D, E, F, G, A, B) jut forward. Because these keys were traditionally covered in ivory they are often called the \"white notes\" or \"white keys\". The keys for the remaining five notes—which are not part of the C major scale—(i.e., C/D, D/E,", "title": "Musical keyboard" }, { "id": "4196249", "score": "1.5136373", "text": "centimeters. For example, a Model 170 is 170 centimeters long (approximately 5'7\"). The following table describes the current Bösendorfer models: To appeal to a wider market, Bösendorfer designed the Conservatory Series for colleges and universities that could not afford Bösendorfer's standard black-model pianos. The production of the two CS Series pianos spends less time in \"non-critical areas\", cutting down costs of production and purchase, making them more affordable than standard models. The cases and frames are of satin finish, rather than polished, and initially, the pianos were loop-strung rather than single-strung, but that difference has since been abandoned. Bösendorfer has", "title": "Bösendorfer" }, { "id": "5211060", "score": "1.5105178", "text": "string modules. Most digital stage pianos have weighted keys or semi-weighted keys. The difference is how much force it will take you to push on the keys and how much the keys feel like those of an acoustic piano. Stage pianos usually have 88 keys, which is standard for all modern acoustic pianos. However, some stage pianos have fewer keys, such as the Kurzweil SP76. It has only 76 semi-weighted keys, but is still called a stage piano because of its layout and weighted keys. While the sounds or \"voices\" available on stage pianos is often wider than that of", "title": "Stage piano" }, { "id": "2256422", "score": "1.5051601", "text": "8 octave (F to F) keyboard range in the mid 1840s. Former French maker Erard (known for inventing the double escapement principle still used in grand actions today) added two extra keys at the low end (ie: G instead of A) on some concert grands as far back as 1877, for a total of 90 keys. Some Bösendorfer pianos extend the normal range downwards to F0 (models 213, 225 and 275) with one other model (290) going as far as a bottom C0, making a full eight octave range. These extra keys are sometimes hidden under a small hinged lid", "title": "Innovations in the piano" }, { "id": "10945907", "score": "1.5009263", "text": "is, to the left), are colored black so that the pianist can tell them apart from the normal keys of an 88-key piano. They were originally covered with a removable panel to prevent a pianist from accidentally playing the extra notes. While the keys are seldom used, the extra bass strings create additional harmonic resonance that contributes to an overall richer sound. Compositions have been written specifically to utilize the extra keys. Pianist and University of Washington School of Music director Robin McCabe explains the challenge of adjusting to the extra keys: \"One's 'southern sight-lines,' so to speak, can be", "title": "Imperial Bösendorfer" } ]

[ "corner person", "Fistfighting", "Boxing (sport)", "History of professional boxing", "Prize-fighter", "Boxing Styles and Techniques", "Corner-persons", "Pugilistic", "prize fighting", "pugilist", "noble art", "拳闘", "Cornerperson", "pugilistic", "Hit and Away", "boxing punches", "boxing", "boxing moves", "Fist-fighting", "western boxing", "Boxing punches", "English boxing", "Boxing moves", "Corner person", "boxing sport", "sports boxing", "ring second", "boxing styles and techniques", "Prizefights", "cornerperson", "Noble art", "Sports boxing", "round boxing", "Boxers", "Boxing match", "corner men", "Pugilist", "history of professional boxing", "cornerpersons", "Parrying (boxing)", "Cornermen", "Corner men", "Low guard", "gentleman s sport", "hit and away", "Corner-person", "History of boxing", "Prize fighting", "Prize fighter", "Pugilism", "pugilism", "Gentleman's sport", "cornermen", "Round (boxing)", "Ring second", "prize fight", "fist fight", "Prize Fighter", "Western boxing", "Fist fighting", "Boxing", "Cornerpersons", "corner persons", "prizefighter", "prizefights", "parrying boxing", "prize fighter", "boxer", "fist fighting", "Corner-man", "Fist Fighting", "Fistfight", "boxing match", "Fist fight", "corner man", "Corner-men", "fistfight", "Corner persons", "history of boxing", "Boxer", "Fist-fight", "low guard", "Prizefighter", "fistfighting", "Prize fight", "boxers", "english boxing" ]

[ { "id": "9351131", "score": "2.0847855", "text": "Emmanuel Agassi Emanoul Aghassian (Persian: ایمانوئل آغاسيان), Anglicized as Emmanuel \"Mike\" Agassi (born December 25, 1930), is a former boxer and the father and former coach of Andre Agassi. Born to Assyrian and Armenian parents (however in his own words, his father, David Agassi, was a Ukrainian Armenian from Kiev and mother was a Turkish Armenian ), he was raised in a Christian household in Tehran. One of his ancestors changed his surname from Agassian to Agassi to avoid persecution. Agassi was first exposed to tennis by American and British servicemen. He represented Iran as a boxer in the 1948", "title": "Emmanuel Agassi" }, { "id": "16171", "score": "1.9035577", "text": "Olympic boxer from Iran and Elizabeth \"Betty\" Agassi (née Dudley). His father claims to have Armenian and Assyrian heritage. One of his ancestors changed his surname from Aghassian to Agassi to avoid persecution. Andre Agassi's mother, Betty, is a breast cancer survivor. He has three older siblings – Rita (last wife to Pancho Gonzales), Philip and Tami. Andre was given the middle name Kirk after Kirk Kerkorian, an Armenian American billionaire. Agassi, a waiter at Tropicana Las Vegas, met Kerkorian in 1963. Agassi at the age of 12 (with his good friend and doubles partner Roddy Parks) won the 1982", "title": "Andre Agassi" }, { "id": "9351132", "score": "1.8758875", "text": "and 1952 Summer Olympics, losing in the first round both times. His trainer was former Polish-German boxer Hans Ziglarski. He followed his brother Samuel to Chicago in 1952, and changed his name to \"Mike Agassi\". Less than a month after graduating from Roosevelt University, he met Elizabeth Dudley through a mutual friend. They married at a Methodist church in Chicago's North Side on August 19, 1959. When a friend offered Agassi a job at the Tropicana Hotel, the couple moved to Las Vegas, Nevada with their 2-year-old daughter Rita and 8-day old son Phillip in October 1962; daughter Tamara (Tami)", "title": "Emmanuel Agassi" }, { "id": "12792472", "score": "1.8412964", "text": "opponent, Emmanuel Agassi, is the father of tennis champion Andre Agassi. Leonard Leisching Leonard Leisching (born 11 September 1934) is a former boxer from South Africa, bronze medalist at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki and gold medalist at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Vancouver, British Columbia. Leisching was also an accomplished footballer, appearing as a full-back for Johannesburg Rangers, Wigan Athletic, Llandudno and Southern Suburbs. At the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Leonard Leisching competed in the featherweight division for South Africa. Here are his results from that tournament: Starting at the 1952 Olympic boxing tournament,", "title": "Leonard Leisching" }, { "id": "13689474", "score": "1.7681606", "text": "they won the bronze medal in the 1951 Asian Games in New Delhi. He was chosen personally by the late Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to be on the team . The shah loved watching him play specially his sky hooks . His team still the only Iranian national basketball team that has won any games in the olympics . His favorite player of all times was Bob Cousy . He was the head coach of the Iranian national basketball team from 1966 until 1968. Hossein Soudipour Hossein Soudipour () was a retired doctor, and former basketball player and head coach", "title": "Hossein Soudipour" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Emmanuel Agassi\n\nEmanoul Aghassian (, anglicized as Emmanuel \"Mike\" Agassi; December 25, 1930 – September 24, 2021) was an Iranian Olympic boxer and the father and coach of American tennis player Andre Agassi. He represented Iran at the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics.", "title": "Emmanuel Agassi" }, { "id": "9351133", "score": "1.7565717", "text": "was born in 1967, and Andre in 1970. Agassi has described Rita, Phillip, and Tami as \"guinea pigs\" in the development of the methods he used to mold Andre into a world-class player. In 1984, Rita, having rebelled against her father's 5,000-balls-a-day-regimen, married Pancho Gonzales. In his autobiography \"Open\", Andre recalled Mike and Steffi Graf's father Peter nearly coming to blows arguing over whether Andre or Steffi had the superior backhand technique when Mike showed Peter the machine he built to fire tennis balls at Andre and his siblings. Mike Agassi's autobiography \"The Agassi Story\" was published in 2004. Emmanuel", "title": "Emmanuel Agassi" }, { "id": "16240", "score": "1.7347515", "text": "owed him. Agassi's autobiography, \"Open: An Autobiography,\" (written with assistance from J. R. Moehringer), was published in November 2009. In it, Agassi opens up about his childhood or having to grow up with a very unconventional Armenian father who came to the United States from Iran where he was a professional boxer. Overly demanding and emotionally abusive to the whole family, his father groomed young Agassi for tennis greatness by building a tennis court in their backyard and sending Agassi to tennis boarding school under the supervision of Nick Bollettieri who later coached and managed part of Agassi's professional career.", "title": "Andre Agassi" }, { "id": "10096895", "score": "1.7291225", "text": "(fifth place), Hassan Pakandam (Persian: حسن پاک اندام) in the Lightweight division (fifth place), Vazik Kazarian (Persian: وازیک قازاریان) in the Light-Welterweight division (silver medal), Soren Pirjanian (Persian: سورن پیرجانیان) in the Welterweight division (silver medal), Amir Yavari (captain) (Persian: امیر یاوری) in the Light-middleweight division (silver medal), Leon Khachatourian (Persian: لئون خاچاطوریان) in the Middleweight division (bronze medal), Akbar Khojini (Persian: اکبرخوجینی) in the Light heavyweight division (bronze medal), (no participant in the Heavyweight division). Iran at the 1958 Asian Games Iran participated in the 1958 Asian Games held in the capital city of Tokyo, Japan. This country is", "title": "Iran at the 1958 Asian Games" }, { "id": "18256056", "score": "1.726903", "text": "in the 1962 Asian Games. In Tokyo 1958, Aliakbarzadeh obtained the fifth place of the 57 kg boxing division, after losing on points to Isami Ikeyama, from Japan, the eventual gold medal winner of the division, in the quarterfinal. Sadegh Aliakbarzadeh Sadegh Aliakbarzadeh Khoi (Persian: صادق علی اکبرزاده خویی, born September 3, 1932 in Soviet Union), was an Iranian boxer who became a member of Iran senior national Boxing team in 1957, and was also a member of Tehran Jafari Club, boxing in the 54 and 57 kg divisions. He participated as a member of the Iranian boxers at the", "title": "Sadegh Aliakbarzadeh" }, { "id": "12765971", "score": "1.7231964", "text": "in the 1951 and 1958 Asian Games. Parviz Koozehkanani Parviz Koozehkanani (), is a retired Iranian football player. He started his career with Taj SC and ended it with the same club in 1965, which a lifelong injury had caused his early retirement. In 1957 he was transferred to 1. FC Köln then Bayer Leverkusen. His stay in Germany was shortened due to his desire to resume his career with the national team to take part at 1958 Asian Games. In 1960, he moved to the United States where he spent 2 years. Koozehkanani was a member of the Iran", "title": "Parviz Koozehkanani" }, { "id": "15294480", "score": "1.7174075", "text": "held the Iranian heavyweight title between 1961 and 1968. Boroumand married in September 1963 and had three children. He retired from competitions around 1968, and from 1972 to 1980 trained the national weightlifting team. In 1976 he received a degree in coaching from the Polish Sports Academy. Between 1979 and 1985 he headed the Iran Weightlifting Federation. Manouchehr Boroumand Manouchehr Boroumand (, 26 March 1934 – 21 December 2017) was an Iranian heavyweight weightlifter. He was selected for the 1960 Summer Olympics, but withdrew in the last moment due to an illness; he also missed the 1962 Asian Games because", "title": "Manouchehr Boroumand" }, { "id": "4242880", "score": "1.7150397", "text": "Games title once, and competed in the 1972 Munich Olympics and 1976 Montreal Olympics and 1978 FIFA World Cup. As a Manager, he won an Azadegan League in 1998 and a Bangladesh League in 1988, as well as a runner-up place in AFC Champions League in 1999. Hejazi was born on 14 December 1949 in Tehran, Iran. His father, Ali Akbar had a real estate agency in Tehran and was an Iranian Azerbaijani from Tabriz. He was admitted to Allameh Tabatabai University in 1977. He was later enrolled in Nader F.C. in 1964 and played for club until 1965. After", "title": "Nasser Hejazi" }, { "id": "16593954", "score": "1.7138098", "text": "He is the father of Nick Mohtadi, an orthopaedic surgeon and former professional tennis player. Matthew Farhang Mohtadi Dr. Matthew Farhang Mohtadi (born 6 January 1926) is a Canadian academic and former sportsman, originally from Iran. Mohtadi made the final of the 1944 Middle East Championships, for table tennis. He was a member of the Iran national basketball team that competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. He played in their match against France. Mohtadi also played tennis and competed in seven successive Wimbledon Championships from 1949 to 1955. On each occasion he exited in the opening round, to", "title": "Matthew Farhang Mohtadi" }, { "id": "16794371", "score": "1.7096446", "text": "Hossein Nassim Hossein Nassim (born 27 April 1952) is an Iranian swimmer. He who was a member of Iran national water polo teams participating in the 1976 Summer Olympics and 1970, 1974, and 1986 Asian Games, and won a gold medal in 1974. Nassim was known for his national records in the backstroke, and his contribution to the Iran men's national water polo team from the early 1970s through the late 1980s. Nassim immigrated to Germany in 1987, and is now a coach and instructor with swim clubs there. Nassim was born in Abadan, Iran, to Ramezan Nassim Naseri and", "title": "Hossein Nassim" }, { "id": "10995731", "score": "1.7029831", "text": "with the national teams of Finland, Turkey and Iran (1957–1960), and was personally known to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Olle Anderberg Olle Henrik Martin Anderberg (13 September 1919 – 26 September 2003) was a Swedish wrestler. He competed in the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics in freestyle and Greco-Roman events and won a silver medal in the Greco-Roman featherweight in 1948 and a gold in the freestyle lightweight in 1952. Between 1942 and 1962 Anderberg won three world, two European and 27 national titles. Anderberg's father Frans and brother Gunnar played football in the Swedish premier division. Olle tried football", "title": "Olle Anderberg" }, { "id": "18624994", "score": "1.6960833", "text": "he won bronze, behind Hans Liljedahl and Klas Kleberg of Sweden, while in the team event he took silver alongside Farid Makarius, Mahmoud Labib, and Sharif Shahine. He won silver again in the team event at the 1952 World Championships in Oslo, Norway, with Shahine, Youssef Fares, and Michel Marabouti. He then participated in the individual trap event at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, where he placed 12th. He made his final podium appearance at the World Championships in 1954, which was held in Caracas, Venezuela, by capturing bronze in the team event with Mohamed Ezzedine Badrawi, Rafie", "title": "Seifollah Ghaleb" }, { "id": "17486108", "score": "1.694422", "text": "Olympics. Pakandam was born near Abshar alley, Rey street, Tehran, Iran, where he grew up. He married in 1970 and his son was born in 1971. As a main profession, he worked for the Telecommunication Company of Iran until retirement. His funeral procession was held on July 17, 2013 in Tehran, from Shahid Shiroudi Stadium to Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in the “celebrity” (Naam Avaran) section (), where he is buried. The grand ceremony was held with a widespread attendance of family, relatives, friends, Iran sportspeople, and especially Iran boxing community. Hassan Pakandam Hassan Pakandam (; May 19, 1934 in Tehran", "title": "Hassan Pakandam" }, { "id": "16170", "score": "1.691643", "text": "a bone spur that interfered with the nerve, Agassi retired from professional tennis on September 3, 2006, after losing in the third round of the US Open to Benjamin Becker. He is the founder of the Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation, which has raised over $60 million for at-risk children in Southern Nevada. In 2001, the Foundation opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas, a K-12 public charter school for at-risk children. He has been married to fellow tennis player Steffi Graf since 2001. Andre Agassi was born in Las Vegas, Nevada to Emmanuel \"Mike\" Agassi, a former", "title": "Andre Agassi" }, { "id": "7194034", "score": "1.6847546", "text": "of Champion of Champions in Iranian Sports in the fields of track and field, pentathlon and soccer, bringing the total of medals awarded to him to 47. His brother, David, was also awarded numerous gold medals by the Shah. Malek-Yonan played high school soccer, basketball and volleyball. After a chance encounter with Iran's track and field coach, Ahmad Izadpanah, at Amjadieh Stadium (today known as Shahid Shiroudi Stadium), Malek-Yonan became interested in track and field. In 1934 Izadpanah had begun organizing various track and field meets and by 1936, the Iranian Athletics Federation was established and Iran joined the International", "title": "George Malek-Yonan" }, { "id": "15926430", "score": "1.6810992", "text": "\"Evan\" by Iranian Assyrians and \"Ewan\" by Iraqi and Syrian Assyrians, with an emphasis on the vowels. Agassi was born in Kermanshah, Iran. He became involved in the Iranian national radio since his teen years where he recorded a number of records in Persian. He worked with many famous Iranian poets and composers and produced several popular songs, which were broadcast on the radio and TV stations, with several reaching the top ten records at the time. While in radio, Evin Aghassi also sang Persian songs, which became hits at the time, one noticeable song dates back to 1974 entitled", "title": "Evin Agassi" } ]

[ "douard" ]

[ { "id": "125803", "score": "1.6293179", "text": "Édouard Manet Édouard Manet (; ; ; 23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883) was a French modernist painter. He was one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism. Born into an upper-class household with strong political connections, Manet rejected the future originally envisioned for him, and became engrossed in the world of painting. His early masterworks, \"The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe)\" and \"Olympia\", both 1863, caused great controversy and served as rallying points for the young painters who would create Impressionism. Today,", "title": "Édouard Manet" }, { "id": "125819", "score": "1.5318358", "text": "the painter Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Morisot had her first painting accepted in the Salon de Paris in 1864, and she continued to show in the salon for the next ten years. Manet became the friend and colleague of Berthe Morisot in 1868. She is credited with convincing Manet to attempt plein air painting, which she had been practicing since she was introduced to it by another friend of hers, Camille Corot. They had a reciprocating relationship and Manet incorporated some of her techniques into his paintings. In 1874, she became his sister-in-law when she married his brother, Eugène. One of Manet's", "title": "Édouard Manet" }, { "id": "14534931", "score": "1.5235219", "text": "(1878–79) is the only other pure self-portrait by Manet. The chronological proximity of the two paintings implies a direct connection between them; accordingly, they have been considered as two stages of a work in progress. In the first painting, \"Self-Portrait with Palette\", the act of painting itself is depicted by the blurred gestures of the painter. In the latter work, the painter is shown with the clear detachment of a viewer, rather than a creator. To Éric Darragon it appears that the painter has \"stepped back, to evaluate his painting.\" After Manet's death the two pictures hung on either side", "title": "Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet)" }, { "id": "125804", "score": "1.5194678", "text": "these are considered watershed paintings that mark the start of modern art. The last 20 years of Manet's life saw him form bonds with other great artists of the time, and develop his own style that would be heralded as innovative and serve as a major influence for future painters. Édouard Manet was born in Paris on 23 January 1832, in the ancestral hôtel particulier (mansion) on the rue des Petits Augustins (now rue Bonaparte) to an affluent and well-connected family. His mother, Eugénie-Desirée Fournier, was the daughter of a diplomat and goddaughter of the Swedish crown prince Charles Bernadotte,", "title": "Édouard Manet" }, { "id": "16601360", "score": "1.5180526", "text": "The Absinthe Drinker (Manet painting) The Absinthe Drinker (French: \"Le Buveur d'absinthe\") is an early painting by Édouard Manet, c.1859, considered to be his first major painting and first original work. Manet became a student in the studio of Thomas Couture from 1850 but grew to dislike his master's Salon style and thereafter set up his own studio in 1856. Little of Manet's earliest work survives and much may have been destroyed by Manet himself. \"The Absinthe Drinker\" is a full-length portrait of an alcoholic \"chiffonnier\" (rag-picker) named Collardet who frequented the area around the Louvre in Paris. Collardet is", "title": "The Absinthe Drinker (Manet painting)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Édouard Manet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Claude Monet\n\nOscar-Claude Monet (, , ; 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French painter and founder of impressionist painting who is seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it. During his long career, he was the most consistent and prolific practitioner of impressionism's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to \"plein air\" (outdoor) landscape painting. The term \"Impressionism\" is derived from the title of his painting \"Impression, soleil levant\", exhibited in 1874 (the \"exhibition of rejects\") initiated by Monet and his associates as an alternative to the Salon.\n\nMonet was raised in Le Havre, Normandy, and became interested in the outdoors and drawing from an early age. Although his mother, Louise-Justine Aubrée Monet, supported his ambitions to be a painter, his father, Claude-Adolphe, disapproved and wanted him to pursue a career in business. He was very close to his mother, but she died in January 1857 when he was sixteen years old, and he was sent to live with his childless, widowed but wealthy aunt, Marie-Jeanne Lecadre. He went on to study at the Académie Suisse, and under the academic history painter Charles Gleyre, where he was a classmate of Auguste Renoir. His early works include landscapes, seascapes, and portraits, but attracted little attention. A key early influence was Eugène Boudin who introduced him to the concept of \"plein air\" painting. From 1883, Monet lived in Giverny, also in northern France, where he purchased a house and property and began a vast landscaping project, including a water-lily pond.\n\nMonet's ambition to document the French countryside led to a method of painting the same scene many times so as to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. Among the best-known examples are his series of haystacks (1890–91), paintings of the Rouen Cathedral (1894), and the paintings of water lilies in his garden in Giverny that occupied him continuously for the last 20 years of his life.\n\nFrequently exhibited and successful during his lifetime, Monet's fame and popularity soared in the second half of the 20th century when he became one of the world's most famous painters and a source of inspiration for burgeoning groups of artists.", "title": "Claude Monet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of paintings by Claude Monet\n\nThis is an incomplete list of works by Claude Monet (1840–1926), including nearly all the finished paintings but excluding the \"Water Lilies\", which can be found here, and preparatory black and white sketches.\n\nMonet was a founder of French impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to \"plein-air\" landscape painting. The term Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting \"Impression, Sunrise\" ().\n\nWhat made Monet different from the other Impressionist painters was his innovative idea of creating Series paintings devoted to paintings of a single theme or subject. With the repetitious study of the subject at different times of day Monet's paintings show the effects of sunlight, time and weather through color and contrast. Monet's \"Series paintings\" are well known and notable, and include \"Haystacks\", \"Water Lilies\", \"Rouen Cathedrals\", \"Houses of Parliament\", \"Charing Cross Bridge\", and \"Poplar Trees\". His prodigious output of nearly 2000 paintings was catalogued by Daniel Wildenstein in the .", "title": "List of paintings by Claude Monet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Impression, Sunrise\n\nImpression, Sunrise (French: \"Impression, soleil levant\") is an 1872 painting by Claude Monet first shown at what would become known as the \"Exhibition of the Impressionists\" in Paris in April, 1874. The painting is credited with inspiring the name of the Impressionist movement.\n\n\"Impression, Sunrise\" depicts the port of Le Havre, Monet's hometown. It is now displayed at the Musée Marmottan Monet in Paris.", "title": "Impression, Sunrise" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Olympia (Manet)\n\nOlympia is a painting by Édouard Manet, first exhibited at the 1865 Paris Salon, which shows a nude woman (\"Olympia\") lying on a bed being brought flowers by a servant. Olympia was modelled by Victorine Meurent and Olympia's servant by the art model Laure. Olympia's confrontational gaze caused shock and astonishment when the painting was first exhibited because a number of details in the picture identified her as a prostitute. The French government acquired the painting in 1890 after a public subscription organized by Claude Monet. The painting is on display at the Musée d'Orsay, Paris.", "title": "Olympia (Manet)" }, { "id": "125842", "score": "1.5165356", "text": "estimate of $25–35 million at Christie's on 5 November 2014. The previous auction record was held by \"Self-Portrait With Palette\" which sold for $33.2 million at Sotheby's on 22 June 2010. Short introductory works: Longer works: Édouard Manet Édouard Manet (; ; ; 23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883) was a French modernist painter. He was one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism. Born into an upper-class household with strong political connections, Manet rejected the future originally envisioned for him, and became engrossed in the", "title": "Édouard Manet" }, { "id": "18901291", "score": "1.5063717", "text": "Eugène Manet Eugène Manet (21 November 1833 – 13 April 1892) was a French painter. He did not achieve the high reputation of his older brother Édouard Manet or his wife Berthe Morisot, and devoted much of his efforts to supporting his wife's career. Manet was the middle of the three sons of Auguste Manet, an official at the French Ministry of Justice. He was born in Paris, 22 months after his older brother Édouard in January 1832, and 16 months before his younger brother Gustave in March 1835. He was named after his mother Eugénie-Désirée (née Fournier). The brothers", "title": "Eugène Manet" }, { "id": "17939315", "score": "1.4930352", "text": "1855, when his submissions to the Salon were rejected, he put on his own exhibit of forty of his paintings in a nearby building. In 1870, Napoleon III proposed giving the Legion of Honour to Courbet, but he publicly rejected it. Édouard Manet was one of the first non-academic artists to achieve both popular and critical success during the Second Empire, thanks in part to a little help from Napoleon III. Manet's painting \"The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe)\" was rejected by the jury of the 1863 Paris Salon, along with many other non-academic paintings by other", "title": "Paris during the Second Empire" }, { "id": "13188143", "score": "1.4926041", "text": "Degas, and Mary Cassatt. The Havemeyers were among the first American collectors of French Impressionists painting and amassed one of the most important collections of Old Masters and Impressionist paintings on American soil. The French artist Édouard Manet (1832–1883) felt strongly that keen observation made a great painter. A brilliant technician who used broad strokes of paint as comfortably as he did minute dabs of color, Manet explored ideas about light that set the stage for the Impressionist movement. He completed \"Blue Venice\" while touring Italy in 1874. His dashes of paint create the effect of sunlight sparkling on water;", "title": "Electra Havemeyer Webb Memorial Building" }, { "id": "125840", "score": "1.4887786", "text": "made possible the completion of a painting in a single sitting. It was adopted by the Impressionists, and became the prevalent method of painting in oils for generations that followed. Manet's work is considered \"early modern\", partially because of the opaque flatness of his surfaces, the frequent sketchlike passages, and the black outlining of figures, all of which draw attention to the surface of the picture plane and the material quality of paint. The art historian Beatrice Farwell says Manet \"has been universally regarded as the Father of Modernism. With Courbet he was among the first to take serious risks", "title": "Édouard Manet" }, { "id": "125818", "score": "1.4851887", "text": "his wife in \"The Reading\", among other paintings. Eleven-year-old Leon Leenhoff, whose father may have been either of the Manets, posed often for Manet. Most famously, he is the subject of the \"Boy Carrying a Sword\" of 1861 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York). He also appears as the boy carrying a tray in the background of \"The Balcony\". He became friends with the Impressionists Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Paul Cézanne and Camille Pissarro through another painter, Berthe Morisot, who was a member of the group and drew him into their activities. The supposed grand-niece of", "title": "Édouard Manet" }, { "id": "14534924", "score": "1.4847944", "text": "26 in) painting shows a half-length portrait of the painter Édouard Manet. In this self-portrait as painter he depicted himself as a stylish Boulevardier in front of a dark background. The depicted wears a black top hat and a brown jacket, under which is a white shirt, of which only the collar can be seen. The neckline of the suit jacket covers a black silk tie which is affixed by a tie pin. In the right, only vaguely depicted hand he holds a long wooden brush with red paint on the tip; the left hand holds a painting palette with", "title": "Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet)" }, { "id": "14534934", "score": "1.4832509", "text": "not only a successful artist but a successful figure in society: the paintings are a record of this success. Wilson-Bareau proposes an alternate explanation for the origin of the self-portraits. When the art historian and Manet biographer Adolphe Tabarant asked Manet's stepson Léon Leenhoff about the point in time at which Manet had been stricken with Syphilis, Leenhoff gave 1879 as an answer, which would explain why Manet, who had never before in his life painted a self-portrait, had painted two within that year. It would seem that with the reality of death right before his eyes, he felt a", "title": "Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet)" }, { "id": "125838", "score": "1.4824016", "text": "city. Manet's public career lasted from 1861, the year of his first participation in the Salon, until his death in 1883. His extant works, as catalogued in 1975 by Denis Rouart and Daniel Wildenstein, comprise 430 oil paintings, 89 pastels, and more than 400 works on paper. Although harshly condemned by critics who decried its lack of conventional finish, Manet's work had admirers from the beginning. One was Émile Zola, who wrote in 1867: \"We are not accustomed to seeing such simple and direct translations of reality. Then, as I said, there is such a surprisingly elegant awkwardness ... it", "title": "Édouard Manet" }, { "id": "1672745", "score": "1.4818186", "text": "18 March, in the aftermath of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, a revolutionary government called the Paris Commune briefly took power in the city. Courbet played an active part, and organized a Federation of Artists, which held its first meeting on 5 April in the Grand Amphitheater of the School of Medicine. Some three hundred to four hundred painters, sculptors, architects, and decorators attended. There were some famous names on the list of members, including André Gill, Honoré Daumier, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Eugène Pottier, Jules Dalou, and Eduard Manet. Manet was not in Paris during the Commune, and did", "title": "Gustave Courbet" }, { "id": "14409964", "score": "1.4758521", "text": "Salon of Paris but it was rejected because it was deemed to be contemptuous of the morality of the time. French society was not prepared for such frank depictions of prostitution, and the critics did not see the artistic qualities of the work and concentrated solely on the scene which was represented. One of the defenders of Manet was Émile Zola who in 1880 published a novel of the same name as the ninth volume of \"Les Rougon-Macquart\" series. However, there is no clear evidence of mutual inspiration in the choice of the theme and the title as the book", "title": "Nana (painting)" }, { "id": "18901293", "score": "1.4750987", "text": "of Eugène Manet. Manet and Morisot had one daughter, Julie Manet, born on 14 November 1878. Manet was depicted by his brother in his paintings \"Music in the Tuileries\" (1862), and was probably a model for the right male figure in \"Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe\" (1863) which has been identified as either Eugène or his dark-haired younger brother Gustave Manet, and may be a composite of the two. Eugène may also be the \"chiffonnier\" (rag-picker) to the right in his brother's painting \"Philosophers\" of 1865, and was depicted with Édouard's wife Suzanne in \"On the Beach\" (1873). He was also", "title": "Eugène Manet" }, { "id": "125822", "score": "1.4666653", "text": "Impressionist painting. He painted many outdoor (plein air) pieces, but always returned to what he considered the serious work of the studio. Manet enjoyed a close friendship with composer Emmanuel Chabrier, painting two portraits of him; the musician owned 14 of Manet's paintings and dedicated his \"Impromptu\" to Manet's wife. Throughout his life, although resisted by art critics, Manet could number as his champions Émile Zola, who supported him publicly in the press, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Charles Baudelaire, who challenged him to depict life as it was. Manet, in turn, drew or painted each of them. Manet's paintings of café", "title": "Édouard Manet" }, { "id": "5487936", "score": "1.4649117", "text": "(Not to be confused with Monet's painting of the same name), painted in 1873, which is often referred to as \"The Railway\". The painting is considered the best example of Manet's use of contemporary subject matter. In 1875, Meurent began studying with the portraitist . The following year, Meurent first submitted work of her own at the Salon and was accepted. Manet's own submissions were rejected by the jury that year. \"Bourgeoise de Nuremberg au XVIe siècle\", Meurent's entry at the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1879, was hung in the same room as the entry by Manet. Work by Meurent", "title": "Victorine Meurent" }, { "id": "125829", "score": "1.4636364", "text": "by Mexican firing squad of a Habsburg emperor who had been installed by Napoleon III. Neither the paintings nor a lithograph of the subject were permitted to be shown in France. As an indictment of formalized slaughter the paintings look back to Goya, and anticipate Picasso's \"Guernica\". In January 1871, Manet traveled to Oloron-Sainte-Marie in the Pyrenees. In his absence his friends added his name to the \"Fédération des artistes\" (see: Courbet) of the Paris Commune. Manet stayed away from Paris, perhaps, until after the \"semaine sanglante\": in a letter to Berthe Morisot at Cherbourg (10 June 1871) he writes,", "title": "Édouard Manet" } ]

[ "Country club", "golf club institution", "country club", "tropicana country club", "Country clubs", "Country Club", "Golf club (institution)", "Tropicana Country Club", "country clubs" ]

[ { "id": "547910", "score": "1.9147112", "text": "courts, polo grounds and exercise facilities are also common. Country clubs usually provide dining facilities to their members and guests, and frequently host catered events like weddings. Similar clubs in urban areas are often called \"athletic clubs\". These clubs often feature indoor sports, such as indoor tennis, squash, futsal, basketball, volleyball, boxing, and exercise facilities. Members of sports clubs that support a team can be sports amateurs—groups who meet to practice a sport, as for example in most cycling clubs—or professionals -- football clubs consist of well-paid team members and thousands of supporters. A sports club can thus comprise participants", "title": "Club (organization)" }, { "id": "3519935", "score": "1.8012104", "text": "by their owners. See Japan Golf Tour. Country club A country club is a privately owned club, often with a membership quota and admittance by invitation or sponsorship, that generally offers both a variety of recreational sports and facilities for dining and entertaining. Typical athletic offerings are golf, tennis, and swimming. A country club is most commonly located in city outskirts or suburbs, and is distinguished from an urban athletic club by having substantial grounds for outdoor activities and a major focus on golf. Country clubs originated in Scotland and first appeared in the US in the early 1880s. Country", "title": "Country club" }, { "id": "3519930", "score": "1.7941244", "text": "Country club A country club is a privately owned club, often with a membership quota and admittance by invitation or sponsorship, that generally offers both a variety of recreational sports and facilities for dining and entertaining. Typical athletic offerings are golf, tennis, and swimming. A country club is most commonly located in city outskirts or suburbs, and is distinguished from an urban athletic club by having substantial grounds for outdoor activities and a major focus on golf. Country clubs originated in Scotland and first appeared in the US in the early 1880s. Country clubs had a profound effect on expanding", "title": "Country club" }, { "id": "547909", "score": "1.713938", "text": "billed when the trial ends. There are two types of athletic and sports clubs, those organized for sporting participants (which include athletic clubs and country clubs), and those primarily for spectator fans of a team. Athletic and country clubs offer one or more recreational sports facilities to their members. Such clubs may also offer social activities and facilities, and some members may join primarily to take advantage of the social opportunities. \"Country club\"s offer a variety of recreational sports facilities to its members and are usually located in suburban or rural areas. Most country clubs have golf. Swimming pools, tennis", "title": "Club (organization)" }, { "id": "7455789", "score": "1.6258228", "text": "for a general sports club, rather than one dedicated to athletics proper. Larger sports clubs are characterized by having professional and amateur departments in various sports such as bike polo, football, basketball, futsal, cricket, volleyball, handball, rink hockey, bowling, water polo, rugby, track and field athletics, boxing, baseball, cycling, tennis, rowing, gymnastics and others, including less traditional sports such as airsoft, billiards, orienteering, paintball or roller derby. The teams and athletes belonging to a sports club may compete in several different leagues, championships and tournaments wearing the same club colors and using the same club name, sharing also the same", "title": "Sports club" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Country club\n\nA country club is a privately owned club, often with a membership quota and admittance by invitation or sponsorship, that generally offers both a variety of recreational sports and facilities for dining and entertaining. Typical athletic offerings are golf, tennis, and swimming. Where golf is the principal or sole sporting activity, and especially outside of the United States and Canada, it is common for a country club to be referred to simply as a golf club.\n\nCountry clubs are most commonly located in city outskirts or suburbs, due to the requirement of having substantial grounds for outdoor activities, which distinguishes them from an urban athletic club.\n\nCountry clubs originated in Scotland and first appeared in the US in the early 1880s. Country clubs had a profound effect on expanding suburbanization and are considered to be the precursor to gated community development.<ref name=\"Simon, Roger D. 2007\" />", "title": "Country club" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Georgia Tech\n\nThe Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly referred to as Georgia Tech or, in the state of Georgia, as Tech or The Institute, is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta, Georgia. Established in 1885, it is part of the University System of Georgia and has satellite campuses in Savannah, Georgia; Metz, France; Shenzhen, China; and Singapore. \n\nThe school was founded as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States. Initially, it offered only a degree in mechanical engineering. By 1901, its curriculum had expanded to include electrical, civil, and chemical engineering. In 1948, the school changed its name to reflect its evolution from a trade school to a larger and more capable technical institute and research university. Today, Georgia Tech is organized into six colleges and contains about 31 departments/units, with emphasis on science and technology. It is well recognized as an elite institute for its degree programs in computer science, engineering, and business.\n\nStudent athletics, both organized and intramural, are a part of student and alumni life. The school's intercollegiate competitive sports teams, the four-time football national champion Yellow Jackets, and the nationally recognized fight song \"Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech\", have helped keep Georgia Tech in the national spotlight. Georgia Tech fields eight men's and seven women's teams that compete in the NCAA Division I athletics and the Football Bowl Subdivision. Georgia Tech is a member of the Coastal Division in the Atlantic Coast Conference.", "title": "Georgia Tech" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Villages, Florida\n\nThe Villages is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sumter and Marion counties of the U.S. state of Florida. It shares its name with a broader master-planned age-restricted community that spreads into portions of Lake County. The overall development lies in central Florida, approximately south of Ocala and approximately northwest of Orlando. As of the 2020 census, the population of the CDP was 79,077.<ref name=\"Census 2020\"/>\n\nThe Villages covers an area of approximately 32 square miles, an area larger than Manhattan, and is expanding mainly to the south of the current community.\n\nThe Villages is made up of 17 special purpose community development districts (CDD), which are controlled by a board of supervisors (BoS), five individuals elected by the landowners of the district. H. Gary Morse, the original owner's son, transferred most direct ownership in the company to his three children in 2006; Morse died in 2014.\n\nThe community is the center of The Villages, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of all of Sumter County; Lake County is included in the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area; and Marion County is included in the Ocala, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. Between 2010 and 2020, The Villages Metropolitan Area was the fastest-growing metropolitan area in the United States, growing 39 percent, from about 93,000 in 2010 to 130,000 in 2020.", "title": "The Villages, Florida" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles\n\nPacific Palisades is a neighborhood in the Westside region of Los Angeles, California, situated about west of Downtown Los Angeles.\n\nPacific Palisades was formally founded in 1921 by a Methodist organization, and in the years that followed became a refuge for Jewish artists and intellectuals fleeing the Holocaust. The Palisades would later be sought after by celebrities and other high-profile individuals seeking privacy. It is known for: its seclusion and for being a close-knit community with a small-town feel, its Mediterranean climate, hilly topography, natural environment, its abundance of parkland and hiking trails, its strip of coastline, and for being home to a number of architecturally significant homes.\n\nPacific Palisades has historically been home to many Hollywood celebrities. Due to its secluded location compared to other affluent areas such as Beverly Hills, notable residents are afforded more privacy, and paparazzi are uncommon. People in the entertainment industry, and other affluent residents, also live throughout the Palisades, mixing with other less affluent residents. As of 2018, the community's population was 28,881.\n\nPacific Palisades is a largely residential community and does not attract many tourists other than day visitors to Gladstones Malibu, the local beaches, the Getty Villa or the Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine.\n\nNicknamed \"the Palisades\" and “Pali” by surfers and locals, the three-mile length of the Palisades coast spans from after Sorrento Beach in Santa Monica to the south, and ending at Sunset Point Beach and Malibu to the north. Beaches along the Pacific Palisades coast include: Will Rogers State Beach, Sunset Point Beach, and one of the few gay beaches in Los Angeles, Ginger Rogers Beach. The many parks within the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area lie along the ridges above the community, along with local parks that include Will Rogers State Historic Park.\n\nThe Palisades is bounded by Brentwood to the east, Malibu to the west, Santa Monica to the southeast, the Santa Monica Bay to the southwest, Topanga and the Santa Monica Mountains to the north.", "title": "Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "National Collegiate Athletic Association\n\nThe National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletics among about 1,100 schools in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana.\n\nUntil 1957, the NCAA was a single division for all schools. That year, the NCAA split into the University Division and the College Division. In August 1973, the current three-division system of Division I, Division II, and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention. Under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships. Generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978, while Division I programs that did not have football teams were known as I-AAA. In 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). In its 2016–17 fiscal year, the NCAA took in $1.06 billion in revenue, over 82% of which was generated by the Division I men's basketball tournament.\n\nControversially, the NCAA formerly capped the benefits that collegiate athletes could receive from their schools. The consensus among economists is these caps for men's basketball and football players benefit the athletes' schools (through rent-seeking) at the expense of the athletes. Economists have subsequently characterized the NCAA as a cartel. On June 21, 2021, the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously ruled that the education-related benefit caps the NCAA imposes on student athletes are in violation of US antitrust law.", "title": "National Collegiate Athletic Association" }, { "id": "547905", "score": "1.5981052", "text": "in the city (i.e., a house owned or rented, with the requisite staff), or the opening of a townhouse (generally shuttered outside the Season) was inconvenient or uneconomic, while hotels were rare and socially \"déclassé\". Clubbing with a number of like-minded friends to secure a large shared house with a manager was therefore a convenient solution. The other sort of club meets occasionally or periodically and often has no clubhouse, but exists primarily for some specific object. Such are the many purely athletic, sports and pastimes clubs, the Alpine, chess, yacht and motor clubs. Also there are literary clubs (see", "title": "Club (organization)" }, { "id": "3519934", "score": "1.5938833", "text": "the United Kingdom, most exclusive country clubs are simply golf clubs, and play a smaller role in their communities than American country clubs; gentlemen's clubs in Britain—many of which admit women while remaining socially exclusive—fill many roles of the United States' country clubs. Country clubs exist in multiple forms, including athletic-based clubs and golf clubs. Examples are the Breakfast Point Country Club and Cumberland Grove Country Club in Sydney, the Castle Hill Country Club, the Gold Coast Polo & Country Club, Elanora Country Club, and the Sanctuary Cove's Country Club. In Japan, almost all golf clubs are called \"Country Clubs\"", "title": "Country club" }, { "id": "4043931", "score": "1.5696359", "text": "infamous for a sign hanging outside the door reading \"Dogs and Locals not allowed\". The Karachi Gymkhana, also known as the Karachi Club, dates from 1907. At one point the city also supported the Hindu Gymkhana, for the commercial elite, but that 1925 building has been turned to other uses. Modern social clubs like the Karachi Boat Club, Karachi Yacht Club and Pavilion End Club serve as social clubs targeting specific interests. South Africa is home to the Rand Club in downtown Johannesburg, the Wanderers Club in Illovo, Johannesburg as well as the Inanda Club in Sandton and the Johannesburg", "title": "Gentlemen's club" }, { "id": "12619059", "score": "1.5693421", "text": "Club de Campo Villa de Madrid Club de Campo Villa de Madrid is a country club located in Madrid, Spain. The club was formed in 1929, and is regarded as one of the most prestigious in the country. It has a wide array of sports facilities including two championship golf courses, hockey pitches, tennis courts and swimming pools. The Javier Arana designed Negro (or Black) course opened in 1956, and is the venue for current European Tour event, the Madrid Masters, having previously hosted both the Open de Madrid and the Open de España on many occasions. The Amarillo (or", "title": "Club de Campo Villa de Madrid" }, { "id": "9461063", "score": "1.5672374", "text": "a public sports center with numerous facilities: two football courts, a basketball court, tennis courts, paddle courts and a gym well equipped. In the Cartaya's district there are public tennis and soccer field from \"albero\", not grass, and several medium banks. \"Albero\" is the Spanish word for the same compressed colored sand as in the bullfighting arena. It can be said that all communities and condominiums have certain sport facilities, mainly swimming pool, more or less sophisticated. It is important to ask when looking for accommodation. Life in El Portil and Nuevo Portil is relaxed despite the differences. \"El Portil\"", "title": "El Portil and Nuevo Portil" }, { "id": "3296245", "score": "1.5627761", "text": "are two large indoor basketball stadiums with about 3000 to 3500 seats each and three important football stadiums close to the city centre, the largest one with facilities for hosting about 15,000 people. There is one golf club with three courts of 9 holes each, driving range and putting green where courtesy for visitant players is observed. Two more golf courses are available in the area, one in a country club and the other in Puerto Belgrano. Since the 1950s, \"Bahía\" has been considered the leading city of Argentine basketball. Internationally well-known players are Emanuel Ginóbili (NBA, San Antonio Spurs,", "title": "Bahía Blanca" }, { "id": "5740715", "score": "1.552273", "text": "including mini-golf, computerized golf simulator, outdoor/indoor swimming pools, tennis courts and a natural lake with a sandy beach, restaurants, and bars, individual Hungarian style barbecues, sand volleyball, paddle boats and fishing. Golf is being increasingly promoted by the Russian Government as a healthy sporting activity for all age groups. Moscow Country Club has been the venue for European Tour event, the Russian Open since its inauguration, and also hosts the annual President of Russia Golf Cup. Moscow Country Club The Moscow Country Club is a golf club in Russia. The idea of building a championship golf course in Russia, dates", "title": "Moscow Country Club" }, { "id": "16883898", "score": "1.543355", "text": "Private ski area (North America) A private ski area is a membership based type of ski resort developed primarily for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. Like a country club, private ski areas in North America offer exclusive memberships, usually based on an initiation fee and annual dues. In this context, it is the presence of exclusive memberships rather than private ownership that makes a ski area private. Private ski areas offer a range of public access. Many smaller or more rural areas allow day tickets (sometimes with a daily cap) and/or trial memberships to be sold. Highly exclusive areas,", "title": "Private ski area (North America)" }, { "id": "2110746", "score": "1.5310407", "text": "the option of a private pool installation. Typical amenities offered can include one or more: In Brazil, the most widespread form of gated community is called \"condomínio fechado\" (closed housing estate) and is the object of desire of the upper classes. Such a place is a small town with its own infrastructure (reserve power supply, sanitation, and security guards). The purpose of such a community is to protect its residents from exterior violence. The same philosophy is seen on closed buildings and most shopping centres (many of them can only be accessed from inside the parking lot or the garage).", "title": "Gated community" }, { "id": "16032043", "score": "1.5257978", "text": "The modern country club environment of Tres Marias boasts a club house equipped with a Semi-Olympic indoor and outdoor pool, a gym, spa, game room, and a pilates and fitness room. There are also courts for volleyball, tennis, racquet ball, squash, basketball,and two soccer fields. A bike path of 9 km and 3 meters wide is also available for use by guests and members. There are three dining areas which consist of \"El Diez y 9\", \"Yacata\", and the \"Xumarhu\" bar. A first class Equestrian club is also part of the Tres Marias facility and provides forty-three well-ventilated stables, two", "title": "Tres Marias Golf Club" }, { "id": "423488", "score": "1.5244999", "text": "numerous outdoor courts built in the area of the former runway of application, having been demolished and the old gym complex pools (indoor and outdoor). Besides these facilities, the city of Toledo has covered sports pavilions in the districts of Santa Maria de Benquerencia, Santa Barbara, San Anton (Complejo Deportivo \"Leaping Horse\"), outdoor pools in sugar, Palomarejos, Santa Maria de Benquerencia, Santa Barbara, Santa Teresa and indoor swimming pools in the gardens of the Alcazar (old town), Santa Maria de Benquerencia and San Antonio. Toledo has a football team, Club Deportivo Toledo, which is currently playing in the third-tier Segunda", "title": "Toledo, Spain" }, { "id": "3519931", "score": "1.522536", "text": "suburbanization and are considered to be the precursor to gated community development. Country clubs can be exclusive organizations. In small towns, membership in the country club is often not as exclusive or expensive as in larger cities where there is competition for a limited number of memberships. In addition to the fees, some clubs have additional requirements to join. For example, membership can be limited to those who reside in a particular housing community. Country clubs were founded by upper-class elites between 1880 and 1930. By 1907, country clubs were claimed to be “the very essence of American upper-class.” The", "title": "Country club" }, { "id": "7417474", "score": "1.521816", "text": "pastry and ice cream. There are a variety of other restaurants in El Hatillo, offering such diverse cuisine as German and Thai food. Lagunita Country Club is one of the most important sports facilities in the municipality. The club offers tennis and swimming, but it is best known for its golf course, the home of the 1974 WGC-World Cup. Designed by Dick Wilson, the club began with temporary headquarters in 1959, opening officially in 1964. Lagunita Country Club played an important role in the development of La Lagunita neighborhood – an ambitious urban project, which has become one of the", "title": "El Hatillo Municipality" }, { "id": "13484197", "score": "1.515441", "text": "there was controversy and infighting over the destruction of the badminton courts and club election process. After the original bar was burned in a fire, the former bakery was turned into the \"Pub\" that functions as a mini-nightclub on weekends and \"Bar Nite\" once a month. The former bar is a formal, outside-catered restaurant called the \"Golf View Bar\" right next the library on the upper level. The club has an 18 hole golf course (the only private one within the city, the other being the military-only club and another in the suburbs), six tennis courts, squash and badminton courts,", "title": "Royal Willingdon Sports Club" }, { "id": "7059305", "score": "1.5005476", "text": "The Al Baha literary club is concerned with intellectual meetings, poems, novels and book distribution. It hosts intellectuals from all regions of Saudi Arabia. Founded in 2009, their website can be accessed at http://www.adbialbaha.com/index.php. There are four main local football clubs in the city: (Arabic وفي عام 1434 هـ تم تغيير اسم النادي الى نادي العين):نادي العميد (زهران سابقا) King Saud Sport City complex (Arabic: مدينة الملك سعود الرياضية) provides sport and leisure facilities including swimming pools, a football club, basketball. All of the Saudi citizens of Al Baha are Sunni Muslim, who in the past practiced Shafi`i, a school", "title": "Al Bahah" } ]

[ "commonwealth scientific and industrial research organization", "Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry", "Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization", "Food Science Australia", "australian scientific liaison office", "Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation", "Australian Scientific Liaison Office", "commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation", "commonwealth institute of science and industry", "CSIRO", "food science australia", "commonwealth scientific industrial research organisation", "csiro", "Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation", "Commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation" ]

[ { "id": "1988222", "score": "2.11045", "text": "that contribute to national and international biological knowledge. The National Collections contribute to taxonomic, genetic, agricultural and ecological research. A precursor to CSIRO, the Advisory Council of Science and Industry, was established in 1916 on the initiative of prime minister Billy Hughes. However, the Advisory Council struggled with insufficient funding during the First World War. In 1920 the Council was renamed the Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry, and was led by George Handley Knibbs (1921–26), but continued to struggle financially. In 1926 the Australian Parliament modified the principal Act for national scientific research (the \"Institute of Science and Industry", "title": "CSIRO" }, { "id": "1988223", "score": "1.9126365", "text": "Act 1920\") by passing \"The Science and Industry Research Act 1926\". The new Act replaced the Institute with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). With encouragement from prime minister Stanley Bruce, strengthened national science leadership and increased research funding, CSIR grew rapidly and achieved significant early successes. The council was structured to represent the federal structure of government in Australia, and had state-level committees and a central council. In addition to an improved structure, CSIR benefited from strong bureaucratic management under George Julius, David Rivett, and Arnold Richardson. Research focused on primary and secondary industries. Early in its", "title": "CSIRO" }, { "id": "4620166", "score": "1.896787", "text": "22 National Committees for Science which provide a forum to discuss issues relevant to all the scientific disciplines in Australia. The Australian National Research Council (ANRC) was established in 1919 for the purpose of representing Australia on the International Research Council. The Council ceased to exist in 1954, replaced by the Australian Academy of Science. The Shine Dome (previously known as Becker House) is a well-known Canberra landmark, notable for its unusual structure, and colloquially referred to as \"The Martian Embassy\", an allusion to its shape and the fact that as the capital of Australia, Canberra is the home of", "title": "Australian Academy of Science" }, { "id": "12192997", "score": "1.8922026", "text": "respective industries. The National Research Council (1916) was founded to support manufacturing research and to provide science and technology advice to the government and the Dominion Bureau of Statistics was created in 1917 to support economic development. The series of post-war NRC spin-offs saw this advisory role handed over to a newly created agency the Science Council of Canada founded in 1966. It provided scientific advice to the government until it was abolished in 1993 as part of federal budget cutbacks. In 2007 the federal government established the Science, Technology and Innovation Council (Canada) with a mandate to study and", "title": "Natural scientific research in Canada" }, { "id": "13413634", "score": "1.8707975", "text": "to the Prime Minister's Science, Engineering and Innovation Council (PMSEIC). Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council The Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council (ASTEC) was an Australian government agency. ASTEC was established in April 1977 as the Australian Science and Technology Council to advise the Australian government on matters relating to science and technology. The council was composed of leading academics and industrialists, although scientists from other government agencies, notably the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), were excluded. In 1997, the Australian Science and Technology Council changed its name to the Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council. The", "title": "Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council" }, { "id": "1444852", "score": "1.862196", "text": "of the best available evidence and information. A record 22 Royal Commissions reported to the Bruce government, as well as scores of other inquiries and research projects undertaken by the Commonwealth in a wide range of areas, particularly on economic, industrial and agricultural matters. Recognising that investment in science was essential to expanding the opportunities for agricultural and economic development in Australia, Bruce established the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), now known as the CSIRO. He established the Bureau of Economic Research in 1929 and for the first time economists were regularly employed to advise the government on", "title": "Stanley Bruce" }, { "id": "13413633", "score": "1.8547562", "text": "Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council The Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council (ASTEC) was an Australian government agency. ASTEC was established in April 1977 as the Australian Science and Technology Council to advise the Australian government on matters relating to science and technology. The council was composed of leading academics and industrialists, although scientists from other government agencies, notably the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), were excluded. In 1997, the Australian Science and Technology Council changed its name to the Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council. The council was abolished in 1997, and its functions were transferred", "title": "Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council" }, { "id": "1362456", "score": "1.8210578", "text": "iteration of what is now the CSIRO. The council had no basis in legislation, and was intended only as a temporary body to be replaced with \"Bureau of Science and Industry\" as soon as possible. However, due to wartime stresses and other considerations the council endured until 1920, at which point an act of parliament was passed transforming it into a new government agency, the Institute of Science and Industry. According to Fitzhardinge: \"The whole affair was highly typical of Hughes's methods. An idea coming from outside happened to chime with his preoccupation of the moment. He seized it, put", "title": "Billy Hughes" }, { "id": "18825293", "score": "1.7824175", "text": "South Australian Science Council The South Australian Science Council is a body which provides high level, independent science policy advice to the Government of South Australia and to the Chief Scientist of South Australia. It also oversees the implementation of the state's \"Investing in Science\" action plan. Prior to June 2015 the council was known as the Premier's Science and Industry Council, and prior to that, the Premier's Science and Research Council. The council was established during the first term of the Rann Government in June 2002 \"to advise the government on strategies for boosting local science and research capabilities", "title": "South Australian Science Council" }, { "id": "18825295", "score": "1.7770712", "text": "of the council includes: Former members include: South Australian Science Council The South Australian Science Council is a body which provides high level, independent science policy advice to the Government of South Australia and to the Chief Scientist of South Australia. It also oversees the implementation of the state's \"Investing in Science\" action plan. Prior to June 2015 the council was known as the Premier's Science and Industry Council, and prior to that, the Premier's Science and Research Council. The council was established during the first term of the Rann Government in June 2002 \"to advise the government on strategies", "title": "South Australian Science Council" }, { "id": "12192960", "score": "1.7653549", "text": "of Calgary in Calgary, Alberta in 1966. At the same time a number of federal governmental research organizations were spun off from the National Research Council. These included the Communications Security Establishment(1946), Defense Research Board (1947), Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (1952) and the Medical Research Council of Canada (1966). Provincial governments continued to establish research organizations as well with the BC Research Council being founded in 1944, the Nova Scotia Research Foundation in 1946 and the Saskatchewan Research Council in 1947. The Government of Quebec established L'Institut national de la recherche scientifique in 1967. A private virtual organization, the", "title": "Natural scientific research in Canada" }, { "id": "1988219", "score": "1.7653542", "text": "CSIRO The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is an independent Australian federal government agency responsible for scientific research. Its chief role is to improve the economic and social performance of industry for the benefit of the community. CSIRO works with leading organisations around the world. From its headquarters in Canberra, CSIRO maintains more than 50 sites across Australia and in France, Chile and the United States, employing about 5500 people. Federally funded scientific research began in Australia years ago. The Advisory Council of Science and Industry was established in 1916 but was hampered by insufficient available finance. In", "title": "CSIRO" }, { "id": "12341321", "score": "1.7553873", "text": "in the mid eighties with Muir as chairman. It was subsequently the subject of a private sector takeover. In 1986 he worked with Sir Ian McLennan and Mr Baillieu Myer and the Minister for Science Hon. Barry Jones to establish the National Science and Technology Centre. In 1988 the centre was built in the Parliamentary Triangle in Canberra enabling science to take its place with the Arts and the Law. The Board of the National Science and Technology Centre was asked by the Government to take hands on science to every part of Australia. Which has happened. Sir Laurence assisted", "title": "Laurence Muir" }, { "id": "5948655", "score": "1.7531928", "text": "an independent body under the Australian Research Council Act 2001, the ARC reports to an Australian government minister, currently the minister for education and training. ARC is the primary source of advice to the government on investment in the national research effort. ARC funds research and researchers under the National Competitive Grants Program (NCGP). As part of its commitment to nurturing the creative abilities and skills of Australia's most promising researchers, the NCGP provides: The NCGP comprises two main elements—Discovery and Linkage—under which the ARC funds a range of complementary schemes to support researchers at different stages of their careers,", "title": "Australian Research Council" }, { "id": "6565555", "score": "1.747904", "text": "I. In 1915 he was asked by the Prime Minister of Australia W. M. Hughes to act as Chairman of a Committee to draw up a scheme for a Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry, but difficulties arose and it was not until 1920 that the Institute was established. In 1926 it became the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, of which Masson was a member until his death. Masson participated in the organisation of Douglas Mawson's expedition to the Antarctic in 1911–14, supporting his interest in the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, of which he was President", "title": "David Orme Masson" }, { "id": "15240700", "score": "1.7439054", "text": "The cutlery industry requested a specific research levy in 1960 and were granted it in 1962. Horticulturers requested support along these lines as well, as a replacement for the Horticultural Marketing Council. Levies to support other industry projects, mainly in research, found more support under the Wilson government of the 1960s. An Apple and Pear Development Council was created in 1966. In 1967, iron casting research funding was obtained through the Act followed by support for hosiery research in 1969. Unlike the first wave of Industrial Boards, the responsibilities of these bodies were generally more limited and industry support clearer.", "title": "Industrial Organisation and Development Act 1947" }, { "id": "18204553", "score": "1.7305622", "text": "Industrial Research Act 1956, which abolished the advisory council and the Imperial Trust and vested executive power in a new Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. The council, set up on 7 November 1956, was appointed by and responsible to the Lord President of the Council, and was required to comply with any directions it might receive from a committee of the Privy Council for scientific and industrial research. In 1959 these functions of the lord president were transferred to the newly created Minister for Science. The department was abolished by the Science and Technology Act 1965, which dispersed its", "title": "Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (United Kingdom)" }, { "id": "9156852", "score": "1.730506", "text": "to five—Medicine, Agriculture, Natural Environment, Science, and Social Science—divided by disciplines that were not expected to collaborate. In 1981, the emphasis in policy on innovation rather than pure science increased so the SRC became the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC). In 1983 the ARC also changed its focus to outputs rather than methods to become the Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC). From 1992 the Research Councils reported to the Office of Science and Technology in the Cabinet Office as the making of government departmental policy by the Office of the Chief Scientific Adviser was merged with the making", "title": "Research Councils UK" }, { "id": "18204546", "score": "1.7293761", "text": "board. With the increasing importance of the industrial side of research, these initial arrangements soon became inadequate. Consequently, in December 1916 a separate Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was created, having its own parliamentary vote but responsible to Parliament through the Lord President of the Council. Once the full four-tier organisation of the committee of the council, the Advisory Council, the Imperial Trust and the department was established. In 1928 the committee of council was reconstituted with an entirely ministerial membership; otherwise the organisation survived with only small changes until the 1950s. The department was responsible for the organisation,", "title": "Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (United Kingdom)" }, { "id": "15655361", "score": "1.7278211", "text": "PMSEIC The Prime Minister's Science, Engineering and Innovation Council (PMSEIC) is the Australian government's principal source of advice on science, engineering and innovation issues, as well as relevant aspects of education and training. When PMSEIC was created in 1997, it took over the responsibilities of the Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council (ASTEC). PMSEIC meets twice a year in full session and the non-ministerial members of PMSEIC, the standing committee, meet four times a year. Much of its work is undertaken through working groups. These groups are composed of members of the council as well as others co-opted from industry,", "title": "PMSEIC" } ]

[ "dnouement", "Dnouement" ]

[ { "id": "3359876", "score": "1.6121427", "text": "creating normality for the characters and a sense of catharsis, or release of tension and anxiety, for the reader. Etymologically, the French word \"dénouement\" is derived from the word \"dénouer\", \"to untie\", from \"nodus\", Latin for \"knot.\" It is the unraveling or untying of the complexities of a plot. The comedy ends with a \"dénouement\" (a conclusion), in which the protagonist is better off than at the story's outset. The tragedy ends with a catastrophe, in which the protagonist is worse off than at the beginning of the narrative. Exemplary of a comic \"dénouement\" is the final scene of Shakespeare’s", "title": "Dramatic structure" }, { "id": "2256147", "score": "1.5861617", "text": "author does not have the same freedom to control the action and \"plot\" as in works of fiction, the selection of subject matter, degree of detail, and emphasis permit an author to create similar structures, i.e., to construct a dramatization. In the play \"Hippolytus\", by the famous Greek playwright, Euripides, the climax arrives when Phaedra hears Hippolytus react badly because of her love for him. That is the moment that Aphrodite's curse is finally fulfilled, and it is the turning point of the play. An anticlimax is a situation in a plot in which something which would appear to be", "title": "Climax (narrative)" }, { "id": "3359874", "score": "1.5646448", "text": "a story is the series of events that begin immediately after the exposition (introduction) of the story and builds up to the climax. These events are generally the most important parts of the story since the entire plot depends on them to set up the climax and ultimately the satisfactory resolution of the story itself. The climax is the turning point, which changes the protagonist's fate. If the story is a comedy and things were going badly for the protagonist, the plot will begin to unfold in his or her favor, often requiring the protagonist to draw on hidden inner", "title": "Dramatic structure" }, { "id": "7933915", "score": "1.5396947", "text": "the latter. René Le Bossu, a 17th-century French critic, divides the catastrophe, at least with regards to epics, into the unravelling, or \"denouement\", and the finishing, or \"achievement\"; the latter of which he makes the result of the former, and to consist in the hero's passage out of a state of trouble and agitation, to rest and quiet. This period is but a point, without extent or duration; in which it differs from the former, which comprehends everything after the plot is laid. He adds, that there are several unravellings in a piece, each interconnected. The \"finishing\" is the end", "title": "Catastrophe (drama)" }, { "id": "3359871", "score": "1.5115252", "text": "a beginning and an end. There is a knot, a central problem that the protagonist must face. The play has two parts: complication and unravelling. During complication, the protagonist finds trouble as the knot is revealed or tied; during unraveling, the knot is resolved. Two types of scenes are of special interest: the reversal, which throws the action in a new direction, and the recognition, meaning the protagonist has an important revelation. Reversals should happen as a necessary and probable cause of what happened before, which implies that turning points needs to be properly set up. Complications should arise from", "title": "Dramatic structure" }, { "id": "17539573", "score": "1.5090482", "text": "in a single clarifying event. The majority of romance films fall into this category. Examples: \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", \"Much Ado About Nothing\", \"Twelfth Night\", \"Bridget Jones's Diary\", \"Music and Lyrics\", \"Sliding Doors\", \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\". Definition: The protagonist's character flaw or great mistake which is their undoing. Their unfortunate end evokes pity at their folly and the fall of a fundamentally good character. Examples: \"Macbeth\", \"The Picture of Dorian Gray\", \"Carmen\", \"Bonnie and Clyde\", \"Jules et Jim\", \"Anna Karenina\", \"Madame Bovary\", John Dillinger, \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"Julius Caesar\". Definition: An event forces the main character to change", "title": "The Seven Basic Plots" }, { "id": "7933912", "score": "1.499736", "text": "characters, nor any discovery or unravelling; the plot being only a mere passage out of agitation, to quiet and repose. This catastrophe is rather accommodated to the nature of the epic poem, than of the tragedy. In a complex catastrophe, the main character undergoes a change of fortune, sometimes by means of a discovery, and sometimes without. The qualifications of this change are that it be probable and necessary: in order to be probable, it must be the natural result or effect of the foregoing actions, \"i.e.\" it must spring from the subject itself, or take its rise from the", "title": "Catastrophe (drama)" }, { "id": "3359877", "score": "1.4919133", "text": "comedy \"As You Like It\", in which couples marry, an evildoer repents, two disguised characters are revealed for all to see, and a ruler is restored to power. In Shakespeare's tragedies, the \"dénouement\" is usually the death of one or more characters. Freytag's analysis was intended to apply to ancient Greek and Shakespearean drama, not modern. Contemporary dramas increasingly use the fall to increase the relative height of the climax and dramatic impact (melodrama). The protagonist reaches up but falls and succumbs to doubts, fears, and limitations. The negative climax occurs when the protagonist has an epiphany and encounters the", "title": "Dramatic structure" }, { "id": "7933916", "score": "1.4903988", "text": "of the last unravelling. In the twentieth century, J.R.R. Tolkien distinguished between what he called the \"catastrophe\" and the \"eucatastrophe\". The eucatastrophe is a classical catastrophe with an unexpected positive outcome for the protagonist. This term was coined to distance itself from the vernacular use of the word 'catastrophe' to signify disaster (which gave the term negative connotations in everyday usage). Catastrophe (drama) In drama, particularly the tragedies of classical antiquity, the catastrophe is the final resolution in a poem or narrative plot, which unravels the intrigue and brings the piece to a close. In comedies, this may be a", "title": "Catastrophe (drama)" }, { "id": "2256149", "score": "1.4895878", "text": "being killed without accomplishing his goal, despite what appears to be a turning point for the character. Climax (narrative) The climax (from the Greek word \"κλῖμαξ\", meaning \"staircase\" and \"ladder\") or turning point of a narrative work is its point of highest tension and drama, or it is the time when the action starts during which the solution is given. The climax of a story is a literary element. The punch line of a joke is an analogy for the climax of a fictional narrative, though the absence of any falling action is an essential difference, which may reflect the", "title": "Climax (narrative)" }, { "id": "5543903", "score": "1.4883697", "text": "franchises until 1988. Epilogue An epilogue or epilog (from Greek ἐπίλογος \"epílogos\", \"conclusion\" from ἐπί \"epi\", \"in addition\" and λόγος \"logos\", \"word\") is a piece of writing at the end of a work of literature, usually used to bring closure to the work. It is presented from the perspective of within the story. When the author steps in and speaks indirectly to the reader, that is more properly considered an afterword. The opposite is a prologue—a piece of writing at the \"beginning\" of a work of literature or drama, usually used to open the story and capture interest. Some genres,", "title": "Epilogue" }, { "id": "4249014", "score": "1.4877574", "text": "made up of complications. These are the things that change the action. These complications lead up to the crisis, this is the turning point. Most of the time, at this point, the major dramatic question has been answered. Finally, there is the resolution. This is the end of the play where everything comes together and the situation has been resolved. This leaves the audience satisfied with the play as a whole. These more specific elements of plot in a play are the main things used to divide a play up into acts and sometimes scenes. Roman theatre was the first", "title": "Act (drama)" }, { "id": "5543896", "score": "1.487674", "text": "Epilogue An epilogue or epilog (from Greek ἐπίλογος \"epílogos\", \"conclusion\" from ἐπί \"epi\", \"in addition\" and λόγος \"logos\", \"word\") is a piece of writing at the end of a work of literature, usually used to bring closure to the work. It is presented from the perspective of within the story. When the author steps in and speaks indirectly to the reader, that is more properly considered an afterword. The opposite is a prologue—a piece of writing at the \"beginning\" of a work of literature or drama, usually used to open the story and capture interest. Some genres, for example television", "title": "Epilogue" }, { "id": "5214049", "score": "1.4869125", "text": "Eucatastrophe A eucatastrophe is a sudden turn of events at the end of a story which ensures that the protagonist does not meet some terrible, impending, and very plausible and probable doom. The writer J. R. R. Tolkien coined the word by affixing the Greek prefix \"eu\", meaning \"good\", to \"catastrophe\", the word traditionally used in classically inspired literary criticism to refer to the \"unraveling\" or conclusion of a drama's plot. For Tolkien, the term appears to have had a thematic meaning that went beyond its literal etymological meaning in terms of form. In his definition as outlined in his", "title": "Eucatastrophe" }, { "id": "2256146", "score": "1.4840517", "text": "Climax (narrative) The climax (from the Greek word \"κλῖμαξ\", meaning \"staircase\" and \"ladder\") or turning point of a narrative work is its point of highest tension and drama, or it is the time when the action starts during which the solution is given. The climax of a story is a literary element. The punch line of a joke is an analogy for the climax of a fictional narrative, though the absence of any falling action is an essential difference, which may reflect the nature of humor as opposed to the nature of drama. In non-fictional narrative genres, even though the", "title": "Climax (narrative)" }, { "id": "6718851", "score": "1.4824934", "text": "conflict (problem) of the novel is resolved. This sentence comes towards the end of the novel. The main part of the action should come before the climax. Plot also has a mid-level structure: scene and sequel. A scene is a unit of drama—where the action occurs. Then, after a transition of some sort, comes the sequel—an emotional reaction and regrouping, an aftermath. Setting is the locale and time of a story. The setting is often a real place, but may be a fictitious city or country within our own world; a different planet; or an alternate universe, which may or", "title": "Fiction writing" }, { "id": "14269883", "score": "1.4732995", "text": "simplicity, singler, Sirius, skilling, slaked, slead, smoking, smoothness, stadie, starlight, starry, speculation, Stoician, suasion, submit, summit, superfice, supply, sway, sweller, tempest, theatre, theater, thenceforth, thunderer, thunderlight, tragedian, tragedy, tranquillity, transport, troublabla, tumbling, twitter, two-footed, unagreeable, unassayed, unbetide, unbowed, uncovenable, undepartable, undiscomfited, undoubtous, uneschewable, unexercised, ungentle, unhoped, universal, universality, universality, unleeful, unmovablety, unparegal, unperegal, unpiteous, unpiteous, unplight, unplite, unraced, unscience, unsolemn, unstanchable, unstanched, untreatable, unusage, unweened, unwit, unworshipful, unwrap, upheaping, used, variant, vengeress, voluntarily, weening, weeply, withinforth, witnessfully, wood \" Anelida and Arcite is a retelling of an old Roman story previously written by Boccaccio. \" assure, awaiting, causeless, chair, chantepleure,", "title": "English words first attested in Chaucer" }, { "id": "2732459", "score": "1.4688332", "text": "that sound like their meaning, or imitations of sounds. \"Example:\" \"The bees were buzzing\" Formal structure refers to the forms of a text. In the first place, a text is either a novel, a drama, a poem, or some other \"form\" of literature. However, this term can also refer to the length of lines, stanzas, or cantos in poems, as well as sentences, paragraphs, or chapters in prose. Furthermore, such visible structures as dialogue versus narration are also considered part of formal structure. The storyline is the chronological account of events that follow each other in the narrative. Plot includes", "title": "Stylistic device" }, { "id": "515781", "score": "1.4679828", "text": "BC. Such notables as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes established forms still relied on by their modern counterparts. For the ancient Greeks, playwriting involved \"poïesis\", \"the act of making\". This is the source of the English word \"poet\". In the 4th century BCE, Aristotle wrote his \"Poetics\", the first play-writing manual. In this famous text, Aristotle established the principle of action or \"praxis\" as the basis for all drama. He then included a hierarchy of elements for the drama beginning with plot (\"μύθος mythos\"), character (\"ἔθος ethos\"), thought (\"dianoia\"), diction (\"lexis\"), music (\"melodia\"), and spectacle (\"opsis\"). The ends of drama", "title": "Playwright" }, { "id": "11099613", "score": "1.4671025", "text": "simple and delicate language; cliffhangers and dramatic dialogue emphasized by the unseen or omitted becomes a vital part of the reading experience, allowing deeper meanings and interpretations to unfold. Because of the use of poetic language, mood, emotions and internal thoughts are stimulated in the reader easily. Dramatic and drastic plots takes readers through twists and turns, cliffhanger after cliffhanger, always keeping the reader waiting for the next chapter instalment. The nature of writing and reading on the go, creates a unique experience, allowing the writer and reader to approach literature in a different way, opening interactivity between the readers", "title": "Cell phone novel" } ]

[ "Bourgonvillea", "bougainvilleas", "bourgonvillea", "Bouganvelia", "Bougainvilla", "bourgonvilla", "bouganvillea", "bourganvilla", "Veranera", "Bogenvilla", "Bourgonvilla", "bouganvelia", "bougainvillea", "bougonvillea", "Boganveelia", "bogenvilla", "bougainvilla", "Bougainvilleas", "veranera", "Bougainvillea", "Bourganvilla", "boganveelia", "Bougainvillaea", "Bouganvillea", "bougainvillaea", "Bougonvillea" ]

[ { "id": "3130383", "score": "1.9192271", "text": "/ Sarawn (in Mizoram, India). The vine species grow anywhere from 1 to 12 m (3 to 40 ft.) tall, scrambling over other plants with their spiky thorns. The thorns are tipped with a black, waxy substance. They are evergreen where rainfall occurs all year, or deciduous if there is a dry season. The leaves are alternate, simple ovate-acuminate, 4–13 cm long and 2–6 cm broad. The actual flower of the plant is small and generally white, but each cluster of three flowers is surrounded by three or six bracts with the bright colours associated with the plant, including pink,", "title": "Bougainvillea" }, { "id": "17013106", "score": "1.8763256", "text": "species is naturalised in Brisbane and Sydney in Australia. Solanum laxum Solanum laxum, commonly known as potato vine, potato climber or jasmine nightshade, is an evergreen vine in the family Solanaceae. It is native to South America and commonly grown as an ornamental garden plant. The ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves are 30 to 50 mm long and 15 to 25 mm wide. The white or pale blue flowers appear in groups of around 20 in branched inflorescences, produced in profusion in the spring but also sporadically at other times of the year. These are followed by dark blue or black", "title": "Solanum laxum" }, { "id": "18071885", "score": "1.8487489", "text": "Parabouchetia Parabouchetia is a poorly known, monotypic genus endemic to Brazil, belonging (most probably) to the nightshade family Solanaceae. The single species, Parabouchetia brasiliensis is (in the words of the late Professor Armando Theodoro Hunziker) an herbaceous plant of 'astounding rarity' - the type specimen (held in the herbarium of the National Museum of Natural History (France) in Paris ), being the only one ever collected. This was discovered on 26 October 1828 by English explorer and naturalist William John Burchell of Fulham,growing in a location in central Brazil between São Bento and Rio Cangalho in the state of Goiás", "title": "Parabouchetia" }, { "id": "18071883", "score": "1.8487489", "text": "Parabouchetia Parabouchetia is a poorly known, monotypic genus endemic to Brazil, belonging (most probably) to the nightshade family Solanaceae. The single species, Parabouchetia brasiliensis is (in the words of the late Professor Armando Theodoro Hunziker) an herbaceous plant of 'astounding rarity' - the type specimen (held in the herbarium of the National Museum of Natural History (France) in Paris ), being the only one ever collected. This was discovered on 26 October 1828 by English explorer and naturalist William John Burchell of Fulham,growing in a location in central Brazil between São Bento and Rio Cangalho in the state of Goiás", "title": "Parabouchetia" }, { "id": "17013105", "score": "1.8390703", "text": "Solanum laxum Solanum laxum, commonly known as potato vine, potato climber or jasmine nightshade, is an evergreen vine in the family Solanaceae. It is native to South America and commonly grown as an ornamental garden plant. The ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves are 30 to 50 mm long and 15 to 25 mm wide. The white or pale blue flowers appear in groups of around 20 in branched inflorescences, produced in profusion in the spring but also sporadically at other times of the year. These are followed by dark blue or black berries that are around 8 mm in diameter. The", "title": "Solanum laxum" }, { "id": "8729729", "score": "1.813339", "text": "and Argentina) in the extreme South, being present also in Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. Uses include medicinal / hallucinogenic purposes, a natural dye and as an ornamental evergreen shrub. In cultivation, it will grow slowly (in 10–20 years) to some in height and width, but in the wild it can also take the form of a small tree and reach around . It has glossy dark green, holly-like leaves, and waxy red tubular flowers, often with yellow tips, and reaching in length. The fruit is a greenish-yellow berry circa in diameter and contains around 44 glistening, coffee-brown", "title": "Desfontainia" }, { "id": "12558746", "score": "1.8107262", "text": "by the Incas centuries ago, who called the plant \"waqanki\". This cool to cold growing, large, terrestrial, sometimes lithophytic or rarely epiphytic, tufted species with erect leaves is found at a height of between 2,000 and 4,000 metres, including around Machu Picchu in Peru, on steep rocky slopes covered with grasses and shrubs in full sun but with the leaves protected by the grass with short ramicauls enveloped by a series of tubular bracts with a linear-oblanceolate, tapered to the channelled petiolate base, acute, thick leaf that blooms in the spring and early summer with an erect, 39 to 44", "title": "Masdevallia veitchiana" }, { "id": "14788855", "score": "1.7976027", "text": "Solanum seaforthianum Solanum seaforthianum, the Brazilian nightshade, is a flowering evergreen vine of the Solanaceae family native to tropical South America. As a member of the Solanum genus, it is related to such plants as the tomato and potato. It is characterized by clusters of four to seven leaves and can climb to a height of given enough room. It blooms in the mid to late summer with clusters of star-shaped purple inflorescence followed by scarlet marble-sized berries. The plant is highly heat resistant, but cannot tolerate frost conditions. The plant contains modest amounts of various tropane alkaloids such as", "title": "Solanum seaforthianum" }, { "id": "14440633", "score": "1.7888132", "text": "Laureliopsis Laureliopsis is a genus of flowering plants with just one species, Laureliopsis philippiana, known as tepa, endemic to Chile and Argentina (35 to 45°S). In Chile it is found from Maule to Aysen. It grows on humid and deep soils. \"Laureliopsis philippiana\" is an evergreen tree up to 30 m (100 ft) tall and 1.4 m (55 in) in diameter, with thin bark, and aromatic wood, and a superficial resemblance to Bay Laurel. The leaves are aromatic, oblong, attenuate at the base, 4.9 long and 1.5–4 cm wide, glossy, leathery, the midrib with yellow hairs, the edges are heavily", "title": "Laureliopsis" }, { "id": "6260942", "score": "1.7864575", "text": "Euphorbia milii Euphorbia milii, the crown of thorns, Christ plant, or Christ thorn, called Corona de Cristo in Latin America (coroa-de-cristo in Brazil), is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaciae, native to Madagascar. The species name commemorates , once Governor of Réunion, who introduced the species to France in 1821. It is suspected that the species was introduced to the Middle East in ancient times, and legend associates it with the crown of thorns worn by Christ. It is a succulent subshrub or shrub growing to tall, with densely spiny stems. The straight, slender spines, up", "title": "Euphorbia milii" }, { "id": "11962159", "score": "1.7827504", "text": "Gaultheria mucronata Gaultheria mucronata, known as prickly heath and in Chilean Spanish as \"chaura\", syn. \"Pernettya mucronata\", is a species of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae, native to southern Argentina and Chile. It is a compact, bushy, evergreen shrub with glossy green leaves and solitary white flowers in spring, followed in autumn by showy globose berries up to 1.5 cm in diameter, in shades from deep plum purple through pink to pure white. It is dioecious, meaning that both male and female plants must be grown together in order to produce fruit. It prefers moist, shaded conditions. Its fruits", "title": "Gaultheria mucronata" }, { "id": "4658794", "score": "1.7803838", "text": "Solanum mauritianum Solanum mauritianum is a small tree or shrub native to South America, including Northern Argentina, Southern Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. It has become a widespread invasive weed in Azores Islands, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hawai‘i, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Réunion Island, Mauritius, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, India, Sri Lanka and several southern African countries. Its common names include earleaf nightshade (or \"ear-leaved nightshade\"), woolly nightshade, flannel weed, bugweed, tobacco weed, tobacco bush, wild tobacco and kerosene plant. The plant has a life of up to thirty years, and can grow up to tall. Its large oval", "title": "Solanum mauritianum" }, { "id": "15761015", "score": "1.7797103", "text": "Buddleja grandiflora Buddleja grandiflora is endemic to the marshy fields and river margins of southern Brazil, and adjacent areas of Argentina and Uruguay. The species was first described and named by Chamisso & von Schlechtendal in 1827. \"Buddleja grandiflora\" is a shrub 1 – 2 m high, and unlike most South American members of the genus, is hermaphroditic, not dioecious. The young branches are subquadrangular, and covered with a white tomentum, bearing leaves subsessile or with a petiole < 1 cm, narrowly lanceolate, 5 – 10 cm long by 1 – 2.5 cm wide, membranaceous, tomentose or glabrescent above, and", "title": "Buddleja grandiflora" }, { "id": "2448027", "score": "1.7725632", "text": "Syngonium Syngonium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to tropical rain forests in southern Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America. They are woody vines growing to heights of 10–20 m or more in trees. They have leaves that change shape according to the plant's stage of growth, and adult leaf forms are often much more lobed than the juvenile forms usually seen on small house plants. The scientific name of the genus comes from the Greek words σύν ( syn - plus, z) and γονή ( gone - gonada) and refers to the", "title": "Syngonium" }, { "id": "14790615", "score": "1.7699379", "text": "Solanum robustum Solanum robustum,the shrubby nightshade, is a thorny perennial shrub native to northeastern South America of the genus Solanum and is therefore related to the potato and tomato plants. A medium shrub, the plant may grow 4 to 8 feet (1.2 - 2.4 m.) with velvety leaves and stems due to dense stellate trichomes present on all faces of the plant. Strong, straight or recurved flattened prickles up to 12 millimeters long may be found along the stems. The leaves grow 6 to 10 inches long and feature nine angled ridges along their perimeter. S. robustum blooms between late", "title": "Solanum robustum" }, { "id": "12145962", "score": "1.7655377", "text": "Brunfelsia pauciflora Brunfelsia pauciflora is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae, the nightshades. It is endemic to Brazil, and it is grown in cultivation. Its common names include yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, morning-noon-and-night, Kiss Me Quick, and Brazil raintree. The genus name 'Brunfelsia' commemorates sixteenth century German monk, Otto Brunfels. The specific epithet \"pauciflora\", refers to the Latin term for 'few flowered'. This species is a shrub up to 2.4 meters tall by 1.5 wide. The leathery leaves are up to 16 centimeters long, dark green on top and paler on the undersides. Flowers are borne in cymes of up", "title": "Brunfelsia pauciflora" }, { "id": "19501427", "score": "1.7609088", "text": "spikes 8 to 16 cm long. The calyx is bell-shaped with 4 lobules 5 mm long, the corolla has 4 very small petals 1 to 1.5 mm long. The 8 stamens are 3 cm long and have reddish anthers. The number of flowers varies from 52 to 93 in each inflorescence. The fruit forms in autumn and is dry and indehiscent, 2 cm long, and reddish brown. Combretum fruticosum Combretum fruticosum, known as orange flame vine or chameleon vine, is a species of bushwillow that occurs from Mexico to northern Argentina. The orange flame vine is a liana that reaches", "title": "Combretum fruticosum" }, { "id": "15002264", "score": "1.7606304", "text": "of lakes. Its consumption by ruminants produces an illness on them. Solanum glaucophyllum Solanum glaucophyllum is a species of the family Solanaceae. It is known as waxyleaf nightshade. It is an endemic plant of Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. It is usually classified under the Section Cyphomandropsis, within the subgenus Bassovia. It is a rhizomatous plant with a simple stem and shortly branched, 1–2 m tall or more. Leaves simple, ovate, lanceolate, greenish-gray, 1–2 cm long, bluish purple flowers. The fruit is a globose berry 1–2 cm in diameter, blue-black, and features several seeds inside. It propagates vegetatively by", "title": "Solanum glaucophyllum" }, { "id": "8807326", "score": "1.7600157", "text": "unbranched and with leaves over 2 meters long, may be mistaken for ferns or palms. The numerous bright yellow nectar-producing flowers, about 3.5 cm in diameter, bloom from October through December in the Southern Hemisphere, after the leaves have fallen off. In Southeast Brazil they are visited chiefly by bees \"Centris labrosa\", \"Centris varia\", \"Xylocopa frontalis\" and \"Megachille\" species. The fruits ripen between April and June. Each fruit is a tadpole-like pod about 10 cm long, containing a single oval seed, smooth and brown. The native range spans from Central America to southern Brazil. It is sun-loving and prefers open", "title": "Schizolobium parahyba" }, { "id": "13926903", "score": "1.7581358", "text": "Empetrum rubrum Empetrum rubrum, known as red crowberry or diddle-dee (Chilean Spanish: \"Murtilla de Magallanes\"), is a species of plant in the Ericaceae family with a distributional range in Chile from Talca (35°S) to Cape Horn (55°S); in areas of adjacent Argentina; in the Falkland Islands; and in Tristan da Cunha. One of its northernmost natural growing places is Laguna del Maule. In Chile this species often grows in high altitude areas close to the tree line and can tolerate alpine conditions such as strong winds and high sun exposure. In the Falkland Islands it is the dominant species across", "title": "Empetrum rubrum" } ]

[ "", "960", "nine hundred and sixty" ]

[ { "id": "16958246", "score": "1.8955283", "text": "that they would have a face value equal to the value of the metal less the cost of producing them. The new coins were legal tender up to a total value of six pence, and depicted Britannia (modelled by the Duchess of Richmond) on the reverse. It was soon discovered that the Mint was incapable of producing the copper blanks needed for the new coins, and these eventually were imported from Sweden. The copper farthings were produced in 1672–1675 and 1679, weighed 5.2 - 6.4 grams, and had a diameter of 22–23 millimetres. The obverse had a left-facing bust of", "title": "Farthing (English coin)" }, { "id": "5479440", "score": "1.8757753", "text": "tender after 31 December 1960. History of the British farthing The British farthing (derived from the Anglo-Saxon \"feorthing\", a \"fourthling\" or \"fourth part\") was a British coin worth a quarter of an old penny ( of a pound sterling). It ceased to be struck after 1956 and was demonetised from 1 January 1961. The British farthing is a continuation of the English farthing, struck by English monarchs prior to the Act of Union 1707, which unified the crowns of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain. Only pattern farthings were struck under Queen Anne as there was a", "title": "History of the British farthing" }, { "id": "16958230", "score": "1.8715942", "text": "of King Edward I, (1272–1307), but comparatively few have survived. By far the most prolific mint was London, identified on the reverse of the coin by or or very rarely , but they were also produced at Berwick (), Bristol (), Lincoln (), Newcastle (), and York (), but most of the provincial mints' output is rare today. The weight and fineness of Edwards' farthings varies - the first three issues from the London mint weigh 6.85 grains / 0.44 grams, while the later issues weigh 5.5 grains / 0.36 grams, but the value of the coins remained the same", "title": "Farthing (English coin)" }, { "id": "1719560", "score": "1.8586042", "text": "all Britain defender of the faith) in 1953, and (Elizabeth II by the grace of God queen defender of the faith) thereafter. Farthing (British coin) The British farthing (d) coin, from \"fourthing\", was a unit of currency of one quarter of a penny, or of a pound sterling. It was minted in bronze, and replaced the earlier copper farthings. It was used during the reign of six monarchs: Victoria, Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII, George VI and Elizabeth II, ceasing to be legal tender in 1960. It featured two different designs on its reverse during its 100 years in", "title": "Farthing (British coin)" }, { "id": "16958228", "score": "1.8494794", "text": "or quarters, usually along the cross which formed a prominent part of the reverse of the coin. It was long considered that the first silver farthings were produced in the reign of King Edward I (1272–1307). However, in recent years five examples have been discovered dating from the reign of King Henry III (1216–1272). All are in the short-cross style of that period, produced between 1216 and 1247, and are similar in design to the pennies, but only a quarter the size. Due to the lack of known examples and documentary evidence, these coins are thought to be trials rather", "title": "Farthing (English coin)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "£sd" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of the British farthing\n\nThe British farthing (derived from the Old English , a fourth part) was a British coin worth a quarter of an old penny ( of a pound sterling). It ceased to be struck after 1956 and was demonetised from 1 January 1961.\n\nThe British farthing is a continuation of the English farthing, struck by English monarchs prior to the Act of Union 1707 which unified the crowns of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain. Only pattern farthings were struck under Queen Anne as there was a glut of farthings from previous reigns. The coin was struck intermittently under George I and George II, but by the reign of George III, counterfeits were so prevalent the Royal Mint ceased striking copper coinage after 1775. The next farthings were the first struck by steam power, in 1799 by Matthew Boulton at his Soho Mint under licence. Boulton coined more in 1806, and the Royal Mint resumed production in 1821. The farthing was struck fairly regularly under George IV and William IV. By then it carried a scaled-down version of the penny's design, and would continue to mirror the penny and halfpenny until after 1936.\n\nFarthings were struck in most years of Queen Victoria's long reign. The coin continued to be issued in most years of the first half of the 20th century, and in 1937 it finally received its own reverse design, a wren. By the time the coin bore the portrait of Elizabeth II from 1953 to 1956, inflation had eroded its value. A fall in commercial demand also contributed to its demise.", "title": "History of the British farthing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pound sterling\n\nSterling (abbreviation: stg; ISO code: GBP) is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories. The pound (sign: £) is the main unit of sterling, often qualified in international contexts as the British pound or the pound sterling.<ref name=\"HbIFT\" />\n\nSterling is the world's oldest currency that is still in use and that has been in continuous use since its inception. It is currently the fourth most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro, and the Japanese yen. Together with those three currencies and Renminbi, it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights. As of late 2022, sterling is also the fourth most-held reserve currency in global reserves.\n\nThe Bank of England is the central bank for sterling, issuing its own banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England; their governments guarantee convertibility at par. Historically, sterling was also used to varying degrees by the colonies and territories of the British Empire.", "title": "Pound sterling" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Coins of the pound sterling\n\nThe standard circulating coinage of the United Kingdom, British Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories is denominated in pennies and pounds sterling (symbol \"£\", commercial GBP), and ranges in value from one penny sterling to two pounds. Since decimalisation, on 15 February 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 (new) pence. Before decimalisation, twelve pence made a shilling, and twenty shillings made a pound. \n\nBritish coins are minted by the Royal Mint in Llantrisant, Wales. The Royal Mint also commissions the coins' designs.\n\nIn addition to the circulating coinage, the UK also mints commemorative decimal coins (crowns) in the denomination of five pounds. Ceremonial Maundy money and bullion coinage of gold sovereigns, half sovereigns, and gold and silver Britannia coins are also produced. Some territories outside the United Kingdom, which use the pound sterling, produce their own coinage, with the same denominations and specifications as the UK coinage but with local designs.", "title": "Coins of the pound sterling" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "January 1961\n\nThe following events occurred in January 1961:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "January 1961" }, { "id": "1719553", "score": "1.849247", "text": "Farthing (British coin) The British farthing (d) coin, from \"fourthing\", was a unit of currency of one quarter of a penny, or of a pound sterling. It was minted in bronze, and replaced the earlier copper farthings. It was used during the reign of six monarchs: Victoria, Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII, George VI and Elizabeth II, ceasing to be legal tender in 1960. It featured two different designs on its reverse during its 100 years in circulation: from 1860 until 1936, the image of Britannia; and from 1937 onwards, the image of a wren. Like all British coinage,", "title": "Farthing (British coin)" }, { "id": "4834594", "score": "1.844426", "text": "and ceased to be legal tender on 1 August 1969. As the Irish pound was pegged to the British pound until 1979, the Irish farthing had the same dimensions and weight as the British version. The reverse design featuring a woodcock was by English artist Percy Metcalfe. The obverse featured the Irish harp. From 1928 through 1937 the date was split either side of the harp with the name \"Saorstát Éireann\" circling around. From 1938 through 1966 the inscription changed to \"Éire\" on the left of the harp and the date on the right. Ireland is one of only four", "title": "Farthing (Irish coin)" }, { "id": "1649327", "score": "1.8434911", "text": "the only denomination of coin minted in England for 500 years, until the attempted gold coinage issue of King Henry III in 1257 and a few halfpennies and farthings in 1222, the introduction of the groat by King Edward I in 1279, under whom the halfpenny and farthing were also reintroduced, and the later issues of King Edward III. At the time of the 1702 London Mint Assay by Sir Isaac Newton, the silver content of British coinage was defined to be one troy ounce of sterling silver for 62 pence. Therefore, the value of the monetary pound sterling was", "title": "Penny (English coin)" }, { "id": "16958226", "score": "1.8410494", "text": "Baron Harington of Exton. Licences were subsequently given out until after the Commonwealth, when the Royal Mint resumed production in 1672. In the late 17th century the English farthing was also minted in tin. For later farthings, minted in the 18th century and for use in Scotland as well as in England and Wales, and in the 19th and 20th centuries for use in Great Britain and Ireland, see Farthing (British coin). Little is known of the medieval silver farthing, for few remain. As the smallest denomination, it was rarely hoardedsilver farthings have never been found in large hoardsand as", "title": "Farthing (English coin)" }, { "id": "515577", "score": "1.8399382", "text": "the Netherlands, consisting of the \"gulden\" (G), \"stuiver\" (s; G) and \"duit\", (d; s or G). In the years just prior to decimalisation, the circulating British coins were: The farthing (d) had been demonetised on 1 January 1961, while the crown (5/-) was issued periodically as a commemorative coin but rarely found in circulation. The crown, half crown, florin, shilling, and sixpence were cupronickel coins (in historical times silver or silver alloy); the penny, halfpenny, and farthing were bronze; and the threepence was a twelve-sided nickel-brass coin (historically it was a small silver coin). Some of the pre-decimalisation coins with", "title": "Coins of the pound sterling" }, { "id": "5479439", "score": "1.8336372", "text": "had dropped, as had commercial demand. Letters to \"The Times\" reflected this reality: one correspondent reported being refused when offering eight farthings to a bus conductor for a twopenny fare, and a vendor becoming abusive when offered six farthings for a newspaper. This occurred even though, as a later letter noted, the coin was still legal tender to a shilling. Demand continued to dwindle, and production of the farthing was discontinued after 1956. Eliminating the farthing from commerce also made way for a possible smaller penny and halfpenny that Royal Mint officials contemplated proposing.. The farthing ceased to be legal", "title": "History of the British farthing" }, { "id": "16958225", "score": "1.8323393", "text": "Farthing (English coin) A farthing (derived from the Anglo-Saxon \"feorthing\", a \"fourthling\" or \"fourth part\") was a coin of the Kingdom of England worth one quarter of a penny, of a pound sterling. Such coins were first minted in England in silver in the 13th century, and continued to be used until the Kingdom of England was merged into the new Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Early farthings were silver, but surviving examples are rare. The first copper farthings were issued during the reign of King James I, who gave a licence for minting them to John Harington, 1st", "title": "Farthing (English coin)" }, { "id": "16958250", "score": "1.8302026", "text": "were economising on expensescheap labour was being used, including foreigners some of whom could not spell the king's name which they were engraving on the dies. By 1698 there was a glut of copper coinage and an Act was passed to stop the coining for one year; this seems to have had little effect and the proliferation continued. There were further Parliamentary attempts to control the glut of coinage later. For later farthings, used in Scotland as well as in England and Wales, see Farthing (British coin). Farthing (English coin) A farthing (derived from the Anglo-Saxon \"feorthing\", a \"fourthling\" or", "title": "Farthing (English coin)" }, { "id": "5479422", "score": "1.8259771", "text": "redeemed by weight. The currency was reformed in the 1810s with the Great Recoinage of 1816. The production of copper coins did not resume until after George III's death in 1820 and the accession of King George IV (1820–1830). Farthings were produced in 1821, Britannia maintaining her place on the reverse. These pieces were made current by a proclamation of 14 November of that year, that made them legal tender to sixpence. The original coinage portrait of the King, by Benedetto Pistrucci, attracted strong royal dislike, but was used on the farthing in 1821 and in 1823–26. By then, Pistrucci", "title": "History of the British farthing" }, { "id": "1627512", "score": "1.8257818", "text": "made legal tender in the United Kingdom from 13 June 1842. There was much cynicism of the need for such a coin in Britain, with letters written to \"The Times\", but the coin did indeed circulate widely in Britain and Ceylon. The purchasing value of a penny in 1844, at 2013 purchasing power, is (at its lowest) 35p (GB pound sterling). A half-farthing, therefore (one eighth of a penny) would have had a value today (2013) of 4.375p (GB Sterling pence). Yet, as of 2014, the UK still has widely circulating coins of just 1p and 2p. The half-farthing therefore", "title": "Half farthing" }, { "id": "16958237", "score": "1.8244374", "text": "around a long cross. Farthings of the second coinage were also struck at Canterbury (distinguished by a Catherine Wheel mintmark). The third coinage (1544–1547) was produced in base silver and has the legend around a rose, and the reverse legend around a long cross with one pellet in each quarter. A base silver farthing was issued by King Edward VI (1547–1553) with the inscription around the portcullis on the obverse. This coin is also extremely rare. No farthings were produced in the reigns of Queen Mary, Philip and Mary, or Queen Elizabeth I, mainly due to the fact that the", "title": "Farthing (English coin)" }, { "id": "16958233", "score": "1.8029203", "text": "King of England). Three mints produced farthings in this reign: London is most prolific, Berwick is rare, and only three examples are known of the output of the Reading mint (). Edward III's farthings remain fairly rare. Although the normal fineness of silver used at this time was .925 (i.e. sterling silver), for the second coinage of 1335–1343 the London mint produced larger farthings of .833 silver. King Richard II's (1377–1399) are rare in any condition. They were all struck at the London mint and bear the inscription (Richard King of England). Henry IV issued farthings in both the \"heavy\"", "title": "Farthing (English coin)" }, { "id": "5479407", "score": "1.7985334", "text": "History of the British farthing The British farthing (derived from the Anglo-Saxon \"feorthing\", a \"fourthling\" or \"fourth part\") was a British coin worth a quarter of an old penny ( of a pound sterling). It ceased to be struck after 1956 and was demonetised from 1 January 1961. The British farthing is a continuation of the English farthing, struck by English monarchs prior to the Act of Union 1707, which unified the crowns of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain. Only pattern farthings were struck under Queen Anne as there was a glut of farthings from previous", "title": "History of the British farthing" }, { "id": "1680518", "score": "1.7973437", "text": "where the main unit (the pound) was unchanged, or introduced a new main unit (such as the dollar for Australia and New Zealand), equivalent to ten shillings (half a pound), with one cent = dollar. The following table shows the conversion of common denominations of coins of the £sd system. The farthing, at penny, was never converted, as it ceased to be legal tender a decade prior to decimalisation. In 1971, a new penny would have been worth 9.6 farthings (making a farthing slightly more than 0.104 new pence). In 1784, Thomas Jefferson proposed a decimal currency system based on", "title": "Decimalisation" }, { "id": "5479418", "score": "1.7963357", "text": "in 1771, the year Parliament made it a felony to counterfeit copper coin. This had little effect; large quantities were melted down for lightweight imitations, though the farthing was less counterfeited than the halfpenny. This first series of George III farthings, struck in 1771 and 1773–1775, had a weight of 4.3–5.3 grams, with diameter 23–24 millimetres. The obverse, designed by Richard Yeo or Thomas Pingo depicts a right-facing bust of the king, with the inscription , while no significant change was made to the reverse. Despite the counterfeiting, the Mint ceased striking coppers in 1775 on the ground that there", "title": "History of the British farthing" } ]

[ "Freedom of the Sea", "freedom of seas", "freedom of sea", "Freedom of the Seas", "Freedom of the Seas (disambiguation)", "freedom of seas disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "12548022", "score": "1.7353225", "text": "maiden voyage on 26 July. She was shorter than the \"Oceanic\" but was still longer than the \"Great Eastern\". After \"Celtic\" was completed, she was the biggest ship in the world at 21,035 gross tons. The project was followed by the , which was launched on 21 August 1902 and made her maiden voyage on 11 February 1903. At the time she was launched she was the biggest moving object ever built at 21,073 gross tons. The project was followed by the , which was launched on 21 November 1903 and made her maiden voyage on 29 June 1904. She", "title": "Big Four (White Star Line)" }, { "id": "12548023", "score": "1.6718478", "text": "was the largest ship in the world at 23,876 gross tons until 1905, when the HAPAG's 24,581 gross ton surpassed her in tonnage. The popularity of White Star's Big Four was eventually overtaken by Cunard's and , both of which were larger than the , at 24,541 gross tons the largest and also the fastest of the Big Four, but which was superseded in size before her launch by the \"Lusitania\". Lastly the Red Star Line's , at a more economical 17,000 tons, was a virtual sister ship to the Big Four in her layout and dimensions. \"Lapland\" was also", "title": "Big Four (White Star Line)" }, { "id": "2310862", "score": "1.6624403", "text": "the \"Freedom of the Seas\" of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built; however, \"QM2\" still hold the record for the largest ocean liner. The \"Freedom of the Seas\" was superseded by the \"Oasis of the Seas\" in October 2009. Because of changes in historic measurement systems, it is impossible to make meaningful and accurate comparisons of ship sizes over time beyond length. Three alternative forms of measurement are ship \"volume\", \"weight\", and weight of water it \"displaces\". A fourth, \"deadweight tonnage\" (DWT), is a measure of how much mass a ship can safely carry, and", "title": "Passenger ship" }, { "id": "11216105", "score": "1.6555915", "text": "Vernon Kinley, \"Ben-my-Chree\" entered service on 5 July 1998, Tynwald Day - the Isle of Man's national holiday. At a gross tonnage of around 12,000, she was the largest ship to enter service with the company. The vessel received a lot of criticism due to her low passenger capacity of 500 (carrying no more than 350 per sailing), and the fact she had no open deck for passengers. The company insisted this was a \"comfort level\" for the vessel's size. In 2004, the vessel underwent a refit carried out by Cammell Laird to increase passenger capacity with the addition of", "title": "MS Ben-my-Chree" }, { "id": "3334899", "score": "1.645725", "text": "her the world's largest passenger ship. She held that record until being overtaken by in 2002. In early 2015, \"Explorer of the Seas\" received major upgrades, including the replacement of the inline skating rink with a Flowrider surfing simulator and increasing her tonnage to 138,194 GT. The ship's godmother is American athlete Jackie Joyner-Kersee. In fall 2014, she sailed 5 to 9 day Caribbean cruises out of Port Canaveral, Florida. After dry-dock refurbishment in the spring of 2015, \"Explorer\" began to sail Northern Europe, Mediterranean, and Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands itineraries out of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom. From November", "title": "MS Explorer of the Seas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "MS Freedom of the Seas\n\nMS \"Freedom of the Seas\" is a cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International. She is the namesake of Royal Caribbean's , and can accommodate 3,634 passengers and 1,300 crew <ref name=FreedomFacts /> on fifteen passenger decks. The vessel also has 4 crew decks below the waterline. \"Freedom of the Seas\" was the largest passenger ship ever built (by gross tonnage) from 2006 until construction of her sister ship, in 2007.", "title": "MS Freedom of the Seas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "SS France (1960)\n\nSS \"France\" was a Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT, or French Line) ocean liner, constructed by the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard at Saint-Nazaire, France, and put into service in February 1962. At the time of her construction in 1960, the vessel was the longest passenger ship ever built, a record that remained unchallenged until the construction of the in 2004.\n\n\"France\" was later purchased by Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) in 1979, renamed SS \"Norway and underwent significant modifications to refit her for cruising duties. She was renamed SS \"Blue Lady and sold to be scrapped in 2005, and scrapping was completed in late 2008.", "title": "SS France (1960)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Costa Concordia\n\nCosta Concordia () was a cruise ship operated by Costa Crociere. She was the first of her class, followed by sister ships \"Costa Serena\", \"Costa Pacifica\", \"Costa Favolosa\" and \"Costa Fascinosa\", and \"Carnival Splendor\" built for Carnival Cruise Line. When the 114,137-ton \"Costa Concordia\" and her sister ships entered service, they were among the largest ships built in Italy until the construction of the s.\n\nOn 13 January 2012 at 21:45, \"Costa Concordia\" struck a rock in the Tyrrhenian Sea just off the eastern shore of Isola del Giglio. This tore open a gash on the port side of her hull, which soon flooded parts of the engine room, cutting power from the engines and ship services. As water flooded in and the ship listed, she drifted back towards the island and grounded near shore, then rolled onto her starboard side, lying in an unsteady position on a rocky underwater ledge.\n\nThe evacuation of \"Costa Concordia\" took over six hours, and of the 3,229 passengers and 1,023 crew known to have been aboard, 32 died. Francesco Schettino, the ship's captain at that time, was tried and found guilty of manslaughter, causing a maritime accident, and abandoning his ship. The wreck was salvaged three years after the incident and then towed to the port of Genoa, where she was scrapped.", "title": "Costa Concordia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Queen Mary 2\n\nRMS \"Queen Mary 2 (also referred to as the QM2\") is a British transatlantic ocean liner. She has served as the flagship of Cunard Line since succeeding \"Queen Elizabeth 2\" in 2004. As of 2022, \"Queen Mary 2\" is the only ocean liner (as opposed to a cruise ship) still in service.\n\nThe ship was officially named \"Queen Mary 2\" by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 after the first of 1936. \"Queen Mary\" had in turn been named after Mary of Teck, consort of King George V. With the retirement of \"Queen Elizabeth 2\" in 2008, \"Queen Mary 2\" is the only transatlantic ocean liner in regular service between Southampton, England, and New York City, United States. The ship is also used for cruising, including an annual world cruise.\n\nShe was designed by a team of British naval architects led by Stephen Payne, and was constructed in France by Chantiers de l'Atlantique. At the time of her construction, \"Queen Mary 2\" was the longest, at , and largest, with a gross tonnage of , passenger ship ever built. She no longer holds these records after the construction of Royal Caribbean International's (a cruise ship) in April 2006, but remains the largest ocean liner ever built.\n\n\"Queen Mary 2\" was intended for regular scheduled crossings of the Atlantic Ocean; the final construction cost was approximately $300,000 per berth. The cost was increased by the high quality of materials; having been designed as an ocean liner, 40% more steel was required than for a standard cruise ship. \"Queen Mary 2\" has a maximum speed of just over and a cruising speed of , which is faster than a contemporary cruise ship. Instead of the common diesel-electric configuration, \"Queen Mary 2\" uses integrated electric propulsion to achieve her top speed. Diesel engines, augmented by gas turbines, are used to generate electricity for electric motors for propulsion and for on-board use.\n\n\"Queen Mary 2\"'s facilities include fifteen restaurants and bars, five swimming pools, a casino, a ballroom, a theatre, and the first planetarium at sea.", "title": "Queen Mary 2" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Freedom-class cruise ship\n\nThe \"Freedom\" class is a group of three cruise ships for Royal Caribbean International. The first ship of the class, , was the largest passenger ship in the world, and the largest ever built in terms of passenger capacity and gross tonnage, when it was built in 2006. These two records were then shared by all three ships until the construction of was completed in November 2009.\n\n\"Freedom of the Seas\" left Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard, Finland on 24 April 2006 and started regular sailings out of Miami the next month. The second ship of the class, , sailed on its maiden voyage on 19 May 2007. The third ship of the class, , was delivered and started work out of Southampton in April 2008.", "title": "Freedom-class cruise ship" }, { "id": "2574212", "score": "1.6353515", "text": "Her overall passenger capacity was also identical to that of \"Baltic\" at 2,850, but with differences in capacities for each class, with First Class increased to 450, Second Class increased to 500 and Third Class scaled back to 1,900. Unlike her sisters however, she was unable to attain the title of world's largest ship at the time of her completion, as her 24,451 gross tonnage was just barely outmatched by Hamburg Amerika's \"Kaiserin Auguste Victoria\", which measured at 24,581 tons and entered service four months prior to the launch of \"Adriatic\". She would, however, rank briefly as the largest British-built", "title": "White Star Line" }, { "id": "6138803", "score": "1.6314027", "text": "retained much of her prewar splendor of Edwardian, Georgian, Louis XVI styles now merged with modern 1920s touches. The biggest deviation was an art deco night club supplanting the original Verandah Cafe. And in June 1923 she was given back to the Shipping Board. \"Leviathan\"s measured tonnage had increased to 59,956.65 GRT and her speed trials showed an average of 27.48 knots. Thanks in part to Gibbs' clever accounting and the Gulf stream, she had become the world's largest and fastest ship. A claim that was immediately challenged by the Cunard Line who reminded them their RMS \"Mauretania\" (1906) still", "title": "SS Leviathan" }, { "id": "4542913", "score": "1.6280828", "text": "her back the title of largest passenger ship in the world, from the 73,000-ton MS \"Sovereign of the Seas\"), her passenger capacity to 2,565, and gave her a competitive edge against newer ships being built at that time which featured more and more private balcony suites for their passengers. But ship aficionados were incensed that these new decks, built with very rectilinear lines to accommodate the prefabricated cabin units within, ruined the original sweeping lines of the \"France\", and made the \"Norway\" appear top-heavy. The \"France's\" interiors were where the ship displayed its purpose as a showcase of modern French", "title": "SS France (1961)" }, { "id": "9141546", "score": "1.6277983", "text": "to be given this name. She was given a superstructure four decks in height and a third smokestack. Her tonnage was increased to over 27,000 gross tons, making her Red Star’s largest and most luxurious ship. She remained on her route for a decade, and occasionally spent time on extensive world and winter cruises. On 4 December 1924 she embarked on a 133-day world cruise — one of the longest attempted by a luxury liner at the time - advertised as \"The Largest Ship to Circle the Globe\". One of her most famous passengers was Albert Einstein. Returning to Germany", "title": "SS Belgenland (1914)" }, { "id": "1445918", "score": "1.6239206", "text": "her dimensions were altered whilst still on the building stocks after the \"Titanic\" disaster. With a gross tonnage of 48,158, she surpassed her sisters in terms of size (volume), but that did not make her the largest passenger ship in service at that time; the German SS \"Vaterland\" was significantly bigger. The ship was propelled by a mixed system already tested on her sisters: two triple expansion steam engines powered the three-bladed starboard and port wing propellers while a steam turbine used steam exhausted from the two reciprocating engines to power the central four-bladed propeller. She could reach a speed", "title": "HMHS Britannic" }, { "id": "5874232", "score": "1.6132243", "text": "\"Freedom\" however is the larger ship in terms of gross tonnage. While its gross tonnage was estimated to range from to , its official rating by Det Norske Veritas, a Norwegian marine classification society, is , compared with \"QM2's\" . \"Freedom of the Seas\" had the highest gross tonnage of any passenger ship yet built, until the 2009 completion of MS \"Oasis of the Seas\", the 2010 completion of MS \"Allure of the Seas\", the 2016 completion of the MS Harmony of the Seas, and the 2018 completion of the MS Symphony of the Seas. The ship has four bow", "title": "MS Freedom of the Seas" }, { "id": "7888482", "score": "1.6115699", "text": "tonnage, which was quite an accomplishment, considering Brunel's giant ship held the size record for almost 40 years. Except for the \"Adriatic\" all of these in turn, when built, would be the largest ship in the world for a short time. RMS \"Cedric\" was a 21,035-gross ton ship, long and abeam, with two funnels, four masts, two propellers and a service speed of . There was accommodation for 365 first-, 160 second- and 2352 third-class passengers, and a crew of about 350. She was launched in Belfast on 21 August 1902, in a private ceremony which included several guests, amongst", "title": "RMS Cedric" }, { "id": "6638466", "score": "1.6072083", "text": "RMS Majestic (1914) RMS \"Majestic was a White Star ocean liner working on the North Atlantic run, originally launched in 1914 as the Hamburg America Line liner SS \"Bismarck. At 56,551 gross register tons, she was the largest ship in the world until completion of in 1935. The third and largest member of German HAPAG Line's trio of transatlantic liners, her completion was delayed by World War I. She never sailed under the German flag except on her sea trials in 1922. Following the war, she was finished by her German builders, handed over to the allies as war reparations", "title": "RMS Majestic (1914)" }, { "id": "8277287", "score": "1.6051439", "text": "delayed her completion until 1922. She made her maiden voyage in April 1924. At the time, she was the German merchant marine's largest, fastest ocean liner. She measured 32,581 gross tonnage, was long with 1,750 cabins for luxury, first, second and tourist class passengers. Her maximum speed was 23 knots. \"She had been chartered for a number of years by Cooks Travel Agency in New York and cruised into West Indian waters about every two weeks with occasional trips around South America and Africa.\" She was one of the first liners to have an outside swimming pool installed on her", "title": "SS Columbus (1924)" }, { "id": "1430541", "score": "1.599958", "text": "was a slightly larger ship, the largest passenger liner ever built at that time and for 56 years thereafter. She also has the distinction of being the largest-ever riveted ship by gross tonnage. She first entered service in February 1940 as a troopship in World War II, and it was not until October 1946 that she served in her intended role as an ocean liner. With the decline in the popularity of the transatlantic route, both ships were replaced by the smaller, more economical \"Queen Elizabeth 2\" in 1969. \"Queen Mary\" was retired from service on 9 December 1967, and", "title": "RMS Queen Elizabeth" }, { "id": "7576384", "score": "1.5982201", "text": "and cruises at . \"Liberty of the Seas\" is the second of the \"Freedom\"-class vessels. A third ship, , was delivered in April 2008. In 2009, the first in a new of ships measuring 220,000 gross tons displaced the \"Freedom\" class as the world's largest passenger ships. On April 19, 2007, \"Liberty of the Seas\" was delivered to parent company Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. On April 22, 2007 she made her first port of call Southampton, on a promotional visit. She arrived at Cape Liberty Cruise Port on May 3, 2007. On May 18, 2007, the ship was christened by", "title": "MS Liberty of the Seas" }, { "id": "18949088", "score": "1.5976456", "text": "dock on 7 March 2012 and to date, at a length of 345 metres, remains to be the largest ship to be moored adjacent to the terminal. Shortly after this success, the \"Voyager of the Seas\" made her maiden voyage to Sydney, docking at the OPT and within a single day, involved a turn-over of 6,600 passengers, the single largest one-day turnover to date. That was until the arrival of the MS \"Ovation Of The Seas\" in 2016. Whilst the primary operation of the OPT is to serve as a cruise terminal infrastructure building, the 1988 and subsequent renovations have", "title": "Overseas Passenger Terminal" }, { "id": "2122292", "score": "1.5953212", "text": "1858. In 1858, Brunel built his third and last giant, . The ship was, for 43 years, the largest passenger ship ever built. She had the capacity to carry 4,000 passengers. Her career was marked by a series of failures and incidents, one of which was an explosion on board during her maiden voyage. Many ships owned by German companies like Hamburg America Line and Norddeutscher Lloyd were sailing from major German ports, such as Hamburg and Bremen, to the United States during this time. The year 1858 was marked by a major accident: the sinking of . The ship,", "title": "Ocean liner" }, { "id": "12548024", "score": "1.5931389", "text": "built by Harland & Wolff. The Big Four had a tonnage of 21,035 - 24,541, with the \"Baltic\" and the \"Adriatic\" much larger than the first two. However, the Adriatic, which was the largest of the four, was also the only one not to have held the title of largest passenger ship in world. The four ships were propelled by two propellers driven by steam quadruple expansion and reached an average speed of , although their maximum speeds varied. The silhouettes of the four vessels were similar, black hull with red keel and white superstructure. They were provided with four", "title": "Big Four (White Star Line)" }, { "id": "5071672", "score": "1.5923678", "text": "sized Cunarder was launched on 28 July 1938 by Lady Bates, wife of the Cunard White Star chairman. She was named \"Mauretania\" to honour the previous record breaking \"Mauretania\" which had been retired in 1935. The ship was designed for the London to New York service and was the largest vessel ever to navigate the River Thames and use the Royal Docks. She was also intended to stand in for one of the Cunard Queens when they were undergoing maintenance. \"This is a red letter day, not only for me but for Merseyside. The launch of the largest ship that", "title": "RMS Mauretania (1938)" } ]

[ "The Kentucky Derby", "Kentucky Derby", "Kentucky derby", "The Run for the Roses", "KY Derby", "ky derby", "run for roses", "kentucky derby" ]

[ { "id": "3695626", "score": "1.6609956", "text": "Churchill Downs Churchill Downs, located on Central Avenue in south Louisville, Kentucky, United States, is a Thoroughbred racetrack most famous for annually hosting the Kentucky Derby. It officially opened in 1875, and held the first Kentucky Derby and the first Kentucky Oaks in the same year. Churchill Downs has also hosted the renowned Breeders' Cup on nine occasions, most recently on November 2 and 3, 2018. Churchill Downs Incorporated owns and operates the racetrack. With the infield open for the Kentucky Derby, the capacity of Churchill Downs is roughly 170,000. In 2009, the Horseplayers Association of North America introduced a", "title": "Churchill Downs" }, { "id": "3695638", "score": "1.6391256", "text": "constructed. At the same time, 750 speakers were installed around the track. Churchill Downs Churchill Downs, located on Central Avenue in south Louisville, Kentucky, United States, is a Thoroughbred racetrack most famous for annually hosting the Kentucky Derby. It officially opened in 1875, and held the first Kentucky Derby and the first Kentucky Oaks in the same year. Churchill Downs has also hosted the renowned Breeders' Cup on nine occasions, most recently on November 2 and 3, 2018. Churchill Downs Incorporated owns and operates the racetrack. With the infield open for the Kentucky Derby, the capacity of Churchill Downs is", "title": "Churchill Downs" }, { "id": "3695628", "score": "1.6314082", "text": "in 1875. His father-in-law, Richard Ten Broeck, was an accomplished horse breeder and trainer, and introduced Clark to horse racing, attending the English Derby at Epsom Downs outside London. Churchill Downs filled a void in Louisville left by the closing of Oakland and Woodlawn, two earlier race courses. The then-rural location was along Louisville and Nashville Railroad tracks, allowing for easy transport of horses. Clark, who preferred longer races to the relatively short ones that had become popular by the 1890s, was running short of funds, and in 1894 sold the track to a syndicate led by William E. Applegate.", "title": "Churchill Downs" }, { "id": "3695631", "score": "1.6306007", "text": "been beaten when he won the entire six-race card at Churchill Downs. In 1908, parimutuel betting machines were introduced as gambling began to be less controversial again, and the wagering portion of the track's business became more profitable. Churchill Downs was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. On Friday, June 19, 2009, Churchill Downs hosted its first-ever night race with an attendance of over 27,000. Churchill Downs ventured into the music business, organizing the inaugural HullabaLOU Music Festival, held on the weekend of July 23–25, 2010. The track had planned to make this an annual event to compete with", "title": "Churchill Downs" }, { "id": "3695630", "score": "1.5843211", "text": "to help him run the rack was Col. Matt Winn of Louisville. Churchill Downs prospered and the Kentucky Derby then became the preeminent stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses in North America. During that early period, a new clubhouse was built in order to promote social interaction, and new events such as steeplechases, automobile races, and band concerts were held at the track. The State Fair was held on the grounds, featuring the odd spectacle of two locomotives being intentionally crashed head-on in the infield. On June 5, 1907, African American jockey James Lee set a record that has never", "title": "Churchill Downs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Churchill Downs\n\nChurchill Downs is a horse racing complex located on Central Avenue in south Louisville, Kentucky, United States, famed for hosting the annual Kentucky Derby. It officially opened in 1875 and was named for Samuel Churchill, whose family was prominent in Kentucky for many years. The first Kentucky Derby, a Thoroughbred sweepstakes and part of today's horse racing Triple Crown, and the first Kentucky Oaks were held in the same year. Churchill Downs has also hosted the renowned Breeders' Cup on nine occasions, most recently on November 2 and 3, 2018. \n\nThe racetrack is owned and operated by Churchill Downs Incorporated. With the infield open for the Kentucky Derby, the capacity of Churchill Downs is roughly 170,000. \n\nIn 2009 the Horseplayers Association of North America introduced a rating system for 65 Thoroughbred racetracks in North America, which ranked Churchill Downs number 5 on its list.\n\nIn 2014, prior to the start of their spring meet, Churchill Downs announced an increase in parimutuel takeout rates. As a result of the takeout increase, Churchill Downs ranked number 22 in that year's Horseplayers Association of North America Track Ratings.", "title": "Churchill Downs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Churchill Downs Stakes\n\nThe Churchill Downs Stakes is a Grade I American Thoroughbred horse race for four-year-old and older sprinters run over a distance of seven furlongs on the dirt annually in early May at Churchill Downs racetrack in Louisville, Kentucky as an undercard event on Kentucky Derby day. The event currently offers a purse of $750,000.", "title": "Churchill Downs Stakes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Breeders' Cup\n\nThe Breeders' Cup World Championships is an annual series of Grade I Thoroughbred horse races, operated by Breeders' Cup Limited, a company formed in 1982. From its inception in 1984 through 2006, it was a single-day event; starting in 2007, it expanded to two days. All sites have been in the United States, except in 1996, when the races were at the Woodbine Racetrack in Canada.\n\nThe attendance at the Breeders' Cup varies, depending mainly on the capacity of the host track. Santa Anita Park set the highest two-day attendance figure of 118,484 in 2016. The lowest two-day attendance was 69,584 in 2007 at Monmouth Park. The attendance typically only trails the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes and the Kentucky Oaks (and in some years, the Belmont Stakes); for more information see American Thoroughbred racing top attended events.\n\nWith the addition of three races for 2008, a total of $25.5 million was awarded over the two days, up from $23 million in 2007. With the subsequent removal of two races, the purses for the remaining thirteen races totaled $24.5 million in 2014, plus awards for foal and stallion nominators. Prior to the 2016 running, the total purses were raised from $26 million to $28 million. The purse of the Classic was raised from $5 million to $6 million, and the purse of the Longines Turf was increased from $3 million to $4 million. In 2018, total prizes and awards were increased to over $30 million after another race, the Juvenile Turf Sprint, was added and the purse for the Sprint was increased to $2 million.\n\nEach Breeders' Cup race presents four Breeders' Cup trophies to the connections of the winner and a garland of flowers draped over the withers of the winning horse. Many Breeders' Cup winners will go on to win the Eclipse Award in their respective division. For example, of the eleven flat racehorse categories, seven of the Eclipse winners in 2015 had also won a Breeders' Cup race, while three others were in the money.\n\nIn the 2015 listing of the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA), three Breeders' Cup races are ranked among the top Grade 1 races in the world: the Classic (4th), the Turf (10th) and the Mile (12th). The Distaff is ranked second among the top Grade 1 races for fillies and mares.", "title": "Breeders' Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Churchill Downs Incorporated\n\nChurchill Downs Incorporated is the parent company of Churchill Downs. The company has evolved from one racetrack in Louisville, Kentucky, to a multi American-state-wide, publicly traded company with racetracks, casinos and an online wagering company among its portfolio of businesses.", "title": "Churchill Downs Incorporated" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kentucky Derby\n\nThe Kentucky Derby is a horse race held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, almost always on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The competition is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds at a distance of at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry and fillies .\n\nIt is dubbed \"The Run for the Roses\", stemming from the blanket of roses draped over the winner. It is also known in the United States as \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" or \"The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports\" because of its approximate duration. It is the first leg of the American Triple Crown, followed by the Preakness Stakes, and then the Belmont Stakes. Of the three Triple Crown races, the Kentucky Derby has the distinction of having been run uninterrupted since its inaugural race in 1875. The race was rescheduled to September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Preakness and Belmont Stakes races had taken hiatuses in 1891–1893 and 1911–1912, respectively. Even with the Olympics and major professional sports leagues canceled at those points, the Derby, Preakness, and Belmont took place during the Great Depression and both World Wars.\n\nA horse must win all three races to win the Triple Crown. In the 2015 listing of the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA), the Kentucky Derby tied with the Whitney Handicap as the top Grade 1 race in the United States outside the Breeders' Cup races.\n\nThe attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance numbers of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes, and the Breeders' Cup.", "title": "Kentucky Derby" }, { "id": "6394718", "score": "1.5753324", "text": "Ellis overlapping the final week of racing at Churchill Downs. The 2007 meet was highlighted by the Claiming Crown, the first running of the Claiming Crown in the state of Kentucky and the first time the Claiming Crown would be held elsewhere other than Canterbury Park since Philadelphia Park hosted the 2002 edition. On July 2, 2008, Ellis Park owner Ron Geary announced that he would close the track, after a federal judge denied an injunction against the Horsemen's Benevolent and Protective Association in an ongoing dispute over simulcast wagering revenues. However, on July 5, a deal was struck between", "title": "Ellis Park Race Course" }, { "id": "694025", "score": "1.5717819", "text": "teams to compete for the national championship. Horse racing is also a major attraction. Churchill Downs is home to the Kentucky Derby, the largest sporting event in the state, as well as the Kentucky Oaks which together cap the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. Churchill Downs has also hosted the renowned Breeders' Cup on eight occasions, most recently in 2011. Louisville is also the home of Valhalla Golf Club which hosted the 1996, 2000 and 2014 PGA Championships, the 2004 Senior PGA Championship and the 2008 Ryder Cup. It is also home to David Armstrong Extreme Park (formerly Louisville Extreme Park),", "title": "Louisville, Kentucky" }, { "id": "11096439", "score": "1.5687568", "text": "race has been run at a distance of mile. The Iroquois (pronounced \"Ear-Ah-Coy\") is named for Iroquois, the first American horse to win the English Epsom Derby. Iroquois Stakes (Churchill Downs) The Iroquois Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race which is the first graded stakes race for Thoroughbred horses on opening day at the Churchill Downs Fall Meet. This first day every fall is devoted entirely to two-year-old racing. The race is a Road to the Kentucky Derby Prep Season qualifying race. The winner receives 10 points toward qualifying for the Kentucky Derby. Prior to 2013 the race was", "title": "Iroquois Stakes (Churchill Downs)" }, { "id": "3695636", "score": "1.5578666", "text": "one week before the Derby and continues until early July. The Kentucky Derby is held the first Saturday in May and the Kentucky Oaks is run on the Friday before the Derby. A fall meet picks up in late October and closes Thanksgiving weekend in late November. A third meet in September was added in 2013. In addition to the track, clubhouse and stables, Churchill Downs also contains the Kentucky Derby Museum which focuses on the history of the Kentucky Derby and Churchill Downs. The museum also contains a number of exhibits exploring the training and racing of thoroughbred horses.", "title": "Churchill Downs" }, { "id": "6861360", "score": "1.5527501", "text": "Rous and France's Vicomte Darn, vice president of the French Jockey Club. Upon his return from Europe, Clark began development of his racetrack, which would serve to showcase the Kentucky breeding industry. The track would eventually become known as Churchill Downs. The track formally opened on May 17, 1875, with four races scheduled including the day's featured race, the Kentucky Derby. Throughout the early 1900s, Churchill Downs joined with other tracks to create the Kentucky Jockey Club. With five tracks, the Club decided to dissolve in December 1927, with the purpose of re-organizing. In January 1928, the American Turf Association", "title": "Churchill Downs Incorporated" }, { "id": "11096438", "score": "1.545249", "text": "Iroquois Stakes (Churchill Downs) The Iroquois Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race which is the first graded stakes race for Thoroughbred horses on opening day at the Churchill Downs Fall Meet. This first day every fall is devoted entirely to two-year-old racing. The race is a Road to the Kentucky Derby Prep Season qualifying race. The winner receives 10 points toward qualifying for the Kentucky Derby. Prior to 2013 the race was run over at one mile on the dirt track, and open to juveniles only. The Grade III Iroquois currently offers a purse of $150,000. Since 2013, the", "title": "Iroquois Stakes (Churchill Downs)" }, { "id": "20982055", "score": "1.5412575", "text": "site for $6 million, using the grandstand for simulcast racing and racetrack for training thoroughbreds. The grandstand was razed in 2015 and in September 2018, Churchill Downs, Inc. used the site for Derby City Gaming, an historical race wagering facility. Harness racing may return to the former Louisville Downs site; in September 2018, Churchill Downs and Keeneland Association filed an application with the Kentucky Horse Racing Commission to hold 10 days of harness meets in 2019. Louisville Downs Louisville Downs was a half-mile Standardbred harness race track located in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It opened in 1966 and held over", "title": "Louisville Downs" }, { "id": "228040", "score": "1.5383377", "text": "the track ran into financial difficulties and in 1894 the New Louisville Jockey Club was incorporated with new capitalization and improved facilities. Despite this, the business floundered until 1902 when Col. Matt Winn of Louisville put together a syndicate of businessmen to acquire the facility. Under Winn, Churchill Downs prospered and the Kentucky Derby then became the preeminent stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses in North America. Thoroughbred owners began sending their successful Derby horses to compete later in the Preakness Stakes at the Pimlico Race Course, in Baltimore, Maryland, followed by the Belmont Stakes in Elmont, New York. The", "title": "Kentucky Derby" }, { "id": "11728833", "score": "1.529922", "text": "Twin Spires Stakes in 1988 and was run again with that name in 1989. The race was known as the Capital Holding Mile Stakes from 1990 to 1995. Churchill Distaff Turf Mile Stakes Churchill Distaff Turf Mile Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually in early May at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. A Grade II event, it is open to fillies and mares, aged three and older. Contested over a distance of one mile (8 furlongs) on turf, it currently offers a purse of $300,000. In 2009, this race was upgraded from a Grade III to a", "title": "Churchill Distaff Turf Mile Stakes" }, { "id": "11728832", "score": "1.5264817", "text": "Churchill Distaff Turf Mile Stakes Churchill Distaff Turf Mile Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually in early May at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. A Grade II event, it is open to fillies and mares, aged three and older. Contested over a distance of one mile (8 furlongs) on turf, it currently offers a purse of $300,000. In 2009, this race was upgraded from a Grade III to a Grade II event. This race was inaugurated as the Twin Spires Stakes in 1983, and was run again in 1987 under that name. It was renamed Capital Holding", "title": "Churchill Distaff Turf Mile Stakes" }, { "id": "9076859", "score": "1.5216857", "text": "Ack Ack Handicap (Churchill Downs) The Ack Ack Handicap is a Grade III race for Thoroughbred horses run annually during the first week of November at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. Open to horses aged three and up, it is contested at a distance of 8 furlongs (one mile) on the dirt. Since inception in 1991, the Ack Ack Handicap has been contested at three different distances: The race is named for the great Ack Ack, inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1986 and the Horse of the Year in 1971, as well as", "title": "Ack Ack Handicap (Churchill Downs)" }, { "id": "3695635", "score": "1.5201465", "text": "Pierre Bellocq depicting all 96 jockeys to win the Kentucky Derby from 1875 to 2004. In summer 2008 the same artist added another mural depicting all of the trainers and updating the Jockey's painting, adding Calvin Borel and Edgar Prado to it. These updates are done yearly to accommodate new winning trainers and jockeys. The new design has been somewhat controversial since the new suites block full view of the spires from most angles. Racing at Churchill Downs occurs in three meets though for the majority of its existence there were only two meets per year. The spring meet starts", "title": "Churchill Downs" }, { "id": "20982049", "score": "1.51893", "text": "Louisville Downs Louisville Downs was a half-mile Standardbred harness race track located in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It opened in 1966 and held over 3,400 days of harness racing until it was sold to Churchill Downs in 1991. Louisville Downs was built and managed by William H. King, a Louisville entrepreneur and promoter, who was the first to offer wagering by phone (“Call-a-Bet”) and full card simulcast wagering to television viewers. King was a well-known promoter of entertainment events in Louisville. Prior to launching Louisville Downs, he had gained local renown for presenting sport, boat and vacation shows and events", "title": "Louisville Downs" }, { "id": "6394717", "score": "1.5185577", "text": "the inter-track wagering legislation in Kentucky. They, in turn, sold the track to the Racing Corporation of America in 1989. The company sold the track to Churchill Downs Incorporated in 1998. The racetrack suffered extensive damage, as well as the death of several racehorses, when a tornado ripped through the area on November 6, 2005. On July 17, 2006, Ellis Park was purchased by Ron Geary, a Kentucky businessman, from Churchill Downs Incorporated for an undisclosed sum of money. The track's dates would be shifted so racing would begin at Ellis Park on the Fourth of July, which would have", "title": "Ellis Park Race Course" }, { "id": "6861359", "score": "1.5133277", "text": "Churchill Downs Incorporated Churchill Downs Incorporated is the parent company of Churchill Downs. The company has evolved from one racetrack in Louisville, Kentucky, to a multi US-state, publicly traded company with racetracks, casinos and the United States' leading online wagering company among its portfolio of businesses. Churchill Downs Incorporated began with the opening of one legendary racetrack in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1875. While traveling in England and France in 1872–1873, 26-year-old Meriwether Lewis Clark devised the idea of a Louisville Jockey Club for conducting race meets. Clark toured and visited with a number of notable racing leaders, including England's Admiral", "title": "Churchill Downs Incorporated" } ]

[ "shotput", "Shotputter", "Shot-put", "shot putt", "Shot Put", "Shot put", "Shotput", "shotputter", "shot putter", "shot put", "Shot putt", "Shot putting", "Shot putter", "shot putting", "Shot Putt" ]

[ { "id": "4017470", "score": "2.0164175", "text": "Geoff Capes Geoffrey Lewis Capes (born 23 August 1949) is a British former shot putter, strongman and professional Highland Games competitor. As an athlete he represented both England and Great Britain in field athletics, specialising in the shot put an event in which he was twice Commonwealth champion, twice European champion, and three time Olympian. As a strongman, he twice won the title of World's Strongest Man, was World Muscle Power champion on two occasions, and also had numerous other titles including Europe's Strongest Man and Britain's Strongest Man. As a Highland Games competitor he was six times world champion,", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": "4017484", "score": "1.927305", "text": "Pittuck. Capes also helped promote the Daily Star funded UK Strongest Man tournaments until the turn of the millennium. Outside his sporting career Capes was for a long time a policeman and prior to that was a member of the Air Training Corps. Prior to his athletic retirement he had been awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977, for services to the community. He went on to run a sportswear retail shop in Holbeach, before moving to Spalding where in 1998 he became a Justice of the Peace. At the height of his fame in 1985, the", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": "4017478", "score": "1.9250624", "text": "athletic career. In 1980 the Olympics dominated the year and Capes did not compete in Britain's Strongest Man, but he did compete later in the Europe's Strongest Man competition and won that. This ensured his invitation to the 1980 World's Strongest Man and on his first entry he came third behind the by then more experienced Bill Kazmaier and Lars Hedlund. In 1981 he returned and improved to second place, again behind Kazmaier, and in 1982 he came fourth. The 1983 contest was the first held outside the United States and in Christchurch, New Zealand he held off the challenge", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": "4017477", "score": "1.9081349", "text": "arm strength, easily tearing London telephone directories in half and bending rolled steel bars measuring over 1 inch in diameter, and three feet in length. Capes turned fully professional in 1980, the Olympics in Moscow being his last event as an amateur athlete. He had already begun to make a name as a strongman having won the inaugural Britain's Strongest Man in 1979. In that competition he beat Bill Anderson, the World Highland Games champion into second place. Bill went on to the 1979 World's Strongest Man, the first Briton to compete in this tournament, whilst Capes concentrated on his", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": "4017481", "score": "1.882452", "text": "by a win in the World Strongman Challenge and he is one of only three athletes to have won all three titles. There was no World's Strongest Man that year, but an event was held designed specifically to pit the three most successful strongmen against one another. Called the Pure Strength, the Ultimate Challenge, it featured Bill Kazmaier, Jón Páll Sigmarsson and Geoff Capes. The event was held at Huntly Castle and Capes entered despite having been in hospital the previous weekend with strained trapeziums. Strong performances in the first few rounds belied his condition but he eventually pulled out", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geoff Capes\n\nGeoffrey Lewis Capes (born 23 August 1949) is a British former shot putter, strongman and professional Highland Games competitor.\n\nHe represented England and Great Britain in field athletics, specialising in the shot put, an event in which he was twice Commonwealth champion, twice European indoor champion, and competed at three Olympic Games.\n\nAs a strongman, he twice won the title of World's Strongest Man,<ref name=\"Sons\"/> was World Muscle Power champion on two occasions,<ref name=\"Sons\"/> and also had numerous other titles including Europe's Strongest Man and Britain's Strongest Man.<ref name=\"Sons\"/>\n\nAs a Highland Games competitor he was six times world champion,<ref name=\"Lagos\"/> first winning the title in Lagos in 1981,<ref name=\"emily\"/> and held world records in numerous events.<ref name=\"Sons\"/> Following retirement from competitive sport he continued to be involved in strength athletics as a referee, event promoter and coach. He also ran a sportswear retail shop,<ref name=\"Sons\"/> and became renowned as a world-class breeder of birds. Capes stood and weighed at his peak condition.", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "World's Strongest Man\n\nThe World's Strongest Man is an international Strongman competition held every year. Organized by American event management company IMG, a subsidiary of Endeavor, it is broadcast in the US during summers and in the UK around the end of December each year. Competitors qualify based on placing in the top three at the four to eight Giants Live events each year.\n\nThe current event sponsor is SBD Apparel. Previous sponsors include Tachi Palace, Coregenx, Commerce Hotel and Casino, DAF Trucks, Tonka, MET-Rx, and PartyPoker.com.\n\nThe event has a number of rival and parallel competitions with which it is sometimes confused, including the Strongman Super Series, the now defunct IFSA Strongman World Championships (run from 2005 to 2007 after the International Federation of Strength Athletes parted company with WSM in 2004) and Strongman Champions League.", "title": "World's Strongest Man" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bishop Dolegiewicz\n\nZbigniew \"Bishop\" Dolegiewicz (July 8, 1953 – October 29, 2008) was a Canadian professional track and field athlete and coach who specialized in the shot put and the discus throw.\n\nA tall and muscular athlete, he won All-American honours while at the University of Texas and was the 1975 World University champion in the shot put. A silver medal at the 1975 Pan American Games was followed by his first Olympic appearance at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. He won a Commonwealth Games bronze on home turf in 1978 and also set a Canadian record of 20.83 m in the shot put that year.\n\nHe won a second Pan American medal in 1979 and began competing in the World's Strongest Man competition, highlighted by a fourth-place finish in 1980. He represented Canada at the first World Championships in Athletics in 1983, competing in the qualifying stage, and finished eleventh in the shot put final at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles – the best finish by a Canadian at the time. He retired in 1985 and moved into coaching, training throwers at the University of Saskatchewan and Southern Utah University.\n\nA steroid user during much of his career, Dolegiewicz testified at the Dubin Inquiry in 1989, revealing that he had taken and distributed Dianabol. He sold the drug to Charlie Francis in 1981, who acquired it for his trainee Ben Johnson (the athlete whose failed test sparked the inquiry). Dolegiewicz also stated that he believed steroid use was so widespread in the throwing events that he could not name an individual who had not taken the drug. The comments to the governmental commission resulted in the loss of his Canadian shot record and his dismissal from his post at the University of Saskatchewan. He died in 2008 at the age of 55.", "title": "Bishop Dolegiewicz" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Socially Distant Sports Bar\n\nThe Socially Distant Sports Bar is a comedy/sports podcast hosted by sports journalist and academic Steffan Garrero with comedians Elis James and Mike Bubbins. It was created in response to the lack of live sport during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "title": "The Socially Distant Sports Bar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bill Kazmaier\n\n\n\n\n<ref name=\"en.allpowerlifting.com\"/>\n\n<ref name=\"en.allpowerlifting.com\"/>\nWilliam Kazmaier (born December 30, 1953) is an American former world champion powerlifter, world champion strongman and professional wrestler. During the 1970s and 1980s, he set numerous powerlifting and strongman world records, and won two International Powerlifting Federation (IPF) World Championships and three World's Strongest Man titles. In the 1980s, Kazmaier became famous for his claim to be \"the strongest man who ever lived\" by equaling and surpassing spectacular and versatile feats of strength of famous strongmen of the 20th century. He is widely considered to be one of the all-time greatest competitors in strength competitions.", "title": "Bill Kazmaier" }, { "id": "4017480", "score": "1.8805445", "text": "King has not lost his crown\". Sigmarsson won once again in 1986 with Capes coming second. Aside from the World's Strongest Man, Capes also won Europe's Strongest Man on three occasions, in London (1980), Amsterdam (1982) and Marken (1984). He regained his Britain's Strongest Man title in 1981 and again in 1983. He won the World Muscle Power championship in 1987, and has been ascribed two World Muscle Power championships by the creator of the event, David Webster, although other sources suggest the 1987 victory was the only one. In 1987 his win in the World Muscle Power was accompanied", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": "4017471", "score": "1.8739364", "text": "first winning the title in Lagos in 1981, and held world records in numerous events. Following retirement from competitive sport he continued to be involved in strength athletics as a referee, event promoter and coach. He also ran a sportswear retail shop and became renowned as a world-class breeder of birds. Capes stood and weighed at his peak condition. Capes was born in 1949 in Holbeach, Lincolnshire, the seventh of nine children. He was the seventh child of Eileen Capes, though the eldest of her three children by her third husband Bill Capes. Of his older siblings, the elder two", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": "4017483", "score": "1.8655775", "text": "by Bill Anderson. He went on to win again in 1983 in Carmunnock and the next four consecutive titles, making him the most successful competitor ever in terms of titles. He set world records in many disciplines, including the 56 lb weight over the bar and brick lifting. As a Highland competitor he was dubbed Geoff Dubh Laidir, translated as Black Strong Geoff. \"According to Capes himself.\" Capes went on to coach many rising stars in both athletics and strength athletics. Adrian Smith later took fifth spot at the World's Strongest Man under the combined coaching of Capes and Bill", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": "4017476", "score": "1.8625164", "text": "Capes is the most capped British male athlete of all time, receiving 67 International caps, and returning 35 wins, not including a further 35 caps for England. He is a winner of 17 national titles including being 7 times a winner of the AAA championship and three times UK champion, In 1983 he was voted Britain's best ever field athlete and his 1980 British shot-put record stood until 2003, when Carl Myerscough took the mantle. As a strongman, Capes became a household name in Britain and many parts of the world. He was particularly known for his incredible hand and", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": "4017482", "score": "1.8513966", "text": "during the log-lift and ended the contest in third place. Capes, the oldest of the three, was close to strongman retirement at this stage and the next year, the World Muscle Power where he finished second, proved to be his last major outing as a strongman. As a professional, Capes' mainstay was in fact Highland Games. He competed at many gatherings in Scotland and across the world and became a hugely popular and respected figure. He won the World Heavy Events title in Lagos in 1981, in a year when there were two world championships, the second won in Melbourne", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": "4017479", "score": "1.8105953", "text": "of a world class field including the young Jón Páll Sigmarsson and to take the first of two World's Strongest Man titles. The Christchurch hosted tournament also had the Canadian world powerlifting champion, Tom Magee, and the European powerlifting champion, Siem Wulfse, competing. But it was the duel between Sigmarsson and Capes that heralded the beginning of a great rivalry. The following year in Mora, Sweden, Sigmarsson, eleven years Capes' junior, took the title proclaiming \"The King has lost his crown!\". Capes retorted \"I'll be back\" and the following year won the title in Cascais, his closing remark being \"The", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": "3674178", "score": "1.7913564", "text": "record 28 points in 1980), he eventually was left out of the competition, even after becoming the first man to win 3-consecutive WSM titles He set prodigious marks with a 478.5kg (1055lb) silver dollar coin deadlift, 439.5kg (969lb) squat(smith machine), and a then-record 165.6kg (365lb) log lift with a rough, unbalanced log. His legendary status eventually earned him a place in the WSM Hall of Fame. After Kazmaier left, his nearest rival, former Olympian Geoff Capes from the UK, traded wins with the charismatic Icelandic powerlifter Jón Páll Sigmarsson. Sigmarsson raised the popularity and awareness of the event to new", "title": "World's Strongest Man" }, { "id": "12331635", "score": "1.7774556", "text": "Lewis Capes Lewis Leonard Capes (born 26 May 1971) is a former British shot put athlete and professional American football player. Capes stood and weighed at his peak condition. Lewis Capes is the son of the former British shot putter and two-time World's Strongest Man winner Geoff Capes. He was born in Peterborough and brought up in Spalding, Lincolnshire, attending Millfield School. He became a member of Millfield's athletic, rugby and water polo squads where he was coached by Rod Speed. After leaving school, he flew to the United States and attended Santa Monica College (1989–1991), representing the athletic squad", "title": "Lewis Capes" }, { "id": "4017473", "score": "1.7590923", "text": "and an agricultural labourer, being able to load twenty tons of potatoes in twenty minutes. He joined Cambridgeshire Constabulary in 1970, and remained in the police for ten years. First and foremost, Capes was a shot putter and represented his country over a span of 11 years, winning two Commonwealth Games and two Indoor European Championship titles. His first major games were the 1970 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, where he finished fourth. In the next two games in 1974 and 1978 he took the gold medal. In this period he also became the European Indoor Champion in both 1974 and", "title": "Geoff Capes" }, { "id": "6865800", "score": "1.7225994", "text": "the successor to the retired Capes. He won the title, the equivalent that year of Britain's Strongest Man. Underlining his calibre, he then broke Tom Topham's 274-year-old record by harness lifting three beer barrels weighing a total of 845 kg. This performances culminated in an invitation to the 1988 World's Strongest Man where he finished third on his first attempt, to Jón Páll Sigmarsson and Bill Kazmaier. The following year he won the competition in San Sebastián again excelling in gripping events, seen as his speciality. He was injured for the next two competitions and on his return in 1992", "title": "Jamie Reeves" }, { "id": "10836932", "score": "1.7224654", "text": "man in Britain as their champion. The inaugural competition was in 1979 and was organised by TWI. It was covered by the BBC. The final contest involved the field athletes Geoff Capes and Jim Whitehead, weightlifter Andy Drzewiecki, powerlifter Ray Nobile, Highland Games specialists Bill Anderson and Grant Anderson, wrestler Big Pat Roach, and Tosher Killingback; it was won by Geoff Capes. The contestants were there by invitation. The format continued until 1984. There was then a break of three years, from 1985 through 1988, before the competition returned in 1989. In 1986, there was a \"\"Britain's Most Powerful Man\"\"", "title": "Britain's Strongest Man" }, { "id": "14961506", "score": "1.7195605", "text": "the young powerlifter and bodybuilder, Jón Páll Sigmarsson entered the 1983 World's Strongest Man competition and was only beaten into second place by the experienced Geoff Capes. Sigmarsson went on to win the competition the following year and in total won it four times. Sigmarsson was also a six times World Muscle Power champion and winner of the Pure Strength title. His contemporary, and good friend Hjalti Árnason, was also competing at this time and as well as podium finishes in World Muscle Power and World Strongman Challenge, he won the highly regarded Le Defi Mark Ten International competition. Magnús", "title": "Strength athletics in Iceland" }, { "id": "2899861", "score": "1.7132356", "text": "Aberdeenshire, Scotland, Geoff Capes, Bill Kazmaier and Jón Páll matched up to crown the strongest man on the planet. Jón Páll, being in the shape of his life, won the contest convincingly by winning 8 out of 10 events and even managed to beat Kazmaier, who was making his comeback into the strongman sport after having worked and travelled as a professional wrestler. A famous quote, \"There is no reason to be alive if you can't do deadlift.\" was shouted by Jón Páll when he won the deadlift event at this contest with a strongman world record lift of 523", "title": "Jón Páll Sigmarsson" }, { "id": "14195690", "score": "1.6971931", "text": "in the competition: 1983 World's Strongest Man The 1983 World's Strongest Man was the seventh edition of World's Strongest Man and was won by Geoff Capes from the United Kingdom. It was his first title. Jón Páll Sigmarsson from the Iceland finished second, and Simon Wulfse from the Netherlands third. The winner of the three previous competetitions, Bill Kazmaier, was not invited to compete again in this year. The contest was held at Christchurch, New Zealand. The title of the competition, formerly \"World's Strongest Men\", was changed to the current title for this competition. There were a total of 8", "title": "1983 World's Strongest Man" }, { "id": "4017475", "score": "1.680433", "text": "career and increased the British record to 21.68 m (71 ft. 3.5 in.) in Cwmbran on 18 May 1980 being a new Commonwealth and British record. He went into the Olympics as the athlete with the best distance of the year so far and was once again a favourite for the title. However, he eventually placed fifth, the winner being Vladimir Kiselyov who although putting an Olympic Record of 21.35 m was well short of Capes' distance prior to the Olympics. Capes said of his performance at the 1980 Moscow Olympics that the result that left him \"\"numbed with disappointment\"\".", "title": "Geoff Capes" } ]

[ "არგონავტები", "ArgonavTebi", "Argonauts", "argonavtebi", "Αργοναύται", "αργοναύται", "argonautic", "argonautai", "argonaut", "Argonautic", "ARGONAUTS", "The argonauts", "argonauts", "Argonautai", "Argonaut" ]

[ { "id": "833720", "score": "2.0295062", "text": "the man who would be his downfall. Jason responded that he would send that man after the Golden Fleece. Pelias took Jason's advice and sent him to retrieve the Golden Fleece. It would be found at Colchis, in a grove sacred to Ares, the god of war. Though the Golden Fleece simply hung on an oak tree, this was a seemingly impossible task, as an ever-watchful dragon guarded it. Jason made preparations by commanding the shipwright Argus to build a ship large enough for fifty men, which he would eventually call the \"Argo\". These heroes who would join his quest", "title": "Pelias" }, { "id": "833721", "score": "1.9866874", "text": "were known as the Argonauts. Upon their arrival, Jason requested the Golden Fleece from the king of Colchis, Aeëtes. Aeëtes demanded that Jason must first yoke a pair of fire-breathing bulls to a plough and sow dragon's teeth into the earth. Medea, daughter of Aeëtes, fell in love with Jason, and being endowed with magical powers, aided him in his completion of the difficult task. She cast a spell to put the dragon to sleep, enabling Jason to obtain the Golden Fleece from the oak tree. Jason, Medea, and the Argonauts fled Colchis and began their journey home to Thessaly.", "title": "Pelias" }, { "id": "208519", "score": "1.9755974", "text": "tail feathers. Seeing this, they rowed strongly and made it through with minor damage at the extreme stern of the ship. From that time on, the clashing rocks were forever joined leaving free passage for others to pass. Jason arrived in Colchis (modern Black Sea coast of Georgia) to claim the fleece as his own. It was owned by King Aeetes of Colchis. The fleece was given to him by Phrixus. Aeetes promised to give it to Jason only if he could perform three certain tasks. Presented with the tasks, Jason became discouraged and fell into depression. However, Hera had", "title": "Jason" }, { "id": "834073", "score": "1.9689326", "text": "Golden Fleece In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece ( \"chrysómallon déras\") is the fleece of the gold-haired winged ram, which was held in Colchis. The fleece is a symbol of authority and kingship. It figures in the tale of the hero Jason and his crew of Argonauts, who set out on a quest for the fleece by order of King Pelias, in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly. Through the help of Medea, they acquire the Golden Fleece. The story is of great antiquity and was current in the time of Homer (eighth century", "title": "Golden Fleece" }, { "id": "107320", "score": "1.9566501", "text": "the hero Jason that the Golden Fleece he is seeking is in a copse guarded by a dragon, \"which surpassed in breadth and length a fifty-oared ship\". Jason slays the dragon and makes off with the Golden Fleece together with his co-conspirator, Aeëtes's daughter, Medea. The earliest artistic representation of this story is an Attic red-figure \"kylix\" dated to 480–470 BC, showing a bedraggled Jason being disgorged from the dragon's open mouth as the Golden Fleece hangs in a tree behind him and Athena, the goddess of wisdom, stands watch. A fragment from Pherecydes of Leros states that Jason killed", "title": "Dragon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Argonauts\n\nThe Argonauts (; Ancient Greek: ) were a band of heroes in Greek mythology, who in the years before the Trojan War (around 1300 BC) accompanied Jason to Colchis in his quest to find the Golden Fleece. Their name comes from their ship, \"Argo\", named after its builder, Argus. They were sometimes called Minyans, after a prehistoric tribe in the area.", "title": "Argonauts" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jason\n\nJason ( ; ) was an ancient Greek mythological hero and leader of the Argonauts, whose quest for the Golden Fleece featured in Greek literature. He was the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos. He was married to the sorceress Medea. He was also the great-grandson of the messenger god Hermes, through his mother's side.\n\nJason appeared in various literary works in the classical world of Greece and Rome, including the epic poem \"Argonautica\" and the tragedy \"Medea\". In the modern world, Jason has emerged as a character in various adaptations of his myths, such as the 1963 film \"Jason and the Argonauts\" and the 2000 TV miniseries of the same name.", "title": "Jason" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Category:Argonauts" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Argonautica\n\nThe Argonautica () is a Greek epic poem written by Apollonius Rhodius in the 3rd century BC. The only surviving Hellenistic epic, the \"Argonautica\" tells the myth of the voyage of Jason and the Argonauts to retrieve the Golden Fleece from remote Colchis. Their heroic adventures and Jason's relationship with the dangerous Colchian princess/sorceress Medea were already well known to Hellenistic audiences, which enabled Apollonius to go beyond a simple narrative, giving it a scholarly emphasis suitable to the times. It was the age of the great Library of Alexandria, and his epic incorporates his research in geography, ethnography, comparative religion, and Homeric literature. However, his main contribution to the epic tradition lies in his development of the love between hero and heroine – he seems to have been the first narrative poet to study \"the pathology of love\". His \"Argonautica\" had a profound impact on Latin poetry: it was translated by Varro Atacinus and imitated by Valerius Flaccus, it influenced Catullus and Ovid, and it provided Virgil with a model for his Roman epic, the \"Aeneid\".", "title": "Argonautica" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of films based on classical mythology\n\nThis is a list of films based on classical mythology (Greek and Roman mythology).", "title": "List of films based on classical mythology" }, { "id": "208532", "score": "1.9406304", "text": "there was a reference to the mythical Jason when Jason Grace and his friends encounter Medea. Jason Jason (; Ancient Greek: Ἰάσων \"Iásōn\" ) was an ancient Greek mythological hero who was the leader of the Argonauts whose quest for the Golden Fleece featured in Greek literature. He was the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos. He was married to the sorceress Medea. He was also the great-grandson of the messenger god Hermes, through his mother's side. Jason appeared in various literary works in the classical world of Greece and Rome, including the epic poem \"Argonautica\" and the", "title": "Jason" }, { "id": "10650112", "score": "1.9151177", "text": "Khalkotauroi The Colchis Bulls are mythical creatures that appear in the Greek myth of Jason and the Golden Fleece. The Colchis Bulls are two immense bulls with bronze hooves, and bronze mouths through which they breathe fire. In the \"Argonautica\", Jason is promised the prized fleece by King Aeetes if he can first yoke the \"Khalkotauroi\" and use them to plough a field. The field was then to be sown with dragon's teeth. Jason survived the burning flames of the bronze bulls by smoking in a magical potion that protected him from the heat. The potion had been provided by", "title": "Khalkotauroi" }, { "id": "7863238", "score": "1.9093795", "text": "his prophetic warning to Pelias, king of Iolcus, that his downfall will be the work of a man with only one sandal. Jason has recently emerged as the man in question, having lost a sandal while crossing a swollen stream. Consequently, Pelias has entrusted him with a suicidal mission to Colchis to bring back the Golden Fleece. A ship, the Argo, has already been constructed by Argus, a shipwright working under Athena's instructions. Meanwhile, a band of heroes has arrived to help in the venture. The locals marvel at such a gatheringyoung Jason has been given an impossible mission yet", "title": "Argonautica" }, { "id": "14357961", "score": "1.9016062", "text": "of Ano Volos. According to ancient Greek mythology, Aeson was the rightful king of Iolcus, but his half-brother Pelias usurped the throne. It was Pelias who sent Aeson's son Jason and his Argonauts to look for the Golden Fleece. The ship Argo set sail from Iolcus with a crew of fifty demigods and princes under Jason's leadership. Their mission was to reach Colchis in Aea at the eastern seaboard of the Black Sea and reclaim and bring back the Golden Fleece. Along with the Golden Fleece, Jason brought a wife, the sorceress Medea—king Aeetes' daughter, granddaughter of the Sun, niece", "title": "Iolcus" }, { "id": "10650113", "score": "1.8967013", "text": "Medea, King Aeetes' own daughter, who had fallen in love with Jason. The Khalkotauroi were a gift to King Aeetes from the Greek gods' blacksmith, Hephaestus. He Hephaistos had also made for him Aeetes king of Kolkhis Bulls with feet of bronze the Khalkotauroi and bronze mouths from which the breath came out in flame, blazing and terrible. And he had forged a plough of indurated steel, all in one piece. Khalkotauroi The Colchis Bulls are mythical creatures that appear in the Greek myth of Jason and the Golden Fleece. The Colchis Bulls are two immense bulls with bronze hooves,", "title": "Khalkotauroi" }, { "id": "7863250", "score": "1.8869733", "text": "only defended by birds. They fight off the birds and then chance upon four survivors of a shipwreck. These are the four sons of the exiled Greek hero, Phrixus, and they are also grandsons of Aetes, king of Colchis. Jason welcomes them as god-sent allies in his quest for the Golden Fleece. Approaching Colchis, the Argonauts see the eagle of Zeus flying to and from the Caucasus mountains, where it feeds on the liver of Prometheus. It glides through the air as large as another ship, disturbing the Argo's sails as it passes overhead. Soon after, the heroes enter the", "title": "Argonautica" }, { "id": "834068", "score": "1.8798631", "text": "sacrificed and took refuge in Colchis where he was later denied proper burial. According to an oracle, Iolcus would never prosper unless his ghost was taken back in a ship, together with the golden ram's fleece. This fleece now hung from a tree in the grove of the Colchian Ares, guarded night and day by a dragon that never slept. Pelias swore before Zeus that he would give up the throne at Jason's return while expecting that Jason's attempt to steal the Golden Fleece would be a fatal enterprise. However, Hera acted in Jason's favour during the perilous journey. There", "title": "Argonauts" }, { "id": "834080", "score": "1.8796246", "text": "hangs from an apple tree. Jason's helper in the Athenian vase-paintings is not Medea— who had a history in Athens as the opponent of Theseus— but Athena. The very early origin of the myth in preliterate times means that during the more than a millennium when it was to some degree part of the fabric of culture, its perceived significance likely passed through numerous developments. Several euhemeristic attempts to interpret the Golden Fleece \"realistically\" as reflecting some physical cultural object or alleged historical practice have been made. For example, in the 20th century, some scholars suggested that the story of", "title": "Golden Fleece" }, { "id": "6318609", "score": "1.8762361", "text": "The crew become rebellious and Jason has Zetes, a young man with brilliant vision, see the stars and find their route to Tabletop Island, where they find Phineus. They are attacked by the Harpies - the winged monsters that torment Phineus - and kill them. In return, Phineus tells them the Golden Fleece is in Colchis. Meanwhile, on Colchis, the princess Medea has visions of the crew and her brother Aspyrtes goes out to find them. Jason finds the ship wrecked and rescues Aspyrtes. They approach the \"Dark Rocks\" and send a dove through before sailing through themselves. The ship", "title": "Jason and the Argonauts (miniseries)" }, { "id": "208508", "score": "1.8745406", "text": "Jason Jason (; Ancient Greek: Ἰάσων \"Iásōn\" ) was an ancient Greek mythological hero who was the leader of the Argonauts whose quest for the Golden Fleece featured in Greek literature. He was the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos. He was married to the sorceress Medea. He was also the great-grandson of the messenger god Hermes, through his mother's side. Jason appeared in various literary works in the classical world of Greece and Rome, including the epic poem \"Argonautica\" and the tragedy \"Medea\". In the modern world, Jason has emerged as a character in various adaptations of", "title": "Jason" }, { "id": "7863237", "score": "1.8711656", "text": "saying that he fetched Medeia at the command of his uncle Pelias, and that she bore him a son, Medeius, who was educated by Cheiron. The first trace of the common tradition that Jason was sent to fetch the golden fleece from Aea, the city of Aeetes, in the eastern boundaries of the earth, occurs in Mimnermus (ap. Strab. i. p. 46, &c.), a contemporary of Solon; but the most ancient detailed account of the expedition of the Argonauts which is extant, is that of Pindar (\"Pythian Odes\" iv.) The poem begins with an invocation to Apollo and briefly recounts", "title": "Argonautica" }, { "id": "13521716", "score": "1.8582685", "text": "the cases of Perseus and Bellerophon. The only surviving Hellenistic epic, the \"Argonautica\" of Apollonius of Rhodes (epic poet, scholar, and director of the Library of Alexandria) tells the myth of the voyage of Jason and the Argonauts to retrieve the Golden Fleece from the mythical land of Colchis. In the \"Argonautica\", Jason is impelled on his quest by king Pelias, who receives a prophecy that a man with one sandal would be his nemesis. Jason loses a sandal in a river, arrives at the court of Pelias, and the epic is set in motion. Nearly every member of the", "title": "Greek mythology" }, { "id": "3451402", "score": "1.8394421", "text": "individual warriors was important. A monstrous boar was sent by Artemis to ravage the region of Calydon in Aetolia because its king neglected to honor her in his rites to the gods. King Oeneus sent messengers seeking the best hunters in Greece, offering them the boar's pelt and tusks as a prize. A number of heroes responded, including Atalanta, Laertes, Meleager, Nestor, Peleus, Phoenix, and Theseus. The myth of Jason and the Golden Fleece is one of the oldest stories of a hero's quest. Jason sailed on the \"Argo\", and those who accompanied him were called the \"Argonauts\". Their mission", "title": "Greek Heroic Age" }, { "id": "10447690", "score": "1.8182342", "text": "of King Aeëtes of Colchis, Jason convinced Phrontis and his brothers to return with him to Colchis and help him to obtain the Golden Fleece. Jason also questioned Phrontis and his brothers on the layout and security of the land. After the Fleece was retrieved from Colchis, Phrontis and his brothers returned with the Argo's crew to Greece. His brothers were Cytissorus, Argus and Melas, and, according to some accounts, Presbon was another one of his brothers. Another story of Phrontis transpired many years after the Argonautical travels and involves Phrontis' brother Melas as a traveling merchant who was apprehended", "title": "Phrontis" }, { "id": "7863253", "score": "1.8169901", "text": "the Golden Fleece by force and then he leads Phrixus' sons home to the palace of Aetes. Their unexpected arrival is greeted by Medea with a cry that brings everyone running, including her sister Chalciope (mother of the four castaways) and Aetes, the king. Meanwhile, Eros invisibly joins the throng, squats at Jason's feet and fires off the fateful arrow, departing then with a laugh. Medea's heart floods with the sweet pain of love. Aetes however is filled with rage when his grandsons ask him to hand the Golden Fleece to Jason for return to Iolcus. He accuses them of", "title": "Argonautica" } ]

[ "states of america", "Nited States", "VS Amerika", "Americophile", "vereinigte staaten", "Unites States", "United States/Introduction", "united states america", "stati uniti d america", "US of America", "America class", "Estados unidos", "الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية", "Estatos Unitos", "United States (U.S.)", "The U S of A", "Stati Uniti d'America", "The U-S-A", "U–S", "Verenigde State", "unites states", "nagkaisang mga estado", "Untied States", "Estados Unidos", "unites states of america", "unitesd states", "U.S.American", "U.S. A", "amarica", "United States America", "amurka", "The US of A", "United States of America.", "AMERICA", "united states of america", "united sates", "U S of A", "états unis d amérique", "yankee land", "united states of america oldpage", "Name of the United States", "us of america", "americia", "united state of america", "Amurica", "U.S.A", "The United States of America", "US America", "merica", "The Usa", "United States", "Estaos Uníos", "U.S", "U.S.", "iso 3166 1 us", "United States of America/OldPage", "America (United States)", "AmericA", "Unite states of america", "U-S", "United States of America (redirect)", "Unitd states", "U.-S.", "America (USA)", "america magazine", "America (country)", "unietd states", "v s america", "The USA", "The U–S–A", "The U. S. A.", "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "The U–S", "etymology of united states", "u s american", "america country", "The U S A", "The U.–S.–A.", "us country", "US and A", "united states of america u s", "Estados Unidos de América", "united states introduction", "The Unites States of America", "US", "U–S–A", "The U.-S.", "U. S. of America", "us and", "The United States", "America", "united states of america introduction", "united states u s", "U. S. of A", "federal united states", "Amerka", "united states of america redirect", "EE.UU.", "United states", "Vereinigte Staaten", "United Stated", "u s", "United states of america", "u s of america", "nited states", "united–states", "Yankee land", "vs america", "EE UU", "united states us", "Verenigde State van Amerika", "The U.S. of America", "US (country)", "United State of America", "u–s–", "The U-S", "EE. UU.", "Amercia", "estados unidos de américa", "American United States", "The U.S.", "United States of America (USA)", "UnitedStates", "Amurka", "america us", "United States Of Amerca", "Los Estados Unidos de America", "u –s –", "amurica", "Estados Unidos de America", "THE AMERICAN UNITED STATES", "United States (U.S.A.)", "The U. S.", "etats unis d amerique", "estatos unitos", "The U.–S.", "amercia", "V.S. Amerika", "amurika", "U S of America", "U.S. of America", "USoA", "Untied States of America", "United States of America/Introduction", "états unis", "usofa", "The U.S. of A", "name of united states", "Usa", "Etats-Unis", "The US", "The Us", "'merica", "los estados unidos de america", "eeuu", "The United–States", "United States of American", "America (US)", "united states", "U.S. of A", "americophile", "Americaland", "v s amerika", "u –s", "The U.-S.-A.", "Unietd States", "U.s.a.", "United+States+of+America", "untied states of america", "united stated", "unite states of america", "Americia", "united states of amerca", "United States (US)", "The U S", "america united states of", "U S A", "The united states of america", "vs amerika", "ISO 3166-1:US", "unite states", "U.–S.", "U.S.A.", "U S", "(USA)", "los estados unidos de américa", "U. S. A.", "united states of america usa", "usoa", "USofA", "V.S. America", "United States of America", "U.S. America", "The US of america", "EEUU", "america", "America-class", "United States of America (U.S.A.)", "The United States of America.", "estaos uníos", "US of A", "unitd states", "untied states", "The US of America", "(US)", "united staets of america", "Us of a", "The United-States", "States of America", "estaos unios", "U-S-A", "United-States", "Los Estados Unidos de América", "us america", "americaland", "États-Unis d'Amérique", "u s america", "american united states", "United States (of America)", "UNITED STATES", "The United States Of America", "United Sates", "U.-S.-A.", "america usa", "etats unis", "Estaos Unios", "Nagkaisang mga Estado", "United–States", "u–s", "Unitesd states", "United States Of America", "us of", "us", "amerka", "usa", "Unite States", "These United States of America", "Etymology of the United States", "United Staets of America", "America magazine", "america class", "unitedstates", "United states of America", "Etats-Unis d'Amerique", "U.S. OF A", "United+States", "THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "Amurika", "america united states", "Los Estados Unidos", "Amarica", "The U. S. of America", "VS America", "United state of america", "united states country", "los estados unidos", "The U.S.A.", "America (United States of)", "U. S.", "verenigde state", "united states of american", "U.S.A.)", "ee uu", "Federal United States", "United States (country)", "US of america", "The U S of America", "these united states of america", "U,S,", "USA", "États-Unis", "verenigde state van amerika", "UNited States", "estados unidos de america", "u s of", "The U. S. of A", "United sates", "estados unidos", "America, United States of", "U.–S.–A." ]

[ { "id": "17831592", "score": "1.6557575", "text": "on seven occasions in the men's category and on twelve occasions in the women's. Among the competing nations, the United States has had the most success in this event, having won sixteen golds in the men's race and nine in the women's race. Usain Bolt of Jamaica has won three consecutive titles (2008–16). Four other athletes have won back-to-back titles: Wyomia Tyus (1964–68), Carl Lewis (1984–88), Gail Devers (1992–96), and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (2008–12). Merlene Ottey is the only athlete to win three medals without winning gold, with one silver and two bronze medals. Many athletes that compete in this event", "title": "100 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": "17843838", "score": "1.6461624", "text": "and 4×100 metres relay as well. The United States has had by far the most success in the event, having 23 gold medals and 57 medals in total. American men have completed a medal sweep on six occasions. Jamaica is the next most successful, with five gold among their seventeen medals, and became the second nation to sweep the men's medals in 2012. The 1968 medal podium ceremony for the men's 200 metres witnessed a prominent political protest in the form of a Black Power salute by the African-American medalists Tommie Smith and John Carlos. The third medalist, Peter Norman", "title": "200 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": "17845116", "score": "1.6386473", "text": "than three golds in the men's or women's event. Jamaica (four wins, nine medals), Great Britain (two wins, fifteen medals) and the Soviet Union (two wins, eleven medals) are the next most successful nations. Participants in this event are often competitors in the 100 metres and 200 metres individual Olympic events (and, less commonly, the sprint hurdles). Marion Jones was stripped of her Olympic medal from the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, but the American result was allowed to stand and the remainder of the team are still listed as bronze medallists, as the rules of the time prohibited to", "title": "4 × 100 metres relay at the Olympics" }, { "id": "16735722", "score": "1.6343278", "text": "and at thirteen golds and 32 overall they won more than double the next most successful nations. In the absence of Russia, Kenya and Jamaica placed second and third with six gold medals and the only other nations to win more than ten medals in total. In the 2016 Olympic athletics programme, 141 medals were awarded and 43 nations reached the medal table. Host nation (Brazil) The women's 10,000 metres provided the first two continental records of the Olympics, in Almaz Ayana's African record and Molly Huddle's record for the North, Central American and Caribbean region. Russia's athletics team was", "title": "Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "18891782", "score": "1.6154196", "text": "Calvin Smith and Michael Johnson are the only others to have won two world titles over the distance. The United States is the most successful nation in the discipline, with twelve gold medals among a total of 31. Jamaica is the next most successful with seventeen medals and seven titles. East Germany, with two golds, is the only other nation to have provided multiple gold medallists. The first instances of doping bans affecting the 200 m at the World Championships came at the 2001 edition. The champion Marion Jones was stripped of her gold medal and bronze medalist Kelli White", "title": "200 metres at the World Championships in Athletics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "100 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Usain Bolt\n\nUsain St. Leo Bolt, , (; born 21 August 1986) is a retired Jamaican sprinter, widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time. He is the world record holder in the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 4 × 100 metres relay.\n\nAn eight-time Olympic gold medallist, Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive Olympics (2008, 2012, and 2016). He also won two 4 × 100 relay gold medals. He gained worldwide fame for his double sprint victory in world record times at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, which made him the first person to hold both records since fully automatic time became mandatory.\n\nAn eleven-time World Champion, he won consecutive World Championship 100 m, 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015, with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011. He is the most successful male athlete of the World Championships. Bolt is the first athlete to win four World Championship titles in the 200 m and is one of the most successful in the 100 m with three titles.\n\nBolt improved upon his second 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 – the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing. He has twice broken the 200 metres world record, setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009. He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records, with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012. Bolt's most successful event is the 200 m, with three Olympic and four World titles. The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals (including 2007 World Championship silver) and held the world under-20 and world under-18 records for the event until being surpassed by Erriyon Knighton in 2021.\n\nHis achievements as a sprinter have earned him the media nickname \"Lightning Bolt\", and his awards include the IAAF World Athlete of the Year, Track & Field Athlete of the Year, BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year (three times), and Laureus World Sportsman of the Year (four times). Bolt was included in \"Time\" magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2016. Bolt retired after the 2017 World Championships, when he finished third in his last solo 100 m race, opted out of the 200 m, and pulled up injured in the 4×100 m relay final.", "title": "Usain Bolt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Summer Olympic Games\n\nThe Summer Olympic Games (), also known as the Games of the Olympiad, and often referred to as the Summer Olympics, is a major international multi-sport event normally held once every four years. The inaugural Games took place in 1896 in Athens, Greece, and the most recent edition was held in 2021 in Tokyo, Japan. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is responsible for organising the Games and for overseeing the host city's preparations. The tradition of awarding medals began in 1904; in each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals for second place, and bronze medals for third place. The Winter Olympic Games were created out of the success of the Summer Olympic Games, which are regarded as the largest and most prestigious multi-sport international event in the world.\n\nThe Summer Olympics have increased in scope from a 42-event competition programme in 1896 with fewer than 250 male competitors from 14 different nations, to 339 events in 2021 with 11,420 competitors (almost half of whom were women) from 206 nations. The Games have been held in nineteen different countries over five continents: four times in the United States (1904, 1932, 1984, and 1996); three times in Great Britain (1908, 1948, and 2012); twice each in Greece (1896 and 2004), France (1900 and 1924), Germany (1936 and 1972), Australia (1956 and 2000), and Japan (1964 and 2020); and once each in Sweden (1912), Belgium (1920), the Netherlands (1928), Finland (1952), Italy (1960), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), the Soviet Union (1980), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008), and Brazil (2016).\n\nLondon was the first city to host the Summer Olympic Games three times. , Paris, Los Angeles, Athens and Tokyo have each hosted twice; Paris will host for the third time in 2024, followed by Los Angeles which will host the Games in 2028. Only five countries have participated in every Summer Olympic Games: Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerland. Great Britain is the only country to have won a gold medal at every edition of the Games. The United States leads the all-time medal count at the Summer Olympics, and has topped the medal table on 18 separate occasions—followed by the USSR (six times), and France, Great Britain, Germany, China, and the ex-Soviet 'Unified Team' (once each).", "title": "Summer Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre ..." }, { "id": "17845115", "score": "1.5953175", "text": "the 2012 Olympic Games ended the forty-year absence of such a feat. The United States is by far the most dominant nation in the event. The country has won the men's race 15 times and the women's race on 11 occasions. The American men accrued eight straight wins from 1920 to 1956 and have won a medal in the event at all but six Olympics (boycott in 1980, and baton pass failures in 1912, 1960, 1988, 2008 and 2016). The American women took four consecutive gold medals from 1984 to 1996. As of 2016, no other country has won more", "title": "4 × 100 metres relay at the Olympics" }, { "id": "835489", "score": "1.5946951", "text": "one gold medal, both of these figures setting new records for Olympic Games. There were 117 participating countries that did not win any medals. Athletes from China won the highest number of gold medals of any nation at these Games, with 48, thus making China the seventh nation to rank top in the medal table in the history of the modern Olympics, along with the United States (fifteen times), France (in 1900), Great Britain (in 1908), Germany (in 1936), the Soviet Union (six times), and the Unified Team (in 1992). The United States team won the most medals overall, with", "title": "2008 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "798754", "score": "1.5909884", "text": "led the medal table with 101, and the most gold and silver medals out of all countries, while Russia finished second with 63. Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi—who became the first men's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal, Donovan Bailey—who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men's 100 meters, and Lilia Podkopayeva—who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics. The games were marred by violence on July 27, when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "11923056", "score": "1.5865133", "text": "from China won the most gold medals, with 48 gold medals. Athletes from the United States won the most total medals, with 112. Afghanistan, Mauritius, Sudan, Tajikistan and Togo won their first Olympic medals. Athletes from Mongolia (which previously held the record for most medals without a gold) and Panama won their first gold medals. Serbian swimmer Milorad Čavić won the first medal for the country as an independent NOC. Serbian athletes have previously won medals as nationals of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro. Samoa won its first Olympic medal due to medals reallocation after the IOC retested doping samples", "title": "2008 Summer Olympics medal table" }, { "id": "19037359", "score": "1.5844603", "text": "of medals in the event at six (although only one of them gold). Nesta Carter and Carl Lewis are the only other athletes to have won three gold medals in the relay event. The United States has twice been stripped of the gold medal due to doping by athletes on the national team, having lost both men's and women's titles in 2001. The men's event was affected by doping in its debut tournament in 1983, with Ben Johnson running for Canada, although the team did not progress beyond the first round. Johnson's drug use was only self-admitted during this period", "title": "4 × 100 metres relay at the World Championships in Athletics" }, { "id": "17844800", "score": "1.5787871", "text": "medals, with five, while the United States has the next highest medal total with thirteen. The United States is the only nation to have swept the medals in the event, having done so in St. Louis in 1904, albeit in a final between seven Americans and two foreigners. The 1906 Intercalated Games were held in Athens and at the time were officially recognised as part of the Olympic Games series, with the intention being to hold a games in Greece in two-year intervals between the internationally held Olympics. However, this plan never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee", "title": "1500 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": "17844183", "score": "1.5786202", "text": "1500 metres at the Olympics. Holmes was the last athlete to win both events at the same Olympics in 2004. 2012 1500m gold medalist Taoufik Makhloufi made both podiums without winning gold in 2016. Alberto Juantorena in 1976 also won the 400 metres gold medal in the same Olympics, only three other men and one woman have been able to medal in both events. The United States is the most successful nation, having nine gold medals and 24 medals in total. The next most successful nations are Great Britain (eight gold and 12 medals overall) and Kenya (5 golds among", "title": "800 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": "17843837", "score": "1.5770786", "text": "Campbell-Brown repeated that feat in 2008. Usain Bolt was the first person to win two Olympic 200 m gold medals at the 2012 Summer Olympics, and at the 2016 Summer Olympics he defended his title to win his third Olympic 200 m gold medal. Merlene Ottey is the most decorated athlete, having won four medals in the event (though none of them gold). Allyson Felix has won three medals, as has Poland's Irena Szewińska. Reflecting how sprint athletes often compete over various distances, many of the medalists in the Olympic 200 metres have had success in the Olympic 100 metres", "title": "200 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": "18972410", "score": "1.573097", "text": "in 2017). Ethiopia is by far the most successful nation in the discipline, with fifteen gold medals and 33 medals in total. Kenya is comfortably the next most successful with seven gold and 25 medals overall. Great Britain is the only other nation to have won multiple gold medals, with three in the men's and one in the women's division. Four winners of the 10,000 m have completed a long-distance double by also winning the 5000 metres at the World Championships in Athletics: Tirunesh Dibaba was the first to do so in 2005, Kenenisa Bekele became the first man to", "title": "10,000 metres at the World Championships in Athletics" }, { "id": "16735721", "score": "1.5716465", "text": "the 4 × 400 metres relays. Their victory in the women's race meant Allyson Felix set a record high for women's Olympic athletics with six gold medals and nine medals overall. The men's marathon was contested on the last day of the Olympics and Eliud Kipchoge comfortably won by the largest margin since 1972. The runner-up Feyisa Lilesa made a political protest by crossing his arms near the finish line in solidarity with the Oromo killed in protests that year and later suggested he would seek asylum. As in previous years, the United States won the most medals in athletics", "title": "Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "19037358", "score": "1.5700595", "text": "and women's events. Those two nations share the highest medal tally at eighteen. France and Canada, with two golds each, are the only other nations to have won multiple titles. Great Britain has the third highest medal tally in the event at nine medals. Jamaica's Usain Bolt is the most successful athlete of the event, with four consecutive gold medals from 2009 to 2015 and a silver medal in 2007. His female compatriots Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce and Kerron Stewart are the next most successful, with three gold medals and two silver medals. Another Jamaican woman, Beverly McDonald, has the highest number", "title": "4 × 100 metres relay at the World Championships in Athletics" }, { "id": "6753001", "score": "1.5680759", "text": "Tyson Gay and Allyson Felix collected three gold medals each (Gay in the 100 and 200 metres and the 4 × 100 m relay, Felix in the 200 m and the two women's relays), a feat previously achieved only by Marita Koch, Carl Lewis and Maurice Greene; while Kenyan-born Bernard Lagat became the first man to win both the 1500 and 5000 m titles at the same World Championships. Perhaps the most unlikely American medal came from 110 m hurdler David Payne, who as first alternate had not travelled to Osaka with the rest of the team. After Dominique Arnold", "title": "2007 World Championships in Athletics" }, { "id": "17831594", "score": "1.5622853", "text": "2012, 2016). Two of these men have won a fourth gold medal at the same games - Archie Hahn in the now defunct 60 metres, and both Jesse Owens and Carl Lewis in the long jump. Seven women have achieved the 100 metres and 200 metres 'Double' at the same Olympic Games - Fanny Blankers-Koen (1948), Marjorie Jackson (1952), Betty Cuthbert (1956), Wilma Rudolph (1960), Renate Stecher (1972), Florence Griffith-Joyner (1988), and Elaine Thompson (2016). Four of these women were also members of the winning team in the 4x100 meters relay at the same games - Fanny Blankers-Koen (1948), Betty", "title": "100 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": "835490", "score": "1.559296", "text": "112. Afghanistan, Mauritius, Sudan, Tajikistan and Togo won their first ever Olympic medals. Mongolia (which previously held the record for most medals without a gold) and Panama won their first gold medals. Four members of the water polo team from Serbia won the first medal for their country under its new name, having previously won medals representing Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro. American swimmer Michael Phelps won a total of eight gold medals, more than any other athlete in a single Olympic games, setting numerous world and Olympic records in the process. Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt also set records in", "title": "2008 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "16313480", "score": "1.5591061", "text": "most gold medals at the games with four each. Phelps also won the greatest number of medals overall winning six in total. Bahrain (a gold medal following medals reallocation), Botswana, Cyprus, Gabon, Grenada (a gold medal), Guatemala, and Montenegro won their first Olympic medals. In prior Olympics, however, Montenegrin athletes have won medals as nationals of Serbia and Montenegro and of Yugoslavia. An athlete from Serbia won the first Olympic gold medal for the country as an independent NOC, however, Serbian athletes have previously won gold medals as nationals of Serbia and Montenegro and of Yugoslavia. Moldova lost all the", "title": "2012 Summer Olympics medal table" } ]

[ "Mineral spirits", "Ligarin", "mineral spirits", "odorless mineral spirits", "Stoddard solution", "varsol disambiguation", "Mineral turpentine", "stoddard solvent", "Varsol (disambiguation)", "solvent naphtha", "Stoddard solvent", "turpentine substitute", "Turps substitute", "Odorless Mineral Spirits", "Varsol", "Turpenoid", "white spirit", "stoddard solution", "turpenoid", "White spirit", "VARSOL", "varsol", "mineral spirit", "Turpentine substitute", "ligarin", "White Spirit", "Mineral spirit", "turps substitute", "Stoddard Solution", "Solvent naphtha", "mineral turpentine" ]

[ { "id": "3521768", "score": "2.1462255", "text": "hydrocarbons, typically > 65% C10 or higher hydrocarbons, developed in 1924 by Atlanta dry cleaner W. J. Stoddard and Lloyd E. Jackson of the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research as a less flammable petroleum-based dry cleaning solvent than the petroleum solvents then in use. Dry cleaners began using the result of their work in 1928 and it soon became the predominant dry cleaning solvent in the United States, until the late 1950s. Turpentine substitute is generally not made to a standard and can have a wider range of components than products marketed as white spirit, which is made to a", "title": "White spirit" }, { "id": "1474144", "score": "1.9644527", "text": "from Atlanta, to develop Stoddard solvent (white spirit) as a slightly less flammable alternative to gasoline-based solvents. The use of highly flammable petroleum solvents caused many fires and explosions, resulting in government regulation of dry cleaners. After World War I, dry cleaners began using chlorinated solvents. These solvents were much less flammable than petroleum solvents and had improved cleaning power. By the mid-1930s, the dry cleaning industry had adopted tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), or PCE for short, as the solvent. It has excellent cleaning power and is nonflammable and compatible with most garments. Because it is stable, tetrachloroethylene is readily recycled. Traditionally,", "title": "Dry cleaning" }, { "id": "1474143", "score": "1.7769217", "text": "to be granted a United States patent. The patent was for his invention of a cleaning process called \"dry scouring\", which was the precursor to dry cleaning. The first commercial \"dry laundry\" using turpentine was founded by Jolly Belin in Paris in 1825. Modern dry cleaning's use of non-water-based solvents to remove soil and stains from clothes was reported as early as 1855. The potential for petroleum-based solvents was recognized by French dye-works operator Jean Baptiste Jolly, who offered a new service that became known as \"nettoyage à sec\"—i.e., dry cleaning. Flammability concerns led William Joseph Stoddard, a dry cleaner", "title": "Dry cleaning" }, { "id": "20887411", "score": "1.717277", "text": "to test one of the dominant doctrines of the time: the belief that paraffin hydrocarbons or alkanes were inert substances that did not react with other substances at low temperatures. The very name paraffin reflected this belief, coming from the Latin \"parum affinis\" (limited affinity). Pines was able to demonstrate that catalysis could occur at low temperatures, counter to previous belief. At low temperatures, in the presence of sulfuric acid (HSO), isoparaffins such as isobutane reacted with olefins. This alkylation process was discovered in 1932 and commercialized in 1938. Ipatieff and Pines were trying to understand complex chemical reactions that", "title": "Herman Pines" }, { "id": "13003866", "score": "1.7118777", "text": "in October 1926. The can could dispense different fluids using a chemical propellant. The Norwegian patent was granted in June 1929. He filed the United States patent application on 30 September 1927 and it was approved on 7 April 1931. In 1927, he demonstrated the invention of paint manufacturer Alf Bjercke. The following year Rotheim negotiated an agreement for the use of his patent with paints, varnishes and liquid bean waxes, but commercial success was initially limited. In 1931, a separate foundation, Rotheim Spraying System, was formed for the exploitation of patent rights in the international market. Rotheim died in", "title": "Erik Rotheim" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "White spirit\n\nWhite spirit (AU, UK & Ireland) or mineral spirits (US, Canada), also known as mineral turpentine (AU/NZ), turpentine substitute, and petroleum spirits, is a petroleum-derived clear liquid used as a common organic solvent in painting. There are also terms for specific kinds of white spirit, including Stoddard solvent and solvent naphtha (petroleum). White spirit is often used as a paint thinner, or as a component thereof, though paint thinner is a broader category of solvent. Odorless mineral spirits (OMS) have been refined to remove the more toxic aromatic compounds, and are recommended for applications such as oil painting.\n\nA mixture of aliphatic, open-chain or alicyclic C to C hydrocarbons, white spirit is insoluble in water and is used as an extraction solvent, as a cleaning solvent, as a degreasing solvent and as a solvent in aerosols, paints, wood preservatives, lacquers, varnishes, and asphalt products. In western Europe about 60% of the total white spirit consumption is used in paints, lacquers and varnishes.<ref name=\":0\" /> White spirit is the most widely used solvent in the paint industry. In households, white spirit is commonly used to clean paint brushes after use, to clean auto parts and tools, as a starting fluid for charcoal grills, to remove adhesive residue from non-porous surfaces, and many other common tasks.\n\nThe word \"mineral\" in \"mineral spirits\" or \"mineral turpentine\" is meant to distinguish it from distilled spirits (alcoholic beverages distilled from fermented biological material) or from true turpentine (distilled tree resin).", "title": "White spirit" }, { "id": "224592", "score": "1.7112384", "text": "Company (to which Gesner had granted the right) were allowed to call their lamp oil \"Kerosene\" in the United States. In 1848, Scottish chemist James Young experimented with oil discovered seeping in a coal mine as a source of lubricating oil and illuminating fuel. When the seep became exhausted, he experimented with the dry distillation of coal, especially the resinous \"boghead coal\" (torbanite). He extracted a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named \"paraffine oil\" because at low temperatures, it congealed into a substance that resembled paraffin wax. Young took out a patent on his process", "title": "Kerosene" }, { "id": "312525", "score": "1.7089566", "text": "Young eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel coal at a low heat, in creating a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named \"paraffine oil\" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under", "title": "Petroleum" }, { "id": "9857228", "score": "1.7049283", "text": "Following up this idea, he tried many experiments and eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel coal at a low heat, a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named \"paraffine oil\" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward", "title": "History of the petroleum industry" }, { "id": "8873224", "score": "1.6940386", "text": "produced in 2007. Production and use volumes of CPs exceeded 1,000,000 tons in 2013. Production of CPs for industrial use started in the 1930s. Currently, over 200 CP formulations are in use for a wide range of industrial applications, such as flame retardants and plasticisers, as additives in metal working fluids, in sealants, paints, adhesives, textiles, leather fat and coatings. Short chain CPs are classified as persistent and their physical properties (octanol-water partition coefficient logK 4.4–8, depending on the chlorination degree) imply a high potential for bioaccumulation. Furthermore, SCCPs are classified as toxic to aquatic organisms, and carcinogenic to rats", "title": "Chlorinated paraffins" }, { "id": "9661200", "score": "1.6917722", "text": "organization. On April 6, 1938, Roy Plunkett at DuPont’s Jackson Laboratory in New Jersey was working with gases related to DuPont’s Freon refrigerants when he and his associates discovered that a sample of gaseous tetrafluoroethylene had polymerized spontaneously into a white, waxy solid. The polymer was polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) commercialized by DuPont as Teflon in 1945. Because DuPont was basic in a variety of fluorinated materials, it was logical that organofluorine chemistry became important to DuPont. The discovery that tetrafluorethylene would cyclize with a wide variety of compounds to give fluorinated compounds opened up routes to a range of organofluorine compounds.", "title": "DuPont Central Research" }, { "id": "3072672", "score": "1.6837139", "text": "it, one of which he named \"paraffine oil\" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at Bathgate in West Lothian and E. Meldrum & Co. at Glasgow; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil-works in the world, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, lamosite, and", "title": "James Young (chemist)" }, { "id": "3521778", "score": "1.676573", "text": "and health. White spirit White spirit (UK) or mineral spirits (US, Canada), also known as mineral turpentine (AU/NZ), turpentine substitute, petroleum spirits, solvent naphtha (petroleum), Varsol, Stoddard solvent, or, generically, \"paint thinner\", is a petroleum-derived clear liquid used as a common organic solvent in painting. A mixture of aliphatic, open-chain or alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons, white spirit is insoluble in water and is used as an extraction solvent, as a cleaning solvent, as a degreasing solvent and as a solvent in aerosols, paints, wood preservatives, lacquers, varnishes, and asphalt products. In western Europe about 60% of the total white", "title": "White spirit" }, { "id": "569381", "score": "1.6764083", "text": "manufactured and shipped for use around the world. Paraffin waxes are used for cosmetics, candles, for the preparation of printing ink, fruit preserving, in the pharmaceutical industry, for lubricating purposes, and crayons. Colin Snedeker, a chemist for Binney & Smith (the then-parent company of Crayola), developed the first washable crayons in response to consumer complaints regarding stained fabrics and walls. A patent for the washable solid marking composition utilized in the washable crayons was awarded to Snedeker in 1990. The history of the crayon is not entirely clear. The word \"crayon\" dates to 1644, coming from the French word \"craie\"", "title": "Crayon" }, { "id": "19405356", "score": "1.67465", "text": "first upon Murine eye wash. By mixing these compounds with shellac, they invented the first black light fluorescent paints. Joseph used these paints in his amateur magic show and sold magic kits based on the black light fluorescent costumes they created. The brothers established the Fluor-S-Art Co. in 1934 to develop and sell black light paints for advertising purposes. The company later partnered with Continental Lithograph (a subsidiary of Warner Brothers Pictures) of Cleveland, Ohio, to develop fluorescent paints for use in movie posters and advertising displays. In 1936, the brothers moved their company to Cleveland, which was a center", "title": "Day-Glo Color Corp." }, { "id": "1963183", "score": "1.6695967", "text": "print multiple colors in a single pass, which made them popular with cartoonists. Multi-colored designs could be made by swapping out the waxed second sheets; for instance, shading in only the red portion of an illustration while the top sheet was positioned over a red-waxed second sheet. This was possible because the duplicating fluid was not ink, but a clear solvent. The duplicating fluid typically consisted of a 50/50 mix of isopropanol and methanol, both of which were inexpensive, readily available in quantity, evaporated quickly, and would not wrinkle the paper. In 1938 a nonflammable solvent was invented by Johan", "title": "Spirit duplicator" }, { "id": "14819120", "score": "1.6690733", "text": "not discolour the water, and prevented staining of tapestries and oil painting in art galleries and Museums. The 'Tetra' and 'Roc-Tetra' carbon tetrachloride hand pump for vehicles was introduced in 1927 and adopted by the RAC for use on vehicles in its Road Service fleet. An article in the 'Evening Chronicle' appeared in 1928 stated that it was a legal necessity for motorists to have their garages equipped with fire extinguishers or to empty their petrol tanks each time they put their cars away. In 1929 the Duke of York's household was protected by Read and Campbell extinguishers and precise", "title": "Read and Campbell Limited" }, { "id": "1474161", "score": "1.6680673", "text": "toxic chemical in 1991, and its use will become illegal in that state in 2023. However, it is still probably the most universally used dry cleaning solvent, at the present time. Hydrocarbons are represented by products such as Exxon-Mobil's DF-2000 or Chevron Phillips' EcoSolv, and Pure Dry. These petroleum-based solvents are less aggressive but also less effective than PCE. Although combustible, risk of fire or explosion can be minimized when used properly. Hydrocarbons are however pollutants. Hydrocarbons retain about 10-12% of the market. Trichloroethylene is more aggressive than PCE but is very rarely used. With superior degreasing properties, it was", "title": "Dry cleaning" }, { "id": "20274033", "score": "1.6653467", "text": "However, photochlorination could only be transferred to chemical industry when, at the end of the nineteenth century, cheap chlorine was available from chloralkali electrolysis. Chlorinated alkanes found an initial application in pharyngeal sprays. These contained chlorinated alkanes in relatively large quantities as solvents for chloramine T from 1914 to 1918. The Sharpless Solvents Corporation commissioned the first industrial photochloration plant for the chlorination of pentane in 1929. The commercial production of chlorinated paraffins for use as high-pressure additives in lubricants began around 1930. Around 1935 the process was technically stable and commercially successful. However, it was only in the years", "title": "Photochlorination" }, { "id": "1308672", "score": "1.6638368", "text": "additives such as vinegar, lemon, lime, or orange juice. On August 26, 1969, Melvin E. Stonebraker and Samuel P. Wise received U.S. patent #3,463,735 for a glass cleaning composition, listing example formulae, one of which is 4.0% isopropyl alcohol, 1% ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate (a surfactant), calcium (Ca) 0.01%, tetrasodium pyrophosphate (a water softener), 0.05% of 28% ammonia, 1% of a dye solution, and 0.01% perfume. This formula was not only inexpensive to manufacture but allowed the product to be packaged in glass bottles and dispensed with a plastic sprayer. In 1989, Windex was a 5%", "title": "Windex" }, { "id": "8221364", "score": "1.6638163", "text": "by Henry Levison. Permanent Pigments was a small, family-owned business located in Cincinnati that focused on developing oil paint. In 1955, Levison developed a quick-drying, water-emulsified acrylic polymer resin. In selecting a name for the new product, Levison chose \"Liquitex\" as a portmanteau of \"liquid\" and \"texture\". The name was based on the character of the medium, which was a liquid base, quick drying and easily used to create texture in artwork. In 1950, Henry Levison, along with other professionals in the art materials industry, established the \"National Art Materials Trade Association\", now known as the International Art Materials Trade", "title": "Liquitex" } ]

[ "Candel", "Candle use", "🕯", "carved candles", "Candles", "candle use", "candlemaker", "Candlemaking", "candel", "Chandler (profession, candles)", "scented candles", "list of candle types", "candlemaking", "List of candle types", "pillar candle", "candle", "Carved candles", "Candlemaker", "chandler profession candles", "candles", "Scented candles", "Pillar candle", "Candle" ]

[ { "id": "5612507", "score": "1.381288", "text": "But, in English law, the ruling in \"R v Sullivan\", held that, for the purposes of the M'Naghten Rules, a disease of the mind need have no permanence, leading many academics to suggest that sleepwalkers might well be found to be suffering from a disease of the mind with internal causes unless there was clear evidence of an external causal factor. In \"R v Burgess\" the Court of Appeal ruled that the defendant who wounded a woman by hitting her with a video recorder while sleepwalking, was insane under the M'Naghten Rules. Lord Lane said, \"We accept that sleep is", "title": "Automatism (law)" }, { "id": "4658183", "score": "1.3779535", "text": "women wakes up from her unconscious state as he begins to remove her clothing. The title character attempts to warn the board of directors at the hospital of the murderer's activity. Somnophilia Somnophilia (from Latin \"somnus\" = sleep and Greek φιλία, \"-philia\" = love), also known as sleeping princess syndrome and sleeping beauty syndrome, is a paraphilia in which an individual becomes sexually aroused by someone who is unconscious. Sexology scholar John Money stated that the condition has a high degree of correlation throughout history with incest and may progress to necrophilia. \"The Dictionary of Psychology\" categorized somnophilia within the", "title": "Somnophilia" }, { "id": "2843866", "score": "1.3657267", "text": "sleep, by causing normal bodily functions to cease or even by death. These afflictions are to cease only when the property is returned to the owner or disposed of as the owner wishes, often by its being dedicated to the deity. One message found on a tablet in the Temple at Bath (once decoded) reads: \"Docimedis has lost two gloves and asks that the thief responsible should lose their minds [\"sic\"] and eyes in the goddess' temple.\" The tablets were often written in code, by means of letters or words being written backwards; word order may be reversed and lines", "title": "Sulis" }, { "id": "14757504", "score": "1.3643637", "text": "person crept in during the night and lay upon the sleeper, so as to constrict the chest and breathing—leading to a sense of suffocation, side by side with a terrifying dream of being either crushed or (in the case of a woman) sexually violated by the (male) incubus or ephialtes. Sleepers thus set upon feel they are about to die—but as Bond (who was himself prone to nightmares) stated: \"As soon as they shake off that vast oppression, they are affected with a strong palpitation, great anxiety, languour, and uneasiness – which symptoms gradually abate, and are succeeded by the", "title": "Ephialtes (illness)" }, { "id": "7418368", "score": "1.3619229", "text": "creating horrible nightmares (hence the German word \"Alptraum\" [\"elf dream\"], meaning a nightmare). An \"Alp\" attack is called an \"Alpdruck\", or often \"Alpdrücke\", which means \"elf pressure\". \"Alpdruck\" is when an \"Alp\" sits astride a sleeper's chest and becomes heavier until the crushing weight awakens the terrified and breathless dreamer. The victim awakes unable to move under the \"Alp\"'s weight. This may have been an early explanation for sleep apnea and sleep paralysis, as well as night terrors. It may also include lucid dreams. Sexual attacks by the \"Alp\" are rare. The \"Alp\" is often associated with vampires because it", "title": "Alp (folklore)" }, { "id": "276583", "score": "1.352634", "text": "an external cause. Actions committed while sleepwalking would normally be considered as \"non-insane automatism\", but often alcohol and stress trigger bouts of sleepwalking and make them more likely to be violent. The diabetic who takes insulin but does not eat properly – is that an internal or external cause? This phrase refers to the physical nature and quality of the act, rather than the moral quality. It covers the situation where the defendant does not know what he is physically doing. Two common examples used are: The judges were specifically asked if a person could be excused if he committed", "title": "M'Naghten rules" }, { "id": "11108351", "score": "1.3498819", "text": "Burning (short story) \"Burning\" is a short story by Orson Scott Card. It only appears in his short story collection \"Capitol\". Captain Homer Worthing and a fleet of twenty ship all piloted by telepaths are orbiting a settled star system. They are on the run from the imperial fleet and trying to leave settled space. When they request permission to take on supplies so that they can leave, the planetary authorities refuse. By the time the imperial fleet arrives they are nearly out of fuel and unable to fight the fleet or force their way down to the planets except", "title": "Burning (short story)" }, { "id": "1848880", "score": "1.3495181", "text": "sleep is a risk, such as REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RSBD), fugue states, and episodic wandering.\" In the 1963 case \"Bratty v Attorney-General for Northern Ireland\", Lord Morris stated, \"Each set of facts must require a careful examination of its own circumstances, but if by way of taking an illustration it were considered possible for a person to walk in his sleep and to commit a violent crime while genuinely unconscious, then such a person would not be criminally liable for that act.\" In the case of the law, an individual can be accused of non-insane automatism or insane automatism.", "title": "Sleepwalking" }, { "id": "17945461", "score": "1.3473763", "text": "aspects, so too in the waking state these aspects seem to be all that there is but when the state of\"nirati\", dissolution of the mind is achieved, duality is no longer perceived. The conduct of the mind in deep sleep (when it loses itself) is not like its conduct in the controlled state (when it does not lose itself), and Torpidity or \"Laya\" (लय) is overwhelm of the senses and the mental state, falling asleep unable to maintain awareness of the Absolute; and distraction or \"Vikshepa\" (विक्षेप) is through failing to be able to rest the mental state on the", "title": "Kasaya (attachment)" }, { "id": "1789759", "score": "1.3462973", "text": "that evolved into our modern definition. The term was first used and dubbed by British neurologist, S.A.K. Wilson in his 1928 dissertation, \"The Narcolepsies.\" Such sleep paralysis was widely considered the work of demons, and more specifically incubi, which were thought to sit on the chests of sleepers. In Old English the name for these beings was \"mare\" or \"mære\" (from a proto-Germanic \"*marōn\", cf. Old Norse \"mara\"), hence comes the \"mare\" in the word \"nightmare\". The word might be cognate to Greek \"Marōn\" (in the Odyssey) and Sanskrit \"Māra\". Although the core features of sleep paralysis (e.g., atonia, a", "title": "Sleep paralysis" }, { "id": "1789761", "score": "1.3351018", "text": "feels a presence of a supernatural malevolent being which immobilizes the person as if sitting on his/her chest. Various cultures have various names for this phenomenon and/or supernatural character. For example, sleep paralysis is referred to as a \"Pandafeche\" attack in Italy. Among Italians the \"Pandafeche\" may refer to an evil witch, sometimes a ghost-like-spirit or a terrifying cat-like creature. Sleep paralysis among Cambodians is known as, “the ghost pushes you down,” and entails the belief in dangerous visitations from deceased relatives. In Egypt, sleep paralysis is conceptualized as a terrifying \"Jinn\" attack\".\" The \"Jinn\" (i.e., evil genies) may terrorize", "title": "Sleep paralysis" }, { "id": "11108354", "score": "1.3346189", "text": "of chapter 3 in Card's novel \"The Worthing Chronicle\". Burning (short story) \"Burning\" is a short story by Orson Scott Card. It only appears in his short story collection \"Capitol\". Captain Homer Worthing and a fleet of twenty ship all piloted by telepaths are orbiting a settled star system. They are on the run from the imperial fleet and trying to leave settled space. When they request permission to take on supplies so that they can leave, the planetary authorities refuse. By the time the imperial fleet arrives they are nearly out of fuel and unable to fight the fleet", "title": "Burning (short story)" }, { "id": "6682239", "score": "1.3346157", "text": "demolition of Dr. Manette's shoe-making workbench by Miss Pross and Mr. Lorry is described as \"the burning of the body\". It seems clear that this is a rare case where death or destruction (the opposite of resurrection) has a positive connotation since the \"burning\" helps liberate the doctor from the memory of his long imprisonment. But Dickens's description of this kind and healing act is strikingly odd: So wicked do destruction and secrecy appear to honest minds, that Mr. Lorry and Miss Pross, while engaged in the commission of their deed and in the removal of its traces, almost felt,", "title": "A Tale of Two Cities" }, { "id": "3154807", "score": "1.3307052", "text": "excessive daytime sleepiness, shift work sleep disorder, and others; and there are medical codes for somnolence as viewed as a disorder. Sleepiness can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as driving a vehicle. When a person is sufficiently fatigued, microsleeps may be experienced. In individuals deprived of sleep, somnolence may spontaneously dissipate for short periods of time; this phenomenon is the second wind, and results from the normal cycling of the circadian rhythm interfering with the processes the body carries out to prepare itself to rest. The word \"somnolence\" is derived from the Latin \"somnus\" meaning", "title": "Somnolence" }, { "id": "383690", "score": "1.3295527", "text": "death, possibly in effort to lessen its finality. Sleep has sometimes been seen as a visionary experience. In medieval Irish tradition, in order to become a filí, a poet was required to undergo a ritual called the \"imbas forosnai\", in which he would enter a mantic, trance-like sleep. Many cultural stories have been told about people falling asleep for extended periods of time. The earliest of these stories is the ancient Greek legend of Epimenides of Knossos. According to the biographer Diogenes Laërtius, Epimenides was a shepherd on the Greek island of Crete. One day, one of his sheep went", "title": "Sleep" }, { "id": "14268827", "score": "1.3212879", "text": "of the last burning in Peru, that of Mariana de Castro, Lima, 1732. Relaxado en persona Relaxado en persona is a Spanish phrase, literally meaning \"relaxed in person\", but a euphemism for \"burnt at the stake\" in the records of the Spanish Inquisition. The majority of those \"relaxed in person\" from 1484 onwards were \"relapsos\" (relapsed Jews) or \"herejes\" (heretics, but also often Jews). Use of the term in source material continues until 1659 or later. Examples: The noun form is \"Relajación en persona\" (literally \"relaxation in person\"), but the noun form is primarily used by historians rather than contemporaries.", "title": "Relaxado en persona" }, { "id": "5612505", "score": "1.316923", "text": "brutal beating. The medical experts at trial unanimously agreed that the accused was sleepwalking and that sleepwalking was not a 'disease of mind'. The Supreme Court agreed and held that sleepwalking can negate the voluntary ingredient of the \"actus reus\". There is widespread disagreement among forensic sleep experts that Kenneth Parks was in fact sleepwalking - it is not entirely clear the reason why the prosecution did not call its own experts on sleepwalking, one explanation being frank disbelief that the defence could succeed. The point made in these cases is that the key component of the two categories of", "title": "Automatism (law)" }, { "id": "4658178", "score": "1.3152412", "text": "Somnophilia Somnophilia (from Latin \"somnus\" = sleep and Greek φιλία, \"-philia\" = love), also known as sleeping princess syndrome and sleeping beauty syndrome, is a paraphilia in which an individual becomes sexually aroused by someone who is unconscious. Sexology scholar John Money stated that the condition has a high degree of correlation throughout history with incest and may progress to necrophilia. \"The Dictionary of Psychology\" categorized somnophilia within the classification of predatory paraphilias. The term \"somnophilia\" was coined by John Money in 1986. He characterized the condition as a type of sexual fetishism. Money described it as a type of", "title": "Somnophilia" }, { "id": "18604260", "score": "1.3147947", "text": "Night hag The night hag or old hag is a creature sighted by a couple of people which is used to explain the phenomenon of sleep paralysis. It is a phenomenon during which a person feels a presence of a supernatural malevolent being which immobilizes the person as if sitting on his/her chest or the foot of his/her bed. The word \"night-mare\" or \"nightmare\" was used to describe this phenomenon before the word acquired its modern, more general meaning. Various cultures have various names for this phenomenon and/or supernatural character. The original definition of sleep paralysis was codified by Samuel", "title": "Night hag" }, { "id": "15397867", "score": "1.3121648", "text": "and obviously my parents got a bit concerned about it. At that stage I probably was an anti-Christ\", adding \"long term absolutely [it can turn into psychosis<nowiki>]</nowiki>. The human brain relies on REM sleep and without it a lack of sleep is used as a torture technique - as we now know with rendition - so it is a very dangerous thing\". Farrell is unsure why he is so afflicted, saying: \"I can't put it down to any particular incident in my life. I had a rather uneventful childhood, thankfully... I have gone to talk to someone and I have", "title": "Alan Farrell" } ]

[ "argentina and chile", "Argentina and Chile" ]

[ { "id": "338820", "score": "2.1821618", "text": "Dakar Rally The Dakar Rally (or simply \"The Dakar\"; formerly known as the \"Paris–Dakar Rally\") is an annual rally raid organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation. Most events since the inception in 1978 were from Paris, France, to Dakar, Senegal, but due to security threats in Mauritania, which led to the cancellation of the 2008 rally, races since 2009 have been held in South America. The race is open to amateur and professional entries, amateurs typically making up about eighty percent of the participants. The race is an off-road endurance event. The terrain that the competitors traverse is much tougher", "title": "Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12951620", "score": "2.0789979", "text": "classification was Francesco Perlini´s Perlini on 16th place. 1992 Paris–Cape Town Rally The 1992 Paris-Cape Town Rally was the 14th running of the Dakar Rally event with a unique routing. The rally had a long route, starting from Paris, France, on 23 December 1991 and finishing at Cape Town, South Africa, on 16 January 1992. The route passed through Libya, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Angola, and Namibia. Hubert Auriol won the car category to go with his two victories in the motorcycle category. Stephane Peterhansel won the motorcycle category for the second year", "title": "1992 Paris–Cape Town Rally" }, { "id": "11365827", "score": "2.0726266", "text": "2008 Dakar Rally The 2008 Dakar Rally would have been the 30th running of the annual off-road race. The rally was to start in Lisbon, Portugal on 5 January 2008, running through Europe and Africa until the finish in Dakar, Senegal on 20 January. The event was cancelled one day before the intended start date, due to concerns over a possible terrorist attack aimed at the competitors. The rally was cancelled on 4 January 2008, due to safety concerns in Mauritania, following the killing of four French tourists there on Christmas Eve, December 2007. France-based Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), in", "title": "2008 Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12879554", "score": "2.0708208", "text": "1979 Paris–Dakar Rally 1979 Dakar Rally, also known as the 1979 Paris–Dakar Rally was the first running of the Dakar Rally event. The rally began on 26 December 1978 from Paris, France and finished on 14 January 1979 in Dakar, Senegal, interrupted by a transfer across the Mediterranean. Cyril Neveu won the motorcycle category on a Yamaha, while the car category was won by Alain Génestier in a Range Rover. 182 competitors (80 cars, 90 motorcycles and 12 trucks ) contested the inaugural Paris-Dakar Rally, departing the Place du Trocadéro on Boxing Day 1978 to embark upon a 10,000 kilometre", "title": "1979 Paris–Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "622705", "score": "2.0584996", "text": "followed in 1974 by the London-Sahara-Munich World Cup Rally, and in 1977 by the Singapore Airlines London-Sydney Rally. In 1979, a young Frenchman, Thierry Sabine, founded an institution when he organised the first \"rallye-raid\" from Paris to Dakar, in Senegal, the event now called the Dakar Rally. From amateur beginnings it quickly became a massive commercial circus catering for cars, motorcycles and trucks, and spawned other similar events. Since 2008, it has been held in South America. The main change over that period has been in the cars, and in the professionalisation and commercialisation of the sport. Manufacturers had entered", "title": "Rallying" }, { "id": "12951619", "score": "2.0497", "text": "1992 Paris–Cape Town Rally The 1992 Paris-Cape Town Rally was the 14th running of the Dakar Rally event with a unique routing. The rally had a long route, starting from Paris, France, on 23 December 1991 and finishing at Cape Town, South Africa, on 16 January 1992. The route passed through Libya, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Angola, and Namibia. Hubert Auriol won the car category to go with his two victories in the motorcycle category. Stephane Peterhansel won the motorcycle category for the second year in succession. The fastest truck in common car-truck", "title": "1992 Paris–Cape Town Rally" }, { "id": "11365830", "score": "2.04005", "text": "was timed special stage. There would have been a rest day in Nouakchott on 13 January. †Smara is located in the Moroccan-administered portion of the Western Sahara 2008 Dakar Rally The 2008 Dakar Rally would have been the 30th running of the annual off-road race. The rally was to start in Lisbon, Portugal on 5 January 2008, running through Europe and Africa until the finish in Dakar, Senegal on 20 January. The event was cancelled one day before the intended start date, due to concerns over a possible terrorist attack aimed at the competitors. The rally was cancelled on 4", "title": "2008 Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12879644", "score": "2.0329504", "text": "class driving for Sonacome. 1980 Paris–Dakar Rally 1980 Dakar Rally also known as the 1980 Paris–Dakar Rally was the 2nd running of the Dakar Rally event, starting from Paris on 1 January and finishing in Dakar on the 23 January. The 1980 event saw vehicle manufacturers such as Yamaha, Volkswagen, Lada, and BMW taking part and the introduction of a truck category. 216 competitors started the rally of which 81 made the finish. Cyril Neveu won for the second time in succession on a Yamaha, Freddy Kottulinsky won the car class driving a Volkswagen and Zohra Ataouat became the first", "title": "1980 Paris–Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12879643", "score": "2.0315232", "text": "1980 Paris–Dakar Rally 1980 Dakar Rally also known as the 1980 Paris–Dakar Rally was the 2nd running of the Dakar Rally event, starting from Paris on 1 January and finishing in Dakar on the 23 January. The 1980 event saw vehicle manufacturers such as Yamaha, Volkswagen, Lada, and BMW taking part and the introduction of a truck category. 216 competitors started the rally of which 81 made the finish. Cyril Neveu won for the second time in succession on a Yamaha, Freddy Kottulinsky won the car class driving a Volkswagen and Zohra Ataouat became the first winner of the truck", "title": "1980 Paris–Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12946853", "score": "2.028901", "text": "2001 Paris–Dakar Rally The 2001 Dakar Rally, also known as the 2001 Paris–Dakar Rally, was the 23rd running of the Dakar Rally event. The format was revised to reduce the amount of airborne assistance to competitors in favour of assistance vehicles. The 2001 rally was long and began in Paris, France, on New Year's Day, passing through Spain, Morocco, Mauritania, Mali before finishing at Dakar in Senegal. Jean-Louis Schlesser won the penultimate stage of the rally to take the lead but was penalised one hour for unsportsmanlike conduct. The rally was won by German Jutta Kleinschmidt, who became the first", "title": "2001 Paris–Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12947010", "score": "2.0181189", "text": "category for this year. Notes: Notes: Notes: 2005 Dakar Rally 2005 Dakar Rally also known as the 2005 Paris-Dakar Rally was the 27th running of the Dakar Rally event. The 2005 event was long, began in Barcelona on 31 December 2004 and passed through Morocco, Mauritania and Mali before ending at Dakar in Senegal on 16 January 2005. The course was shorter than in 2004 but was more challenging. A record number of competitors, 696 cars, motorbikes and trucks (including assistance vehicles) in total, entered the rally. Robby Gordon and Colin McRae swapped the lead in the early stages of", "title": "2005 Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12947016", "score": "2.0163252", "text": "experience was documented in the 2006 television miniseries \"Race to Dakar\" and an accompanying book. 2006 Dakar Rally The 2006 Dakar Rally, also known as the 2006 Paris-Dakar Rally, was the 28th running of the Dakar Rally event. The 2006 event ran from 31 December 2005 to 15 January 2006. It started from Lisbon, Portugal, and passed through Spain, Morocco, Mali, Mauritania, Guinea, before finishing in Senegal. The format included speed restrictions on motorcycles and trucks and reduced use of global positioning systems. Competitors included double world rally champion, Carlos Sainz. Notes: Australian motorcyclist Andy Caldecott died in an accident", "title": "2006 Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "338859", "score": "2.0069609", "text": "France statement described the race as \"colonialism that needs to be eradicated\". The environmental impact of the race has been another area of criticism. This criticism of the race is notably the topic of the song \"\"500 connards sur la ligne de départ\"\" (\"500 Arseholes at the Starting Line\"), on the 1991 album \"Marchand de cailloux\" by French singer Renaud. In 2014, the Dakar rally was criticized for damage done to archaeological sites in Chile. Dakar Rally The Dakar Rally (or simply \"The Dakar\"; formerly known as the \"Paris–Dakar Rally\") is an annual rally raid organised by the Amaury Sport", "title": "Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12879555", "score": "2.006516", "text": "journey to the Senegalese capital of Dakar via Algeria, Niger, Mali and Upper Volta. All the vehicles that took part were classified together, although they would compete separately in subsequent editions of the race. Cyril Neveu won the rally aboard a Yamaha despite not winning any individual stages, taking the lead on the sixth stage after Patrick Schaal (Yamaha) fell and fractured his little finger. Jean-Claude Morellet, competing under the alias of \"Fenouil\", had been running second until he was forced to retire as his BMW suffered engine failure with less than 200 km of the rally left to run.", "title": "1979 Paris–Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12946855", "score": "2.002574", "text": "comfortable lead for the final mini stage. 2001 Paris–Dakar Rally The 2001 Dakar Rally, also known as the 2001 Paris–Dakar Rally, was the 23rd running of the Dakar Rally event. The format was revised to reduce the amount of airborne assistance to competitors in favour of assistance vehicles. The 2001 rally was long and began in Paris, France, on New Year's Day, passing through Spain, Morocco, Mauritania, Mali before finishing at Dakar in Senegal. Jean-Louis Schlesser won the penultimate stage of the rally to take the lead but was penalised one hour for unsportsmanlike conduct. The rally was won by", "title": "2001 Paris–Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12946905", "score": "1.9956553", "text": "2004 Dakar Rally 2004 Dakar Rally also known as the 2004 Paris-Dakar Rally was the 26th running of the Dakar Rally event. The rally started in the Auvergne region of France, passing through Morocco, Mauritania and Mali, and finishing Dakar in Senegal. This was the last time the rally ever visited France. The rally was won by the French team of Stéphane Peterhansel and Jean-Paul Cottret in a Mitsubishi; while the motorcycle class was won by Nani Roma of Spain on a KTM and the trucks class was won by Russians Vladimir Chagin, Semen Yakubov and Sergey Savostin in a", "title": "2004 Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12946846", "score": "1.9946072", "text": "marque. 1996 Granada–Dakar Rally 1996 Dakar Rally, also known as the 1996 Paris-Dakar Rally, was the 18th running of the Dakar Rally event. It began on 29 December 1995 with a prologue stage in Granada, Spain - the second successive year the event began away from the traditional starting point of Paris - and ended in the Senegalese capital of Dakar on 14 January 1996. Pierre Lartigue won the car class for the third year in succession for Citroën and Edi Orioli won his fourth motorcycle title for Yamaha. Viktor Moskovskikh secured the first trucks class title for the Russian", "title": "1996 Granada–Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12946851", "score": "1.992828", "text": "2000 Paris–Dakar–Cairo Rally The 2000 Dakar Rally, also known as the 2000 Dakar–Cairo Rally, was the 22nd running of the Dakar Rally event. The event began on 6 January 2000 in Senegal and ended on 23 January in Cairo. It had been re-routed to avoid Mauritania following an armed robbery of competitors in the 1999 rally. Four stages of the rally scheduled to be held in Niger were cancelled following a reported terrorist threat. Competitors were airlifted from Niamey airport to Libya where the rally was restarted five days later at Sabha. The rally was won by French driver Jean-Louis", "title": "2000 Paris–Dakar–Cairo Rally" }, { "id": "12946845", "score": "1.990875", "text": "1996 Granada–Dakar Rally 1996 Dakar Rally, also known as the 1996 Paris-Dakar Rally, was the 18th running of the Dakar Rally event. It began on 29 December 1995 with a prologue stage in Granada, Spain - the second successive year the event began away from the traditional starting point of Paris - and ended in the Senegalese capital of Dakar on 14 January 1996. Pierre Lartigue won the car class for the third year in succession for Citroën and Edi Orioli won his fourth motorcycle title for Yamaha. Viktor Moskovskikh secured the first trucks class title for the Russian Kamaz", "title": "1996 Granada–Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "12947011", "score": "1.9814117", "text": "2006 Dakar Rally The 2006 Dakar Rally, also known as the 2006 Paris-Dakar Rally, was the 28th running of the Dakar Rally event. The 2006 event ran from 31 December 2005 to 15 January 2006. It started from Lisbon, Portugal, and passed through Spain, Morocco, Mali, Mauritania, Guinea, before finishing in Senegal. The format included speed restrictions on motorcycles and trucks and reduced use of global positioning systems. Competitors included double world rally champion, Carlos Sainz. Notes: Australian motorcyclist Andy Caldecott died in an accident during ninth stage. The tenth stage was not timed as a mark of respect for", "title": "2006 Dakar Rally" } ]

[ "US Navy", "United States NAVY", "u s naval officer", "Navy (US)", "navy mil", "ComCortDiv", "US navy", "United States of America Navy", "u s naval", "COMCORTRON", "American navy", "America Navy", "United States navy", "comcortron", "us navy", "member of united states navy", "The US Navy", "ComCortRon", "U.S. Navy", "CortRon", "The United States Navy", "u s navy s", "Recruitment in the United States Navy", "U.S. Naval", "U.S.N.", "armada de los estados unidos", "Member of The United States Navy", "United States Navy", "usn", "U.S. Navy's", "USA N", "america s navy", "U.S.Navy", "Navy of the United States", "united states navy", "America's Navy", "u s navy", "U. S. Naval Officer", "u s n", "armada de los estados unidos de america", "USA Navy", "Escort Division", "american navy", "U. S. Navy", "cortdiv", "U.S. navy", "American Navy", "navy us", "cortron", "usa navy", "Armada de los Estados Unidos de America", "U S Navy", "Escort Squadron", "Us navy", "united states of america navy", "CortDiv", "escort division", "Armada de los Estados Unidos", "escort squadron", "recruitment in united states navy", "Armada de America", "Navy.mil", "navy of united states", "america navy", "CORTRON", "armada de america", "comcortdiv", "USN", "U.S Navy", "Escort division", "usa n" ]

[ { "id": "705719", "score": "1.7289224", "text": "Baltimore. The entire campus (known to insiders as \"the Yard\") is a National Historic Landmark and home to many historic sites, buildings, and monuments. It replaced Philadelphia Naval Asylum, in Philadelphia, that served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis. Candidates for admission generally must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a Member of Congress. Students are officers-in-training and are referred to as midshipmen. Tuition for midshipmen is fully funded by the Navy in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation.", "title": "United States Naval Academy" }, { "id": "705718", "score": "1.7157358", "text": "United States Naval Academy The United States Naval Academy (also known as USNA, Annapolis, or simply Navy) is a four-year coeducational federal service academy adjacent to Annapolis, Maryland. Established on 10 October 1845, under Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft, it is the second oldest of the United States' five service academies, and educates officers for commissioning primarily into the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The campus is located on the former grounds of Fort Severn at the confluence of the Severn River and Chesapeake Bay in Anne Arundel County, east of Washington, D.C. and southeast of", "title": "United States Naval Academy" }, { "id": "705721", "score": "1.6800454", "text": "program, military leadership performance, and mandatory participation in competitive athletics. Midshipmen are required to adhere to the academy's Honor Concept. The United States Naval Academy's campus is located in unincorporated Anne Arundel County, Maryland, adjacent to Annapolis, at the confluence of the Severn River and the Chesapeake Bay. In its 2016 edition, \"U.S. News & World Report\" ranked the U.S. Naval Academy as the No. 1 public liberal arts college and tied for the 12th best overall liberal arts college in the U.S. In the category of High School Counselor Rankings of National Liberal Arts Colleges, the Naval Academy is", "title": "United States Naval Academy" }, { "id": "705812", "score": "1.6734914", "text": "friends. In 2012, Sam Tan Wei Shen, a Singaporean, was the first-ever foreigner to graduate first in his class in the history of the Academy. United States Naval Academy The United States Naval Academy (also known as USNA, Annapolis, or simply Navy) is a four-year coeducational federal service academy adjacent to Annapolis, Maryland. Established on 10 October 1845, under Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft, it is the second oldest of the United States' five service academies, and educates officers for commissioning primarily into the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The campus is located on the former", "title": "United States Naval Academy" }, { "id": "2521141", "score": "1.6517184", "text": "Maryland\" that included the professional schools located in Baltimore. By 1920, when Maryland State College (founded in 1857 as Maryland Agricultural College) became the University of Maryland at College Park, St. John's was a free-standing private institution. The college curriculum has taken various forms throughout its history. It began with a general program of study in the liberal arts, but St. John's was a military school for much of the late 19th century and early 20th century. It ended compulsory military training with Major Enoch Garey's accession as president in 1923. Garey and the Navy instituted a Naval Reserve unit", "title": "St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)" }, { "id": "10015515", "score": "1.6486878", "text": "Annapolis Group The Annapolis Group is an American organization of independent liberal arts colleges. It represents approximately 130 liberal arts colleges in the United States. These colleges work together to promote a greater understanding of the goals of a liberal arts education through their websites, as well as through independent research. Its current chair is Stephen D. Schutt, the president of Lake Forest College. The Annapolis Group was first organized in early 1993 in Annapolis, Maryland. Its original members included and expanded upon the Oberlin Group which was first organized in 1984. The Annapolis Group was created by the presidents", "title": "Annapolis Group" }, { "id": "11748908", "score": "1.6372287", "text": "Hubbard Hall (Annapolis, Maryland) Hubbard Hall, often called \"The Boat House,\" is the historic home of the United States Naval Academys rowing teams in Annapolis, Maryland. Located on Dorsey Creek, off of the Severn River, it was completed in 1930 for the 40-man heavyweight rowing team. It supports the men's lightweight and heavyweight teams and the womens team with over 200 members. The Academy is in the process of completing a new USD $20 million renovation of the entire building including the rowing tank. Hubbard Hall is named for Rear Admiral John Hubbard (1849-1932), a member of the Naval Academys", "title": "Hubbard Hall (Annapolis, Maryland)" }, { "id": "15200659", "score": "1.634878", "text": "Academy of the Holy Names (Silver Spring, Maryland) The Academy of the Holy Names (Silver Spring, Maryland), or AHN, was a Catholic girls college-preparatory high school located in Silver Spring, Maryland. Holy Names was built on land that was originally owned by Charles Carroll of Carrollton. England's King Charles granted the land to Carroll. In 1828 Carroll ceded a 147 acres to James and Mary Ann Reynolds who in turn sold it to Thomas and Christina Simpson. Later, the land was acquired by George Washington Riggs, the founder of Riggs Bank of Washington, DC. On July 27, 1864 Joseph and", "title": "Academy of the Holy Names (Silver Spring, Maryland)" }, { "id": "2738264", "score": "1.6300344", "text": "farmhouse on 16 acres at what initially was envisioned to be a preparatory school for Centenary Biblical Institute in Baltimore, which in 1890 changed its name to Morgan College. By the end of the first academic year, 37 students were enrolled in the Delaware Conference Academy in Princess Anne. African-American students could not enroll in the Maryland Agriculture College in College Park, which offered advanced instruction in farming techniques and related trades commonplace in the late 19th century. When Congress enacted the Second Morrill Act of 1890 committing funds to historically black schools also providing that type of instruction, the", "title": "University of Maryland Eastern Shore" }, { "id": "11748909", "score": "1.6216444", "text": "Class of 1870 who as oar stroke led a Navy crew to victory in 1870. The Hall was the first building at the Academy to be named after a living person. Hubbard Hall (Annapolis, Maryland) Hubbard Hall, often called \"The Boat House,\" is the historic home of the United States Naval Academys rowing teams in Annapolis, Maryland. Located on Dorsey Creek, off of the Severn River, it was completed in 1930 for the 40-man heavyweight rowing team. It supports the men's lightweight and heavyweight teams and the womens team with over 200 members. The Academy is in the process of", "title": "Hubbard Hall (Annapolis, Maryland)" }, { "id": "9469196", "score": "1.6213415", "text": "Naval Academy Bridge The U.S. Naval Academy Bridge is a bridge that crosses the Severn River in Annapolis, Maryland. It is located downriver from the Severn River Bridge and adjacent to the United States Naval Academy. Its predecessor, a bascule bridge, once served as the main point of entry into Annapolis from both Ritchie Highway and the ferry to the Eastern Shore prior to the construction of the John Hanson Highway and the current Severn River Bridge. In 1994, the deteriorating bascule bridge was replaced with the current crossing. The bridge's design was the winning entry of a bridge design", "title": "Naval Academy Bridge" }, { "id": "9816471", "score": "1.6183374", "text": "has been run as a non-profit making organisation with charitable status by its own graduates. Governance is undertaken by 11 elected members and two representatives of the original mission church. More about the school's history Every year, the school's year 6's students plan events in order to collect money for the school's remarkable trip to Greece! This custom has been known to take place in the American Academy for more than 30 years! Classix was 2016's year group to plan events and collect money for the trip, followed by VIkings in 2017. VIkings Image American Academy of Larnaca The American", "title": "American Academy of Larnaca" }, { "id": "10015521", "score": "1.6181705", "text": "News\" first collects all these data (using an agreed-upon set of definitions from the Common Data Set). Then we post the data on our website in easily accessible, comparable tables. In other words, the Annapolis Group and the others in the NAICU initiative actually are following the lead of \"U.S. News\".\" Annapolis Group The Annapolis Group is an American organization of independent liberal arts colleges. It represents approximately 130 liberal arts colleges in the United States. These colleges work together to promote a greater understanding of the goals of a liberal arts education through their websites, as well as through", "title": "Annapolis Group" }, { "id": "15200665", "score": "1.6153369", "text": "the sloped hill, a large parking lot. Academy of the Holy Names (Silver Spring, Maryland) The Academy of the Holy Names (Silver Spring, Maryland), or AHN, was a Catholic girls college-preparatory high school located in Silver Spring, Maryland. Holy Names was built on land that was originally owned by Charles Carroll of Carrollton. England's King Charles granted the land to Carroll. In 1828 Carroll ceded a 147 acres to James and Mary Ann Reynolds who in turn sold it to Thomas and Christina Simpson. Later, the land was acquired by George Washington Riggs, the founder of Riggs Bank of Washington,", "title": "Academy of the Holy Names (Silver Spring, Maryland)" }, { "id": "2521140", "score": "1.6146668", "text": "the college was at least nominally public—the college's founders had envisaged it as the Western Shore branch of a proposed “University of Maryland” but a lack of enthusiasm from the Maryland General Assembly and its Eastern Shore counterpart, Washington College, made this largely a paper institution. After years of inconsistent funding and litigation, the college accepted a smaller annual grant in lieu of being funded through the state's annual appropriations process. During the Civil War, the college closed and its campus was used as a military hospital. In 1907 it became the undergraduate college of a loosely organized \"University of", "title": "St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)" }, { "id": "705731", "score": "1.6103936", "text": "is a shield bearing an ancient galley coming into action, bows on, and below that an open book, indicative of education, and finally bears the motto, 'Ex Scientia Tridens' (From knowledge, sea power). The trident, emblem of the Roman god Neptune, represents seapower. The institution was founded as the Naval School on 10 October 1845 by Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft. The campus was established at Annapolis on the grounds of the former U.S. Army post Fort Severn. The school opened with 50 midshipman students and seven professors. The decision to establish an academy on land may have been", "title": "United States Naval Academy" }, { "id": "2738266", "score": "1.6086028", "text": "in Baltimore, a ruling historians believe hastened Princess Anne Academy's transition to becoming a public institution. Fifty years after opening, the school formally passed from church control to state ownership with the first of four $25,000 installment payments – just as it was evolving into a baccalaureate degree-granting college. Maryland's public flagship campus in College Park was designated its administrative agency. In 1948, the Eastern Shore Branch of the University of Maryland, then alternately known as Princess Anne College, was renamed Maryland State College, a division of the University of Maryland. Maryland State College became the University of Maryland Eastern", "title": "University of Maryland Eastern Shore" }, { "id": "7940025", "score": "1.5901498", "text": "Academy was reconstituted as the \"Royal Navy College\" and in 1816 was amalgamated with the \"School of Naval Architecture\". The college closed as a young officer training establishment on 30 March 1837, meaning that from that date all youngsters setting out on a naval career proceeded directly to sea. The closure of the college created a gap in officer training, and in 1857 the two-decker \"Illustrious\" undertook the role of cadet training ship at Portsmouth. In 1859 she was replaced by the three-decker \"Britannia\", which was removed to Portland in 1862 and to Dartmouth in 1863. A distinguished Academy graduate", "title": "Royal Naval Academy" }, { "id": "12543203", "score": "1.5891378", "text": "\"Royal\". Annapolis Royal Regional Academy Annapolis Royal Regional Academy was a junior high school located in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. Its range was from grades 6-8; fewer than 200 students were attending Annapolis Royal Regional Academy in its final half-year, September 2014 - January 2015. In February 2015, all students moved to the nearby Annapolis West Education Centre. The school building is currently under the town of Annapolis Royal's control; the town is looking to \"repurpose\" the facility as condominiums. The after school sports team was the ARRA Royals. The mascot was a lion with a red crown, hence the", "title": "Annapolis Royal Regional Academy" }, { "id": "15200664", "score": "1.5847113", "text": "the Maryland State Department of Education, Non-Public School Approval Branch, 200 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. The grounds included a three-level main building with classrooms, gymnasium, cafeteria and offices. A separate building housed the convent with an adjoining walkway connecting the two buildings, referred to as the \"ambulatory\". The convent building, located at 711 Pershing Drive, also known as the Riggs-Thomson House, is listed in the Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties (M 36-8). The school grounds included a garden with a Grotto and a statue of the Blessed Mother, open and wooded walking spaces, an athletic field, and down", "title": "Academy of the Holy Names (Silver Spring, Maryland)" } ]

[ "Baritsu", "baritsu" ]

[ { "id": "374509", "score": "1.741054", "text": "the finest boxers of his weight that I have ever seen\". The detective occasionally engages in hand-to-hand combat with his adversaries (in \"The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist\" and \"The Adventure of the Naval Treaty\"). In \"The Adventure of the Empty House\", Holmes tells Watson that he used a Japanese martial art known as baritsu to fling Moriarty to his death in the Reichenbach Falls. \"Baritsu\" is Conan Doyle's version of bartitsu, which combines jujitsu with boxing and cane fencing. Although Holmes is not the original fictional detective, his name has become synonymous with the role. The investigating detective (such", "title": "Sherlock Holmes" }, { "id": "5338876", "score": "1.6843021", "text": "Adrienne Kress' young adult novel \"The Friday Society\". Richard Ryan, the fight choreographer for the 2009 movie \"Sherlock Holmes\", has described the \"neo-Bartitsu\" developed for that project as being a combination of \"Chinese Boxing (Wing Chun), swordplay and elements of Brazilian Jujitsu.\" This \"movie Bartitsu\" was said to be a modern interpretation of the classic Victorian Bartitsu style. In a 23 December 2009 interview with \"Vanity Fair\" magazine, director Guy Ritchie described baritsu as \"... a form of Jujitsu. This is way before martial arts took off anywhere in Europe. You can actually look it up on the Internet. You’ll", "title": "Bartitsu" }, { "id": "5338882", "score": "1.6729091", "text": "In Mary Robinette Kowal's 2016 fantasy novel \"Ghost Talkers\", set in 1916, a character explains (ch. 11) that he learned Bartitsu after reading about it in Sherlock Holmes. E. W. Barton-Wright and Bartitsu are featured in the \"Ministry of Peculiar Occurrences\" steampunk novels by Pip Ballantyne and Tee Morris. Bartitsu Bartitsu is an eclectic martial art and self-defence method originally developed in England during the years 1898–1902, combining elements of boxing, jujitsu, cane fighting, and French kickboxing. In 1903, it was immortalised (as \"baritsu\") by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the Sherlock Holmes mystery stories. Although dormant throughout most", "title": "Bartitsu" }, { "id": "5338840", "score": "1.6627132", "text": "Bartitsu Bartitsu is an eclectic martial art and self-defence method originally developed in England during the years 1898–1902, combining elements of boxing, jujitsu, cane fighting, and French kickboxing. In 1903, it was immortalised (as \"baritsu\") by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the Sherlock Holmes mystery stories. Although dormant throughout most of the 20th century, Bartitsu has been experiencing a revival since 2002. In 1898, Edward William Barton-Wright, a British engineer who had spent the previous three years living in Japan, returned to England and announced the formation of a \"New Art of Self Defence\". This art, he claimed, combined", "title": "Bartitsu" }, { "id": "7338972", "score": "1.6566565", "text": "Noble and then by members of the Bartitsu Society. In 2004, members of the Bartitsu Society initiated a fund-raising project towards commemorating Barton-Wright, in honour of his pioneering work in the martial arts. Barton-Wright was the subject of dedications in both the 2005 and 2008 volumes of the Bartitsu Compendium and the annual Bartitsu School of Arms and Physical Culture conference (2011–present) is also dedicated to his memory. His life and career are detailed in the 2011 documentary \"Bartitsu: The Lost Martial Art of Sherlock Holmes\". In June 2012, Barton-Wright was commemorated via a wall display in the Sherlock Holmes", "title": "Edward William Barton-Wright" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sherlock Holmes\n\nSherlock Holmes () is a fictional detective created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a \"consulting detective\" in the stories, Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation, deduction, forensic science and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic, which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients, including Scotland Yard.\n\nFirst appearing in print in 1887's \"A Study in Scarlet\", the character's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in \"The Strand Magazine\", beginning with \"A Scandal in Bohemia\" in 1891; additional tales appeared from then until 1927, eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories. All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras, between about 1880 and 1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes's friend and biographer Dr. John H. Watson, who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street, London, where many of the stories begin.\n\nThough not the first fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best known. By the 1990s, there were already over 25,000 stage adaptations, films, television productions and publications featuring the detective, Holmes's popularity and fame are such that many have believed him to be not a fictional character but a real individual; numerous literary and fan societies have been founded on this pretence. Avid readers of the Holmes stories helped create the modern practice of fandom. The character and stories have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole, with the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays, television, films, video games, and other media for over one hundred years.", "title": "Sherlock Holmes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bartitsu\n\nBartitsu is an eclectic martial art and self-defence method originally developed in England in 1898–1902, combining elements of boxing, jujitsu, cane fighting and French kickboxing (savate). In 1903, it was immortalised (as \"baritsu\") by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the Sherlock Holmes mystery stories. Although dormant throughout most of the 20th century, Bartitsu has experienced a revival since 2002.", "title": "Bartitsu" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Baritsu\n\nBaritsu is the name given to a form of martial art described by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in the 1903 Sherlock Holmes story \"The Adventure of the Empty House\", the first of \"The Return of Sherlock Holmes\". Baritsu was used to explain how Holmes had managed to avoid falling into the Reichenbach Falls with Professor Moriarty as described in the 1893 story \"The Final Problem\". \"The Adventure of the Empty House\" was first published in \"Collier's\" on 26 September 1903.\n\nIt is almost certainly a misspelling of the real martial art of Bartitsu, which existed in Britain around the time Doyle's novels were written.", "title": "Baritsu" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Aloysius Pendergast\n\nAloysius Xingu Leng Pendergast is a fictional character appearing in novels by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child. He first appeared as a supporting character in their first novel, \"Relic\" (1995), and in its 1997 sequel \"Reliquary\", before assuming the protagonist role in the 2002 novel \"The Cabinet of Curiosities\".\n\nPendergast is a special agent with the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He once worked out of the New Orleans Field Office of the FBI, but resides in New York City and works out of the New York Field Office; he frequently travels out of state to investigate cases which interest him, often those appearing to be the work of serial killers.", "title": "Aloysius Pendergast" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Christopher Lee\n\nSir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee (27 May 1922 – 7 June 2015) was an English actor and singer. In a long career spanning more than 60 years, Lee often portrayed villains, and appeared as Count Dracula in seven Hammer Horror films, ultimately playing the role nine times. His other film roles include Francisco Scaramanga in the James Bond film \"The Man with the Golden Gun\" (1974), Count Dooku in several \"Star Wars\" films (2002–2008), and Saruman in both the \"Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy (2001–2003) and the \"Hobbit\" film trilogy (2012–2014).\n\nLee was knighted for services to drama and charity in 2009, received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2011, and received the BFI Fellowship in 2013. He credited three films for making his name as an actor, \"A Tale of Two Cities\" (1958), in which he played the villainous marquis, and two horror films, \"The Curse of Frankenstein\" (1957), and \"Dracula\" (1958). He considered his best performance to be that of Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the biopic \"Jinnah\" (1998), and his best film to be the British cult film \"The Wicker Man\" (1973). He frequently appeared opposite his friend Peter Cushing in horror films, and late in his career had roles in five Tim Burton films.\n\nPrior to his acting career, Lee served in the Royal Air Force as an intelligence officer, attached to the No. 260 Squadron RAF as a liaison officer for the Special Operations Executive. Following his World War II service he retired from the RAF in 1946 with the rank of flight lieutenant.\n\nKnown as an actor with a deep, strong voice, Lee also sang, recorded opera and musical pieces between 1986 and 1998, and the symphonic metal album \"\" in 2010, after having worked with several metal bands since 2005. The heavy metal follow-up \"\" was released in 2013 on Lee's 91st birthday. He was honoured with the \"Spirit of Hammer\" award at the 2010 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards ceremony.", "title": "Christopher Lee" }, { "id": "3693988", "score": "1.6397402", "text": "and it was duly recorded that fictional heroes including Doc Savage and the Shadow had been initiated into its mysteries; those last two were established as knowing baritsu in a DC-published crossover that spilled over into \"The Shadow Strikes\". In the Soviet series \"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson\", both Holmes and Moriarty are masters of baritsu. A dramatic battle between the two is shown. In 1982 Fromm and Soames, followed by others including Y. Hirayama, J. Hall, Richard Bowen, and James Webb, suggested that Doyle had meant to refer to \"Bartitsu\", an eclectic martial art that had", "title": "Baritsu" }, { "id": "374506", "score": "1.6068223", "text": "of the Baskervilles\", and in \"The Adventure of the Empty House\" Holmes pistol-whips Colonel Sebastian Moran. In \"The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist\", \"The Adventure of Black Peter\", and \"The Adventure of the Dancing Men\", Holmes or Watson use a pistol to capture the criminals. As a gentleman, Holmes often carries a stick or cane. He is described by Watson as an expert at singlestick and uses his cane twice as a weapon. In \"A Study in Scarlet\", Watson describes Holmes as an expert swordsman, and in \"The Adventure of the \"Gloria Scott\"\" the detective practises fencing. In several stories", "title": "Sherlock Holmes" }, { "id": "374508", "score": "1.5971963", "text": "the steel poker and, with a sudden effort, straightened it out again.\" Holmes is an adept bare-knuckle fighter; \"The Adventure of the \"Gloria Scott\"\" mentions that Holmes trained as a boxer. In \"The Sign of the Four\", he introduces himself to McMurdo, a prize fighter, as \"the amateur who fought three rounds with you at Alison's rooms on the night of your benefit four years back.\" McMurdo remembers: \"Ah, you're one that has wasted your gifts, you have! You might have aimed high if you had joined the fancy.\" In \"The Yellow Face\", Watson says: \"He was undoubtedly one of", "title": "Sherlock Holmes" }, { "id": "5338869", "score": "1.5939496", "text": "details the complete history of the art as well as a technical curriculum for canonical Bartitsu. The second volume (August 2008) comprises resources for neo-Bartitsu drawn both from Barton-Wright's own writings and from the self-defence manuals produced by his colleagues and their students, including Yukio Tani, William Garrud, H.G. Lang and Jean Joseph Renaud. Proceeds from the sales of the \"Bartitsu Compendium\", the \"Bartitsu Compendium II\", and the \"Martial Art of Sherlock Holmes\" DVD have been dedicated to creating a memorial for E.W. Barton-Wright and to furthering the revival of Bartitsu. In September 2006, Bartitsu Society member Kirk Lawson released", "title": "Bartitsu" }, { "id": "374539", "score": "1.5917295", "text": "Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes ( or ) is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a \"consulting detective\" in the stories, Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation, forensic science, and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic, which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients, including Scotland Yard. First appearing in print in 1887's \"A Study in Scarlet\", the character's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in \"The Strand Magazine\", beginning with \"A Scandal in Bohemia\" in 1891; additional tales appeared", "title": "Sherlock Holmes" }, { "id": "374466", "score": "1.5917295", "text": "Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes ( or ) is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a \"consulting detective\" in the stories, Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation, forensic science, and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic, which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients, including Scotland Yard. First appearing in print in 1887's \"A Study in Scarlet\", the character's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in \"The Strand Magazine\", beginning with \"A Scandal in Bohemia\" in 1891; additional tales appeared", "title": "Sherlock Holmes" }, { "id": "5338856", "score": "1.591117", "text": "as the establishment of jujutsu schools throughout the Western world. This fad lasted until the beginning of World War I and served to introduce Japanese martial arts into Western popular culture. but Bartitsu per se never again returned to prominence during Barton-Wright's lifetime. Bartitsu might have been completely forgotten if not for a cryptic reference by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in one of his Sherlock Holmes mystery stories. In 1903 Conan Doyle had revived Holmes for a further story, \"The Adventure of the Empty House\", in which Holmes explained his victory over Professor Moriarty in their struggle at Reichenbach Falls", "title": "Bartitsu" }, { "id": "3693986", "score": "1.584211", "text": "Baritsu Baritsu is the name given to a form of martial art described by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in the Sherlock Holmes story \"The Adventure of the Empty House\", the first of \"The Return of Sherlock Holmes\". Baritsu was used to explain how Holmes had managed to avoid falling into the Reichenbach Falls with Professor Moriarty as described in the story \"The Final Problem\". \"The Adventure of the Empty House\" was first published in \"Collier's\" on 26 September 1903. It is almost certainly a misspelling of the real martial art of Bartitsu, which existed in Britain around the time Doyle's", "title": "Baritsu" }, { "id": "7338968", "score": "1.5745099", "text": "in explaining how Holmes had defeated Professor Moriarty in hand-to-hand combat at the brink of the Reichenbach Falls. During early 1902, Barton-Wright organised and promoted the \"Great Anglo-Japanese Tournament\" tour, which featured Bartitsu demonstrations and contests in provincial centers including Nottingham, the Sandringham Military Base, Oxford, Cambridge University and Lancashire. By 1903, the Bartitsu Club had closed down. Subsequently, Barton-Wright mostly abandoned self-defence instruction in favour of his interests in physical therapy, although he was rumoured to have continued to develop and teach Bartitsu privately into the 1920s. Barton-Wright established a series of clinics at various locations throughout London, and", "title": "Edward William Barton-Wright" }, { "id": "12742353", "score": "1.5688146", "text": "a close reader of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's oeuvre. It was in Leavitt's writings as historian of the Irregulars that he seemed most at home, his imagination prowling Arthur Conan Doyle's intricate plots, sniffing for clues about the Scottish-born author and his fictional sleuth. In an article entitled \"Annie Oakley in Baker Street\", for instance, Leavitt examined Sherlock Holmes's choice of handgun: Leavitt theorized from Doyle's description that Holmes's sidearm was a Webley Metropolitan Police Model, with 2½-inch barrel – the smallest handgun available, and subject to concealment without a holster. The voracious Leavitt mined Holmes's adventures for monographs of", "title": "Robert Keith Leavitt" }, { "id": "2434318", "score": "1.5680317", "text": "to \"discover\" the murder when the room was unlocked in fact committed it just then. In 1887, Scotsman Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) gave fresh impetus to the emerging form of the detective story by creating Sherlock Holmes, resident at 221B Baker Street, London—probably the most famous of fictional detectives and the first one to have clients, to be hired to solve a case. Holmes's art of detection consists in logical deduction based on minute details that escape everyone else's notice, and the careful and systematic elimination of all clues that in the course of his investigation turn out to", "title": "History of crime fiction" }, { "id": "5338874", "score": "1.5664828", "text": "the Bodyguards of the radical Suffragette movement in London and subsequent spread of Japanese martial arts through Western popular culture; personality profiles of Barton-Wright himself and the other principal figures of the original Bartitsu craze; and the connection between Bartitsu and Sherlock Holmes' baritsu. Additional footage shot in Italy and the United States illustrates the modern revival of Bartitsu as a recreational martial art. Conan Doyle's \"baritsu\" developed a life of its own during the latter 20th century, and it was duly recorded that fictional heroes including Doc Savage and The Shadow had been initiated into its mysteries; the latter", "title": "Bartitsu" }, { "id": "12672297", "score": "1.5586252", "text": "gentleman than Holmes, yet has no social reservations about beginning his long association with the detective. In the best traditions of the gentry, Holmes proves to be physically brave, and competent with fists, sword and pistol. Like the earlier Dupin and the later Lord Peter Wimsey (see below), Holmes is also a competent cryptanalyst (for instance, The Dancing Men, 1903). Conan Doyle never gave much background about Holmes' family, but his hero was apparently born in 1854 (estimated from His Last Bow, 1917). He also has an eccentric older brother, Mycroft Holmes, a senior public servant and member of the", "title": "Gentleman detective" }, { "id": "5338858", "score": "1.5528631", "text": "the same phrase used in the newspaper headline. Given the enormous popularity of the Sherlock Holmes stories, the fact that Holmes credited his survival and victory against Moriarty to \"\"baritsu\"\", and the fact that E.W. Barton-Wright's martial art and, with it, its name's proper spelling had quickly faded from popular memory, the confusion of names persisted through much of the 20th century. In an article for \"The Baker Street Journal\" Christmas Annual of 1958, journalist Ralph Judson correctly identified baritsu with Bartitsu, but Judson's article itself eventually became obscured. During the 1980s, researchers Alan Fromm and Nicolas Soames re-affirmed the", "title": "Bartitsu" }, { "id": "12672298", "score": "1.5479381", "text": "Diogenes Club. As further indirect evidence that Holmes is an educated gentleman, Conan Doyle indicates that Holmes is fluent in Latin (\"A Study in Scarlet\", 1887), and as the series continues his speech is replete with references to the Bible, Shakespeare, and even Goethe. Holmes had earlier attended university, where he began his detecting as an amateur (The Gloria Scott, 1893, and The Musgrave Ritual, 1893). A violinist himself, Holmes loves music (The Red-Headed League, 1890), sometimes to the point of eccentricity; in The Bruce-Partington Plans (1912), Watson reports that \"Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had undertaken", "title": "Gentleman detective" } ]

[ "On the moon", "On The Moon", "on moon album", "On the Moon (album)", "On the Moon", "on moon", "On The moon" ]

[ { "id": "7474029", "score": "1.3862684", "text": "The Land of Foam The Land of Foam also known as At the Edge of Oikoumene () and Great Arc () is a novel written by Soviet writer Ivan Yefremov in 1946. The novel is divided in two parts, separated by more than 1000 years. The first part takes place during the rule of the pharaoh Djedefra (26th century BC), who decides to send an expedition to the South, in order to seek the famous and fabled Land of Punt and to seek the limits of the land and the start of the \"Great Arc\", the circular ocean encompassing the", "title": "The Land of Foam" }, { "id": "7474027", "score": "1.3862684", "text": "The Land of Foam The Land of Foam also known as At the Edge of Oikoumene () and Great Arc () is a novel written by Soviet writer Ivan Yefremov in 1946. The novel is divided in two parts, separated by more than 1000 years. The first part takes place during the rule of the pharaoh Djedefra (26th century BC), who decides to send an expedition to the South, in order to seek the famous and fabled Land of Punt and to seek the limits of the land and the start of the \"Great Arc\", the circular ocean encompassing the", "title": "The Land of Foam" }, { "id": "14340644", "score": "1.341375", "text": "the sugars and amino acids derived from sea foam in its environment. At times however, the sea foam was found to be toxic to this species. It is thought that high concentrations of phenolics and/or the occasional presence of heavy metals or pesticides incorporated into the sea foam from the sea surface contributed to its toxicity. On the west coast of Cape Peninsula, South Africa, sea foam often occurs in nearshore marine areas with large kelp beds during periods of strong westerly winds. It is thought that the foam generated in these conditions is an important food source for local", "title": "Sea foam" }, { "id": "10935210", "score": "1.3332231", "text": "The Sea of Grass The Sea of Grass is a 1936 novel by Conrad Richter. It is set in New Mexico in the late 19th century, and concerns the clash between rich ranchers, whose cattle run freely on government-owned land, a prairie \"sea of grass,\" and the homesteaders or \"nesters,\" who build fences and try to cultivate the soil for subsistence farming. It is an epic portrayal of the end of the cowboy era in the American Southwest on the Great Plains. Against this background is set the triangle of cattle rancher Jim Brewton, his wife Lutie Cameron from St.", "title": "The Sea of Grass" }, { "id": "14340634", "score": "1.3224585", "text": "Sea foam Sea foam, ocean foam, beach foam, or spume is a type of foam created by the agitation of seawater, particularly when it contains higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter (including proteins, lignins, and lipids) derived from sources such as the offshore breakdown of algal blooms. These compounds can act as surfactants or foaming agents. As the seawater is churned by breaking waves in the surf zone adjacent to the shore, the surfactants under these turbulent conditions trap air, forming persistent bubbles that stick to each other through surface tension. Sea foam is a global phenomenon and it varies", "title": "Sea foam" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sea foam\n\nSea foam, ocean foam, beach foam, or spume is a type of foam created by the agitation of seawater, particularly when it contains higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter (including proteins, lignins, and lipids) derived from sources such as the offshore breakdown of algal blooms. These compounds can act as surfactants or foaming agents. As the seawater is churned by breaking waves in the surf zone adjacent to the shore, the surfactants under these turbulent conditions trap air, forming persistent bubbles that stick to each other through surface tension.\n\nSea foam is a global phenomenon, Due to its low density and persistence, foam can be blown by strong on-shore winds from the beach face inland. Human activities, such as production, transport or spillage of petroleum products or detergents, can also contribute to the formation of sea foam.", "title": "Sea foam" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mare Spumans\n\nMare Spumans (Latin \"spūmāns\", the \"foaming sea\") is a lunar mare located just south of Mare Undarum on the lunar near side. It is one of the many elevated lakes contained in the Crisium basin, surrounding Mare Crisium. The surrounding basin material is of the Nectarian epoch, while the mare basalt being of the Upper Imbrian epoch. The crater Petit (formerly ) is located on the western rim of the mare. This crater is white and surrounded by a well-defined ray system.\n\n", "title": "Mare Spumans" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "USS Sea Foam (1861)\n\nUSS \"Sea Foam\" was a brig purchased by the Union Navy during the American Civil War.\n\nShe was used by the Union Navy primarily as a mortar gunboat, but also as a gunboat stationed off Confederate ports to prevent their trading with foreign countries. Towards the war's end, she was converted into a storeship, keeping fleet ships supplied with necessary materiel.", "title": "USS Sea Foam (1861)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sea Foam Motel\n\nSea Foam Motel is a historic motel located at Nags Head, Dare County, North Carolina. It was built in 1948 with additions made through 1964, and is a one- to two-story, Modern style brick building. It consists of three major sections that form a \"U\"-shape enclosing a large parking area on three sides. Also on the property are the contributing swimming pool (1948), playground (c. 1950), and shuffle board court (c. 1950).\n\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.<ref name=nris/>\n", "title": "Sea Foam Motel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sea Foam Stadium\n\nSea Foam Stadium is the football field on the campus of Concordia University, Saint Paul in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It opened in 2009, and seats about 3,500 spectators. The Stadium includes a football/soccer field with artificial turf, running track, scoreboard, lights, bleachers, parking, concession facilities, locker rooms, weight room, press box, outdoor plaza, and inflatable dome, somewhat resembling a marshmallow, during the winter months.\n\nWhen the final phases are completed, the stadium will have cost a total of $14.5 million to construct.<ref name=\"StarTribune\"/>\n", "title": "Sea Foam Stadium" }, { "id": "14340639", "score": "1.3145078", "text": "acids. In the Bay of Fundy, high mortality rates of an abundant tube-dwelling amphipod (\"Corophium volutator)\" by natural die-offs as well as predation by migrating seabirds contributed to amino sugars released in the surrounding environment and thus, in sea foam. The organic matter in sea foam has been found to increase dramatically during phytoplankton blooms in the area. Some research has shown very high concentrations of microplankton in sea foam, with significantly higher numbers of autotrophic phytoplankton than heterotrophs Some foams are particularly rich in their diatom population which can make up the majority of the microalgal biomass in some", "title": "Sea foam" }, { "id": "20340837", "score": "1.3073626", "text": "USS Sea Foam (IX-210) USS \"Sea Foam\" (IX-210) was a Mobile Floating Storage Tanker of the United States Navy in the closing stages of World War II. \"Sea Foam\" was built as the SS \"Pennsylvania\" -- an Emergency Fleet Corporation Design 1045 tanker in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1917 for World War I civilian merchant service. During most of World War II, the \"Pennsylvania\" operated as a merchant tanker. She was allocated to the Navy while undergoing repairs at Northwestern Iron Works in Portland, Oregon, in February 1945. Commissioned as \"Sea Foam\" at Pearl Harbor on 15 May 1945, Lt. Wesley", "title": "USS Sea Foam (IX-210)" }, { "id": "14340649", "score": "1.3068247", "text": "Its high biomass accumulation allows it to create large quantities of toxic foam that often wash onto beaches. \"P. globosa\" blooms are initiated in areas of high nutrient availability, often affiliated with coastal locations with a lot of stormwater runoff and eutrophication. Studies suggest that the development of foam is directly correlated to blooms caused by \"P. globosa\", despite that foam formation typically occurs approximately two weeks after the appearance of an algal bloom offshore. Organic material from \"P. globosa\" was observed decomposing while suspended at the sea surface, but was not observed lower in the water column. \"P. globosa\"", "title": "Sea foam" }, { "id": "2935900", "score": "1.3019283", "text": "seaweed. Fred Andrew's mystery novel, \"Plato's Pond\", features the fictitious land of Gaia, which is a continent in the middle of the Sargasso Sea. Perhaps the most famous novel featuring its name is Jean Rhys's \"Wide Sargasso Sea,\" a rewriting of Charlotte Brontë's \"Jane Eyre\" from Bertha Mason's point of view. More recently, the Sea is referenced in the refrain of Andrew Bird's April, 2016 song \"Left Handed Kisses\" (featuring singer Fiona Apple), in which he questions: \"How did I ever find you / Drifting gently through the gyre / Of the great Sargasso sea, Atlantic Ocean / Got me", "title": "Sargasso Sea" }, { "id": "8854377", "score": "1.29389", "text": "the Flying Foam Passage at Nickol Bay they almost lost the unfortunate diver in the fierce currents. They also had problems finding the shell beds because the diver was tethered to the boat which was itself anchored and as a result he could not move very far at all. They had not learnt to drift along with the diver walking across the seabed as became the norm in the Broome era that built upon these experiences (see following). In the meantime 'naked diving' continued with most producing exceptional results especially at the Flying Foam Passage where they used the tides", "title": "Pearling in Western Australia" }, { "id": "17622718", "score": "1.2934201", "text": "Foam line Foam lines are accumulations of foam, with trapped insects, exuvia, etc. found on the surface of freshwater water courses or bodies. Lines appear as individual islands of foam that accumulate against obstructions, shorelines, etc. Foam lines have some characteristics in common with sea foam from the marine environment which may form lines of spume as the tides rise and fall. Most foam is very light, white to start with, often turning brown after a period of time if sediment builds up and forms discernible lines as individual mats accumulate. Foam lines are usually non-toxic. Natural foam may have", "title": "Foam line" }, { "id": "11111209", "score": "1.2898424", "text": "27 January 1862, Acting Master Henry E. Williams in command. \"Sea Foam\" was assigned to the Mortar Flotilla which was established early in 1862 to support Flag Officer David Farragut's New Orleans, Louisiana, campaign. A few days later, the ship departed New York Harbor and proceeded, via Key West, Florida, and Ship Island, Mississippi, to the mouth of the Mississippi River. She entered the river through Pass a l'Outre on 18 March and spent the next month preparing for the impending attack on the Confederate forts which guarded the river. On the afternoon of 18 April, \"Sea Foam\" and her", "title": "USS Sea Foam (1861)" }, { "id": "20340838", "score": "1.2898102", "text": "W. Beck in command, the tanker remained there until 23 June while further repairs were being made. On 24 June, \"Sea Foam\", along with \"YOG-57\" and \"PC-1569\", left Pearl Harbor and proceeded to Eniwetok via the Johnston Islands, arriving on 8 July. From 9 July to 6 September, \"Sea Foam\" was engaged in routine duty fueling vessels in the harbor at Eniwetok. She departed Eniwetok on the 7th for Tokyo Bay, anchoring there on the 21st. She fueled vessels in Tokyo Bay until 31 October 1945. \"Sea Foam\" departed Asian waters on 1 November and headed for the Panama Canal.", "title": "USS Sea Foam (IX-210)" }, { "id": "10932852", "score": "1.2878194", "text": "Frisia called \"Wynningstede\". However, this is unproven and even if true, due to coastal erosion, the place they could have sailed from is now located more than 2 kilometres west of the current beach, in the North Sea. According to another tradition, a few hundred metres off today's shoreline there was the ancient settlement of \"Wendingstedt\" with an old Frisian port at the west coast. This supposedly was home to 200 fishing boats and was destroyed by a storm in 1300 AD. It is disputed though among scientists if this village ever existed or if it is merely a legend.", "title": "Wenningstedt-Braderup" }, { "id": "11111214", "score": "1.2827647", "text": "June 1865 to A. C. DeWells. USS Sea Foam (1861) USS \"Sea Foam\" (1861) was a brig purchased by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy primarily as a mortar gunboat, but also as a gunboat stationed off Confederate ports to prevent their trading with foreign countries. Towards the war's end, she was converted into a storeship, keeping fleet ships supplied with necessary materiel. \"Sea Foam\" was a wooden-hulled hermaphrodite brig purchased by the Navy at New York City on 14 September 1861; fitted out as a mortar vessel at the New", "title": "USS Sea Foam (1861)" }, { "id": "20340839", "score": "1.2824686", "text": "She arrived in Mobile, Alabama, on 24 December, where she was decommissioned and redelivered to the War Shipping Administration on 8 February 1946. Struck from the Naval Register on 26 February, \"Sea Foam\" was sold to the H. H. Buncher Co. on 9 July 1947 for $14,010.00. USS Sea Foam (IX-210) USS \"Sea Foam\" (IX-210) was a Mobile Floating Storage Tanker of the United States Navy in the closing stages of World War II. \"Sea Foam\" was built as the SS \"Pennsylvania\" -- an Emergency Fleet Corporation Design 1045 tanker in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1917 for World War I civilian", "title": "USS Sea Foam (IX-210)" }, { "id": "11111208", "score": "1.2774858", "text": "USS Sea Foam (1861) USS \"Sea Foam\" (1861) was a brig purchased by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy primarily as a mortar gunboat, but also as a gunboat stationed off Confederate ports to prevent their trading with foreign countries. Towards the war's end, she was converted into a storeship, keeping fleet ships supplied with necessary materiel. \"Sea Foam\" was a wooden-hulled hermaphrodite brig purchased by the Navy at New York City on 14 September 1861; fitted out as a mortar vessel at the New York Navy Yard; and commissioned on", "title": "USS Sea Foam (1861)" }, { "id": "2885839", "score": "1.2674146", "text": "volcanoes and seismic activity. It should also be noted that because the location of the Dragon’s Triangle is not plotted on any official world map, the size and perimeter vary from one author to another author. Devil's Sea The , also known as the Dragon's Triangle and the Pacific Bermuda Triangle, is a region of the Pacific, south of Tokyo. The Devil's sea is sometimes considered a paranormal location, though the veracity of these claims has been questioned. The Japanese word \"ma no umi\" (translated as evil sea, troublesome sea, or dangerous sea) had been widely used to describe dangerous", "title": "Devil's Sea" }, { "id": "12089661", "score": "1.2673788", "text": "Massacre Remembrance Day at the King Bay Massacre site. Supporting actions were held at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra, Western Australian Parliament, New South Wale Parliament, Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne, Tandanya Indigenous Arts Centre in Adelaide, in Brunswick, Melbourne, and in the Victorian central Highlands towns of Taradale and Daylesford. Flying Foam massacre The Flying Foam Massacre was a series of confrontations between white settlers and Aboriginal people around Flying Foam Passage on Murujuga Burrup Peninsula, Western Australia. The confrontations occurred between February and May 1868 triggered by the killings of two police officers and a local workman.", "title": "Flying Foam massacre" }, { "id": "3862681", "score": "1.2629699", "text": "Seacliff State Beach Seacliff State Beach is a state beach park on Monterey Bay, in the town of Aptos, Santa Cruz County, California. It is located off Highway 1 on State Park Drive, about 5 miles (8 km) south of Santa Cruz, . The beach is most known for the concrete ship SS \"Palo Alto\" lying in the water. North of Seacliff State Beach is New Brighton State Beach. The beach was originally home to the Ohlone people. Spanish missionaries established the Mission Santa Cruz about eight miles west of here. In 1821, when Mexico gained independence from Spain the", "title": "Seacliff State Beach" } ]

[ "fifteen side", "Rugby Union Football", "rugby union tour", "Rugby union footballer", "rugby union scoring", "Rugby union", "rugby union", "Rugby union football", "rugby union football", "Rugby union player", "rugby union footballer", "rugby union player", "Rugby Union", "Fifteen-a-side", "rugby union tours", "Rugby union scoring", "Rugby union tour", "Rugby union tours" ]

[ { "id": "5957701", "score": "1.6836857", "text": "area. In the 1970s the phrase \"up and under\" became associated with Rugby League in Britain, when it became the catchphrase of Eddie Waring, an English rugby league coach, commentator and television presenter. In recent times the \"Up and Under\" was mastered by Bobbie Goulding helping St. Helens to the inaugural Super League title, and several others after that. It was a common feature of the Saints and though it suffered criticism for its 'negative' quality (at the same time rugby union was under similar scrutiny for turning into a 'kicking' game) it was an extremely effective tactic. The risky", "title": "Bomb (kick)" }, { "id": "2858103", "score": "1.563435", "text": "from in front of the posts against Leeds - the miss handed the cup to his opponents. Many of his lines became catchphrases in the game, including, \"It's an up and under\" (a rugby tactic consisting of kicking the ball in a high arc, while the rest of the team rushes toward the landing point, hoping to gain possession and field position) and \"He's goin' for an early bath\" (frequently heard during a game when a player was sent off the field for a serious foul). \"The Times\" in March 2006 published a list of 25 favourite sporting quotes and", "title": "Eddie Waring" }, { "id": "5404092", "score": "1.4788564", "text": "basket, so that his body can protect the ball from the defender. From this position, options such as spinning or backing down the defender to close in to the basket for better scoring opportunities become available. The up and under is a move consisting of two parts: a shot fake (the up) and a step-through (the under). First the player with the ball fakes a shot by thrusting the ball above his head as if to take a shot, then when the defender jumps in an attempt to block the shot, the offensive player steps by him and attempts a", "title": "Basketball moves" }, { "id": "8141308", "score": "1.4278009", "text": "the patriotic competitive nature of the sport which extends to themselves. \"London Lite\" and \"Metro\" used the slightly patronising acronym \"WABs\" (\"wives and birdies\", the latter a pun on the term for a one under par score for a hole) with reference to the partners of the European team as they arrived in Ireland for the 2006 Ryder Cup at The K Club, Straffan, County Kildare. \"CWAGs\" (Cricket Wives and Girlfriends) was applied to partners of the England cricket team in the series of test matches against Australia that began in Brisbane, Queensland in November 2006: for example, \"Jessica the", "title": "WAGs" }, { "id": "10049168", "score": "1.401296", "text": "4 July, the United States Independence Day. Teams are divided into brackets of four teams, with each team playing two games. The outcome of the first game determines whether a team's second game is a consolation or championship game. Games are played according to high school federation rules, officiated with one referee flown from the United States and the other officials supplied by Queensland Gridiron Officials Association. Down Under Bowl The Down Under Bowl, often spelled DownUnder Bowl or abbreviated DUB, is an annual American football competition, which started in 1990. Held on the Gold Coast, Australia, hundreds of high", "title": "Down Under Bowl" }, { "id": "5847103", "score": "1.3993169", "text": "the life of a professional rugby league footballer, Frank Machin, whose romantic life is not as successful as his sporting life. The film stars Richard Harris, Rachel Roberts, Alan Badel and William Hartnell. It is considered to be one of the last major films of the British New Wave or \"Free Cinema\" movement. Many of the scenes in \"This Sporting Life\" were filmed at Wakefield Trinity's Belle Vue stadium and include some Trinity players and coaching staff (Ken Traill) in the background. The highly acclaimed play, \"Up 'n' Under\" was made as a film in 1998. As a comedy set", "title": "Rugby league in England" }, { "id": "126851", "score": "1.3987435", "text": "usually, but wrongly, attributed to Ernest Hemingway. The phrase is; There are only three sports: bullfighting, motor racing, and mountaineering; all the rest are merely games. The implication of the phrase was that the word \"sport\" defined an activity in which one might be killed. The other activities being termed \"games\". The phrase may have been invented by either writer Barnaby Conrad or automotive author Ken Purdy. The Dangerous Sports Club of Oxford University, England was founded by David Kirke, Chris Baker, Ed Hulton and Alan Weston. They first came to wide public attention by inventing modern day bungee jumping,", "title": "Extreme sport" }, { "id": "5856098", "score": "1.3898517", "text": "'Above' and 'below' can be substituted for 'over' and 'under', respectively. Games behind In most North American sports, the phrase games behind or games back (often abbreviated GB), is a common way to reflect the gap between a leading team and another team in a sports league, conference, or division. In the below standings from the 1994 Major League Baseball season, the Atlanta Braves are six \"games behind\" the Montreal Expos. Atlanta would have to win six games, and Montreal would have to lose six games, to tie for first. The leading team is always zero games behind itself, and", "title": "Games behind" }, { "id": "4556583", "score": "1.3889761", "text": "Over–under An over–under or over/under (O/U) bet is a wager in which a sportsbook will predict a number for a statistic in a given game (usually the combined score of the two teams), and bettors wager that the actual number in the game will be either higher or lower than that number. For example, in Super Bowl XXXIX, most Las Vegas casinos set the over–under for the score of the game at 46.0. A bettor could wager that the combined score of the two teams would be either more than or less than that number. Since the combined score of", "title": "Over–under" }, { "id": "3708508", "score": "1.3804052", "text": "Down (gridiron football) A down is a period in which a play transpires in American and Canadian football. The down is a distinguishing characteristic of the game compared to other codes of football, but is synonymous with a \"tackle\" in rugby league. The team in possession of the football has a limited number of downs (four downs in American football, three downs in Canadian football) to advance ten yards or more towards their opponent's goal line. If they fail to advance that far, possession of the ball is turned over to the other team. In most situations, if a team", "title": "Down (gridiron football)" }, { "id": "1563114", "score": "1.377491", "text": "Down Under The term Down Under is a colloquialism which is variously construed to refer to Australia and New Zealand. The term comes from the fact that these countries are in the Southern Hemisphere, \"below\" many other countries, especially Western countries, on a Eurocentric globe where cardinal north faces towards the top. The term has been in use since the late 19th century and the persistence of the media use of the term has led to its wide acceptance and usage. The Men at Work song \"Down Under\" became a patriotic rallying song for Australians. The Russian-Australian boxing champion Kostya", "title": "Down Under" }, { "id": "10049167", "score": "1.3701656", "text": "Down Under Bowl The Down Under Bowl, often spelled DownUnder Bowl or abbreviated DUB, is an annual American football competition, which started in 1990. Held on the Gold Coast, Australia, hundreds of high school American football players, coaches, cheerleaders and officials come to participate in the event, making it the largest American Football Championship Tournament held outside the United States. Australia and New Zealand also send teams to compete in the competition. The event is held annually with games held towards the end of June. Championships are usually held on 3 July with the athletes street parade and closing ceremony", "title": "Down Under Bowl" }, { "id": "3708527", "score": "1.357341", "text": "field goal. Down (gridiron football) A down is a period in which a play transpires in American and Canadian football. The down is a distinguishing characteristic of the game compared to other codes of football, but is synonymous with a \"tackle\" in rugby league. The team in possession of the football has a limited number of downs (four downs in American football, three downs in Canadian football) to advance ten yards or more towards their opponent's goal line. If they fail to advance that far, possession of the ball is turned over to the other team. In most situations, if", "title": "Down (gridiron football)" }, { "id": "6538001", "score": "1.3566008", "text": "Golf Tournament (1961), the X-Games (1994) and the Grey Cup (1962). The program's introductory sequence was accompanied by a stirring, brassy musical fanfare (composed by Charles Fox), set over a montage of sports clips and accompanying narration written by Stanley Ralph Ross and voiced by McKay: The melodramatic introduction became a national catchphrase that is often heard to this day. While \"the thrill of victory\" had several symbols over the decades, ski jumper Vinko Bogataj, whose dreadful misjump and crash during a competition on March 21, 1970 was featured from the early 1970s onward heard over the sentence \"...and the", "title": "Wide World of Sports (U.S. TV series)" }, { "id": "12397412", "score": "1.344347", "text": "was used to spin the top. This thread is looped around the top's tip and then tightened appropriately. In a deft move, the players lifts the rope and deposits the spinning top on his/her open palm. The term is possibly derived, like several words in Madras Bashai, from English. 'Up' and 'it' are the possible constituent words - when said using the accent of the region, the 'i' syllable is frequently pronounced as 'ee' ('catch eet' for 'catch it', for instance). 'Up it' itself might have its origins in street cricket to indicate to a fielder that he/she must catch", "title": "Upeet" }, { "id": "21033", "score": "1.3397994", "text": "as an Americanism. In international (i.e. non-American) context, particularly in sports news outside English-speaking North America, American (or US branches of foreign) news agencies also use \"football\" to mean \"soccer\", especially in direct quotes. Similarly, the word \"hockey\" in BrE refers to field hockey and in AmE, \"hockey\" means ice hockey. Words with completely different meanings are relatively few; most of the time there are either (1) words with one or more shared meanings and one or more meanings unique to one variety (for example, bathroom and toilet) or (2) words the meanings of which are actually common to both", "title": "Comparison of American and British English" }, { "id": "12974772", "score": "1.3383733", "text": "Arms' pub team and their corrupt manager, Arthur bets his life savings with Reg Welch that he can train any team to beat them. However, the 'Wheatsheaf Arms' can only muster a side of five whose pride lies in their unbroken record of defeat. The pitifully unfit set of men have to accept the help of a coach, who just happens to be a woman. Hazel solidifies their resolve as begs questions of their character. They have to struggle through adversity, come up triumphant and become a team. They are given a bye to the final of the competition where", "title": "Up 'n' Under (film)" }, { "id": "5651431", "score": "1.3383319", "text": "Myers coined popular phrases such as \"That deserves a Wow\" And \"I kid because I care\" Myers was also the first to use the term 3-ball when describing a 3 point shot in basketball and \"a hoop and some harm\" when describing a basket and foul.. Myers introduced the phrase \"a fresh set of downs\" while doing play by play for football on Fox when a team gets a first down. In December 1998, Myers joined Fox Sports Net, where he was one of the original anchors of \"The National Sports Report\" and the weekly sports magazine program \"Goin' Deep\".", "title": "Chris Myers" }, { "id": "9949107", "score": "1.3366129", "text": "it here\" and \"strike it again (or back)\". Similarly, in 1650 English puritan Richard Baxter in his book \"Everlasting Rest\": \"like a Football in the midst of a crowd of Boys, tost about in contention from one to another\". This is also alluded to in a poem of c1624 by Edmund Waller referring to a football team working together towards \"victory\": \"a sort [i.e. company] of lusty shepherds try their force at football, care of victory... They ply their feet, and still the restless ball, Toss'd to and fro, is urged by them all.\" The last line suggests that playing", "title": "Passing (association football)" }, { "id": "8965668", "score": "1.332313", "text": "wallabies feed, then to tie his kangaroo down, since they jump around (which is the chorus). \"Sport\" is an Australian term of address, alluding to \"good sport\", which often, as in this case, praises someone for carrying out a small favour one is asking of them. The lyrics mention animals and objects associated with Australia, including cockatoos, koalas, platypuses, and didgeridoos. His last dying wish is \"Tan me hide when I'm dead, Fred\". By the end of the song, the stockman has died and his wish has been carried out: \"So we tanned his hide when he died, Clyde, and", "title": "Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport" } ]

[ "state penal farm at parchman", "parchman farm ms", "parchman state prison", "State Penitentiary at Parchman", "Parchman State Farm", "Parchman MS", "Parchman, Miss.", "Sunflower farm", "mississippi state pen", "Mississippi State Prison", "Mississippi State Peniteniary", "parchman farm state penitentiary", "Parchman penitentiary", "Parchman, MS", "mississippi penitentiary at parchman", "parchman prison", "Ms. State Penitentiary", "Parchman penal farm", "mississippi state penal farm", "Mississippi State prison", "State penitentiary prison farm at Parchman", "Unit 32", "parchman prison camp", "parchman state prison farm", "Parchman, ms", "parchman place", "parchman plantation prison", "Parchman Plantation", "state penitentiary in parchman", "mississippi state peniteniary", "parchman ms", "mississippi state penitentiary hospital", "parchman miss", "parchman prison farm", "Parchman prison farm", "mississippi state penitentiary at parchman", "Mississippi State Prison at Parchman", "Miss State Prison Farms", "parchman farm", "mississippi penal farm", "Parchman State Prison", "Parchman Farm, MS.", "Parchman Penitentiary", "Parchman Prison Farm", "parchman fire department", "ms state penitentiary", "parchman penitentiary", "Parchman Place", "Mississippi Sate Peniteniary", "parchman state penal farm", "parchman penal farm", "Mississippi State Penitentiary Hospital", "Parchman Prison", "State Penitentiary Prison Farm at Parchman", "Mississippi State Penitentiary Fire Department", "parchaman mississippi", "Mississippi State Pen", "parchman", "Parchman Penal Farm", "mississippi state penitentiary", "Parchman State Penal Farm", "mississippi sate penitentiary", "Mississippi Sate Penitentiary", "Parchaman, Mississippi", "Mississippi State Farm at Parchman", "Parchman, Mississippi", "Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman", "state penitentiary at parchman", "Parchman Farm", "Parchman plantation", "Parchman Plantation Prison", "Parchman, Ms.", "Parchment prison", "parchman mississippi", "Parchman Farm State Penitentiary", "parchman plantation", "Miss. State Penitentiary", "parchman state farm", "MSP Fire Department", "mississippi state prison", "State Penal Farm at Parchman", "Parchman Farm penitentiary", "State penitentiary in Parchman", "Mississippi State Penitentiary", "Mississippi penal farm", "Parchman", "Parchman Farm, MS", "MS State Penitentiary", "Mississippi State Pentientiary", "mississippi state farm at parchman", "parchman state penitentiary", "Mississippi state farm at Parchman", "Parchman prison", "mississippi state pentientiary", "Parchman Plantation prison", "miss state prison farms", "state penitentiary prison farm at parchman", "mississippi state prison at parchman", "sunflower farm", "Parchman Fire Department", "unit 32", "parchment state penitentiary", "Parchman State Prison Farm", "Mississippi penitentiary at Parchman", "msp fire department", "miss state penitentiary", "Mississippi State Penal Farm", "Sunflower Farm", "Parchman Prison Camp", "Parchment State Penitentiary", "Parchman State Penitentiary", "mississippi state penitentiary fire department", "mississippi sate peniteniary", "parchman farm penitentiary", "parchment prison", "Mississippi Penal Farm" ]

[ { "id": "4543415", "score": "1.6467276", "text": "custody (maximum security). It also houses the male death row—all male offenders sentenced to death in Mississippi are held in MSP's Unit 29—and the state execution chamber. The superintendent of Mississippi State Penitentiary is Marshall Turner. There are two wardens, three deputy wardens, and two associate wardens. Female prisoners are not usually assigned to MSP; Central Mississippi Correctional Facility, also the location of the female death row, is the only state prison in Mississippi designated as a place for female prisoners. For much of the 19th century after the American Civil War, the state of Mississippi used a convict lease", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "4543414", "score": "1.6137006", "text": "Mississippi State Penitentiary Mississippi State Penitentiary (MSP), also known as Parchman Farm, is a prison farm, the oldest prison, and the only maximum security prison for men in the state of Mississippi. Begun with four stockades in 1901, the Mississippi Department of Corrections facility was constructed largely by state prisoners. It is located on about in unincorporated Sunflower County, in the Mississippi Delta region. It has beds for 4,840 inmates. Inmates work on the prison farm and in manufacturing workshops. It holds male offenders classified at all custody levels—A and B custody (minimum and medium security) and C and D", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "2415841", "score": "1.5710664", "text": "Mississippi Department of Corrections The Mississippi Department of Corrections (MDOC) is a state agency of Mississippi that operates prisons. It has its headquarters in Jackson. In March 2017, Pelicia E. Hall was appointed by Governor Phil Bryant as Commissioner; she is the first woman to hold this position. An attorney, she has extensive criminal justice and private law experience. In 1843 a penitentiary in four city squares in central Jackson was developed as Mississippi's first state prison. The prison in Jackson was destroyed during the Civil War, and the state did not replace it for decades. Instead, the state conducted", "title": "Mississippi Department of Corrections" }, { "id": "4543418", "score": "1.5702424", "text": "a railroad spur called \"Gordon Station\". The state of Mississippi purchased land in Sunflower County in January 1901 to establish a state prison. In 1901 four stockades were constructed, and the state moved prisoners to begin clearing land for crop cultivation. The land was undeveloped Mississippi Delta bottomland and forest, fertile but dense with undergrowth and trees. Around the time the Mississippi State Penitentiary (MSP) opened, Sunflower County residents objected to having executions performed at the prison. They feared that the county would be stigmatized as a \"death county\". Mississippi originally performed executions of condemned criminals in their counties of", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "4543421", "score": "1.5625858", "text": "maintained throughout. The institution became the main hub of activity for Mississippi's prison system. In 1937, during the Great Depression, the prison had 1,989 inmates. Around the 1950s, residents of Sunflower County were still opposed to the concept of housing an execution chamber at MSP. In September 1954, Governor Hugh L. White called for a special session of the Mississippi Legislature to discuss the application of the death penalty. During that year, the prison installed a gas chamber for on-site executions. It replaced a mobile electric chair, which, between 1940 and February 5, 1952, had been transported to various counties", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mississippi State Penitentiary\n\nMississippi State Penitentiary (MSP), also known as Parchman Farm, is a maximum-security prison farm located in unincorporated Sunflower County, Mississippi, in the Mississippi Delta region. Occupying about of land, Parchman is the only maximum security prison for men in the state of Mississippi, and is the state's oldest prison.<ref name=\"Stateprisons\" /><ref name=\":0\" /><ref name=\"gnis0\"/>\n\nBegun with four stockades in 1901, the Mississippi Department of Corrections facility was constructed largely by state prisoners. It has beds for 4,840 inmates. Inmates work on the prison farm and in manufacturing workshops. It holds male offenders classified at all custody levels—A and B custody (minimum and medium security) and C and D custody (maximum security). It also houses the male death row—all male offenders sentenced to death in Mississippi are held in MSP's Unit 29—and the state execution chamber. The superintendent of Mississippi State Penitentiary is Marshall Turner. There are two wardens, three deputy wardens, and two associate wardens.\n\nFemale prisoners are not usually assigned to MSP; Central Mississippi Correctional Facility, also the location of the female death row, is the only state prison in Mississippi designated as a place for female prisoners.<ref name=\"Stateprisons\"/>", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Louisiana State Penitentiary\n\nThe Louisiana State Penitentiary (known as Angola, and nicknamed the \"Alcatraz of the South\", \"The Angola Plantation\" and \"The Farm\") is a maximum-security prison farm in Louisiana operated by the Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections. It is named \"Angola\" after the former slave plantation that occupied this territory. The plantation was named after the country of Angola from which many slaves originated before arriving in Louisiana.\n\nAngola is the largest maximum-security prison in the United States with 6,300 prisoners and 1,800 staff, including corrections officers, janitors, maintenance, and wardens. Due to these large numbers, it has been given the nickname \"a gated community\". Located in West Feliciana Parish, the prison is set between oxbow lakes on the east side of a bend of the Mississippi River, thus flanked on three sides by water. It lies less than south of Louisiana's straight east-west border with Mississippi.\n\nThe of land the prison sits on what was known before the American Civil War as the Angola Plantations and was owned by Isaac Franklin. The prison is located at the end of Louisiana Highway 66, around northwest of St. Francisville. Death row for men and the state execution chamber for women and men are located at the Angola facility.", "title": "Louisiana State Penitentiary" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Walnut Grove Correctional Facility" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mississippi Delta\n\nThe Mississippi Delta, also known as the Yazoo–Mississippi Delta, or simply the Delta, is the distinctive northwest section of the U.S. state of Mississippi (and portions of Arkansas and Louisiana) that lies between the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers. The region has been called \"The Most Southern Place on Earth\" (\"Southern\" in the sense of \"characteristic of its region, the American South\"), because of its unique racial, cultural, and economic history. It is long and across at its widest point, encompassing about , or, almost 7,000 square miles of alluvial floodplain. Originally covered in hardwood forest across the bottomlands, it was developed as one of the richest cotton-growing areas in the nation before the American Civil War (1861–1865). The region attracted many speculators who developed land along the riverfronts for cotton plantations; they became wealthy planters dependent on the labor of enslaved African Americans, who composed the vast majority of the population in these counties well before the Civil War, often twice the number of whites.\n\nAs the riverfront areas were developed first and railroads were slow to be constructed, most of the bottomlands in the Delta were undeveloped, even after the Civil War. Both black and white migrants flowed into Mississippi, using their labor to clear land and sell timber in order to buy land. By the end of the 19th century, black farmers made up two-thirds of the independent farmers in the Mississippi Delta.<ref name=\"Willis\"/>\n\nIn 1890, the white-dominated state legislature passed a new state constitution effectively disenfranchising most blacks in the state. In the next three decades, most blacks lost their lands due to tight credit and political oppression.<ref name=\"Willis\"/> African Americans had to resort to sharecropping and tenant farming to survive. Their political exclusion was maintained by the whites until after the gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.\n\nThe majority of residents in several counties in the region are still black, although more than 400,000 African Americans left the state during the Great Migration in the first half of the 20th century, moving to Northeastern, Midwestern, and Western industrial cities.\n\nAs the agricultural economy does not support many jobs or businesses, the region has attempted to diversify. Lumbering is important and new crops such as soybeans have been cultivated in the area by the largest industrial farmers.\n\nAt times, the region has suffered heavy flooding from the Mississippi River, notably in 1927 and 2011.", "title": "Mississippi Delta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Oakley Youth Development Center\n\nOakley Youth Development Center (OYDC), formerly known as Oakley Training School is a juvenile correctional facility of the Mississippi Department of Human Services located in unincorporated Hinds County, Mississippi, near Raymond. It is Mississippi's sole juvenile correctional facility for children adjudicated into the juvenile correctional system.\n\nOakley has a capacity of 150 students. Oakley is located on a plot of land surrounded by agricultural fields; the State of Mississippi states that the complex is about a 30-minute commute from Jackson. Grantier Architecture designed a building of the school.\n\nPresently, only a child who has been adjudicated delinquent for a felony or who has been adjudicated delinquent three or more times for a misdemeanor offense may be committed to Oakley. Oakley may retain custody of a child until the child's twentieth birthday but not for longer.<ref name=\"billstatus.ls.state.ms.us\"/>", "title": "Oakley Youth Development Center" }, { "id": "4543434", "score": "1.5470872", "text": "as a method of execution. The lethal injection table was first used for executions in 2002. On November 17, 2003, Larry Hentz escaped from Unit 24B of MSP; he was believed to have been traveling with his wife. The escapee and his wife were captured in San Diego, California on December 11, 2003. Hentz was returned to prison. In 2005 Tim Climer, the executive director of the Sunflower County Economic Development District, stated that he wanted to develop MSP as a tourist attraction by establishing an interpretive center. In 2010, the Mississippi State Penitentiary became the first correctional facility in", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "4543487", "score": "1.5410178", "text": "A character in William Faulkner's \"The Mansion\" referred to MSP as \"destination doom.\" John Buntin of \"Governing\" magazine said that MSP \"has long cast its shadow over the Mississippi Delta, including my hometown of Greenville, Mississippi.\" The prison is the subject of a number of blues songs, most notably \"Parchman Farm Blues\" by Bukka White, and Mose Allison's \"Parchman Farm\", which was later covered by a number of other artists including John Mayall, Johnny Winter, Georgie Fame, Blue Cheer, and Blues Image. In 1963, the Republican gubernatorial nominee Rubel Phillips made the penitentiary an issue in his unsuccessful campaign against", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "4543459", "score": "1.5337479", "text": "engineering major disturbances. Cabana cited this example to say \"In some respects, Parchman was a penologist's dream.\" After the 1972 Gates v. Collier federal judge ruling, the State of Mississippi replaced its previous inmate housing units, called \"cages\", with barracks buildings surrounded by barbed wire-topped fences. John Buntin of \"Governing Magazine\" said that the new units were \"hastily built.\" Several MSP units were built in the 1970s; 3,080 beds were added for a total cost of $25,345,000. In the 1980s Mississippi State Penitentiary had 21 scattered camps. In 1983 Camp 25 served as the female unit, and the unit had", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "2415843", "score": "1.5254579", "text": "this system to extract labor from former slaves and keep them suppressed socially. The state officially changed its policy at the end of the 19th century, saying that prisoners sentenced by the State could no longer be hired or leased by third parties, effective after December 31, 1894. After ending the convict leasing system, the State of Mississippi began to acquire property to build prisons. The state bought the Rankin Farm in 1895 in Rankin County, from Jackson; it is now the site of the Central Mississippi Correctional Facility. Later the state purchased the Oakley Farm, located in Hinds County,", "title": "Mississippi Department of Corrections" }, { "id": "2415844", "score": "1.5226804", "text": "from Jackson. The state government purchased land in Sunflower County in January 1901, where it developed the Parchman Farm (now Mississippi State Penitentiary). The prison properties were largely self-sufficient, raising their own crops and livestock, as well as commodity crops such as cotton for the state to sell. All the labor was by prisoners. The state Department of Corrections was established in 1976 to oversee the existing Mississippi state prisons. Both federal and state laws were passed during various campaigns of \"wars on crime\" and \"wars on drugs;\" not only were new behaviors criminalized, but politicians supported mandatory sentencing and", "title": "Mississippi Department of Corrections" }, { "id": "14754853", "score": "1.5214586", "text": "and immediately go to the Mississippi State Penitentiary, the location of the male death row. MDOC states that CMCF was \"designed to provide aesthetics along with security.\" CMCF opened in January 1986 with a capacity of 667 prisoners. CMCF was the first prison facility of the Mississippi Department of Corrections outside of the Mississippi State Penitentiary (MSP) in Sunflower County. Upon the opening of CMCF, female prisoners were transferred from MSP to CMCF; previously women were held in MSP Camp 25. CMCF was designed by Dale and Associates. It was originally named the \"Rankin County Correctional Facility\" (RCCF). As of", "title": "Central Mississippi Correctional Facility" }, { "id": "4543488", "score": "1.5211425", "text": "the Democrat Paul B. Johnson, Jr. Phillips called the institution at Parchman \"a disgrace\" and urged the establishment of a constitutional board \"free of politics to exercise responsible leadership\". Phillips recounted the case of inmate Kimble Berry, who served time for manslaughter who was granted leave in 1961 by acting Governor Johnson (while Governor Ross Barnett was out of state) but showed up in a Cadillac in Massachusetts claiming that he had been authorized to recover burglary loot. The prison also served as a major source of material for folklorists such as Alan and John Lomax, who visited numerous times", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "4543438", "score": "1.5196393", "text": "has a work program at MSP, with about 190 inmates participating. The road from the front entrance to the back entrance stretches . Donald Cabana, who served as the superintendent and executioner of MSP, said, \"the sheer magnitude of the place was difficult to comprehend on first viewing.\" \"Parchman\" appears as a place on highway maps. The \"Parchman\" dot represents the MSP main entrance and several MSP buildings, with the prison territory located to the west of the main entrance. The main entrance, a metal gate with \"Mississippi State Penitentiary\" in large letters, is located at the intersection of U.S.", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "4543416", "score": "1.5157282", "text": "system for its prisoners; lessees paid fees to the state and were responsible for feeding, clothing and housing prisoners who worked for them as laborers. As it was lucrative for both the state and lessees, as in other states, the system led to entrapment and a high rate of convictions for minor offenses for black males, whose population as prisoners increased rapidly in the decades after the war. Wrongly accused of having a high rate of criminality, black males often struggled for years to get out of the convict lease system. Due to abuses and corruption, the state ended this", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "4543426", "score": "1.5096529", "text": "with a toilet and sink on the back wall, and a bunk bed. We were permitted one shower per week, and no mail was allowed. The policy in the maximum security block was to keep lights on 24 hours a day. Fankhauser described the meals: Breakfast every morning was black coffee strongly flavored with chicory, grits, biscuits and blackstrap molasses. Lunch was generally some form of beans or black-eyed peas boiled with pork gristle, served with cornbread. In the evening, it was the same as lunch except it was cold. The Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, visited the farm a", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "14995316", "score": "1.507166", "text": "as a county jail and also housed more than 1,000 prisoners from California. Since 2013, it has not held Mississippi state prisoners. The prison opened in March 2000 with 352 prisoners. It is one of six private prisons constructed to hold state prisoners. As of early 2017, three are still operating for the state. (One of these was closed in September 2016.) The facility is located on a plot of land located along U.S. Highway 49, north of Tutwiler, south of Clarksdale, and from Memphis International Airport. of the prison property are fenced and used as the prison. By 2008", "title": "Tallahatchie County Correctional Facility" }, { "id": "4543457", "score": "1.4994475", "text": "no high walls. Cabana said that the prison was \"a throwback to another time and place\". Cabana described the employee housing as \"by and large drab and in various states of disrepair.\" During that time Camp 16 served as the Maximum Security Unit (MSU); the building was surrounded by double fences with concertina wire, and gun towers were located at the four corners of the building. MSU housed death row inmates and inmates put under maximum security, and the camp housed the gas chamber. MSP staff called the building \"Little Alcatraz.\" Cabana, a native of Massachusetts, said that Camp 16", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "4543442", "score": "1.4983885", "text": "on horseback instead of on foot. The rear entrance is protected by a steel barricade and a guard tower. In 1985 Robert Cross of the \"Chicago Tribune\" said \"The physical surroundings--cotton and bean fields, the 21 scattered camps, the barbed wire enclosures--suggest that nothing much has changed since the days, early in this century, when outsiders could visit Parchman State Penal Farm only on the fifth Sunday of those rare months containing more than four.\" MSP has two main areas, Area I and Area II. Area I includes Unit 29 and the Front Vocational School. Area II includes Units 25-26,", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "4543443", "score": "1.4980814", "text": "Units 30-32, and Unit 42. Seven units house prisoners. As of the 1970s and 1980s the prison grounds had small red houses that were used for conjugal visits. The prison offered conjugal visits until February 1, 2014. Six units currently house prisoners. Units that currently function as inmate housing include: MDOC classifies 13 units as \"closed housing units\". All of the units in the prison that formerly housed prisoners and no longer function as inmate housing include: \"Guard Row\" is the area where employees of MSP and their dependents live. As of the 1970s \"Guard Row\", a nickname for the", "title": "Mississippi State Penitentiary" }, { "id": "3898482", "score": "1.4970105", "text": "Rouge. In 1869 during the Reconstruction era, Samuel Lawrence James, a former Confederate major, received the military lease to the future prison property along the Mississippi River. He tried to produce cotton with free labor of African Americans. The land that has been developed as Angola Penitentiary was purchased in the 1830s from Francis Rout as four contiguous plantations by Isaac Franklin, a slave trader and planter. He used profits from his slave trading firm, Franklin and Armfield, of Alexandria, Virginia and Natchez, Mississippi. After his death in 1846, Franklin's widow, by then known as Adelicia Cheatham, joined these plantations:", "title": "Louisiana State Penitentiary" } ]

[ "Vitis species", "vitis", "vitis genus", "Grape vine", "vitis species", "Grapevines", "grapevines", "muscadinia", "Grape-vine", "Grapevine", "Vitis (genus)", "Vitis", "grapevine", "Muscadinia", "grape vine" ]

[ { "id": "1735041", "score": "1.534853", "text": "cycle is solely dependent upon another for the propagation of the species. In the late 19th century the phylloxera epidemic destroyed most of the vineyards for wine grapes in Europe, most notably in France. Phylloxera was introduced to Europe when avid botanists in Victorian England collected specimens of American vines in the 1850s. Because phylloxera is native to North America, the native grape species are at least partially resistant. By contrast, the European wine grape \"Vitis vinifera\" is very susceptible to the insect. The epidemic devastated vineyards in Britain and then moved to the European mainland, destroying most of the", "title": "Phylloxera" }, { "id": "15859445", "score": "1.4997318", "text": "a \"germ\" in the terrain, however his findings were inconclusive. In 1894 Fernando López Tuero, the head agronomist of the Agronomical Station of Río Piedras, discovered that the cause of the epidemic was the white grub (Phyllophaga). The Phyllophaga is a very large genus (more than 260 species) of New World scarab beetles in the subfamily Melolonthinae. These beetles are nocturnal, emerging in great numbers during the night. The adults are chafers, feeding on foliage of trees and shrubs. They may cause significant damage when emerging in large numbers. The larvae (called white grubs) feed on the roots of grasses", "title": "Fernando López Tuero" }, { "id": "6896176", "score": "1.4499056", "text": "The phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century also had a big influence, destroying traditional field blends of indigenous grapes in vineyards, which were often replaced by monocultures of fashionable grapes such as the Bordeaux varieties – grafted, of course, onto rootstocks from North America. Vignerons faced a stark choice, either adopt the new techniques, or choose another profession. Phylloxera was the stimulus for the development of a new infrastructure of government breeding programmes and exchange of plant material and techniques. After the Second World War, a number of countries developed bland wines for the export market, with an emphasis", "title": "Globalization of wine" }, { "id": "17054622", "score": "1.4453905", "text": "even more perceptible historically. In fact, \"Daktulosphaira vitifoliae\" known as the grape phylloxera is considered as the most economically important insect pest of commercial grapevines \"Vitis\" worldwide. In the late 19th century, the phylloxera epidemic destroyed almost all the European grapes and they could only fix the problem by planting grapevines from the US, then grafting European grapevines onto American roots. The phylloxeran species are very small to minute insects. Besides, there is a high polymorphism in the family Phylloxeridae making it at times difficult to identify its members. Also, they can pretty easily be confused to related insects such", "title": "Phylloxeridae" }, { "id": "11124177", "score": "1.440336", "text": "American vines and plants into Europe greatly increased between roughly 1858 and 1862, and this is how the \"Phylloxera\" was accidentally introduced to Europe around 1860, although the aphid did not enter France until around 1863. It is believed that the advent of steamships was a factor as well, as the ships were faster, and the \"Phylloxera\" were able to survive the quicker ocean voyage. The first known documented instance of an attack by the \"Phylloxera\" in France was in the village of Pujaut in the department of Gard of the former province of Languedoc, in 1863. The wine makers", "title": "Great French Wine Blight" }, { "id": "11124175", "score": "1.4394512", "text": "these native vines. Exceptions did exist; \"vinifera\" plantations were well-established in California before the aphids found their way there. There have been several theories proposed for why the phylloxera was ignored as the possible cause of the disease that resulted in the failure of so many vineyards, most of which involve the feeding behaviour of the insect, and the way it attacks the roots. The proboscis of the grape phylloxera has both a venom canal from which it injects its deadly venom and a feeding tube through which it takes in vine sap and nutrients. As the toxin from the", "title": "Great French Wine Blight" }, { "id": "11125065", "score": "1.4250143", "text": "during the eighteenth century, it was considered unnecessary in the United States as the produce from fruit trees was largely used either to make cider or feed hogs. Beginning in 1864, without warning grapevines across France began to sharply decline. Thanks to the efforts of scientists such as C. V. Riley and J. E. Planchon, the culprit was identified to be phylloxera, an insect that infests the roots of vines and causes fungal infections. Initially, farmers unsuccessfully attempted to contain the pest by removing and burning affected vines. When it was discovered that phylloxera was an invasive species introduced from", "title": "Grafting" }, { "id": "11124174", "score": "1.4136978", "text": "colonists. It is known today that it was a species of North American grape phylloxera that caused these early vineyards to fail; the venom injected by the \"Phylloxera\" causes a disease that is quickly fatal to the European varieties of vine. The aphids initially went unnoticed by the colonists, despite their great numbers, and the pressure to successfully start a vineyard in America at the time. It became common knowledge among the settlers that their European vines, of the \"vinifera.\" variety, simply would not grow in American soil, and they resorted to growing Native American plants, and established plantations of", "title": "Great French Wine Blight" }, { "id": "18091191", "score": "1.4108386", "text": "cover crop decomposition on soil nutrient cycling and soil microbiology. He pursued post-doctoral research at Cornell University. His academic research focuses on the evolution, genomics, and ecology of plant pathogens in the genus \"Phytophthora\" and management of the diseases they cause. This pathogen group includes some of the most costly diseases affecting crops and ecosystems. These pathogens have well characterized effectors Effector (biology) to circumvent plant host recognition that in the genus \"Phytophthora\" include RxLR, Crinkler and other small secreted proteins. Grünwald is best known for providing novel insights into how plant pathogens emerge, methods to study pathogen evolution, particularly", "title": "Niklaus Grunwald" }, { "id": "7258480", "score": "1.4103549", "text": "Boschendal Farm. A global phylloxera epidemic, caused by tiny, sap-sucking insects, spread through the Cape vineyards in the 1880s and 1890s, destroying the vines of the Boschendal area in 1890. It caused much damage and led to a farming depression before resistant American vine stocks were introduced on a scale wide enough to stop the epidemic. In the meantime, farmers needed alternative forms of agriculture and the lucrative fruit industry in California provided a suitable model for the Cape. Pioneering work was done by fruit farmers in Wellington and the Hex River Valley. In 1892, shipping magnate Percy Molteno developed", "title": "Boschendal" }, { "id": "12217140", "score": "1.4066077", "text": "But just as French vignerons were recovering from oidium came a new mysterious ailment that caused decay or death in the grapevines. The cause was a tiny louse, known as phylloxera, imported from North America. This louse targets the rootstock of the vine. The solution to this epidemic also came from North America in the grafting of naturally resistant American rootstocks to the European vines. However, while the importing of this new North American plant material helped to stave off the phylloxera epidemic, it brought with it yet more problems-the fungal disease of downy mildew that first surfaced in 1878", "title": "History of French wine" }, { "id": "1735051", "score": "1.3956776", "text": "the roots or the bark at the bottom of the plant. Some regions were so blighted by phylloxera that they never recovered, and instead the producers switched crops entirely. The island of Mallorca is one example, where almonds now substitute for vines. According to wine critic and author Kerin O'Keefe, thanks to tiny parcels of vineyards throughout Europe which were inexplicably unscathed, some vineyards still exist as they were before the phylloxera devastation. So far, Chilean wine has remained phylloxera free. It is isolated from the world by the Atacama Desert to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west,", "title": "Phylloxera" }, { "id": "1735055", "score": "1.3880807", "text": "(1879–1880). Part of the reason for this is the high concentration of silica sand and very low (less than 3%) concentration of clay in the volcanic soils. In this environment (> 400m AMSL) the surface water from heavy bouts of rain seals the soil so perfectly that it imprisons the louse, effectively drowning them before they are able to thrive. Bien Nacido Vineyard in Santa Maria Valley AVA of Santa Barbara, CA is a phylloxera free vineyard. Despite being planted on its own roots, with UC Davis virus free clones, the vineyard has never been affected by phylloxera. The high", "title": "Phylloxera" }, { "id": "10185755", "score": "1.383206", "text": "Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, where he studied zoology. When Phylloxera invaded Switzerland in 1874, Fatio made extensive studies and initiated the world's first congress for the prevention of the grapevine pest which took place in Lausanne in 1877. The results of his studies and the congress were published in his work \"État de la question phylloxérique en Europe en 1877\" in 1878. Furthermore, he wrote several publications about Phylloxera in Switzerland and in Savoy. Between 1869 and 1904 his standard work \"Faune des Vertébrés de la Suisse\" was released, a comprehensive work with six volumes about the mammals, birds, amphibians,", "title": "Victor Fatio" }, { "id": "15019595", "score": "1.3783839", "text": "affecting crops and ecosystems. These pathogens have well characterized effectors to circumvent plant host recognition that in the genus Phytophthora include RxLR, Crinkler and other small secreted proteins. Grünwald is best known for providing novel insights into how plant pathogens emerge, methods to study pathogen evolution, particularly when populations are clonal, and characterizing the evolutionary history of Phytophthora pathogens. He is currently working with the USDA Agricultural Research Service, a Professor (Courtesy) in the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology at Oregon State University, and a Professor (Adjunct) in the Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology at Cornell University", "title": "Science and technology in Venezuela" }, { "id": "1436034", "score": "1.3780603", "text": "the pathogen has farther to travel to get to the tuber. Another approach is to destroy the canopy around five weeks before harvest, using a contact herbicide or sulfuric acid to burn off the foliage. Eliminating infected foliage reduces the likelihood of tuber infection. The effects of \"Phytophthora infestans\" in Ireland in 1845–52 were one of the factors which caused over one million to starve to death and forced another two million to emigrate from affected countries. Most commonly referenced is the Great Irish Famine, during the late 1840s. The first recorded instances of the disease were in the United", "title": "Phytophthora infestans" }, { "id": "11124176", "score": "1.3766148", "text": "venom corrodes the root structure of a vine, the sap pressure falls and, as a result, the \"Phylloxera\" quickly withdraws its feeding tube and searches for another source of food. Thus, anyone digging up a diseased and dying vine will not find \"Phylloxera\" clinging to the roots of the plant. For a few centuries, Europeans had experimented with American vines and plants in their soil, and many varieties were imported from America without regulation, disregarding the possibility of pest transfer, and related problems. Jules-Emile Planchon, a French biologist, who identified the \"Phylloxera\" in the 1860s, maintained that this transfer of", "title": "Great French Wine Blight" }, { "id": "11124171", "score": "1.371218", "text": "other European countries. How the \"Phylloxera\" aphid was introduced to Europe remains debated: American vines had been taken to Europe many times before, for reasons including experimentation and trials in grafting, without consideration of the possibility of the introduction of pestilence. While the \"Phylloxera\" was thought to have arrived around 1858, it was first recorded in France in 1863, near the former province of Languedoc. It is argued by some that the introduction of such pests as phylloxera was only a problem after the invention of steamships, which allowed a faster journey across the ocean, and consequently allowed durable pests,", "title": "Great French Wine Blight" }, { "id": "7054267", "score": "1.370033", "text": "plants, phyllody is caused by infections of plant pathogens and/or infestations of ectoparasites. Aside from exhibiting phyllody, they may also exhibit other symptoms like virescence, witch's brooms, chlorosis, and stunted growth. Examples of these biotic factors include: In addition to causing phyllody itself, insects and other ectoparasites also serve as disease vectors that can spread phyllody to other nearby plants. The most common of these insect vectors are leafhoppers, an example of which is \"Hishimonus phycitis\", which transmits the phytoplasma-caused little leaf phyllody in eggplants. The broken-backed bug (\"Taylorilygus apicalis\") is another insect vector of a phytoplasma-caused phyllody in species", "title": "Phyllody" }, { "id": "11124183", "score": "1.3675807", "text": "the French and American grape lice was proved. Nevertheless, for another three years, a powerful majority in France argued that \"Phylloxera\" was not the cause of vine disease; instead, vines that were already sickly became infested with \"Phylloxera\". Thus, in their opinion, \"Phylloxera\" was merely a consequence of the \"true\" disease, which remained to be found. Regardless, Riley had discovered American grape varieties that were especially resistant to \"Phylloxera\", and by 1871, French farmers began to import them and graft French vines onto the American rootstock. (Leo Laliman had suggested importing American vines as early as 1869, but French farmers", "title": "Great French Wine Blight" } ]

[ "Henry, Patrick", "Patrick henry", "Patrick Henry", "patrick henry", "henry patrick" ]

[ { "id": "10031166", "score": "2.261621", "text": "Give me liberty, or give me death! \"Give me liberty, or give me death!\" is a quotation attributed to Patrick Henry from a speech he made to the Second Virginia Convention on March 23, 1775, at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia. He is credited with having swung the balance in convincing the convention to pass a resolution delivering Virginian troops for the Revolutionary War. Among the delegates to the convention were future U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson and George Washington. The speech was not published until \"The Port Folio\" printed a version of it in 1816. The version of the", "title": "Give me liberty, or give me death!" }, { "id": "10031174", "score": "2.0014067", "text": "nego rob\"). During the Indonesian National Revolution the Pemuda (youth) used the phrase \"Merdeka atau Mati\" which means \"Freedom or Death\". More recently, in China, Ren Jianyu, a 25-year-old former college student \"village official\" was given a two-year re-education through labor sentence for an online anti-CPC speech. A T-shirt of Ren's saying \"Give me liberty or give me death!\" (in Chinese) has been taken as evidence of his anti-social guilt. Give me liberty, or give me death! \"Give me liberty, or give me death!\" is a quotation attributed to Patrick Henry from a speech he made to the Second Virginia", "title": "Give me liberty, or give me death!" }, { "id": "10031170", "score": "1.9726038", "text": "independence.\" There have been similar phrases used preceding Henry's speech. The play, \"Cato, a Tragedy\", was popular in the Colonies and well known by the Founding Fathers, who would quote from the play. George Washington had this play performed for the Continental Army at Valley Forge. It contains the line, \"It is not now time to talk of aught/But chains or conquest, liberty or death\" (Act II, Scene 4). The phrase \"Liberty or Death\" also appears on the Culpeper Minutemen flag of 1775.. In the opera Artemisia (1657) there is an aria called \"Dammi morte o libertà\" (lit:\"Give me death", "title": "Give me liberty, or give me death!" }, { "id": "10031169", "score": "1.9630916", "text": "was named chairman of the committee assigned to build a militia. Britain's royal governor, Lord Dunmore, reacted by seizing the gunpowder in the public magazine at Williamsburg—Virginia's equivalent of the battles of Lexington and Concord. Whatever the exact words of Henry were, \"scholars, understandably, are troubled by the way Wirt brought into print Henry's classic Liberty or Death speech,\" wrote historian Bernard Mayo. \"Yet . . . its expressions. . . seemed to have burned themselves into men's memories. Certainly its spirit is that of the fiery orator who in 1775 so powerfully influenced Virginians and events leading to American", "title": "Give me liberty, or give me death!" }, { "id": "10031168", "score": "1.9626347", "text": "that the speech was \"one of the most bold, vehement, and animated pieces of eloquence that had ever been delivered.\" Edward Carrington, who was listening outside a window of the church, requested that he be buried on that spot. In 1810, he got his wish. And the drafter of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, George Mason, said, \"Every word he says not only engages but commands the attention, and your passions are no longer your own when he addresses them.\" More immediately, the resolution, declaring the United Colonies to be independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain, passed, and Henry", "title": "Give me liberty, or give me death!" }, { "id": "5329896", "score": "1.9469388", "text": "Patrick Henry, a delegate from Hanover County, rose in support of such a militia and, with his fiery speech (concluding with the words \"Give me liberty or give me death!\"), swayed the vote. Under a Resolution offered by Richard Henry Lee, the House of Burgesses on May 15, 1776 resolved that \"the delegates appointed to represent this colony in General Congress be instructed to propose to that respectable body to declare the united Colonies free and independent states.\" It is notable that the Second Virginia Convention authorized Baptist chaplains to minister to soldiers, an important early step toward freedom of", "title": "St. John's Episcopal Church (Richmond, Virginia)" }, { "id": "1783938", "score": "1.9271157", "text": "Henry's famed March 23, 1775, speech to the House of Burgesses (the legislative body of the Virginia colony), which contained the following phrase: \"Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!\" A medal struck at Matthew Boulton's Soho Mint, as tokens of exchange for the Paris firm of Monneron Freres, 1791–92, has on its obverse the motto \"Vivre libres ou mourir\" (\"Live free or die\" in", "title": "Live Free or Die" }, { "id": "6397026", "score": "1.8543911", "text": "Second Virginia Convention The Second Virginia Convention was a meeting of the Patriot legislature of Virginia which opened at St. John's Episcopal Church in Richmond on March 20, 1775. It was the setting for Patrick Henry's famous speech, Give me liberty, or give me death! The delegates to the Second Virginia Convention were selected by the First Virginia Convention, which took place from August 1–6, 1774. Peyton Randolph continued in his role as president. The Convention selected delegates to the Second Continental Congress. Henry gave his speech on March 23, after which it was resolved that the colony be \"put", "title": "Second Virginia Convention" }, { "id": "642117", "score": "1.850985", "text": "during his youth. The settlement was laid out in April 1737, and was incorporated as a town in 1742. In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous \"Give me Liberty or Give me Death\" speech in St. John's Church in Richmond, crucial for deciding Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence. On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond, to provide a more centralized location for Virginia's increasing westerly population, as well as to isolate the capital from British attack. The latter motive proved", "title": "Richmond, Virginia" }, { "id": "6575036", "score": "1.8139284", "text": "Or Give Me Death Or Give Me Death () is a 2003 work of historical fiction by Ann Rinaldi based on the possibility that the famous words of Patrick Henry \"Give me Liberty or Give me death\" may have been first spoken by his dying, mentally ill wife, whom he kept locked up in a cellar to prevent her from hurting anyone. The story is told through the eyes of his daughter, Patsy Henry. It is also told by his younger daughter, Anne Henry. Patrick Henry travels the American colonies, advocating independence from England. As the mother of a large", "title": "Or Give Me Death" }, { "id": "10031167", "score": "1.791448", "text": "speech that is known today first appeared in print in \"Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry\", a biography of Henry by William Wirt in 1817. There is debate among historians as to whether and to what extent Henry or Wirt should be credited with authorship of the speech and its famous closing words. Whatever the exact words of Henry were, there can be no doubt of their impact. According to Edmund Randolph, the convention sat in silence for several minutes afterwards. Thomas Marshall told his son John Marshall, who later became Chief Justice of the United States,", "title": "Give me liberty, or give me death!" }, { "id": "17985986", "score": "1.7653672", "text": "in the American credo series, issued on May 18, 1960, at Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia. The words, \"I have sworn hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man\" are taken from his Collected Writings, Vol. 10, Frank P. Conley of New York designed each stamp in the series. Patrick Henry's quote is featured on the sixth 4-cent stamp in the American Credo series, issued on January 11, 1961, at Richmond, Virginia. The words, \"Give me liberty or give me death.\" are taken from Henry's speech at the Revolutionary Convention at St. John's Church in Richmond on March", "title": "History of Virginia on stamps" }, { "id": "19626107", "score": "1.7614188", "text": "Over one hundred frame churches similar to this existed in Virginia before the American Revolution: now only four are still standing. One of these frame churches is St. John's Episcopal Church (Richmond, Virginia), where Patrick Henry gave his famous Give me liberty, or give me death! speech. \"Certain elements that he found confirmed the church's historic significance. The church had a chancel door, an exit located near the communion table, which is typical of 17th and 18th century Anglican churches, Lounsbury said.\" \"The ancient roadbed @ the SW corner of the lot is believed to be a remnant of the", "title": "Old Chapel Church" }, { "id": "2336982", "score": "1.7608988", "text": "on the State of Virginia\". The fifth sentence, beginning \"Nothing is more ...\", is from Jefferson's autobiography. The sixth sentence, beginning \"Establish the law ...\", is from a letter of August 13, 1790, to George Wythe. The final sentence is from a letter of January 4, 1786, to George Washington: God who gave us life gave us liberty. Can the liberties of a nation be secure when we have removed a conviction that these liberties are the gift of God? Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just, that his justice cannot sleep forever. Commerce", "title": "Jefferson Memorial" }, { "id": "10031172", "score": "1.7314007", "text": "o con gloria morir!\" (Liberty or with glory to die!). The Declaration of Arbroath made in the context of Scottish independence in 1320 as a letter to the Pope contained the line \"It is in truth not for glory, nor riches, nor honours that we are fighting, but for freedom – for that alone, which no honest man gives up but with life itself\". The Declaration is commonly cited as an inspiration for the United States Declaration of Independence by many, including the US Senate and it is possible that Henry knew of the Declaration when he wrote his speech.", "title": "Give me liberty, or give me death!" }, { "id": "642114", "score": "1.7201438", "text": "in 1609, and in 1610–1611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780, replacing Williamsburg. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's \"Give me liberty or give me death\" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the second and permanent capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of", "title": "Richmond, Virginia" }, { "id": "5329886", "score": "1.7144715", "text": "demand, \"give me liberty, or give me death!\" The church is designated as a National Historic Landmark. The earliest precursor of St. John's was Henrico Parish Church, initially located at Sir Thomas Dale's progressive development at Henricus (also known as the \"Cittie of Henricus\", \"Henricopolis\" or \"Henrico Town\"). When the colony was organized, the Anglican Church was the established church of the Crown. Founded in the Virginia Colony in 1611, Henricus was notable for a number of \"firsts\". It was the first to allocate land to individuals and the site of the first \"College\" in the English colonies, a school", "title": "St. John's Episcopal Church (Richmond, Virginia)" }, { "id": "827793", "score": "1.6942155", "text": "John's Episcopal Church in the town of Richmond on March 20, 1775. Richmond was selected as better protected from royal authority. The convention debated whether Virginia should adopt language from a petition by the planters of the Colony of Jamaica. This document contained complaints about British actions, but admitted the King could veto colonial legislation, and it urged reconciliation. Henry offered amendments to raise a militia independent of royal authority in terms that recognized that conflict with Britain was inevitable, sparking the opposition of moderates. He defended his amendments, concluding with the statement he is best known for: As he", "title": "Patrick Henry" }, { "id": "642176", "score": "1.691535", "text": "and in 2007, the Reconciliation Statue was placed in Shockoe Bottom, with parallel statues placed in Liverpool and Benin representing points of the Triangle Trade. Other historical points of interest include St. John's Church, the site of Patrick Henry's famous \"Give me liberty or give me death\" speech, and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, features many of his writings and other artifacts of his life, particularly when he lived in the city as a child, a student, and a successful writer. The John Marshall House, the home of the former Chief Justice of the United States, is also located downtown", "title": "Richmond, Virginia" }, { "id": "1477994", "score": "1.6654844", "text": "Patrick Henry, \"Give me liberty, or give me death!\", and is intended as a commentary on American consumerism. \"Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death\" was the last Dead Kennedys album that Biafra approved the production of, which also led to it being the last album released through Alternative Tentacles. The album includes the controversial \"Pull My Strings\" which was played only once on March 25, 1980, when Dead Kennedys were invited to perform at the Bay Area Music Awards in front of music industry bigwigs to give the event some \"new wave credibility\". The band spent the day of", "title": "Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death" } ]

[ "Non-legato", "Ondeggiando", "ondeggiante", "semi staccato", "Semi-staccato", "Ondeggiante", "portato", "ondeggiamento", "ondeggiando", "Ondeggiamento", "Non legato", "Portato", "non legato" ]

[ { "id": "2508553", "score": "1.7755971", "text": "are near-impossible to achieve; in that case the composer wishes to emphasise that the notes should be performed with as much legato as possible. Slur (music) A slur is a symbol in Western musical notation indicating that the notes it embraces are to be played without separation (that is, with legato articulation). A slur is denoted with a curved line generally placed over the notes if the stems point downward, and under them if the stems point upwards. The example below shows two measures in with a slur for each measures: \\relative c\" { }</score> Slurs mean different things for", "title": "Slur (music)" }, { "id": "11357823", "score": "1.7420211", "text": "a wavy line, and dots under a slur. Later in the century a third method became common: placing \"legato\" dashes (tenuto) under a slur . The notation with dots under slurs is ambiguous, because it is also used for very different bowings, including staccato and flying spiccato (; ). Currently, portato is sometimes indicated in words, by \"mezzo-staccato\" or \"non-legato\"; or can be shown by three graphic forms: Portato is defined by some authorities as \"the same as portamento\" . Portato Portato (; Italian past participle of \"portare\", \"to carry\"), also mezzo-staccato, French notes portées , in music denotes a", "title": "Portato" }, { "id": "3280377", "score": "1.7380614", "text": "slurring mode) and \"legato\" (simply the smooth mode of vocalization). \"To slur is to conduct the voice from one note to another through all the intermediate sounds. ... This dragging of the notes will assist in equalizing the registers, timbres and power of the voice.\" He warned that learners should not acquire the bad habit of attacking a note with a slur, a prevailing fault in bad singers. As to \"Smooth or Legato Vocalization (Agilità legata e granita)\", it means \"to pass from one sound to another in a neat, sudden, and smooth manner, without interrupting the flow of voice;", "title": "Portamento" }, { "id": "484660", "score": "1.7200047", "text": "Legato In music performance and notation, legato (; Italian for \"tied together\"; French \"lié\"; German \"gebunden\") indicates that musical notes are played or sung smoothly and connected. That is, the player makes a transition from note to note with no intervening silence. Legato technique is required for slurred performance, but unlike slurring (as that term is interpreted for some instruments), legato does not forbid rearticulation. Standard notation indicates legato either with the word \"legato,\" or by a slur (a curved line) under notes that form one legato group. Legato, like staccato, is a kind of articulation. There is an intermediate", "title": "Legato" }, { "id": "484661", "score": "1.7088242", "text": "articulation called either \"mezzo staccato\" or \"non-legato\" (sometimes referred to as \"portato\"). In music for Classical string instruments, legato is an articulation that often refers to notes played with a full bow, and played with the shortest silence, often barely perceptible, between notes. The player achieves this through controlled wrist movements of the bowing hand, often masked or enhanced with vibrato. Such a legato style of playing can also be associated with portamento. In guitar playing (apart from classical guitar) legato is used interchangeably as a label for both musical articulation and a particular application of technique—playing musical phrases using", "title": "Legato" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Glossary of music terminology\n\nA variety of musical terms are likely to be encountered in printed scores, music reviews, and program notes. Most of the terms are Italian, in accordance with the Italian origins of many European musical conventions. Sometimes, the special musical meanings of these phrases differ from the original or current Italian meanings. Most of the other terms are taken from French and German, indicated by \"Fr.\" and \"Ger.\", respectively.\n\nUnless specified, the terms are Italian or English. The list can never be complete: some terms are common, and others are used only occasionally, and new ones are coined from time to time. Some composers prefer terms from their own language rather than the standard terms listed here.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Glossary of music terminology" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tie (music)\n\nIn music notation, a tie is a curved line connecting the heads of two notes of the same pitch, indicating that they are to be played as a single note with a duration equal to the sum of the individual notes' values. A tie is similar in appearance to a slur; however, slurs join notes of different pitches which need to be played independently, but seamlessly (legato).\n\nTies are used for three reasons: (a) when holding a note across a bar line; (b) when holding a note across a beat within a bar, i.e. to allow the beat to be clearly seen; and (c) for unusual note lengths which cannot be expressed in standard notation.", "title": "Tie (music)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Violin technique\n\nPlaying the violin entails holding the instrument between the jaw and the collar bone (see below for variations of this posture). The strings are sounded either by drawing the bow across them (\"arco\"), or by plucking them (\"pizzicato\"). The left hand regulates the sounding length of the strings by stopping them against the fingerboard with the fingers, producing different pitches.", "title": "Violin technique" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bassoon\n\nThe bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family, which plays in the tenor and bass ranges. It is composed of six pieces, and is usually made of wood. It is known for its distinctive tone color, wide range, versatility, and virtuosity. It is typically played while sitting using a seat strap, but can be played while standing if the player has a harness to hold the instrument. Sound is produced by rolling both lips over the reed and blowing direct air pressure to cause the reed to vibrate. Its fingering system can be quite complex when compared to those of other instruments. Appearing in its modern form in the 19th century, the bassoon figures prominently in orchestral, concert band, and chamber music literature, and is occasionally heard in pop, rock, and jazz settings as well. One who plays a bassoon is called a bassoonist.", "title": "Bassoon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Language learning centre/Word list" }, { "id": "484667", "score": "1.7047718", "text": "any phrase without explicit articulation marks. Usually the most prevalent issue with vocal legato is maintaining the \"line\" across registers. Legato In music performance and notation, legato (; Italian for \"tied together\"; French \"lié\"; German \"gebunden\") indicates that musical notes are played or sung smoothly and connected. That is, the player makes a transition from note to note with no intervening silence. Legato technique is required for slurred performance, but unlike slurring (as that term is interpreted for some instruments), legato does not forbid rearticulation. Standard notation indicates legato either with the word \"legato,\" or by a slur (a curved", "title": "Legato" }, { "id": "484659", "score": "1.6962162", "text": "indicates that the notes are to be played extremely separated and distinct, a superlative staccato. This can be notated with little pikes over or under the notes, depending on stem direction, as in this example from Bruckner's Symphony No. 0 in D minor: \\new Score { </score> Alternatively, it can be notated by writing the word \"staccatissimo\" or the abbreviation \"staccatiss.\" over the staff. A few composers, such as Mozart, have used staccato dots accompanied by a written instruction \"staccatissimo\" when they mean the passage to be played \"staccatissimo\". Staccato Staccato (; Italian for \"detached\") is a form of musical", "title": "Staccato" }, { "id": "655563", "score": "1.6844108", "text": "pppppp and fffff and nuances such as p+ or \"più piano\" are sometimes found. Other systems of indicating volume are also used in both notation and analysis: dB (decibels), numerical scales, colored or different sized notes, words in languages other than Italian, and symbols such as those for progressively increasing volume (\"crescendo\") or decreasing volume (\"decrescendo\"), often called \"hairpins\" when indicated with diverging or converging lines as shown in the graphic above. Articulation is the way the performer sounds notes. For example, \"staccato\" is the shortening of duration compared to the written note value, \"legato\" performs the notes in a", "title": "Music theory" }, { "id": "5922633", "score": "1.6655784", "text": "portato, also known as articulated legato. Tenuto markings under a slur are called (for bowed strings) hook bows. This name is also less commonly applied to staccato or martellato (martelé) markings. \"Apagados\" (from the Spanish verb \"apagar\", \"to mute\") refers to notes that are played dampened or \"muted,\" without sustain. The term is written above or below the notes with a dotted or dashed line drawn to the end of the group of notes that are to be played dampened. The technique is chiefly written for bowed or plucked instruments. Modernists refer to the 'apogado' (slightly different spelling) as \"palm", "title": "Articulation (music)" }, { "id": "82529", "score": "1.6550412", "text": "small distance and stops it on the string, making a short sound, the rest of the written duration being taken up by silence. Legato is a technique where the notes are smoothly connected without accents or breaks. It is noted by a slur (curved line) above or below – depending on their position on the staff – the notes of the passage that is to be played legato. \"Sul ponticello\" (\"on the bridge\") refers to bowing closer to the bridge, while \"sul tasto\" (\"on the fingerboard\") calls for bowing nearer the end of the fingerboard. Sul tasto produces a more", "title": "Cello" }, { "id": "3218574", "score": "1.6518615", "text": "and, to differentiate them from note, octave, and other musical signs, always preceded by the \"word sign\" (dots 3,4,5). Slurs may be indicated by a slur sign between two notes or bracket slur surrounding a group of notes to be slurred. Musical signs such as staccato or tenuto are generally placed before the note or chord they affect. The musical signs shown on the chart are shown modifying a quarter note C (dots 1,4,5,6). \"Music hyphen\" is used to indicate that a measure will be continued on the following line (this happens somewhat more often in braille music than in", "title": "Braille music" }, { "id": "484658", "score": "1.6512737", "text": "of notes are in the same musical part (or voice) since they are on a common stem. The staccato applies to both notes of the pairs. In the second measure, the pairs of notes are stemmed separately indicating two different parts, so the staccato applies only to the upper note. The opposite musical articulation of staccato is legato, signifying long and continuous notes. There is an intermediate articulation called either mezzo staccato or non legato. By default, in the music notation program Sibelius, \"staccatos shorten a note by 50%.\" In musical notation, staccatissimo (plural: \"staccatissimi\" or the anglicised form \"staccatissimos\")", "title": "Staccato" }, { "id": "3280374", "score": "1.6498199", "text": "slur and that of the true portamento have not always been held to mean the same thing. This is explained simply by Nicola Vaccai in his \"Practical Method of Italian Singing\", originally published 1832, whose opinion in the matter holds some authority. In the sense described by Vaccai, the portamento is not a slur but an ornamental accentuation of the legato linking two distinct notes, without any slide or glide through the intervening notes. In his own opening statements forming the preface to his Lesson XIII, \"Modo per portare la voce\" (method to carry the voice), Vaccai states: \"By carrying", "title": "Portamento" }, { "id": "16961735", "score": "1.640964", "text": "rest of the written duration being taken up by silence. It is noted by writing a small dot above or below a note depending on its position on the staff. Legato is a technique where the notes are smoothly connected without accents or breaks. It is noted by a slur (curved line) above or below - depending on their position on the staff - the notes of the passage that is to be played legato. \"Sul ponticello\" (\"on the bridge\") refers to bowing closer to the bridge, while \"sul tasto\" (\"on the fingerboard\") calls for bowing nearer the end of", "title": "Cello technique" }, { "id": "484656", "score": "1.6363777", "text": "Staccato Staccato (; Italian for \"detached\") is a form of musical articulation. In modern notation, it signifies a note of shortened duration, separated from the note that may follow by silence. It has been described by theorists and has appeared in music since at least 1676. In 20th-century music, a dot placed above or below a note indicates that it should be played staccato, and a wedge is used for the more emphatic staccatissimo. However, before 1850, dots, dashes, and wedges were all likely to have the same meaning, even though some theorists from as early as the 1750s distinguished", "title": "Staccato" }, { "id": "3280379", "score": "1.6196601", "text": "a curving line or phrase-mark (similar to a slur mark) is the usual way, in vocal notation, of indicating to the singer that the vowel sound of a word should be carried over or ligatured upon two or more consecutive notes (as in a roulade), and that in such usage legato and not slurring is always intended unless the slur is specifically indicated. Although portamento (in the sense of slurring) continued to be widely used in popular music, it was disapproved of for operatic singing by many critics in the 1920s and 1930s as a sign of either poor technique,", "title": "Portamento" }, { "id": "2508552", "score": "1.6043367", "text": "Slur (music) A slur is a symbol in Western musical notation indicating that the notes it embraces are to be played without separation (that is, with legato articulation). A slur is denoted with a curved line generally placed over the notes if the stems point downward, and under them if the stems point upwards. The example below shows two measures in with a slur for each measures: \\relative c\" { }</score> Slurs mean different things for different instruments: A slur can be extended over many notes, sometimes encompassing several bars. In extreme cases, composers are known to write slurs which", "title": "Slur (music)" }, { "id": "5303720", "score": "1.601465", "text": "precision in attacking the notes. In the next section, which is devoted to syncopation, goes from a simple quarter-half-quarter rhythm to a sixteenth-eighth-sixteenth repeated rhythm. Next, Arban focuses on the dotted eighth-sixteenth and eighth-double sixteenth rhythms. He ends the First Studies with 10 studies on the 6/8 meter. Professor Arban devotes the next section of his vast method to slurring or legato playing. He begins with simple slurs that are accomplished by the variation of valves. He suggests pronouncing \"taw-ee\" while playing. The editor recommends adding little more air on the top note. (Such a technique is also needed to", "title": "Arban method" }, { "id": "3592093", "score": "1.5965822", "text": "the slur, which is possible on some instruments. Tuplets (such as triplets, quintuplets, etc.) are notated by writing a slur-like symbol over the notes and printing a small digit (3 or 5 or whatever is appropriate) in the center of this symbol, so that the line passes through the digit. Expression marks (including fermatas) are also written above the music line. Special attention has to be paid on the staccato dot since it looks like the octave changer. It is either represented by a bolder dot further away from the music line or by the staccatissimo sign instead, which is", "title": "Numbered musical notation" }, { "id": "3280378", "score": "1.5952897", "text": "yet not allowing it to drag or slur over any intermediate sound ... as with the slurred sounds, the air must be subjected to a regular and continuous pressure, so as intimately to unite all the notes with each other.\" There was therefore a difference of opinion between these two very distinguished singing masters of the nineteenth century as to the meaning of portamento, and its relation to the legato and the musical slur. It reflected not merely a distinction of terminology but divergent understandings of a fundamental aspect of singing technique. It should also be borne in mind that", "title": "Portamento" } ]

[ "gwynfryn london", "London Tower", "tower of london", "The Tower Of london", "salt tower", "Tower of London museum", "bloody tower", "Tower Wharf", "london tower", "Bloody tower", "Salt Tower", "Tower of london", "The Tower Of London", "Martin Tower (Tower of London)", "her majesty s royal palace and fortress", "Tower of London", "The Tower of London", "The London Tower", "towers stairs", "Towers Stairs", "tower of london museum", "Gwynfryn, London", "tower wharf", "Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress", "martin tower tower of london" ]

[ { "id": "236573", "score": "1.6351739", "text": "of London, the first of the many Norman castles in England to be rebuilt in stone, in the southeastern corner of the city, to intimidate the native inhabitants. In 1097, William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. The hall became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster. In the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place. For most purposes this was Westminster, although the", "title": "London" }, { "id": "420940", "score": "1.6339178", "text": "and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. The castle was used as a prison from 1100 (Ranulf Flambard) until 1952 (Kray twins), although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard I, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": "420970", "score": "1.5903628", "text": "governance, and with a prosperous port it was important for the Normans to establish control over the settlement. The other two castles in London – Baynard's Castle and Montfichet's Castle – were established at the same time. The fortification that would later become known as the Tower of London was built onto the south-east corner of the Roman town walls, using them as prefabricated defences, with the River Thames providing additional protection from the south. This earliest phase of the castle would have been enclosed by a ditch and defended by a timber palisade, and probably had accommodation suitable for", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": "420975", "score": "1.5838184", "text": "the throne. The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London. The castle, which had not been used as a royal residence for some time, was usually left in the charge of a Constable, a post held at this time by Geoffrey de Mandeville. As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position, possession was highly valued. Mandeville exploited this, selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in 1141 at the Battle of Lincoln. Once her support waned, the following year he resold his loyalty", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": "9814257", "score": "1.5809243", "text": "later captured and kept for five years in the Tower of London. London was eventually captured by the Yorkist Edward IV in 1471, and Henry executed. This established the Yorkist claim on the throne and ended the first phase of the Wars of the Roses. In the early Middle Ages, England had no fixed capital per se; Kings moved from place to place taking their court with them. The closest thing to a capital was Winchester where the royal treasury and financial records were stored. This changed from about 1200 when these were moved to Westminster. From this point on,", "title": "Norman and Medieval London" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Windsor Castle\n\nWindsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is strongly associated with the English and succeeding British royal family, and embodies almost a millennium of architectural history.\n\nThe original castle was built in the 11th century, after the Norman invasion of England by William the Conqueror. Since the time of Henry I (who reigned 1100–1135), it has been used by the reigning monarch and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. The castle's lavish early 19th-century state apartments were described by early 20th century art historian Hugh Roberts as \"a superb and unrivalled sequence of rooms widely regarded as the finest and most complete expression of later Georgian taste\". Inside the castle walls is the 15th-century St George's Chapel, considered by the historian John Martin Robinson to be \"one of the supreme achievements of English Perpendicular Gothic\" design.\n\nOriginally designed to project Norman dominance around the outskirts of London and oversee a strategically important part of the River Thames, Windsor Castle was built as a motte-and-bailey, with three wards surrounding a central mound. Gradually replaced with stone fortifications, the castle withstood a prolonged siege during the First Barons' War at the start of the 13th century. Henry III built a luxurious royal palace within the castle during the middle of the century, and Edward III went further, rebuilding the palace to make an even grander set of buildings in what would become \"the most expensive secular building project of the entire Middle Ages in England\".<ref name=BrindleKerrP39/> Edward's core design lasted through the Tudor period, during which Henry VIII and Elizabeth I made increasing use of the castle as a royal court and centre for diplomatic entertainment.\n\nWindsor Castle survived the tumultuous period of the English Civil War, when it was used as a military headquarters by Parliamentary forces and a prison for Charles I. At the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II rebuilt much of Windsor Castle with the help of the architect Hugh May, creating a set of extravagant Baroque interiors. After a period of neglect during the 18th century, George III and George IV renovated and rebuilt Charles II's palace at colossal expense, producing the current design of the state apartments, full of Rococo, Gothic and Baroque furnishings. Queen Victoria made a few minor changes to the castle, which became the centre for royal entertainment for much of her reign. It was used as a refuge by the royal family during the Luftwaffe bombing campaigns of the Second World War and survived a fire in 1992. It is a popular tourist attraction, a venue for hosting state visits, and was the main residence of Queen Elizabeth II from 2011 to 2022.", "title": "Windsor Castle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "York Castle\n\nYork Castle is a fortified complex in the city of York, England. It consists of a sequence of castles, prisons, law courts and other buildings, which were built over the last nine centuries on the south side of the River Foss. The now-ruined keep of the medieval Norman castle is commonly referred to as Clifford's Tower. Built originally on the orders of William I to dominate the former Viking city of Jórvík, the castle suffered a tumultuous early history before developing into a major fortification with extensive water defences. After a major explosion in 1684 rendered the remaining military defences uninhabitable, York Castle continued to be used as a gaol and prison until 1929.\n\nThe first motte and bailey castle on the site was built in 1068 following the Norman conquest of York. After the destruction of the castle by rebels and a Viking army in 1069, York Castle was rebuilt and reinforced with extensive water defences, including a moat and an artificial lake. York Castle formed an important royal fortification in the north of England.\n\nIn 1190, 150 local Jews were killed in a pogrom in the timber castle keep; most of them died by suicide in order not to fall into the hands of the mob. Henry III rebuilt the castle in stone in the middle of the 13th century, creating a keep with a unique quatrefoil design, supported by an outer bailey wall and a substantial gatehouse. During the Scottish wars between 1298 and 1338, York Castle was frequently used as the centre of royal administration across England, as well as an important military base of operations.\n\nYork Castle fell into disrepair by the 15th and 16th centuries, becoming used increasingly as a gaol for both local felons and political prisoners. By the time of Elizabeth I the castle was estimated to have lost all of its military value but was maintained as a centre of royal authority in York. The outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 saw York Castle being repaired and refortified, playing a part in the Royalist defence of York in 1644 against Parliamentary forces. York Castle continued to be garrisoned until 1684, when an explosion destroyed the interior of Clifford's Tower. The castle bailey was redeveloped in a neoclassical style in the 18th century as a centre for county administration in Yorkshire, and was used as a gaol and debtors' prison. Prison reform in the 19th century led to the creation of a new prison built in a Tudor Gothic style on the castle site in 1825; used first as a county and then as a military prison, this facility was demolished in 1935. By the 20th century the ruin of Clifford's Tower had become a well-known tourist destination and national monument; today the site is owned by English Heritage and open to the public. The other remaining buildings serve as the York Castle Museum and the Crown Court.", "title": "York Castle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Castle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Launceston Castle\n\nLaunceston Castle is located in the town of Launceston, Cornwall, England. It was probably built by Robert the Count of Mortain after 1068, and initially comprised an earthwork and timber castle with a large motte in one corner. Launceston Castle formed the administrative centre of the new earldom of Cornwall, with a large community packed within the walls of its bailey. It was rebuilt in stone in the 12th century and then substantially redeveloped by Richard of Cornwall after 1227, including a high tower to enable visitors to view his surrounding lands. When Richard's son, Edmund, inherited the castle, he moved the earldom's administration to Lostwithiel, triggering the castle's decline. By 1337, the castle was increasingly ruinous and used primarily as a gaol and to host judicial assizes.\n\nThe castle was captured by the rebels during the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549, and was garrisoned by the Royalists during the English Civil War in the 17th century. Towards the end of the civil war it was stripped for its building materials and rendered largely uninhabitable. A small gaol was erected in the centre of the bailey, which was also used for executions. The castle eventually became the county gaol for Cornwall, but was heavily criticised for its poor facilities and treatment of inmates. By 1842, the remaining prisoners had been moved to Bodmin Gaol and the site was closed, the castle being landscaped to form a park by the Duke of Northumberland. During the Second World War, the site was used to host United States Army soldiers and, later, by the Air Ministry for offices. The ministry left the castle in 1956 and the site was reopened to visitors.\n\nIn the 21st century, Launceston is owned by the duchy of Cornwall and operated by English Heritage as a tourist attraction. Much of the castle defences remain, including the motte, keep and high tower which overlook the castle's former deer park to the south. The gatehouses and some of the curtain wall have survived, and archaeologists have uncovered the foundations of various buildings in the bailey, including the great hall.", "title": "Launceston Castle" }, { "id": "420972", "score": "1.579511", "text": "the early castle. It also contained grand accommodation for the king. At the latest, it was probably finished by 1100 when Bishop Ranulf Flambard was imprisoned there. Flambard was loathed by the English for exacting harsh taxes. Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower, he was also the first person to escape from it, using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine. He was held in luxury and permitted servants, but on 2 February 1101 he hosted a banquet for his captors. After plying them with drink, when no one was looking he lowered", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": "180991", "score": "1.5749601", "text": "the Normans reached the city. Having occupied London, William was crowned king in Westminster Abbey. The new Norman regime established new fortresses within the city to dominate the native population. By far the most important of these was the Tower of London at the eastern end of the city, where the initial timber fortification was rapidly replaced by the construction of the first stone castle in England. The smaller forts of Baynard's Castle and Montfichet's Castle were also established along the waterfront. King William also granted a charter in 1067 confirming the city's existing rights, privileges and laws. London was", "title": "History of London" }, { "id": "2185224", "score": "1.5741137", "text": "as Lady Godiva. Many cathedrals were constructed, including Westminster Abbey, although all these were subsequently rebuilt after 1066. Norman workers may have been imported for Westminster Abbey through the Norman Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert of Jumièges. Recent arguments and recent archaeological discoveries have raised the possibility that the 11th-century St George's Tower, Oxford, predates both the foundation of Oxford Castle and the Norman Conquest, and functioned as a gate tower commanding the western entrance into the pre-Conquest burh. If so, the tower was then incorporated into the Norman castle built on the site in the 1070s, instead of being constructed", "title": "Anglo-Saxon architecture" }, { "id": "421001", "score": "1.5695518", "text": "onwards, the Tower of London was only used as a royal residence when its political and historic symbolism was considered useful, for instance each of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I briefly stayed at the Tower before their coronations. In the 16th century, the Tower acquired an enduring reputation as a grim, forbidding prison. This had not always been the case. As a royal castle, it was used by the monarch to imprison people for various reasons, however these were usually high-status individuals for short periods rather than common citizenry as there were plenty of prisons elsewhere for such", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": "420971", "score": "1.569305", "text": "William. Most of the early Norman castles were built from timber, but by the end of the 11th century a few, including the Tower of London, had been renovated or replaced with stone. Work on the White Tower – which gives the whole castle its name – is usually considered to have begun in 1078, however the exact date is uncertain. William made Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, responsible for its construction, although it may not have been completed until after William's death in 1087. The White Tower is the earliest stone keep in England, and was the strongest point of", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": "420947", "score": "1.5616518", "text": "cleared for military reasons. The precursor of the Liberties was laid out in the 13th century when Henry III ordered that a strip of land adjacent to the castle be kept clear. Despite popular fiction, the Tower of London never had a permanent torture chamber, although the basement of the White Tower housed a rack in later periods. Tower Wharf was built on the bank of the Thames under Edward I and was expanded to its current size during the reign of Richard II (1377–1399). The White Tower is a keep (also known as a donjon), which was often the", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": "420973", "score": "1.5572336", "text": "himself from a secluded chamber, and out of the Tower. The escape came as such a surprise that one contemporary chronicler accused the bishop of witchcraft. The \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" records that in 1097 King William II ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London; it was probably built from stone as a replacement for the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle, between the Roman wall and the Thames. The Norman Conquest of London manifested itself not only with a new ruling class, but in the way the city was structured.", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": "420968", "score": "1.5535321", "text": "decided instead to ravage Southwark before continuing his journey around southern England. A series of Norman victories along the route cut the city's supply lines and in December 1066, isolated and intimidated, its leaders yielded London without a fight. Between 1066 and 1087, William established 36 castles, although references in the Domesday Book indicate that many more were founded by his subordinates. The new ruling elite undertook what has been described as \"the most extensive and concentrated programme of castle-building in the whole history of feudal Europe\". They were multi-purpose buildings, serving as fortifications (used as a base of operations", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": "421002", "score": "1.5483301", "text": "people. Contrary to the popular image of the Tower, prisoners were able to make their life easier by purchasing amenities such as better food or tapestries through the Lieutenant of the Tower. As holding prisoners was originally an incidental role of the Tower – as would have been the case for any castle – there was no purpose-built accommodation for prisoners until 1687 when a brick shed, a \"Prison for Soldiers\", was built to the north-west of the White Tower. The Tower's reputation for torture and imprisonment derives largely from 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century romanticists. Although much of the", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": "9814252", "score": "1.5419486", "text": "construction of Westminster Hall. The hall was to become the basis of the Palace of Westminster which, throughout the Medieval period, was the prime royal residence. In 1089/90 William had given the royal manor of Bermondsey for the site of Bermondsey Abbey, founded in 1082 by Alwinus Child, a citizen of London. The new abbey thus lay directly across the Thames from the White Tower, then still under construction. In 1123 the Augustinian Priory Church of St Bartholomew-the-Great was founded at West Smithfield in the City of London. Whilst only the chancel of this once large church now survives, as", "title": "Norman and Medieval London" }, { "id": "420942", "score": "1.5380824", "text": "the monarch, the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle. This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period. In the late 15th century, the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower. Under the Tudors, the Tower became used less as a royal residence, and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle, its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery. The peak period of the castle's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries, when many figures who had fallen into disgrace, such as Elizabeth I before she", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": "236572", "score": "1.5372357", "text": "style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time on, London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: \"It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital.\" After winning the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England in the newly completed Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. William constructed the Tower", "title": "London" }, { "id": "420967", "score": "1.5329394", "text": "in a building in the outer ward near Salt Tower. Between 1348 and 1355, a second water-gate, Cradle Tower, was added east of St Thomas's Tower for the king's private use. Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, the invading Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, spent the rest of the year securing his holdings by fortifying key positions. He founded several castles along the way, but took a circuitous route toward London; only when he reached Canterbury did he turn towards England's largest city. As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops, he", "title": "Tower of London" }, { "id": "15966560", "score": "1.5285244", "text": "did more than just oversee work and was a skilled architect. Rochester's castle and cathedral were rebuilt under his auspices. As the main castle in England's capital, the Tower of London was an important royal building. The keep built by Gundulf bears testament to this as it was one of the largest in Christendom. The White Tower was multi-purpose. It was the castle's strongest point militarily yet provided accommodation fit for the king and his representatives. In Norman architecture the keep was a symbol of a lord's power. The White Tower was probably complete by 1100 at the latest, at", "title": "White Tower (Tower of London)" }, { "id": "328273", "score": "1.5156717", "text": "Canute the Great during his reign from 1016 to 1035. St Edward the Confessor, the penultimate Anglo-Saxon monarch of England, built a royal palace on Thorney Island just west of the City of London at about the same time as he built Westminster Abbey (1045–1050). Thorney Island and the surrounding area soon became known as Westminster (a contraction of the words \"West Minster\"). Neither the buildings used by the Anglo-Saxons nor those used by William I survive. The oldest existing part of the Palace (Westminster Hall) dates from the reign of William I's successor, King William II. The Palace of", "title": "Palace of Westminster" } ]

[ "lycanthropy clinical", "Lycanthropy (clinical)", "Clinical Lycanthropy", "Clinical lycanthropy", "zoanthropy", "clinical lycanthropy", "Zoanthropy" ]

[ { "id": "2978308", "score": "1.6154097", "text": "perception of an association between mental illness and animalistic behaviour can be traced throughout the history of folklore from many different countries. Clinical lycanthropy Clinical lycanthropy is defined as a rare psychiatric syndrome that involves a delusion that the affected person can transform into, has transformed into, or is a non-human animal. Its name is associated with the mythical condition of lycanthropy, a supernatural affliction in which humans are said to physically shapeshift into wolves. It is purported to be a rare disorder. Affected individuals believe that they are in the process of transforming into an animal or have already", "title": "Clinical lycanthropy" }, { "id": "2014084", "score": "1.5911999", "text": "the 1980s that attention was turned to the usually co-existing organic brain lesions originally thought to be essentially unrelated or accidental. Today, the Capgras syndrome is understood as a neurological disorder, in which the delusion primarily results from organic brain lesions or degeneration. Capgras delusion Capgras delusion is a psychiatric disorder in which a person holds a delusion that a friend, spouse, parent, or other close family member (or pet) has been replaced by an identical impostor. The Capgras delusion is classified as a delusional misidentification syndrome, a class of delusional beliefs that involves the misidentification of people, places, or", "title": "Capgras delusion" }, { "id": "2978300", "score": "1.5899905", "text": "Clinical lycanthropy Clinical lycanthropy is defined as a rare psychiatric syndrome that involves a delusion that the affected person can transform into, has transformed into, or is a non-human animal. Its name is associated with the mythical condition of lycanthropy, a supernatural affliction in which humans are said to physically shapeshift into wolves. It is purported to be a rare disorder. Affected individuals believe that they are in the process of transforming into an animal or have already transformed into an animal. It has been associated with the altered states of mind that accompany psychosis (the mental state that typically", "title": "Clinical lycanthropy" }, { "id": "2978303", "score": "1.577601", "text": "into foxes and dogs was usual (, ). A 1989 case study described how one individual reported a serial transformation, experiencing a change from human to dog, to horse, and then finally cat, before returning to the reality of human existence after treatment. There are also reports of people who experienced transformation into an animal only listed as \"unspecified\". There is a case study of a psychiatric patient who had both clinical lycanthropy and Cotard delusion. The term \"ophidianthropy\" refers to the delusion that one has been transformed into a snake. Two case studies have been reported. Clinical lycanthropy is", "title": "Clinical lycanthropy" }, { "id": "2021220", "score": "1.5758646", "text": "the use of trifluoperazine. The condition is named after the Italian actor Leopoldo Fregoli, who was renowned for his ability to make quick changes of appearance during his stage act. P. Courbon and G. Fail first reported the condition in a 1927 paper (\"Syndrome d'illusion de Frégoli et schizophrénie\"). They described a 27-year-old woman living in London who believed she was being persecuted by two actors she often saw at the theatre. She believed these people pursued her closely, taking the form of people she knew or met. Delusional misidentification syndromes (DMS) are rooted in the inability to register the", "title": "Fregoli delusion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Clinical lycanthropy\n\nClinical lycanthropy is a rare psychiatric syndrome that involves a delusion that the affected person can transform into, has transformed into, or is, an animal. Its name is associated with the mythical condition of lycanthropy, a supernatural affliction in which humans are said to physically shapeshift into wolves. It is purported to be a rare disorder.", "title": "Clinical lycanthropy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Capgras delusion\n\nCapgras delusion or Capgras syndrome is a psychiatric disorder in which a person holds a delusion that a friend, spouse, parent, or other close family member (or pet) has been replaced by an identical impostor. It is named after Joseph Capgras (1873–1950), the French psychiatrist who first described the disorder.\n\nThe Capgras delusion is classified as a delusional misidentification syndrome, a class of delusional beliefs that involves the misidentification of people, places, or objects. It can occur in acute, transient, or chronic forms. Cases in which patients hold the belief that time has been \"warped\" or \"substituted\" have also been reported.\n\nThe delusion most commonly occurs in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia but has also been seen in brain injury, dementia with Lewy bodies, and other dementia. It presents often in individuals with a neurodegenerative disease, particularly at an older age. It has also been reported as occurring in association with diabetes, hypothyroidism, and migraine attacks. In one isolated case, the Capgras delusion was temporarily induced in a healthy subject by the drug ketamine. It occurs more frequently in females, with a female to male ratio of approximately 3 to 2.", "title": "Capgras delusion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of fictional diseases\n\nDiseases, disorders, infections, and pathogens have appeared in fiction as part of a major plot or thematic importance. They may be fictional psychological disorders, magical, from mythological or fantasy settings, have evolved naturally, been genetically modified (most often created as biological weapons), or be any illness that came forth from the (ab)use of technology.\n\n", "title": "List of fictional diseases" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Werewolf\n\nIn folklore, a werewolf (), or occasionally lycanthrope (; ; ), is an individual that can shapeshift into a wolf (or, especially in modern film, a therianthropic hybrid wolf-like creature), either purposely or after being placed under a curse or affliction (often a bite or the occasional scratch from another werewolf) with the transformations occurring on the night of a full moon. Early sources for belief in this ability or affliction, called lycanthropy (), are Petronius (27–66) and Gervase of Tilbury (1150–1228).\n\nThe werewolf is a widespread concept in European folklore, existing in many variants, which are related by a common development of a Christian interpretation of underlying European folklore developed during the medieval period. From the early modern period, werewolf beliefs also spread to the New World with colonialism. Belief in werewolves developed in parallel to the belief in witches, in the course of the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Like the witchcraft trials as a whole, the trial of supposed werewolves emerged in what is now Switzerland (especially the Valais and Vaud) in the early 15th century and spread throughout Europe in the 16th, peaking in the 17th and subsiding by the 18th century.\n\nThe persecution of werewolves and the associated folklore is an integral part of the \"witch-hunt\" phenomenon, albeit a marginal one, accusations of lycanthropy being involved in only a small fraction of witchcraft trials. During the early period, accusations of lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf) were mixed with accusations of wolf-riding or wolf-charming. The case of Peter Stumpp (1589) led to a significant peak in both interest in and persecution of supposed werewolves, primarily in French-speaking and German-speaking Europe. The phenomenon persisted longest in Bavaria and Austria, with persecution of wolf-charmers recorded until well after 1650, the final cases taking place in the early 18th century in Carinthia and Styria.\n\nAfter the end of the witch-trials, the werewolf became of interest in folklore studies and in the emerging Gothic horror genre; werewolf fiction as a genre has pre-modern precedents in medieval romances (e.g. \"Bisclavret\" and \"Guillaume de Palerme\") and developed in the 18th century out of the \"semi-fictional\" chap book tradition. The trappings of horror literature in the 20th century became part of the horror and fantasy genre of modern popular culture.", "title": "Werewolf" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Delusional parasitosis\n\nDelusional parasitosis (DP) is a mental disorder in which individuals have a persistent belief that they are infested with living or nonliving pathogens such as parasites, insects, or bugs, when no such infestation is present. They usually report tactile hallucinations known as formication, a sensation resembling insects crawling on or under the skin. Morgellons is considered to be a subtype of this condition, in which individuals have sores that they believe contain harmful fibers.<ref name=Moriarty2019/>\n\nDelusional parasitosis is classified as a delusional disorder in the \"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\" (DSM5). The cause is unknown, but is thought to be related to excess dopamine in the brain. Delusional parasitosis is diagnosed when the delusion is the only symptom of psychosis and the delusion—that cannot be better explained by another condition—has lasted a month or longer. Few individuals with the condition willingly accept treatment, because they do not recognize the illness as a delusion. Antipsychotic medications offer a potential cure, while cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressants can be used to help alleviate symptoms.<ref name= Moriarty2019/>\n\nThe condition is rare, and is observed twice as often in women as men. The average age of people with the disorder is 57. An alternative name, Ekbom's syndrome, refers to the neurologist Karl-Axel Ekbom, who published seminal accounts of the disease in 1937 and 1938.<ref name=Moriarty2019/>", "title": "Delusional parasitosis" }, { "id": "2021224", "score": "1.572476", "text": "film \"Anomalisa\" has several direct and indirect references to the Fregoli delusion. Fregoli delusion The Fregoli delusion is a rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person who changes appearance or is in disguise. The syndrome may be related to a brain lesion and is often of a paranoid nature, with the delusional person believing themselves persecuted by the person they believe is in disguise. A person with the Fregoli delusion can also inaccurately recall places, objects, and events. This disorder can be explained by \"associative nodes\". The associative", "title": "Fregoli delusion" }, { "id": "2978305", "score": "1.5688727", "text": "people report their bodies are changing shape, they may be genuinely perceiving those feelings. In rare cases, individuals may believe that other people have transformed into animals. This has been termed \"lycanthropic intermetamorphosis\" and \"lycanthropy spectrum\". A 2009 study reported that, after the consumption of the drug MDMA (Ecstasy), a man displayed symptoms of paranoid psychosis by claiming that his relatives had changed into various animals such as a boar, a donkey and a horse. Catherine Clark Kroeger has written that several parts of the Bible refer to King Nebuchadnezzar's behavior in the book of Daniel 4 as a being", "title": "Clinical lycanthropy" }, { "id": "2021221", "score": "1.5578663", "text": "identity of something, whether it is an object, event, place or even a person. There are various forms of DMS, such as the syndrome of subjective doubles, intermetamorphosis, Capgras syndrome and Fregoli syndrome. However, all of these various syndromes have a common denominator: they are all due to malfunctional familiarity processing during information processing. The most common syndromes are Capgras and Fregoli. Capgras syndrome is the delusional belief that a friend, family member, etc., has been replaced by a twin impostor. Fregoli syndrome is the delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person who is in disguise.", "title": "Fregoli delusion" }, { "id": "2021208", "score": "1.5562298", "text": "Fregoli delusion The Fregoli delusion is a rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person who changes appearance or is in disguise. The syndrome may be related to a brain lesion and is often of a paranoid nature, with the delusional person believing themselves persecuted by the person they believe is in disguise. A person with the Fregoli delusion can also inaccurately recall places, objects, and events. This disorder can be explained by \"associative nodes\". The associative nodes serve as a biological link of information about other people with", "title": "Fregoli delusion" }, { "id": "2336616", "score": "1.5543208", "text": "Delusional misidentification syndrome Delusional misidentification syndrome is an umbrella term, introduced by Christodoulou (in his book \"The Delusional Misidentification Syndromes\", Karger, Basel, 1986) for a group of delusional disorders that occur in the context of mental and neurological illness. They all involve a belief that the identity of a person, object, or place has somehow changed or has been altered. As these delusions typically only concern one particular topic, they also fall under the category called monothematic delusions. This psychopathological syndrome is usually considered to include four main variants: However, similar delusional beliefs, often singularly or more rarely reported, are", "title": "Delusional misidentification syndrome" }, { "id": "2014083", "score": "1.5381055", "text": "Macabre,\" who complained that corresponding \"doubles\" had taken the places of her husband and other people she knew. Capgras and Reboul-Lachaux first called the syndrome \"l'illusion des sosies\", which can be translated literally as \"the illusion of look-alikes.\" The Capgras syndrome was initially considered a purely psychiatric disorder, the delusion of a double seen as symptomatic of schizophrenia, and purely a female disorder (though this is now known not to be the case) often noted as a symptom of hysteria. Most of the proposed explanations initially following that of Capgras and Reboul-Lachaux were psychoanalytical in nature. It was not until", "title": "Capgras delusion" }, { "id": "6600782", "score": "1.5370791", "text": "syndrome, occasionally known as Anton-Babinski syndrome, is a form of cortical blindness in which the patient denies the visual impairment. The patient may attempt to walk, bumping into objects and injuring himself. Anton syndrome is caused by damaging the occipital lobes bilaterally or from disrupting the pathway from the primary visual cortex into the visual association cortex. Anwesenheit refers to the feeling of presence of something or some person. It can be seen in normal grief reaction, schizophrenia and some emotionally arousing situations. This is an alternate term for delusional perception. It is one of the Schneiderian first rank symptoms", "title": "Glossary of psychiatry" }, { "id": "4862559", "score": "1.5305228", "text": "Intermetamorphosis Intermetamorphosis is a delusional misidentification syndrome, related to agnosia. The main symptoms consist of patients believing that they can see others change into someone else in both external appearance and internal personality. The disorder is usually comorbid with neurological disorders or mental disorders. An example from medical literature is a man who was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. After some time he mistook his wife for his deceased mother and later for his sister. As an explanation, he stated that he had never been married or that his wife had left him. Later he mistook his son for his brother", "title": "Intermetamorphosis" }, { "id": "9794588", "score": "1.5280333", "text": "of forensic psychiatry, with the unusual behavior reported as one of many aspects of extraordinary violent crimes. The syndrome is named after Dracula's human zoophagous follower, R. M. Renfield, in the 1897 novel by Bram Stoker. According to an interview conducted by psychology professor Katherine Ramsland with clinical psychologist Richard Noll, who coined the eponymous term in a 1992 book, he invented the term and its purported diagnostic criteria as a whimsical parody of the \"new DSM-speak\" of the psychiatry of the 1980s. In a public lecture hosted by Penn State University's Institute for the Arts and Humanities on 7", "title": "Clinical vampirism" }, { "id": "2014072", "score": "1.5275877", "text": "Capgras delusion Capgras delusion is a psychiatric disorder in which a person holds a delusion that a friend, spouse, parent, or other close family member (or pet) has been replaced by an identical impostor. The Capgras delusion is classified as a delusional misidentification syndrome, a class of delusional beliefs that involves the misidentification of people, places, or objects. It can occur in acute, transient, or chronic forms. Cases in which patients hold the belief that time has been \"warped\" or \"substituted\" have also been reported. The delusion most commonly occurs in individuals diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, but has also been", "title": "Capgras delusion" }, { "id": "2021209", "score": "1.512803", "text": "a particular familiar face (to the patient). This means that for any face that is similar to a recognizable face to the patient, the patient will recall that face as the person they know. The Fregoli delusion is classed both as a monothematic delusion, since it only encompasses one delusional topic, and as a delusional misidentification syndrome (DMS), a class of delusional beliefs that involves misidentifying people, places, or objects. Like Capgras delusion, psychiatrists believe it is related to a breakdown in normal face perception. Signs and symptoms of Fregoli's: Levodopa, also known as L-DOPA, is the precursor to several", "title": "Fregoli delusion" }, { "id": "4910896", "score": "1.5113702", "text": "is occasionally referred to as an \"autoscopic type\" delusion. However, subjective doubles delusion differs from an autoscopic delusion: autoscopy often occurs during times of extreme stress, and can usually be treated by relieving the said stressor. The syndrome of subjective doubles is usually accompanied by another mental disorder or organic brain syndrome, and may appear during or after the onset of the other disorder. Often, co-occurrence of subjective doubles with other types of delusional misidentification syndromes, especially Capgras syndrome, also occurs. Several variations of the syndrome have been reported in literature: \"The following case describes a patient who was diagnosed", "title": "Syndrome of subjective doubles" }, { "id": "16822671", "score": "1.5108997", "text": "Delusional companion syndrome Delusional companion syndrome is considered a neuropathology of the self, specifically a delusional misidentification syndrome. Affected individuals believe certain non-living objects possess consciousness and can think independently and feel emotion. The psychosis must coexist with a detectable brain pathology for delusional companion syndrome to be diagnosed. The syndrome is most often identified in patients who suffer from damage to the brain due to physical trauma, neuronal degeneration or developmental abnormalities. Especially in the latter case, patients also tend to present with many other symptoms and are diagnosed as having other established conditions. Comforting objects like cuddly toys", "title": "Delusional companion syndrome" }, { "id": "2978301", "score": "1.5051603", "text": "involves delusions and hallucinations) with the transformation only seeming to happen in the mind and behavior of the affected person. A study on lycanthropy from the McLean Hospital reported on a series of cases and proposed some diagnostic criteria by which lycanthropy could be recognised: According to these criteria, either a delusional belief in current or past transformation or behavior that suggests a person thinks of themselves as transformed is considered evidence of clinical lycanthropy. The authors note that, although the condition seems to be an expression of psychosis, there is no specific diagnosis of mental or neurological illness associated", "title": "Clinical lycanthropy" }, { "id": "4910894", "score": "1.5047281", "text": "the disorder was not given a name until Christodoulou called it the \"syndrome of subjective doubles\" in the American Journal of Psychiatry. The article describes an 18-year-old female suffering from hebefreno-paranoid schizophrenia who believed that her next door neighbor had transformed her physical self into the patient's double. The syndrome of subjective doubles and its variants were not given the name \"delusional misidentification syndromes\" until 1981. Doubles of the self have been reported in literature even before the syndrome was named by Christodoulou. The first patient with symptoms of Capgras syndrome, another delusional misidentification syndrome, was reported in 1923 by", "title": "Syndrome of subjective doubles" } ]

[ "", "six", "6" ]

[ { "id": "141229", "score": "2.208255", "text": "heavily than the short program. The highest placing individual (based on the sum of the weighted placements) was declared the winner. In 2004, in response to the judging controversy during the 2002 Winter Olympics, the ISU adopted the International Judging System (IJS), which became mandatory at all international competitions in 2006, including the 2006 Winter Olympics. The new system is sometimes informally referred to as the \"Code of Points\", however, the ISU has never used the term to describe their system in any of their official communications. Under the IJS, points are awarded individually for each skating element, and the", "title": "Figure skating" }, { "id": "8220933", "score": "2.1821656", "text": "of competitions. ISU Judging System The ISU Judging System (or the International Judging System (IJS)), occasionally referred to as the Code of Points (COP) system, is the scoring system currently used to judge the figure skating disciplines of men's and ladies' singles, pair skating, ice dance, and synchronized skating. It was designed and implemented by the International Skating Union (ISU), the ruling body of the sport. This system of scoring is used in all international competitions sanctioned by the ISU, including the Olympic Games. The ISU Judging System replaced the previous 6.0 system in 2004. This new system was created", "title": "ISU Judging System" }, { "id": "8220907", "score": "2.1541586", "text": "ISU Judging System The ISU Judging System (or the International Judging System (IJS)), occasionally referred to as the Code of Points (COP) system, is the scoring system currently used to judge the figure skating disciplines of men's and ladies' singles, pair skating, ice dance, and synchronized skating. It was designed and implemented by the International Skating Union (ISU), the ruling body of the sport. This system of scoring is used in all international competitions sanctioned by the ISU, including the Olympic Games. The ISU Judging System replaced the previous 6.0 system in 2004. This new system was created in response", "title": "ISU Judging System" }, { "id": "8220909", "score": "1.9872545", "text": "in each program. The placements for the two programs were then combined, with the free skate placement weighted more heavily than the short program. The highest scoring individual (based on the sum of the weighted placements) was declared the winner. In 2004, after the judging controversy during the 2002 Winter Olympics, the ISU adopted the New Judging System (NJS), or Code of Points, which became mandatory at all international competitions in 2006, including the 2006 Winter Olympics. Under the ISU Judging System, the base value of each element performed by the skater is identified by the Technical Panel. The purpose", "title": "ISU Judging System" }, { "id": "8881508", "score": "1.9052488", "text": "and fourth fall, and three points are deducted for the fifth fall and any falls after that. Junior single skaters are penalized one point for every fall. \"The Boston Globe\" and other media outlets stated that, as of 2018, the ISU Judging System (IJS) was structured to reward difficult elements, so skaters earned more points despite falling on multi-rotational, complicated jumps than their competitors who skated \"clean\" programs with less difficult elements and did not lose points from falling. According to former American figure skater Katrina Hacker, falls occur for the following reasons: the skater makes an error during his", "title": "Single skating" }, { "id": "8220931", "score": "1.8972826", "text": "haphazard or biased judging. The IJS aims to make the judging of figure skating competitions more consistent with judging systems used in sports like diving and gymnastics. It also includes features intended to make judging more resistant to pressure by special interests. However, there is debate as to whether the new system is in fact an improvement over the old 6.0 system. Initially under the new ISU rules, the judges' marks were anonymous, which removed any public accountability of the judges for their marks. However, problems with this system came to the forefront during the Sochi Olympics in 2014, and", "title": "ISU Judging System" }, { "id": "8220932", "score": "1.8837802", "text": "in June 2016 the ISU Congress voted to abolish anonymous judging altogether. While the IJS has minimized the number of ties and the need for multiple tiebreaks, as there were under the old 6.0 system, ties do still occur for both overall score and also for single segments of the competition. In 2008, the ISU ruled to reduce the number of judges from twelve to nine. The need to reduce costs was given as the prime reason for this change. Since the highest and lowest extreme scores are discounted, the scores of seven judges (rather than ten) determine the outcome", "title": "ISU Judging System" }, { "id": "8220908", "score": "1.859641", "text": "to the 2002 Winter Olympics figure skating scandal, in an attempt to make the scoring system more objective and less vulnerable to abuse. Figure skating was formerly judged on a 6.0 scale. This scale is sometimes called \"the old scale\", or \"old system\". Skaters were judged on \"technical merit\" (in the free skate), \"required elements\" (in the short program), and \"presentation\" (in both programs). The marks for each program ran from 0.0 to 6.0 and were used to determine a preference ranking, or \"ordinal\", separately for each judge; the judges' preferences were then combined to determine placements for each skater", "title": "ISU Judging System" }, { "id": "8220927", "score": "1.8565301", "text": "over a lifetime, the \"season's best\" score is the highest score earned by a skater in a season. Season's best scores help determine the fields to the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating. The following are the highest scores that have been earned under Code of Points since its inception. It does not differentiate for changes made to the system. The ISU only recognizes best scores set at international competitions run under ISU rules, not at national competitions. For more complete lists, see list of highest scores in figure skating and list of highest junior scores in figure skating. Men:", "title": "ISU Judging System" }, { "id": "9561180", "score": "1.8542217", "text": "Execution (GOE) scale at the start of the season, all previously recorded scores since the 2004 introduction of the ISU Judging System (IJS) were archived as historical statistics. During the 14 seasons the +3 / -3 GOE scale was in use, Fernández achieved the 2nd highest personal best short program score (109.05), the 3rd highest free skating score (216.41) and the 4th highest total score (314.93). Fernández decided to skip the 2018–19 Grand Prix series, and elected the Japan Open invitational tournament as his only competition during the first part of the season. He competed for Team Europe at the", "title": "Javier Fernández (figure skater)" }, { "id": "8220926", "score": "1.8170472", "text": "are skating skills and timing in the compulsory dance, interpretation in the original dance, and transitions in the free dance. The exact values of these factors are listed in ISU Rule 543.1k. Under the ISU judging system, the highest score a skater earns in a career is known as a \"personal best\". An ISU Personal Best is a score set at a competition run under the auspices of the International Skating Union. Only certain events count for personal best scores. National-level events do not count towards personal bests. Unlike an ISU Personal Best score, which is the highest score set", "title": "ISU Judging System" }, { "id": "9652647", "score": "1.8169034", "text": "6.0 system The 6.0 system (now known as the old scoring system) was the judging system used in competitive figure skating until 2005, when it was replaced by the ISU Judging System in international events as a result of the 2002 Winter Olympics figure skating scandal. The 6.0 system was divided into \"technical merit\" (in the free skate), \"required elements\" (in the short program), and \"presentation\" (in both programs). The marks for each program ranged from 0.0 to 6.0, the latter being the highest. These marks were used to determine a preference ranking, or \"ordinal\", separately for each judge; the", "title": "6.0 system" }, { "id": "7463272", "score": "1.8105514", "text": "single men and women competitions in 1973 were modeled after the pair skating short program, and the structure of competitions in both single and pair competitions have been identical since the elimination of compulsory figures in 1990. A judging scandal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah \"ushered in sweeping reforms in the scoring system\" of figure skating competitions. The scandal, which centered around Canadian pair team Jamie Sale and David Pelletier and Russian pair team Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze, brought about the end of the 6.0 scoring system and the implementation of the ISU Judging", "title": "Pair skating" }, { "id": "9652651", "score": "1.8043972", "text": "it was often used as a sign of perfection. British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean earned nine 6.0 scores for artistic impression at the 1984 Winter Olympics, and remain the only ice skaters to ever achieve that score in the Olympics. The rationale for marking on a scale of 0 to 6.0, rather than another arbitrary maximum such as 10.0, was that each compulsory figure was skated with six tracings (three on each foot). 6.0 system The 6.0 system (now known as the old scoring system) was the judging system used in competitive figure skating until 2005, when", "title": "6.0 system" }, { "id": "141231", "score": "1.7637765", "text": "–5 and a maximum value of +5. The GOE mark is then translated into another value by using the table of values in ISU rule 322. The GOE value from the twelve judges is then processed with a computerized random selection of nine judges, the highest and lowest values are then discarded, and finally the average of the remaining seven is calculated. This average value is then added to (or subtracted from) the base value to determine the total value for the element. Note: The IJS previously used a GOE scale of –3 to +3 but this was changed for", "title": "Figure skating" }, { "id": "9652648", "score": "1.7601836", "text": "judges' preferences were then combined to determine placements for each skater in each program. The placements for the two programs were then combined, with the free skate placement weighted more heavily than the short program. The individual with the lowest sum of the factored placements was declared the winner. The 6.0 system was a ranking system. Skaters were ranked in comparison to each other in marks ranging from 0.0 to 6.0, with 6.0 being the highest possible mark. It was first introduced at ISU congress in 1901. Until that year skaters's marks ranged from 0 to 5. A 6.0 mark", "title": "6.0 system" }, { "id": "2317420", "score": "1.7465198", "text": "a special ceremony later in the week. The controversy resulted in several changes to the judging system. First, anonymous judging was incorporated to \"relieve outside pressure\" from judges by separating their names from their marks so pressurers could not assert whether the judge had acted as they wished. After two years of this system, the Code of Points was implemented and began use in the Grand Prix season of 2003–04, and full usage for all 2004–05 competitions and thereafter. After the Olympics, Salé and Pelletier turned professional and began touring North America with Stars on Ice, a figure skating show.", "title": "Jamie Salé" }, { "id": "4765560", "score": "1.7346231", "text": "figure skating scandal. According to Ottavio Cinquanta, president of the ISU, \"'Something was wrong there,' ... 'Not just the individual but also the system. It existed for 70 years. Now we are trying to replace one system with another.'\" A new figure skating judging system took effect in 2004, eliminating the 6.0 system perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements. In addition to sanctioning other international competitions, the ISU designates the following competitions each year as \"ISU Championships\": Speed skating: Figure skating: Note that events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of", "title": "International Skating Union" }, { "id": "9561160", "score": "1.7314954", "text": "judging system. Fernández completed a clean free skate, which included three quads (a toe loop and two Salchows, one in combination with a triple toe loop), two triple Axels, four more triples as well as difficult spins and level-four footwork, and scored 216.41, surpassing his personal best in the segment by 14.98 points. He reached a total score of 314.93, also a new personal best. (His free skating and total scores were the second and third highest, respectively, under the ISU judging system as of the event.) Hanyu made mistakes in his free skate, allowing Fernández to close the point", "title": "Javier Fernández (figure skater)" }, { "id": "2936878", "score": "1.715499", "text": "highest combined score is the winner. In the event of a tie, the team with the highest free program score wins the competition. In the United States, the introductory levels of Preliminary, Pre-Juvenile, Open Juvenile, Open Junior, Open Collegiate, and Open Adult are still judged under the 6.0 judging system. These levels can compete at the regional level but cannot qualify for the national championships. In Canada, all levels are judged with the ISU judging system. Synchronized skating Synchronized skating is a sport where between eight and twenty figure skaters (depending on the level) perform together as a team. They", "title": "Synchronized skating" } ]

[ "War of the roses", "The war of the roses", "Wars of Roses", "Rebellion of 1483", "The Wars of the Roses", "rebellion of 1483", "War of roses", "The War Of The Roses", "Wars of the roses", "The War of the Roses", "War Of The Roses", "wars of roses", "Wars of the Cousins", "wars of cousins", "War of Roses", "war of roses", "The War of The Roses", "Wars of the Roses", "War of the Roses" ]

[ { "id": "4778319", "score": "1.7111315", "text": "the Roses, the English civil wars fought by the House of York and House of Lancaster for control of the English Crown from 1455 to 1485. By the mid-fifteenth century the major nobility, particularly the Houses of York and Lancaster, were able to assemble vast estates, considerable sums of money and large private armies on retainer through post-Quia Emptores land management practices and direct sales of land. The two noble Houses thus grew more powerful than the Crown itself, with the consequent wars between them for control of the realm. Prior to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, in", "title": "Quia Emptores" }, { "id": "603595", "score": "1.65624", "text": "shortly after the battle. Tewkesbury restored political stability to England until the death of Edward IV in 1483. The term \"Wars of the Roses\" refers to the informal heraldic badges of the two rival houses of Lancaster and York, which had been contending for power—and ultimately for the throne—since the late 1450s. In 1461 the Yorkist claimant, Edward, Earl of March, was proclaimed King Edward IV and defeated the supporters of the weak, intermittently insane Lancastrian King Henry VI at the Battle of Towton. Lancastrian revolts in the far north of England were defeated in 1464, and the fugitive King", "title": "Battle of Tewkesbury" }, { "id": "3098654", "score": "1.6550955", "text": "exile from 1471–1484. During the latter half of the 15th century, civil war existed in England as the House of York and House of Lancaster fought each other for the English throne. In 1471, the Yorkists defeated their rivals in the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. The Lancastrian king, Henry VI of England and his only son, Edward of Westminster, died in the aftermath of the Battle of Tewkesbury. Their deaths left the House of Lancaster with no direct claimants to the throne. Subsequently, the Yorkist king, Edward IV of England, was in complete control of England. He attainted those", "title": "Francis II, Duke of Brittany" }, { "id": "604861", "score": "1.6549284", "text": "commemorate the event. Various archaeological remains and mass graves related to the battle were found in the area centuries after the engagement. In 1461, England was in the sixth year of the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars between the Houses of York and Lancaster over the English throne. The Lancastrians backed the reigning King of England, Henry VI, an indecisive man who had bouts of madness. The leader of the Yorkists was initially Richard, Duke of York, who resented the dominance of a small number of aristocrats favoured by the king, principally his close relatives the", "title": "Battle of Towton" }, { "id": "603635", "score": "1.6230725", "text": "of conflicts between various English lords and nobles in support of two different royal families. In 1461 the conflict reached a milestone when the House of York supplanted its rival, the House of Lancaster, as the ruling royal house in England. Edward IV, leader of the Yorkists, seized the throne from the Lancastrian king, Henry VI, who was captured in 1465 and imprisoned in the Tower of London. The Lancastrian queen, Margaret of Anjou, and her son, Edward of Lancaster, fled to Scotland and organised resistance. Edward IV crushed the uprisings and pressured the Scottish government to force Margaret out;", "title": "Battle of Barnet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wars of the Roses" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of English civil wars\n\nThis is a list of civil wars that have occurred in the history of England.\n\n", "title": "List of English civil wars" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Battle of Bosworth Field" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "House of Tudor\n\nThe House of Tudor was a royal house of largely Welsh and English origin that held the English throne from 1485 to 1603. They descended from the Tudors of Penmynydd and Catherine of France. Tudor monarchs ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including their ancestral Wales and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) for 118 years with six monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Jane Grey, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the House of Stuart. The first Tudor monarch, Henry VII of England, descended through his mother from a legitimised branch of the English royal House of Lancaster, a cadet house of the Plantagenets. The Tudor family rose to power and started the Tudor period in the wake of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), which left the main House of Lancaster (with which the Tudors were aligned) extinct in the male line.\n\nHenry VII succeeded in presenting himself as a candidate not only for traditional Lancastrian supporters, but also for discontented supporters of their rival Plantagenet cadet House of York, and he took the throne by right of conquest. Following his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485), he reinforced his position in 1486 by fulfilling his 1483 vow to marry Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, thus symbolically uniting the former warring factions of Lancaster and York under the new dynasty. The Tudors extended their power beyond modern England, achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 (Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542), and successfully asserting English authority over the Kingdom of Ireland (proclaimed by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542). They also maintained the nominal English claim to the Kingdom of France; although none of them made substance of it, Henry VIII fought wars with France trying to reclaim that title. After him, his daughter Mary I lost control of all territory in France permanently with the fall of Calais in 1558.\n\nIn total, the Tudor monarchs ruled their domains for just over a century. Henry VIII () was the only son of Henry VII to live to the age of maturity. Issues around royal succession (including marriage and the succession rights of women) became major political themes during the Tudor era, as did the English Reformation in religion, impacting the future of the Crown. When Elizabeth I died childless, the Scottish House of Stuart succeeded as England's royal family through the Union of the Crowns of 24 March 1603. The first Stuart to become King of England (), James VI and I, descended from Henry VII's daughter Margaret Tudor, who in 1503 had married King James IV of Scotland in accordance with the 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace.", "title": "House of Tudor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Leeds United F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry\n\nThe rivalry between Leeds United and Manchester United, sometimes nicknamed the Roses rivalry or the Pennines derby, is a footballing rivalry played between the Northern English clubs Leeds United and Manchester United. The rivalry originates from the strong rivalry between the historic counties of Lancashire and Yorkshire, which is popularly believed to have its origins in the Wars of the Roses of the 15th century. Although the cities of Leeds and Manchester lie over apart, the tradition is upheld and this strong feeling can still be seen between the two clubs. Independent research by the Football Fans Census has shown that, within English football, both Leeds and Manchester United are ranked within the top three clubs based on the number of clubs that consider them to be their rivals.\n\nIn the past, rivalry between the two clubs has gone beyond the action on the field at Old Trafford and Elland Road. Hostility became more intense over the years and during the 1970s, when British football hooliganism was at its height, fights between the Leeds United Service Crew and Manchester United's Red Army, the club's respective hooligan firms, were commonplace and became known as some of the most violent clashes in British football. Many people were injured in these encounters but violence between fans of the clubs has declined sharply since the 1970s for a number of reasons, mainly due to the general reduction in hooliganism. As recently as January 2010, prior to the two clubs meeting in the FA Cup 3rd round, Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson described the matches as \"fantastic, feisty occasions\" with an \"electric\" atmosphere. The rivalry has also been labelled by \"The Daily Telegraph\" as \"English football's most intense – and inexplicable – rivalry\".\n\nThese encounters have been particularly scarce since 1982, the year that Leeds were relegated to the Second Division. Hooliganism was still rife among fans of English league clubs at this stage, and by the time Leeds returned to the top flight in 1990 the problem was less severe and has remained a lesser problem since. The rivalry and the hooliganism have been effectively curtailed since 2004, when Leeds were relegated from the Premier League. The teams met only twice between 2004 and 2020, and while polling showed Leeds fans still considered Manchester United to be their main rivals, Manchester United fans considered Liverpool to be their main rivals, followed by Manchester City, Chelsea, and Arsenal. In terms of trophies won, the rivalry has been heavily in favour of Manchester United, who have won 66 trophies to Leeds United's 9.", "title": "Leeds United F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry" }, { "id": "15201745", "score": "1.612608", "text": "Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of English civil wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, associated with a red rose, and the House of York, whose symbol was a white rose. Eventually, the wars eliminated the male lines of both families. The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487, but there was related fighting before and after this period between the parties. The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following", "title": "Wars of the Roses" }, { "id": "15201849", "score": "1.602104", "text": "and be of no value to a captor. Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of English civil wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, associated with a red rose, and the House of York, whose symbol was a white rose. Eventually, the wars eliminated the male lines of both families. The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487, but there was related fighting before and after this period between the parties. The power", "title": "Wars of the Roses" }, { "id": "889523", "score": "1.589011", "text": "House of Lancaster is a red rose, the red rose of Lancaster, similar to that of the House of York, which is a white rose. These names derive from the emblems of the Royal Duchies of Lancaster and York in the 15th century. This erupted into a civil war over rival claims to the throne during the Wars of the Roses. In more recent times, the term \"\"Wars of the Roses\"\" has been applied to rivalry in sports between teams representing Lancashire and Yorkshire, not just the cities of Lancaster and York. It is also applied to the Roses Tournament", "title": "Lancaster, Lancashire" }, { "id": "471379", "score": "1.5574366", "text": "Eventually the two houses fought for the throne of England in a series of civil wars, commonly known as the Wars of the Roses. Some of the battles took place in Yorkshire, such as those at Wakefield and Towton, the latter of which is known as the bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil. Richard III was the last Yorkist king. Henry Tudor, sympathiser to the House of Lancaster, defeated and killed Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He then became King Henry VII and married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Yorkist Edward IV, ending the wars. The two", "title": "Yorkshire" }, { "id": "177442", "score": "1.5502124", "text": "in its own succession wars. The Wars of the Roses pitted two branches of the House of Plantagenet against one another, the House of York and the House of Lancaster. The Lancastrian Henry Tudor ended the War of the Roses and established the Tudor dynasty in 1485. Under the Tudors and the later Stuart dynasty, England became a colonial power. During the rule of the Stuarts, the English Civil War took place between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists, which resulted in the execution of King Charles I (1649) and the establishment of a series of republican governments — first, a", "title": "History of England" }, { "id": "15179756", "score": "1.5468228", "text": "a firm hand on either government or the nobility, and by the mid-1450s civil war had broken out. The main protagonists were supporters of Henry and his Queen—Lancastrians—and those of the recalcitrant Richard, Duke of York, or Yorkists. These civil wars—known today as the Wars of the Roses—broke out in 1455 when Henry's army was defeated by a Yorkist one at the First Battle of St Albans, and there were further bloody encounters between the two sides until, eventually, in March 1461, the Yorkist army led by Edward, Duke of York, beat the royal army at Towton. This decisive engagement", "title": "Readeption of Henry VI" }, { "id": "20862409", "score": "1.5461186", "text": "and eternal masses were paid for the souls of the dead. In the long run, however, little was achieved. Within a few months, violence between the lords had broken out again, and within the year, York and Lancaster were facing each other over the battlefield. Historians are uncertain as to who—if anyone—actually gained from the 1458 Loveday; the crown publicised its position as the ultimate court of appeal; the Yorkists were bound to pay large sums in compensation, which, however, were mostly tied up in government debt; and, fundamentally, factional discord was highlighted on the public stage. By the middle", "title": "Loveday, 1458" }, { "id": "12808973", "score": "1.5418448", "text": "Essex. At this moment, the military situation was as follows: the Marquess of Hertford in South Wales, Hopton in Cornwall, and the young Earl of Derby in Lancashire, and small parties in almost every county of the west and the Midlands, were in arms for the King. North of the Tees, Newcastle, a great territorial magnate, was raising troops and supplies for the King, while Queen Henrietta Maria was busy in Holland, arranging for the importation of war material and money. In Yorkshire, opinion was divided, the royal cause being strongest in York and the North Riding, that of the", "title": "First English Civil War, 1642" }, { "id": "11543024", "score": "1.5316718", "text": "Liverpool to be their main rivals, followed by Manchester City, Chelsea and Arsenal. The rivalry is considered to be a sporting manifestation of the established rivalry between the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, which can loosely be traced back to the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars fought between the rival Plantagenet royal houses of York and Lancaster for the throne of England during the 15th century. The battles contested during the wars were particularly bloody, especially the Battle of Towton, which took place just away from Leeds and is described as \"England's bloodiest ever battle\". The", "title": "Leeds United F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry" }, { "id": "604827", "score": "1.5296395", "text": "There were increasingly bitter divisions among the officials and councillors who governed in Henry's name, mainly over the conduct of the Hundred Years' War with France. By the early 1450s, the most important rivalry was that between Richard of York and Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. York argued for a more vigorous prosecution of the war, to recover territories recently lost to the French, while Somerset belonged to the party which tried to secure peace by making concessions. York had been Lieutenant in France for several years and resented being supplanted in that office by Somerset, who had then", "title": "Battle of Wakefield" }, { "id": "177513", "score": "1.5274502", "text": "in January 1486, thereby uniting the houses of York and Lancaster. Most of the European rulers did not believe Henry would survive long, and were thus willing to shelter claimants against him. The first plot against him was the Stafford and Lovell Rebellion of 1486, which presented no serious threat. But Richard III's nephew John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, hatched another attempt the following year. Using a peasant boy named Lambert Simnel, who posed as Edward, Earl of Warwick (the real Warwick was locked up in the Tower of London), he led an army of 2,000 German mercenaries", "title": "History of England" }, { "id": "15362720", "score": "1.5262538", "text": "to take advantage of their victory. The Wars of the Roses were fought between the supporters of the House of Lancaster, represented by the mentally unstable King Henry VI, and those of the rival House of York. Richard of York quarrelled with several of Henry's court during the late 1440s and early 1450s. He was respected as a soldier and administrator, and was believed by his own supporters to have a better claim to the throne than Henry. York and his friends finally openly rebelled in 1455. At the First Battle of St Albans, York gained a victory, but this", "title": "Second Battle of St Albans" }, { "id": "3252524", "score": "1.5251685", "text": "a focal point for fighting during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The border counties were invaded by Scotland in the Second Bishops' War, and at the 1640 Treaty of Ripon King Charles I was forced to temporarily cede Northumberland and County Durham to the Scots and pay to keep the Scottish armies there. To raise enough funds and ratify the final peace treaty, Charles had to call what became the Long Parliament, beginning the process that led to the First English Civil War. In 1641, the Long Parliament abolished the Council of the North for perceived abuses during the", "title": "Northern England" }, { "id": "17201915", "score": "1.5240858", "text": "Kent valley. The Wars of the Roses, fought between Lancastrian and Yorkist claimants to the throne of England, had some cause and effect in Cumbria, although no battle took place there. The intense rivalry between the landowners in Cumbria and elsewhere in the North fed into the factionalism at Court which was exacerbated by the mental instability of King Henry VI of England. The two main families were the Percies and the Nevilles. The Percies, a Yorkshire family, had come to prominence in Northumberland after supporting Edward I and through various marriages and confiscations of the territories of the Scottish", "title": "History of Medieval Cumbria" }, { "id": "5605953", "score": "1.5230446", "text": "paved the way for a unification of the two kingdoms, but his son Henry VI soon squandered all previous gains. The loss of France led to discontent at home. Soon after the end of the war in 1453, the dynastic struggles of the Wars of the Roses (c. 1455–1485) began, involving the rival dynasties of the House of Lancaster and House of York. The war ended in the accession of Henry VII of the Tudor family, who continued the work started by the Yorkist kings of building a strong, centralized monarchy. While England's attention was thus directed elsewhere, the Hiberno-Norman", "title": "Late Middle Ages" } ]

[ "Heart (anatomy)", "heart in literature", "Heart (food)", "left side of heart", "Base of the heart", "atlas of human cardiac anatomy", "Right side of the heart", "four chambered heart", "anterior surface of heart", "Heart chambers", "Sternocostal surface of heart", "facies anterior cordis", "Right heart", "facies diaphragmatica cordis", "Anterior surface of the heart", "atria of heart", "The heart", "Heart (biology)", "Chambers of the heart", "dorsal tube", "diaphragmatic surface of heart", "The human heart", "Atria of the heart", "anterior wall of heart", "Left heart", "Cardiac chamber", "heart anatomy", "sternocostal surface of heart", "apex cordis", "chambers of heart", "Heart chamber", "human heart", "Human heart", "Diaphragmatic surface of heart", "base of heart", "Apex cordis", "Heart (metaphor)", "Heart", "Cardiac chambers", "basis cordis", "sternocostal surface", "heart symbolism and metaphor", "systemic heart", "Apex of heart", "Facies anterior cordis", "Heart (organ)", "cardiac", "Facies cordis", "Cardiogenic", "❤️", "cardiac chamber", "right side of heart", "heart food", "left heart", "heart metaphor", "Systemic heart", "facies cordis", "Cardiac", "heart chamber", "cardiac chambers", "Basis cordis", "Anterior wall of heart", "heart biology", "Heart (Symbolism and Metaphor)", "heart organ", "Dorsal tube", "Four chambered heart", "Sternocostal surface", "Heart (symbolism)", "Left side of the heart", "Facies sternocostalis cordis", "heart chambers", "Heart in literature", "cardiogenic", "Heart Symbolism and Metaphor", "apex of heart", "facies sternocostalis cordis", "right heart", "Facies diaphragmatica cordis", "Atlas of Human Cardiac Anatomy", "heart", "Base of heart", "heart symbolism" ]

[ { "id": "7281633", "score": "1.5578983", "text": "Bachmann's bundle In the heart's conduction system, Bachmann's bundle (also called the Bachmann bundle or the interatrial tract) is a branch of the anterior internodal tract that resides on the inner wall of the left atrium. It is a broad band of cardiac muscle that passes from the right atrium, between the superior vena cava and the ascending aorta. Bachmann's bundle is, during normal sinus rhythm, the preferential path for electrical activation of the left atrium. It is therefore considered to be part of the \"atrial conduction system\" of the heart. In 1916, Jean George Bachmann conducted canine experiments. He", "title": "Bachmann's bundle" }, { "id": "18240791", "score": "1.3679487", "text": "putting in his best efforts, he failed to locate the structure. On 15 January 1906, Keith wrote a letter to Mackenzie and acknowledged his skepticism about its existence: \"\"I have given up the search for His' bundle—having come to the conclusion that there is not and never was any such thing.\"” In response to Arthur Keith's skepticism, Mackenzie forwarded Aschoff's article about Tawara's findings, which stimulated Keith's renewal of his studies on the cardiac conduction system. Despite having written a letter to \"The Lancet\" about his failure to locate the Bundle of His and his increasing doubts about its existence,", "title": "Das Reizleitungssystem des Säugetierherzens" }, { "id": "6235873", "score": "1.3097172", "text": "bundle is usually called the Hopf bundle. (cf. Bott generator.) More generally, there are also tautological bundles on a projective bundle of a vector bundle as well as a Grassmann bundle. The older term \"canonical bundle\" has dropped out of favour, on the grounds that \"canonical\" is heavily overloaded as it is, in mathematical terminology, and (worse) confusion with the canonical class in algebraic geometry could scarcely be avoided. Grassmannians by definition are the parameter spaces for linear subspaces, of a given dimension, in a given vector space \"W\". If \"G\" is a Grassmannian, and \"V\" is the subspace of", "title": "Tautological bundle" }, { "id": "7281635", "score": "1.2921381", "text": "that area. The normal cardiac rhythm originates in the sinoatrial node, which is located in the right atrium near the superior vena cava. From there, the electrical activation spreads throughout the right atrium. There are at least four different locations where the activation can pass to the left atrium. Apart from Bachmann's bundle these are the anterior interatrial septum, posterior interatrial septum, and the coronary sinus. Because it originates close to the sinoatrial node and consists of long parallel fibers, Bachmann's bundle is, during sinus rhythm, the first of these connections to activate the left atrium. Bachmann's bundle In the", "title": "Bachmann's bundle" }, { "id": "19489626", "score": "1.2859433", "text": "Grassmann bundle In algebraic geometry, the Grassmann \"d\"-plane bundle of a vector bundle \"E\" on an algebraic scheme \"X\" is a scheme over \"X\": such that the fiber formula_2 is the Grassmannian of the \"d\"-dimensional vector subspaces of formula_3. For example, formula_4 is the projective bundle of \"E\". In the other direction, a Grassmann bundle is a special case of a (partial) flag bundle. Concretely, the Grassmann bundle can be constructed as a Quot scheme. Like the usual Grassmannian, the Grassmann bundle comes with natural vector bundles on it; namely, there are universal or tautological subbundle \"S\" and universal quotient", "title": "Grassmann bundle" }, { "id": "6235871", "score": "1.2589936", "text": "Tautological bundle In mathematics, the tautological bundle is a vector bundle occurring over a Grassmannian in a natural tautological way: the fiber of the bundle over a vector space \"V\" (a point in the Grassmannian) is \"V\" itself. In the case of projective space the tautological bundle is known as the tautological line bundle. The tautological bundle is also called the universal bundle since any vector bundle (over a compact space) is a pullback of the tautological bundle; this is to say a Grassmannian is a classifying space for vector bundles. Because of this, the tautological bundle is important in", "title": "Tautological bundle" }, { "id": "7281634", "score": "1.2577014", "text": "found that clamping the muscular bundle of fibers that connects the atria caused a significant conduction delay. The Bachman's bundle receives its blood supply from the sinoatrial nodal artery (right, left or both). Besides Bachmann's bundle, the other three conduction tracts that constitute the \"atrial conduction system\" are known as the anterior, middle, and posterior tracts, which run from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node, converging in the region near the coronary sinus. \"Atrial automaticity foci\" are within the atrial conduction system. The concentration of converging conduction tracts near the coronary sinus results in considerable automaticity activity originating in", "title": "Bachmann's bundle" }, { "id": "14283844", "score": "1.236423", "text": "Hodge bundle In mathematics, the Hodge bundle, named after W. V. D. Hodge, appears in the study of families of curves, where it provides an invariant in the moduli theory of algebraic curves. Furthermore, it has applications to the theory of modular forms on reductive algebraic groups and string theory. Let formula_1 be the moduli space of algebraic curves of genus \"g\" curves over some scheme. The Hodge bundle Λ is a vector bundle on formula_1 whose fiber at a point \"C\" in formula_1 is the space of holomorphic differentials on the curve \"C\". To define the Hodge bundle, let", "title": "Hodge bundle" }, { "id": "1958050", "score": "1.2271343", "text": "bundle (\"TM\",π,\"M\") of a \"C\"-manifold \"M\". The \"C\"-vector bundles (\"E\", \"p\", \"M\") have a very important property not shared by more general \"C\"-fibre bundles. Namely, the tangent space \"T\"(\"E\") at any \"v\" ∈ \"E\" can be naturally identified with the fibre \"E\" itself. This identification is obtained through the \"vertical lift\" \"vl\": \"E\" → \"T\"(\"E\"), defined as The vertical lift can also be seen as a natural \"C\"-vector bundle isomorphism \"p*E\" → \"VE\", where (\"p*E\", \"p*p\", \"E\") is the pull-back bundle of (\"E\", \"p\", \"M\") over \"E\" through \"p\" : \"E\" → \"M\", and \"VE\" := Ker(\"p\") ⊂ \"TE\" is", "title": "Vector bundle" }, { "id": "2321684", "score": "1.2237959", "text": "former is and the latter is a -dimensional vector bundle over . This gives recursive formulas: If one solves this recurrence relation, one gets the formula: if and only if is even and is odd. Otherwise: Every point in the complex Grassmannian manifold defines an -plane in -space. Fibering these planes over the Grassmannian one arrives at the vector bundle which generalizes the tautological bundle of a projective space. Similarly the -dimensional orthogonal complements of these planes yield an orthogonal vector bundle . The integral cohomology of the Grassmannians is generated, as a ring, by the Chern classes of .", "title": "Grassmannian" }, { "id": "7146559", "score": "1.2188435", "text": "the vertical bundle V\"E\" is also integrable. An Ehresmann connection on \"E\" is a choice of a complementary subbundle H\"E\" to V\"E\" in T\"E\", called the horizontal bundle of the connection. At each point \"e\" in \"E\", the two subspaces form a direct sum, such that T\"E\" = V\"E\" ⊕ H\"E\". A simple example of a smooth fiber bundle is a Cartesian product of two manifolds. Consider the bundle \"B\" := (\"M\" × \"N\", pr) with bundle projection pr : \"M\" × \"N\" → \"M\" : (\"x\", \"y\") → \"x\". Applying the definition in the paragraph above to find the", "title": "Vertical and horizontal bundles" }, { "id": "12443277", "score": "1.2176125", "text": "can confirm that the Ehresmann connections on (\"TM\"/0,π,\"M\") and nonlinear covariant derivatives on \"M\" are in one-to-one correspondence. Furthermore, if \"D\" is linear in \"X\", then the Ehresmann connection is linear in the secondary vector bundle structure, and \"D\" coincides with its linear covariant derivative. Double tangent bundle In mathematics, particularly differential topology, the double tangent bundle or the second tangent bundle refers to the tangent bundle of the total space \"TM\" of the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold \"M\" . A note on notation: in this article, we denote projection maps by their domains, e.g., \"π\" : \"TTM\"", "title": "Double tangent bundle" }, { "id": "6410900", "score": "1.216908", "text": "is a quintic threefold called a Horrocks–Mumford quintic. Such a \"V\" has exactly 100 nodes; there exists a small resolution \"V′\" which is a Calabi–Yau threefold fibered by Horrocks–Mumford surfaces. Horrocks–Mumford bundle In algebraic geometry, the Horrocks–Mumford bundle is an indecomposable rank 2 vector bundle on 4-dimensional projective space \"P\" introduced by . It is the only such bundle known, although a generalized construction involving Paley graphs produces other rank 2 sheaves (Sasukara et al. 1993). The zero sets of sections of the Horrocks–Mumford bundle are abelian surfaces of degree 10, called Horrocks–Mumford surfaces. By computing Chern classes one sees", "title": "Horrocks–Mumford bundle" }, { "id": "6712194", "score": "1.2158904", "text": "the same space \"X\". In this case, \"π\" : \"E\" → \"M\" is said to be a Banach bundle with fibre \"X\". If \"M\" is a connected space then this is necessarily the case, since the set of points \"x\" ∈ \"M\" for which there is a trivialising map for a given space \"X\" is both open and closed. In the finite-dimensional case, the second condition above is implied by the first. The collection of all Banach bundles can be made into a category by defining appropriate morphisms. Let \"π\" : \"E\" → \"M\" and \"π\"′ : \"E\"′ → \"M\"′", "title": "Banach bundle" }, { "id": "3449611", "score": "1.2002692", "text": "is simply an epimorphism π: \"E\" → \"B\". If the category is not concrete, then the notion of a preimage of the map is not necessarily available. Therefore these bundles may have no fibers at all, although for sufficiently well behaved categories they do; for instance, for a category with pullbacks and a terminal object 1 the points of \"B\" can be identified with morphisms \"p\":1→\"B\" and the fiber of \"p\" is obtained as the pullback of \"p\" and π. The category of bundles over \"B\" is a subcategory of the slice category (C↓\"B\") of objects over \"B\", while the", "title": "Bundle (mathematics)" }, { "id": "19489628", "score": "1.1998188", "text": "space, then for each line formula_10 in \"V\" passing through the origin (a point of formula_11), there is the natural identification (see Chern class#Complex projective space for example): and the above is the family-version of this identification. (The general care is a generalization of this.) In the case \"d\" = 1, the early exact sequence tensored with the dual of \"S\" = \"O\"(-1) gives: which is the relative version of the Euler sequence. Grassmann bundle In algebraic geometry, the Grassmann \"d\"-plane bundle of a vector bundle \"E\" on an algebraic scheme \"X\" is a scheme over \"X\": such that the", "title": "Grassmann bundle" }, { "id": "20983924", "score": "1.1987482", "text": "Friedrich Bachmann Friedrich Bachmann (born 11 February 1909 in Wernigerode, died 1 October 1982 in Kiel.) was a German mathematician who specialised in geometry and group theory. Bachmann was the son of a Lutheran minister Hans Bachmann. Bachmann came from an intellectual family, his paternal grandfather was the number theorist Paul Gustav Heinrich Bachmann. Bachmann took his early education at the Gymnasium in Münster. After attending the Gymnasium, he attended the University of Münster and the Humboldt University of Berlin and graduated in 1927. While there he was a member of the Münster Wingolfs. In 1933, Bachman was promoted to", "title": "Friedrich Bachmann" }, { "id": "6235884", "score": "1.1944916", "text": "C, this is equivalent to saying that it is a negative line bundle, meaning that minus its Chern class is the de Rham class of the standard Kähler form. In fact, it is straightforward to show that, for \"k\" = 1, the real tautological line bundle is none other than the well-known bundle whose total space is the Möbius strip. For a full proof of the above fact, see. Tautological bundle In mathematics, the tautological bundle is a vector bundle occurring over a Grassmannian in a natural tautological way: the fiber of the bundle over a vector space \"V\" (a", "title": "Tautological bundle" }, { "id": "508522", "score": "1.1930659", "text": "of Three-Manifolds which are Circle Bundles\". After completing his Ph.D., he spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study, then another year at MIT as Assistant Professor. In 1974, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University. He and his first wife, née Rachel Findley, had three children: Dylan, Nathaniel, and Emily. In 1991, he returned to UC-Berkeley as Professor of Mathematics and in 1993 became Director of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute. In 1996, his wife Julian, who had earlier been his Ph.D. student at Princeton University, made a career switch to veterinary medicine, and began her", "title": "William Thurston" }, { "id": "2280055", "score": "1.1918948", "text": "complex projective space CP carries a universal complex line bundle. In this case classifying maps give rise to the first Chern class of \"X\", in H(\"X\") (integral cohomology). There is a further, analogous theory with quaternionic (real dimension four) line bundles. This gives rise to one of the Pontryagin classes, in real four-dimensional cohomology. In this way foundational cases for the theory of characteristic classes depend only on line bundles. According to a general splitting principle this can determine the rest of the theory (if not explicitly). There are theories of holomorphic line bundles on complex manifolds, and invertible sheaves", "title": "Line bundle" } ]

[ "state of massachusetts", "commonwealth of masachussetts", "MA (state)", "massachusettsan", "Massitchusits", "masshole commonwealth", "Massachusites", "massachusites", "Most Serene Commonwealth of Massachusetts", "masachusets", "Commonwealth of Massachussetts", "massechusetts", "Commonwealth of Masachussetts", "Massachussetts", "The Commonwealth of Massachusetts", "Massachusettsan", "US-MA", "massachusettes", "Mass.", "massachusite", "taxachusetts", "massachus", "us ma", "massachussets", "culture of massachusetts", "commonwealth of massachussets", "commonwealth of masachusetts", "commonwealth of masachussets", "Transport in Massachusetts", "massachusetts state", "Masshole Commonwealth", "State of Massachusetts", "Commonwealth of Masachusets", "Sixth State", "Massachusetts (state)", "Commonwealth of Masachussets", "commonwealth of massachussetts", "Religion in Massachusetts", "Masachussets", "Commonwealth of Massachusetts", "bay state", "massachussetts", "6th state", "massachusetts u s state", "transportation in massachusetts", "Masachussetts", "Masschusetts", "massechussets", "Massachusetts culture", "masschusetts", "Massacheusetts", "commonwealth of massachusets", "Massachsuetts", "transport in massachusetts", "religion in massachusetts", "Commonwealth of Masachusetts", "Transportation in Massachusetts", "mass", "Massachussets", "massacheusetts", "6th State", "Masachusetts", "massachsuetts", "education in massachusetts", "ma state", "commonwealth of masachusets", "Massachusets", "Massechussets", "Massechusetts", "massitchusits", "Masachusets", "Education in Massachusetts", "Economy of Massachusetts", "commonwealth of massachusetts", "masachussetts", "masachusetts", "massachusets", "Massachusetts state", "massachusetts united states", "Taxachusetts", "Commonwealth of Massachusets", "masachussets", "massachusetts culture", "sixth state", "Massachusetts, United States", "economy of massachusetts", "Culture of Massachusetts", "Massachusetts (U.S. state)", "most serene commonwealth of massachusetts", "Massachusetts", "massachusetts", "Massachus", "Massachusettes", "Commonwealth of Massachussets", "Massachusite", "The Bay State" ]

[ { "id": "722717", "score": "1.861542", "text": "Martha's Vineyard Martha's Vineyard (Wampanoag: ; often simply called The Vineyard) is an island located south of Cape Cod in Massachusetts that is known for being an affluent summer colony. Martha's Vineyard includes the smaller Chappaquiddick Island, which is usually connected to the Vineyard, though storms and hurricanes have separated them, as in 2007. It is the 58th largest island in the United States, with a land area of , and the third-largest on the East Coast of the United States, after Long Island and Mount Desert Island. Martha's Vineyard constitutes the bulk of Dukes County, Massachusetts, which also includes", "title": "Martha's Vineyard" }, { "id": "11535146", "score": "1.763086", "text": "Martha's Vineyard AVA The Martha's Vineyard AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Dukes County, Massachusetts, including all of the land on the islands named Martha's Vineyard and Chappaquiddick Island. These two islands are located off the southern Massachusetts coast, surrounded by Vineyard Sound, Nantucket Sound, and the Atlantic Ocean. The creation of the AVA in 1985 was controversial. Objections were lodged by the proprietors of a vineyard in California also named Martha's Vineyard, who felt that the creation of an AVA with the same name would dilute their brand value. Federal regulators ruled in favor of the AVA,", "title": "Martha's Vineyard AVA" }, { "id": "722767", "score": "1.748716", "text": "Network), Comcast Xfinity cable, and RCN Cable. With reception methods powerful enough, it is also possible to receive Boston TV stations, along with Providence stations, over-the-air. Martha's Vineyard Martha's Vineyard (Wampanoag: ; often simply called The Vineyard) is an island located south of Cape Cod in Massachusetts that is known for being an affluent summer colony. Martha's Vineyard includes the smaller Chappaquiddick Island, which is usually connected to the Vineyard, though storms and hurricanes have separated them, as in 2007. It is the 58th largest island in the United States, with a land area of , and the third-largest on", "title": "Martha's Vineyard" }, { "id": "11535147", "score": "1.7479008", "text": "citing historical evidence that viticulture has been practiced on the Massachusetts island named Martha's Vineyard since at least 1602. The maritime location helps to create a slightly warmer climate than the nearby coastal regions of Massachusetts, and a growing season that is almost three weeks longer. The hardiness zone is 7a. Martha's Vineyard AVA The Martha's Vineyard AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Dukes County, Massachusetts, including all of the land on the islands named Martha's Vineyard and Chappaquiddick Island. These two islands are located off the southern Massachusetts coast, surrounded by Vineyard Sound, Nantucket Sound, and the", "title": "Martha's Vineyard AVA" }, { "id": "722721", "score": "1.7241728", "text": "\"land amid the streams\". In 1642, the Wampanoag numbered somewhere around 3,000 on the island. By 1764, that number had dropped to 313. A smaller island to the south was named \"Martha's Vineyard\" by the English explorer Bartholomew Gosnold, who sailed to the island in 1602. The name was later transferred to the main island. It is the eighth-oldest surviving English place-name in the United States. The island's namesake is not definitively known, but it is thought that the island was named after Gosnold's mother-in-law or his daughter, both named Martha. The island was also known as \"Martin's Vineyard\" (perhaps", "title": "Martha's Vineyard" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Martha's Vineyard\n\nMartha's Vineyard, often simply called the Vineyard, is an island in the Northeastern United States, located south of Cape Cod in Dukes County, Massachusetts, known for being a popular, affluent summer colony. Martha's Vineyard includes the smaller adjacent Chappaquiddick Island, which is usually connected to the Vineyard. The two islands have sometimes been separated by storms and hurricanes, which last occurred from 2007 to 2015. It is the 58th largest island in the U.S., with a land area of about , and the third-largest on the East Coast, after Long Island and Mount Desert Island. Martha's Vineyard constitutes the bulk of Dukes County, which also includes the Elizabeth Islands and the island of Nomans Land.\n\nThe Vineyard was home to one of the earliest known deaf communities in the United States; consequently, a sign language, the Martha's Vineyard Sign Language, emerged on the island among both deaf and hearing islanders. The 2010 census reported a year-round population of 16,535 residents, although the summer population can swell to more than 100,000 people. About 56 percent of the Vineyard's 14,621 homes are seasonally occupied.\n\nMartha's Vineyard is primarily known as a summer colony. However, its year-round population has considerably increased since the 1960s. The island's year-round population increased about a third each decade from 1970 to 2000, for a total of 145 percent or about 3 percent to 4 percent per year (46 percent, 30 percent, and 29 percent in each respective decade). The population of the Vineyard was 14,901 in the 2000 Census and was estimated at 15,582 in 2004. (Dukes County was 14,987 in 2000 and 15,669 in 2004).<ref name=\"Growth\" /> Dukes County includes the six towns on Martha's Vineyard and Gosnold; it increased by more than 10 percent between 2000 and 2010, according to Census data released in 2011, gaining nearly 1,548 residents. The Island's population increased from 14,987 to 16,535.<ref name=\"statehousenewsservice\" />\n\nA study by the Martha's Vineyard Commission found that the cost of living on the island is 60 percent higher than the national average, and housing prices are 96 percent higher. A study of housing needs by the Commission found that the average weekly wage on Martha's Vineyard was \"71 percent of the state average, the median home price was 54 percent above the state's and the median rent exceeded the state's by 17 percent,\" all leading to a stark example of severe income inequalities between year-round residents and their seasonal counterparts.", "title": "Martha's Vineyard" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cape Cod\n\nCape Cod is a peninsula extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland Massachusetts, in the northeastern United States. Its historic, maritime character and ample beaches attract heavy tourism during the summer months. The name Cape Cod, coined in 1602 by Bartholomew Gosnold, is the ninth oldest English place-name in the U.S.<ref name=\"NamesOnTheLand\" />\n\nAs defined by the Cape Cod Commission's enabling legislation, Cape Cod is conterminous with Barnstable County, Massachusetts. It extends from Provincetown in the northeast to Woods Hole in the southwest, and is bordered by Plymouth to the northwest. The Cape is divided into fifteen towns, several of which are in turn made up of multiple named villages. Cape Cod forms the southern boundary of the Gulf of Maine, which extends north-eastward to Nova Scotia.\n\nSince 1914, most of Cape Cod has been separated from the mainland by the Cape Cod Canal. The canal cuts roughly across the base of the peninsula, though small portions of the Cape Cod towns of Bourne and Sandwich lie on the mainland side of the canal. Two highway bridges cross the Cape Cod Canal: the Sagamore Bridge and the Bourne Bridge. In addition, the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge carries railway freight and provides limited passenger service onto the Cape.", "title": "Cape Cod" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nantucket\n\nNantucket () is an island about south from Cape Cod. Together with the small islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget, it constitutes the Town and County of Nantucket, a combined county/town government that is part of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It is the only such consolidated town-county in Massachusetts. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,255, making it the least populated county in Massachusetts. Part of the town is designated the Nantucket CDP, or census-designated place. The region of Surfside on Nantucket is the southernmost settlement in Massachusetts.\n\nThe name \"Nantucket\" is adapted from similar Algonquian names for the island, but is very similar to the endonym of the native Nehantucket tribe that occupied the region at the time of European settlement.\n\nNantucket is a tourist destination and summer colony. Due to tourists and seasonal residents, the population of the island increases to at least 50,000 during the summer months. The average sale price for a single-family home was $2.3 million in the first quarter of 2018.\n\nThe National Park Service cites Nantucket, designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1966, as being the \"finest surviving architectural and environmental example of a late 18th- and early 19th-century New England seaport town.\"<ref>\n</ref> \n\nNantucket is accessible by boat, ferry, or airplane.", "title": "Nantucket" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Outer Lands\n\nThe Outer Lands is the prominent terminal moraine archipelagic region off the southern coast of New England in the United States. This eight-county region of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York, comprises the peninsula of Cape Cod and the islands of Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, the Elizabeth Islands, the Narragansett Bay Islands, Block Island, Long Island, and Staten Island, as well as surrounding islands and islets.\n\nThough the existence of an arc or chain of islands in this archipelago is widely acknowledged by geographers, it is rarely given a specific name; occasionally a descriptive term such as southern New England islands or a technical term such as Cape Cod/Long Island ecoregion and used by later natural history authors such as Patrick J. Lynch.", "title": "Outer Lands" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nomans Land (Massachusetts)\n\nNomans Land (Wampanoag: ; also mapped \"No Man's Land,\" \"No Mans Land,\" or \"No Man's island\"), is an uninhabited island 612 acres (248 ha) in size, located in the town of Chilmark, Dukes County, Massachusetts. It is situated about 3 miles (4.8 km) off the southwest corner of the island of Martha's Vineyard.\n\nThe island was used by the United States Navy as a practice bombing range from 1943 to 1996. In 1998, the Navy transferred the island to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for use as an unstaffed wildlife refuge, which now forms Nomans Land Island National Wildlife Refuge.", "title": "Nomans Land (Massachusetts)" }, { "id": "722718", "score": "1.7018814", "text": "the Elizabeth Islands and the island of Nomans Land. The Vineyard was home to one of the earliest known deaf communities in the United States; consequently, a special sign language, Martha's Vineyard Sign Language, was developed on the island. The 2010 census reported a year-round population of 16,535 residents, although the summer population can swell to more than 100,000 people. About 56 percent of the Vineyard's 14,621 homes are seasonally occupied. Martha's Vineyard is primarily known as a summer colony, and it is only accessible by boat and air. However, its year-round population has considerably increased since the 1960s. The", "title": "Martha's Vineyard" }, { "id": "2221143", "score": "1.6972944", "text": "arriving in May 1602 at Cape Elizabeth in Maine (Lat. 43 degrees). The next day, on 15 May 1602, he sailed into Provincetown Harbor, where he is credited with naming Cape Cod. Following the coastline for several days, he discovered Martha's Vineyard and named it after his deceased daughter, Martha, and the wild grapes that covered much of the land. Gosnold established a small post on Cuttyhunk Island, one of the Elizabeth Islands, near Gosnold, now in Massachusetts. The post was abandoned when settlers decided to return on the ship to England since they feared they had insufficient provisions to", "title": "Bartholomew Gosnold" }, { "id": "722746", "score": "1.6762395", "text": "island have been regionalized, such as the public school system, emergency management and waste management. There is a growing push for further regionalization areas of law enforcement, water treatment, and possible government regionalization. Each town also follows certain regulations from Dukes County. The towns are: The three \"Down-Island\" towns of Edgartown, Tisbury and Oak Bluffs are \"wet\" towns serving all alcohol. West Tisbury and Aquinnah are \"soggy\" towns that serve only beer and wine, and Chilmark is a \"dry\" town. Martha's Vineyard is located approximately seven miles off the southern coast of Cape Cod. It is reached by a ferry", "title": "Martha's Vineyard" }, { "id": "9917430", "score": "1.6628314", "text": "The Islands (Massachusetts) The Islands is the collective name for the set of large islands south of Cape Cod in the southeast corner of the U.S. state of Massachusetts: Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, the Elizabeth Islands, and a small number of minor islands. The Islands are the location of numerous beach resorts, celebrity second homes, and preserved buildings dating back to the whaling era. Nantucket Island (together with the two smaller islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget) constitutes the town of Nantucket; the Elizabeth Islands constitute the town of Gosnold; and Martha's Vineyard contains the towns of Edgartown, Oak Bluffs, Tisbury (including", "title": "The Islands (Massachusetts)" }, { "id": "722722", "score": "1.6570283", "text": "after the captain of Gosnold's ship, John Martin); many islanders up to the 18th century called it by this name. The United States Board on Geographic Names worked to standardize placename spellings in the late 19th century, including the dropping of apostrophes. Thus for a time Martha's Vineyard was officially named \"Marthas Vineyard\", but the Board reversed its decision in the early 20th century, making Martha's Vineyard one of the five placenames in the United States that takes a possessive apostrophe. English settlement began with the purchase of Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and the Elizabeth Islands by Thomas Mayhew of Watertown,", "title": "Martha's Vineyard" }, { "id": "722764", "score": "1.6320128", "text": "independent and established filmmakers from across the globe. This annual event draws attendees from all across the world. Since the 19th century, the island has had a sizable community of Portuguese-Americans, concentrated primarily in the three down-Island towns of Oak Bluffs, Tisbury, and Edgartown; they have traditionally worked alongside other island residents in whaling and fishing. It also has a large community of Brazilian immigrants who work mainly in the maintenance of the island’s vacation facilities. The island's permanent residents were profiled in a London \"Telegraph\" article showing \"the dark side of Martha's Vineyard\". In the same month an article", "title": "Martha's Vineyard" }, { "id": "722737", "score": "1.6231585", "text": "As a coincidental footnote in history, Bishop Haven's gingerbread cottage was located in Oak Bluffs at 10 Clinton Avenue. The avenue was named in 1851 and was designated as the main promenade of the Martha's Vineyard Campmeeting Association campgrounds. On August 23, 2009, Barack Obama arrived in Chilmark with his family for a week's vacation at a rental property known as Blue Heron Farm. On July 16, 1999, a small plane crashed off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, claiming the lives of pilot John F. Kennedy Jr., his wife Carolyn Bessette and her sister Lauren Bessette. Kennedy's mother, former U.S.", "title": "Martha's Vineyard" }, { "id": "5120460", "score": "1.622896", "text": "wildlife habitat, the island is closed to all public use. In 1602, during the British ship \"Concord\"'s exploration of Cape Cod, Captain Bartholomew Gosnold named Nomans Land \"Martha's Vineyard\" after his eldest daughter, Martha. However, the name was later transferred to the larger island currently known as Martha's Vineyard, which is located northeast of Nomans Land. The island was probably named \"Nomans Land\" after a Martha's Vineyard Wampanoag sachem, Tequenoman, who had jurisdiction over the island when the English came in the early 17th century: named from \"\"Teque\"Noman's Land\" (figurative phrase). An entail of 1695 mentions that William Nicoll of", "title": "Nomans Land (Massachusetts)" }, { "id": "9917434", "score": "1.6115642", "text": "supplemented by ample opportunities for cycling, equestrianism, fishing, sailing, and some of the finest whale watching in the world. The Islands have been a part of the lives of many noted personalities, including Mary Morrill, Mayhew Folger, Lucretia Mott, Rowland Hussey Macy, Walter Cronkite, William Styron, William Labov, Ted Kennedy, David McCullough, and Carly Simon. The Islands (Massachusetts) The Islands is the collective name for the set of large islands south of Cape Cod in the southeast corner of the U.S. state of Massachusetts: Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, the Elizabeth Islands, and a small number of minor islands. The Islands are", "title": "The Islands (Massachusetts)" }, { "id": "723234", "score": "1.5981367", "text": "the creation of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. The meaning of the term is uncertain, although it may have meant \"in the midst of waters\" or \"far away island.\" Wampanoag is an Eastern Algonquian language of southern New England. The Nehantucket (known to Europeans as the Niantic) were an Algonquin-speaking culture of the area. Nantucket's nickname, \"The Little Grey Lady of the Sea,\" refers to the island as it appears from the ocean when it is fog-bound. The earliest English settlement in the region began on the neighboring island of Martha's Vineyard. Nantucket Island's original Native American inhabitants, the Wampanoag people,", "title": "Nantucket" }, { "id": "722734", "score": "1.5949917", "text": "and Lee Fierro as Mrs. Kintner. Scores of other island natives appeared in the film as extras. Later, scenes from \"Jaws 2\" and \"\" were filmed on the island, as well. In June 2005 the island celebrated the 30th anniversary of \"Jaws\" with a weekend-long Jawsfest. In 1977, distressed over losing their guaranteed seat in the Massachusetts General Court, inhabitants of Martha's Vineyard considered the possibility of secession from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, either to become part of another state (having received offers from both Vermont and Hawaii), reincorporating as a separate U.S. territory, or as the nation's 51st state.", "title": "Martha's Vineyard" }, { "id": "2073018", "score": "1.5922036", "text": "video game \"Fallout 4\" is set on a post-apocolyptic Mount Desert Island, with Bar Harbor being in a location on the island congruent with the main settlement in the game, the town of Far Harbor, of which the DLC is named after. Mount Desert Island Mount Desert Island (MDI) in Hancock County, Maine, is the largest island off the coast of Maine. With an area of it is the 52nd-largest island in the United States, the sixth-largest island in the contiguous United States, and the second-largest island on the Eastern seaboard, behind Long Island and ahead of Martha's Vineyard. According", "title": "Mount Desert Island" }, { "id": "722739", "score": "1.5911288", "text": "on the island, and it was also the setting for Robert Harris' 2007 novel \"The Ghost\". Martha's Vineyard was known as an \"everyone signed\" community for several hundred years, and many Deaf people view Martha's Vineyard as a utopia. A high rate of hereditary deafness was documented on Martha's Vineyard for almost two centuries. The island's deaf heritage cannot be traced to one common ancestor and is thought to have originated in the Weald, a region that overlaps the borders of the English counties of Kent and Sussex, prior to immigration. Researcher Nora Groce estimates that by the late 19th", "title": "Martha's Vineyard" }, { "id": "2967324", "score": "1.58215", "text": "Elizabeth Islands The Elizabeth Islands are a chain of small islands extending southwest from the southern coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts in the United States. They are located at the outer edge of Buzzards Bay, north of Martha's Vineyard from which they are separated by Vineyard Sound, and constitute the town of Gosnold, Massachusetts in Dukes County. The islands were claimed by England and named after Queen Elizabeth I. In 1641, Thomas Mayhew the Elder, of Watertown, Massachusetts, bought the islands—along with Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard—from William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling. Before the creation of the Province of Massachusetts", "title": "Elizabeth Islands" }, { "id": "722752", "score": "1.5817872", "text": "now has a year-round population of about 15,000 people in six towns; in summer, the population increases to 100,000 residents, with more than 25,000 additional short-term visitors coming and going on the ferries during the summer season. The most crowded weekend is July 4, followed by the late-August weekend of the Agricultural Fair. In general, the summer season runs from June through Labor Day weekend, coinciding with the months most American children are not in school. In 1985, the two islands of Martha's Vineyard and Chappaquiddick Island were included in a new American Viticultural Area designation for wine appellation of", "title": "Martha's Vineyard" } ]

[ "Lands", "Land", "Dry land", "landmass", "dry land", "land mass", "lands", "land", "Land mass", "Landmass" ]

[ { "id": "2844180", "score": "1.7960625", "text": "of Monterrey Bay, but negotiations broke down and the fighting resumed. In September 1847, Scott's army captured Mexico City. Santa Anna was forced to flee and a provisional government began the task of negotiating peace. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed on February 2, 1848. It recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary of Texas and ceded what is now the states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico to the United States, while also paying Mexico $15,000,000 for the territory. In the presidential election of 1848, Zachary Taylor ran as a Whig and won easily", "title": "History of the United States (1789–1849)" }, { "id": "12908537", "score": "1.7728214", "text": "and striking out Article X (which conceded the legitimacy of land grants made by the Mexican government). On May 26, 1848, when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, they further agreed to a three-article protocol (known as the Protocol of Querétaro) to explain the amendments. The first article claimed that the original Article IX of the treaty, although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana, would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX. The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants under Mexican law. The protocol was signed in the city", "title": "Mexican–American War" }, { "id": "1430661", "score": "1.7673401", "text": "helped ease Mexican concern about abandoning the people of New Mexico. The treaty was formally proclaimed on 4 July 1848. On 30 May 1848, when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, they further negotiated a three-article protocol to explain the amendments. The first article stated that the original Article IX of the treaty, although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana, would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX. The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants pursuant to Mexican law. The protocol further noted that said explanations had been accepted", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, { "id": "1430635", "score": "1.766429", "text": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (\"Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo\" in Spanish), officially titled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). The treaty came into force on July 4, 1848. With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital, Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war. The treaty called", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, { "id": "12908532", "score": "1.7658501", "text": "and with many of its large cities occupied, Mexico could not defend itself; the country was also faced with many internal divisions, including the Caste War of Yucatán. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war. The treaty gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, established the U.S.-Mexican border of the Rio Grande, and ceded to the United States the present-day states of California, Nevada, and Utah, most of New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Texas,", "title": "Mexican–American War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo\n\nThe Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (), officially the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlement between the United States of America and the United Mexican States, is the peace treaty that was signed on 2 February 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). The treaty was ratified by the United States on 10 March and by Mexico on 19 May. The ratifications were exchanged on 30 May, and the treaty was proclaimed on 4 July 1848.\n\nWith the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital in September 1847, Mexico entered into negotiations with the U.S. peace envoy, Nicholas Trist, to end the war. On the Mexican side, there were factions that did not concede defeat or seek to engage in negotiations. The treaty called for the United States to pay US$15 million to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico up to US$5 million. It gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas, and gave the U.S. ownership of California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, as well as an area comprising most of New Mexico, and approximately two-thirds of Arizona. Mexicans in those annexed areas had the choice of relocating within Mexico's new boundaries or receiving American citizenship with full civil rights.\n\nThe U.S. Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty by a vote of 38–14. The opponents of this treaty were led by the Whigs, who had opposed the war and rejected manifest destiny in general, and rejected this expansion in particular. The amount of land gained by the United States from Mexico was further increased as a result of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, which ceded parts of present-day southern Arizona and New Mexico to the United States.", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mexican Cession\n\nThe Mexican Cession () is the region in the modern-day southwestern United States that Mexico originally controlled, then ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 after the Mexican–American War. This region had not been part of the areas east of the Rio Grande that had been claimed by the Republic of Texas, though the Texas annexation resolution two years earlier had not specified the southern and western boundary of the new state of Texas. At roughly , the Mexican Cession was the third-largest acquisition of territory in U.S. history, surpassed only by the Louisiana Purchase and the Alaska Purchase.\n\nMost of the area had been the Mexican territory of Alta California, while a southeastern strip on the Rio Grande had been part of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, most of whose area and population were east of the Rio Grande on land that had been claimed by the Republic of Texas since 1835, but never controlled or even approached aside from the Texan Santa Fe Expedition. Mexico controlled the territory later known as the Mexican Cession, with considerable local autonomy punctuated by several revolts and few troops sent from central Mexico, in the period from 1821–22 after independence from Spain up through 1846 when U.S. military forces seized control of California and New Mexico on the outbreak of the Mexican-American War. The northern boundary of the 42nd parallel north was set by the Adams–Onís Treaty signed by the United States and Spain in 1821 and ratified by Mexico in 1831 in the Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States). The eastern boundary of the Mexican Cession was the Texas claim at the Rio Grande and extending north from the headwaters of the Rio Grande, not corresponding to Mexican territorial boundaries. The southern boundary was set by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which followed the Mexican boundaries between Alta California (to the north) and Baja California and Sonora (to the south).", "title": "Mexican Cession" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Mexican–American War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Treaty of Cahuenga\n\nThe Treaty of Cahuenga (), also called the Capitulation of Cahuenga (\"Capitulación de Cahuenga\"), was an 1847 agreement that ended the Conquest of California, resulting in a ceasefire between Californios and Americans. The treaty was signed at the Campo de Cahuenga on 13 January 1847, ending the fighting of the Mexican-American War within Alta California (modern-day California). The treaty was drafted in both English and Spanish by José Antonio Carrillo and signed by John C. Frémont, representing the American forces, and Andrés Pico, representing the Mexican forces.\n\nThe treaty called for the Californios to give up their artillery, and provided that all prisoners from both sides be immediately freed. Those Californios who promised not to again take up arms during the war, and to obey the laws and regulations of the United States, were allowed to peaceably return to their homes and ranchos. They were to be allowed the same rights and privileges as were allowed to citizens of the United States, and were not to be compelled to take an oath of allegiance until a treaty of peace was signed between the United States and Mexico, and were given the privilege of leaving the country if they wished to do so.\n\nUnder the later Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, Mexico formally ceded Alta California and other territories to the United States, and the disputed border of Texas was fixed at the Rio Grande. Pico, like nearly all the Californios, became an American citizen with full legal and voting rights. Pico later became a State Assemblyman and then a State Senator representing Los Angeles in the California State Legislature.", "title": "Treaty of Cahuenga" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Compromise of 1850\n\nThe Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850 that defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired in the Mexican–American War. It also set Texas' western and northern borders and included provisions addressing fugitive slaves and the slave trade. The compromise was designed by Whig senator Henry Clay and Democratic senator Stephen A. Douglas, with the support of President Millard Fillmore.\n\nThe component acts:\n\n\nA debate over slavery in the territories had erupted during the Mexican–American War, as many Southerners sought to expand slavery to the newly-acquired lands and many Northerners opposed any such expansion. The debate was further complicated by Texas's claim to all former Mexican territory north and east of the Rio Grande, including areas it had never effectively controlled. These issues prevented the passage of organic acts to create organized territorial governments for the land acquired in the Mexican–American War. In early 1850, Clay proposed a package of eight bills that would settle most of the pressing issues before Congress. Clay's proposal was opposed by President Zachary Taylor, anti-slavery Whigs like William Seward, and pro-slavery Democrats like John C. Calhoun, and congressional debate over the territories continued. The debates over the bill were the most famous in Congressional history, and the divisions devolved into fistfights and drawn guns on the floor of Congress.\n\nAfter Taylor died and was succeeded by Fillmore, Douglas took the lead in passing Clay's compromise through Congress as five separate bills. Under the compromise, Texas surrendered its claims to present-day New Mexico and other states in return for federal assumption of Texas's public debt. California was admitted as a free state, while the remaining portions of the Mexican Cession were organized into New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory. Under the concept of popular sovereignty, the people of each territory would decide whether or not slavery would be permitted. The compromise also included a more stringent Fugitive Slave Law and banned the slave trade in Washington, D.C. The issue of slavery in the territories would be re-opened by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, but the Compromise of 1850 played a major role in postponing the American Civil War.", "title": "Compromise of 1850" }, { "id": "1430670", "score": "1.7546782", "text": "in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism, by-passed by modern social, environmental and political issues. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (\"Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo\" in Spanish), officially titled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). The treaty came into force on July 4, 1848. With the", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, { "id": "1430657", "score": "1.7464917", "text": "and Miguel Atristain as plenipotentiary representatives of Mexico on 2 February 1848, at the main altar of the old Basilica of Guadalupe at Villa Hidalgo (within the present city limits) as U.S. troops under the command of Gen. Winfield Scott were occupying Mexico City. The version of the treaty ratified by the United States Senate eliminated Article X, which stated that the U.S. government would honor and guarantee all land grants awarded in lands ceded to the U.S. to citizens of Spain and Mexico by those respective governments. Article VIII guaranteed that Mexicans who remained more than one year in", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, { "id": "12908420", "score": "1.7347705", "text": "of Veracruz on the Gulf Coast, where the Americans staged their first ever amphibious landing. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, forced onto the remnant Mexican government, ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States. The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war and assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens. Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as", "title": "Mexican–American War" }, { "id": "12908539", "score": "1.7266718", "text": "could not be released from its obligations. The US was released from all obligations of Article XI five years later by Article II of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States. Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the U.S. The losses amounted to one-third of its original territory from its 1821 independence. Before the secession of", "title": "Mexican–American War" }, { "id": "11228353", "score": "1.7247703", "text": "leave or become U.S. citizens, American responsibility to prevent cross-border Indian raids, protection of church property, and a $15 million payment to Mexico. On February 2, 1848, Trist and the Mexican delegation signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Polk received the document on February 19, and, after the Cabinet met on the 20th, decided he had no choice but to accept it. If he turned it down, with the House by then controlled by the Whigs, there was no assurance Congress would vote funding to continue the war. Both Buchanan and Walker dissented, wanting more land from Mexico. Some senators", "title": "Presidency of James K. Polk" }, { "id": "4980451", "score": "1.723522", "text": "8 January to 3 June 1848. The state of Yucatán had seceded from the federation, Michoacán declared sovereignty, and many other states were ignoring the federal government. During his term of office, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war with the United States, was negotiated and signed. Negotiations began on 2 January 1848 and concluded on 2 February. Mexico ceded Texas, New Mexico and Alta California to the United States and received a payment of 15 million dollars. The treaty had much opposition in Congress, which was meeting in Querétaro, but considering the state of the country and", "title": "Manuel de la Peña y Peña" }, { "id": "1430651", "score": "1.7230635", "text": "and fighting there ended on 13 January 1847 with the signing of the \"Capitulation Agreement\" at \"Campo de Cahuenga\" and end of the Taos Revolt. By the middle of September 1847, U.S. forces had successfully invaded central Mexico and occupied Mexico City. Some Eastern Democrats called for complete annexation of Mexico and claimed that some Mexican liberals would welcome this, but President Polk's State of the Union address in December 1847 upheld Mexican independence and argued at length that occupation and any further military operations in Mexico were aimed at securing a treaty ceding California and New Mexico up to", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, { "id": "13684793", "score": "1.7214193", "text": "400 Mexican soldiers prisoners of war. American forces maintained an occupation of the state capital for the rest of the Mexican–American War. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war, gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, and established the U.S.–Mexican border of the Rio Grande. As news of peace negotiations reached the state, new call to arms began to flare among the people of the state. But as the Mexican officials in Chihuahua heard that General Price", "title": "Chihuahua (state)" }, { "id": "1430650", "score": "1.7164382", "text": "Oregon Treaty, which was signed on 15 June 1846. By avoiding any chance of conflict with Great Britain, the U.S was given a free hand in regard to Mexico. After the Thornton Affair of 25–26 April, when Mexican forces attacked an American unit in the disputed area, with the result that 11 Americans were killed, five wounded and 49 captured, Congress passed declaration of war, which Polk signed on 13 May 1846. The Mexican Congress responded with its own war declaration on 7 July 1846. California and New Mexico were quickly occupied by American forces in the summer of 1846,", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, { "id": "470069", "score": "1.7151105", "text": "lower Baja California Territory. The U.S. Army eventually captured the capital Mexico City, having marched west from the port of Veracruz, where the Americans staged their first amphibious landing on the Gulf of Mexico coast. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, forced onto the remnant Mexican government, ended the war and specified its major consequence, the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States. The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war. In addition, the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt", "title": "1840s" }, { "id": "8037723", "score": "1.705492", "text": "to more than 300 New Mexican native rebels and about 30 \"Anglos\", as non-Latino whites are commonly called in the southwest to this day. Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848, Mexico ceded much of its mostly unsettled northern holdings, today known as the American Southwest and California, to the United States of America in exchange for an end to hostilities, and the American evacuation of Mexico City and many other areas under its control. Under this treaty, Mexico recognized Texas as a part of the United States. Mexico also received $15 million cash, plus the assumption of slightly", "title": "History of New Mexico" }, { "id": "1430645", "score": "1.7007217", "text": "Guadalupe Hidalgo brought into the United States became, between 1850 and 1912, all or part of ten states: California (1850), Nevada (1869), Utah (1896), and Arizona (1912), as well as, depending upon interpretation, the entire state of Texas (1845), which then included part of Kansas (1861); Colorado (1876); Wyoming (1890); Oklahoma (1907); and New Mexico (1912). The remainder (the southern parts) of New Mexico and Arizona were peacefully purchased under the Gadsden Purchase, which was carried out in 1853. In this purchase the United States paid an additional $10 million (equivalent to $ million today), for land intended to accommodate", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, { "id": "1430662", "score": "1.6952673", "text": "by the Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs on behalf of the Mexican Government, and was signed in Santiago de Querétaro by A. H. Sevier, Nathan Clifford and Luis de la Rosa. The U.S. would later go on to ignore the protocol on the grounds that the U.S. representatives had over-reached their authority in agreeing to it. The Treaty of Mesilla, which concluded the Gadsden purchase of 1854, had significant implications for the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Article II of the treaty annulled article XI of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and article IV further annulled articles VI and VII of", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, { "id": "1430663", "score": "1.6946454", "text": "Guadalupe Hidalgo. Article V however reaffirmed the property guarantees of Guadalupe Hidalgo, specifically those contained within articles VIII and IX. In addition to the sale of land, the treaty also provided for the recognition of the Rio Grande as the boundary between the state of Texas and Mexico. The land boundaries were established by a survey team of appointed Mexican and American representatives, and published in three volumes as The United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. On 30 December 1853, the countries by agreement altered the border from the initial one by increasing the number of border markers from 6", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, { "id": "16829815", "score": "1.6929979", "text": "in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. American forces occupied New Mexico and California, then invaded parts of Northeastern Mexico and Northwestern Mexico; Another American army captured Mexico City, and the war ended with a victory for the United States. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo specified the major consequence of the war: the forced Mexican Cession of the territories of Alta California and New Mexico to the U.S. in exchange for $18 million. In addition, the United States forgave debt owed by the Mexican government", "title": "United States involvement in regime change" } ]

[ "tareq and michaele salah", "Tareq and Michaele Salah" ]

[ { "id": "14030386", "score": "1.9975109", "text": "2009 U.S. state dinner security breaches On November 24, 2009, Michaele () and Tareq Salahi (), a married couple from Virginia, and Carlos Allen (from the District of Columbia), attended a White House state dinner for Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, as uninvited guests. The Salahis and Allen arrived separately and did not appear to have colluded in their efforts. They were able to pass through two security checkpoints (including one requiring positive photo identification), enter the White House complex, and meet President Barack Obama. The incident resulted in security investigations and legal inquiries. At the time of the incident,", "title": "2009 U.S. state dinner security breaches" }, { "id": "14030416", "score": "1.9659361", "text": "industries: national security and reality television. 2009 U.S. state dinner security breaches On November 24, 2009, Michaele () and Tareq Salahi (), a married couple from Virginia, and Carlos Allen (from the District of Columbia), attended a White House state dinner for Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, as uninvited guests. The Salahis and Allen arrived separately and did not appear to have colluded in their efforts. They were able to pass through two security checkpoints (including one requiring positive photo identification), enter the White House complex, and meet President Barack Obama. The incident resulted in security investigations and legal inquiries.", "title": "2009 U.S. state dinner security breaches" }, { "id": "12718843", "score": "1.8184634", "text": "of the controversy surrounding Tareq and Michaele Salahi, where the couple was able to enter, uninvited, a November 2009 state dinner hosted by President Obama in honor of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The Secret Service ultimately took the blame for the failure after Democratic-majority members of the House Committee on Homeland Security voted against issuing Rogers a subpoena. According to \"The Washington Post\", details of the dinner planning meeting between Rogers's office and Secret Service personnel are \"being guarded by the [Obama] administration as a virtual state secret.\" On February 26, 2010, the \"Chicago Sun-Times\"′ Lynn Sweet reported that", "title": "Desirée Rogers" }, { "id": "14313748", "score": "1.7616725", "text": "and that Jones exchanged email notes with the couple, telling them she was putting them on a waiting list in case tickets became available for a state dinner with the President and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The couple went to the dinner and enjoyed themselves, only to be discovered the next day after Michaele Salahi posted her photos of the event on her Facebook page. Leading up to the evening, Jones repeatedly told the Salahis that she had no tickets for them. She released an official White House statement saying \"I specifically stated that they did not have tickets", "title": "Michele S. Jones" }, { "id": "18109338", "score": "1.7566917", "text": "in a bid to make India a manufacturing hub. Later President Obama greeted Modi by calling him a \"Man of Action\" during their brief interaction at the Gala dinner hosted by Myanmar's President on the eve of ninth East Asia Summit this was their second meeting since Obama hosted a rare dinner for Modi at the White House on 29 September 2014. On 9 December 2014 US Senate confirmed Richard Rahul Verma as the US Ambassador to India, the first Indian American to hold the office, signalling the Obama administration's will to elevate the relation with India to a newer", "title": "Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2009 U.S. state dinner security breaches\n\nOn November 24, 2009, Michaele () and Tareq Salahi (), a married couple from Virginia, and Carlos Allen (from the District of Columbia), attended a White House state dinner for Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, as uninvited guests. The Salahis and Allen arrived separately and did not appear to have colluded in their efforts. They were able to pass through two security checkpoints (including one requiring positive photo identification), enter the White House complex, and meet President Barack Obama. The incident resulted in security investigations and legal inquiries.", "title": "2009 U.S. state dinner security breaches" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Michaele Salahi\n\nMichaele Ann Schon (born Michaele Ann Holt; born October 1, 1965), formerly Michaele Salahi, is an American television personality and model. In 2010, she was a cast member on the reality show \"The Real Housewives of D.C.\" She and her then-husband, Tareq Salahi, gained national attention in November 2009 by breaching security to attend a White House state dinner in honor of India's Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.", "title": "Michaele Salahi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of White House security breaches\n\nExtensive measures are used to protect the White House as the official residence (Executive Residence) and office space (West Wing) of the president of the United States, and grounds. Security is primarily provided by the United States Secret Service. Despite security measures (such as a fence), there have been some people who have still managed to gain unauthorized access to the White House.\n\nMany of the intruders were \"pranksters or harmless people with mental illnesses\", however, some have entered with the intention of harming people.", "title": "List of White House security breaches" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference\n\nThe 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit, was held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 7 and 18 December. The conference included the 15th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 5th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties (CMP 5) to the Kyoto Protocol. According to the Bali Road Map, a framework for climate change mitigation beyond 2012 was to be agreed there.\n\nOn Friday 18 December, the final day of the conference, international media reported that the climate talks were \"in disarray\". Media also reported that in lieu of a summit collapse, only a \"weak political statement\" was anticipated at the conclusion of the conference. The Copenhagen Accord was drafted by the United States, China, India, Brazil and South Africa on 18 December, and judged a \"meaningful agreement\" by the United States government. It was \"taken note of\", but not \"adopted\", in a debate of all the participating countries the next day, and it was not passed unanimously. The document recognised that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the present day and that actions should be taken to keep any temperature increases to below 2 °C. The document is not legally binding and does not contain any legally binding commitments for reducing emissions.", "title": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "2000s" }, { "id": "8376560", "score": "1.7448461", "text": "Kathak are carefully choreographed, will all be showcased in front of the guests. Inside the tent, speeches highlighting bilateral diplomatic relations are delivered by the President of India and the foreign head of state. The guests are then offered a sumptuous meal of Indian delicacies while the Indian Navy Band performs music. State banquets follow an official arrival ceremony which occurs at the Rashtrapati Bhavan earlier in the day. In the United Kingdom, state dinners are hosted by the head of state, who is the British sovereign, currently Queen Elizabeth II. Traditionally all state dinners were held at Buckingham Palace", "title": "State dinner" }, { "id": "14030404", "score": "1.7212961", "text": "televised interview on the CBS program \"60 Minutes\" that aired December 13, 2009, President Obama termed the gatecrash a \"screw-up\", expressed anger that it had taken place, and vowed that such incidents would not occur again. The incident also resulted in criticism of the White House for an alleged lack of transparency due to the Administration's unwillingness to allow the White House social secretary to testify before Congress. Security was tightened both at the White House and at outside events involving the President, with one commentator referring to the new White House security regime as \"so tight it operated like", "title": "2009 U.S. state dinner security breaches" }, { "id": "5021004", "score": "1.704514", "text": "a banquet in New Delhi in honour of the visiting Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi: On 14 December 2006, Singh made a speech in the Japanese Diet. He stated: On 23 August 2007, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe met with Pal's son, Prasanta, in Kolkata, during his day-long visit to the city. Prasanta Pal, now an octogenarian, presented prime minister Abe with four photographs of his father, of which two photographs were of Radhabinod Pal with Abe's grandfather, former Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi. They chatted for half an hour at a city hotel. \"Questions of law are not decided in", "title": "Radhabinod Pal" }, { "id": "20566698", "score": "1.7029462", "text": "such 15 August and 26 January, when the President organizes At Home, which is attended by around 1,500-2,500 people. The third India-Africa Forum Summit where he and his team served 54 Heads of States at One Table in November 2015 was one of the reputed events of his career. This was the biggest State Banquet ever conducted by the Palace. Recently ASEAN Heads of States from 10 neighboring countries were also served at one table. Montu Saini, organized the general assembly of one of the world’s most elite gatherings of culinary experts: Le Club des Chefs des Chefs (CCC). India", "title": "Montu Saini" }, { "id": "14030395", "score": "1.7018266", "text": "and should not have been admitted. Subsequent reports and reviews of videotape revealed Allen as a third gatecrasher on that evening. On December 1, 2009, \"The Washington Post\" reported that the Secret Service found e-mail exchanges between the Salahis and Michele S. Jones, special assistant to the Secretary of Defense and the Pentagon-based liaison to the White House; Jones specifically told the Salahis not to come because she had no authority to grant admittance. That morning, the Salahis appeared on the \"Today\" show on NBC, interviewed by Matt Lauer. When Lauer asked the couple whether they were invited to the", "title": "2009 U.S. state dinner security breaches" }, { "id": "3011221", "score": "1.701429", "text": "and the US signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India. Singh had the first official state visit to the White House during the administration of US President Barack Obama. The visit took place in November 2009, and several discussions took place, including on trade and nuclear power. Relations have improved with Japan and European Union countries, like the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Relations with Iran have continued and negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have taken place. New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15", "title": "Manmohan Singh" }, { "id": "14030402", "score": "1.6883793", "text": "rolled. How such a breach in the most important official residence in the world happened is something all of us are very keen to know. Secret Service Director Mark Sullivan issued a statement on November 27 saying that the Secret Service was \"deeply concerned and embarrassed by the circumstances surrounding the State Dinner\". Sullivan's statement also pointed out that \"the preliminary findings of our internal investigation have determined established protocols were not followed at an initial checkpoint, verifying that two individuals were on the guest list.\" \"Newsweek\" magazine further reported, \"The White House staff member whose job was to supervise", "title": "2009 U.S. state dinner security breaches" }, { "id": "8376566", "score": "1.6692125", "text": "of state dinners were held every winter social season to honor Congress, the Supreme Court, and members of the diplomatic corps. In the late 19th century, the term state dinner became synonymous with a dinner hosted by the president honoring a foreign head of state. The first visiting head of state to attend a state dinner at the White House was King David Kalakaua of the Kingdom of Hawaii, hosted by Ulysses S. Grant on December 12, 1874. The restoration of the White House by the architectural firm McKim, Mead, and White in 1902 created a more proper setting for", "title": "State dinner" }, { "id": "12085337", "score": "1.6674687", "text": "skilled gate crasher. The first \"how to\" gate-crashing book, \"Meet the Stars\", was written by Charlotte Laws in 1988. She went by the name Missy Laws at the time and details how she crashed dozens of celebrity-filled events, major award shows and even got past Secret Service to interview the president. Her story about Elvis was reprinted in \"Uncle John's Bathroom Reader\". On November 24, 2009, Michaele and Tareq Salahi, from Virginia, and Carlos Allen, from Washington D.C., independently gate-crashed the state dinner between President Barack Obama and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. On 7 September 2013, after media reported", "title": "Gate crashing" }, { "id": "14032336", "score": "1.6661384", "text": "photos of the couple posing with President Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel, and other celebrities in attendance. Secret Service director Mark Sullivan issued a statement on November 27 saying that the Secret Service was \"deeply concerned and embarrassed by the circumstances surrounding the State Dinner\". Sullivan's statement also pointed out that \"the preliminary findings of our internal investigation have determined established protocols were not followed at an initial checkpoint, verifying that two individuals were on the guest list.\" Representative Peter T. King, Republican of New York, wrote a letter to the United States House Committee", "title": "Michaele Salahi" }, { "id": "14032335", "score": "1.6622066", "text": "spokeswoman Muriel Cooper refuted that claim. \"The first the White House security detail knew of their blunder in allowing them into [the November 24, 2009, state dinner] was when the couple posted photographs from the dinner on their Facebook page.\" Invited guest Brian Williams, anchor of the \"NBC Nightly News\", observed the Salahis' SUV being turned away from the East Gate entrance. After that, he saw the Salahis and crew leave their vehicle and walk to the White House. They entered through two security checkpoints; only one of them checked for photo ID. The White House on November 27 released", "title": "Michaele Salahi" }, { "id": "17586160", "score": "1.659533", "text": "represented India, when he went to the United States where he met President Barack Obama at the White House and United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon at the UN headquarters in 2013 and Queen Elizabeth II at a private visit to Buckingham Palace in London 2014. Now he has been succeeded by Chef Montu Saini. Kasture was born in Pune, Maharashtra. He did his Bachlor of Arts degree at Pune University and his Diploma in Hotel managementat Indian Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Mumbai in 1983. He was inspired by his mother, who would often take him to", "title": "Machindra Kasture" }, { "id": "2333622", "score": "1.6546342", "text": "Cooper to Henry Kissinger to Ban Ki-Moon. On October 14, 2009, Penn Masala performed at the White House in Washington, D.C. for the White House's celebration of Diwali and the signing ceremony of the Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. The event took place in the East Room, with attendees including President Barack Obama, the Secretary of Commerce and Secretary of Education, Associate Director of Public Engagement Kalpen Modi (also known as Kal Penn), members of Congress, and distinguished community members. Penn Masala opened the ceremony with a performance which was followed by a speech by President Obama, who", "title": "Penn Masala" }, { "id": "20566699", "score": "1.6516494", "text": "hosted the annual assembly of CCC for the first time in 2016. The Club was greeted & hosted by The then President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee in the palace. Honorable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi also hosted a Hi-Tea on 25 October 2016, in Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi, India. He was the jury member of Spice Route culinary festival where chef from 15 nations gathered in Kochi in 2016 organized by Ministry of Tourism. Montu Saini Montu Saini (born 5 August 1982) is an Indian chef based in New Delhi. He is currently the Executive chef to the President", "title": "Montu Saini" }, { "id": "14030389", "score": "1.6422434", "text": "blue evening gowns worn by most female guests, Salahi wore a gold embroidered red ensemble, to which the press widely referred as a sari (more precisely, a lehenga-style sari and choli). Michaele was recorded on film saying that she had conferred with White House social secretary Desirée Rogers as to whether wearing this attire would be appropriate, and that \"they thought the sari was a great idea.\" Aparajita Mukherjee of the \"Times of India\" later implied that Salahi probably bought the ensemble in the Janpath market of New Delhi during a July 2009 visit to invite the Indian polo team", "title": "2009 U.S. state dinner security breaches" } ]

[ "Yerushaláyim", "Asia/Jerusalem", "Jersalem", "Yerushalaim", "Jorsal", "hierosolyma", "jerusalam", "Jerusalem", "Al-Quds", "jerusalem israel", "ιερουσαλήμ", "jersalem", "jeruslam", "neighbourhoods of jerusalem", "yerushalayim", "al kuds", "יְרוּשָׁלַיִם", "Jerusulam", "Alquds", "jerusalem", "ירושלים", "Al Kuds", "ierusalem", "asia jerusalem", "Hierousalem", "jeruselem", "Baitul Maqdis", "El Quds", "yerushaláyim", "Ur Shalim", "baitul maqdis", "Jersualem", "Hierosolyma", "Ursalim", "Ir Hakodesh", "yerusalem", "Jeruslem", "alquds", "ir hakodesh", "Al-Kuds", "י ם", "Jerusalem, Israel", "Jerusalam", "Jeruzalem", "Yerushalayim", "Bayt al-Muqaddas", "el quds", "Modern Jerusalem", "Al-Quds al-Sharif", "Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem", "י-ם", "kudüs", "El-Kuds", "ur shalim", "yerushalaim", "ursalim", "Jeruslam", "j lem", "jerusulam", "Yeru-Shalayim", "jersualem", "hierousalem", "El Kuds", "Ιερουσαλήμ", "jerusalem palestine", "jeruzalem", "el kuds", "jorsal", "J'lem", "Jeruselem", "al quds al sharif", "bayt al muqaddas", "Jerusalem, Palestine", "modern jerusalem", "Yerusalem", "القُدس", "Kudüs", "yeru shalayim", "jeruslem", "jerusulem", "El-Quds", "Jerusulem", "al quds", "jeruselum", "Jeruselum", "Ierusalem" ]

[ { "id": "2435587", "score": "1.778511", "text": "the Israelites, the Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Jews, Romans, Byzantines, Umayyads, Abbasids, Turks, Crusaders, Mamluks, Ottomans, the British and now Israelis have controlled the region at one time or another. From 1516 until the conclusion of World War I, the region was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. From 1915 to 1916, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, corresponded by letters with Sayyid Hussein bin Ali, the father of Pan Arabism. These letters, were later known as the Hussein–McMahon Correspondence. McMahon promised Hussein and his Arab followers the territory of the Ottoman Empire in exchange for assistance in driving", "title": "One-state solution" }, { "id": "426750", "score": "1.6985016", "text": "ruled by the Canaanites, Egyptians, Philistines, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Phoenicians, Ptolemies, Seleucids, Hasmoneans, Romans, Byzantines, the early Islamic caliphates, Crusaders, Ayyubids, and Mamluks before coming under Ottoman rule in 1515. It had been fought over numerous times. The city is mentioned in ancient Egyptian documents, as well as the Hebrew Bible. During the First Aliyah in the 1880s, when Jewish immigrants began arriving in the region in significant numbers, new neighborhoods were founded outside Jaffa on the current territory of Tel Aviv. The first was Neve Tzedek, founded by Mizrahi Jews due to overcrowding in Jaffa and built on", "title": "Tel Aviv" }, { "id": "8972206", "score": "1.6924932", "text": "Babylonians against Judah in the 597 BC sack of Jerusalem, they rebelled against them a decade later. The kingdoms were reduced to vassals, and they remained to be so under the Persian and Hellenic Empires. However, by the time of Roman rule around 63 BC, Ammon, Edom and Moab had lost their distinct identities, and were assimilated into Roman culture. Alexander the Great's conquest of the Persian Empire in 332 BC introduced Hellenistic culture to the Middle East. After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the empire split among his generals, and in the end much of Transjordan was disputed between", "title": "Jordan" }, { "id": "9634657", "score": "1.6903644", "text": "reduced from that of the kingdom, archaeological surveys showing a population of around 30,000 people in the 5th to 4th centuries BCE. With successive Persian rule, the autonomous province \"Yehud Medinata\" was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into the Ptolemaic and finally the Seleucid empires, the southern Levant was heavily hellenized, building the tensions between Judeans and Greeks. The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt, which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah, which later expanded over", "title": "Israel" }, { "id": "2048352", "score": "1.6800611", "text": "Jordanian control. Jordanian law required Armenians and other Christians to \"give equal time to the Bible and Qur'an\" in private Christian schools, and restricted the expansion of church assets. The 1967 war is remembered by residents of the quarter as a miracle, after two unexploded bombs were found inside the Armenian monastery. Today, more than 3,000 Armenians live in Jerusalem, 500 of them in the Armenian Quarter. Some are temporary residents studying at the seminary or working as church functionaries. The Patriarchate owns the land in this quarter as well as valuable property in West Jerusalem and elsewhere. In 1975,", "title": "Old City (Jerusalem)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Palestine\n\nThe history of Palestine is the study of the past in the region of Palestine, also known as the Land of Israel and the Holy Land, defined as the territory between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River (where Israel and Palestine are today). Strategically situated between three continents, Palestine has a tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. Palestine is the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, and has been controlled by many kingdoms and powers, including Ancient Egypt, Ancient Israel and Judah, the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great and his successors, the Hasmoneans, the Roman Empire, several Muslim Caliphates, and the Crusaders. In modern times, the area was ruled by the Ottoman Empire, then the United Kingdom and since 1948 it has been divided into Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.", "title": "History of Palestine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Jerusalem\n\nDuring its long history, Jerusalem has been attacked 52 times, captured and recaptured 44 times, besieged 23 times, and destroyed twice. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE, making Jerusalem one of the oldest cities in the world.\n\nGiven the city's central position in both Israeli nationalism and Palestinian nationalism, the selectivity required to summarize more than 5,000 years of inhabited history is often influenced by ideological bias or background (see Historiography and nationalism). For example, the Jewish periods of the city's history are important to Israeli nationalists, whose discourse states that modern Jews originate and descend from the Israelites, while the Islamic periods of the city's history are important to Palestinian nationalists, whose discourse suggests that modern Palestinians descend from all the different peoples who have lived in the region. As a result, both sides claim the history of the city has been politicized by the other in order to strengthen their relative claims to the city, and that this is borne out by the different focuses the different writers place on the various events and eras in the city's history.", "title": "History of Jerusalem" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Palestine (region)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of Israel" }, { "id": "12835906", "score": "1.6726114", "text": "control of Syria and prepared to invade Judea but retreated following an invasion of Armenia by Lucullus. According to Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi writing in c. 482 CE, Tigranes captured Jerusalem and deported Hyrcanus to Armenia; however, most scholars deem this account to be incorrect. Pompey and his immediate successors, Aulus Gabinius, etc., reduced certain areas of the land into single city domains and petty lordships. \"The Jews were ...obliged to give up all the possessions which they had hitherto gained, particularly the whole coast\". These cities had been self-governing poleis before the Jewish Hasmoneans had conquered them in the", "title": "History of Palestine" }, { "id": "3990618", "score": "1.6685575", "text": "Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Achaemenids, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Parthians, Sasanians, Byzantines, the Arab Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mamluks, Mongols, Ottomans, the British, and modern Israelis and Palestinians. Modern archaeologists and historians of the region refer to their field of study as Levantine archaeology. The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities and civilization. During the Bronze Age, independent Canaanite city-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Minoan Crete, and Syria. Between 1550 and 1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals", "title": "Palestine (region)" }, { "id": "4424678", "score": "1.6637888", "text": "Judges\" (1:30). In 104 BCE, the Judean priestly dynasty of the Hasmoneans conquered Galilee under the leadership of either Alexander Jannaeus or Aristobulus I and at this time the town may have been administered by a quarter-master, probably Jewish, and by the middle of the 1st century BCE, after the campaigns of Pompey, it fell under Roman rule in 63 BCE and became one of the five synods of Roman influence in the Near East. The Roman client king, Herod the Great recaptured the city in 37 BCE after it had been garrisoned by the Parthian proxy, the Hasmonean Antigonus", "title": "Sepphoris" }, { "id": "13158816", "score": "1.6630208", "text": "Jordan occupied the Eastern part of Jerusalem while Israel controlled the Western part, resulting in a division of the city. On 2 August 1948, by declaration of the Minister of Defence, Israel applied its laws to the areas of Jerusalem under its control. Displaced peoples, both Arabs and Jews, were not allowed to cross the armistice lines to return to vacated homes. Jewish Israelis took possession of many of the vacant homes in Western Jerusalem and Palestinian refugees populated the Jewish quarter until they were evicted in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1967, during the Six-Day War Israel captured East", "title": "Judaization of Jerusalem" }, { "id": "488953", "score": "1.6623418", "text": "the IDF had control over nine Arab cities and towns or mixed cities and towns: New Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa, Acre, Safed, Tiberias, Baysan (Beit She'an), Samakh and Yibna (Yavne). Another city, Jenin, was not occupied but its residents fled. The combined Arab forces captured 14 Jewish settlement points, but only one of them, Mishmar HaYarden, was in the territory of the proposed Jewish State according to Resolution 181. Within the boundaries of the proposed Jewish state, there were twelve Arab villages which opposed Jewish control or were captured by the invading Arab armies, and in addition to them, the Lod", "title": "1948 Arab–Israeli War" }, { "id": "6760115", "score": "1.6605246", "text": "Judaea Province of the Roman Empire, and later the capital of the Byzantine Palaestina Prima province during the classic period. Following the Muslim conquest in the 7th century, in which it was the last city to fall to the Arabs, the city had an Arab majority until Crusader conquest. It was diminished after the Mamluk conquest. In 1884, Bosniak immigrants settled there in a small fishing village. In 1940, kibbutz Sdot Yam was established next to the village. In February 1948 the village was conquered by a Palmach unit commanded by Yitzhak Rabin, its people already having fled following an", "title": "Caesarea" }, { "id": "385924", "score": "1.6604838", "text": "apace. By 143 BC, the Jews in the form of the Maccabees had fully established their independence. Parthian expansion continued as well. In 139 BC, Demetrius II was defeated in battle by the Parthians and was captured. By this time, the entire Iranian Plateau had been lost to Parthian control. Demetrius Nicator's brother, Antiochus VII Sidetes, took the throne after his brother's capture. He faced the enormous task of restoring a rapidly crumbling empire, one facing threats on multiple fronts. Hard-won control of Coele-Syria was threatened by the Jewish Maccabee rebels. Once-vassal dynasties in Armenia, Cappadocia, and Pontus were threatening", "title": "Seleucid Empire" }, { "id": "10626553", "score": "1.6591289", "text": "Persia would rule Phoenicia, Canaan and Aramea until Alexander the Great of Macedon would initiate the Hellenistic Age. Phoenicia under Assyrian rule During the Middle Assyrian Empire (1392–1056 BC) and the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC), Phoenicia, what is today known as Lebanon and coastal Syria, came under Assyrian rule on several occasions. Southern Canaan (in modern terms Israel, the Palestinian Territories and Jordan) was inhabited by a number of Semitic states speaking Canaanite languages, these being Israel, Judah, Samarra, Ammon, Edom, Moab, the Suteans and Amalekites. In addition, the Philistines migrated into this region from the Aegean, a non-Semitic Indo-European", "title": "Phoenicia under Assyrian rule" }, { "id": "3102272", "score": "1.6581109", "text": "divided between Israel and Jordan. The Old City and East Jerusalem continued to be occupied by Jordan, and the Jewish residents were forced out. Under Jordanian rule, half of the Old City's fifty-eight synagogues were demolished and the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives was plundered for its tombstones, which were used as paving stones and building materials. This state of affairs changed in 1967 as a result of the Six-Day War. Before the start of the war, Israel sent a message to King Hussein of Jordan saying that Israel would not attack Jerusalem or the West Bank as", "title": "Jerusalem Day" }, { "id": "8972196", "score": "1.6550653", "text": "populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre. What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. Later rulers include the Nabataean Kingdom, the Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916 during World War I, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by Britain and France. The Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by the Hashemite, then Emir, Abdullah I, and the emirate became a British protectorate. In", "title": "Jordan" }, { "id": "206410", "score": "1.6475875", "text": "Christian, suggesting that the population of Jerusalem in Byzantine times probably consisted only of Christians. In the 5th century, the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, ruled from the recently renamed Constantinople, maintained control of the city. Within the span of a few decades, Jerusalem shifted from Byzantine to Persian rule, then back to Roman-Byzantine dominion. Following Sassanid Khosrau II's early 7th century push through Syria, his generals Shahrbaraz and Shahin attacked Jerusalem () aided by the Jews of Palaestina Prima, who had risen up against the Byzantines. In the Siege of Jerusalem of 614, after 21 days of relentless", "title": "Jerusalem" }, { "id": "12032625", "score": "1.6440445", "text": "be occupied by the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. When it was conquered by the Greeks in 331 BC, the city was renamed Philadelphia. From the Hellenistic Period, there were not many architectural changes, but pottery provides evidence for their occupation. The site became Roman around 30 BC, and finally came under Muslim rule in AD 661. The Citadel declined in importance under Ayyubid rule in the 13th century, but a watchtower was added to the site during this period. The Temple of Hercules located at the site dates to the Roman occupation of the Citadel in the 2nd century AD.", "title": "Amman Citadel" }, { "id": "605231", "score": "1.641879", "text": "king, he annexed territories in Syria and Canaan previously under Egyptian or Hittite influence, and the growing power of Assyria was perhaps the reason why these two states made peace with one another. This trend continued under Tukulti-Ninurta I (1244–1208 BC) and after a hiatus, under Tiglath-Pileser I (1115–1077 BC) who conquered the Arameans of northern Syria, and thence he proceeded to conquer Damascus and the Canaanite/Phoenician cities of (Byblos), Sidon, Tyre and finally Arvad. Ann Killebrew has shown that cities such as Jerusalem were large and important walled settlements in the 'Pre-Israelite' Middle Bronze IIB and the Israelite Iron", "title": "Canaan" }, { "id": "605237", "score": "1.6407728", "text": "a foothold in the Near East. The Babylonian Empire itself collapsed in 539 BC, and Canaan fell to the Persians and became a part of the Achaemenid Empire. It remained so until in 332 BC it was conquered by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, later to fall to Rome in the late 2nd century BC, and then Byzantium, until the Arab Islamic invasion and conquest of the 7th century. Canaan included what today are Lebanon, Israel, northwestern Jordan, and some western areas of Syria. According to archaeologist Jonathan N. Tubb, \"Ammonites, Moabites, Israelites and Phoenicians undoubtedly achieved their own", "title": "Canaan" }, { "id": "12814387", "score": "1.6405609", "text": "Christians, Ghassanid and Nabatean Arabs, as well as Greeks, and by non-Christian minorities of Jews, Samaritans, and Itureans. The population of the region did not become predominantly Muslim and Arab in identity until nearly a millennium after the conquest. The Muslim Arab army attacked Jerusalem, held by the Byzantines in November 636. For four months the siege continued. Ultimately, the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius, agreed to surrender Jerusalem to Caliph Umar in person. Umar, then at Medina, agreed to these terms and traveled to Jerusalem to sign the capitulation in the spring of 637. Sophronius of Jerusalem also negotiated", "title": "Greeks in Syria" } ]

[ "People’s Republic of China", "people s republic or china", "Territorial disputes of China", "people s republic of china prc", "Peoples republic of China", "chung kuo", "Zhong Guo", "The Peoples Republic of China", "Zhonghuarenmingongheguo", "Sinic", "Peoples' Republic of China", "Zhonghuá rénmín gònghéguó", "PR China", "zhongguó", "pr of china", "中华人民共和国", "Zhongguó", "Zhonghua Renmin Gonghe Guo", "ISO 3166-1:CN", "People's Republic of China (PRC)", "china prc", "China, PRC", "china republic 1949", "p r of china", "China (PRC)", "proc", "中國", "zhonghua renmin gongheguo", "China PRC", "P.R. China", "cihna", "Red Chinese", "Prc", "jhongguó", "territorial disputes of china", "pr of c", "Chinese PR", "Nation of China", "peoples republic of china", "Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo", "prc china", "Homes in china", "Pr of china", "zhōngguó", "P.r. of china", "Chaina", "homes in china", "China, People's Republic of", "socialist china", "China (Peking)", "people s repuublic of china", "People' s Republic of China", "Zhongguo", "state of china", "The People’s Republic of China", "chungkuo", "China's", "sinic", "中国", "red china modern", "Peoples Republic of China", "Chung-kuo", "P.R. of China", "china", "P.R.C.", "Pr of c", "chinese pr", "red chinese", "PR of China", "Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó", "people republic of china", "China (Republic : 1949- )", "People's republic of china", "nation of china", "zhongguo", "communist china modern", "zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó", "The PRC", "PRChina", "Modern day China", "Chinese People's Republic", "iso 3166 1 cn", "中華人民共和國", "P.R.China", "China People's Republic", "China", "中华", "China (People's Republic)", "People's Republic of China (Mainland China)", "State of China", "Communist China (modern)", "Red China (modern)", "china s", "PRC (China)", "Chungkuo", "PRoC", "People' Republic of China", "Zhonghua renmin gongheguo", "china people s republic", "prchina", "pr china", "People's republic of China", "Land of China", "P. R. China", "The People's Republic of China", "prc", "modern day china", "P. R. of China", "The people's republic of china", "zhong guo", "china pr", "P.R. of CHINA", "zhonghua renmin gonghe guo", "Jhongguó", "PROC", "chaina", "people s republic of china mainland china", "The prc", "china people s republic of", "Peoples republic of china", "Chung-Kuo", "China PR", "People's Republic of China", "Pr china", "China, the People's Republic of", "Zhōngguó", "People's Republic or China", "p r china", "zhonghuarenmingongheguo", "CHINA", "PRC", "People's Republic Of China", "(The People's Republic of) China", "中華", "p r c", "zhonghuá rénmín gònghéguó", "chinese people s republic", "china peking", "people s republic of china", "Socialist China", "land of china", "People's repuublic of china", "Cihna" ]

[ { "id": "407006", "score": "1.5860896", "text": "Geography of Taiwan Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, is an island in East Asia; located some off the southeastern coast of mainland China across the Taiwan Strait. It has an area of , which includes other nearby islands such as Penghu (). The East China Sea lies to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, the Luzon Strait directly to the south and the South China Sea to the southwest. The island makes up 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China, which is also known as \"Taiwan\". Taiwan is a tilted fault block, characterized by the", "title": "Geography of Taiwan" }, { "id": "407011", "score": "1.5233073", "text": "and Green Island to the southeast, separated from the northernmost islands of the Philippines by the Bashi Channel. The islands of Kinmen and Matsu near the coast of Fujian across the Taiwan Strait have a total area of ; the Pratas and Taiping islets in the South China Sea are also administered by the ROC, but are not part of the Taiwanese archipelago. The island of Taiwan was formed approximately 4 to 5 million years ago at a complex convergent boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate. In a boundary running the length of the island and", "title": "Geography of Taiwan" }, { "id": "347643", "score": "1.4860611", "text": "Islands and Taiping Island in the South China Sea, with a total area of and no permanent inhabitants. The ROC government also claims the Senkaku Islands to the northeast, which are controlled by Japan. Taiwan lies on the Tropic of Cancer, and its general climate is marine tropical. The northern and central regions are subtropical, whereas the south is tropical and the mountainous regions are temperate. The average rainfall is per year for the island proper; the rainy season is concurrent with the onset of the summer East Asian Monsoon in May and June. The entire island experiences hot, humid", "title": "Taiwan" }, { "id": "407010", "score": "1.4750965", "text": "its narrowest. Part of the continental shelf, the Strait is no more than deep, and has become a land bridge during glacial periods. To the south, the island of Taiwan is separated from the Philippine island of Luzon by the -wide Luzon Strait. The South China Sea lies to the southwest, the East China Sea to the north, and the Philippine Sea to the east. Smaller islands of the archipelago include the Penghu islands in the Taiwan Strait west of the main island, with an area of , the tiny islet of Xiaoliuqiu off the southwest coast, and Orchid Island", "title": "Geography of Taiwan" }, { "id": "21014700", "score": "1.4623425", "text": "speed can reach to 7.2 hr/km), various organic matter (especially abound in Skipjack Tuna) rises from the underwater, making the area to a perfect fishery for Japan, China, and Taiwan’s fishermen. The Diaoyu Island is located on the edge of the coral reef layer of the East China sea. It is a volcanic island that spurts through the tertiary rock formations. It is a bulging part of the Dagu Mountain and Guanyin Mountains in northern Taiwan that extends into the seabed. The depth of the sea surrounding around the Diaoyu islands has not reached to 200 meters even, but the", "title": "The Conflict Over the Sovereignty of the Diaoyu Islands -- between Taiwan (ROC), China (PRC), & Japan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kinmen\n\nKinmen, alternatively known as Quemoy, is a group of islands governed as a county by the Republic of China (Taiwan), off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It lies roughly east of the city of Xiamen in Fujian, from which it is separated by Xiamen Bay. Kinmen is located west from the shoreline of the island of Taiwan across the Taiwan Strait.\n\nThe county consists of the major island of Kinmen along with several surrounding islets, as well as Wuqiu Township located to the northeast of the rest of the county. Kinmen is one of two counties that constitutes Fujian Province, the other being Lienchiang County (Matsu).\n\nKinmen's strategic location in the Taiwan Strait has led to numerous confrontations, making it a tangible embodiment of political change on Cross-Strait relations. In August 1958, Kinmen was heavily bombarded by the People's Liberation Army during the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis. Travel restrictions between Kinmen and the main island of Taiwan were lifted in 1994 following the end of decades-long military administration over Kinmen. A direct ferry route to Xiamen was inaugurated in January 2001 following the establishment of the Three Links.\n\nThe People's Republic of China (PRC, China) claims Kinmen as part of Fujian Province and considers Wuqiu to be a separate territory of Fujian apart from Kinmen itself; conversely, the ROC claims the Dadeng Islands (Tateng) as part of Kinmen, even though they were effectively transferred to the control of Xiamen by the PRC.", "title": "Kinmen" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of islands of Taiwan\n\nThe islands comprising the Taiwan Area under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China (ROC) are classified into various island groups. The island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, is the largest island and the main component of the ROC-controlled territories. Islands that are claimed by the ROC but not administered, including those under the control of the People's Republic of China, and those disputed with other countries such as Senkaku Islands and most of South China Sea Islands, are excluded from this list.\n\nAt the adoption of Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China in the 1990s, these islands collectively form the \"Free area of the Republic of China\" or known alternatively as \"Taiwan Area\", which legally defines the territorial extent under the actual control of the ROC government.\n\nSome Taiwanese islands have various translations in English due to different systems of romanization in Chinese language in use, or derivation of differing linguistic origins from Mandarin, Hokkien, indigenous languages or other foreign languages. Some islands also have different names derived from particular historical periods which remain in use to this day.", "title": "List of islands of Taiwan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of Taiwan\n\nTaiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is an island country located in East Asia. The main island of Taiwan, formerly known in the West as Formosa, makes up 99% of the land area of the territories under ROC control. The main island measures and lies some across the Taiwan Strait from the southeastern coast of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The East China Sea lies to the north of the island, the Philippine Sea to its east, the Luzon Strait directly to its south and the South China Sea to its southwest. The ROC also controls a number of smaller islands, including the Penghu archipelago in the Taiwan Strait, the Kinmen and Matsu Islands near the PRC's coast, and some of the South China Sea Islands.\n\nGeologically, the main island comprises a tilted fault block, characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of five rugged mountain ranges running parallel to the east coast, and the flat to gently rolling plains of the western third, where the majority of the population resides. Several peaks exceed 3,500 m in height - the highest, Yu Shan at , makes Taiwan the world's fourth-highest island. The tectonic boundary that formed these ranges remains active, and the island experiences many earthquakes, a few of them highly destructive. There are also many active submarine volcanoes in the Taiwan Straits.\n\nThe climate ranges from tropical in the south to subtropical in the north, and is governed by the East Asian Monsoon. On average, four typhoons strike the main island each year. The heavily forested eastern mountains provide a habitat for a diverse range of wildlife, while human land use in the western and northern lowlands is intensive.", "title": "Geography of Taiwan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Taiwan\n\nTaiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country<ref>Multiple sources:\n\nTaiwan has been settled for at least 25,000 years. Ancestors of Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island around 6,000 years ago. In the 17th century, large-scale Han Chinese (specifically the Hakkas and Hoklos) immigration to western Taiwan began under a Dutch colony and continued under the Kingdom of Tungning, the first predominantly Han Chinese state in Taiwanese history. The island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895. The Republic of China, which had overthrown the Qing in 1911, took control of Taiwan on behalf of the Allies of World War II following the surrender of Japan in 1945. The immediate resumption of the Chinese Civil War resulted in the loss of the Chinese mainland to Communist forces who established the People's Republic of China, and the flight of the ROC central government to Taiwan in 1949. The effective jurisdiction of the ROC has since been limited to Formosa, Penghu, and smaller islands.\n\nIn the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialisation called the \"Taiwan Miracle\". In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ROC transitioned from a one-party state under martial law to a multi-party democracy, with democratically elected presidents since 1996. Taiwan's export-oriented industrial economy is the 21st-largest in the world by nominal GDP and 19th-largest by PPP measures, with a focus on steel, machinery, electronics and chemicals manufacturing. Taiwan is a developed country, ranking 20th on GDP per capita. It is ranked highly in terms of civil liberties, healthcare, and human development.<ref name=\"HDI 2021\"/>\n\nThe political status of Taiwan is contentious. The ROC no longer represents China as a member of the United Nations, after UN members voted in 1971 to recognize the PRC instead. The ROC maintained its claim of being the sole legitimate representative of China and its territory, although this has been downplayed since its democratization in the 1990s. Taiwan is claimed by the PRC, which refuses diplomatic relations with countries that recognise the ROC. Taiwan maintains official diplomatic relations with 13 out of 193 UN member states and the Holy See, though many others maintain unofficial diplomatic ties through representative offices and institutions that function as \"de facto\" embassies and consulates. International organisations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only on a non-state basis under various names. Domestically, the major political contention is between parties favouring eventual Chinese unification and promoting a pan-Chinese identity, contrasted with those aspiring to formal international recognition and promoting a Taiwanese identity; into the 21st century, both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal.", "title": "Taiwan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Taiwan Strait\n\nThe Taiwan Strait is a -wide strait separating the island of Taiwan and continental Asia. The strait is part of the South China Sea and connects to the East China Sea to the north. The narrowest part is wide. \n\nThe Taiwan Strait is itself a subject of international dispute over its political status. As the People's Republic of China claims to enjoy \"sovereignty, sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the Taiwan Strait\" and regards the waterway as \"internal territorial waters\" instead of being international waters, this means that the Chinese government denies any foreign vessel having the freedom of navigation in the strait. This position has drawn strong objections from the United States, Australia, France and Taiwan.", "title": "Taiwan Strait" }, { "id": "9650185", "score": "1.457745", "text": "descendants. The island of Taiwan was formed approximately 4 to 5 million years ago on a complex convergent boundary between the continental Eurasian Plate and the oceanic Philippine Sea Plate. The boundary continues southwards in the Luzon Volcanic Arc, a chain of islands between Taiwan and the Philippine island of Luzon including Green Island and Orchid Island. From the northern part of the island the eastward continuation of the boundary is marked by the Ryukyu chain of volcanic islands. The island is separated from the coast of Fujian to the west by the Taiwan Strait, which is 130 km wide", "title": "Prehistory of Taiwan" }, { "id": "14643050", "score": "1.4565165", "text": "between the West and China. Notable shipwrecks include the 1867 US merchant ship \"Rover\" that resulted in the Rover incident and the 1871 Japanese merchant vessel \"Ryukyu\" which resulted in the Mudan incident. Qixingyan (Taiwan) Qixingyan or Chihsingyen () is a group of coral islands in the Bashi Channel, located off the southern coast of Pingtung County, Taiwan. The island group is composed by seven coral reefs. At low tide seven reefs are visible. At high tide only two reefs are visible. Qixingyan is shaped like the Big Dipper, hence the name \"Seven Star Reef\". It is about from the", "title": "Qixingyan (Taiwan)" }, { "id": "4164537", "score": "1.4543796", "text": "Green Island, Taiwan Green Island (Mandarin Pīnyīn: \"Lǜ Dǎo\"; Hokkien POJ: \"Le̍k-tó\") is a small volcanic island in the Pacific Ocean about off the eastern coast of Taiwan. It is at high tide and at low tide, making it the Republic of China's seventh-largest island. The island is administered as , a rural township of Taitung County and one of the county's two offshore areas (the other being Orchid Island). The island once served as a penal colony for political prisoners during Taiwan's period of martial law, although today it is primarily known as a tourist hotspot. The name \"Green", "title": "Green Island, Taiwan" }, { "id": "407032", "score": "1.4539769", "text": "water supplies, and trade in endangered species. Though regulation of sulfate aerosol emissions from petroleum combustion is becoming stringent, acid rain remains a threat to the health of residents and forests. Atmospheric scientists in Taiwan estimate that more than half of the pollutants causing Taiwan's acid rain are carried from mainland China by monsoon winds. Geography of Taiwan Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, is an island in East Asia; located some off the southeastern coast of mainland China across the Taiwan Strait. It has an area of , which includes other nearby islands such as Penghu (). The East China", "title": "Geography of Taiwan" }, { "id": "407009", "score": "1.4513154", "text": "and has an area of (including some minor islands). The shape of the main island is similar to a sweet potato oriented in a south-to-north direction, and therefore Taiwanese, especially the Min Nan speakers, often call themselves \"children of the Sweet Potato\". The central point of the island is the Geographic Center of Taiwan in Puli Township, Nantou County. The southernmost point of the island is the Taiwan Southernmost Point in Hengchun Township, Pingtung County. The island of Taiwan is separated from the southeast coast of China by the Taiwan Strait, which ranges from at its widest point to at", "title": "Geography of Taiwan" }, { "id": "407008", "score": "1.4473171", "text": "north, and is governed by the East Asian Monsoon. The island is struck by an average of four typhoons in each year. The eastern mountains are heavily forested and home to a diverse range of wildlife, while land use in the western and northern lowlands is intensive. The total area of the island is , making it intermediate in size between Belgium and the Netherlands. It has a coastline of . The ROC claims an exclusive economic zone of and a territorial sea of . The main island of the archipelago is the island of Taiwan, which is long, wide", "title": "Geography of Taiwan" }, { "id": "21014699", "score": "1.4434955", "text": "from 123 to 124.34 degrees. For the relative location of the Diaoyu Islands, they are approximately 170 kilometers northwest from Ishigakijima Island, 170 kilometers northeast of the island of Taiwan, 330 kilometers southeast of continental China, and 410 kilometers west of the island of Okinawa. Thus, they are situated more or less in the center of the sea separating Japan, China, and Taiwan. These islands were also located on the Kuroshio (black current)'s northern flow, which causes the same seasonal monsoon with Taiwan. Since the Kuroshio and Oyashio interchange around these islands, it creates a gratitude scale of whirlpool (the", "title": "The Conflict Over the Sovereignty of the Diaoyu Islands -- between Taiwan (ROC), China (PRC), & Japan" }, { "id": "2170099", "score": "1.4412086", "text": "about 300 km off the north eastern coast of Taiwan. A tsunami of record height hit Ishigaki Island in 1771. The island provided the scene for the arrest of one of the perpetrators of Aum Shinrikyo's sarin gas attack, Yasuo Hayashi, 21 months after and 2000 km away from where the crime took place. Ishigaki Port will be expanded so that five large Japanese Coast Guard patrol boats can be stationed there. The JSDF is also considering deploying short range anti-ship missiles (possibly the Type 96 Multi-Purpose Missile System) on the island. These reinforcements are mostly in relation to the", "title": "Ishigaki Island" }, { "id": "5734873", "score": "1.440865", "text": "Cape. Facing the Luzon Strait and the Bashi Channel, it is the southernmost point of mainland Taiwan. The cape was recognized as the southernmost point of the range of the empire during Japanese colonial periods, and was an important collider of war shipping. One of the major whaling station on Taiwan by Japanese industry was also situated in this time, targeting humpback whales in Nan Wan and Banana Bay and jawbones of baleen whales were held as the arch at the Garanpi Shrine (Shintoism) which was destroyed along with the Lighthouse during the Second World War. There is a lighthouse", "title": "Cape Eluanbi" }, { "id": "16226601", "score": "1.4336098", "text": "Taiwan. The ornate Catholic church with the Chinese style murals was in Tainan County in the southwest of Taiwan. The house where the family life was shot belonged to a former Taiwanese actress. The sea front house is located near Gongliao. Gongliao is located in a small cove on the northeast Taiwan coast. The view of the lonely horizon was exactly what the director wanted. Most of the remaining scenes seem to have been shot in or near the south coast seaport of Kaohsiung. So much mention was made of the music that the director and producer decided to release", "title": "Somewhere I Have Never Traveled" }, { "id": "9650186", "score": "1.4307951", "text": "at its narrowest point. The most significant islands in the Strait are the Penghu islands 45 km from the southwest coast of Taiwan and 140 km from the Chinese coast. Part of the continental shelf, the Strait is no more than 100 m deep, and has become a land bridge during glacial periods. Taiwan is a tilted fault block, with rugged longitudinal mountain ranges making up most of the eastern two-thirds of the island. They include more than two hundred peaks with elevations of over 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The western side of the island slopes down to fertile coastal", "title": "Prehistory of Taiwan" }, { "id": "347641", "score": "1.4304898", "text": "and larger than Belgium. The island of Taiwan has an area of , and lies some from the southeastern coast of mainland China across the Taiwan Strait. The East China Sea lies to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, the Bashi Channel of the Luzon Strait directly to the south, and the South China Sea to the southwest. Its shape is similar to a sweet potato, giving rise to the slang term \"hanji\" (\"sweet potato\" in Hokkien) used by Taiwanese Hokkien speakers to refer to people of native Taiwanese descent. The island is characterized by the contrast between", "title": "Taiwan" }, { "id": "347595", "score": "1.4284499", "text": "Taiwan Taiwan (, ), officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a state in East Asia. Its neighbors include the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. It is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations. The island of Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, was inhabited by aborigines before the 17th century, when Dutch and Spanish colonies opened the island to mass Han immigration. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed in 1683 by", "title": "Taiwan" }, { "id": "5586990", "score": "1.4279097", "text": "Cape Santiago (Taiwan) Cape Santiago () is a cape located in Gongliao District, New Taipei, Taiwan. The cape is the easternmost point of the island of Taiwan, and also the easternmost cape of Taiwan. On 5 May 1626, a Spanish fleet reached the northeast tip of Taiwan and named the native village of Caquiunauan (also \"Caguiuanuan\"; present-day Fulong Village) as Santiago. Later this name was extended to the nearby cape. There is a lighthouse situated on Cape Santiago, called Cape Santiago Lighthouse. A nearby beach, Yenliao (鹽寮), was the site of the first landing for the Japanese invasion of Taiwan", "title": "Cape Santiago (Taiwan)" }, { "id": "407012", "score": "1.42644", "text": "continuing southwards in the Luzon Volcanic Arc (including Green Island and Orchid Island), the Eurasian Plate is sliding under the Philippine Sea Plate. Most of the island comprises a huge fault block tilted to the west. The western part of the island, and much of the central range, consists of sedimentary deposits scraped from the descending edge of the Eurasian Plate. In the northeast of the island, and continuing eastwards in the Ryukyu Volcanic Arc, the Philippine Sea Plate slides under the Eurasian Plate. The tectonic boundary remains active, and Taiwan experiences 15,000 to 18,000 earthquakes each year, of which", "title": "Geography of Taiwan" } ]

[ "Steel sheeting", "steelworkers", "Steelworkers", "steel plate", "Long steel products", "Steel Construction", "Titanic steel", "steel alloy", "steel workers", "steel truss", "Steel in Africa", "Steelworker", "unwrapped steel", "steel industry", "titanic steel", "Steel truss", "Crude steel", "steelworker", "Steel (metal)", "steel worker", "steels", "Steel (alloy)", "crude steel", "Steel workers", "steel in africa", "Steel worker", "steel manufacture", "long steel products", "steel", "Steels", "steel construction", "steel metal", "Steel manufacture", "steel sheeting", "Steel industry", "Unwrapped steel", "Steel", "Steel plate" ]

[ { "id": "8053245", "score": "1.5749245", "text": "Knife sharpening Knife sharpening is the process of making a knife or similar tool sharp by grinding against a hard, rough surface, typically a stone, or a soft surface with hard particles, such as sandpaper. Additionally, a leather razor strop, or strop, is often used to straighten and polish an edge. The smaller the angle between the blade and stone, the sharper the knife will be, but the less side force is needed to bend the edge over or chip it off. The angle between the blade and the stone is the \"edge angle\" – the angle from the \"vertical\"", "title": "Knife sharpening" }, { "id": "8053261", "score": "1.5594442", "text": "a knife is a finishing step. This is often done with a leather strap, either clean or impregnated with abrasive compounds (e.g. chromium(III) oxide or diamond), but can be done on paper, cardstock, cloth, or even bare skin in a pinch. It removes little or no metal material, but produces a very sharp edge by either straightening or very slightly reshaping the edge. Stropping may bring a somewhat sharp blade to \"like new\" condition. Knife sharpening Knife sharpening is the process of making a knife or similar tool sharp by grinding against a hard, rough surface, typically a stone, or", "title": "Knife sharpening" }, { "id": "8053258", "score": "1.5547845", "text": "the crock stick setup, where two sticks are put into a plastic or wooden base to form a V shape. When the knife is pulled up the V, the angle is held so long as the blade is held perpendicular to the base. Several cutlery manufacturers now offer electric knife sharpeners with multiple stages with at least one grinding stage. These electric sharpeners are typically used in the kitchen but have the ability to sharpen blades such as pocket or tactical knives. The main benefit of using an electric sharpener is speed with many models that can complete the sharpening", "title": "Knife sharpening" }, { "id": "6038198", "score": "1.553323", "text": "but less hard, abrasives are available, such as synthetic and natural Japanese waterstones. Several cutlery manufacturers now offer electric knife sharpeners with multiple stages with at least one grinding stage. These electric sharpeners are typically used in the kitchen but have the ability to sharpen blades such as pocket or tactical knives. The main benefit of using an electric sharpener is speed with many models that can complete the sharpening process in one to two minutes. The disadvantage is that the sharpening angle is fixed so some specialized knives, like a Japanese style Santoku, may need additional attention to sharpen", "title": "Sharpening" }, { "id": "4632393", "score": "1.5517671", "text": "of a matched carving set. Contrary to popular belief, a honing steel (or butcher's steel or sharpening steel) does not sharpen knives, but instead straightens the blade, while a sharpener sharpens the blade. A honing steel is a rod made of steel or ceramic, generally about long (although can be longer) and 6 mm to 12 mm (¼ to ½ inch) thick. It is used to hone a knife blade after sharpening in order to restore the edge and improve cutting ability. Kitchen scissors or shears can be used for many of the same jobs as knives, such as chopping", "title": "Kitchen knife" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sharpening stone\n\nSharpening stones, or whetstones, are used to sharpen the edges of steel tools such as knives through grinding and honing.\n\nSuch stones come in a wide range of shapes, sizes, and material compositions. They may be flat, for working flat edges, or shaped for more complex edges, such as those associated with some wood carving or woodturning tools. They may be composed of natural quarried material or from man-made material. They come in various grades, which refer to the grit size of the abrasive particles in the stone. (Grit size is given as a number, which indicates the spatial density of the particles; a higher number denotes a higher density and therefore smaller particles, which give a finer finish to the surface of the sharpened object.) Stones intended for use on a workbench are called bench stones, while small, portable ones, whose size makes it hard to draw large blades uniformly over them, especially “in the field,” are called pocket stones.\n\nOften whetstones are used with a cutting fluid to enhance sharpening and carry away swarf. Those used with water for this purpose are often called water stones or waterstones, those used with oil sometimes oil stones or oilstones.\n\nWhetstones will wear away with use, typically in the middle. Tools sharpened in this groove will develop undesirable curves on the blade. In order to prevent this, a whetstone may be levelled out with sandpaper or a levelling or flattening stone.", "title": "Sharpening stone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Knife sharpening\n\nKnife sharpening is the process of making a knife or similar tool sharp by grinding against a hard, rough surface, typically a stone, or a flexible surface with hard particles, such as sandpaper. Additionally, a leather razor strop, or strop, is often used to straighten and polish an edge.", "title": "Knife sharpening" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Honing steel\n\nA honing steel, sometimes referred to as sharpening steel, whet steel, sharpening stick, sharpening rod, butcher's steel, and chef's steel, is a rod of steel, ceramic or diamond-coated steel used to restore keenness to dulled blade edges. They are flat, oval, or round in cross-section and up to long. The steel and ceramic honing steels may have longitudinal ridges, whereas the diamond-coated steels are smooth but embedded with abrasive diamond particles.\n\nNon-abrasive honing rods such as smooth ceramic or ribbed steel are able to remove small amounts of metal via adhesive wear. In normal use, the rod is applied to the blade at a slightly higher angle than that of the bevel, resulting in the formation of a micro-bevel.\n\nThe term \"hone\" is associated with light maintenance performed on a blade without the effort and precision normally associated with sharpening, so the name \"hone\" was borrowed. \nIn the 1980s, ceramic abrasives became increasingly popular and proved an equal, if not superior, method for accomplishing the same daily maintenance tasks; manufacturers replaced steels with ceramic (and later, manufactured diamond abrasive) sharpening \"steels\" that were actually hones.", "title": "Honing steel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Quill\n\nA quill is a writing tool made from a moulted flight feather (preferably a primary wing-feather) of a large bird. Quills were used for writing with ink before the invention of the dip pen, the metal-nibbed pen, the fountain pen, and, eventually, the ballpoint pen.\n\nAs with the earlier reed pen (and later dip pen), a quill has no internal ink reservoir and therefore needs to periodically be dipped into an inkwell during writing. The hand-cut goose quill is rarely used as a calligraphy tool anymore because many papers are now derived from wood pulp and would quickly wear a quill down. However, it is still the tool of choice for a few scribes who have noted that quills provide an unmatched sharp stroke as well as greater flexibility than a steel pen.", "title": "Quill" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "File (tool)\n\nA file is a tool used to remove fine amounts of material from a workpiece. It is common in woodworking, metalworking, and other similar trade and hobby tasks. Most are hand tools, made of a case hardened steel bar of rectangular, square, triangular, or round cross-section, with one or more surfaces cut with sharp, generally parallel teeth. A narrow, pointed tang is common at one end, to which a handle may be fitted.\n\nA rasp is a form of file with distinct, individually cut teeth used for coarsely removing large amounts of material.\n\nFiles have also been developed with abrasive surfaces, such as natural or synthetic diamond grains or silicon carbide, allowing removal of material that would dull or resist steel files, such as ceramic.", "title": "File (tool)" }, { "id": "12911060", "score": "1.5460486", "text": "butcher's knife and sharpening steel. The knife blade shown is a lighter medical item but approximates the shape of a clicker's knife blade, fitting into a comfortable wooden handle with screw-activated jaws. The main surface is emery cloth wrapped over the edge to form a round section where the curved blade can nestle and be sharpened; the top edge is sharper and square in cross-section, with a fine-grain aluminium oxide abrasive strip used for tip-sharpening. On the reverse side is a heavy-leather smooth strop, to address any metal burrs left by the abrasive process. Similar processes are used in preparing", "title": "Boot and shoe clicker" }, { "id": "6038206", "score": "1.5307944", "text": "assistance regarding best practice. Some also sell knives and related products. Sharpening Sharpening is the process of creating or refining a sharp edge of appropriate shape on a tool or implement designed for cutting. Sharpening is done by grinding away material on the implement with an abrasive substance harder than the material of the implement, followed sometimes by processes to polish the sharp surface to increase smoothness and to correct small mechanical deformations without regrinding. There are a wide variety of ways of sharpening tools. Malleable metal surfaces such as bronze, iron and mild steel may be formed by beating", "title": "Sharpening" }, { "id": "5962426", "score": "1.5257969", "text": "Sharpening jig A sharpening jig is often used when sharpening woodworking tools. Many of the tools used in woodworking have steel blades which are sharpened to a fine edge. A cutting edge is created on the blade at the point at which two surfaces of the blade meet. To create this cutting edge a bevel is formed on the blade, usually by grinding. This bevel is subsequently refined by honing until a satisfactorily sharp edge is created. The purpose of the sharpening jig is to hold the blade or tool at the desired angle while grinding or honing the bevel.", "title": "Sharpening jig" }, { "id": "6038196", "score": "1.5157058", "text": "Sharpening Sharpening is the process of creating or refining a sharp edge of appropriate shape on a tool or implement designed for cutting. Sharpening is done by grinding away material on the implement with an abrasive substance harder than the material of the implement, followed sometimes by processes to polish the sharp surface to increase smoothness and to correct small mechanical deformations without regrinding. There are a wide variety of ways of sharpening tools. Malleable metal surfaces such as bronze, iron and mild steel may be formed by beating or peening a flat surface into a sharp edge which incidentally", "title": "Sharpening" }, { "id": "8053248", "score": "1.5068153", "text": "and is primarily used to split wood by chopping, not by slicing, and may be reground but will not be sharpened daily. In general, but not always, the harder the material to be cut, the higher (duller) the angle of the edge. The composition of the stone affects the sharpness of the blade (a finer grain, usually, though not always, produces sharper blades), as does the composition of the blade (some metals take and keep an edge better than others). For example, Western kitchen knives are usually made of softer steel and take an edge angle of 20–22°, while East", "title": "Knife sharpening" }, { "id": "5962429", "score": "1.5057042", "text": "of practice to achieve satisfactory results - especially in situations where the bevel angle is critical. Sharpening jig A sharpening jig is often used when sharpening woodworking tools. Many of the tools used in woodworking have steel blades which are sharpened to a fine edge. A cutting edge is created on the blade at the point at which two surfaces of the blade meet. To create this cutting edge a bevel is formed on the blade, usually by grinding. This bevel is subsequently refined by honing until a satisfactorily sharp edge is created. The purpose of the sharpening jig is", "title": "Sharpening jig" }, { "id": "8053257", "score": "1.5044174", "text": "Coated hones, which have an abrasive, sometimes diamonds, on a base of plastic or metal, are also available. Diamond stones can be useful in the sharpening process. Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance known and as such can be used to sharpen almost any material. (Coarse diamond sharpening stones can be used for flattening waterstones.) Alternatively, tungsten carbide blades can be used in knife sharpening. Clamp-style sharpening tools use a clamp with several holes with predefined angles. The stone is mounted on a rod and is pulled through these holes, so that the angle remains consistent. Another system is", "title": "Knife sharpening" }, { "id": "8053254", "score": "1.5019248", "text": "cut, or the edge of a sheet of paper. For kitchen knives, various vegetables may be used to check bite, notably carrots, tomatoes, or cucumbers. In testing in this way, any nicks are felt as obstacles. \"Biting\" sharpness is considered ideal for kitchen knives, but sharper blades are desired for shaving and surgical scalpels, which must cut without side-to-side slicing of the blade, and duller but tougher blades are more suitable for chiseling and chopping wood. For testing the sharpness of a straight razor, a traditional though dangerous test is to \"place\" a moistened thumb on the edge, and feel", "title": "Knife sharpening" }, { "id": "6038201", "score": "1.4906974", "text": "edge which is essentially straight. Knives, chisels, straight-edge razors, and scissors are examples. Sharpening a straight edge is relatively simple, and can be done by using either a simple sharpening device which is very easy to use but will not produce the best possible results, or by the skillful use of oil or water grinding stones, grinding wheels, hones, etc. Sharpening these implements can be expressed as the creation of two intersecting planes which produce an edge that is sharp enough to cut through the target material. For example, the blade of a steel knife is ground to a bevel", "title": "Sharpening" }, { "id": "4632357", "score": "1.4839604", "text": "sharpness, which can be restored by sharpening. For many types of knives (e.g., butter knives) this is not relevant. Knives with smooth edges can be sharpened by the user; knives with any form of serrated edge should ideally be sharpened with specialist equipment, although the useful life of a serrated knife can be extended by simple sharpeners, even if they damage the edge. The handles of kitchen knives can be made from a number of different materials, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Also known as a cook's knife or French knife, the chef's knife is an all-purpose knife", "title": "Kitchen knife" }, { "id": "8053250", "score": "1.4833767", "text": "finest level of sharpening is done most frequently, while the coarser levels are done progressively more rarely, and sharpening methods differ between blades and applications. For example, a straight razor used for shaving is stropped before each use, and may be stropped part-way \"through\" use, while it will be fine sharpened on a stone a few times per year, and re-ground on a rough stone after several years. By contrast, a kitchen knife is steeled before or after each use (and may be steeled during heavy use, as by butchers), and sharpened on a stone a few times per year.", "title": "Knife sharpening" }, { "id": "6042059", "score": "1.4790287", "text": "in making accurate cuts with the saw or chisel. The blade is of tool steel with a hardwood or plastic handle. These instruments are generally used when laying out across the grain. They are avoided when laying out with the grain as the blade tends to follow the fibres, resulting in inaccurate lines. The scratch awl is preferred for long grain layout. Marking knife A marking knife (striking knife) is a woodworking layout tool. It is used to scribe a line to be followed by a hand saw or chisel when making woodworking joints and other operations. Marking knives have", "title": "Marking knife" }, { "id": "8053260", "score": "1.4784821", "text": "for straightening the turned edge of a knife, and is also useful for burnishing a newly finished edge. Because steels have a small diameter they exert high local pressure, and therefore affect the knife metal when used with very little force. They are intended for mild steel knives that are steeled several times a day, but are not well suited for today's tougher and harder blade steels. Diamond steels are now available that have an industrial diamond coating and can remove blade metal as well as straighten, therefore used correctly they can re-profile a knife instead of just honing. Stropping", "title": "Knife sharpening" }, { "id": "8053259", "score": "1.4719794", "text": "process in one to two minutes. The disadvantage is that the sharpening angle is fixed so some specialized knives, like a Japanese style Santoku, may need additional attention to sharpen to the ideal angle. Steeling helps maintain sharpness. This process realigns the edge, correcting for dulling causes such as a rolled edge. A sharpening steel is a type of hardened cylindrical rod used similarly to honing stones. For example, a butcher steel is a round file with the teeth running the long way, while a packer steel (used in the meat packer's industry) is a smooth, polished steel rod designed", "title": "Knife sharpening" }, { "id": "8053247", "score": "1.462069", "text": "at 25° or more. Different knives are sharpened differently according to grind (edge geometry) and application. For example, surgical scalpels are extremely sharp but fragile, and are generally disposed of, rather than sharpened, after use. Straight razors used for shaving must cut with minimal pressure, and thus must be very sharp with a small angle and often a hollow grind. Typically these are stropped daily or more often. Kitchen knives are less sharp, and generally cut by slicing rather than just pressing, and are steeled daily. At the other extreme, an axe for chopping wood will be less sharp still,", "title": "Knife sharpening" } ]

[ "LEO (disambiguation)", "leo", "LEO", "Leo", "Leo (disambiguation)", "leo disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "9002969", "score": "1.5599916", "text": "the Nemean lion, killed barehanded by Heracles, who subsequently bore the pelt as an invulnerable magic cloak. This lion is also said to be represented by the constellation of Leo, and also the sign of the Zodiac. Lions are known in many cultures as the king of animals, which can be traced to the Babylonian Talmud, and to the classical book \"Physiologus\". In his fables, the famed Greek story teller Aesop used the lion's symbolism of power and strength in The Lion and the Mouse and Lion's Share. Since classical antiquity, a \"Gaetulian lion\" in literature is a lion of", "title": "Cultural depictions of lions" }, { "id": "9433419", "score": "1.5163901", "text": "Astrological meaning and the sense of cosmos was mediated through that. Through the zodiac the sun was linked to Leo which was the most auspicious house of the sun. Therefore, for the Safavids, the sign of lion and sun condensed the double meaning of the Shah—king and holy man (Jamshid and Ali)—through the auspicious zodiac sign of the sun in the house of Leo and brought the cosmic-earthy pair (king and Imam) together. In seeking the Safavi interpretation of the lion and sun motif, Shahbazi suggests that the Safavids had reinterpreted the lion as symbolizing Imam ʿAlī and the sun", "title": "Lion and Sun" }, { "id": "474280", "score": "1.4924626", "text": "lion is featured in several of Aesop's fables, which were written in the sixth century BC. The Nemean lion was symbolic in ancient Greece and Rome, represented as the constellation and zodiac sign Leo, and described in mythology, where its skin was borne by the hero Heracles. Myths which have a hero killing a lion, such as the one in which Herakles slays the Nemean lion, symbolize victory over death. Similarly the wearing of lion skin such as the lion skin worn by Herackles also symbolizes victory over death. \"Lion\" was the nickname of several medieval warrior-rulers with a reputation", "title": "Lion" }, { "id": "465859", "score": "1.4912387", "text": "significant dates when the planet crossed from one zodiacal sign to the next. Knowledge of the Babylonian zodiac is also reflected in the Hebrew Bible; E. W. Bullinger interpreted the creatures appearing in the book of Ezekiel as the middle signs of the four quarters of the Zodiac, with the Lion as Leo, the Bull is Taurus, the Man representing Aquarius and the Eagle representing Scorpio. Some authors have linked the twelve tribes of Israel with the twelve signs and/or the lunar Hebrew calendar having 12 lunar months in a lunar year. Martin and others have argued that the arrangement", "title": "Zodiac" }, { "id": "9433412", "score": "1.4895781", "text": "forms, the lion has no apotropaic meaning and was merely decorative. However, it sometimes has an astrological or symbolic meaning. One of the popular forms of the lion is explicitly heraldic form, including in the Persian coat of arms (the lion and sun); the animal in the coat of arms of the Mamluk Baybars and perhaps also in that of the Rum Saldjukids of the name of Kilidi Arslan; and in numismatic representations. Ahmad Kasravi, Mojtaba Minovi and Saeed Nafisi's vast amount of literary and archaeological evidence show that the ancient zodiacal sign of the sun in the house of", "title": "Lion and Sun" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Leo (astrology)\n\nLeo () (Greek: \"Leōn\", Latin for \"lion\"), is the fifth sign of the zodiac. It corresponds to the constellation Leo and comes after Cancer and before Virgo. The traditional Western zodiac associates Leo with the period between about July 23 and August 22, and the sign spans the 120th to 150th degree of celestial longitude.\n\nLeo is associated with fire, accompanied by Aries and Sagittarius, and its modality is fixed. The constellation Leo is associated with the mythological Nemean lion. The lion is a very important and prominent symbol in Greek mythology.\nSection::::History.\nEgyptians worshipped the constellation, which they referred to as \"Knem\", because it was present during the flooding of the Nile River. This event signified plentiful harvests for the upcoming year, and the people interpreted it as a gift from the earth. Ruler of Egypt, Tutankhamun's gold throne features lion heads where the seat and front legs meet, as well as clawed feet at the end of each leg, symbolizing power and royalty.\n\n", "title": "Leo (astrology)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tetramorph\n\nA tetramorph is a symbolic arrangement of four differing elements, or the combination of four disparate elements in one unit. The term is derived from the Greek \"tetra\", meaning four, and \"morph\", shape. \n\nIn Christian art, the tetramorph is the union of the symbols of the Four Evangelists, derived from the four living creatures in the Book of Ezekiel, into a single figure or, more commonly, a group of four figures. Each of the four Evangelists is associated with one of the living creatures, usually shown with wings. The most common association, but not the original or only, is: Matthew the man, Mark the lion, Luke the ox, and John the eagle. In Christian art and iconography, Evangelist portraits are often accompanied by tetramorphs, or the symbols alone used to represent them. Evangelist portraits that depict them in their human forms are often accompanied by their symbolic creatures, and Christ in Majesty is often shown surrounded by the four symbols.\n\nThe word comes from the Greek for \"four forms\" or \"shapes\". In English usage each symbol may be described as a tetramorph in the singular, and a group as \"the tetramorphs\", but usually only in contexts where all four are included. The tetramorphs were especially common in Early Medieval art, above all in illuminated Gospel books, but remain common in religious art to the present day.", "title": "Tetramorph" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Leo (constellation)\n\nLeo is one of the constellations of the zodiac, between Cancer the crab to the west and Virgo the maiden to the east. It is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for lion, and to the ancient Greeks represented the Nemean Lion killed by the mythical Greek hero Heracles meaning 'Glory of Hera' (known to the ancient Romans as Hercules) as one of his twelve labors. Its old astronomical symbol is (♌︎). One of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, Leo remains one of the 88 modern constellations today, and one of the most easily recognizable due to its many bright stars and a distinctive shape that is reminiscent of the crouching lion it depicts. The lion's mane and shoulders also form an asterism known as \"The Sickle,\" which to modern observers may resemble a backwards \"question mark.\"", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lion and Sun\n\nThe Lion and Sun (, ; : ) is one of the main emblems of Iran (Persia), and was an element in Iran's national flag until the 1979 Iranian Revolution and is still commonly used by opposition groups of the Islamic Republic government. The motif, which illustrates ancient and modern Iranian traditions, became a popular symbol in Iran in the 12th century.<ref name=\"EI_Flags\" /> The lion and sun symbol is based largely on astronomical and astrological configurations: the ancient sign of the sun in the house of Leo,<ref name=\"EI_Flags\" /><ref name=Kindermann/> which itself is traced back to Babylonian astrology and Near Eastern traditions.<ref name=Kindermann/><ref name= Krappe/>\n\nThe motif has many historical meanings. First, as a scientific and secular motif, it was only an astrological and zodiacal symbol. Under the Safavid and the first Qajar kings, it became more associated with Shia Islam.<ref name=\"EI_Flags\" /> During the Safavid era, the lion and sun stood for the two pillars of society, the state and the Islamic religion. It became a national emblem during the Qajar era. In the 19th century, European visitors at the Qajar court attributed the lion and sun to remote antiquity; since then, it has acquired a nationalistic interpretation.<ref name=\"EI_Flags\" /> During the reign of Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar and his successors, the form of the motif was substantially changed. A crown was also placed on the top of the symbol to represent the monarchy. Beginning in the reign of Fat′h-Ali, the Islamic aspect of the monarchy was de-emphasized. This shift affected the symbolism of the emblem. The meaning of the symbol changed several times between the Qajar era and the 1979 revolution. The lion could be a symbol for Rostam, the legendary hero of Iranian mythology. The Sun has alternately been interpreted as symbol of motherland or Jamshid, the mythical Shah of Iran.\nThe many historical meanings of the emblem have provided rich ground for competing symbols of Iranian identity. In the 20th century, some politicians and scholars suggested that the emblem should be replaced by other symbols such as the Derafsh Kaviani. However, the emblem remained the official symbol of Iran until the 1979 revolution, when the \"Lion and Sun\" symbol was removed from public spaces and government organizations, and replaced by the present-day emblem of Iran.", "title": "Lion and Sun" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The World (tarot card)\n\nThe World (XXI) is the 21st trump or Major Arcana card in the tarot deck. It is the final card of the Major Arcana or tarot trump sequence.", "title": "The World (tarot card)" }, { "id": "4944377", "score": "1.4773023", "text": "4:7, where the throne of God is described: \"And the first beast was like a lion, and the second beast like a calf, and the third beast had a face as a man, and the fourth beast was like a flying eagle.\" Later decks avoid such overt Christian symbolism, or ignore it altogether, choosing to explain these observers as representatives of the natural world, or the kingdom of beasts. According to astrological tradition, the Lion is Leo, a fire sign; the Bull or calf is Taurus, an earth sign; the Man is Aquarius, an air sign; and the Eagle is", "title": "The World (Tarot card)" }, { "id": "5725458", "score": "1.4727637", "text": "to September 15. The symbol of the lion is based on the Nemean lion, a lion with an impenetrable hide. It is a northern sign and its opposite southern sign is Aquarius. Leo (astrology) Leo (♌) (Greek: , \"Leōn\"), is the fifth astrological sign of the zodiac, originating from the constellation of Leo. It comes after Cancer and before Virgo. The traditional Western zodiac associates Leo with the period between July 23 and August 22, and the sign spans the 120th to 150th degree of celestial longitude. Leo is a fixed sign along with Taurus, Scorpio, and Aquarius. Under the", "title": "Leo (astrology)" }, { "id": "9002966", "score": "1.4642053", "text": "city of Bogazköy, Turkey. The \"Lion of Menecrates\" is a funerary statue of a crouching lioness, found near the cenotaph of Menecrates. The lion is by a famous Corinthian sculptor of Archaic Greece, end of the seventh century BC, and is now in the Archaeological Museum of Corfu. Lion in the Iranian mythology is a symbol of courage and monarchy. He is portrayed standing beside the kings in artifacts and sitting on the graves of knights. Imperial seals were also decorated with carved lions. The lion and sun motif is based largely on astronomical configurations, and the ancient zodiacal sign", "title": "Cultural depictions of lions" }, { "id": "7907676", "score": "1.4548724", "text": "Le Signe du Lion Le Signe du lion (The Sign of Leo) is a black and white French drama film directed by Éric Rohmer, which was filmed on location in Paris in the summer of 1959 but not released until May 1962. His first full-length work, it is not however one of his \"Six Moral Tales\". Along with \"Le Beau Serge\" by Claude Chabrol, who produced \"The Sign of Leo\", it counts as one of the first films of the French New Wave. The title refers to the Zodiac sign of Leo, under which the protagonist says he was born,", "title": "Le Signe du Lion" }, { "id": "9002972", "score": "1.4539906", "text": "upon a person, he has no choice but to speak out. In 1 Peter 5:8, the Devil is compared to a roaring lion \"seeking someone to devour.\" In Christian tradition, Mark the Evangelist, the author of the second gospel is symbolized by a lion - a figure of courage and monarchy. It also represents Jesus' Resurrection (because lions were believed to sleep with open eyes, a comparison with Christ in the tomb), and Christ as king. Some Christian legends refer to Saint Mark as \"Saint Mark the Lionhearted\". Legends say that he was fed to the lions and the animals", "title": "Cultural depictions of lions" }, { "id": "15755365", "score": "1.4462926", "text": "lion’s face is the symbol for Mark, whose gospel begins with “The voice of one crying in the wilderness,” suggesting the roar of a lion. Luke’s symbol is the oxen, the animal of sacrifice, as Luke stressed the atoning sacrifice of Jesus. John’s emblem is the high soaring eagle, reflecting John’s lofty and “soaring” gospel, which is far richer theologically than the others. At the entrance to the left inside door is a Greek cross with the Greek monograms for Jesus (IC) and Christ (XC), and the word “Nika,” meaning “conquers.” Thus: “Jesus Christ conquers.” At the entrance to the", "title": "Church of St. James the Greater (Bristol)" }, { "id": "9002975", "score": "1.4445841", "text": "arrogance and callousness. A lion-faced figurine is usually associated with the Mithraic mysteries. Without any known parallel in classical, Egyptian, or middle-eastern art, what this figure is meant to represent currently is unknown. Some have interpreted it to be a representation of Ahriman, of the aforementioned gnostic Demiurge, or of some similar malevolent, tyrannical entity, but it has also been interpreted as some sort of time or season deity, or even a more positive symbol of enlightenment and spiritual transcendence. In a key scene of \"Yvain, the Knight of the Lion\" (), a romance by Chrétien de Troyes, the hero", "title": "Cultural depictions of lions" }, { "id": "2248485", "score": "1.435984", "text": "the four fixed signs of the zodiac: the ox representing Taurus; the lion representing Leo; the eagle representing Scorpio; the man or angel representing Aquarius. In Western astrology the four symbols are associated with the elements of, respectively Earth, Fire, Water, and Air. The creatures of the Christian tetramorph were also common in Egyptian, Greek, and Assyrian mythology. The early Christians adopted this symbolism and adapted it for the four Evangelists as the tetramorph, which first appears in Christian art in the 5th century, but whose interpretative origin stems from Irenaeus in the 2nd century. The elements of the Christian", "title": "Tetramorph" }, { "id": "233202", "score": "1.4338913", "text": "and Alpha Leonis. The lion's tail is marked by Beta Leonis (Denebola) and the rest of his body is delineated by Delta Leonis and Theta Leonis. H.A. Rey has suggested an alternative way to connect the stars, which graphically shows a lion walking. The stars delta Leonis, gamma Leonis, eta Leonis, and theta Leonis form the body of the lion, with gamma Leonis being of the second magnitude and delta Leonis and theta Leonis being of the third magnitude. The stars gamma Leonis, zeta Leonis, mu Leonis, epsilon Leonis, and eta Leonis form the lion's neck, with epsilon Leonis being", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "id": "10992683", "score": "1.4292125", "text": "fortune; the lion may be seen as symbolic of power and strength. The glowing halo around the infant's head should not be seen as a reference to Christian imagery; rather, it should be read according to imperial iconography which uses the halo as an indication of the Queen's divine nature and of her future reign. Though Marie was born under the Taurus sign, Sagittarius appears in the painting; it may be seen as a guardian of imperial power. \"Education of the Princess\" (1622–1625) shows a maturing Marie de' Medici at study. Her education is given a divine grace by the", "title": "Marie de' Medici cycle" }, { "id": "233201", "score": "1.4220442", "text": "the god Bacchus always being identified with this animal. However, Manilius called it \"Jovis et Junonis Sidus\" (Star of Jupiter and Juno). , the Sun appears in the constellation Leo from August 10 to September 10. In tropical astrology, the Sun is considered to be in the sign Leo from July 23 to August 22, and in sidereal astrology, from August 16 to September 17. Leo is commonly represented as if the sickle-shaped asterism of stars is the back of the Lion's head. The sickle is marked by six stars: Epsilon Leonis, Mu Leonis, Zeta Leonis, Gamma Leonis, Eta Leonis,", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "id": "19613348", "score": "1.4193017", "text": "mantis was considered a god in southern African Khoi and San tradition for its praying posture. Among the mammals, cattle, deer, horses, lions, bats and wolves (including werewolves), are the subjects of myths and worship. Reptiles too, such as the crocodile, have been worshipped as gods in cultures including ancient Egypt and Hinduism. Of the twelve signs of the Western zodiac, six, namely Aries (ram), Taurus (bull), Cancer (crab), Leo (lion), Scorpio (scorpion), and Pisces (fish) are animals, while two others, Sagittarius (horse/man) and Capricorn (fish/goat) are hybrid animals; the name zodiac indeed means a circle of animals. All twelve", "title": "Human uses of animals" }, { "id": "2248492", "score": "1.4127784", "text": "represented as a winged man, and was later adapted for St Matthew in order to symbolise Christ’s humanity. In the context of the tetramorphs, the winged man indicates Christ’s humanity and reason, as well as Matthew’s account of the Incarnation of Christ. The lion of St Mark represents courage, resurrection, and royalty, coinciding with the theme of Christ as king in Mark’s gospel. It is also interpreted as the Lion of Judah as a reference to Christ’s royal lineage. The ox, or bull, is an ancient Christian symbol of redemption and life through sacrifice, signifying Luke’s records of Christ as", "title": "Tetramorph" }, { "id": "3302346", "score": "1.4060118", "text": "yin and yang, the female representing yin and the male yang. The male lion has its right front paw on a type of cloth ball simply called an \"embroidered ball\" (xiù qiú, 绣球), which is sometimes carved with a geometric pattern. The female is essentially identical, but has a cub under the left paw, representing the cycle of life. Symbolically, the female lion protects those dwelling inside (the living soul within), while the male guards the structure (the external material elements). Sometimes the female has her mouth closed, and the male open. This symbolizes the enunciation of the sacred word", "title": "Chinese guardian lions" }, { "id": "9433407", "score": "1.4023973", "text": "largely on astronomical and astrological configurations. The constellation of Leo contains 27 stars and 8 shapeless ones. Leo is \"a fiction of grammarians ignorant of the skies, which owes its existence to false interpretations and arbitrary changes of the older star-names.\" It is impossible to determine exactly what was the origin of such interpretation from stars. The Babylonians observed a heavenly hierarchy of kings in the zodiacal sign of Leo. They put the lion, as the king of their animal kingdom, into the place in the zodiac in which the summer solstice occurs. In the Babylonian zodiac, it became the", "title": "Lion and Sun" } ]

[ "2", "", "two" ]

[ { "id": "1920014", "score": "1.4735215", "text": "Tears for Fears Tears for Fears are an English pop rock band formed in Bath in 1981 by Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith. Founded after the dissolution of their first band, the mod-influenced Graduate, they were initially associated with the new wave synthesiser bands of the early 1980s but later branched out into mainstream rock and pop, which led to international chart success. They were part of the MTV-driven Second British Invasion of the US. Their debut album, \"The Hurting\", released in 1983, reached number one on the UK Albums Chart, while their second album, \"Songs from the Big Chair\",", "title": "Tears for Fears" }, { "id": "6507860", "score": "1.3664683", "text": "People! People! was a one-hit wonder rock band that was formed in San Jose, California in 1965. Their greatest chart success came with their summer hit single \"I Love You\". The song, written by The Zombies bass guitarist Chris White, rose to number one in Japan (twice), Israel, Australia, Italy, South Africa, and the Philippines, and peaked at No. 14 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in June 1968. At various times, band members have included Robb Levin, Geoff Levin, Albert Ribisi, John Riolo, David Anderson, Larry Norman, Gene Mason, Denny Fridkin, Tom Tucker, Bruce Thomas Eason (as Scott Eason), John", "title": "People!" }, { "id": "1920021", "score": "1.3637996", "text": "5 hit in the Philippines and South Africa), \"Change\" (top 40 hit in Australia, Canada, Ireland, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Poland and South Africa. It also became their first single to reach the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100), and a re-recorded version of \"Pale Shelter\" (top 10 hit in the Philippines). All three of these singles reached the Top 5 in the UK. Towards the end of 1983, the band released a new, slightly more experimental single, \"The Way You Are\", intended as a stopgap while they worked on their second album. The single was a top 30 hit", "title": "Tears for Fears" }, { "id": "8282254", "score": "1.3583572", "text": "Tears for Fears discography The English pop rock band Tears for Fears have released six studio albums, along with numerous singles, compilations and videos. Formed in 1981 by Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith, the duo signed to Phonogram Records in the UK and released their first single the same year. It was not until Tears for Fears' third single, \"Mad World\" (1982), that they scored their first hit, and their platinum-selling debut album \"The Hurting\" (1983) was a UK number one. Their second album, \"Songs from the Big Chair\", was released in 1985 and became a worldwide hit, establishing the", "title": "Tears for Fears discography" }, { "id": "1920015", "score": "1.3528155", "text": "released in 1985, reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200, achieving multi-platinum status in both the UK and the US. Their second album contained two \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number ones: \"Shout\" and \"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\"', the latter winning the Brit Award for Best British Single in 1986. After the release of their third platinum-selling album, \"The Seeds of Love\" (1989), Smith and Orzabal parted company in 1991. Orzabal retained the Tears for Fears name, releasing the albums \"Elemental\" (1993) and \"Raoul and the Kings of Spain\" (1995) before he and Smith re-formed as Tears for Fears", "title": "Tears for Fears" }, { "id": "14484292", "score": "1.3458414", "text": "down and a tour was decided against...\". The band split up in 1981. Interview - Snakes And Lovers And Graphical Discography Interview (band) Interview were a five piece pop/rock band from Bath, Somerset, England. They were signed to Virgin Records, and between 1978 and 1981 released two albums and four singles. Originally formed in 1977 by Pete Allerhand, Alan Brain and Jeff Starrs in Bath, they added Manny Elias (later of Tears for Fears) on drums and Phil Crowther on bass. In 1978, they signed up to a five album recording contract with Virgin. Their debut album, \"big oceans\", produced", "title": "Interview (band)" }, { "id": "3374507", "score": "1.3339314", "text": "The Pop Group The Pop Group are an English band formed in Bristol in 1977 by vocalist Mark Stewart, guitarist John Waddington, bassist Simon Underwood, guitarist/saxophonist Gareth Sager, and drummer Bruce Smith. Their work in the late 1970s crossed diverse musical influences including funk, free jazz and dub with radical politics and the avant-garde, helping to pioneer post-punk music. The group released two albums, \"Y\" (1979) and \"For How Much Longer Do We Tolerate Mass Murder?\" (1980), and the acclaimed singles \"She Is Beyond Good and Evil\" (1979) and \"We Are All Prostitutes\" (1979), before breaking up in 1981. Its", "title": "The Pop Group" }, { "id": "14085399", "score": "1.3319168", "text": "to 140 members. Fueled by the inspiration the new Christian contemporary music that was sweeping the country Roger began laying the groundwork for a new touring ensemble with vocals, live band with horns. Wanting to name the group something with a distinctive identity that did not sound preachy or worldly, Roger's wife, Linda Breland, suggested Truth. The group hit the road in 1971. Traveling in three station wagons and a truck, the group sang in small churches, colleges, outdoor shopping centers and youth gatherings [Southern United States]]. They were turned away many times from churches because of their contemporary sound.", "title": "Truth (American band)" }, { "id": "12484766", "score": "1.3260493", "text": "The Cherry People The Cherry People were a psychedelic pop and later hard rock group that formed from remnants of The English Setters. The band is best known for their semi-hit single And Suddenly, which reached No. 44, and including guitarist Punky Meadows who would join BUX and Angel in the early to mid 70s after leaving the Cherry People in 1972. During the summer months The English Setters changed its name to the Cherry People and embarked on several trips to play nightclubs in New York City. While working the Café Wha? the band attracted the interest of producer", "title": "The Cherry People" }, { "id": "14365344", "score": "1.31695", "text": "money raised will go towards creating the album, and 5% overall is going to a charity of their choice. Twenty Twenty (band) Twenty Twenty was a pop punk band based in London, Cambridge and Essex, UK. They are made up of lead vocalist/guitarist Sam Halliday, brother and bassist/vocalist Jack Halliday, and drummer/vocalist Sonny Watson-Lang. The band have supported acts such as The Wanted, The Saturdays, Avril Lavigne, Scouting For Girls, Big Time Rush and Selena Gomez. Festival appearances have included playing with JLS, Diversity, and McFly. July 2010 saw the band play at the O2 Arena with The Saturdays, and", "title": "Twenty Twenty (band)" }, { "id": "8282750", "score": "1.3162318", "text": "Tears Roll Down (Greatest Hits 82–92) Tears Roll Down (Greatest Hits 82–92) is a compilation album by the British pop/rock band Tears for Fears, released in 1992. Preceded by the hit single \"Laid So Low (Tears Roll Down)\", the album contains twelve of the band's UK Top 40 hits. The album has been certified double platinum in the UK, platinum in the US, and gold in several other countries including Canada and France. \"Tears Roll Down\" originally peaked at #1 in Italy and #2 in the UK and France upon its release, but returned to the UK Top 10 (#6)", "title": "Tears Roll Down (Greatest Hits 82–92)" }, { "id": "1920028", "score": "1.3158109", "text": "an American female singer/pianist, Oleta Adams, who was performing in a Kansas City hotel bar, and whom they invited to collaborate on their next album. Towards the end of the year, the band released a video collection/documentary entitled \"Scenes from the Big Chair\". In February 1986, having completed the lengthy and exhausting Big Chair world tour, Tears for Fears were honoured at the 1986 Brit Awards in London where they won the Best British Single award for \"Everybody Wants To Rule The World\". The band was also nominated for Best British Group and Best British Album, and Chris Hughes was", "title": "Tears for Fears" }, { "id": "8282256", "score": "1.3155833", "text": "three-track vinyl EP of cover versions, entitled \"Ready Boy & Girls?\", was released exclusively for Record Store Day in 2014, but was followed in 2017 by the band's first new original single in over a decade, \"I Love You but I'm Lost\". It was featured on a new Greatest Hits compilation album, \"\", which gave the band their sixth UK Top 20 album. (The following compilations tended to be regional releases, issued without the band's involvement and often on \"budget price\" labels) Tears for Fears discography The English pop rock band Tears for Fears have released six studio albums, along", "title": "Tears for Fears discography" }, { "id": "5143623", "score": "1.3155739", "text": "22-20s 22-20s were an English blues rock band, formed in 2002 in Sleaford, Lincolnshire. The band originally disbanded in December 2005 before reforming in 2008 and releasing \"Shake/Shiver/Moan\" in 2010 and \"Got It If You Want It\" in 2012. They disbanded for a second time in early 2013. The band's songs have regularly featured in adverts and films, most notably \"Devil in Me\" which was featured on the Vauxhall Astra television commercial in early 2016 and later a commercial for the Racing Post. They have also featured on numerous high-profile soundtracks, including the Guy Ritchie film, \"RocknRolla\", London Boulevard, Cry", "title": "22-20s" }, { "id": "14484289", "score": "1.3136544", "text": "Interview (band) Interview were a five piece pop/rock band from Bath, Somerset, England. They were signed to Virgin Records, and between 1978 and 1981 released two albums and four singles. Originally formed in 1977 by Pete Allerhand, Alan Brain and Jeff Starrs in Bath, they added Manny Elias (later of Tears for Fears) on drums and Phil Crowther on bass. In 1978, they signed up to a five album recording contract with Virgin. Their debut album, \"big oceans\", produced by Colin Thurston, was released in 1978 consisted of both hard-edged power pop (\"You Didn't Have To Lie To Me\", \"Academies", "title": "Interview (band)" }, { "id": "1920019", "score": "1.3125196", "text": "player and, after recording two demos, Tears for Fears were signed to Phonogram Records, UK in 1981 by A&R manager Dave Bates. Their first single, \"Suffer the Children\" (produced by David Lord), was released on that label in November 1981, followed by the first edition of \"Pale Shelter\" (produced by Mike Howlett) in March 1982, though neither of these releases were successful. The band achieved their first taste of success with their third single, \"Mad World\", which reached no. 3 in the UK in November 1982. Their first album, \"The Hurting\", was released in March 1983. For this album (and", "title": "Tears for Fears" }, { "id": "20130625", "score": "1.3109307", "text": "before releasing an album. In the 1990s Noel Ram became a dance producer, performing and remixing a number of singles. 7\" Singles: 12\" Singles: Two People (band) Two People was a mid-1980s British band consisting of Mark Stevenson (lead vocals/guitar) and Noel Ram (guitar/vocals). They released a number of singles between 1985 and 1987, scoring two minor hits in the UK Charts with the songs \"This is the Shirt\" and \"Heaven\". They featured on BBC Radio 1 In Concert in 1985, backed by their live band Brad Lang (bass), Ian Penman (keyboards) and Steve Creese (drums). Their record producers included", "title": "Two People (band)" }, { "id": "2611024", "score": "1.3100405", "text": "album \"96 Tears\". The follow-up song, \"I Need Somebody\", peaked at number 22 later that year, but no other U.S. Top 40 singles followed. 96 Tears \"96 Tears\" is a song recorded by the American garage rock band ? and the Mysterians in 1966 (\"see\" 1966 in music). In October of that year, it was number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the U.S. and on the \"RPM\" 100 in Canada. \"Billboard\" ranked the record as the number five song for 1966. It is ranked number 213 on the \"Rolling Stone\" list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All", "title": "96 Tears" }, { "id": "4263529", "score": "1.3089777", "text": "The Hurting The Hurting is the debut studio album by the British pop rock band Tears for Fears. It was released on 7 March 1983, and peaked at No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart in its second week of release. The album was certified Gold by the BPI within three weeks of release, and reached Platinum status in January 1985. The album contains Tears for Fears' first three hit singles – \"Mad World\", \"Change\", and \"Pale Shelter\" – all of which reached the top five in the UK. It also contains a new version of the band's first single,", "title": "The Hurting" }, { "id": "1585917", "score": "1.3039815", "text": "New Romantic synthpop group Spandau Ballet, house-band of London’s Blitz club, had flown to New York City to stage not only a live gig but a fashion show by the Axiom collective of designers, who included Sade Adu. These former Blitz Kids, “21 in number and 21 their average age” came by invitation of Jim Fouratt who hosted the event at the Underground club. During 1983, 30% of the US record sales were from British acts. On 18 July 1983, 18 singles in the top 40, and 6 in the top 10, were by British artists. \"Newsweek\" magazine ran an", "title": "New Romantic" } ]

[ "Japan", "Nihon", "etymology of japan", "japanese financial sector", "Japanese financial sector", "JPN", "nippon", "Republic of Japan", "rìběn", "nihon", "JapaN", "nippon koku", "State of Japan", "Modern–era Japan", "The State of Japan", "Riben", "Japang", "state of japan", "riben", "modern–era japan", "Jpan", "Japan (country)", "日本國", "japan country", "JAPAN", "japoa", "Japian", "jpn", "Nippon-koku", "Japoa", "Rìběn", "Nihon-koku", "ISO 3166-1:JP", "japian", "Nippon", "japao", "Etymology of Japan", "nihon koku", "日本", "iso 3166 1 jp", "republic of japan", "jpan", "🗾", "Ja-pan", "日本国", "japang", "Japao", "ja pan", "japan" ]

[ { "id": "4224903", "score": "1.794222", "text": "The inaugural competition was planned to be contested in 1999 by the continental club winners of 1998, the Intercontinental Cup winners and the host nation's national club champions, but it was postponed by one year. When it was rescheduled, the competition had eight new participants from the continental champions of 1999: Brazilian clubs Corinthians and Vasco da Gama, English side Manchester United, Mexican club Necaxa, Moroccan club Raja Casablanca, Spanish side Real Madrid, Saudi club Al-Nassr, and Australian club South Melbourne. The first goal of the competition was scored by Real Madrid's Nicolas Anelka against Al-Nassr; Real Madrid went on", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": "4224883", "score": "1.7936325", "text": "FIFA Club World Cup The FIFA Club World Cup is an international men's association football competition organised by the \"Fédération Internationale de Football Association\" (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament officially assigns the world title. The competition was first contested in 2000 as the FIFA Club World Championship. It was not held between 2001 and 2004 due to a combination of factors, most importantly the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure. Since 2005, the competition has been held every year, and has been hosted by Brazil, Japan, the United Arab Emirates and Morocco. The FIFA", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": "4224885", "score": "1.7802365", "text": "renamed the \"FIFA Club World Championship\". In 2006, the tournament took its current name. As required by the regulations, a representative from FIFA present the winner of the World Cup with the FIFA Club World Cup trophy and with a FIFA World Champions certificate. The current format of the tournament involves seven teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation over a period of about two weeks; the winners of that year's AFC Champions League (Asia), CAF Champions League (Africa), CONCACAF Champions League (North America), Copa Libertadores (South America), OFC Champions League (Oceania) and UEFA Champions League", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": "16974907", "score": "1.7652488", "text": "Historical table of the FIFA Club World Cup The FIFA Club World Cup is an international association football competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship was first contested as the FIFA Club World Championship in 2000. It was not held between 2001 and 2004 due to a combination of factors, most importantly the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure. Following a change in format which saw the FIFA Club World Championship absorb the Intercontinental Cup, it was relaunched in 2005 and took its current name the season", "title": "Historical table of the FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": "4224902", "score": "1.7465835", "text": "September 1997, FIFA selected Brazil to host the competition, which was initially scheduled to take place in 1999. Manchester United legend Bobby Charlton, a pillar of England's victorious campaign in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, stated that the Club World Championship provided \"a fantastic chance of becoming the first genuine world champions.\" The competition gave away US$28 million in prize money and its TV rights, worth US$40 million, were sold to 15 broadcasters across five continents. The final draw of the first Club World Championship was done on 19 October 1999 at the Copacabana Palace Hotel in Rio de Janeiro.", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "FIFA Club World Cup\n\nThe FIFA Club World Cup is an international men's association football competition organised by the \"Fédération Internationale de Football Association\" (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The competition was first contested in 2000 as the FIFA Club World Championship. It was not held from 2001 to 2004 due to a combination of factors in the cancelled 2001 tournament, most importantly the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure (ISL), but since 2005 it has been held every year, and has been hosted by Brazil, Japan, the United Arab Emirates, Morocco and Qatar. Views differ as to the cup's prestige: it struggles to attract interest in most of Europe, and is the object of heated debate in South America.\n\nThe first FIFA Club World Championship took place in Brazil in 2000, during which year it ran in parallel with the Intercontinental Cup, a competition played by the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the Copa Libertadores, with the champions of each tournament both recognised (in 2017) by FIFA as club world champions. In 2005, the Intercontinental Cup was merged with the FIFA Club World Championship, and in 2006, the tournament was renamed as the FIFA Club World Cup. The winner of the Club World Cup receives the FIFA Club World Cup trophy and a FIFA World Champions certificate.\n\nThe current format of the tournament involves seven teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation over a period of about two weeks; the winners of that year's AFC Champions League (Asia), CAF Champions League (Africa), CONCACAF Champions League (North, Central America and Caribbean), CONMEBOL Libertadores (South America), OFC Champions League (Oceania) and UEFA Champions League (Europe), along with the host nation's national champions, participate in a straight knock-out tournament. The host nation's national champions contest a play-off against the Oceania champions, from which the winner joins the champions of Asia, Africa and North America in the quarter-finals. The quarter-final winners go on to face the European and South American champions, who enter at the semi-final stage, for a place in the final.\n\nReal Madrid hold the record for most titles, having won the competition on four occasions. Corinthians' inaugural victory remains the best result from a host nation's national league champions. Teams from Spain have won the tournament seven times, the most for any nation. The current world champions are Chelsea, who defeated Palmeiras 2–1 after extra time in the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup Final.", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2006 FIFA Club World Cup\n\nThe 2006 FIFA Club World Cup (officially known as the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2006 presented by Toyota for sponsorship reasons) was a football tournament held in Japan between 10 and 17 December 2006. It was the third FIFA Club World Cup.\n\nThe club champions from each of the six confederations played in a knockout tournament. The quarter-final match-ups were determined by a draw including the AFC, CAF, CONCACAF and OFC champions, while the UEFA and CONMEBOL champions were given byes to the semi-finals. The losers of the quarter-finals would play for the fifth place, while the losers of the semi-finals were to play in a third-place play-off.\n\nDefending champions São Paulo were beaten in the 2006 Copa Libertadores Finals by fellow Brazilian side Internacional, who went on to win the Club World Cup for the first time, beating Al Ahly in the semi-finals before defeating Spanish club Barcelona 1–0 in the final.\n\nA team from the host nation did not participate, as was initially proposed. Following the departure of Australia from the OFC, the Oceanian representative, Auckland City, was fully amateur, so forcing them to play a play-off for a place in the quarter-finals against the J. League champions (Gamba Osaka) was considered, which would have also promoted local interest. The change would have also eliminated the fifth-place play-off, to keep the number of games intact. This was finally rejected, but the tournament format was changed for 2007.", "title": "2006 FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Zinedine Zidane\n\nZinedine Yazid Zidane (; born 23 June 1972), popularly known as Zizou, is a French professional football manager and former player who played as an attacking midfielder. He most recently coached Spanish club Real Madrid and is one of the most successful coaches in the world. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Zidane was a playmaker renowned for his elegance, vision, passing, ball control, and technique. He received many individual accolades as a player, including being named FIFA World Player of the Year in 1998, 2000 and 2003, and winning the 1998 Ballon d'Or.\n\nZidane started his career at Cannes before establishing himself as one of the best players in the French Ligue 1 at Bordeaux. In 1996, he moved to Italian team Juventus, where he won several trophies including two Serie A titles. He moved to Real Madrid for a world record fee at the time of €77.5 million in 2001, which remained unmatched for the next eight years. In Spain, Zidane won several trophies, including a La Liga title and the UEFA Champions League. In the 2002 Champions League final, he scored a left-foot volleyed winner that is considered one of the greatest goals in the competition's history.\n\nCapped 108 times by France, Zidane won the 1998 FIFA World Cup, scoring twice in the final, and was named to the All-Star team. This triumph made him a national hero in France and he received the Legion of Honour in 1998. He won UEFA Euro 2000 and was named Player of the Tournament. He also received the Golden Ball as Player of the Tournament at the 2006 World Cup, despite his infamous sending off in the final against Italy for headbutting Marco Materazzi in the chest. He retired as the fourth-most capped player in French history.\n\nIn 2004, he was named in the FIFA 100, a list of the world's greatest living players compiled by Pelé, and in the same year was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. Zidane is one of eight players to have won the World Cup, the Champions League, and the Ballon d'Or. He was the ambassador for Qatar's successful bid to stage the 2022 World Cup, the first Arab country to host the tournament.\n\nAfter retiring as a player, Zidane began his coaching career at Real Madrid Castilla. He remained in the position for two years before taking the helm of the first team in 2016. In his initial two and a half seasons, Zidane became the first coach to win the Champions League three times in a row, won the UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup twice each, as well as a La Liga title and a Supercopa de España. This success led to Zidane being named Best FIFA Men's Coach in 2017. He resigned in 2018, but returned to the club in 2019 and won another La Liga and a Supercopa de España title before leaving again in 2021.", "title": "Zinedine Zidane" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "FIFA World Cup\n\nThe FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the \"\" (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has been held every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The reigning champions are Argentina, who won their third title at the 2022 tournament.\n\nThe format involves a qualification phase, which takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase. In the tournament phase, 32 teams compete for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over about a month. The host nation(s) automatically qualify to the group stage of the tournament.\n\nAs of the 2022 FIFA World Cup, 22 final tournaments have been held and a total of 80 national teams have competed. The trophy has been won by eight national teams. Brazil, with five wins, are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina, with three titles; France and inaugural winner Uruguay, each with two titles; and England and Spain, with one title each.\n\nThe World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world, as well as the most widely viewed and followed single sporting event in the world. The viewership of the 2018 World Cup was estimated to be 3.57 billion (half of the global population) with an estimated 1.12 billion people watching the final match.\n\nSeventeen countries have hosted the World Cup, most recently Qatar, who hosted the 2022 edition. The 2026 tournament will be jointly hosted by Canada, the United States and Mexico, which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to host games in three World Cups.", "title": "FIFA World Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of FIFA Club World Cup finals\n\nThe FIFA Club World Cup is an international association football competition organised by the FIFA, the sport's global governing body. It is the replacement or continuation of the Intercontinental Cup. The championship was first contested as the FIFA Club World Championship in 2000. It was not held between 2001 and 2004 due to a combination of factors, most importantly the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure. Following a change in format which saw the FIFA Club World Championship absorb the Intercontinental Cup, it was relaunched in 2005 and took its current name the season afterwards.\n\nThe current format of the tournament involves seven teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation over a period of about two weeks; the winners of that year's edition of the Asian AFC Champions League, African CAF Champions League, North American CONCACAF Champions League, South American Copa Libertadores, Oceanian OFC Champions League and European UEFA Champions League, along with the host nation's national champion, participate in a straight knockout tournament.<ref name=\"Format\" />\n\nReal Madrid holds the record for most victories, winning the competition four times since its inception. Teams from Spain have won the tournament the most times, with seven wins produced from that nation. The Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) is the most successful confederation of the competition with thirteen titles earned by seven of its clubs. \n\nThe current champions are Chelsea, who won their first title following a 2–1 win after extra time against Palmeiras in the 2021 final, held at the Mohammed bin Zayed Stadium in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.<ref name=\"Overview\"/>", "title": "List of FIFA Club World Cup finals" }, { "id": "12891464", "score": "1.7460454", "text": "FIFA Club World Cup records and statistics The FIFA Club World Cup is an international association football competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The championship was first contested as the FIFA Club World Championship in 2000. It was not held between 2001 and 2004 due to a combination of factors, most importantly the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure. Following a change in format which saw the FIFA Club World Championship absorb the Intercontinental Cup, it was relaunched in 2005 and took its current name the season afterwards. The current format of the", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup records and statistics" }, { "id": "4224934", "score": "1.7393329", "text": "on their footballing merit at the international stage like Japan, Morocco and the United Arab Emirates (with the exception of Brazil which hosted the first edition), and the poor economic benefits for the winning team, regarded as inferior than any Super Cup prizes. FIFA Club World Cup The FIFA Club World Cup is an international men's association football competition organised by the \"Fédération Internationale de Football Association\" (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament officially assigns the world title. The competition was first contested in 2000 as the FIFA Club World Championship. It was not held between 2001 and", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": "16974557", "score": "1.7340977", "text": "a Toyota-made automobile. FIFA Club World Cup awards The FIFA Club World Cup is an international association football competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship was first contested as the FIFA Club World Championship in 2000. It was not held between 2001 and 2004 due to a combination of factors, most importantly the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure. Following a change in format which saw the FIFA Club World Championship absorb the Intercontinental Cup, it was relaunched in 2005 and took its current name the season", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup awards" }, { "id": "10637161", "score": "1.7331022", "text": "lost 0–1 to Chelsea. Their first trophy came in 2002 after defeating Feyenoord with 3–1. In 1960, UEFA and their South-American equivalent, the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL), created the Intercontinental Cup as a way of determining the best team in the world, by pitting the winners of the European Champions' Cup and the South American Copa Libertadores against each other. In 2000, FIFA launched their international club competition called the FIFA Club World Championship, featuring teams from all of its member associations. In the second edition — renamed the FIFA Club World Cup — in 2005, FIFA took over", "title": "Real Madrid C.F. in international football competitions" }, { "id": "4224884", "score": "1.7309296", "text": "Club World Cup's prestige is perceived quite differently in different parts of the football world; it struggles to attract interest in most of Europe, and it's object of heated debate in Brazil and Argentina. The first FIFA Club World Championship took place in Brazil in 2000. It ran in parallel with the Intercontinental Cup (also known as European/South American Cup), a competition between the winners of the European Champions' Cup (UEFA) and the Copa Libertadores (CONMEBOL), first contested in 1960. In 2005, after the Intercontinental Cup's last edition, that competition was merged with the Club World Cup's pilot edition and", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": "2762102", "score": "1.7270375", "text": "FIFA Club World Cup, which was held for the first time in 2000. It had been regarded by FIFA as the sole predecessor, until the June 2014 FIFA Executive Committee meeting, which declared the 1951 edition of Copa Rio as \"the first worldwide club tournament with teams from Europe and South America\". On 27 October 2017, FIFA officially recognized all the champions of the Intercontinental Cup as club world champions, in equal status to the FIFA Club World Cup. The competition trophy bears the words \"\"Coupe Européenne-Sudamericaine\"\" (\"European-South American Cup\") at the top. At the base of the trophy, there", "title": "Intercontinental Cup (football)" }, { "id": "8249378", "score": "1.723064", "text": "tournament, one representing each regional football confederation. The competition's name, which was the simple union between the name of the two previous merging competitions, was evidently too long, and was going to be reduced the following year, becoming the FIFA Club World Cup. The competition was a knockout tournament so each team played two or three matches. The champions of the four \"weaker\" confederations played in the quarter-finals; the losers played in a fifth place play-off. The winners were then joined by the European and South American champions in the semi-finals; the losers played in a third place play-off. The", "title": "2005 FIFA Club World Championship" }, { "id": "4224906", "score": "1.7146163", "text": "the problem of scheduling the tournament around the different club seasons across each continent. It contained just the six reigning continental champions, with the CONMEBOL and UEFA representatives receiving byes to the semi-finals. A new trophy was introduced replacing the Intercontinental trophy, the Toyota trophy and the trophy of 2000. The draw for the 2005 edition of the competition took place in Tokyo on 30 July 2005 at The Westin Tokyo. The 2005 edition saw São Paulo pushed to the limit by Saudi side Al-Ittihad to reach the final. In the final, one goal from Mineiro was enough to dispatch", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": "16974552", "score": "1.7141157", "text": "FIFA Club World Cup awards The FIFA Club World Cup is an international association football competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship was first contested as the FIFA Club World Championship in 2000. It was not held between 2001 and 2004 due to a combination of factors, most importantly the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure. Following a change in format which saw the FIFA Club World Championship absorb the Intercontinental Cup, it was relaunched in 2005 and took its current name the season afterwards. The current", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup awards" }, { "id": "7644931", "score": "1.7113514", "text": "2006 FIFA Club World Cup The 2006 FIFA Club World Cup (officially the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2006 presented by Toyota for sponsorship reasons) was a football tournament held in Japan between 10 December and 17 December 2006. It was the third FIFA Club World Cup. The club champions from each of the six confederations played in a knockout tournament. The quarter-final match-ups were determined by a draw including the AFC, CAF, CONCACAF and OFC champions, while the UEFA and CONMEBOL champions were given byes to the semi-finals. The losers of the quarter-finals would play for the fifth place,", "title": "2006 FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": "9334895", "score": "1.6938844", "text": "2007 FIFA Club World Cup The 2007 FIFA Club World Cup (officially the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2007 presented by Toyota for sponsorship reasons) was a football tournament played in Japan from 7 December to 16 December 2007. It was the fourth FIFA Club World Cup, a tournament organised by FIFA for the winners of each confederation's top continental club tournament. The trophy was won by Milan, who became the most successful team in the world in terms of international trophies won (18) and the first European team to win the trophy. The qualified teams were decided during 2007", "title": "2007 FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": "4224901", "score": "1.6917762", "text": "Club World Championship was laid years in advance. According to Sepp Blatter, the idea of the tournament was presented to the Executive Committee in December 1993 in Las Vegas, United States by Silvio Berlusconi, AC Milan's president. Since every confederation had, by then, a stable, continental championship, FIFA felt it was prudent and relevant to have a Club World Championship tournament. Initially, there were nine candidates to host the competition: China, Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, Saudi Arabia, Tahiti, Turkey, the United States, and Uruguay; of the nine, only Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Brazil and Uruguay confirmed their interest to FIFA. On 3", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": "4224887", "score": "1.6889646", "text": "first successful defending champions in the tournament's history. Although the first club tournament to be billed as the \"Football World Championship\" was held in 1887, in which Scottish Cup champions Hibernian defeated English FA Cup semi-finalists Preston North End, the first attempt at creating a global club football tournament, according to FIFA, was in 1909, 21 years before the first FIFA World Cup. The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy was held in Italy in 1909 and 1911, and contested by English, Italian, German and Swiss clubs. It was won by English amateur site West Auckland on both occasions. The idea that", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": "4224888", "score": "1.6816754", "text": "FIFA should organise international club competitions dates from the beginning of the 1950s. In 1951, FIFA President Jules Rimet was asked about FIFA's involvement in the \"Copa Rio\", and stated that it was not under FIFA's jurisdiction since it was organised and sponsored by the Brazilian Football Confederation (\"Confederação Brasileira de Futebol\"; CBF). The competition was succeeded by another tournament, named \"Torneio Octogonal Rivadavia Corrêa Meyer\", which was won by Vasco da Gama. This tournament had five Brazilian sides, and three foreign clubs, thus, losing half of its intercontinental aspect. In December 2007, FIFA turned down Palmeiras' request to recognise", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "id": "4224900", "score": "1.6736696", "text": "as a condition UEFA stipulated to the clubs' participation in the European Cup, or risk facing an international lawsuit from UEFA and Toyota. In 1983, the English Football Association tried organising a Club World Cup to be played in 1985 and sponsored by West Nally, only to be denied by UEFA. The Interamerican Cup and the Afro-Asian Club Championship were tournaments created to allow those regions their own Club competitions, in large part due to the refusal of UEFA and CONMEBOL to allow CONCACAF, AFC and CAF clubs to compete in the Intercontinental Cup. The framework of the 2000 FIFA", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" } ]

[ "etchings", "stopping out", "relief etching", "Echoppe", "Soft ground etching", "Come up and see my etchings", "Illuminated printing", "etching", "come up and see my etchings", "echoppe", "Etching", "Etching (art)", "Etcher", "Eau-forte", "copperplate etching", "foul biting", "Échoppe", "Copperplate etching", "etcher", "Foul-biting", "illuminated printing", "Soft-ground etching", "Stopping out", "eau forte", "soft ground etching", "Relief etching", "Etchings", "échoppe", "etching art" ]

[ { "id": "528785", "score": "1.6899056", "text": "Etching Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types of material. As a method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains in wide use today. In a number of modern variants such as microfabrication etching and photochemical milling it is a crucial technique in much modern technology, including circuit boards. In traditional pure etching, a metal", "title": "Etching" }, { "id": "10163590", "score": "1.6502254", "text": "background. The first and greatest period of the engraving was from about 1470 to 1530, with such masters as Martin Schongauer, Albrecht Dürer, and Lucas van Leiden. Etching is the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal (the original process—in modern manufacturing other chemicals may be used on other types of material). As an intaglio method of printmaking it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains widely used today. Halftone is the reprographic technique", "title": "History of printing" }, { "id": "12964146", "score": "1.6059922", "text": "design onto a hard, usually flat surface, by cutting grooves into it. The process was developed in Germany in the 1430s from the engraving used by goldsmiths to decorate metalwork. Engravers use a hardened steel tool called a burin to cut the design into the surface, most traditionally a copper plate. Gravers come in a variety of shapes and sizes that yield different line types. Etching is the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal. This technique is believed to have", "title": "History of graphic design" }, { "id": "5340645", "score": "1.5906776", "text": "the hand – in which case the process is called \"engraving\"; or through the corrosive action of acid – in which case the process is known as \"etching\". In etching, for example, the plate is covered in a resin ground or an acid-resistant wax material. Using an etching needle, or a similar tool, the image is engraved into the ground, revealing the plate underneath. The plate is then dipped into acid. The acid bites into the surface of the plate where it was exposed. Biting is a printmaking term to describe the acid's etching, or incising, of the image. After", "title": "Intaglio (printmaking)" }, { "id": "528786", "score": "1.5322348", "text": "(usually copper, zinc or steel) plate is covered with a waxy ground which is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the ground with a pointed etching needle where he or she wants a line to appear in the finished piece, so exposing the bare metal. The échoppe, a tool with a slanted oval section, is also used for \"swelling\" lines. The plate is then dipped in a bath of acid, technically called the \"mordant\" (French for \"biting\") or \"etchant\", or has acid washed over it. The acid \"bites\" into the metal (it dissolves part of the metal) where", "title": "Etching" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Etching\n\nEtching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types of material. As a method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains in wide use today. In a number of modern variants such as microfabrication etching and photochemical milling it is a crucial technique in much modern technology, including circuit boards.\n\nIn traditional pure etching, a metal plate (usually of copper, zinc or steel) is covered with a waxy ground which is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the ground with a pointed etching needle where the artist wants a line to appear in the finished piece, exposing the bare metal. The échoppe, a tool with a slanted oval section, is also used for \"swelling\" lines. The plate is then dipped in a bath of acid, known as the \"mordant\" (French for \"biting\") or \"etchant\", or has acid washed over it. The acid \"bites\" into the metal (it undergoes a redox reaction) to a depth depending on time and acid strength, leaving behind the drawing (as carved into the wax) on the metal plate. The remaining ground is then cleaned off the plate. For first and renewed uses the plate is inked in any chosen non-corrosive ink all over and the surface ink drained and wiped clean, leaving ink in the etched forms.\n\nThe plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper (often moistened to soften it). The paper picks up the ink from the etched lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times; typically several hundred impressions (copies) could be printed before the plate shows much sign of wear. The work on the plate can be added to or repaired by re-waxing and further etching; such an etching (plate) may have been used in more than one state.\n\nEtching has often been combined with other intaglio techniques such as engraving (e.g., Rembrandt) or aquatint (e.g., Francisco Goya).", "title": "Etching" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of printing\n\nThe history of printing starts as early as 3000 BCE, when the proto-Elamite and Sumerian civilizations used cylinder seals to certify documents written in clay tablets . Other early forms include block seals, hammered coinage, pottery imprints, and cloth printing. Initially a method of printing patterns on cloth such as silk, woodblock printing for texts on paper originated in China by the 7th century during the Tang dynasty, leading to the spread of book production and woodblock printing in other parts of Asia such as Korea and Japan. The Chinese Buddhist \"Diamond Sutra\", printed by woodblock on 11 May 868, is the earliest known printed book with a precise publishing date. Movable type was invented by Chinese artisan Bi Sheng in the 11th century during the Song dynasty, but it received limited use compared to woodblock printing. Nevertheless, the technology spread outside China, as the oldest printed book using metal movable type was the \"Jikji\", printed in Korea in 1377 during the Goryeo era.\n\nWoodblock printing was also used in Europe until the mid-15th century. Late medieval German inventor Johannes Gutenberg created the first printing press based on previously known mechanical presses and a process for mass-producing metal type. By the end of the 15th century his invention and widescale circulation of the Gutenberg Bible became responsible for a burgeoning economical book publishing industry across Renaissance Europe and eventually among the colonial publishers and printers that emerged in the British-American colonies. This industry enabled the communication of ideas and sharing of knowledge on an unprecedented scale, leading to the global spread of the printing press during the early modern period. Alongside the development of text printing, new and lower-cost methods of image reproduction were developed, including lithography, screen printing and photocopying.", "title": "History of printing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of graphic design\n\nGraphic design is the practice of combining text with images and concepts, most often for advertisements, publications, or websites. The history of graphic design is frequently traced from the onset of moveable-type printing in the 15th century, yet earlier developments and technologies related to writing and printing can be considered as parts of the longer history of communication.", "title": "History of graphic design" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Language learning centre/Word list" }, { "id": "4528992", "score": "1.5304592", "text": "etched chemically by a suitable process, such as dipping in a hot chromic acid-sulfuric acid mixture. The etched surface is sensitised and activated by first dipping in tin(II) chloride solution, then palladium chloride solution. The processed surface is then coated with electroless copper or nickel before further plating. This process gives useful (about 1 to 6 kgf/cm or 10 to 60 N/cm or 5 to 35 lbf/in) adhesion force, but is much weaker than actual metal-to-metal adhesion strength. Vacuum metallizing involves heating the coating metal to its boiling point in a vacuum chamber, then letting condensation deposit the metal on", "title": "Metallizing" }, { "id": "5340644", "score": "1.526192", "text": "Intaglio (printmaking) Intaglio ( ; ) is the family of printing and printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface and the incised line or sunken area holds the ink. It is the direct opposite of a relief print. Normally, copper or zinc plates are used as a surface or matrix, and the incisions are created by etching, engraving, drypoint, aquatint or mezzotint. Collagraphs may also be printed as intaglio plates. In intaglio printing, the lines to be printed are cut into a metal plate by means either of a cutting tool called a burin, held in", "title": "Intaglio (printmaking)" }, { "id": "20980139", "score": "1.5192006", "text": "to the intaglio colour process of engraving, which is a strenuous technique developed by Hayter himself that allows for several colours to be applied to the metal plate at the same time. Steinhouse found the process of intaglio printmaking physically challenging, but was extremely passionate about the medium, dedicating months of practicing lifting the plates, handling the press, and accurately working with the chemicals. Despite her being well versed in oil painting and watercolor at the time, intaglio printmaking became Steinhouse’s preferred medium, and was used to create some of the works she is best known for. As a result", "title": "Tobie Steinhouse" }, { "id": "5340651", "score": "1.5080332", "text": "as wedding invitations by producing an embossment around lettering printed by another process (such as lithography or offset) to suggest the edges of an engraving plate. Intaglio (printmaking) Intaglio ( ; ) is the family of printing and printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface and the incised line or sunken area holds the ink. It is the direct opposite of a relief print. Normally, copper or zinc plates are used as a surface or matrix, and the incisions are created by etching, engraving, drypoint, aquatint or mezzotint. Collagraphs may also be printed as intaglio plates.", "title": "Intaglio (printmaking)" }, { "id": "14702138", "score": "1.5050976", "text": "in such aspects as landscape and background. All traditional methods of engraving and etching were intaglio, which meant that the design's outline was traced with a needle through an acid-resistant 'ground' which had been poured over the copperplate. The plate was then covered with acid, and the engraver went over the incised lines with a burin to allow the acid to bite into the furrows and eat into the copper itself. The acid would then be poured off, leaving the design incised on the plate. The engraver would then engrave the plate's entire surface with in a web of crosshatched", "title": "There is No Natural Religion" }, { "id": "14702105", "score": "1.4995811", "text": "aspects as landscape and background. All traditional methods of engraving and etching were intaglio, which meant that the design's outline was traced with a needle through an acid-resistant 'ground' which had been poured over the copperplate. The plate was then covered with acid, and the engraver went over the incised lines with a burin to allow the acid to bite into the furrows and eat into the copper itself. The acid would then be poured off, leaving the design incised on the plate. The engraver would then engrave the plate's entire surface with a web of crosshatched lines, before pouring", "title": "All Religions are One" }, { "id": "3119419", "score": "1.4995159", "text": "and then rubbed vigorously with tarlatan cloth or newspaper to remove the ink from the surface, leaving it in the incisions. A damp piece of paper is placed on top, and the plate and paper are run through a printing press that, through pressure, transfers the ink to the paper. The very sharp printing obtained from the intaglio process is hard to imitate by other means. Intaglio also allows for the creation of latent images which are only visible when the document is viewed at a very shallow angle. A guilloché is an ornamental pattern formed of two or more", "title": "Security printing" }, { "id": "4141375", "score": "1.4986815", "text": "these applications, it is properly called photochemical machining, but the terms photochemical milling, chemical milling and photoetching are sometimes used. A similar process called photolithography is used to make integrated circuits. One method of photoengraving produces a shallow depression in the metal. This is used for intaglio printing plates or for decorative purposes. It is also the same method used for printed circuit boards. The engraving is usually made in copper or brass. The process can be done in open trays but is much more effective if the etchant (often ferric chloride) is sprayed onto the metal. When ferric chloride", "title": "Photoengraving" }, { "id": "4623248", "score": "1.4914696", "text": "raw metal sheet. Using CAD designed photo-tools as stencils, the metal is exposed to UV light to leave a design pattern, which is developed and etched from the metal sheet. Perforating is a cutting process that punches multiple small holes close together in a flat workpiece. Perforated sheet metal is used to make a wide variety of surface cutting tools, such as the surform. This is a form of bending used to produce long, thin sheet metal parts. The machine that bends the metal is called a press brake. The lower part of the press contains a V-shaped groove called", "title": "Sheet metal" }, { "id": "528858", "score": "1.4906592", "text": "a waxy or acrylic ground. The artist then draws through the ground with a pointed etching needle. The exposed metal lines are then etched by dipping the plate in a bath of etchant (e.g. nitric acid or ferric chloride). The etchant \"bites\" into the exposed metal, leaving behind lines in the plate. The remaining ground is then cleaned off the plate, and the printing process is then just the same as for engraving. An intaglio variant of engraving in which the image is formed from subtle gradations of light and shade. Mezzotint—from the Italian mezzo (\"half\") and tinta (\"tone\")—is a", "title": "Printmaking" }, { "id": "4052581", "score": "1.4867816", "text": "expensive burn tables also include CNC punch capability, with a carousel of different punches and taps. Fabrication of structural steel by plasma and laser cutting introduces robots to move the cutting head in three dimensions around the material to be cut. Forming is an operation that converts a flat sheet metal work piece into a 3-D part. In this process, a raw material piece is formed by applying force to an object without adding or removing material. The force must be great enough to change the object's initial shape. The process of forming can be controlled with the use of", "title": "Metal fabrication" }, { "id": "5340646", "score": "1.4593902", "text": "the plate is sufficiently bitten, the plate is removed from the acid bath, and the ground is removed to prepare for the next step in printing. To print an intaglio plate, ink is applied to the surface by wiping and/or dabbing the plate to push the ink into the recessed lines, or grooves. The plate is then rubbed with tarlatan cloth to remove most of the excess ink. The final smooth wipe is often done with newspaper or old public phone book pages, leaving ink only in the incisions. A damp piece of paper is placed on top of the", "title": "Intaglio (printmaking)" }, { "id": "15629941", "score": "1.457775", "text": "is an engraving on a low relief surface made of zinc or similar surface material and printed in the intaglio style. Additive Plastograph is another technique that involves making of print images on a sheet of sand paper, using glue as a drawing medium. This is glued to the sand paper using intensive solar heat. Ink is then applied to the resultant images by the intaglio inking process. any link in excess is wiped off with a dry cloth. This is later taken to the press to register the relief already created by the glue on a soaked and semi-dried", "title": "Bruce Onobrakpeya" }, { "id": "528816", "score": "1.4452235", "text": "microscopic observation. There are many ways for the printmaker to control the acid's effects. Most typically, the surface of the plate is covered in a hard, waxy 'ground' that resists acid. The printmaker then scratches through the ground with a sharp point, exposing lines of metal which the mordant acid attacks. Aquatint is a variation in which particulate resin is evenly distributed on the plate, then heated to form a screen ground of uniform, but less than perfect, density. After etching, any exposed surface will result in a roughened (i.e., darkened) surface. Areas that are to be light in the", "title": "Etching" }, { "id": "19981648", "score": "1.445195", "text": "and iron wires. Her studio involves master metalworkers who stretch the metals that she then embeds into the gesso panels. She lays the gesso in multiple layers over wooden panels and polishes them. The interplay between the metal and the gesso has not entirely predictable results, the surface colours themselves aging over time. In some works, she has used the traditional thinnam, jewellers' steel tools, to create microscopic indents, both horizontal and vertical, across the gesso. Benjamin H. D. Buchloh's analysis of Meppayil's work regards its formal nature and suggests that the use of white was so that it could", "title": "Prabhavathi Meppayil" } ]

[ "Etymology of England", "Sasainn", "Pow Sows", "english nation", "aengland", "england", "Languages of England", "england uk", "ængla land", "name of england", "English Nation", "englaland", "england united kingdom", "engla rice", "Ingland", "Englnad", "Lloegr", "sasana", "Auld enemy", "The land of the Angles", "auld enemy", "Land of the Angles", "Englistan", "England, United Kingdom", "lloegr", "englnad", "starks field school", "england u k", "Name of England", "uk england", "ængland", "land of angles", "ænglaland", "England, U.K.", "Ængland", "Aenglaland", "Ængla land", "etymology of england", "England", "life in england", "engelond", "aenglaland", "Aengland", "Sasana", "languages of england", "anglica", "Engelond", "england s", "Life in England", "sasainn", "Engla land", "Starks Field School", "UK, (England)", "englistan", "Anglica", "ENGLAND", "engla land", "ingland", "Engla rice", "Englaland", "England, UK", "England's", "pow sows", "Ænglaland" ]

[ { "id": "355211", "score": "1.7238281", "text": "Christian daughter of the Frankish ruler Charibert. As early as 568, Ceawlin of Wessex, the most powerful ruler south of the River Humber, repulsed Æthelberht. According to later sources, Mercia was founded by Creoda in 585, although a paucity of sources makes it difficult to know how the Mercian royal line became established. North of the Humber, the kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia possessed rival royal dynasties. Ælla ruled Deira until his death in 588, leaving his daughter Acha, his son Edwin, and another unknown sibling. The Bernician dynasty, allied by kinship to the kingdom of Wessex, gained ascendancy over", "title": "Rædwald of East Anglia" }, { "id": "84785", "score": "1.7062037", "text": "the history of seven kings who, he said, held \"imperium\" over the other kingdoms south of the Humber. The usual translation for \"imperium\" is \"overlordship\". Bede names Ceawlin as the second on the list, although he spells it \"Caelin\", and adds that he was \"known in the speech of his own people as Ceaulin\". Bede also makes it clear that Ceawlin was not a Christian—Bede mentions a later king, Æthelberht of Kent, as \"the first to enter the kingdom of heaven\". The \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,\" in an entry for the year 827, repeats Bede's list, adds Egbert of Wessex, and also", "title": "Ceawlin of Wessex" }, { "id": "5442212", "score": "1.697005", "text": "as well as a pedigree of Ælfwald contained in the Anglian collection that dates from the 9th century. In the pedigree, Ælfwald is claimed to descend from the god Wōden. After 749, East Anglia was ruled either by the Mercians or by kings whose genealogy is not known. Sam Newton has claimed that the poem \"Beowulf\" may have been composed during the reign of Ælfwald of East Anglia. Before the end of his rule, Ælfwald's kingdom contained a group of ecclesiastical centres, all of which had strong associations with the Wuffingas dynasty. These included the sees at Dommoc and Helmham,", "title": "Wuffingas" }, { "id": "2849642", "score": "1.6888405", "text": "his predecessor Rædwald. The Wuffingas dynasty may have been connected with monastic foundations in the area around Faramoutiers through Anna's predecessor Sigeberht, who had spent several years as an exile in Gaul and had become a devout and learned Christian due to his experiences of monastic life. In 641 Oswald of Northumbria was slain in battle by Penda (probably at Oswestry in Shropshire). Due to his death, Northumbria was split into two. The northern part, Bernicia, accepted Oswald's brother Oswiu as their new king, but the southern Deirans refused to accept him and were ruled instead by a king of", "title": "Anna of East Anglia" }, { "id": "84788", "score": "1.6884525", "text": "of his eighth-century viewpoint. When the \"Ecclesiastical History\" was written, Æthelbald of Mercia dominated the English south of the Humber, and Bede's view of the earlier kings was doubtless strongly coloured by the state of England at that time. For the earlier \"bretwaldas\", such as Ælle and Ceawlin, there must be some element of anachronism in Bede's description. It also is possible that Bede only meant to refer to power over Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, not the native Britons. Ceawlin is the second king in Bede's list. All the subsequent bretwaldas followed more or less consecutively, but there is a long gap,", "title": "Ceawlin of Wessex" }, { "id": "1290392", "score": "1.6752033", "text": "Northumbria to the north, recently united from its constituent kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira, East Anglia to the east, and Wessex, the kingdom of the West Saxons, to the south. According to \"Ecclesiastical History of the English People\", a history of the English church written by the 8th-century monk Bede, there were seven early Anglo-Saxon rulers who held \"imperium\", or overlordship, over the other kingdoms. The fifth of these was Edwin of Northumbria, who was killed at the battle of Hatfield Chase by a combined force including Cadwallon, a British king of Gwynedd, and Penda. After Edwin's death, Northumbria briefly", "title": "Æthelred of Mercia" }, { "id": "8848275", "score": "1.6675053", "text": "by a single ruling dynasty, the Wuffingas. The first king of the East Angles of whom more than a name is known was Rædwald, described by Bede as 'the son of Tytil, whose father was Wuffa', who reigned from about 599 until approximately 624. According to Bede, he was converted to Christianity at the court of his overlord Æthelberht of Kent in about 604. Later in his reign he was powerful enough to hold \"imperium\" over several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In 616, he defeated Æthelfrith of Northumbria and installed the exiled Edwin as the new king. He is thought to have", "title": "Æthelwold of East Anglia" }, { "id": "2880101", "score": "1.6663712", "text": "the middle of the 7th century. The 8th-century monk and chronicler Bede lists both Oswald and Oswiu as having held \"imperium\", or overlordship, over the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms; in Oswiu's case his dominance extended beyond the Anglo-Saxons to the Picts, the Gaels of Dál Riata, and the many obscure and nameless native British kingdoms in what are now North West England and southern Scotland. Oswiu's overlordship was ended in 658 by the rise of Wulfhere of Mercia, but his reign continued until his death in 670, when Ecgfrith, one of his sons by his second wife, Eanflæd, succeeded him. Ecgfrith", "title": "Aldfrith of Northumbria" }, { "id": "1290467", "score": "1.6490338", "text": "Anglo-Saxon rulers who held \"imperium\", or overlordship, over the other kingdoms. The fifth of these was Edwin of Northumbria, who was killed at the Battle of Hatfield Chase by a combined force including Cadwallon, a British king of Gwynedd and Penda. At the time of this victory, Penda was probably not yet king of Mercia. His children included two future kings of Mercia: Wulfhere and Æthelred. After Edwin's death, Northumbria briefly fell apart into its two constituent kingdoms. Within a year Oswald killed Cadwallon and reunited the kingdoms, and subsequently re-established Northumbrian hegemony over the south of England. However, on", "title": "Wulfhere of Mercia" }, { "id": "7013421", "score": "1.6483549", "text": "aunt. Oswiu's successor was Ecgfrith, whose wife Etheldreda remained a virgin. In 672, Etheldreda took religious vows with the help of Bishop Wilfrid, to whom she gave the estate at Hexham, and after a year escaped to her East Anglian estate of Ely, where she founded a double monastery, the origin of the great mediaeval abbey. Meanwhile, in Kent, her nephew Ecgberht established the monastery of Minster-in-Thanet, ruled by his cousin Eormenburga, Merewalh's queen. In 673, Ecgbert was succeeded by his brother Hlothhere and their mother Seaxburga, Etheldreda's sister, became established in her double monastery at Minster-in-Sheppey in the Isle", "title": "Ealdwulf of East Anglia" }, { "id": "1320464", "score": "1.6468678", "text": "defeated Cadwallon at the Battle of Heavenfield in 634. After this victory, Oswald appears to have been recognised by both Bernicians and Deirans as king of a properly united Northumbria. The kings of Bernicia were thereafter supreme in that kingdom, although Deira had its own sub-kings at times during the reigns of Oswiu and his son Ecgfrith. Under Deiran rule 616–633) Under Oswald son of Æthelfrith, Bernicia was united with Deira to form Northumbria from 634 onward until the Viking invasion of the 9th Century. Bernicia Bernicia (Old English: \"Bernice\", \"Bryneich\", \"Beornice\"; Latin: \"Bernicia\") was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by", "title": "Bernicia" }, { "id": "1290393", "score": "1.6466829", "text": "fell apart into its two subkingdoms of Bernicia and Deira. Within a year Oswald, Edwin's nephew, killed Cadwallon and reunited the kingdoms, subsequently re-establishing Northumbrian hegemony over the south of England. In 642 Penda killed Oswald at the battle of Maserfield, and Northumbria was again divided. Oswald's son Oswiu succeeded to the throne of Bernicia, and Osric's son Oswine to Deira, the southern of the two kingdoms. In 655, Oswiu defeated and killed Penda at the Battle of the Winwaed. Oswiu installed Peada, a son of Penda, as king of southern Mercia and ruled the northern half himself; after Peada", "title": "Æthelred of Mercia" }, { "id": "5668673", "score": "1.6451675", "text": "Hrothmund, Trygil, Tyttman and Caser (Caesar) to Woden. The \"Historia Brittonum\", which was probably compiled in the early 9th century, also has a version (the \"de ortu regum Estanglorum\") in descending order, showing: \"Woden \"genuit\" ('begat') Casser, who begat Titinon, who begat Trigil, who begat Rodmunt, who begat Rippan, who begat Guillem Guechan. He first ruled in Britain over the race of East Angles. Guecha begat Guffa, who begat Tydil, who begat Ecni, who begat Edric, who begat Aldul, who begat Elric\". It is not certain whether the last name, Elric, is a mistake for Ælfwald or is referring to", "title": "Ælfwald of East Anglia" }, { "id": "8296620", "score": "1.6428838", "text": "the kingdom before the reign of Rædwald, who reigned until about 624. Sources of information include the names of a few of the early Wuffing kings, mentioned in a short passage in Bede's \"Ecclesiastical History of the English People\", written in the 730s. In 616, Rædwald defeated and killed Æthelfrith of Northumbria in the Battle of the River Idle and then installed Edwin as the new Deiran king. Whilst Edwin had been an exile at Rædwald's court, he had had a dream where he was told that if he converted to Christianity, he would become greater than any that had", "title": "Eorpwald of East Anglia" }, { "id": "2844669", "score": "1.6307118", "text": "of other peoples, for instance the Swabians, who settled in the area around the modern town of Swaffham. By 600, a number of kingdoms had begun to form in the territories of southern Britain conquered by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians. The ruling dynasty of East Anglia was the Wuffingas, named from Wuffa, an early king. The first king known to have ruled is Rædwald, whose reign spanned a quarter of a century from about 599. Æthelhere was probably the second of the sons of Eni, the brother of Rædwald. Four sons are certainly known: Æthilric, the father of", "title": "Æthelhere of East Anglia" }, { "id": "7013422", "score": "1.6279639", "text": "of Sheppey. The governance of Ely and Sheppey under two queens of East Anglian birth created an enduring axis of patronage and influence. Theodore notified Ecgfrith that he could not remarry within the Church while Etheldreda was living, denying him a legitimate heir. Soon afterwards, with Bishop Bisi in declining health, he divided the bishopric of Dommoc, creating a second East Anglian seat in Norfolk at North Elmham, or at South Elmham, in Suffolk). Bishop Æcci was appointed to Dommoc and Baduwine to Helmham. Abbot Botolph died in 674 at Iken and was succeeded by Æthelheah, who later exchanged land-rights", "title": "Ealdwulf of East Anglia" }, { "id": "8296680", "score": "1.6254747", "text": "before Sigeberht and Ecgric succeeded jointly as kings of East Anglia and ended the kingdom's brief period of apostasy. The earliest East Anglian kings were pagans. They belonged to the Wuffingas dynasty, named after Wuffa, whose ancestors originated from northern Europe and whose descendants ruled the East Angles in an almost unbroken line until after the reign of Ælfwald in the middle of the 8th century. When East Anglia was first mentioned by Bede in his \"Ecclesiastical History of the English People\", it was a powerful kingdom ruled by Rædwald (died about 624). According to Bede, Rædwald was recognised as", "title": "Ricberht of East Anglia" }, { "id": "8296621", "score": "1.6142098", "text": "ruled before him. Steven Plunkett relates that, according to the version of events as told in the Whitby \"Life of St Gregory\", it was Paulinus who visited Edwin and obtained his promise to convert to Christianity in return for regal power. After Edwin emerged as the ruler of Deira, with its centre at York, he became accepted as king of the northern Northumbrian province of Bernicia. Following his victory over the Northumbrians, Rædwald was not only king of the East Angles, but also the most powerful king amongst the rulers of the various English kingdoms, occupying the role which was", "title": "Eorpwald of East Anglia" }, { "id": "126907", "score": "1.61364", "text": "of the versions of the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" repeated Bede's list of seven kings in a famous entry under the year 827, with one additional king, Egbert of Wessex. The \"Chronicle\" also records that these kings held the title \"\"bretwalda\"\", or \"Britain-ruler\". The exact meaning of \"bretwalda\" has been the subject of much debate; it has been described as a term \"of encomiastic poetry\", but there also is evidence that it implied a definite role of military leadership. The prior \"bretwalda\", Ceawlin, is recorded by the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" as having fought Æthelberht in 568. The entry states that Æthelberht lost the", "title": "Æthelberht of Kent" }, { "id": "5668677", "score": "1.6109921", "text": "rule in East Anglia. Two Old English verse versions of the \"Life\" drawn on the work of Felix were written, which show the vigour of vernacular heroic and elegiac modes in Ælfwald's kingdom. Sam Newton has proposed that the Old English heroic poem \"Beowulf\" has its origins in Ælfwald's East Anglia. Æcci held the East Anglian see of Dommoc, following its division of in about 673, and during Ealdwulf's reign Æscwulf succeeded Æcci. At the Council of Clofeshoh in 716, Heardred attended as Bishop of Dommoc, while Nothberht was present as Bishop of Elmham, having succeeded Baduwine. During the 720s,", "title": "Ælfwald of East Anglia" } ]

[ "one thousand, nine hundred and fifty-eight", "", "one thousand nine hundred and fifty eight", "1958" ]

[ { "id": "3683448", "score": "2.132946", "text": "SCORE (satellite) Project SCORE (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment) was the world’s first communications satellite. Launched aboard an American Atlas rocket on December 18, 1958, SCORE provided a first test of a communications relay system in space, as well as the first successful use of the Atlas as a launch vehicle. It captured world attention by broadcasting a Christmas message via shortwave radio from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower through an on-board tape recorder. The satellite was popularly dubbed \"\"The Talking Atlas\"\". SCORE, as a geopolitical strategy, placed the United States at an even technological par with the Soviet", "title": "SCORE (satellite)" }, { "id": "3683455", "score": "2.1168103", "text": "sensitive radio receivers were able to detect it. Most Americans heard the message as it was rebroadcast on commercial news programs. SCORE (satellite) Project SCORE (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment) was the world’s first communications satellite. Launched aboard an American Atlas rocket on December 18, 1958, SCORE provided a first test of a communications relay system in space, as well as the first successful use of the Atlas as a launch vehicle. It captured world attention by broadcasting a Christmas message via shortwave radio from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower through an on-board tape recorder. The satellite was popularly", "title": "SCORE (satellite)" }, { "id": "3683450", "score": "1.969386", "text": "The project demonstrated the feasibility of transmitting messages through the upper atmosphere from one ground station to one or more ground stations. The result of the project, which used both real-time and store and forward techniques, was a major scientific breakthrough which proved that active communications satellites could provide a means of transmitting messages from one point to any other on Earth. The SCORE communications package was designed and built by Kenneth Masterman-Smith, a military communication research engineer, along with other personnel with the U.S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory (SRDL) at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. The overall project", "title": "SCORE (satellite)" }, { "id": "3683449", "score": "1.8148892", "text": "Union as a highly functional response to the Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 satellites. The six-month effort was the first endeavor of the then-new Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) headed by Roy Johnson, and proved that a small, highly focused and versatile research group with appropriate resources was an ideal method to achieve the scientific and technological advances necessary to succeed in the emerging global space race. SCORE's technical objectives were two-fold. In addition to showing that an Atlas missile was capable of satellite payload launch, the payload itself was a hundred times more massive than any previous US satellite.", "title": "SCORE (satellite)" }, { "id": "3683451", "score": "1.7958734", "text": "was conducted in such secrecy that only 88 people were aware of its existence. Before the date of the SCORE launch, 53 of the 88 people had been told the project had been canceled and they were not to mention to anyone that it had ever existed. That left only 35 people who knew of the mission of Atlas 10B with the rest of the engineering crew, including the launch crew, under the impression that they were working solely on a test launch of the rocket. The night before launch, however, Rear Adm. John E. Clark, deputy director of ARPA,", "title": "SCORE (satellite)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "SCORE (satellite)\n\nSCORE (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment) was the world's first purpose-built communications satellite. Launched aboard an American Atlas rocket on December 18, 1958, SCORE provided the second test of a communications relay system in space (the first having been provided by the USAF/NASA's Pioneer 1), the first broadcast of a human voice from space, and the first successful use of the Atlas as a launch vehicle. It captured world attention by broadcasting a Christmas message via shortwave radio from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower through an on-board tape recorder. The satellite was popularly dubbed \"\"The Talking Atlas\"\". SCORE, as a geopolitical strategy, placed the United States at an even technological par with the Soviet Union as a highly functional response to the Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 satellites.", "title": "SCORE (satellite)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Communications satellite\n\nA communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. Many communications satellites are in geostationary orbit above the equator, so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky; therefore the satellite dish antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not have to move to track the satellite. Others form satellite constellations in low Earth orbit, where antennas on the ground have to follow the position of the satellites and switch between satellites frequently.\n\nThe high frequency radio waves used for telecommunications links travel by line of sight and so are obstructed by the curve of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated geographical points. Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or \"bands\" certain organizations are allowed to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.<ref name=\"aerospace.org\"/>", "title": "Communications satellite" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of communications satellite firsts\n\nMilestones in the history of communications satellites.\n\n", "title": "List of communications satellite firsts" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Project Echo\n\nProject Echo was the first passive communications satellite experiment. Each of the two American spacecraft, launched in 1960 and 1964, were metalized balloon satellites acting as passive reflectors of microwave signals. Communication signals were transmitted from one location on Earth and bounced off the surface of the satellite to another Earth location.\n\nThe first transmissions using Echo were sent from Goldstone, California to Holmdel, New Jersey on 12 August 1960. The last Echo satellite deorbited and burned up in the atmosphere on 7 June 1969.", "title": "Project Echo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Courier 1B\n\nCourier 1B, the world's first active repeater communications satellite, was successfully launched October 4, 1960 at 17:45:00 GMT from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The first Courier satellite in Project Courier, Courier 1A, was lost 2.5 minutes after lift-off on August 18, 1960.", "title": "Courier 1B" }, { "id": "2501387", "score": "1.7784712", "text": "first artificial satellite that the United States successfully put into space was named SCORE and was launched in December 1958. Through it, then-President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent a Christmas message to the entire world. But SCORE stayed in orbit for only a few months. Its enormous surface and the orbit very close to the planet Earth made it reenter after only 500 laps around the planet. Telstar 1 was released on July 10, 1962 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, with a Delta rocket. In a rounded form, the satellite had a diameter of 88 centimeters and weighed", "title": "Telstar 1" }, { "id": "3683453", "score": "1.7488496", "text": "12 days and it reentered the atmosphere on 21 January 1959. The communications repeater installed on the missile would receive a signal, amplify it, and then retransmit it. Two redundant sets of equipment were mounted in the nose of the SCORE missile. Four antennas were mounted flush with the missile surface, two for transmission and two for reception. SCORE's other equipment included two tape recorders, each with a four-minute capacity. Any of four ground stations in the southern United States could command the satellite into playback mode to transmit the stored message or into record mode to receive and store", "title": "SCORE (satellite)" }, { "id": "3684925", "score": "1.7473764", "text": "Courier 1B Courier 1B, the world's first active repeater communications satellite, was successfully launched October 4, 1960 at 1:50 PM from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The first Courier satellite in Project Courier, Courier 1A, was lost 2.5 minutes after lift-off on August 18, 1960. As a Cold War initiative, Courier 1B was the 26th satellite launched by the US as opposed to the Soviet Union's six satellites since Sputnik I in 1957. Proposed by the US Army Signal Corps in September, 1958, Courier 1B was a follow up to Project SCORE launched December 18, 1958. SCORE \"was the first step of", "title": "Courier 1B" }, { "id": "976833", "score": "1.7409613", "text": "the \"SCORE\" (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment) communications payload. Atlas 10B/SCORE, at was the heaviest man-made object then in orbit, the first voice relay satellite, and the first man-made object in space easily visible to the naked eye due to the large, mirror-polished stainless steel tank. This was the first flight in what would be a long career for the Atlas as a satellite launcher. Many retired Atlas ICBMs would be used as launch vehicles, most with an added spin-stabilized solid rocket motor upper stage for polar orbit military payloads. Even before its military use ended in 1965, Atlas", "title": "SM-65 Atlas" }, { "id": "4840703", "score": "1.6892352", "text": "chairmanship of Senator John McClellan of Arkansas. In the 1950s the Army Pictorial Service produced a series of television programs called \"The Big Picture\" that were often aired on American television. The last episode was produced in 1971. On 18 December 1958, with Air Force assistance, the Signal Corps launched its first communications satellite, Project SCORE, demonstrating the feasibility of worldwide communications in delayed and real-time mode by means of relatively simple active satellite relays. The Vietnam War's requirement for high-quality telephone and message circuits led to the Signal Corps' deployment of tropospheric-scatter radio links that could provide many circuits", "title": "Signal Corps (United States Army)" }, { "id": "9457114", "score": "1.6868575", "text": "of the improved device on 26 January 1926 again at Selfridges. Baird's first devices relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television. It formed the basis of semi-experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning September 30, 1929. The first U.S. satellite to relay communications was Project SCORE in 1958, which used a tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. It was used to send a Christmas greeting to the world from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1960 NASA launched an Echo satellite; the aluminized PET film balloon served as a passive", "title": "Telecommunications engineering" }, { "id": "556254", "score": "1.6753094", "text": "1957, it was equipped with an on-board radio-transmitter that worked on two frequencies: 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. Sputnik 1 was launched as a major step in the exploration of space and rocket development. However, it was not placed in orbit for the purpose of sending data from one point on earth to another. The first satellite to relay communications was NASA's Project SCORE in 1958, which used a tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. It was used to send a Christmas greeting to the world from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Courier 1B, built by Philco, launched in", "title": "Communications satellite" }, { "id": "9866694", "score": "1.6694971", "text": "18, 1958, an Atlas was used to launch the \"Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay Equipment\" (SCORE) satellite, which was \"The first prototype of a communications satellite, and the first test of any satellite for direct practical applications.\" The satellite broadcast President Eisenhower's pre-recorded Christmas message around the world. The Atlas boosters would collapse under their own weight if not kept pressurized with nitrogen gas in the tanks when devoid of propellants. The Atlas booster was unusual in its use of \"balloon\" tanks. The rockets were made from very thin stainless steel that offered minimal or no rigid support. It was", "title": "Atlas (rocket family)" }, { "id": "6567391", "score": "1.6626804", "text": "communications. Courier 1B, built by Philco, also launched in 1960, was the world's first active repeater satellite. Satellites these days are used for many applications such as GPS, television, internet and telephone. Telstar was the first active, direct relay commercial communications satellite. Belonging to AT&T as part of a multi-national agreement between AT&T, Bell Telephone Laboratories, NASA, the British General Post Office, and the French National PTT (Post Office) to develop satellite communications, it was launched by NASA from Cape Canaveral on July 10, 1962, the first privately sponsored space launch. Relay 1 was launched on December 13, 1962, and", "title": "History of telecommunication" }, { "id": "6846427", "score": "1.6617837", "text": "world's first commercial communications satellite, called Intelsat I and nicknamed \"Early Bird\", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6, 1965. The first national network of television satellites, called Orbita, was created by the Soviet Union in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to a network of twenty ground downlink stations each equipped with a parabolic antenna in diameter. The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada's geostationary Anik 1, which was launched on 9 November 1972. ATS-6, the world's", "title": "History of television" }, { "id": "15718411", "score": "1.6603091", "text": "IIIC mission in the 6555th Test Group's history. On 2 November 1971, the Air Force and its contractors launched the first two Phase II Defense Satellite Communications Program (DSCP) satellites into near synchronous equatorial orbits from Complex 40. That Titan IIIC mission was successful, and it marked the first in a series of classified flights destined to replace Phase I DSCP satellites that had been launched from the Cape between 16 June 1966 and 14 June 1968. On 1 March 1972, a Titan IIIC carrying a 1,800-pound DSP satellite was launched successfully from Complex 40. Eight days later, a Titan", "title": "6555th Aerospace Test Group" }, { "id": "976842", "score": "1.6560208", "text": "orbit the SCORE satellite in December 1958, which was the Atlas' first space launch. The C was a more refined model with improved, lighter-weight components and a bigger LOX tank and smaller fuel tank. Finally, the Atlas D, the first operational model and the basis for all Atlas space launchers, debuted in 1959. Atlas D weighed (without payload) and had an empty weight of only , the other 95.35% was propellant. Dropping the booster engine and fairing reduced the dry weight to , a mere 2.02% of the initial gross weight of the vehicle (still excluding payload). This very low", "title": "SM-65 Atlas" }, { "id": "6418605", "score": "1.6467922", "text": "13, 18, 20 and 30 GHz. ATS-6 ATS-6 (Applications Technology Satellite-6) was a NASA experimental satellite, built by Fairchild Space and Electronics Division It has been called the world's first educational satellite as well as world's first experimental Direct Broadcast Satellite as part of the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment between NASA and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was launched May 30, 1974, and decommissioned July 1979. At the time of launch, it was the most powerful telecommunication satellite in orbit. ATS-6 carried no fewer than 23 different experiments, and introduced several breakthroughs. It was the first 3-axis stabilized spacecraft", "title": "ATS-6" }, { "id": "3683454", "score": "1.644782", "text": "a new message. These redundancies proved invaluable as one of the tape recorders malfunctioned and was rendered inoperable during the 12-day mission. The first transmitted message from space to Earth was: This is the President of the United States speaking. Through the marvels of scientific advance, my voice is coming to you from a satellite circling in outer space. My message is a simple one: Through this unique means I convey to you and to all mankind, America's wish for peace on Earth and goodwill toward men everywhere. The broadcast signal for Eisenhower's greeting was fairly weak, and only very", "title": "SCORE (satellite)" }, { "id": "15718408", "score": "1.6379294", "text": "successful release of the LES-3 and LES-4 communications satellites and the OSCAR IV amateur radio satellite. Two more Titan IIIC missions were launched from Complex 41 on 16 June and 26 August 1966. The first of those flights included the successful release of seven Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program (IDCSP) satellites and one gravity gradient satellite, but the second flight ended after the Titan IIIC's payload fairing broke up approximately 79 seconds after launch. (Eight IDCSP satellites were destroyed in the mishap.) Another Titan IIIC was launched from Complex 40 on 3 November 1966, and it boosted a modified Gemini", "title": "6555th Aerospace Test Group" } ]

[ "australocentrist", "pax australiana", "iso 3166 1 au", "australian s", "australian", "ostralia", "austraila", "Imperial Australia", "australia commonwealth", "straya", "austrlaia", "Australia (nation state)", "Australian Commonwealth", "Technology in Australia", "Australian geopolitics", "orstraya", "Australia (federation)", "technology in australia", "philosophy in australia", "science in australia", "australia federation", "Australia (state)", "australia constitutional monarchy", "Federal Australia", "australia nation", "ISO 3166-1:AU", "Austalia", "Etymology of Australia", "australian country life", "Australian city life", "Empire of Australia", "Australocentrist", "Science in Australia", "mainland australia", "Austraila", "empire of australia", "Austrlaia", "australia monarchy", "Geopolitics of Australia", "Commonwealth of Australia", "Peace of Australia", "Ausrtalia", "modern australia", "Mainland Australia", "Asutralia", "aussieland", "continental australia", "peace of australia", "australian commonwealth", "austrailia", "The Commonwealth of Australia", "federal australia", "australia state", "geopolitics of australia", "Australia (Commonwealth)", "New Australian", "austalia", "australias", "Australia's", "Australia.", "Ostralia", "Austraya", "Australia (empire)", "AustraliA", "dominion of australia", "country life in australia", "australian woman s day", "australia commonwealth realm", "Aussieland", "Philosophy in Australia", "AUSTRALIA", "Modern Australia", "australia", "australian geopolitics", "australia dominion", "australia country", "Australia (commonwealth realm)", "Dominion of Australia", "Australlia", "commonwealth australia", "commonwealth of australia", "Australo", "Australia (nation-state)", "ausrtalia", "Orstraya", "Australija", "austrlia", "Austrlia", "australie", "asutralia", "new australian", "Straya", "Commonwealth of australia", "united states of australia", "australian city life", "Australiia", "australia s", "australo", "Country life in Australia", "Australia (dominion)", "United States of Australia", "Austrailia", "australia realm", "Australian country life", "imperial australia", "australiia", "etymology of australia", "australia nation state", "australien", "city life in australia", "Australocentric", "Australia (country)", "Australai", "australai", "Australie", "Australian's", "australlia", "Australian Woman's Day", "Australia", "austraya", "Australien", "City life in Australia", "Australia (Commonwealth realm)", "australija", "Pax Australiana", "AUSTRALIAN", "Australian mainland", "Australia (constitutional monarchy)", "Australocentrism", "australian mainland", "australocentric", "Australia (nation)", "australia empire", "Australia (commonwealth)", "Australo-", "Australia (realm)", "Commonwealth Australia", "Continental Australia", "australocentrism", "Australias", "Australia (monarchy)" ]

[ { "id": "6006956", "score": "1.8166075", "text": "Steggall gained Australia's first individual medal in 1998, when she won bronze in the slalom event. In 2002, Steven Bradbury won the 1,000 metres short track speed skating and Alisa Camplin won the aerials event, making Australia the only southern hemisphere country to have won a gold medal at a Winter Olympics. Australia sent 40 competitors to compete in 10 sports at the 2006 Games in Turin. Their goal of winning a medal was achieved when Dale Begg-Smith won the gold in men's freestyle moguls skiing. Camplin claimed her second medal, a bronze in the aerials event. At the 2010", "title": "Australia at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "7071338", "score": "1.7525792", "text": "individual from the Southern Hemisphere, to win a Winter Olympic gold medal and was also part of the short track relay team that won Australia's first Winter Olympic medal (a bronze in 1994). Australia first competed in the Winter Olympic Games in 1936 and has taken part in every Winter Olympics since 1952. Australia first entered an ice hockey team in the 1960 Winter Olympics. It won its first Winter Olympic medal, a bronze, in 1994, and became the only southern hemisphere country to win Winter Olympic gold in 2002. Australia has competed in every Winter Paralympic Games, and has", "title": "Winter sport in Australia" }, { "id": "6159482", "score": "1.7288997", "text": "Australia with its second gold medal for the games. Steven Bradbury won Australia's and the Southern Hemisphere's first Winter Olympics gold medal in the 1000 metres event. Richard Goerlitz also attended these games, but did not compete. Australia at the 2002 Winter Olympics Australia competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, winning its first two gold medals in the Winter Games. It was the nation's best performance at the Winter Games prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Australia's first ever Winter Olympic gold, also the first such medal won by a competitor", "title": "Australia at the 2002 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "15613269", "score": "1.724189", "text": "the women's snowboard halfpipe event. Bright's gold medal – combined with the gold and silver skiing event medals – made 2010 Australia's most successful winter Olympic Games. The Australian team was the only Southern Hemisphere team to secure medals and was ranked 13th in the overall medal tally. Australia's two gold medals equalled the gold medal haul of former Winter Olympic host nation France and surpassed those of former host nations Italy, Japan and Croatia (in the Former Yugoslavia). A parodical bid for Australia to host the Olympic Games at Smiggin Holes was launched by satirical sports commentators Roy and", "title": "Skiing in New South Wales" }, { "id": "459585", "score": "1.7153976", "text": "medal in a second medal ceremony held later in the Games. Australian Steven Bradbury became the first gold medallist from the southern hemisphere when he won the 1,000 metre short-track speed skating event. The Italian city of Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics. It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games. South Korean athletes won 10 medals, including 6 gold in the short-track speed skating events. Sun-Yu Jin won three gold medals while her teammate Hyun-Soo Ahn won three gold medals and a bronze. In the women's Cross-Country team pursuit Canadian Sara Renner broke one", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Summer Olympic Games\n\nThe Summer Olympic Games (), also known as the Games of the Olympiad, and often referred to as the Summer Olympics, is a major international multi-sport event normally held once every four years. The inaugural Games took place in 1896 in Athens, Greece, and the most recent edition was held in 2021 in Tokyo, Japan. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is responsible for organising the Games and for overseeing the host city's preparations. The tradition of awarding medals began in 1904; in each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals for second place, and bronze medals for third place. The Winter Olympic Games were created out of the success of the Summer Olympic Games, which are regarded as the largest and most prestigious multi-sport international event in the world.\n\nThe Summer Olympics have increased in scope from a 42-event competition programme in 1896 with fewer than 250 male competitors from 14 different nations, to 339 events in 2021 with 11,420 competitors (almost half of whom were women) from 206 nations. The Games have been held in nineteen different countries over five continents: four times in the United States (1904, 1932, 1984, and 1996); three times in Great Britain (1908, 1948, and 2012); twice each in Greece (1896 and 2004), France (1900 and 1924), Germany (1936 and 1972), Australia (1956 and 2000), and Japan (1964 and 2020); and once each in Sweden (1912), Belgium (1920), the Netherlands (1928), Finland (1952), Italy (1960), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), the Soviet Union (1980), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008), and Brazil (2016).\n\nLondon was the first city to host the Summer Olympic Games three times. , Paris, Los Angeles, Athens and Tokyo have each hosted twice; Paris will host for the third time in 2024, followed by Los Angeles which will host the Games in 2028. Only five countries have participated in every Summer Olympic Games: Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerland. Great Britain is the only country to have won a gold medal at every edition of the Games. The United States leads the all-time medal count at the Summer Olympics, and has topped the medal table on 18 separate occasions—followed by the USSR (six times), and France, Great Britain, Germany, China, and the ex-Soviet 'Unified Team' (once each).", "title": "Summer Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Australia at the Winter Olympics\n\nAustralia first competed in the Winter Olympic Games in 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and has participated in every games since, with the exception of the 1948 Games in St. Moritz.\n\nIn the early years, Australia's athletes did poorly; only two athletes placed in the top half of their events before 1976, while the vast majority placed in the bottom quarter, including some who finished last. This lack of success was attributed to the Australian culture, climate and lack of snow, as well as the lack of support for the athletes—sports administrators regarded investment in winter sports as futile.\n\nAfter the appointment of Geoff Henke—who had been unable to compete in 1956 after the administrators neglected to endorse his ice hockey team's application—as team manager in 1976, the results slowly began to improve, and by the 1990s, some Australians were regarded as medal prospects. The upturn in performance was accompanied by increased government funding for winter sports, the creation of the Olympic Winter Institute of Australia and the purchase of an alpine training base in Austria.\n\nAustralia won its first medal, a bronze, in 1994 in the men's 5,000 metres short track relay speed skating event. Zali Steggall gained Australia's first individual medal in 1998, when she won bronze in the slalom event. In 2002, Steven Bradbury won the 1,000 metres short track speed skating and Alisa Camplin won the aerials event, making Australia the only southern hemisphere country to have won a gold medal at a Winter Olympics until 2022.\n\nAustralia sent 40 competitors to compete in 10 sports at the 2006 Games in Turin. Their goal of winning a medal was achieved when Dale Begg-Smith won the gold in men's freestyle moguls skiing. Camplin claimed her second medal, a bronze in the aerials event.\n\nAt the 2010 Games in Vancouver Australia had its most successful Winter Olympics taking home two gold and one silver medal. Begg-Smith won a silver in the moguls, while Torah Bright and Lydia Lassila won the women's half-pipe snowboarding and aerial freestyle skiing respectively.\n\nAt the 2014 Games, Australia sent its largest ever Winter Olympic Team, 60 athletes, to Sochi, competing in 10 sports. The Sochi Team included 31 female athletes making it the first Australian Olympic Team, Summer or Winter, with more female athletes than male. Australia again won three medals with David Morris (aerial skiing) and Torah Bright (snowboard halfpipe) winning silver and Lydia Lassila (aerial skiing) finishing with bronze.\n\nOverall Australia has won 19 Winter Olympic medals - 6 gold, 7 silver and 6 bronze.", "title": "Australia at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1956 Summer Olympics\n\nThe 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, from 22 November to 8 December 1956, with the exception of the equestrian events, which were held in Stockholm, Sweden, in June 1956.\n\nThese Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania, as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America. Melbourne is the most southerly city ever to host the Olympics. Due to the Southern Hemisphere's seasons being different from those in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1956 Games did not take place at the usual time of year, because of the need to hold the events during the warmer weather of the host's spring/summer (which corresponds to the Northern Hemisphere's autumn/winter), resulting in the only summer games ever to be held in November and December. Australia did not host the Games again until 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, and will host them again in 2032 in Brisbane, Queensland.\n\nThe Olympic equestrian events could not be held in Melbourne due to Australia's strict quarantine regulations, so they were held in Stockholm five months earlier. This was the second time the Olympics were not held entirely in one country, the first being the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, with some events taking place in Ostend, Belgium and Amsterdam, Netherlands. Despite uncertainties and various complications encountered during the preparations, the 1956 Games went ahead in Melbourne as planned and turned out to be a success. Started during the 1956 Games was the \"Parade of Athletes\" at the closing ceremonies.\n\nEight teams boycotted the Games for various reasons. Four teams (Egypt, Iraq, Cambodia and Lebanon) boycotted in response to the Suez Crisis, in which Egypt was invaded by Israel, France and the United Kingdom. and China's boycott was in response to the presence of the Republic of China. \n\nThe Soviet Union won the most gold medals, and the most medals overall. \n\nOne of the most notable events of the games was a controversial water polo match between the Soviet Union and the defending champions, Hungary. The Soviet Union had recently suppressed an anti-communist revolution in Hungary and violence broke out between the teams during the match, resulting in numerous injuries. When Ervin Zádor suffered bleeding after being punched by Valentin Prokopov, spectators attempted to join the violence, but they were blocked by police. The match was cancelled, with Hungary being declared the winner because they were in the lead.", "title": "1956 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics\n\nSeveral tropical nations have participated in the Winter Olympics despite not having the climate for winter sports. Partly because of that, their entries are a subject of human interest stories during the Games. No tropical nation has ever won a Winter Olympic medal. \n\nThe first warm-weather, but not tropical, nation participating in the Winter Olympics was Mexico. Much of Mexico is at a latitude north of the Tropic of Cancer, and most of the country has a subtropical highland or semi-arid climate, so it is not exclusively a tropical nation. Nonetheless, Mexico made its Winter Olympic debut at the 1928 Winter Olympics with a five-man bobsleigh team that finished eleventh of twenty-three entrants. Mexico did not return again to the Winter Games until the 1984 Winter Olympics.\n\nThe first truly tropical nation to compete in the Winter Olympic Games is the Philippines, who sent two alpine skiers to the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Japan. Ben Nanasca placed 42nd in giant slalom skiing (out of 73 entrants), and Juan Cipriano did not finish. In slalom skiing, neither skier was able to finish. Costa Rica became the second tropical nation to participate at the Winter Games, in the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, New York, where Arturo Kinch also competed in alpine skiing events. Kinch would continue to compete for Costa Rica at three more Winter Games, including the 2006 Winter Olympics at age 49. There he finished 96th in the 15 km cross-country skiing event, ahead of only Prawat Nagvajara of Thailand, another tropical nation.\n\nThe 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada attracted many tropical nations, including Costa Rica, Fiji, Guam, Guatemala, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. The Jamaica bobsleigh team became a fan favorite at these Games and were later the inspiration of the 1993 motion picture \"Cool Runnings\". In the 1994 Winter Olympics six years later, the Jamaican four-man sled placed a creditable fourteenth, ahead of the United States and Russia, while Jamaican-born bobsledder Lascelles Brown won silver for Canada in 2006.\n\nThe 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy marked the Winter Games debut of Ethiopia The 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada saw the debut of the Cayman Islands, Colombia, Peru, and Ghana. The 2014 Winter Olympics saw the debut of Dominica, Paraguay, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, and Zimbabwe. The 2018 Winter Olympics saw the debut of Ecuador, Eritrea, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Singapore. The 2022 Winter Olympics saw the debut of Haiti.", "title": "Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "6006986", "score": "1.7066357", "text": "that \"We also beat half the teams currently in Salt Lake City, but unfortunately we couldn't meet the very high standard of the AOC\". According to the Skiing Australia Cross Country Committee, tougher AOC selection standards contributed to the failure to compete in the discipline in 2002. In 2002, Australia won their first two gold medals, the first time any southern hemisphere country had won an event. Australia's maiden gold came in highly unlikely circumstances. Steven Bradbury, a member of the bronze-winning 1994 relay team, won gold in short track speed skating on 17 February when all of his competitors", "title": "Australia at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "3633557", "score": "1.6985822", "text": "Winter Olympic medal—became the first athlete from the Southern Hemisphere to win a medal at the Winter Olympics. Speed skater Ye Qiaobo of the People's Republic of China and alpine skier Marc Girardelli of Luxembourg also won their country's first ever Winter Olympic medals in Albertville. Croatia and Slovenia participated at their first Olympic Games as independent nations, though neither won a medal. Two athletes, both cross-country skiers for the Unified Team, tied for the most medals for an individual athlete with five each. Lyubov Yegorova won three gold and two silver medals, while Yelena Välbe won one gold and", "title": "1992 Winter Olympics medal table" }, { "id": "10986294", "score": "1.6668301", "text": "to peak in the middle of the New Zealand summer. The nation did not assemble their first Winter Olympic team until 1952. In 1988 the team included bobsleighers; the first entry in a winter sport other than alpine skiing. In 1992, Annelise Coberger of New Zealand became the first person from the Southern Hemisphere to win a medal at the Winter Olympics when she won silver in the slalom at Albertville in France. In 2018, Zoi Sadowski-Synnott won New Zealand's second Winter Olympic medal in the inaugural big-air snowboarding competition in Pyeongchang, South Korea, winning bronze. Later on in the", "title": "New Zealand at the Olympics" }, { "id": "13598290", "score": "1.6433566", "text": "it debuted at Nagano in 1998. Torah Bright, of the Snowy Mountains town of Cooma, New South Wales, won gold for Australia at the Vancouver Olympics in 2010 in the women's snowboard halfpipe event. Bright's gold medal - combined with the gold and silver skiing event medals - made 2010 Australia's most successful winter Olympic Games. The Australian team was the only Southern Hemisphere team to secure medals and was ranked 13th in the overall medal tally. Australia's two gold medals equalled the gold medal haul of former Winter Olympic host nation France and surpassed those of former host nations", "title": "Skiing in Australia" }, { "id": "6006958", "score": "1.6381304", "text": "silver and Lydia Lassila (aerial skiing) finishing with bronze. Overall Australia has won 15 Winter Olympic medals - 5 gold, 5 silver and 5 bronze. Winter sports have traditionally been second to summer pursuits in Australian sporting culture, but interest and support in the former has grown. The decision-making bodies of the Australian Olympic Federation (AOF) allowed winter sports to be represented, but their representatives were usually overruled by their summer counterparts. The first Winter Olympics took place in 1924. Australia first competed at the Winter Olympics in 1936, when its sole representative, Kenneth Kennedy, participated in speed skating. Kennedy", "title": "Australia at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "7071332", "score": "1.6321142", "text": "Bright's gold medal - combined with the gold and silver skiing event medals – made 2010 Australia's most successful winter Olympic Games. Australia lacks any bobsleigh tracks (used for bobsleigh, luge and skeleton), but there is a bobsleigh push track in the Docklands area in Melbourne. Australia used to be a member of the Federation of International Bandy, but has now exited. A national team was supposed to participate in the 2011 World Championship. The flag was even on the poster. However, a late cancellation was made because of the floodings. There was also speculation about participation in the first", "title": "Winter sport in Australia" }, { "id": "6159477", "score": "1.630253", "text": "Australia at the 2002 Winter Olympics Australia competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, winning its first two gold medals in the Winter Games. It was the nation's best performance at the Winter Games prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Australia's first ever Winter Olympic gold, also the first such medal won by a competitor from any Southern Hemisphere country and semitropical nation was won by Steven Bradbury in the 1000 m short track speed skating. Well off the pace of the medal favourites, Bradbury was positioned at the rear in the", "title": "Australia at the 2002 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "7349512", "score": "1.6176739", "text": "Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, and Zimbabwe. The 2018 Winter Olympics saw the debut of Ecuador, Eritrea, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Singapore. This list of nations includes those that lie entirely or predominantly within the tropical latitudes and also have a mostly tropical climate according to the Köppen climate classification system. Years of Winter Olympic Games participation are shown. Other warm-weather nations (located in the subtropics, for example) that have competed in the Winter Games include Australia (which has a tropical far north, and became the first Southern Hemisphere nation to win a gold medal at the Winter Olympics in 2002), Bermuda, Chinese", "title": "Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "1064855", "score": "1.6149564", "text": "skating events and Gunda Niemann took both of the longest races. Kim Kihoon earned gold medals in both men's short track events. Ye Qiaobo of China won the country's first medal in the Winter Olympics, a silver in women's 500 metres speed skating. Annelise Coberger of New Zealand won the southern hemisphere's first Winter Olympic medal—a silver in the women's slalom. Nicolas Bochatay was killed during a training session. Germany won the most medals and the most gold. The vote to select the host city of the 1992 Winter Olympics was conducted on 17 October 1986, in Lausanne, Switzerland, at", "title": "1992 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "6007024", "score": "1.6097069", "text": "of the individual competitors finished in the bottom half of the field. They recovered to post a series of strong performances in Lillehammer in 1994. The short track relay yielded Australia's first Winter Olympic medal, a bronze. The Australians also did well individually; all four representatives finished in the top 13 in at least one of their races, and in the top half in six of their eight events, including top-ten finishes for Steven Bradbury and Richard Nizielski. Bradbury won Australia's first winter gold medal in Salt Lake City in 2002, when he was the \"last man standing\" in the", "title": "Australia at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "6006991", "score": "1.6008615", "text": "earlier, was seen as a medal possibility in the skeleton, but inexperience with the intimidating and technical track contributed to her 13th place. As only eight teams competed in the men's short track speed skating relay, Australia had a good mathematical chance of winning a medal, but they failed to reach the final. In 2010, Australia had its most successful Winter Olympics, ending with two gold and one silver. There were a further seven finishes in the top ten. Flagbearer Bright returned and won gold. After falling in her first run in the final—only the highest of the two runs", "title": "Australia at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "3705047", "score": "1.6004299", "text": "Germany and Norway were tied for the most gold medals won; both won fourteen golds. Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals, their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics, five of which were gold. Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively. Munich also launched a bid to host these Games. Prior to Beijing's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid, Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games, having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics, but", "title": "2018 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "5618061", "score": "1.5969455", "text": "do so again in 2008, however they did not. (See Sports in North Korea.) South Korea has won more medals in the Winter Olympics than any other Asian country with a total of 45 medals (23 gold, 14 silver, and 8 bronze). South Korea ranked second in the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics medal table with ten gold medals, only losing to the winner by taking fewer silver medals. The 2018 Winter Olympics took place in Pyeongchang between 9 and 25 February 2018. Pyeongchang won on its third consecutive bid. After a series of large cities (Nagano to Sochi), for the", "title": "Sport in South Korea" }, { "id": "459552", "score": "1.5922095", "text": "only country to have earned a gold medal at every Winter Olympics is the United States. Norway leads the all-time medal table for the Winter Olympics both on number of gold and overall medals, followed by the United States, Germany, and the former Soviet Union. A predecessor, the Nordic Games, were organised by General Viktor Gustaf Balck in Stockholm, Sweden in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926. Balck was a charter member of the IOC and a close friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin. He attempted to", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": "360349", "score": "1.5892615", "text": "Pyeongchang was chosen by the IOC to host the 2018 Winter Olympics. South Korea has won more medals in the Winter Olympics than any other Asian country with a total of 45 medals (23 gold, 14 silver, and 8 bronze). At the 2010 Winter Olympics, South Korea ranked fifth in the overall medal rankings. South Korea is especially strong in short track speed skating. However, speed skating and figure skating are very popular, too, and ice hockey is an emerging sport with Anyang Halla winning their first ever Asia League Ice Hockey title in March 2010. Seoul hosted a professional", "title": "South Korea" } ]

[ "human habitat", "Human beings", "human race", "Human habitat and population", "humans", "Humankind", "Humans as primates", "All Humankind", "Human race", "Huamn", "Human habitat", "humankind", "Human being", "Man (anthropology and biology)", "all humankind", "humans as primates", "human", "Human Being", "People of this planet", "Human species", "huamn", "man anthropology and biology", "Human", "terran homo sapien", "humano", "human species", "human kind", "Terran (Homo Sapien)", "people of this planet", "Humano", "Human Beings", "Human kind", "human beings", "Humans", "human being", "human habitat and population" ]

[ { "id": "1831047", "score": "2.004026", "text": "Great Sphinx of Giza The Great Sphinx of Giza (, , ; literally: Father of Dread), commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human. Facing directly from West to East, it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx is generally believed to represent the Pharaoh Khafre. Cut from the bedrock, the original shape of the Sphinx has been restored with", "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": "1831049", "score": "1.8807669", "text": "(mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body. The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock. The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration. The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder. The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, but basic facts about it are still subject to debate, such as when it was built, by whom and for what purpose. It is impossible to identify what name", "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": "1831051", "score": "1.8371453", "text": "a lion's body, a woman's head and the wings of an eagle (although, like most Egyptian sphinxes, the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings). The English word \"sphinx\" comes from the ancient Greek Σφίγξ ( ) apparently from the verb σφίγγω ( / ), after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer her riddle. The name may alternatively be a linguistic corruption of the phonetically different ancient Egyptian word \"Ssp-anx\" (in Manuel de Codage). This name is given to royal statues of the Fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt (2575–2467 BC) and later in the", "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": "1831048", "score": "1.8223748", "text": "layers of blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (). The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area. The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion", "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": "18698470", "score": "1.8061976", "text": "Greco-Bactrians and the Indo-Greeks. Sphinx of Naxos The Sphinx of Naxos, also Sphinx of the Naxians, now in the Archaeological Museum of Delphi, is a colossal 2.22 meter tall marble statue of a sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a woman, the chest and wings composed of the impressive feathers of a prey bird turned upward, and the body of a lioness. The Sphinx stood on a 10 meters column that culminated in one of the first Ionic capitals, and was erected next to the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, the religious center of Ancient Greece, in 560", "title": "Sphinx of Naxos" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Great Sphinx of Giza\n\nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a human, and the body of a lion. Facing directly from west to east, it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx appears to represent the pharaoh Khafre.\n\nThe original shape of the Sphinx was cut from the bedrock, and has since been restored with layers of limestone blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. Its nose was broken off for unknown reasons between the 3rd and 10th centuries AD. \n\nThe Sphinx is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and one of the most recognisable statues in the world. The archaeological evidence suggests that it was created by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of Khafre ().", "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Category:Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Western Desert (Egypt)\n\nThe Western Desert of Egypt is an area of the Sahara that lies west of the river Nile, up to the Libyan border, and south from the Mediterranean Sea to the border with Sudan. It is named in contrast to the Eastern Desert which extends east from the Nile to the Red Sea. The Western Desert is mostly rocky desert, though an area of sandy desert, known as the Great Sand Sea, lies to the west against the Libyan border.\nThe desert covers an area of which is two-thirds of the land area of the country.<ref name=\"EB\" /> Its highest elevation is in the Gilf Kebir plateau to the far south-west of the country, on the Egypt-Sudan-Libya border.\nThe Western Desert is barren and uninhabited save for a chain of oases which extend in an arc from Siwa, in the north-west, to Kharga in the south.\nIt has been the scene of conflict in modern times, particularly during the Second World War.\nAdministratively the Western Desert is divided between various governorates; in the north and west, the Matrouh Governorate administers the area from the Mediterranean south to approx 27*40' N latitude, and the New Valley Governorate from there to the Sudan border, while in the east parts of the Western Desert lie in the Giza, Fayyum, Beni Suef, and Minya Governorates.", "title": "Western Desert (Egypt)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Giza Plateau\n\nThe Giza Plateau () is a plateau in Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt, site of the Fourth Dynasty Giza Necropolis, which includes the Great Pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers' village and an industrial complex. \n\nThe plateau is elevated approximately 60 meters above sea-level.", "title": "Giza Plateau" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Africa/Featured picture" }, { "id": "1831074", "score": "1.7795594", "text": "the Sphinx has the face, neck and breast of a woman. Examples included Johannes Helferich (1579), George Sandys (1615), Johann Michael Vansleb (1677), Benoît de Maillet (1735) and Elliot Warburton (1844). Most early Western images were book illustrations in print form, elaborated by a professional engraver from either previous images available or some original drawing or sketch supplied by an author, and usually now lost. Seven years after visiting Giza, André Thévet (\"Cosmographie de Levant\", 1556) described the Sphinx as \"the head of a colossus, caused to be made by Isis, daughter of Inachus, then so beloved of Jupiter\". He,", "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": "18698465", "score": "1.7761002", "text": "Sphinx of Naxos The Sphinx of Naxos, also Sphinx of the Naxians, now in the Archaeological Museum of Delphi, is a colossal 2.22 meter tall marble statue of a sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a woman, the chest and wings composed of the impressive feathers of a prey bird turned upward, and the body of a lioness. The Sphinx stood on a 10 meters column that culminated in one of the first Ionic capitals, and was erected next to the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, the religious center of Ancient Greece, in 560 BCE. The first fragments", "title": "Sphinx of Naxos" }, { "id": "1822341", "score": "1.7606069", "text": "lies the \"West Cemetery\", where the highest officials and priests were interred. A possible part of the necropolis of Khufu is the famous Great Sphinx of Giza. It's a large limestone statue in the shape of a recumbent lion with the head of a human, decorated with a royal \"Nemes\" headdress. The Sphinx was directly hewn out of the plateau of Giza and originally painted with red, ocher, green and black. To this day it is passionately disputed as to who exactly gave the order to build it: the most probable candidates are Khufu, his elder son Djedefra and his", "title": "Khufu" }, { "id": "1831050", "score": "1.7432327", "text": "the creators called their statue, as the Great Sphinx does not appear in any known inscription of the Old Kingdom and there are no inscriptions anywhere describing its construction or its original purpose. In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx was revered as the solar deity \"Hor-em-akhet\" (; ; Hellenized: \"Harmachis\"), and the pharaoh Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC) specifically referred to it as such in his \"Dream Stele\". The commonly used name \"Sphinx\" was given to it in classical antiquity, about 2000 years after the commonly accepted date of its construction by reference to a Greek mythological beast with", "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": "1831075", "score": "1.7360448", "text": "or his artist and engraver, pictured it as a curly-haired monster with a grassy dog collar. Athanasius Kircher (who never visited Egypt) depicted the Sphinx as a Roman statue, reflecting his ability to conceptualize (\"Turris Babel\", 1679). Johannes Helferich's (1579) Sphinx is a pinched-face, round-breasted woman with a straight haired wig; the only edge over Thévet is that the hair suggests the flaring lappets of the headdress. George Sandys stated that the Sphinx was a harlot; Balthasar de Monconys interpreted the headdress as a kind of hairnet, while François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz's Sphinx had a rounded hairdo with bulky", "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": "11743873", "score": "1.7244687", "text": "on 14 December 2000. Andrew Collins and Rodney Hale have proposed an 'alternative correlation theory' using three bright stars in the Cygnus constellation. They argued that not only did the groundplan fit the sky but also the stars can be observed setting down on the corresponding pyramids. Their proposal has also been contested. The Great Sphinx is a colossal statue with the face of a man and the body of a lion. Carved out of the surrounding limestone bedrock, it is long, wide, and has a height of , making it the largest single-stone statue in the world. The Great", "title": "Orion correlation theory" }, { "id": "1831071", "score": "1.7227879", "text": "of a lion smiting his enemies date as far back as the Early Dynastic Period. In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx became more specifically associated with the god \"Hor-em-akhet\" (Hellenized: \"Harmachis\") or \"Horus-at-the-Horizon\", which represented the pharaoh in his role as the \"Shesep-ankh\" (English: \"Living Image\") of the god Atum. Pharaoh Amenhotep II (1427–1401 or 1397 BC) built a temple to the north east of the Sphinx nearly 1000 years after its construction, and dedicated it to the cult of \"Hor-em-akhet\". In the last 700 years, there has been a proliferation of travellers and reports from Lower Egypt, unlike Upper", "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": "11743874", "score": "1.7212721", "text": "Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, yet basic facts about it such as the real-life model for the face, when and why it was built, and by whom, are debated. These questions have collectively earned the title \"Riddle of the Sphinx\", a nod to its Greek namesake, although this phrase should not be confused with the original Greek legend. The Great Sphinx is commonly accepted by Egyptologists to represent the likeness of King Khafra (also known by the Hellenised version of his name, \"Chephren\") who is often credited as the builder as well. This would place", "title": "Orion correlation theory" }, { "id": "1831064", "score": "1.7190661", "text": "in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II. Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make-up and style of the pleats on the headdress. Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as \"Negroid\" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx. This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole. At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to ,", "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": "18698468", "score": "1.71882", "text": "and the body of a lioness. It was carved from a large piece of Naxian marble. The solid construction combined elements that gave the statue a character of motion and vitality, such are the details that depict the hair, chest, and wings. It is also notable because it is an early example of carving in-the-round, as opposed to relief carving that was common during that time. The monument was made entirely of marble and reached 12.45 meters in height. The monument created awe to the visitors and constituted a typical example of Naxian sculpture in its peak period, i.e. in", "title": "Sphinx of Naxos" }, { "id": "872385", "score": "1.7172323", "text": "its construction is uncertain, the head of the Great Sphinx now is believed to bear the likeness of the pharaoh Khafra. What names their builders gave to these statues is not known. At the Great Sphinx site, a 1400 B.C. inscription on a stele belonging to the 18th dynasty pharaoh Thutmose IV lists the names of three aspects of the local sun deity of that period, \"Khepera–Rê–Atum\". Many pharaohs had their heads carved atop the guardian statues for their tombs to show their close relationship with the powerful solar deity Sekhmet, a lioness. Besides the Great Sphinx, other famous Egyptian", "title": "Sphinx" }, { "id": "1831058", "score": "1.7149831", "text": "existence in the days of Khafre, or Khephren, and it is probable that it is a very great deal older than his reign and that it dates from the end of the archaic period [].\" Maspero believed the Sphinx to be \"the most ancient monument in Egypt\". Rainer Stadelmann, former director of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo, examined the distinct iconography of the \"nemes\" (headdress) and the now-detached beard of the Sphinx and concluded the style is more indicative of the Pharaoh Khufu (2589–2566 BC), known to the Greeks as Cheops, builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza and", "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": "1831070", "score": "1.7069294", "text": "to suggest that the monument \"was once decked out in gaudy comic book colors\". Colin Reader has proposed that the Sphinx was probably the focus of solar worship in the Early Dynastic Period, before the Giza Plateau became a necropolis in the Old Kingdom (). He ties this in with his conclusions that the Sphinx, the Sphinx temple, the Causeway and the Khafra mortuary temple are all part of a complex which predates Dynasty IV (). The lion has long been a symbol associated with the sun in ancient Near Eastern civilizations. Images depicting the Egyptian king in the form", "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza" }, { "id": "14209190", "score": "1.7065637", "text": "Sphinx of Taharqo The Sphinx of Taharqo is a granite gneiss statue of a sphinx with the face of Taharqo. He was a Nubian king, who was one of the 25th Egyptian Dynasty (about 747-656 BC) rulers of the Kingdom of Kush. It is now in the British Museum in London. While the Sphinx of Taharqo is significantly smaller (73 centimeters long) than the Giza Sphinx (73 meters long), it is notable for its prominent Egyptian and Kushite elements. The lion portrayed in the sphinx is done in classic Egyptian style, while the face of the Sphinx is clearly that", "title": "Sphinx of Taharqo" }, { "id": "18698467", "score": "1.6962373", "text": "with architectural structures such as royal tombs or religious temples. The famous Sphinx of the Naxians stood on a column that culminated in an Ionic capital. The statue of this mythical creature stood on a towering Ionic column, which may have been the oldest Ionic construction project in the site of the Oracle of Delphi. Her statue had been set up close to the Halos, the most sacred spot of Delphi, where Apollo had presumably killed the python. According to tradition and its mythological representation, the Sphinx had the face of a woman bearing an enigmatic smile, prey bird wings,", "title": "Sphinx of Naxos" } ]

[ "Picassian", "Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispin Crispiniano de la Santisima Trinidad Ruiz Blasco Picasso", "Pablo Diego José Santiago Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispín Crispiniano de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz Picasso", "paul picasso", "Pablo Picasso", "pablo ruiz picasso", "Pablo Ruíz Picasso", "Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso", "Picassoid", "Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Crispín Crispiniano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso", "Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisma Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso", "Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Clito Ruiz y Picasso", "Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruiz y Picasso", "Pablo Diego José Santiago Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispín Crispiniano de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz Blasco y Picasso", "pablo diego jose francisco de paula juan nepomuceno maria de los remedios cipriano de la santisima trinidad martyr patricio clito ruiz y picasso", "Pablo Diego Jose Santiago Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispin Crispiniano de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad Ruiz Blasco y Picasso", "María Picasso y López", "Pablo Ruiz Y Picasso", "Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Maria de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruiz y Picasso", "Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Maria de los Remedios Crispin Crispiniano de la Santisima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso", "Picassoesque", "Maria Picasso y Lopez", "Bijiasuo", "Piccasso", "pablo diego josé francisco de paula juan nepomuceno maría de los remedios crispín crispiniano de la santísima trinidad ruiz y picasso", "pablo diego jose santiago francisco de paula juan nepomuceno crispin crispiniano de los remedios cipriano de la santisima trinidad ruiz blasco y picasso", "Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Clito", "picassoid", "Picassoan", "Pablo Diego Jose Santiago Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispin Crispiniano de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad Ruiz Picasso", "pablo diego josé francisco de paula juan nepomuceno maría de los remedios cipriano de la santísima trinidad ruiz y picasso", "bijiasuo", "picassoan", "Pablo Picaso", "Pablo Piccaso", "Pablo Ruiz Picasso", "pablo ruíz picasso", "Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Maria de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad Clito Ruiz y Picasso", "Picasso", "The Blue Period", "pablo diego josé francisco de paula juan nepomuceno maría de los remedios cipriano de la santísima trinidad martyr patricio clito ruiz y picasso", "piccasso", "Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso", "picaso", "pablo diego jose francisco de paula juan nepomuceno maria de los remedios crispin crispiniano de la santisima trinidad ruiz y picasso", "pablo diego josé santiago francisco de paula juan nepomuceno crispín crispiniano de los remedios cipriano de la santísima trinidad ruiz picasso", "Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Maria de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso", "picasso", "Paul Picasso", "pablo diego jose santiago francisco de paula juan nepomuceno crispin crispiniano de los remedios cipriano de la santisima trinidad ruiz picasso", "maria picasso y lopez", "Pablo Ruiz y Picasso", "pablo diego josé santiago francisco de paula juan nepomuceno crispín crispiniano de los remedios cipriano de la santísima trinidad ruiz blasco y picasso", "picassoesque", "pablo diego josé francisco de paula juan nepomuceno maría de los remedios cipriano de la santísima trinidad clito ruiz y picasso", "pablo diego josé francisco de paula juan nepomuceno maría de los remedios cipriano de la santísima trinidad martyr patricio clito ruíz y picasso", "pablo diego jose francisco de paula juan nepomuceno maria de los remedios cipriano de la santisima trinidad ruiz y picasso", "blue period", "pablo diego jose francisco de paula juan nepomuceno de los remedios cipriano de la santisma trinidad ruiz y picasso", "Pablo picasso", "picassian", "pablo piccaso", "maría picasso y lópez", "pablo picasso", "pablo diego josé francisco de paula juan nepomuceno maría de los remedios cipriano de la santísima trinidad clito", "pablo diego josé francisco de paula juan nepomuceno crispin crispiniano de la santisima trinidad ruiz blasco picasso", "pablo diego jose francisco de paula juan nepomuceno maria de los remedios cipriano de la santisima trinidad clito ruiz y picasso", "pablo ruiz y picasso", "pablo picaso", "Pablo-Picasso", "Picaso" ]

[ { "id": "3095303", "score": "1.7937582", "text": "Garçon à la pipe Garçon à la Pipe (Boy with a Pipe) is a painting by Pablo Picasso. It was painted in 1905 when Picasso was 24 years old, during his Rose Period, soon after he settled in the Montmartre section of Paris, France. The oil on canvas painting depicts a Parisian boy holding a pipe in his left hand and wearing a garland or wreath of flowers. The painting was famously sold at a 2004 auction for $104 million, a price many art critics consider incongruous with the painting's actual artistic merit. Early preparations of this work involved positioning", "title": "Garçon à la pipe" }, { "id": "160846", "score": "1.7829754", "text": "Hietzing, Vienna. Numerous paintings by him were left unfinished. Klimt's paintings have brought some of the highest prices recorded for individual works of art. In November 2003, Klimt's \"Landhaus am Attersee\" sold for $29,128,000, but that sale was soon eclipsed by prices paid for Willem de Kooning's \"Woman III\" and later Klimt's own \"Adele Bloch-Bauer II\", the latter of which sold for $150 million in 2016. In 2006, the 1907 portrait, \"Adele Bloch-Bauer I\", was purchased for the Neue Galerie New York by Ronald Lauder reportedly for US $135 million, surpassing Picasso's 1905 \"Boy With a Pipe\" (sold May 5,", "title": "Gustav Klimt" }, { "id": "5911140", "score": "1.7581921", "text": "Henry Edwards Huntington for $728,800 (£182,200), according to Duveen's bill, a then-record price for any painting. (According to a mention in \"The New York Times\", dated 11 November 1921, the purchase price was $640,000, which would be over $8.5 million in 2014.) Before its departure to California in 1922, \"The Blue Boy\" was briefly put on display at the National Gallery where it was seen by 90,000 people; the Gallery's director Charles Holmes was moved to scrawl farewell words on the back of the painting: \"Au Revoir, C.H.\". It was this painting that moved pop artist Robert Rauschenberg toward painting.", "title": "The Blue Boy" }, { "id": "3095307", "score": "1.7528536", "text": "broke the record for the amount paid for an auctioned painting (when inflation is ignored). The amount, US$104 million, includes the auction price of US$93 million plus the auction house’s commission of about US$11 million. The painting was given a pre-sale estimate of US$70 million by the auction house. Many art critics have stated that the painting's high sale price has much more to do with the artist's name than with the merit or historical importance of the painting. \"The Washington Post's\" article on the sale contained the following characterisation of the reaction: Garçon à la pipe Garçon à la", "title": "Garçon à la pipe" }, { "id": "3095306", "score": "1.7204092", "text": "comment, suppositions can be made. The first is that Picasso did not want people to know who the boy is, and the second is Picasso did not really know the boy. However, many reports have been made that say the boy is “p’tit Louis”, or \"Little Louis\". The painting was first bought by John Hay Whitney in 1950 for US$30,000. On May 5, 2004 the painting was sold for US$104,168,000 at Sotheby's auction in New York City. Sotheby’s did not name the buyer though sources say that it was Guido Barilla, co-owner of the Barilla Group. At the time, it", "title": "Garçon à la pipe" }, { "id": "1669438", "score": "1.7135303", "text": "(1991) was auctioned at £7.66 million in early 2013. Later that year, César Reyes, a psychiatrist who lives in Puerto Rico and is one of the artist’s biggest collectors, sold \"Jetty\", a 1994 canvas of a lone figure on a dock at sunset, for $11.3 million. His painting \"Gasthof zur Muldentalsperre\" was sold at Christie's in 2014 for $17,038,276. This price was surpassed by \"Swamped\", also sold at Christie's in 2015 for $25,950,000. Phillips auctioned Peter Doig’s 1991 canvas, “Rosedale,” of a Toronto snowfall, which was guaranteed for $25 million and sold for $28.8 million to a telephone bidder, an", "title": "Peter Doig" }, { "id": "4154768", "score": "1.7102957", "text": "Dix, and George Grosz. In 2006, Lauder purchased Klimt's painting \"Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I\" from Maria Altmann on behalf of the Neue Galerie. Citing a confidentiality agreement, Lauder would only confirm that the purchase price was more than the last record price of US$104.2 million US for Picasso's 1905 \"Boy With a Pipe\". The press reported the price for the Klimt at US$135 million, which would make it at that time the most expensive painting ever sold. It has been on display at the museum since July 2006. The museum is housed in the former William Starr Miller House,", "title": "Neue Galerie New York" }, { "id": "16516757", "score": "1.6988349", "text": "also uses a speech balloon. It was sold by collector Courtney Sale Ross for $43.2 million, double its estimate, at Christie's in New York City in November 2011; the seller's husband, Steve Ross had acquired it at auction in 1988 for $2.1 million. The painting originally sold for $550 in 1961. It surpassed the $42.6 million record set the previous November by \"Ohhh...Alright...\" The following May, it was surpassed by \"Sleeping Girl\", which sold for $44.8 million. The picture teases the viewer who is given the feeling that they are in a dark room being viewed by the main subject", "title": "I Can See the Whole Room...and There's Nobody in It!" }, { "id": "16516763", "score": "1.6783545", "text": "Ohhh...Alright... Ohhh...Alright... is a 1964 pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein. It formerly held the record for highest auction price for a Lichtenstein painting. In November 2010, \"Ohhh...Alright...\", previously owned by Steve Martin and later by Steve Wynn, was sold at a record US $42.6 million (£26.7 million) at a sale at Christie's in New York, which surpassed the 2005 $16.2 million Lichtenstein record set when \"In the Car\" sold. The hammer price was $38 million. It was surpassed in the following year by \"I Can See the Whole Room...and There's Nobody in It!\", which sold for $43.2 million. Measuring", "title": "Ohhh...Alright..." }, { "id": "3632182", "score": "1.6771936", "text": "his art (the exhibition was a joint venture with the Los Angeles County Museum of Art). The Archives and Special Collections at Amherst College holds his papers. In December 1999, \"Polo Crowd\", a 1910 painting, sold for U.S.$27.5 million to billionaire Bill Gates. In November 2008, Bellows' \"Men of the Docks\", a 1912 painting of the Brooklyn docks spanning the East River and depicting the Manhattan skyline in the background, was to be auctioned at Christie's in New York. It was expected to set the record for an American painting sold at auction with an estimate of $25–35 million. The", "title": "George Bellows" }, { "id": "18668325", "score": "1.6714242", "text": "the art gallery of Joseph Duveen, she fell in love with the painting by Francisco Goya, \"Manuel Osorio Manrique de Zuñiga\", commonly known as the \"Red Boy\". Her father then purchased it for $275,000. The painting was hung prominently in her living room. Her interior decorator, Billy Baldwin, described her attachment to it as if it were a living being. Her father bequeathed the painting to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, but it was allowed to be shown periodically in Miller's apartment until she died in 1979. On July 16, 1927, she married Gilbert Miller, a theatrical producer, in Paris,", "title": "Kathryn Bache Miller" }, { "id": "16807230", "score": "1.655", "text": "(May 18, 2017) at Sotheby’s New York for $110.5 million, setting the record price for an American artist at auction. In 1982, Zack purchased “Hannibal” from Basquiat in the artist’s studio for $3200. That piece sold last year at Sotheby's London for £10.6 million. Zack himself started painting in 1976. Zack Norman Zack Norman (born Howard Jerrold Zuker, May 27, 1940) is an American actor, producer, writer, comedian, musician, film financier, painter, art collector and real estate developer. Born in Boston and raised in nearby Revere, Massachusetts, he is best known for his role as Ira in 20th Century Fox's", "title": "Zack Norman" }, { "id": "18962759", "score": "1.6504827", "text": "Sulley continued his work in masterpieces. In 1914, with the help of connoisseur Bernard Berenson, he sold Lorenzo di Credi’s \"Boy in a Scarlet Cap\" and Bernardo Daddi’s \"Madonna and Child with a Goldfinch\" to Isabella Stewart Gardner, for $25,000 and $7,000 respectively. He kept Giovanni Bellini’s \"Feast of the Gods\" in his London gallery during World War I air raids and, in 1921, he and Thomas Agnew & Sons sold it under the name \"The Bacchanal\" to Joseph Widener. In 1919, he sold Frans Hals’ \"Adriaen von Ostade\" and, around the same time, Hals’ \"Portrait of a Gentleman in", "title": "Arthur Joseph Sulley" }, { "id": "20974168", "score": "1.6481751", "text": "of $58 million for Jeff Koons' \"Balloon Dog (Orange)\" in 2013 and more than tripled the record for a work by Hockney, $28.5 million for \"Pacific Coast Highway and Santa Monica\" set in May 2018. The highest known prices for a painting by a living artist in private sales are for two paintings by Jasper Johns (born 1930): in 2006, Kenneth C. Griffin bought Johns' \"False Start\" for about $80 million ($ million in ) from David Geffen, and in 2010 Steven A. Cohen bought Johns' 1958 \"Flag\" for around $110 million (equivalent to $ million in ) from Leo", "title": "Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures)" }, { "id": "3879750", "score": "1.6416016", "text": "stack of endlessly replenishable paper, each sheet printed with a black-and-white image of clouds, was sold well over the estimate for $1.6 million at Sotheby's, New York. One of the artist's plastic beads pieces, \"\"Untitled\" (Blood)\", was sold for $1.65 million at Christie's, New York, in 2000. In November 2015, at a record for the artist, Gonzalez-Torres's \"\"Untitled\" (L.A.)\", 1991, a 50 lb installation of green hard candies, sold for $7.7 million at Christie's, New York. Félix González-Torres Felix Gonzalez-Torres (November 26, 1957 – January 9, 1996) was a Cuban-born American visual artist. Gonzalez-Torres's openly gay sexual orientation is often", "title": "Félix González-Torres" }, { "id": "5245551", "score": "1.6372899", "text": "Outing\". The painting was sold at a Bonham's auction in Toronto on November 30, 2009. Another painting, \"A View of Sandy Cove\", sold in 2012 for $20,400. A painting found in 2016 at an Ontario thrift store, \"Portrait of Eddie Barnes and Ed Murphy, Lobster Fishermen\", sold at auction for almost three times its estimated price. The online auction ended May 19, 2017, and the painting, which was appraised at $16,000, sold for $45,000. In the last year of her life, Maud Lewis stayed in one corner of her house, painting as often as she could while traveling back and", "title": "Maud Lewis" }, { "id": "708160", "score": "1.6320907", "text": "Bogota, Colombia. In 2013, the painting \"Woman with Flowered Hat\" set another record at $56.1 million as it was purchased by British jeweller Laurence Graff from American investor Ronald O. Perelman. This was topped in 2015 by the sale of \"Nurse\" for 95.4 million dollars at a Christie's auction. In January 2017, \"Masterpiece\" was sold for $165 million. The proceeds of this sale will be used to create a fund for criminal justice reform. Biographical: Works: Other: Roy Lichtenstein Roy Fox Lichtenstein (; October 27, 1923 – September 29, 1997) was an American pop artist. During the 1960s, along with", "title": "Roy Lichtenstein" }, { "id": "8609849", "score": "1.628863", "text": "a record for the highest price paid for a piece of art with the purchase of a Jackson Pollock painting from David Geffen. Pollock's painting \"No. 5, 1948\" sold for US$140 million (£73m), on 1 November 2006. However, the auction expert Josh Baer stated that Martinez was not the buyer of the painting. In addition, Shearman & Sterling issued a press release on behalf of its client, David Martinez, to announce that contrary to articles in the press, Martinez does not own the painting or any rights to acquire it. In October 2012, however, the New York Times reported that", "title": "David Martínez (businessman)" }, { "id": "19061835", "score": "1.6287785", "text": "of BillyBoy*\" was a painting of BillyBoy* depicted as a Barbie Doll and was presented to BillyBoy* in New York on 10 February 1986. The painting was gifted to BillyBoy* and hung in his living room. In 2014 the painting sold at the auction house Christie's for £722,500 ($1,161,780). A second version of Warhol's painting, this time with an orange-red background instead of blue, was created for and purchased by Mattel. In 1978 or 1979 BillyBoy* moved to Paris, where later his shop would be at 6 Rue de la Paix, Paris. In 1993 BillyBoy* and his partner Jean Pierre", "title": "BillyBoy*" }, { "id": "12357027", "score": "1.6272871", "text": "Luxury and Degradation series appear to be holding up. \"The Economist\" reported that Thomas H. Lee, a private-equity investor, sold \"Jim Beam J.B. Turner Train\" (1986) in a package deal brokered by Giraud Pissarro Segalot for more than US$15 million. In 2012, \"Tulips\" (1995-2004) brought a record auction price for Koons at Christie's, selling to a telephone bidder for US$33.6 million, well above its high US$25 million estimate. At Christie's in 2015, the oil on canvas \"Triple Elvis\" (2009) set a world auction record for a painting by the artist, realizing $8,565,000, over $5 million more than the previous high.", "title": "Jeff Koons" } ]

[ "Hells angels", "Hells Angels", "Hells Angels MC", "Hell's Angels in Canada", "Hells Angels (UK)", "Hells angles", "Hells Angels Motorcycle Club", "Hell's Angels", "hells angels motorcycle corporation", "hell s angels", "Hells Angel", "Hells Angels - UK", "Hells Angels Motorcycle Corp.", "hells angels uk", "hell s angels in canada", "Hell's Angles", "hell angels", "Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation", "hells angle", "hells angels motorcycle club", "hell s angles", "hells angels", "Hells' Angels", "hells angel", "hells angles", "Hell Angels", "Hells angle", "hells angels motorcycle corp", "hells angels mc", "Hells Angles" ]

[ { "id": "14974424", "score": "2.0123868", "text": "group is demanding that the companies stop producing the products, recall any items in distribution and pay damages totalling three times whatever profit they made on the products. SAKS refused to comment, Zappos had no immediate comment and the company's parent company, PPR, could not be reached for comment. The company settled the case with the Hell's Angels after agreeing to remove all of the merchandise featuring the logo from sale on their website, stores and concessions and recalling any of the goodies which have already been sold and destroying them. Similarly, costume designer Jany Temime was exposed for copying", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "14974422", "score": "1.9224155", "text": "a version in chocolate encrusted with sparkly sprinkles for her Christmas shop in 2011. Selfridges department store in London caused controversy when they unveiled a window display showing one of his designs being hanged from the gallows. The store later apologised, saying that \"presenting a fashion item from the new Alexander McQueen collection hanging was never intended to be linked to the designer's untimely death or how he died.\" In October 2010, The Hell's Angels filed a lawsuit against the company for \"misusing its trademark winged death heads symbol\" in several items from its Autumn/Winter 2010 collection. The lawsuit was", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "12024367", "score": "1.9163061", "text": "and club trademarks from the Los Santos Roleplay Forum. While the members of the gaming community were skeptical at first, Fritz Clapp posted a tweet confirming his identity. In October 2010 the Hells Angels filed a lawsuit against Alexander McQueen for \"misusing its trademark winged death heads symbol\" in several items from its Autumn/Winter 2010 collection. The lawsuit is also aimed at Saks Fifth Avenue and Zappos.com, which stock the jacquard box dress and knuckle duster ring that bear the symbol, which has been used since at least 1948 and is protected by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. A", "title": "Hells Angels" }, { "id": "14974409", "score": "1.7731311", "text": "an online store in the US in 2008. This was later expanded with an online store for the UK market in 2010. McQueen's suicide was announced on the afternoon of 11 February 2010. At the time of his death, the company had debts of £32 million despite posting profits from handbag sales in 2008. On 27 July 2006, the company launched a lower-priced diffusion line McQ. The new line carries men's and women's ready-to-wear and accessories, was exclusively designed by Lee Alexander McQueen, manufactured and distributed worldwide by SINV SpA under the terms of a five-year licence agreement with Alexander", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "2401665", "score": "1.772325", "text": "the Gucci Group's acquiring 51% of his company and McQueen's serving as Creative Director. Plans for expansion included the opening of stores in London, Milan, and New York, and the launch of his perfumes Kingdom and, most recently, My Queen. In 2005, McQueen collaborated with Puma to create a special line of trainers for the shoe brand. In 2006, he launched McQ, a younger, more renegade lower-priced line for men and women. McQueen became one of several designers to participate in MAC's promotion of cosmetic releases created by fashion designers. The collection was released on 11 October 2007 and reflected", "title": "Alexander McQueen" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Alexander McQueen (fashion house)" }, { "id": "14974420", "score": "1.7460566", "text": "cotton dress was sprayed by car robots as she was spun around a platform. Animal rights activists and heavy police presence due to a reported bomb scare were present at the Autumn/Winter 2000 \"Eshu\" catwalk show, due to the extensive use of fur and leather in the collection. McQueen was accused of misogyny following the Autumn/Winter 2009 \"The Horn of Plenty\" catwalk show where models with huge, overdrawn red and black lips were compared to a blow-up sex doll and hats made from found objects and rubbish like aluminium cans and duct tape implied models themselves were trash. Similarly, the", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "14974426", "score": "1.745766", "text": "the crest on the bird's heads to make them more 'phoenixy', she neglected to alter any other detail of the birds, including their rather obvious peacock feathers. On 18 February 2010, Robert Polet, the president and chief executive of the Gucci Group, announced that the Alexander McQueen business would carry on without its founder and creative director. He also added that a McQueen collection would be presented during Paris Fashion Week. On 27 May 2010, Sarah Burton, McQueen's right hand design aide since 1996, was announced as the new creative director of the Alexander McQueen brand, with further plans to", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "14974418", "score": "1.7289071", "text": "McQueen, was released as a tribute to the late founder. The issue featured images and discussions with editors who had met McQueen in 2003 to discuss the collaboration which never materialised. The issue also features contributions from Lady Gaga, Steven Klein, Nick Knight and Mario Testino Only 1,500 numbered copies were made, with pages made from seeded paper, which will sprout wildflowers once planted signifying the ongoing legacy of McQueen. Alexander McQueen first caused controversy with his Spring/Summer 1995 collection which featured his signature \"bumster trousers\". At the time, the trousers were described as indecent as they barely covered the", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "14974408", "score": "1.7213748", "text": "Vegas. On 31 October 2011, Alexander McQueen opened its first store in Beijing with a runway show. Following the take over, the brand's catwalk presentations were relocated from London to Paris, beginning with the Spring/Summer 2002 collection with \"The Dance of The Twisted Bull\" on 6 October 2001. Alexander McQueen launched its first menswear collection in Spring/Summer 2005 and continues to show its collections during Milan Fashion Week. The company launched its first women's pre-Spring collection on the runway with its men's collection on 22 June 2008 and has since continued releasing cruise collections since Spring 2010. Alexander McQueen launched", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "14974407", "score": "1.7198293", "text": "a life-sized hologram of supermodel Kate Moss dressed in yards of rippling fabric. In total, McQueen designed 36 collections for his London label, including his MA graduate collection. During his time as head designer, McQueen was awarded the title \"British Designer of the Year\" four times between 1996 and 2003; he was also appointed a CBE and named International Designer of the Year by the Council of Fashion Designers in 2003. In December 2000, the Gucci Group acquired 51% of his company and appointed him as Creative Director before launching stores in London, Milan, New York, Los Angeles and Las", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "14974414", "score": "1.7188067", "text": "fully expanded to include men's and women's clothing and accessories, with a collaboration with film director Saam Farahmand to produce a 4-minute movie \"Ghost\" as an ad campaign for the collection. In 2007, Alexander McQueen became the first brand to participate in MAC's promotion of cosmetic releases created by fashion designers. The collection was released on 11 October and reflected the looks used on the Autumn/Winter McQueen catwalk. The inspiration for the collection was the Elizabeth Taylor movie \"Cleopatra\", and thus the models sported intense blue, green, and teal eyes with strong black liner extended Egyptian-style. In 2008, Alexander McQueen", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "14974406", "score": "1.7148924", "text": "Alexander McQueen (brand) Alexander McQueen brand was founded by designer Alexander McQueen in 1992. It was by the suggestion of Isabella Blow that McQueen use his middle name for the label. The house's early collections developed its reputation for controversy and shock tactics (earning the title \"l'enfant terrible\" and \"the hooligan of English fashion\"), with trousers aptly named \"bumsters\" and a collection entitled \"Highland Rape\". Alexander McQueen staged lavish and unconventional runway shows, such as a recreation of a shipwreck for his Spring 2003 collection, Spring 2005's human chess game, and the Fall 2006 show, \"Widows of Culloden\", which featured", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "14974415", "score": "1.7135881", "text": "collaborated with mass market retailer Target as McQ Alexander McQueen for Target. The company was the first collaboration between Target and an international designer. McQueen cited Leila Moss of The Duke Spirit as his muse for the collection. The collection was launched on 4 March 2009, with the band playing at the launch party. The same year, Alexander McQueen collaborated with Samsonite to produce luggage formed using a mould of a human ribcage and sternum on the front and spine on the back. Other pieces in the collection apply animal patterns like crocodile to the bags skin using laser cutting", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "12747338", "score": "1.7127169", "text": "fashion retailer H&M. The collection was available at H&M stores and online November 6, 2014. The collection with H&M included pieces for both men and women, as well as a selection of his famed accessories. The news was unveiled via the designer’s personal Instagram page. In 2016, he was awarded $90 million in damages after successfully suing over 45 defendants operating 459 websites that sold counterfeit goods bearing its name, although the reward is mostly symbolic, as neither Wang nor the brand will likely receive that amount. In 2016, he became the CEO and chairman of the Wang brand, succeeding", "title": "Alexander Wang (designer)" }, { "id": "14974412", "score": "1.7106445", "text": "with perfumer Jacques Cavallier to launch his first fragrance Kingdom, which was launched on the designer's birthday 17 March. A limited edition version of the fragrance was launched in 2004. The company launched its second fragrance, My Queen three years later in 2006. On 10 October 2003, Alexander McQueen collaborated with Michael Clark to stage the Spring 2004 collection. On 15 October 2003, Alexander McQueen collaborated with Björk at Fashion Rocks where the Fall 2003 collection was presented at the Royal Albert Hall. In 2004, Alexander McQueen collaborated with Safilo via a licensing deal to launch an eyewear range. The", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "14974410", "score": "1.7105887", "text": "McQueen. Promoted as a denim line, the focus of McQ is a youthful target market. The Spring/Summer 2011 was the final collection in collaboration with SINV SpA. Pina Ferlisi was appointed as the creative director for the line in June 2010. Following the expiration of the contract with SINV SpA with the Spring/Summer 2011 collection, the brand announced on 11 October 2010 that it would take control of the McQ diffusion line by creating a new internal team with the creative direction of Pina Ferlisi, under the leadership of Alexander McQueen creative director Sarah Burton. For the first campaign for", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "14974432", "score": "1.6924537", "text": "The tradition ended for Fall 2010 with McQueen's death, and subsequent collections were launched without titles. The list excludes pre-collections and accessories lines. Womenswear mainline catwalk collections: Menswear mainline catwalk collections: Alexander McQueen (brand) Alexander McQueen brand was founded by designer Alexander McQueen in 1992. It was by the suggestion of Isabella Blow that McQueen use his middle name for the label. The house's early collections developed its reputation for controversy and shock tactics (earning the title \"l'enfant terrible\" and \"the hooligan of English fashion\"), with trousers aptly named \"bumsters\" and a collection entitled \"Highland Rape\". Alexander McQueen staged lavish", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "14974430", "score": "1.6849787", "text": "the Victoria & Albert Museum in London from 14 March 2015 to 2 August 2015. On 28 November 2011, Sarah Burton won the Designer of the Year at the 2011 British Fashion Awards. As of January 2014, Harley Hughes is Alexander \"McQueen's head of men's wear design\" during the Fall 2014 fashion show. After the show, both Sarah Burton, the creative director, and Harley Huges, took a bow to the public. In July 2015, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, wore an all-cream Alexander McQueen outfit for Princess Charlotte of Cambridge's christening. In May 2016, at UNESCO Headquarters, Alexander McQueen brand won", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "2401651", "score": "1.6754086", "text": "Alexander McQueen Lee Alexander McQueen, CBE (17 March 1969 – 11 February 2010) was a British fashion designer and couturier. He worked as chief designer at Givenchy from 1996 to 2001, and founded his own Alexander McQueen label in 1992. His achievements in fashion earned him four British Designer of the Year awards (1996, 1997, 2001 and 2003), as well as the CFDA's International Designer of the Year award in 2003. McQueen committed suicide by hanging in 2010, at the age of 40, at his home in Mayfair, London. Born on 17 March 1969 in Lewisham, London, to Scottish taxi", "title": "Alexander McQueen" }, { "id": "2401672", "score": "1.6733623", "text": "of his clan going back over many generations. A memorial was held for McQueen at St. Paul's Cathedral on 20 September 2010. It was attended by Björk, Kate Moss, Sarah Jessica Parker, Naomi Campbell, Stella McCartney, Lady Gaga and Anna Wintour amongst 2,500 other invited guests. On 18 February 2010, Robert Polet, the president and chief executive of the Gucci Group, announced that the Alexander McQueen business would carry on without its founder and creative director. The BBC reported that McQueen had reserved £50,000 of his wealth for his pet dogs so they could live in the lap of luxury", "title": "Alexander McQueen" } ]

[ "e z bar", "olympic bar", "Bent bar", "standard barbell", "Barbell", "Barbells", "bent bar", "E-Z bar", "ez bar", "barbells", "EZ curl bar", "EZ bar", "barbell", "Olympic bar", "ez curl bar", "Standard barbell" ]

[ { "id": "3821600", "score": "1.7089852", "text": "or decrease the desired total weight. Collars are used to prevent plates from moving outward unevenly so that the lifter does not experience uneven force. A men's Olympic bar is a metal bar that is long and weighs . The outer ends are in diameter, while the grip section is in diameter, and in length. The bars have grip marks spaced apart to allow intuitive grip width measurement. It is the standard used in competitive weightlifting where men and women compete at the highest level - the Commonwealth Games, Pan-American Games, World Championships, and the Olympics. Bars of this kind", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "3821607", "score": "1.6823921", "text": "than expected, regarding their traditional place in colour code- red plates are , blue ones , etc.) In general-use gyms, weight plates are typically all one color/finish, and may be of any diameter. Standard collars can be of any material, usually metal, and they can weigh up to each for both men and women. Typical Olympic bar with a pair of collars, the plates not counted, can weigh as much as for men and for women depending on the collars. This barbell was produced by the company Berg in 1910, but designed by Veltum. This was a major turning point", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "19850988", "score": "1.6234574", "text": "option for casual strength training. These plates are made of cement or sand coated with a polyvinyl chloride sheath. The cement tends to break down over time and leak out of holes in the sheath, and the weights are less dense than iron so that fewer fit on a given bar. Weight machines commonly use specialized sets of plates (called \"weight stacks\"), consisting of a set of rectangular plates mounted on rails. The load is transmitted to the user of the machine via a cable and pulley arrangement. The weight used is selected by inserting a pin in the stack", "title": "Weight plate" }, { "id": "19850981", "score": "1.5893351", "text": "Weight plate A weight plate is a flat, heavy object, usually made of cast iron, that is used in combination with barbells or dumbbells to produce a bar with a desired total weight for the purpose of physical exercise. Two general categories exist: \"standard\" plates, which have a center hole of approximately one inch (25 mm), and \"Olympic\" plates, meant to fit on the two-inch (50 mm) sleeves of Olympic barbells. Standard plates are usually paired with adjustable dumbbells and Olympic plates with full-size barbells, although standard barbells and Olympic dumbbells exist. Weight plates may incorporate holes for ease of", "title": "Weight plate" }, { "id": "3821599", "score": "1.5811596", "text": "Barbell A barbell is a piece of exercise equipment used in weight training, bodybuilding, weightlifting and powerlifting, consisting of a long bar, usually with weights attached at each end. Barbells range in length from to above , although bars longer than are used primarily by powerlifters and are not commonplace. The central portion of the bar varies in diameter from 25 millimetres (0.98 in) to 50 millimetres (1.96 in) (e.g. Apollon's Axle), and is often engraved with a knurled crosshatch pattern to help lifters maintain a solid grip. Weight plates slide onto the outer portions of the bar to increase", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Barbell\n\nA barbell is a piece of exercise equipment used in weight training, bodybuilding, weightlifting, powerlifting and strongman, consisting of a long bar, usually with weights attached at each end.\n\nBarbells range in length from to above , although bars longer than are used primarily by powerlifters and are not commonplace. The central portion of the bar varies in diameter from 25 millimetres (0.98 in) to 50 millimetres (1.96 in) (e.g., Apollon's Axle), and is often engraved with a knurled crosshatch pattern to help lifters maintain a solid grip. Weight plates slide onto the outer portions of the bar to increase or decrease the desired total weight. Collars are used to prevent plates from moving outward unevenly so that the lifter does not experience uneven force. \n\nThe barbell is the longer version of the dumbbell that is used for free weight training and competitive sports, such as powerlifting, Olympic weight lifting, and CrossFit. Many exercises can be done using the barbell, such as bicep curl, bench press, Olympic weightlifting, overhead press, deadlift, and squat. Olympic barbells are usually an estimated weight of . Many fitness categories use the barbell for different reasons, for example, powerlifters use the barbell to perform compound exercise movements.", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dumbbell\n\nThe dumbbell, a type of free weight, is a piece of equipment used in weight training. It is usually used individually or in pairs, with one in each hand.", "title": "Dumbbell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Weight plate\n\nA weight plate is a flat, heavy object, usually made of cast iron, that is used in combination with barbells or dumbbells to produce a bar with a desired total weight for the purpose of physical exercise.\n\nTwo general categories exist: \"standard\" plates, which have a center hole of approximately 25 mm (one inch), and \"Olympic\" plates, meant to fit on the 50 mm (two inches) sleeves of Olympic barbells. Standard plates are usually paired with adjustable dumbbells and Olympic plates with full-size barbells, although standard barbells and Olympic dumbbells exist.\n\nWeight plates may incorporate holes for ease of carrying (called \"grip plates\") or be solid discs (especially those used for competition). Non-competition plates often have variable diameters and widths, such as on the adjustable dumbbells pictured right, with heavier plates generally being larger in diameter, thickness, or both. Weight plates are typically round, although 12-sided and other polygonal varieties exist. Most plates are coated with enamel paint or hammertone to resist corrosion; more expensive varieties may be coated with chrome, rubber, or plastic.<ref name=\"hammertone\" />", "title": "Weight plate" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "BUR Barbell Company\n\nThe BUR Barbell Company was a privately held American physical fitness equipment manufacturer that was in operation from 1928 until 1966. The company traces its origins to Bradenton, Florida, and Birmingham, Alabama. After the Second World War, operations were relocated to Lyndhurst, New Jersey to take advantage of the rapid economic and population growth in the region. At one time, BUR Barbell was the second largest producer of barbells in the United States.\n\nBUR manufactured a limited selection of weight training products that further narrowed over time until, by the early 1950s, it consisted of a single barbell/dumbbell set and the component parts. BUR Barbell produced plates for sale under its own name as well as for companies such as the Jackson International Barbell Company (sold as the Jackson \"Economy\" standard plates), the Dan Lurie Barbell Company, and Ace Barbell.", "title": "BUR Barbell Company" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Olympic weightlifting\n\nOlympic weightlifting, or Olympic-style weightlifting (officially named Weightlifting), is a sport in which athletes compete in lifting a barbell loaded with weight plates from the ground to overhead, with each athlete trying to successfully lift the heaviest weights. Athletes compete in two specific ways of lifting the barbell overhead: these are the snatch and the clean and jerk. The \"snatch\" is a wide-grip lift, in which the weighted barbell is lifted overhead in one motion. The \"clean and jerk\" is a combination lift, in which the weight is first taken from the ground to the front of the shoulders (the clean), and then from the shoulders to overhead (the jerk). The clean and press, wherein a clean was followed by an overhead press, was formerly also a competition lift, but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form.\n\nEach weightlifter gets three attempts at both the snatch and the clean and jerk, with the snatch attempts being done first. An athlete's score is the combined total of the highest successfully-lifted weight in kilograms for each lift. Athletes compete in various weight classes, which are different for each sex and have changed over time. Lifters who fail to successfully complete at least one snatch and at least one clean and jerk fail to \"total\", and receive an \"incomplete\" entry for the competition.\n\nWeightlifting is an olympic sport, and has been contested in every Summer Olympic Games since 1920. Whilst the sport is officially named \"weightlifting\", the terms \"olympic weightlifting\" and \"olympic-style weightlifting\" are often used to distinguish it from the other sports and events that involve the lifting of weights, such as powerlifting, weight training, and strongman events. Similarly, the snatch and clean-and-jerk are known as the \"olympic lifts\".\n\nWhile other strength sports test limit strength, olympic-style weightlifting also tests aspects of human ballistic limits (explosive strength): the olympic lifts are executed faster, and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution, than other barbell lifts. The olympic lifts, and their component lifts (e.g., cleans, squats) and their variations (e.g., power snatch, power clean) are used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength.", "title": "Olympic weightlifting" }, { "id": "19850989", "score": "1.5644548", "text": "that causes each plate above the pin to be pulled by the cable. This arrangement is known as a \"selectorized\" weight machine. Some weight machines, such as the sled-type leg press, or the Smith machine, are designed to be loaded with Olympic plates instead of using a cable-driven stack. Weight plate A weight plate is a flat, heavy object, usually made of cast iron, that is used in combination with barbells or dumbbells to produce a bar with a desired total weight for the purpose of physical exercise. Two general categories exist: \"standard\" plates, which have a center hole of", "title": "Weight plate" }, { "id": "3821604", "score": "1.5237453", "text": "the collars. Another visual difference from typical Olympic bar or IPC approved one is that the IPF bar's knurling shall not be covered by chrome. Stating that bar should weigh with collars on, effectively permits use of bars only, because same as IWF, IPF requires collars to weigh each. The total weight of the barbell varies based on the type and number of plates loaded onto the ends of the bar and the lift being performed, and easily can be or more with squat dedicated bar (which itself can weigh up to and have up to grip section diameter). Additionally,", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "3821602", "score": "1.5185447", "text": "above head height and as such are coated in solid rubber. General strength training or powerlifting plates are made from cast iron and are considerably cheaper. Currently, the following colour code is required by IWF: Presently, Olympic plates of or more are in diameter. versions also exist of the lighter and plates to accommodate the proper starting position for beginner athletes. These can be aluminium or plastic and may have rubber edges. As a general rule, powerlifting requires use of stiffer bars to better accommodate the heavier weights being used in the sport. The deadlift barbell is usually the longest,", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "15056142", "score": "1.5148039", "text": "pounds of plates, a standard bar, dumbbell handles with collars, and – unlike later sets – kettlebell handles and iron boots. \"BUR-130\" – Sometime in the early-1950s, the “BUR-130” became the only barbell set offered. It set consisted of a 4-1/2’ knurled pipe bar, dumbbells with fixed collars, and 110 pounds of weight plates. \"BUR-140\" – The “BUR-140” is arguably the best known BUR product. It replaced the BUR-130. Unlike previous BUR sets, the BUR-140 came with a 38-inch chrome-plated and knurled revolving barbell sleeve. This sleeve increased the grip diameter of the steel bar from 1\" to 1-1/8”. The", "title": "BUR Barbell Company" }, { "id": "10468894", "score": "1.5002716", "text": "during this exercise. Otherwise, the supporting rotator cuffs may become strained. Usually dips are done on a dip bar, with the exerciser's hands supporting his or her entire body weight. For added resistance, weights can be added by use of a dip belt, weighted vest, or by wearing a backpack with weights in it. A dumbbell may also be held between the knees or ankles. For less resistance, an assisted dip/pull-up machine can be used which reduces the force necessary for the exerciser to elevate their body by use of a counterweight. One may also use resistance bands hooked under", "title": "Dip (exercise)" }, { "id": "3821614", "score": "1.498599", "text": "the user can only use a prone or supine grip. The user may grip one bar while the other rests on their forearm below their wrists. This grip style keeps the users locked in a straight position and increases tension in the targeted muscles while reducing wrist strain. This device may also be used to perform squats as well. The bars may be used for training and for rehabilitative purposes because of their ergonomic structure. Barbell A barbell is a piece of exercise equipment used in weight training, bodybuilding, weightlifting and powerlifting, consisting of a long bar, usually with weights", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "19850986", "score": "1.4947801", "text": "for Olympic weightlifting, a category of movements that involve lifting a barbell high overhead, then letting it fall. Lower-end bumper plates are generally made of solid rubber with a steel or brass hub. Competition-grade bumper plates are more compact, with a layer of rubber surrounding a steel core. Bumper plates permit a loaded barbell to be dropped (and to bounce) after a lift, with negligible damage to the floor, plates, and bar. Bumper plates used in competition have diameter mandated by the International Weightlifting Federation of ±, with lighter plates being narrower than heavier plates. The lightest bumper plates available", "title": "Weight plate" }, { "id": "8909428", "score": "1.4843397", "text": "consists of free weights (dumbbells and barbells), as opposed to exercise machines, is sometimes referred to as a , after the traditional color of weight plates. A cardio theater or cardio area includes many types of cardiovascular training-related equipment such as rowing machines, stationary exercise bikes, elliptical trainers and treadmills. These areas often include a number of audio-visual displays, often TVs (either integrated into the equipment or placed on walls around the area itself) in order to keep exercisers entertained during long cardio workout sessions. Some gyms provide newspapers and magazines for users of the cardio theatre to read while", "title": "Health club" }, { "id": "3821611", "score": "1.4834569", "text": "thus may prove a less effective exercise. Primarily found in gyms, these are usually fairly short bars with weights already attached and welded to the bar, and in some cases, a covering of plastic/rubber around the plates. A typical gym might carry a range of fixed barbells from 5 kilos to around 40 kilos. They are handy as they take less space than full-length bars and are useful for many exercises where less weight is required. They can also provide an easier starting point for beginners before moving on to using the full olympic bars. In addition, they provide for", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "3821606", "score": "1.4783459", "text": "were used for them by few certified manufacturers. Most \"Olympic\" bars one can see in commercial gyms, although superficially similar to real Olympic bars to the untrained eye, do not share IWF nor powerlifting essential characteristics. They are just generic strength training bars, with wide variations in markings, grip section diameter, and, most importantly, stress capacity prior to permanently bending or dangerously failing. Weight plates used outside of competition need not conform to IWF or powerlifting specifications, and can be of any colour, which can be misleading. (For instance, Kraiburg bumper plates are rated in pounds, and one notch lighter", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "3947180", "score": "1.4717686", "text": "Dip bar A dip bar is a piece of fitness equipment that consists of a U-shaped bar, usually about 1\" (2.5 cm) in diameter, which surrounds the user's body at the waist. It is designed for the performance of, and named after, the dip exercise. In addition to this exercise, much like the trap bar can be used for deadlifts, a dip bar has other potential uses. It can, for example, be used to do handstand pushups, or the forearms can lie on it to be used as a (probably less comfortable) captain's chair for doing things such as knee", "title": "Dip bar" }, { "id": "19850987", "score": "1.4710411", "text": "are generally , or in pound-denominated sets. Plates lighter than this are generally smaller in diameter and are known as \"change plates\" when paired with bumper plates. As an alternative to rubber plates, \"technique plates\", made of plastic, are available. Technique plates are more expensive than rubber, but hold up better to repeated drops. Their primary purpose is to allow novice lifters to practice Olympic lifts at lighter weights that can put too much lateral stress on single pairs of rubber plates, damaging them. Standard (1-inch hole) \"vinyl\" plates are often sold paired with dumbbells or barbells as a low-cost", "title": "Weight plate" }, { "id": "7438408", "score": "1.470782", "text": "be attached to a lever, adding further simple machines to the mechanical chain. Usually, each plate is marked with a number. On some machines these numbers give the actual weight of the plate and those above it. On some, the number gives the force at the user's actuation point with the machine. And on some machines the number is simply an index counting the number of plates being lifted. The early Nautilus machines were a combination of lever and cable machines. They also had optional, fixed elements such as a chinning bar. Universal Gym Equipment pioneered the multi-station style of", "title": "Weight machine" }, { "id": "3821609", "score": "1.4701322", "text": "standard bars do not rotate, and mount plates with an approximately center hole. The thickness of the grip section is most commonly in the United States or in Europe, but can be slightly thicker or thinner, depending on quality. Neither bar weight nor length is standardized like men's or women's Olympic bars, and can range from to . They are rarely rated for more than of loading. Dumbbells are the equivalent of one-handed barbells, with a gripping surface approximately and a total length that rarely exceeds . Adjustable dumbbells are the most prominent use of \"standard\" weight plates (those having", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "3821612", "score": "1.4637607", "text": "speedy transitions between various weights if one is doing multiple weights in quick succession. These specialty items are designed to challenge the grip. They're used in strongman competitions for the deadlift and overhead presses, such as Apollon's Axle. Recently, even such exotic as diameter bars appeared, however their practicality could be disputable. They are made in China, and can weigh up to . Similar in function to an EZ curl bar, the triceps bar consists of two parallel handles mounted in a cage. It is used to perform triceps extensions and hammer curls. A hexagon-shaped bar in the middle of", "title": "Barbell" } ]