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[ "father and daughter", "Father and Daughter", "Father and daughter", "Father And Daughter" ]

[ { "id": "1546094", "score": "1.8791579", "text": "Jones is the daughter of Indian sitar player and composer Ravi Shankar, and is the half-sister of fellow musician Anoushka Shankar. Jones was born Geethali Norah Jones Shankar on March 30, 1979 in Brooklyn, New York, to American concert producer Sue Jones and Indian musician Ravi Shankar. After her parents separated in 1986, Norah lived with her mother, growing up in Grapevine, Texas. She attended Colleyville Middle School and Grapevine High School before transferring to Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts in Dallas. While in high school, she sang in the school choir, participated in", "title": "Norah Jones" }, { "id": "1546129", "score": "1.8123572", "text": "time with him, and wrote some material that was later recorded for the album \"The Fall\". Ravi Shankar died in 2012. In February 2014, Jones had her first child, a son, with her musician husband. They had a second child in 2016. Norah Jones Norah Jones (born Geethali Norah Jones Shankar; March 30, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. She has won many awards and has sold more than 50 million records worldwide. \"Billboard\" named her the top jazz artist of the 2000–2009 decade. She has won nine Grammy Awards and was ranked 60th on \"Billboard\" magazine's artists", "title": "Norah Jones" }, { "id": "971208", "score": "1.7609029", "text": "married Allauddin Khan's daughter Annapurna Devi (Roshanara Khan) in 1941 and their son, Shubhendra Shankar, was born in 1942. He separated from Devi during 1962 and continued a relationship with Kamala Shastri, a dancer, that had begun in the late 1940s. An affair with Sue Jones, a New York concert producer, led to the birth of Norah Jones in 1979. He separated from Shastri in 1981 and lived with Jones until 1986. An affair with Sukanya Rajan, whom he had known since the 1970s, led to the birth of their daughter Anoushka Shankar in 1981. In 1989 he married Sukanya", "title": "Ravi Shankar" }, { "id": "5564776", "score": "1.7164931", "text": "Anoushka Shankar Anoushka Shankar (Bengali : অনুষ্কা শঙ্কর) (born 9 June 1981) is a British Indian sitar player and composer. She is the daughter of Ravi Shankar and the half-sister of Norah Jones. Anoushka was born in London and her childhood was divided between London and Delhi. She is the daughter of Sukanya Shankar and Indian sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who was 61 when she was born. Through her father, she is also the half-sister of American singer Norah Jones (born Geetali Norah Shankar), and Shubhendra \"Shubho\" Shankar, who died in 1992. As a teenager, Anoushka lived in Encinitas, California,", "title": "Anoushka Shankar" }, { "id": "971209", "score": "1.6645508", "text": "Rajan at Chilkur Temple in Hyderabad. Shankar's son, Shubhendra \"Shubho\" Shankar, often accompanied him on tours. He could play the \"sitar\" and \"surbahar\", but elected not to pursue a solo career. Shubhendra died of pneumonia in 1992. Ananda Shankar, the experimental fusion musician, is his nephew. Norah Jones became a successful musician in the 2000s, winning eight Grammy Awards in 2003. Anoushka Shankar was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album in 2003. Anoushka and her father were both nominated for Best World Music Album at the 2013 Grammy Awards for separate albums. Shankar was a Hindu,", "title": "Ravi Shankar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Norah Jones\n\nNorah Jones (born Geethali Norah Jones Shankar; March 30, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. She has won several awards for her music and as of 2012, has sold more than 50 million records worldwide. \"Billboard\" named her the top jazz artist of the 2000's decade. She has won nine Grammy Awards and was ranked 60th on \"Billboard\" magazine's artists of the 2000s decade chart.\n\nIn 2002, Jones launched her solo music career with the release of \"Come Away with Me\", which was a fusion of jazz with country, blues, folk and pop. It was certified diamond, selling over 27 million copies. The record earned Jones five Grammy Awards, including the Album of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best New Artist. Her subsequent studio albums—\"Feels Like Home\" (2004), \"Not Too Late\" (2007), and \"The Fall\" (2009)—all gained platinum status, selling over a million copies each. They were also generally well received by critics. Jones's fifth studio album, \"Little Broken Hearts\", was released on April 27, 2012; her sixth, \"Day Breaks\", was released on October 7, 2016. Her seventh studio album, \"Pick Me Up Off the Floor\", was released on June 12, 2020. Jones made her feature film debut as an actress in \"My Blueberry Nights\", which was released in 2007 and was directed by Wong Kar-Wai.\n\nJones is the daughter of Indian sitarist and composer Ravi Shankar and concert producer Sue Jones, and is the half-sister of fellow musicians Anoushka Shankar and Shubhendra Shankar.", "title": "Norah Jones" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ravi Shankar\n\nRavi Shankar (; born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury, sometimes spelled as Rabindra Shankar Chowdhury; and influenced many musicians in India and throughout the world. Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1999.\n\nShankar was born to a Bengali Brahmin family in India, and spent his youth as a dancer touring India and Europe with the dance group of his brother Uday Shankar. He gave up dancing in 1938 to study sitar playing under court musician Allauddin Khan. After finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a composer, creating the music for the \"Apu Trilogy\" by Satyajit Ray, and was music director of All India Radio, New Delhi, from 1949 to 1956.\n\nIn 1956, Shankar began to tour Europe and the Americas playing Indian classical music and increased its popularity there in the 1960s through teaching, performance, and his association with violinist Yehudi Menuhin and Beatles guitarist George Harrison. His influence on Harrison helped popularize the use of Indian instruments in Western pop music in the latter half of the 1960s. Shankar engaged Western music by writing compositions for sitar and orchestra, and toured the world in the 1970s and 1980s. From 1986 to 1992, he served as a nominated member of Rajya Sabha, the upper chamber of the Parliament of India. He continued to perform until the end of his life.", "title": "Ravi Shankar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anoushka Shankar\n\nAnoushka Shankar (born 9 June 1981) is a British-American sitar player and music artist. She was the youngest and first woman to receive a British House of Commons Shield; she has had 7 Grammy Awards nominations and was the first musician of Indian origin to perform live and to serve as presenter at the ceremony. She performs across multiple genres and styles - classical and contemporary, acoustic and electronic.", "title": "Anoushka Shankar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Shubhendra Shankar\n\nShubhendra Shankar (30 March 1942 – 15 September 1992), also known as Shubho Shankar, was an Indian graphic artist, musician and composer. He was the son and the eldest child of musicians Ravi Shankar and Annapurna Devi.", "title": "Shubhendra Shankar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sue Jones\n\nSue or Susan Jones may refer to:\n\n\n", "title": "Sue Jones" }, { "id": "1546095", "score": "1.653137", "text": "band, and played the alto saxophone. At the age of 16, with both parents' consent, she officially changed her name to Norah Jones.<ref name=\"https://www.npr.org/2013/10/20/237107030/anoushka-shankar-and-norah-jones-half-sisters-collaborate-at-last\"></ref> Jones always had an affinity for the music of Bill Evans and Billie Holiday, among other \"oldies\". She once said, \"My mom had this eight-album Billie Holiday set; I picked out one disc that I liked and played that over and over again\". As a child, Jones began singing in church and also took piano and voice lessons. She still attends church. She considers herself spiritual and appreciates the rituals of her church but does not", "title": "Norah Jones" }, { "id": "1546092", "score": "1.6370919", "text": "Norah Jones Norah Jones (born Geethali Norah Jones Shankar; March 30, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. She has won many awards and has sold more than 50 million records worldwide. \"Billboard\" named her the top jazz artist of the 2000–2009 decade. She has won nine Grammy Awards and was ranked 60th on \"Billboard\" magazine's artists of the 2000–2009 decade chart. In 2002, Jones launched her solo music career with the release of \"Come Away with Me\", which was a fusion of jazz with country music and pop. It was certified Diamond, selling over 27 million copies. The", "title": "Norah Jones" }, { "id": "18222655", "score": "1.5736127", "text": "years older than Harrison, Shankar described their relationship as, variously, that of father and son (with each one adopting either role); close friends and brothers; and teacher and student. Author Ian Inglis has commented on the various differences between the two musicians, in terms of age, culture and social status: \"And yet, in another sense, those contrasting factors helped to prevent any personal or professional rivalries, produced spaces and separations that their music could fill, and ultimately created … a partnership that was never competitive, but perfectly complementary.\" While their collaborations continued only intermittently after the mid 1970s, the depth", "title": "Collaborations (Ravi Shankar and George Harrison album)" }, { "id": "7187729", "score": "1.5724914", "text": "Shubhendra Shankar Shubhendra Shankar (30 March 1942 – 15 September 1992), also known as Shubho Shankar, was a graphic artist, musician and composer. He was the son and the eldest child of musicians Ravi Shankar and Annapurna Devi. Shubho was the son of sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar (who was 21 when Shubho was born) and surbahar player of the Maihar Gharana, Annapurna Devi (who was 14 when Shubho was born). He was the grandson of Ustad Allauddin Khan, and the half-brother of Norah Jones and Anoushka Shankar. He was also the nephew of dance choreographer Uday Shankar, Sarod maestro Ali", "title": "Shubhendra Shankar" }, { "id": "5564790", "score": "1.5590761", "text": "Mohan Shankar Wright, on 17 February 2015. She was divorced in the year 2018 and now lives in London with her two sons. Anoushka Shankar Anoushka Shankar (Bengali : অনুষ্কা শঙ্কর) (born 9 June 1981) is a British Indian sitar player and composer. She is the daughter of Ravi Shankar and the half-sister of Norah Jones. Anoushka was born in London and her childhood was divided between London and Delhi. She is the daughter of Sukanya Shankar and Indian sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who was 61 when she was born. Through her father, she is also the half-sister of American", "title": "Anoushka Shankar" }, { "id": "18222671", "score": "1.5509071", "text": "are credited to professional photographers Clive Arrowsmith, Dezo Hoffmann, Jan Steward and Carolyn Jones. The photo used on the front of the box was one of a series of pictures that Arrowsmith took at Friar Park in 1974, over the period when the Music Festival orchestra were recording and rehearsing there. The book's foreword was supplied by American composer Philip Glass, with whom Shankar had collaborated on the 1990 album \"Passages\". Glass writes of the Shankar–Harrison musical partnership as having \"[made] waves ... on a tremendous scale and for a passionate worldwide audience\", adding that its influence \"reverberates, as clearly,", "title": "Collaborations (Ravi Shankar and George Harrison album)" }, { "id": "18222664", "score": "1.5259982", "text": "in Los Angeles in April 1973. In a marked departure from Shankar's more familiar work in the Hindustani classical style, the album was a fusion of several musical genres, particularly Indian classical, jazz and Western pop. The contributors ranged from American jazz proponents Tom Scott and Emil Richards to Indian players such as Rakha, Sharma, Chaurasia, Subramaniam, sarodya Aashish Khan and, a former student and longtime associate of Shankar's, multi-instrumentalist Harihar Rao. Adopting the pseudonym \"Hari Georgeson\", since he was still contracted to EMI-affiliated Apple Records, Harrison contributed on electric and acoustic guitars, and autoharp. Shankar played sitar, surbahar and", "title": "Collaborations (Ravi Shankar and George Harrison album)" }, { "id": "17714334", "score": "1.5157657", "text": "Bombay. There, Rajendra worked as a scriptwriter, and Ravi tried to establish himself as a musician and composer. In 2012, \"The Times of India\" wrote of Ravi Shankar, his wife Annapurna Devi and the Shastri sisters as \"more or less contemporaries with a burning interest in music and dance\". A physical attraction grew between Shankar and Chakravarty, causing his family to hastily arrange a marriage between her and Bombay film director Amiya Chakravarty. After the wedding in September 1945, Chakravarty's professional ambitions were sidelined, while Shankar relocated to Andheri. Following Amiya Chakravarty's death in 1957, Shankar and Chakravarty renewed their", "title": "Kamala Chakravarty" }, { "id": "18222653", "score": "1.5028493", "text": "together, music critics have recognised it as a successful representation of the far-reaching cultural legacy of their partnership. In June 1966, while still a member of the Beatles, George Harrison met Indian classical musician Ravi Shankar in London and became a student of the sitarist. Harrison later said that, for himself, the music was \"like an excuse\", and that in reality he was searching for a \"spiritual connection\" with the culture of India. The association immediately brought Shankar and Indian music unprecedented popularity in the West, while Harrison's introduction of the sitar into the Beatles' sound inspired a new genre", "title": "Collaborations (Ravi Shankar and George Harrison album)" }, { "id": "17719149", "score": "1.4991245", "text": "Western culture, due to his role in introducing George Harrison to Ravi Shankar. The meeting occurred on 1 June 1966 when the Angadi family hosted a dinner to honour Shankar, who was in the UK for a series of performances that would include his historic duet with Menuhin at the Bath Musical Festival. Although not invited, Paul McCartney also attended the dinner, since he was eager to meet the sitarist. Shankar agreed to accept Harrison as his sitar student, so beginning an association that, music critic Ken Hunt writes, \"brought Indian music real global attention\". Harrison's friendship with the sitarist", "title": "Asian Music Circle" }, { "id": "5564782", "score": "1.4909742", "text": "between flamenco and Indian classical music, which was produced by Javier Limón and featured artists such as Buika, Pepe Habichuela and Duquende. As Shankar had begun to do with \"Rise\", she created a specially handpicked ensemble of musicians with whom to perform this cross-genre music, and played over a hundred concerts worldwide in support of \"Traveller\". In 2013 she released a personal album called \"Traces of You\", which was released several months after the passing of her father Ravi Shankar. Produced by Nitin Sawhney, and featuring her half-sister Norah Jones as the sole vocal performer, \"Traces of You\" earned Shankar", "title": "Anoushka Shankar" }, { "id": "18222656", "score": "1.4804302", "text": "of their friendship remained, such that Harrison would credit Shankar as being \"the person who has influenced my life the most\". When Harrison died in November 2001, following a four-year battle with cancer, Shankar was at his bedside, along with members of Harrison's family. The 2010 box set \"Collaborations\" was one of several reissue projects celebrating Shankar's 90th birthday. It compiles three studio albums that he and Harrison worked on together between 1973 and 1996: \"Shankar Family & Friends\" (1974), \"Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India\" (1976) and \"Chants of India\" (1997). The first two of these albums had long", "title": "Collaborations (Ravi Shankar and George Harrison album)" }, { "id": "18222675", "score": "1.4770973", "text": "commented that had John Lennon and Paul McCartney ceded more of their creative control in the Beatles to Harrison, \"there might today be a stronger case for Ravi Shankar's claim to the fiercely-debated position of fifth Beatle.\" Staunton described \"Collaborations\" as an \"intriguing series of East–West summits\" and concluded: \"It may have limited appeal … but this box set is a strong testament to two friends' mutual respect and their desire to push musical boundaries.\" In an article for \"Time Out New York\" on the various Beatles-related reissues of late 2010, Sophie Harris wrote: \"You might not \"think\" that Vedic", "title": "Collaborations (Ravi Shankar and George Harrison album)" }, { "id": "1546128", "score": "1.4746445", "text": "her 2007 summer tour. She also performed at Bryant Park on July 6 as part of \"Good Morning America\"s Summer Concert Series. Her 2012–2013 Little Broken Hearts Tour had stops in several South America nations and India. This was her first time touring within these countries. Jones was in a long-term relationship with bassist Lee Alexander from 2000 until their breakup in December 2007. The lyrics of her subsequent albums \"The Fall\" and \"Little Broken Hearts\" supposedly reflect elements of the relationship. After a period of estrangement from her father, Ravi Shankar, Jones traveled to New Delhi, India, to spend", "title": "Norah Jones" }, { "id": "17719147", "score": "1.463398", "text": "\"Patricia Angadi: Painter and novelist who introduced the Beatles to Ravi Shankar\", \"The Guardian\", 17 July 2001 (retrieved 9 December 2016).</ref> Harrison and Boyd also had their portrait painted by Patricia during this time. The proximity to the Angadis and their network furthered Harrison's interest in Indian music and culture, which he immediately absorbed into the Beatles' work. When recording his first Indian-styled composition for the Beatles, \"Love You To\", in April 1966, Harrison used a tabla player, Anil Bhagwat, at the recommendation of Patricia Angadi. Other AMC musicians appeared on the recording, playing tambura and sitar. Bhagwat, who was", "title": "Asian Music Circle" } ]

[ "corner person", "Fistfighting", "Boxing (sport)", "History of professional boxing", "Prize-fighter", "Boxing Styles and Techniques", "Corner-persons", "Pugilistic", "prize fighting", "pugilist", "noble art", "拳闘", "Cornerperson", "pugilistic", "Hit and Away", "boxing punches", "boxing", "boxing moves", "Fist-fighting", "western boxing", "Boxing punches", "English boxing", "Boxing moves", "Corner person", "boxing sport", "sports boxing", "ring second", "boxing styles and techniques", "Prizefights", "cornerperson", "Noble art", "Sports boxing", "round boxing", "Boxers", "Boxing match", "corner men", "Pugilist", "history of professional boxing", "cornerpersons", "Parrying (boxing)", "Cornermen", "Corner men", "Low guard", "gentleman s sport", "hit and away", "Corner-person", "History of boxing", "Prize fighting", "Prize fighter", "Pugilism", "pugilism", "Gentleman's sport", "cornermen", "Round (boxing)", "Ring second", "prize fight", "fist fight", "Prize Fighter", "Western boxing", "Fist fighting", "Boxing", "Cornerpersons", "corner persons", "prizefighter", "prizefights", "parrying boxing", "prize fighter", "boxer", "fist fighting", "Corner-man", "Fist Fighting", "Fistfight", "boxing match", "Fist fight", "corner man", "Corner-men", "fistfight", "Corner persons", "history of boxing", "Boxer", "Fist-fight", "low guard", "Prizefighter", "fistfighting", "Prize fight", "boxers", "english boxing" ]

[ { "id": "812576", "score": "1.7429496", "text": "to belong to the upper-classes to compete. The following year the Club published a set of twelve rules for conducting boxing matches. The rules had been drawn up by John Graham Chambers but appeared under Queensberry's sponsorship and are universally known as the \"Queensberry Rules\". These rules were eventually to govern the sport worldwide. A keen rider, Queensberry was also active in fox hunting and owned several successful race horses. As a rider his first winner was in the Dumfriesshire Hunt Club chase in 1865, and his last was at Sandown Park in 1883. He was Master of the Worcester", "title": "John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry" }, { "id": "4362454", "score": "1.565999", "text": "medals, in his role as president of the Amateur Boxing Association of England (ABA). The real referee was Eugene Corri, who did not have to give a casting vote as the two judges agreed that Douglas was a narrow winner. Douglas Jr, his father and his younger brother, Cecil ('Pickles') were all prominent referees and officials in the ABA, the last also being the leading referee in the professional sport in the 1930s. Besides his Olympic gold, Douglas also won the 1905 ABA middleweight title. Douglas was an untiring fast-medium bowler and obdurate batsman who was nicknamed with a play", "title": "Johnny Douglas" }, { "id": "908884", "score": "1.5549937", "text": "thinly veiled reference to bouts of fisticuffs between gentlemen. The authorities began to allow prize matches and amateur boxing under this new rule system when John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry endorsed its use. The new rules had a three-minute limit on rounds, required gloves, and forbade grappling and wrestling. The rules prevented permanent mutilation: They did not permit punches to the temples, neck or below the belt. They also forbade kicking, biting and eye gouging. The result was a viscerally satisfying fight with far less actual hazard than either a sword or gunfight. In other words, it became", "title": "Code duello" }, { "id": "12951918", "score": "1.5520117", "text": "Douglas, a brother of the sixth and seventh Marquesses of Queensberry. His paternal grandmother, Lady Jane Douglas (1811–1881), was herself a daughter of Charles Douglas, 6th Marquess of Queensberry, so she was her husband's first cousin. Douglas's third cousin and contemporary John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry (1844–1900) was famous for the rules of the sport of boxing. Another cousin was Lady Florence Dixie, the war correspondent and big game hunter. Douglas studied art in London, at the Slade School of Fine Art and also in Paris and Antwerp. Douglas's cousin Lord Alfred Douglas, or 'Bosie', was a close friend", "title": "Sholto Johnstone Douglas" }, { "id": "12951920", "score": "1.5454082", "text": "a long life notable for its unassuming expression of civilized values\". He was at home in Scotland as a painter and as a sportsman, shooting, riding and sailing. He kept ponies brought back from a visit to Iceland. He came to attention at the Royal Academy by being the first artist to hang a painting there of a motor car, but was best known for his portraits and his Scottish landscapes, which \"...portrayed, with a truly poetic sense of atmosphere, the subtle half-tones of his native countryside\". In 1897, Douglas visited Australia and New Zealand. His uncle John Douglas, a", "title": "Sholto Johnstone Douglas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry\n\nJohn Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry (20 July 184431 January 1900), was a British nobleman, remembered for his atheism, his outspoken views, his brutish manner, for lending his name to the \"Queensberry Rules\" that form the basis of modern boxing, and for his role in the downfall of the Irish author and playwright Oscar Wilde.", "title": "John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sholto Johnstone Douglas\n\nRobert Sholto Johnstone Douglas (3 December 1871 – 10 March 1958), known as Sholto Douglas, or more formally as Sholto Johnstone Douglas, was a Scottish figurative artist, a painter chiefly of portraits and landscapes.\n\nIn 1895, he stood surety for the bail of Oscar Wilde.", "title": "Sholto Johnstone Douglas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bare-knuckle boxing\n\nBare-knuckle boxing (or simply bare-knuckle) is a combat sport which involves two individuals throwing punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time without any boxing gloves or other form of padding on their hands. It is a regulated sport across the world.\n\nThe difference between street fighting and a bare-knuckle boxing match is that the latter has an accepted set of rules, such as not striking a downed opponent. The rules that provided the foundation for bare-knuckle boxing for much of the 18th and 19th centuries were the London Prize Ring Rules.\n\nBy the late 19th century, professional boxing moved from bare-knuckle to using boxing gloves. The last major world heavyweight championship happened in 1889 and was held by John L. Sullivan.<ref name=\"Gazette_4-16-2018\" /><ref name=\"mastrofist\" /> The American \"National Police Gazette\" magazine was recognized as sanctioning the world championship titles.\n\nBare-knuckle boxing has seen a resurgence in the 21st century with the English promotion BKB (Bare Knuckle Boxing) along with other UK promotions such as Warrington’s UBKB (Ultimate Bare Knuckle Boxing) and Bare Fist Boxing Association (BFBA) & American promotion Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship (BKFC) and BYB Extreme (BYB) based out of Miami Florida.\n\nIn September 2022 it was announced that Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship had acquired the UK organisation Bare Fist Boxing Association (BFBA) to form Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship UK (BKFC UK). The move meant that BKFC would now regularly hold shows throughout the United Kingdom.", "title": "Bare-knuckle boxing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Code duello\n\nA code duello is a set of rules for a one-on-one combat, or duel. Codes duello regulate dueling and thus help prevent vendettas between families and other social factions. They ensure that non-violent means of reaching agreement be exhausted and that harm be reduced, both by limiting the terms of engagement and by providing medical care. Finally, they ensure that the proceedings have a number of witnesses. The witnesses could assure grieving members of factions of the fairness of the duel, and could help provide testimony if legal authorities become involved.", "title": "Code duello" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lady Florence Dixie\n\nLady Florence Caroline Dixie (née Douglas; 25 May 18557 November 1905) was a Scottish writer, war correspondent, and feminist. Her account of travelling \"Across Patagonia\", her children's books \"The Young Castaways\" and \"Aniwee; or, The Warrior Queen\", and her feminist utopia \"Gloriana; or, The Revolution of 1900\" all deal with feminist themes related to girls, women, and their positions in society.", "title": "Lady Florence Dixie" }, { "id": "17047486", "score": "1.5447637", "text": "Athletic Club, Porteño, Maldonado Football Club, Scots School Club and Lomas' Barker Memorial School. Moffat retired from football in 1901, although he continued practising sports, such as rowing, swimming, tennis and cricket. He is recognized as founder of the Gascón Lawn Tennis Club in Banfield, Buenos Aires and the Rowing Club in La Plata. Charles Douglas Moffatt Charles Douglas Moffatt (London, 5 July 1870 – Buenos Aires, 1 March 1953) was an English football player, considered one of the pioneers of the sport in Argentina. From his debut with St. Andrew's in 1891 until his retirement in 1901, Moffatt played", "title": "Charles Douglas Moffatt" }, { "id": "2623543", "score": "1.5441319", "text": "Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as B.A., won the Colquhoun Sculls and became President of the University Boat Club. Chambers codified the \"Marquess of Queensberry rules\" upon which modern-day boxing is based. In 1867, he established the rules, which include the required use of boxing gloves, the ten-count, and three-minute rounds. He is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame. He was also a catalyst in the founding of British amateur athletics, having founded the Amateur Athletic Club in 1866, and was present at the formation of the Amateur Athletic Association in 1880. Chambers also", "title": "John Graham Chambers" }, { "id": "812577", "score": "1.5415763", "text": "Fox Hounds in 1870. He was on the committee of the National Hunt but never won a Grand National as a rider, a last-minute substitution on the victorious \"Old Joe\" keeping him out of the 1886 National. During his riding career he recovered from a series of serious injuries. In 1872, Queensberry was chosen by the Peers of Scotland to sit in the House of Lords as a representative peer. He served as such until 1880, when he was again nominated but refused to take the religious oath of allegiance to the Sovereign. Viewed by some as an outspoken atheist,", "title": "John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry" }, { "id": "15448838", "score": "1.5381193", "text": "Sholto Douglas, 19th Earl of Morton Sholto George Watson Douglas, 19th Earl of Morton, DL (5 November 1844 – 8 October 1935) was a major landowner in Scotland, a businessman with mining investments in what is now Svalbard, Norway, and politician, serving as a representative peer (1886-1935) after being elected by the Peerage of Scotland. In the early 20th century, entrepreneurs and national governments staked claims in the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, to develop resources and mining. Britain, the Netherlands, and Denmark-Norway all had interests there, soon followed by the Russian Empire. The Earl of Morton had several Arctic interests.", "title": "Sholto Douglas, 19th Earl of Morton" }, { "id": "15448841", "score": "1.5376804", "text": "Hay Douglas (1907–1976). Sholto Douglas, 19th Earl of Morton Sholto George Watson Douglas, 19th Earl of Morton, DL (5 November 1844 – 8 October 1935) was a major landowner in Scotland, a businessman with mining investments in what is now Svalbard, Norway, and politician, serving as a representative peer (1886-1935) after being elected by the Peerage of Scotland. In the early 20th century, entrepreneurs and national governments staked claims in the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, to develop resources and mining. Britain, the Netherlands, and Denmark-Norway all had interests there, soon followed by the Russian Empire. The Earl of Morton had", "title": "Sholto Douglas, 19th Earl of Morton" }, { "id": "10523629", "score": "1.5365002", "text": "14th Light Dragoons, and an equally brief political career as MP (first for Aberdeen Burghs and then for Montrose Burghs) between 1831 and 1835. However, he was reluctant to engage too deeply in any activity that might distract him from his primary and abiding passion for field sports. His sporting activities were numerous and were recorded in \"Sportascrapiana\" (1867), a collection of anecdotes edited by C.A.Wheeler. He was a fine cricketer, a sculling champion and a prize-winning yachtsman. In 1826, on Clinker, he won a famous steeplechase against Captain Douglas, on Radical, a horse owned by Lord Kennedy. He was", "title": "Horatio Ross" }, { "id": "2402997", "score": "1.5224545", "text": "American colonies. One notable discovery found in a shed in a village in Surrey, southern England, in 2008 was a handwritten 18th-century diary belonging to a local lawyer, William Bray. \"Went to Stoke church this morn.,\" wrote Bray on Easter Monday in 1755. \"After dinner, went to Miss Jeale's to play at base ball with her the 3 Miss Whiteheads, Miss Billinghurst, Miss Molly Flutter, Mr. Chandler, Mr. Ford and H. Parsons. Drank tea and stayed til 8.\" In the 1870s the game split between the professionals and amateurs; the professional game rapidly gained dominance, and marked a shift in", "title": "History of sport" }, { "id": "9389978", "score": "1.518389", "text": "event, defeating Walter B. Smith 5 & 3 in the final match. He was the last Scot to win the tournament until 2006, when Richie Ramsay won. Douglas made it to the final match in 1899 and again in 1900, but lost to H.M. Harriman and Walter Travis respectively. In his only U.S. Open appearance in 1903, Douglas finished 8th, winning low amateur. He won the Metropolitan Amateur in 1901 and 1903. Douglas joined several golf clubs in the New York area, and helped start others. In 1908, he was one of the 70 founders of the National Golf Links", "title": "Findlay S. Douglas" }, { "id": "7420756", "score": "1.5179249", "text": "are claimed to have influenced Baron Pierre de Coubertin and Dr William Milligan Sloane (a scholar of French History and close friend of Baron de Courbertin) of Princeton when he was planning the revival of the Olympic Games. De Coubertin and Milligan, who was researching his book on Napoleon at the time, saw a display of Highland games at the Paris Exhibition of 1889. Ever since the 19th century, the two main football codes in Scotland are association football (which is more commonly referred to as just \"football\" or \"fitba\") and rugby union, though the former being significantly dominant since", "title": "Sport in Scotland" }, { "id": "13041786", "score": "1.5171492", "text": "second game of the 1887 Championship, away to Scotland, which Wales again lost. Four years after the end of his international playing career, Douglas began his international refereeing career. Douglas was chosen to referee the 1891 Home Nations Championship match between Ireland and England at Lansdowne Road. His second match as referee was in 1894, in a match between England and Ireland played this time at the Rectory Field. His final two international games as a referee were both between England and Scotland, in 1896 and 1903. The 1903 match was of particular note, as it saw the only appearance", "title": "Billy Douglas (rugby union)" }, { "id": "2849743", "score": "1.5121775", "text": "and coursing for sport. Douglas Bachelor's background was in farms and estate management, business consultancy and IT systems and services for agriculture. The League Committee decision to bring in rural issue and countryside management experience to the campaign proved crucial in the run up to the eventual passage of legislation on hunting and coursing in Scotland and in England and wales. The league worked with the SSPCA (the Scottish Society for the Protection of animals) in Scotland together with IFAW, (the International Fund for Animal welfare) on assisting MSPs to bring forward a Private Members Bill banning hunting and Coursing", "title": "League Against Cruel Sports" }, { "id": "812571", "score": "1.5118849", "text": "John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry (20 July 184431 January 1900) was a Scottish nobleman, remembered for his atheism, his outspoken views, his brutish manner, for lending his name to the \"Queensberry Rules\" that form the basis of modern boxing, and for his role in the downfall of author and playwright Oscar Wilde. John Douglas was born in Florence, Italy, the eldest son of Conservative politician Archibald, Viscount Drumlanrig, and Caroline Margaret Clayton. He had three brothers, Francis, Archibald, and James, and two sisters, Gertrude and Florence. He was briefly styled Viscount Drumlanrig", "title": "John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry" }, { "id": "20632740", "score": "1.5108385", "text": "the age of 29. The Pelican Club was opened in Gerrard Street, London in 1887 by Earnest Wells. John Fleming was the manager. Among its numerous upper-class patrons was John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry, who put his name to a set of boxing rules which became the basic framework of the modern sport: the Queensberry rules. Despite its aristocratic clientele, the Pelican gained an infamous reputation as a gambling establishment for Prize-fighting, which was illegal in England. Its neighbours filed an injunction at the High Court against the club, due to the loutish behaviour and noise emanating from the", "title": "Arthur Frederick Bettinson" }, { "id": "12546145", "score": "1.5081594", "text": "John Douglas (sportsman) John Raymond Douglas (born 24 October 1951 in Brunswick East) is a former Australian sportsman who played Australian rules football in the Victorian Football League (VFL) with North Melbourne during the 1970s and first-class cricket for Victoria. From the Coburg Amateurs originally, Douglas made his VFL debut in the opening round of the 1972 season against St Kilda, whose Brownlow Medal rover Ross Smith was celebrating his 200th game. He played six further games that year and did not appear again until 1975, when North Melbourne won their inaugural premiership with Douglas taking the field three times", "title": "John Douglas (sportsman)" }, { "id": "5947508", "score": "1.5075176", "text": "to the development of the Marquess of Queensberry rules in the 1860s. Broughton inflicted a heavy defeat on George Stevenson, who was the head of Figg's amphitheatre after the latter's death. As a result of his status in boxing, and with help from a number of wealthy patrons, he opened his own amphitheatre in Hanway Road, near Oxford Street. Here, Broughton and his team staged boxing exhibitions. Broughton drew up a set of rules for the sport that were regarded as definitive for around 100 years. The rules stipulated that a round would last until a man went down, and", "title": "Jack Broughton" } ]

[ "Western Mediterranean", "Medditeranean", "West Mediterranean", "Mediterranean Ocean", "Mediterain", "Mediteranean", "البحر الأبيض المتوسط", "Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea", "Mediterrannean Sea", "Sea of Mediterranea", "The Med", "mediterannean sea", "Mediterranea", "sea of mediterranea", "mediterrannean", "mediterraenian", "Mediteranean Sea", "Meditiranean", "western mediterranean", "Meditarranean", "Mediterranian Sea", "Roman Mediterranean", "mediterranea", "mediterranean countries", "Mediterranium sea", "Mediterranean", "mediterain", "Mediterranean Sea", "Mare internum", "Mediterranean sea", "mediteranean", "overfishing in mediterranean sea", "mediteranean sea", "mediterranean", "mediterranian sea", "Meditaranian", "Mediterannean Sea", "Tourism in the Mediterranean region", "méditerranean sea", "Mediteranian", "mediterranium sea", "mediteranian", "Mediterannean", "mediterranean ocean", "med", "Mediterranian", "miditerranean", "roman sea", "mediterranean coast", "Mediterranean coast", "medeterain", "mediterranean sea", "roman mediterranean", "Miditerranean", "meditarranean", "Medeterain", "meditterranean sea", "tourism in mediterranean region", "Meditterranean sea", "mediterannean", "med sea", "pollution of mediterranean sea", "meditaranian", "west mediterranean", "mediterrannean sea", "medditeranean", "Medaterain", "Mediterranean Countries", "meditiranean", "Roman Sea", "mediterranian", "Mediterraenian", "mare internum", "البحر المتوسط", "medaterain", "Med sea", "Overfishing in the Mediterranean Sea", "Mediteranean sea", "Mediterrannean", "Méditerranean Sea" ]

[ { "id": "5145108", "score": "1.5274737", "text": "Pelagie Islands The Pelagie Islands (, ), from the Greek , meaning \"open sea\", are the three small islands of Lampedusa, Linosa, and Lampione, located in the Mediterranean Sea between Malta and Tunisia, south of Sicily. To the northwest lie the island of Pantelleria and the Strait of Sicily. Geographically part of the archipelago (Lampedusa and Lampione) belongs to the African continent; politically and administratively the islands fall within the Sicilian province of Agrigento and represent the southernmost part of Italy. Despite pockets of agriculture, the islands are unnaturally barren due to wanton deforestation and the disappearance of the native", "title": "Pelagie Islands" }, { "id": "398224", "score": "1.527405", "text": "Toro and Isola La Presa) and 8° 8' and 9° 50' east longitude (respectively Capo dell'Argentiera and Capo Comino). To the west of Sardinia is the Sea of Sardinia, a unit of the Mediterranean Sea; to Sardinia's east is the Tyrrhenian Sea, which is also an element of the Mediterranean Sea. The nearest land masses are (clockwise from north) the island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia, the Balearic Islands, and Provence. The Tyrrhenian Sea portion of the Mediterranean Sea is directly to the east of Sardinia between the Sardinian east coast and the west coast of the Italian", "title": "Sardinia" }, { "id": "5145110", "score": "1.5250975", "text": "others (larger) being in southern Calabria (close to Reggio Calabria). The nature reserve, covering all three islands, was instituted in 2002. Pelagie Islands The Pelagie Islands (, ), from the Greek , meaning \"open sea\", are the three small islands of Lampedusa, Linosa, and Lampione, located in the Mediterranean Sea between Malta and Tunisia, south of Sicily. To the northwest lie the island of Pantelleria and the Strait of Sicily. Geographically part of the archipelago (Lampedusa and Lampione) belongs to the African continent; politically and administratively the islands fall within the Sicilian province of Agrigento and represent the southernmost part", "title": "Pelagie Islands" }, { "id": "170493", "score": "1.503339", "text": "by the Province of Pisa, to the northeast by the Province of Siena, and to the southeast by the Province of Viterbo in Lazio. To the south is the Tyrrhenian Sea, which includes the southern islands of the Tuscan archipelago, including Isola del Giglio and the smaller Giannutri islands and Formiche di Grosseto and Formica di Burano. The Arcipelago Toscano National Park spans both the provinces of Grosseto and Livorno, and includes the seven main islands of the Tuscan Archipelago: Elba, Isola del Giglio, Capraia, Montecristo, Pianosa, Giannutri, Gorgona, and some of the minor islands and rock outcrops. The highest", "title": "Province of Grosseto" }, { "id": "10309499", "score": "1.4967716", "text": "Lavezzi archipelago The Archipelago of Lavezzi (; ; ) is a collection a small of granite islands and reefs in the Strait of Bonifacio that separates Corsica from Sardinia in the Mediterranean Sea. They are administered from the town of Bonifacio (French department of Corse-du-Sud) on Corsica. The archipelago is located in about from the Corsican mainland, from Cape Pertusato, and southeast of Bonifacio. It covers 5,123 ha in area and the highest point is . They include the southernmost point of Metropolitan France. The two main islands are Cavallo (112 ha), the only inhabited island in the archipelago, and", "title": "Lavezzi archipelago" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of islands in the Mediterranean\n\nThe following is a list of islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The two main island countries in the region are Malta and Cyprus, while other countries with islands in the Mediterranean Sea include Italy, France, Greece, Spain, Tunisia, Croatia, and Turkey.\n\n", "title": "List of islands in the Mediterranean" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Prehistory of Corsica\n\nThe prehistory of Corsica is analogous to the prehistories of the other islands in the Mediterranean Sea, such as Sicily, Sardinia, Malta and Cyprus, which could only be accessed by boat and featured cultures that were to some degree insular; that is, modified from the traditional Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic of European prehistoric cultures. The islands of the Aegean Sea and Crete early developed Bronze Age civilizations and are accordingly usually treated under those categories. Stone Age Crete however shares some of the features of the prehistoric Mediterranean islands.\n\nThe possible presence of Upper Paleolithic people on Corsica during the last glacial period is a topic of interest to professional and amateur prehistorians alike. Currently only one possible site of this period is known. For most of the Paleolithic, Corsica, Sardinia, and all the islands between them were physically continuous with the Italian peninsula, although they have been islands at various times both before and after in geologic history.\n\nThe insular prehistory of Corsica begins with the Mesolithic (Pre-Neolithic) when people from prehistoric Sardinia crossed the Strait of Bonifacio to hunt from rock shelters in Corsica at approximately 9000 BC. It ends with colonization by the Ancient Greeks at Aléria in 566 BC, the Iron Age. Corsica, or Kyrnos, is not mentioned before then. Thus the history of Corsica begins in 566 BC.", "title": "Prehistory of Corsica" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Mediterranean Sea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sardinia and Corsica\n\nThe Province of Sardinia and Corsica () was an ancient Roman province including the islands of Sardinia and Corsica.", "title": "Sardinia and Corsica" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Crown of Aragon\n\nThe Crown of Aragon ( , ) was a composite monarchy<ref name=\"composedmonarchy\"/> ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona and ended as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession. At the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now southern France, and a Mediterranean empire which included the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Southern Italy (from 1442) and parts of Greece (until 1388).\n\nThe component realms of the Crown were not united politically except at the level of the king, who ruled over each autonomous polity according to its own laws, raising funds under each tax structure, dealing separately with each \"Corts\" or \"Cortes\", particularly the Kingdom of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia, the Kingdom of Majorca, and the Kingdom of Valencia. The larger Crown of Aragon must not be confused with one of its constituent parts, the Kingdom of Aragon, from which it takes its name.\n\nIn 1469, a new dynastic union of the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castile by the Catholic Monarchs, joining what contemporaries referred to as \"the Spains\", led to what would become the Spanish composite monarchy under Habsburg monarchs. The Aragonese Crown continued existing until it was abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees issued by King Philip V in 1716 as a consequence of the defeat of Archduke Charles (as Charles III of Aragon) in the War of the Spanish Succession.", "title": "Crown of Aragon" }, { "id": "671329", "score": "1.490009", "text": "Geography of Malta The geography of Malta is dominated by water. Malta is an archipelago of coralline limestone, located in the Mediterranean Sea, 81 kilometres south of Sicily, Italy, and nearly 300 km north (Libya) and northeast (Tunisia) of Africa. Although Malta is situated in Southern Europe, it is located farther south than Tunis, capital of Tunisia, Algiers, capital of Algeria, Tangier in Morocco and also Aleppo in Syria, and Mosul in Iraq in the Middle East. Only the three largest islands – Malta, Gozo and Comino – are inhabited. Other (uninhabited) islands are: Cominotto, Filfla and the St.Paul's Islands.", "title": "Geography of Malta" }, { "id": "5085015", "score": "1.4880328", "text": "largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago, Elba is also part of the Arcipelago Toscano National Park and the third largest island in Italy, after Sicily and Sardinia. It is located in the Tyrrhenian Sea, about east of the French island of Corsica. Isola del Giglio is an Italian island and comune situated in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coast of Tuscany, and is part of the Province of Grosseto. The island is one of seven that form the Tuscan Archipelago, lying within the Arcipelago Toscano National Park. \"Giglio\" means \"lily\" in Italian, and though the name would appear consistent with", "title": "Tuscan Archipelago" }, { "id": "25292", "score": "1.4819868", "text": "Aegadian Islands The Aegadian Islands (; , , ) are a group of five small mountainous islands in the Mediterranean Sea off the northwest coast of Sicily, Italy, near the cities of Trapani and Marsala, with a total area of . The Island of Favignana (\"Aegusa\"), the largest, lies southwest of Trapani; Levanzo (\"Phorbantia\") lies west; and Marettimo, the ancient \"Hiera Nesos\", west of Trapani, is now reckoned as a part of the group. There are also two minor islands, Formica and Maraone, lying between Levanzo and Sicily. For administrative purposes the archipelago constitutes the comune of Favignana in the", "title": "Aegadian Islands" }, { "id": "257673", "score": "1.4819221", "text": "are uninhabited. The islands of the archipelago lie on the Malta plateau, a shallow shelf formed from the high points of a land bridge between Sicily and North Africa that became isolated as sea levels rose after the last Ice Age. The archipelago is therefore situated in the zone between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates. Malta was considered an island of North Africa for centuries. Numerous bays along the indented coastline of the islands provide good harbours. The landscape consists of low hills with terraced fields. The highest point in Malta is Ta' Dmejrek, at , near Dingli. Although", "title": "Malta" }, { "id": "11570214", "score": "1.472872", "text": "caused a general weakening of borders and coastal control, opening opportunities to people smuggling organisations. The principal destination for sea crossings boats and rafts are the southernmost Italian territories, the Pelagie Islands. These islands are 113 km from Tunisia, 167 from Libya and 207 from Sicily. The close distance between these islands and the African mainland has caused people smuggling organisations to employ boats and rafts otherwise hardly seaworthy, generally vastly filled above their capacity. Official reports list boats filled up to 2 or 3 times nominal capacity, including the use of rubber dinghies. This has led to several accidents", "title": "Immigration to Italy" }, { "id": "1656020", "score": "1.4719665", "text": "Malta (island) Malta is the largest of the three major islands that constitute the Maltese archipelago. It is sometimes referred to as Valletta for statistical purposes to distinguish the main island from the entire country. Malta is in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea directly south of Italy and north of Libya. The island is long and wide, with a total area of . The capital is Valletta, largest locality is Birkirkara. The island is made up of many small towns, which together form one Larger Urban Zone with a population of 409,259. The landscape is characterised by low hills", "title": "Malta (island)" }, { "id": "5085021", "score": "1.4710448", "text": "the municipality of Campo nell'Elba. It is also part of the Tuscan Archipelago National Park. Tuscan Archipelago The Tuscan Archipelago is a chain of islands between the Ligurian Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea, west of Tuscany, Italy. The islands' proximity to several major cities has made them a favourite tourist location. History and literature have ensured that most people are familiar with the islands of Elba and Montecristo. The Tuscan Archipelago is placed between the Corsica and the Tuscan coast and contains seven major islands as Capraia, Elba, Giannutri, Giglio, Gorgona, Montecristo and Pianosa; all of which are protected as part", "title": "Tuscan Archipelago" }, { "id": "6220458", "score": "1.4687808", "text": "on maneuvers in the area. Maddalena archipelago The 'Maddalena Archipelago' is a group of islands in the Strait of Bonifacio between Corsica (France) and north-eastern Sardinia (Italy). The archipelago consists of seven main islands and numerous small islets. The largest one is the island of La Maddalena (), with an homonymous town of La Maddalena, which is the largest settlement at the archipelago. The other six islands, in order of size, are: Caprera, Spargi, Santo Stefano, Santa Maria, Budelli and Razzoli. Only Maddalena, Caprera and Santo Stefano are inhabited. Lying adjacent to the tourist resort of the Costa Smeralda, Maddalena", "title": "Maddalena archipelago" }, { "id": "1394318", "score": "1.4651985", "text": "and Italy. More than 20 skiing resorts make it a popular destination among Europeans in the winter. Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, Sardinia and Cyprus. It is a popular attraction for tourists with both cultural aspects (with its main cities Ajaccio and Bastia and smaller towns like Porto-Vecchio and Sartène) and geographical features (Parc naturel régional de Corse). The Calanques de Piana and Scandola Nature Reserve are listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The island is 183 kilometres (114 miles) long at longest, 83 kilometres (52 miles) wide at widest, has 1,000", "title": "Tourism in France" }, { "id": "5085009", "score": "1.4590085", "text": "Tuscan Archipelago The Tuscan Archipelago is a chain of islands between the Ligurian Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea, west of Tuscany, Italy. The islands' proximity to several major cities has made them a favourite tourist location. History and literature have ensured that most people are familiar with the islands of Elba and Montecristo. The Tuscan Archipelago is placed between the Corsica and the Tuscan coast and contains seven major islands as Capraia, Elba, Giannutri, Giglio, Gorgona, Montecristo and Pianosa; all of which are protected as part of the Arcipelago Toscano National Park. The Archipelago extends to from the northernmost Island of", "title": "Tuscan Archipelago" }, { "id": "398347", "score": "1.4525237", "text": "Geomineral Park, preserved by UNESCO. Northern Sardinian Coasts are included in the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals, a Marine Protected Area, that covers a surface of about , aimed at the protection of marine mammals. Notes Bibliography Sardinia Sardinia ( ; ; or ; ; ; ; ) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and before Cyprus). It is located west of the Italian Peninsula and to the immediate south of the French island of Corsica. Sardinia is politically a region of Italy, whose official name is \"Regione Autonoma della Sardegna\" / \"Regione Autònoma de", "title": "Sardinia" }, { "id": "1656024", "score": "1.4508154", "text": "in an archipelago in the central Mediterranean, some south of the Italian island of Sicily across the Malta Channel. Malta is located east of its sister islands of Gozo and Comino. It lies on the Malta plateau, a shallow shelf formed from the high points of a land bridge between Sicily and North Africa that became isolated as sea levels rose after the last Ice Age. Malta is therefore situated in the zone between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates. Numerous bays along the indented coastline of the islands provide good harbours. The landscape consists of low hills with terraced", "title": "Malta (island)" }, { "id": "25293", "score": "1.4484618", "text": "Province of Trapani. The overall population in 2017 was 4,292. Winter frost is unknown and rainfall is low. The main occupation of the islanders is fishing, and the largest tuna fishery in Sicily is here. There is evidence of Neolithic and even Paleolithic paintings in caves on Levanzo, and to a lesser extent on Favignana. The islands were the scene of the Battle of the Aegates of 241 BC, in which the Carthaginian fleet was defeated by the Roman fleet led by Lutatius Catulus; the engagement ended the First Punic War. After the end of Western Roman power in the", "title": "Aegadian Islands" }, { "id": "6220455", "score": "1.4465122", "text": "Maddalena archipelago The 'Maddalena Archipelago' is a group of islands in the Strait of Bonifacio between Corsica (France) and north-eastern Sardinia (Italy). The archipelago consists of seven main islands and numerous small islets. The largest one is the island of La Maddalena (), with an homonymous town of La Maddalena, which is the largest settlement at the archipelago. The other six islands, in order of size, are: Caprera, Spargi, Santo Stefano, Santa Maria, Budelli and Razzoli. Only Maddalena, Caprera and Santo Stefano are inhabited. Lying adjacent to the tourist resort of the Costa Smeralda, Maddalena has the same clear waters", "title": "Maddalena archipelago" }, { "id": "25294", "score": "1.4443688", "text": "first millennium AD, the islands, to the extent that they were governed at all, were part of territories of Goths, Vandals, Saracens, before the Normans fortified Favignana in 1081. The islands belonged to the Pallavicini-Rusconi family of Genoa until 1874, when the Florio family of Palermo bought them. Aegadian Islands The Aegadian Islands (; , , ) are a group of five small mountainous islands in the Mediterranean Sea off the northwest coast of Sicily, Italy, near the cities of Trapani and Marsala, with a total area of . The Island of Favignana (\"Aegusa\"), the largest, lies southwest of Trapani;", "title": "Aegadian Islands" } ]

[ "plaid cloth", "Plaid (fabric)", "Sett (textiles)", "Clan tartans", "pattern tartan", "clan tartan", "district tartan", "tartan patterns", "scottish plaid", "Plaid cloth", "sett textiles", "tartans", "plaid fabric", "Tartan", "st david s tartan", "St David's Tartan", "District tartan", "Clan tartan", "Tartan patterns", "tartain", "Balmoral tartan", "Pattern tartan", "Tartans", "Tartain", "Scottish plaid", "balmoral tartan", "clan tartans", "tartan" ]

[ { "id": "2280562", "score": "1.9057276", "text": "Dress Act 1746 The Dress Act 1746 was part of the Act of Proscription which came into force on 1 August 1746 and made wearing \"the Highland Dress\" — including tartan or a kilt — illegal in Scotland as well as reiterating the Disarming Act. The Jacobite Risings between 1689 and 1746 found their most effective support amongst the Scottish clans, and this act was part of a series of measures attempting to bring the warrior clans under government control. An exemption allowed the kilt to be worn in the army, continuing the tradition established by the Black Watch regiment.", "title": "Dress Act 1746" }, { "id": "2280564", "score": "1.8978162", "text": "given to \"Repeal of the Act Proscribing the Wearing of Highland Dress 22 George III, Chap. 63, 1782\" and a proclamation issued in Gaelic and English announced: Dress Act 1746 The Dress Act 1746 was part of the Act of Proscription which came into force on 1 August 1746 and made wearing \"the Highland Dress\" — including tartan or a kilt — illegal in Scotland as well as reiterating the Disarming Act. The Jacobite Risings between 1689 and 1746 found their most effective support amongst the Scottish clans, and this act was part of a series of measures attempting to", "title": "Dress Act 1746" }, { "id": "2280563", "score": "1.8837607", "text": "The law was repealed in 1782. By that time kilts and tartans were no longer ordinary Highland wear, ended by enforcement of the law and by the circumstances of the Highland clearances, but within two years Highland aristocrats set up the Highland Society of Edinburgh and soon other clubs followed with aims including promoting \"the general use of the ancient Highland dress\". This would lead to the Highland pageant of the visit of King George IV to Scotland. \"Abolition and Proscription of the Highland Dress 19 George II, Chap. 39, Sec. 17, 1746:\" On 1 July 1782 royal assent was", "title": "Dress Act 1746" }, { "id": "8666845", "score": "1.8487985", "text": "Rawlinson's business partner (see Hugh Trevor-Roper,) Following the defeat of the Highland clans at the Battle of Culloden in the Second Jacobite Rebellion, the British parliament banned the wearing of tartan and other symbols of the Scottish Highlanders in the 1746 Dress Act. The Act was repealed in 1782 and, in the decades following, there was a romantic revival of interest in things connected with the Highlands, including their dress. Sir Walter Scott's novels of Highland adventure were best-sellers, and the Highland Society of London became very influential. The \"Highland revival\" culminated in the visit of King George IV to", "title": "Thomas Rawlinson" }, { "id": "3876942", "score": "1.8368354", "text": "the whole of Scotland. Dr. Samuel Johnson commented that \"the last law by which the Highlanders are deprived of their arms, has operated with efficacy beyond expectations ... the arms were collected with such rigour, that every house was despoiled of its defence\". A new section, which became known as the Dress Act, banned wearing of \"the Highland Dress\". Provision was also included to protect those involved in putting down the rebellion from lawsuits. Measures to prevent children from being \"educated in disaffected or rebellious principles\" included a requirement for school prayers for the King and Royal family. The most", "title": "Act of Proscription 1746" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dress Act 1746\n\nThe Dress Act 1746 was part of the Act of Proscription which came into force on 1 August 1746 and made wearing \"the Highland Dress\" — including the kilt — illegal in Scotland as well as reiterating the Disarming Act. The Jacobite Risings between 1689 and 1746 found their most effective support amongst the Scottish clans, and this act was part of a series of measures attempting to bring the clans under government control. An exemption allowed the kilt to be worn in the army along with its veterans who have served in the military , continuing the tradition established by the Black Watch regiment.\n\nThe law was repealed in 1782. By that time kilts and tartans were no longer ordinary Highland wear, ended by enforcement of the law and by the circumstances of the Highland clearances, but within two years Highland aristocrats set up the Highland Society of Edinburgh and soon other clubs followed with aims including promoting \"the general use of the ancient Highland dress\". This would lead to the Highland pageant of the visit of King George IV to Scotland.", "title": "Dress Act 1746" }, { "id": "1563661", "score": "1.8353953", "text": "under King George II of Great Britain following the Jacobite risings, made wearing Scottish Highland dress including tartans and kilts illegal in Scotland for anyone not in the British military. The Act was repealed in 1782, having been largely successful, and a few decades later, \"romantic\" Highland dress was enthusiastically adopted by George IV on a Walter Scott-inspired visit to Scotland in 1822. In Bhutan, the wearing of traditional dress (which also has an ethnic connotation) in certain places, such as when visiting government offices, was made compulsory in 1989 under the driglam namzha laws. Part of the traditional dress", "title": "Sumptuary law" }, { "id": "20880624", "score": "1.8148227", "text": "wearing Highland dress was repealed in 1782 and the wearing of it returned to civil use. However, it became a fashion for both the English and Scots, and in particular the English aristocracy. The seal of royal approval for wearing both tartan and Highland dress came in 1822 when George IV of Great Britain made his visit to Edinburgh dressed accordingly. Killin incident of 1749 The Killin incident of 1749 took place in August 1749 in Killin in the Scottish Highlands in the tumultuous aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745. Two men who had been plundering at will in", "title": "Killin incident of 1749" }, { "id": "7673110", "score": "1.8042886", "text": "dangers to central government of such warrior Highland clans, and as part of a series of measures the government of King George II imposed the \"Dress Act\" in 1746, outlawing all items of Highland dress including kilts (although an exception was made for the Highland Regiments) with the intent of suppressing highland culture. The penalties were severe; six months' imprisonment for the first offense and seven years' transportation for the second. The ban remained in effect for 35 years. Thus, with the exception of the Army, the kilt went out of use in the Scottish Highlands, but during those years", "title": "History of the kilt" }, { "id": "3868899", "score": "1.7445835", "text": "readers that the king had ordered a kilt and set the condition that, unless in uniform, \"no Gentleman is to be allowed to appear in any thing but the ancient Highland costume\". At this, lowland gentlemen suddenly embarked on a desperate search for Highland ancestry (however remote) and a suitable tartan kilt from the Edinburgh tailors, who responded inventively. This can be seen as the pivotal event when what had been thought of as the primitive dress of mountain thieves became the national dress of the whole of Scotland. The catering contract was won by Ebenezer Scroggie, who would become", "title": "Visit of King George IV to Scotland" }, { "id": "20880620", "score": "1.719276", "text": "to wear Highland dress. However, there was a lack of cooperation, as the military saw it, of the civilian authorities to bring in offenders. Captain Hughes of Pulteney's Regiment reported from his headquarters at Loch Rannoch in August 1749 that the local sheriff depute had been dismissing individuals taken before him for wearing Highland dress. Later that month Captain Hughes reported that a party of fully armed Highlanders had been plundering at Killiecrankie. They were chased as far as Aberfeldy but they escaped because the soldiers could get no help from the local people. However, two of the men were", "title": "Killin incident of 1749" }, { "id": "3876940", "score": "1.7188318", "text": "resistance among Highlanders, and the Act can be seen as Parliament asserting the supremacy of the Civil Courts over unconstitutional military coercion. It was mainly a restatement of the earlier Disarming Act, but with more severe punishments which this time were rigorously enforced. Punishments started with fines, with jail until payment and possible forced conscription for late payment. Repeat offenders were \"liable to be transported to any of his Majesty's plantations beyond the seas, there to remain for the space of seven years\", effectively indentured servitude. The penalties for wearing \"highland clothing\" as stated in the Dress Act 1746 were", "title": "Act of Proscription 1746" }, { "id": "20880619", "score": "1.7019899", "text": "Killin incident of 1749 The Killin incident of 1749 took place in August 1749 in Killin in the Scottish Highlands in the tumultuous aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745. Two men who had been plundering at will in full Highland dress after the Dress Act 1746 had made it illegal wear it, had been captured by soldiers of the British Army, but a large mob secured their release. After the Jacobite rising of 1745 the Dress Act 1746 was passed by George II of Great Britain making it illegal, as of 1 August 1747, for any man or boy", "title": "Killin incident of 1749" }, { "id": "5618719", "score": "1.6992142", "text": "that was banned after the introduction of the \"Act of Proscription 1746\" (England). The men would continue to dance in traditionally male kilt and jacket, wearing bonnets and sporrans. The original decision of the Aboyne committee applied to both the Highland dances and the National dances. The Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing a few years later modified the dress code so the aboyne dress would be used by women for just the national dances, and a kilt-based outfit (without bonnet or sporran) for the Highland dances. To this day, however, at the Aboyne Highland Games the wearing of the", "title": "Aboyne dress" }, { "id": "7041129", "score": "1.6906743", "text": "as, \"the false glamour that Scott had foisted on Scotland and which had turned it into Brigadoon.\" Modern historians suggest that due to economic and social change, the clan system in the Highlands was already declining by the time of the failed 1745 rising. In its aftermath the British government enacted a series of laws that attempted to speed the process, including a ban on the bearing of arms, the wearing of tartan (in the Dress Act 1746) and limitations on the activities of the Roman Catholic Church. Most of the legislation was repealed by the end of the eighteenth", "title": "Tartanry" }, { "id": "176274", "score": "1.6859486", "text": "Jurisdictions Act of 1746. Parliament also banned the bearing of arms and the wearing of tartans, and limited the activities of the Episcopalian Church. After a generation the Highlands had been transformed and the laws were no longer needed; they were mostly repealed. Historians debate whether the dramatic changes merely reflect long-term trends that were more-or-less inevitable, or whether government intervention played the decisive role in changing the goals and roles of the chiefs. As Conway (2006) concludes, the new policies \"went far beyond earlier efforts to promote economic development in the Highlands and ... represented the first real endeavour", "title": "History of Scotland" }, { "id": "2233298", "score": "1.6789048", "text": "land paid as 60 ells of cloth of white, black and green colours. A witness of the 1689 Battle of Killiecrankie describes \"McDonnell's men in their triple stripes\". From 1725 the government force of the \"Highland Independent Companies\" introduced a standardised tartan chosen to avoid association with any particular clan, and this was formalised when they became the Black Watch regiment in 1739. The most effective fighters for Jacobitism were the supporting Scottish clans, leading to an association of tartans with the Jacobite cause. Efforts to pacify the Highlands led to the Dress Act of 1746, banning tartans, except for", "title": "Tartan" }, { "id": "3868891", "score": "1.6749325", "text": "this led to his being invited to dine with George, who was then the Prince Regent. By 1822 Scott had become a baronet, and was well acquainted with both Highland and Lowland nobility. Kilts and tartans were used for army uniforms but were no longer ordinary Highland wear, having been prescribed in the wake of the Jacobite Risings by the Dress Act. The \"small\" kilt as worn today was a relatively recent innovation in the Highlands, having been introduced around the 1720s and later adopted as dress uniform by the army, but the romance of the \"ancient\" belted plaid still", "title": "Visit of King George IV to Scotland" }, { "id": "15645501", "score": "1.6668575", "text": "suggest that due to economic and social change, the clan system in the highlands was already declining by the time of the failed 1745 rising. In its aftermath the British government enacted a series of laws that attempted to speed the process, including a ban on the bearing of arms, the wearing of tartan and limitations on the activities of the Episcopalian Church. Most of the legislation was repealed by the end of the 18th century as the Jacobite threat subsided. There was soon a process of the rehabilitation of highland culture. Tartan had already been adopted for highland regiments", "title": "Scotland in the modern era" }, { "id": "6937073", "score": "1.6628394", "text": "at state banquets, into the twenty-first century. In 1898, a special dress with sword and dirk was allowed for Chiefs and petty Chiefs as a military uniform at court. By 1908, this was extended to Highland gentlemen, and comprised: kilt, sporran, doublet of cloth or velvet, Highland belts, claymore, dirk, long plaid. By 1912, the qualification was absent and the description was more detailed. It was to comprise: By 1937, the shoulder plaid became shoulder plaid or belted plaid. Dress sporran could be hair, fur, or skin, any pattern. Footwear was dress shoes and brogues. Highland Bonnet, feather or feathers", "title": "Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "684523", "score": "1.6620216", "text": "were taken against the highland dress by an Act of Parliament in 1746. The result was that the wearing of tartan was banned except as a uniform for officers and soldiers in the British Army and later landed men and their sons. Today, a visitor centre is located near the site of the battle. This centre was first opened in December 2007, with the intention of preserving the battlefield in a condition similar to how it was on 16 April 1746. One difference is that it currently is covered in shrubs and heather; during the 18th century, however, the area", "title": "Battle of Culloden" } ]

[ "ningizimu afrika", "southafrica", "Soufrica", "Republiek van Suid-Afrika", "S Afr", "Zuid-Afrika", "Saffa", "third republic south africa", "s afr", "Mzansi", "saffa", "afrique du sud", "Capital of South Africa", "seth efrika", "South Africans", "capital of south africa", "South-Africa", "south african", "Azania/South Africa", "South Africaà", "south africa", "South-African", "South africa", "S Africa", "Zuidafrika", "Sou'frica", "South Africa's", "Seth efrika", "S. Africa", "Suid-Afrika", "Suid Africa", "beloved country", "Zuid Africa", "zuid afrika", "south africaà", "rep of south africa", "iso 3166 1 za", "zuid africa", "Republic of South Africa", "soufrica", "Rep. of South Africa", "mzansi", "South Africa", "azania south africa", "Afrique du sud", "The Republic of South Africa", "Rep. of SOUTH AFRICA", "republic of south africa", "zuidafrika", "The Beloved Country", "South African", "south africans", "republiek van suid afrika", "Third Republic (South Africa)", "suid africa", "Republic of south africa", "sou frica", "suid afrika", "ISO 3166-1:ZA", "s africa", "south africa s", "Southafrica", "Ningizimu Afrika", "Zuid Afrika" ]

[ { "id": "552294", "score": "1.7208686", "text": "finally south-east. It serves as a border for about , separating South Africa to the southeast from Botswana to the northwest and Zimbabwe to the north. Two of its tributaries, the Marico River and the Crocodile River join, at which point the name changes to Limpopo River. There are several rapids as the river falls off Southern Africa's inland escarpment. The Notwane River is a major tributary of the Limpopo, rising on the edge of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana and flowing in a north-easterly direction. The main tributary of the Limpopo, the Olifants River (Elephant River), contributes around 1,233", "title": "Limpopo River" }, { "id": "17254052", "score": "1.6614785", "text": "the Limpopo River, and the border runs along the Limpopo to its confluence with the Shashe River, which is the tripoint with Zimbabwe. The western portion of the border from the Namibian tripoint to Ramatlabama was the border between British Bechuanaland to the south and the Bechuanaland Protectorate to the north. British Bechuanaland was constituted as a Crown Colony by proclamation in 1885, and incorporated the lands of the Tswana people situated to the south of the Molopo River, west of the South African Republic (the Transvaal) and not already part of the Cape Colony. The Tswana lands north of", "title": "Botswana–South Africa border" }, { "id": "17252040", "score": "1.6589806", "text": "South Africa–Zimbabwe border The border between South Africa and Zimbabwe is long, and follows the median line of the Limpopo River. The western tripoint with Botswana is located at the confluence of the Shashe River with the Limpopo. The location of the eastern tripoint with Mozambique is not entirely certain; it is situated either at the confluence of the Luvuvhu River with the Limpopo, or at a point nearby in the Limpopo defined by beacons on the Mozambique–Zimbabwe border. The border was established by the Pretoria Convention of 1881 and restated by the London Convention of 1884 which defined the", "title": "South Africa–Zimbabwe border" }, { "id": "17562184", "score": "1.6459597", "text": "was reported: On December 9, 2002, by the presidents of South Africa, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe signed a treaty authorizing the fence to be torn down in order to re-open the ancient elephant migration route between South Africa and Mozambique. The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park of will connect the national parks of the three countries – South Africa's Kruger National Park, Mozambique's Limpopo National Park, and Zimbabwe's Gonarezhou National Park. In 2005 it was reported that only a relatively small portion of the high-security border fence separating South Africa's Kruger National Park with Zimbabwe's Gonarezhou Park had been removed. Security concerns,", "title": "Border barrier" }, { "id": "1592668", "score": "1.6334109", "text": "border between Zimbabwe and Mozambique in the Chimanimani Highlands) is due to a failed westerly branch of the main rift that caused Antarctica to start drifting away from Southern Africa during the breakup of Gondwana about 150 million years ago. The lower Limpopo River and Save River drain into the Indian Ocean through what remains of this relict incipient rift valley which now forms part of the South African Low veld. The escarpment seen from below looks like a range of mountains. The Limpopo, Mpumalanga and Lesotho Drakensberg have hard erosion-resistant upper surfaces and therefore have a very rugged appearance,", "title": "Drakensberg" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Limpopo River\n\nThe Limpopo River rises in South Africa and flows generally eastward through Mozambique to the Indian Ocean. The term Limpopo is derived from Rivombo (Livombo/Lebombo), a group of Tsonga settlers led by Hosi Rivombo who settled in the mountainous vicinity and named the area after their leader. The river is approximately long, with a drainage basin in size. The mean discharge measured over a year is per second at its mouth. The Limpopo is the second largest river in Africa that drains to the Indian Ocean, after the Zambezi River.\n\nThe first European to sight the river was Vasco da Gama, who anchored off its mouth in 1498 and named it Espirito Santo River. Its lower course was explored by St Vincent Whitshed Erskine in 1868–69, and Captain J F Elton travelled down its middle course in 1870.\n\nThe drainage area of Limpopo River has decreased over geological time. Up to Late Pliocene or Pleistocene times, the upper course of the Zambezi River drained into the Limpopo River. The change of the drainage divide is the result of epeirogenic movement that uplifted the surface north of present-day Limpopo River, diverting waters into Zambezi River.", "title": "Limpopo River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Zambezi\n\nThe Zambezi River (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. Its drainage basin covers ,\n\nThe Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls. Its other falls include the Chavuma Falls at the border between Zambia and Angola, and Ngonye Falls near Sioma in western Zambia.\n\nThe two main sources of hydroelectric power on the river are the Kariba Dam, which provides power to Zambia and Zimbabwe, and the Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique, which provides power to Mozambique and South Africa. Additionally, two smaller power stations are along the Zambezi River in Zambia, one at Victoria Falls and the other in Zengamina, near Kalene Hill in the Ikelenge District.", "title": "Zambezi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Zimbabwe\n\nZimbabwe (), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east. The capital and largest city is Harare. The second largest city is Bulawayo. A country of roughly 15 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages,<ref name=\"language\" /> with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most common. \nBeginning in the 9th century, during its late Iron Age, the Bantu people (who would become the ethnic Shona) built the city-state of Great Zimbabwe which became one of the major African trade centres by the 11th century, controlling the gold, ivory and copper trades with the Swahili coast, which were connected to Arab and Indian states. By the mid 15th century, the city-state had been abandoned. From there, the Kingdom of Zimbabwe was established, followed by the Rozvi and Mutapa empires.\n\nThe British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes demarcated the Rhodesia region in 1890 when they conquered Mashonaland and later in 1893 Matabeleland after a fierce resistance by Matabele people known as the First Matabele War. Company rule ended in 1923 with the establishment of Southern Rhodesia as a self-governing British colony. In 1965, the white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and \"de jure\" sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations, from which it was suspended in 2002 for breaches of international law by its government under Robert Mugabe and from which it withdrew in December 2003.\n\nMugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU–PF party won the general election following the end of white minority rule; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017. Under Mugabe's authoritarian regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations. From 2000 to 2009 the economy experienced decline and hyperinflation before rebounding after the use of currencies other than the Zimbabwean dollar was permitted, although growth has since faltered. On 15 November 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe's rapidly declining economy, Mugabe was placed under house arrest by the country's national army in a coup d'état, and Mugabe resigned six days later. Emmerson Mnangagwa has since served as Zimbabwe's president.\n\nZimbabwe is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.", "title": "Zimbabwe" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Shashe River\n\nThe Shashe River (or Shashi River) is a major left-bank tributary of the Limpopo River in Zimbabwe. It rises northwest of Francistown, Botswana and flows into the Limpopo River where Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa meet. \nThe confluence is at the site of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area.", "title": "Shashe River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of South Africa\n\nSouth Africa occupies the southern tip of Africa, its coastline stretching more than from the desert border with Namibia on the Atlantic (western) coast southwards around the tip of Africa and then northeast to the border with Mozambique on the Indian Ocean. The low-lying coastal zone is narrow for much of that distance, soon giving way to a mountainous escarpment (Great Escarpment) that separates the coast from the high inland plateau. In some places, notably the province of KwaZulu-Natal in the east, a greater distance separates the coast from the escarpment. Although much of the country is classified as semi-arid, it has considerable variation in climate as well as topography. The total land area is . It has the 23rd largest Exclusive Economic Zone of .\n\nThe South African central plateau contains only two major rivers: the Limpopo (a stretch of which is shared with Zimbabwe), and the Orange (with its tributary, the Vaal) which runs with a variable flow across the central landscape from east to west, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean at the Namibian border.\n\nThe eastern and southern coastal regions are drained by numerous shorter rivers. There are very few coastal rivers along the arid west coast north of 31°30′S.\n\nIn such a dry country, dams and irrigation are extremely important: the largest dam is the Gariep on the Orange River.", "title": "Geography of South Africa" }, { "id": "16799796", "score": "1.6268691", "text": "Shashe. There is a border crossing between the village of Matsiloje in Botswana and the post of Warmley in Zimbabwe. In the 2000s, security was increased at the crossing due to growing numbers of illegal immigrants entering Botswana from Zimbabwe, with a resultant increase in crime. Further north there is another crossing between Plumtree in Zimbabwe and Ramokgwebana in Botswana. During a period of low rainfall in 2010, the river largely dried up. There was tension between the people of the two towns who were competing for water from pools dug into the river bed. Ramokgwebana River The Ramokgwebana River", "title": "Ramokgwebana River" }, { "id": "17254051", "score": "1.624329", "text": "Spruit as far as the pool at Ramatlabama. From Ramatlabama the border turns northwards, and is made up of a series of straight lines through beacons at Matlhase, Sebataole, Schaapkuil and Pytlanganyane to Sengoma on the Ngotwane River. It then follows the Ngotwane past Ramotswa to its confluence with the Metsemaswaane Stream. The border turns eastwards along a series of straight lines joining beacons on the Moshweu Hills, Wildebeeskop and the Sikwane Hills to Derdepoort on the Marico River. It then follows the Marico River to its confluence with the Crocodile River. The Marico and the Crocodile join to form", "title": "Botswana–South Africa border" }, { "id": "1587576", "score": "1.6050721", "text": "Mrs Moss and Mr Orchard, mutilated by crocodiles, were found in 1910 after two canoes were capsized by a hippo at Long Island above the falls. The principal gorges are The Upper Zambezi River originally drained south through present day Botswana to join the Limpopo River. A general uplift of the land between Zimbabwe and The Kalahari desert about 2 million years ago blocked this drainage route, and a large paleo lake known as Lake Makgadikgadi formed between the Kalahari and the Batoka Basaltic Plateau of Zimbabwe and Zambia. This lake was originally endorheic and had no natural outlet, Under", "title": "Victoria Falls" }, { "id": "2580096", "score": "1.6022124", "text": "dos Elefantes (Olifants River) flows into the district from the west through the Massingir Dam, to empty into the Limpopo. The Save River forms the northern boundary of the province. The Limpopo railway, which connects Zimbabwe and Botswana to the port of Maputo, runs through the province, entering Zimbabwe at the border town of Chicualacuala. The province, including the towns of Xai-Xai and Chokwe, were greatly affected by the 2000 Mozambique flood. Limpopo National Park lies within the province, bounded by the Elefantes and Limpopo rivers and the South African border. Banhine National Park lies in the east-central portion of", "title": "Gaza Province" }, { "id": "552298", "score": "1.5862628", "text": "Australopithecus fossils from 3.5 million years ago. St Vincent Whitshed Erskine, later Surveyor General for South Africa, traveled to the mouth of the river in 1868-69. A Zambezi shark (\"Carcharhinus leucas\") was caught hundreds of kilometres upriver at the confluence of the Limpopo and Luvuvhu Rivers in July 1950. Zambezi sharks tolerate fresh water and can travel far up the Limpopo. In 2013, approximately 15,000 Nile crocodiles were released into the river from flood gates at the nearby Rakwena Crocodile Farm. Limpopo River The Limpopo River rises in South Africa, and flows generally eastwards to the Indian Ocean in Mozambique.", "title": "Limpopo River" }, { "id": "552295", "score": "1.5827", "text": "million m of water per year. Other major tributaries include the Shashe River, Mzingwane River, Crocodile River, Mwenezi River and Luvuvhu River. In the north-eastern corner of South Africa the river borders the Kruger National Park. The port town of Xai-Xai, Mozambique is on the river near the mouth. Below the Olifants, the river is permanently navigable to the sea, though a sandbar prevents access by large ships except at high tide. The waters of the Limpopo flow sluggishly, with considerable silt content. Rudyard Kipling's characterization of the river as the \"great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with", "title": "Limpopo River" }, { "id": "17254055", "score": "1.5814388", "text": "east in the table below. Botswana–South Africa border The border between Botswana and South Africa is long. More than 90% of the border follows rivers, including the Nossob, Molopo, Marico and Limpopo. The western terminus of the border is at the tripoint with Namibia, located where the Nossob River crosses the 20th meridian east. From this terminus the border runs south-east along the Nossob River to its confluence with the Molopo River; in this area the border passes through the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. From the confluence the border runs generally eastwards along the Molopo River as far as the Ramatlabama", "title": "Botswana–South Africa border" }, { "id": "552292", "score": "1.5807345", "text": "Limpopo River The Limpopo River rises in South Africa, and flows generally eastwards to the Indian Ocean in Mozambique. The term Limpopo is the original Sepedi name \"diphororo tša meetse\", meaning \"gushing strong waterfalls\". The river is approximately long, with a drainage basin in size. The mean discharge measured over a year is 170 m/s (6,200 cu ft/s) at its mouth. The Limpopo is the second largest river in Africa that drains to the Indian Ocean, after the Zambezi River. The first European to sight the river was Vasco da Gama, who anchored off its mouth in 1498 and named", "title": "Limpopo River" }, { "id": "6362153", "score": "1.5762507", "text": "quadripoint legally existed. Thus, Botswana has only about of river frontage on the Zambezi, being sandwiched on the south bank between the extreme tip of Namibia's Caprivi Strip and Zimbabwe. The Chobe River, which divides Namibia and Botswana, enters the Zambezi near Kazungula. Kazungula is also headquarters of a district of Zambia of the same name. Kazungula is home to the Kazungula Ferry across the wide Zambezi river to the identically-named village of Kazungula in Botswana, east of the town of Kasane; it is one of the largest ferries in the region with a capacity of . The Kazungula Bridge", "title": "Kazungula" }, { "id": "16413305", "score": "1.5743635", "text": "Notwane River The Notwane River (or Ngotwane River) is a river in southeastern Botswana. Certain sections of its course form the international boundary with South Africa. Its mouth is at the head of the Limpopo River. It has a catchment area of 18,053 square kilometers. The Notwane rises about south of Ramotswa, and runs along the border in a northeast direction to enter the Limpopo at the same longitude as Mahalapye. The Notwane has its source in the sandveld, at the eastern fringes of the Kalahari Desert. It flows roughly northeastwards past the most densely populated area of Botswana, passing", "title": "Notwane River" }, { "id": "17254050", "score": "1.5687158", "text": "Botswana–South Africa border The border between Botswana and South Africa is long. More than 90% of the border follows rivers, including the Nossob, Molopo, Marico and Limpopo. The western terminus of the border is at the tripoint with Namibia, located where the Nossob River crosses the 20th meridian east. From this terminus the border runs south-east along the Nossob River to its confluence with the Molopo River; in this area the border passes through the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. From the confluence the border runs generally eastwards along the Molopo River as far as the Ramatlabama Spruit, and then up the", "title": "Botswana–South Africa border" }, { "id": "13582450", "score": "1.568382", "text": "December 1999, Judges at the World Court ruled that the island belongs to Botswana. In the Caprivi Strip, the UNHCR reported that between October 1998 and February 1999 more than 2,400 Namibians crossed south into Botswana. The Okavango Delta in Botswana is an area famous internationally for its birds and wildlife and an important source of tourist revenue, but depends on the Okavango River which flows from Angola via Namibia. In 1997 Namibia had been facing an extended drought and announced plans to divert water from the river, which threatened to become a serious issue between the two countries. Botswana–Namibia", "title": "Botswana–Namibia relations" }, { "id": "4397798", "score": "1.5566701", "text": "utilization zone (hunting). In the south is the Massingir Dam and the town of Massingir in Massingir District, which is the administrative headquarters of the new park, while on the northern border is the Limpopo River. In 2001 the translocation of a large number of animals from the Kruger National Park to new park had got underway. Work on the new Giriyondo Border Post between South Africa and Mozambique has started in March 2004. Limpopo National Park The Limpopo National Park () was born when the status of Coutada 16 Wildlife Utilisation Area in Gaza Province, Mozambique, was changed from", "title": "Limpopo National Park" }, { "id": "14130666", "score": "1.5517576", "text": "the Limpopo. Levubu River The Levubu River or Levuvhu (; ) is located in the northern Limpopo province of South Africa. Some of its tributaries, such as the Mutshindudi River and Mutale River rise in the Soutpansberg Mountains. The Luvuvhu River flows for about 200 km through a diverse range of landscapes before it joins the Limpopo River in the Fever Tree Forest area, near Pafuri in the Kruger National Park. A Zambezi shark (\"Carcharhinus leucas\") was caught at the confluence of the Limpopo and Luvuvhu Rivers in July 1950. Zambezi sharks tolerate fresh water and can travel far up", "title": "Levubu River" }, { "id": "16792030", "score": "1.5517337", "text": "and great care must be taken to ensure no damage is done to the existing pipeline. In the 1980s and early 1990s the Botswana and South African governments began discussing the possibility of drawing water from the Zambezi River and feeding it into the North-South Carrier. Some of this water could be passed on to South Africa. The two countries even speculated about \"diverting the Zambezi River at Kazungula\", a prospect that was not welcomed by the other members of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Eventually the question of claims on the Zambezi water were settled by the 1995", "title": "North-South Carrier" } ]

[ "Ugandan people", "Ugandese", "uganda", "republic of uganda", "Republic of Uganda", "ISO 3166-1:UG", "people of uganda", "Republic of uganda", "ouganda", "Uganda", "ugandese", "Ouganda", "The Republic of Uganda", "People of Uganda", "ugandan", "Ugandan", "ugandans", "Ugandans", "ugandan people", "iso 3166 1 ug" ]

[ { "id": "16658643", "score": "1.847246", "text": "votes, which is significant in that the Security Council's permanent membership can vote against a \"procedural\" draft resolution, without necessarily blocking its adoption by the Council. The veto is exercised when any permanent member—the so-called \"P5\"—casts a \"negative\" vote on a \"substantive\" draft resolution. Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does \"not\" prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. There have been proposals suggesting the introduction of new permanent members. The candidates usually mentioned are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. They comprise the group of four countries known as the G4 nations, which mutually support one", "title": "Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council" }, { "id": "5131915", "score": "1.7979074", "text": "substantive matters. Despite the wording of the Charter (which makes no provisions for passing resolutions with the abstention or absence of a veto-bearing member), this was treated as a non-blocking abstention. This had in fact already become Council practice by that time, the Council has already adopted numerous draft resolutions despite the lack of an affirmative vote by each of its permanent members. The result of the Soviet Union's absence from the Security Council was that it was not in a position to veto the UN Security Council resolutions 83 (27 June 1950) and 84 (7 July 1950) authorising the", "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power" }, { "id": "5131902", "score": "1.782675", "text": "United Nations Security Council veto power The United Nations Security Council \"veto power\" refers to the power of the permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) to veto any \"substantive\" resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. This veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors. The unconditional veto possessed by", "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power" }, { "id": "16658642", "score": "1.7702448", "text": "(the U.S. alone accounting for over 40%). They are also five of the world's six largest arms exporters, along with (Germany) and are the only nations officially recognised as \"nuclear-weapon states\" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), though there are other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons. The \"power of veto\" refers to the veto power wielded solely by the permanent members, enabling them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" draft Council resolution, regardless of the level of international support for the draft. The veto does not apply to procedural", "title": "Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council" }, { "id": "435494", "score": "1.7585522", "text": "Security Council's five permanent members, below, have the power to veto any substantive resolution; this allows a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, but not to prevent or end debate. At the UN's founding in 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council were the Republic of China, the French Republic, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. There have been two major seat changes since then. China's seat was originally held by Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government, the Republic of China. However, the Nationalists were forced to retreat to the island of Taiwan in", "title": "United Nations Security Council" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United Nations Security Council\n\nThe United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter. Its powers include establishing peacekeeping operations, enacting international sanctions, and authorizing military action. The UNSC is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions on member states.\n\nLike the UN as a whole, the Security Council was created after World War II to address the failings of the League of Nations in maintaining world peace. It held its first session on 17 January 1946 but was largely paralyzed in the following decades by the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union (and their allies). Nevertheless, it authorized military interventions in the Korean War and the Congo Crisis and peacekeeping missions in Cyprus, West New Guinea, and the Sinai Peninsula. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, UN peacekeeping efforts increased dramatically in scale, with the Security Council authorizing major military and peacekeeping missions in Kuwait, Namibia, Cambodia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\n\nThe Security Council consists of fifteen members, of which five are permanent: China, France, Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These were the great powers that were the victors of World War II (or their successor states). Permanent members can veto (block) any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states to the United Nations or nominees for the office of Secretary-General. This veto right does not carry over into any General Assembly or emergency special sessions of the General Assembly matters or votes. The other ten members are elected on a regional basis for a term of two years. The body's presidency rotates monthly among its members.\n\nResolutions of the Security Council are typically enforced by UN peacekeepers, which consist of military forces voluntarily provided by member states and funded independently of the main UN budget. , there have been 12 peacekeeping missions with over 87,000 personnel from 121 countries, with a total budget of approximately $6.3 billion.", "title": "United Nations Security Council" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United Nations Security Council veto power\n\nThe United Nations Security Council veto power is the power of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) to veto any \"substantive\" resolution. They also happen to be the nuclear-weapon states (NWS) under the terms of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. However, a permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. This veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors.\n\nThe veto power is controversial. Supporters regard it as a promoter of international stability, a check against military interventions, and a critical safeguard against United States domination. Critics say that the veto is the most undemocratic element of the UN,", "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Big Four (Western Europe)\n\nThe Big Four, also known as G4, refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom.<ref>", "title": "Big Four (Western Europe)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "League of Nations" }, { "id": "435528", "score": "1.727099", "text": "members and the accession of Germany, Brazil, India and Japan to permanent member status, as well as an increase in the presence by African countries on the Council. China has supported the stronger representation of developing countries and firmly opposed Japan's membership. In 2017, it was reported that the G4 nations were willing to temporarily forgo veto power if granted permanent UNSC seats. In September 2017, U.S. Representatives Ami Bera and Frank Pallone introduced a resolution (H.Res.535) in the US House of Representatives (115th United States Congress), seeking support for India for a permanent membership of the United Nations Security", "title": "United Nations Security Council" }, { "id": "16658640", "score": "1.7099729", "text": "elected. Any one of the five permanent members have the power of veto, which enables them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" draft Council resolution, regardless of its level of international support. At the UN's founding in 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council were the French Republic, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. There have been two seat changes since then, although not reflected in of the United Nations Charter as it has not been accordingly amended: Additionally, France reformed its provisional government into the French Fourth Republic", "title": "Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council" }, { "id": "5131905", "score": "1.7035291", "text": "1945. From the foundation of the League of Nations in 1920, each member of the League Council, whether permanent or non-permanent, had a veto on any non-procedural issue. From 1920 there were 4 permanent and 4 non-permanent members, but by 1936 the number of non-permanent members had increased to 11. Thus there were in effect 15 vetoes. This was one of several defects of the League that made action on many issues impossible. The UN Charter provides for unanimity among the Permanent Members of the Security Council (the veto) was the result of extensive discussion, including at Dumbarton Oaks (August–October", "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power" }, { "id": "435478", "score": "1.7003121", "text": "dominant issue. France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK, and US were selected as permanent members of the Security Council; the US attempted to add Brazil as a sixth member, but was opposed by the heads of the Soviet and British delegations. The most contentious issue at Dumbarton and in successive talks proved to be the veto rights of permanent members. The Soviet delegation argued that each nation should have an absolute veto that could block matters from even being discussed, while the British argued that nations should not be able to veto resolutions on disputes to", "title": "United Nations Security Council" }, { "id": "5131927", "score": "1.6947775", "text": "of a majority of countries, may cripple any possible UN armed or diplomatic response to a crisis. For instance, John J. Mearsheimer claimed that \"since 1982, the US has vetoed 32 Security Council resolutions critical of Israel, more than the total number of vetoes cast by all the other Security Council members.\" Since candidates for the Security Council are proposed by regional blocs, the Arab League and its allies are usually included but Israel, which joined the UN in 1949, has never been elected to the Security Council. The Council has repeatedly condemned Israel. On the other hand, critics contend", "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power" }, { "id": "5131910", "score": "1.6912284", "text": "France, should be the permanent members of any newly formed Council. France had been defeated and occupied by Germany (1940–44), but its role as a permanent member of the League of Nations, its status as a colonial power and the activities of the Free French forces on the allied side allowed it a place at the table with the other four. The actual use of the veto, and the constant possibility of its use, have been central features of the functioning of the Security Council throughout the UN's history. In the period from 1945 to the end of 2009, 215", "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power" }, { "id": "13809927", "score": "1.6901613", "text": "it stands, a veto from any of the permanent members can halt any possible action the Council may take. One country's objection, rather than the opinions of a majority of countries, may cripple any possible UN armed or diplomatic response to a crisis. For instance, John J. Mearsheimer claimed that \"since 1982, the US has vetoed 32 Security Council resolutions critical of Israel, more than the total number of vetoes cast by all the other Security Council members.\" Since candidates for the Security Council are proposed by regional blocs, the Arab League and its allies are usually included but Israel,", "title": "Criticism of the United Nations" }, { "id": "5131904", "score": "1.6831888", "text": "Charter states: Although the \"power of veto\" is not explicitly mentioned in the UN Charter, the fact that \"substantive\" decisions by the UNSC require \"the concurring votes of the permanent members\", means that any of those permanent members can prevent the adoption, by the Council, of any draft resolutions on \"substantive\" matters. For this reason, the \"power of veto\" is also referred to as the principle of \"great power unanimity\" and the veto itself is sometimes referred to as the \"great power veto\". The idea of states having a veto over the actions of international organisations was not new in", "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power" }, { "id": "5131912", "score": "1.6813214", "text": "in the 1970s and 1980s. Use of the veto has reflected a degree of diplomatic isolation of the vetoing state(s) on the particular issue. Because of the use or threat of the veto, the Security Council could at best have a limited role in certain wars and interventions in which its Permanent Members were involved – for example in Algeria (1954–62); Suez (1956), Hungary (1956), Vietnam (1946–75), the Sino-Vietnamese war (1979), Afghanistan (1979–88), Panama (1989), Iraq (2003), and Georgia (2008). Not all cases of UN inaction in crises have been due to the actual use of the veto. For example,", "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power" }, { "id": "6512547", "score": "1.678184", "text": "any of the UNSC's five permanent members can prevent the adoption of any (non-\"procedural\") UNSC draft resolution not to their liking. Even the mere threat of a veto may lead to changes in the text of a resolution, or it being withheld altogether (the so-called \"pocket veto\"). As a result, the power of veto often prevents the Council from acting to address pressing international issues and affords the \"P5\" great influence within the UN institution as a whole. For example, the Security Council passed no resolutions on most major Cold War conflicts, including the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, the", "title": "Reform of the United Nations Security Council" }, { "id": "5131934", "score": "1.6732769", "text": "proposed draft resolutions are never formally presented to the Council for a vote owing to the knowledge that a permanent member would vote against their adoption (the so-called \"pocket veto\"). Debate also exists over the potential use of the veto power to provide \"diplomatic cover\" to a permanent member's allies. The United States has used its veto power more than any other permanent member since 1972, particularly on resolutions condemning the actions or policies of Israel. Advocates of the veto power believe that it is just as necessary in the current geo-political landscape, and that without the veto power, the", "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power" }, { "id": "435885", "score": "1.6724545", "text": "to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25. The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions. The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states, consisting of five permanent members—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly (with end of term date)—Bolivia (term ends 2018), Côte d'Ivoire (2019), Equatorial Guinea (2019), Ethiopia (2018), Kazakhstan (2018), Kuwait (2019), Netherlands (2018), Peru (2019),", "title": "United Nations" }, { "id": "5131919", "score": "1.6660414", "text": "of the United Nations Security Council. France and the United Kingdom have not vetoed any resolutions since 1989. China last used the veto power in 2017, while Russia and the United States have both exercised their veto power in 2018. Between 1946 and 1971, the Chinese seat on the Security Council was the government of the Republic of China (that retreated to Taiwan in 1949) during which time its representative used the veto only once, to block Mongolia's application for membership in 1955, because the ROC considered the country to be a part of China. This postponed the admission of", "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power" }, { "id": "13809928", "score": "1.661596", "text": "which joined the UN in 1949, has never been elected to the Security Council. The Council has repeatedly condemned Israel. On the other hand, critics contend that, while Israel has the United States to rely on to veto any pertinent legislation against it, the Palestinians lack any such power. Apart from the US, several resolutions have been vetoed by Russia, notably attempts to impose sanctions on Syria during the Syrian Civil War and to condemn Russia's own annexation of Crimea in 2014. In the case of the latter, Russia's lone veto overruled the thirteen other votes in favor of the", "title": "Criticism of the United Nations" }, { "id": "5131933", "score": "1.6614033", "text": "and economically since the formation of the UN in 1945, widespread debate has been apparent over whether the five permanent members of the UN Security Council remain the best member states to hold veto power. While some of the permanent members are still typically regarded as great powers, there is debate over their suitability to retain exclusive veto power. A second argument against retaining the UNSC veto power is that it is detrimental to balanced political decisions, as any draft text needs to be approved of by each permanent member before any draft resolution can possibly be adopted. Indeed, several", "title": "United Nations Security Council veto power" } ]

[ "Books", "booke", "book", "📚", "books", "Book and paper conservation", "🕮", "📙", "📘", "Book", "📗", "book and paper conservation", "📕", "Booke" ]

[ { "id": "3636785", "score": "1.7451313", "text": "Penny dreadful Penny dreadfuls were cheap popular serial literature produced during the nineteenth century in the United Kingdom. The pejorative term is roughly interchangeable with penny horrible, penny awful, and penny blood. The term typically referred to a story published in weekly parts, each costing one penny. The subject matter of these stories was typically sensational, focusing on the exploits of detectives, criminals, or supernatural entities. First published in the 1830s, penny dreadfuls featured characters such as Sweeney Todd, Dick Turpin and Varney the Vampire. \"The Guardian\" described penny dreadfuls as “Britain’s first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the", "title": "Penny dreadful" }, { "id": "3636798", "score": "1.6850698", "text": "of value, and such hazards as war-time paper drives, the penny dreadfuls, particularly the earliest ones, are fairly rare today. Some items that have been named after this topic include a song called \"Penny Dreadfuls\" by Animal Collective, the Irish literary magazine \"The Penny Dreadful\" and a Showtime horror television series set in Victorian England titled \"Penny Dreadful\". Sources Penny dreadful Penny dreadfuls were cheap popular serial literature produced during the nineteenth century in the United Kingdom. The pejorative term is roughly interchangeable with penny horrible, penny awful, and penny blood. The term typically referred to a story published in", "title": "Penny dreadful" }, { "id": "3636786", "score": "1.6276345", "text": "young.” While the term \"penny dreadful\" was originally used in reference to a specific type of literature circulating in mid-Victorian Britain, it came to encompass a variety of publications that featured cheap sensational fiction, such as story papers and booklet \"libraries\". The penny dreadfuls were printed on cheap wood pulp paper and were aimed at young working class men. More than a million boys’ periodicals were sold a week, but the popularity of penny dreadfuls was challenged in the 1890s by the rise of competing literature, especially the half-penny periodicals published by Alfred Harmsworth. Crime broadsides were commonly sold at", "title": "Penny dreadful" }, { "id": "3636792", "score": "1.6064283", "text": "such titles as \"Boys' Leisure Hour, Boys' Standard, Young Men of Great Britain\", etc. As the price and quality of other types of fiction works were the same, these also fell under the general definition of penny dreadfuls. Appearing in the 1860s, American dime novels were edited and rewritten for a British audience. These appeared in booklet form, such as the \"Boy's First Rate Pocket Library\". Frank Reade, Buffalo Bill, and Deadwood Dick were all popular with the penny dreadful audience. The penny dreadfuls were influential since they were, in the words of one commentator, \"the most alluring and low-priced", "title": "Penny dreadful" }, { "id": "12378404", "score": "1.5199053", "text": "the rise of capitalism and industrialisation, people began to spend more money on entertainment. Labelling penny dreadfuls the Victorian equivalent of video games, \"The Guardian\" described penny fiction as “Britain’s first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young.” A growing consumer culture and an increased capacity for travel via the invention of railway (the first public railway, Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in north-east England in 1825) created both a market for cheap popular literature, and the ability for it to be circulated on a large scale. The first penny serials were published in the 1830s to meet this", "title": "Popular culture" }, { "id": "3636791", "score": "1.5163436", "text": "for instance, published a number of penny serials derived from the works of Charles Dickens entitled \"Oliver Twiss\", \"Nickelas Nicklebery\", and \"Martin Guzzlewit\". Working class boys who could not afford a penny a week often formed clubs that would share the cost, passing the flimsy booklets from reader to reader. Other enterprising youngsters would collect a number of consecutive parts, then rent the volume out to friends. In 1866, \"Boys of England\" was introduced as a new type of publication, an eight-page magazine that featured serial stories as well as articles and shorts of interest. Numerous competitors quickly followed, with", "title": "Penny dreadful" }, { "id": "17394095", "score": "1.5000432", "text": "creator John Logan announced that \"Penny Dreadful\" had ended as the main story had reached its conclusion. The title refers to the penny dreadfuls, a type of 19th-century British fiction publication with lurid and sensational subject matter. The series draws upon many public domain characters from 19th-century British and Irish Gothic fiction, including Dorian Gray from Oscar Wilde's \"The Picture of Dorian Gray\"; Mina Harker, Abraham Van Helsing, Dr. Seward, Renfield, and Count Dracula from Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\"; Victor Frankenstein and his monster from Mary Shelley's \"Frankenstein\"; and Dr. Henry Jekyll from Robert Louis Stevenson's \"Strange Case of Dr Jekyll", "title": "Penny Dreadful (TV series)" }, { "id": "1951214", "score": "1.4995694", "text": "for it to be circulated on a large scale. Created in the 1830s, \"The Guardian\" described penny dreadfuls as “Britain’s first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young.” Introducing familiar features in vampire fiction, \"Varney\" is the first story to refer to sharpened teeth for a vampire. After adult comics had been published – most notably \"Ally Sloper's Half Holiday\" (1880s) featuring Ally Sloper who has been called the first regular character in comics, – more juvenile British comics emerged, with the two most popular, \"The Beano\" and \"The Dandy\", released by DC Thomson (based in Dundee, Scotland) in", "title": "Culture of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "6604309", "score": "1.4968058", "text": "first published in September 1832. In 1866, Charles Stephens began selling \"Boys of England\" on the English streets for a penny—the first \"penny dreadful\". Story papers in this style minimized the expense of writing in order to produce an extremely cheap product. Strictly speaking, the \"penny dreadful\" died off by the turn of the century, but this term was still used to refer to story papers throughout their history. The \"Halfpenny Marvel\", first published in 1893, was \"founded to counteract the pernicious influences of the Penny Dreadfuls\", according to its title page. A book about these weeklies (also called \"bloods\"", "title": "Story paper" }, { "id": "3636789", "score": "1.4890597", "text": "on a large scale. The first penny serials were published in the 1830s to meet this demand. The serials were priced to be affordable to working-class readers, and were considerably cheaper than the serialised novels of authors such as Charles Dickens, which cost a shilling [twelve pennies] per part. The stories themselves were reprints, or sometimes rewrites, of the earliest Gothic thrillers such as \"The Castle of Otranto\" or \"The Monk\", as well as new stories about famous criminals. Some of the most famous of these penny part-stories were \"The String of Pearls: A Romance\" (introducing Sweeney Todd, \"the Demon", "title": "Penny dreadful" }, { "id": "3636793", "score": "1.4819759", "text": "form of escapist reading available to ordinary youth, until the advent in the early 1890s of future newspaper magnate Alfred Harmsworth's price-cutting 'halfpenny dreadfuller'\". In reality, the serial novels were overdramatic and sensational, but generally harmless. If anything, the penny dreadfuls, although obviously not the most enlightening or inspiring of literary selections, resulted in increasingly literate youth in the Industrial period. The wide circulation of this sensationalist literature, however, contributed to an ever-greater fear of crime in mid-Victorian Britain. The popularity of penny dreadfuls was challenged in the 1890s by the rise of competing literature. Leading the challenge were popular", "title": "Penny dreadful" }, { "id": "162233", "score": "1.4800048", "text": "can be made with established readings of the work of Dickens and others. Another famous penny dreadful of this era was the anonymously authored \"Varney the Vampire\" (1847). \"Varney\" is the tale of the vampire Sir Francis Varney, and introduced many of the tropes present in vampire fiction recognizable to modern audiences — it was the first story to refer to sharpened teeth for a vampire. The formal relationship between these fictions, serialised for predominantly working class audiences, and the roughly contemporaneous sensation fictions serialised in middle class periodicals is also an area worthy of inquiry. An important and innovative", "title": "Gothic fiction" }, { "id": "14621390", "score": "1.4742036", "text": "“Penny Dreadful” and “Shilling Shockers” are both derived from 19th-century serialized tales of terror, crime, and the supernatural. The Penny Dreadful witch persona is described on the program’s website as “an intermingling of light and dark elements. She can be very silly and sinister by turns, with a withering wit and a dramatic gaze.\" Penny is fond of using the exclamation, \"hex-cellent!\" and refers to her viewers as her \"Dreary Ones.\" The Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards presented Penny Dreadful with the award for “Favorite Horror Host” of 2007. She was the first horror host to receive the award in", "title": "Penny Dreadful XIII" }, { "id": "3636787", "score": "1.474077", "text": "public executions in the United Kingdom in the 18th and 19th centuries. These were often produced by printers who specialised in them. They were typically illustrated by a crude picture of the crime, a portrait of the criminal, or a generic woodcut of a hanging taking place. There would be a written account of the crime and of the trial and often the criminal's confession of guilt. A doggerel verse warning others to not follow the executed person's example, to avoid their fate, was another common feature. Victorian era Britain experienced social changes that resulted in increased literacy rates. With", "title": "Penny dreadful" }, { "id": "15652007", "score": "1.461005", "text": "penny dreadfuls in the 19th century. Despite having ruled in 1952 that no legislation of such works was required, the changing tide of public opinion led the government to push through the Children and Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act 1955. The Act banned the printing or sale of any publication which \"consists wholly or mainly of stories told in pictures\" that portrayed \"(a) the commission of crimes; or (b) acts of violence or cruelty; or (c) incidents of a repulsive or horrible nature; in such a way that the work as a whole would tend to corrupt a child or", "title": "Comics Campaign Council" }, { "id": "3636796", "score": "1.4588383", "text": "killed the penny dreadful by the simple process of producing the 'ha'penny dreadfuller'\". The quality of the Harmsworth/Amalgamated Press papers began to improve throughout the early 20th century, however. By the time of the First World War, papers such as \"Union Jack\" dominated the market in the UK. Two popular characters to come out of the penny dreadfuls were Jack Harkaway, introduced in the \"Boys of England\" in 1871, and Sexton Blake, who began in \"the Half-penny Marvel\" in 1893. In 1904, the \"Union Jack\" became \"Sexton Blake's own paper\", and he appeared in every issue thereafter, up until the", "title": "Penny dreadful" }, { "id": "3636797", "score": "1.4357939", "text": "paper's demise in 1933. In total, Blake appeared in roughly 4,000 adventures, right up into the 1970s, a record exceeded only by Nick Carter and Dixon Hawke. Harkaway was also popular in America and had many imitators. The fictional Sweeney Todd, the subject of both a successful musical by Stephen Sondheim and a feature film by Tim Burton, also first appeared in an 1846/1847 penny dreadful titled \"The String of Pearls: A Romance\" by James Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett Prest. Over time, the penny dreadfuls evolved into the British comic magazines. Owing to their cheap production, their perceived lack", "title": "Penny dreadful" }, { "id": "2711089", "score": "1.4350224", "text": "successes under a few cosmetic name changes. Apart from action and historical stories, there was also a fashion for horror and the supernatural, with epics like \"Varney the Vampire\" running for years. Horror, in particular, contributed to the epithet \"penny dreadful\". Stories featuring criminals such as 'Spring-Heeled Jack', pirates, highwaymen (especially Dick Turpin), and detectives (including Sexton Blake) dominated decades of the Victorian and early 20th-century weeklies. Comic strips—stories told primarily in strip cartoon form, rather than as a written narrative with illustrations—emerged only slowly. \"Ally Sloper's Half Holiday\" (1884) is regarded to be the first comic strip magazine to", "title": "British comics" }, { "id": "13672132", "score": "1.425491", "text": "earned the name “penny bloods” (later called “penny dreadfuls\"). However, his speciality was “romances” – exciting tales of love and adventure. \"The String of Pearls\", with Sweeney Todd as its anti-hero, and his vampire story, \"Varney\", were in this category. He published about 200 romances whereas his closest competitor, George Pierce, published fewer than 50. Many freelance authors contributed the material, at first paid by the line and later by the page. A pool of engravers supplied woodcuts for illustration. The authors he used most were James Malcolm Rymer (1814–84) and Thomas Peckett Prest (1810-59). Lloyd made an early killing", "title": "Edward Lloyd (publisher)" }, { "id": "442621", "score": "1.4221398", "text": "appeared from 1845 to 1847 in a series of pamphlets generally referred to as \"penny dreadfuls\" because of their inexpensive price and typically gruesome contents. The story was published in book form in 1847 and runs to 868 double-columned pages. It has a distinctly suspenseful style, using vivid imagery to describe the horrifying exploits of Varney. Another important addition to the genre was Sheridan Le Fanu's lesbian vampire story \"Carmilla\" (1871). Like Varney before her, the vampire Carmilla is portrayed in a somewhat sympathetic light as the compulsion of her condition is highlighted. No effort to depict vampires in popular", "title": "Vampire" } ]

[ "allison kraus", "ak us", "Alison Krauss", "allison kross", "Alison Kraus", "Allison Krausse", "Allison Krauss", "Allison Krauss and Union Station", "alison krauss robert plant", "AKUS", "Alison Maria Krauss", "allison krauss and union station", "AK&US", "Allison Kraus", "Alisson Krauss", "allison krauss", "alison maria krauss", "Alison Krauss/Robert Plant", "Allison Kross", "alison krauss union station", "akus", "alisson krauss", "allison krausse", "alison kraus", "Alison Krauss & Union Station", "alison krauss" ]

[ { "id": "2639157", "score": "1.9275455", "text": "in bluegrass music in the United States. Her soundtrack performances have led to further popularity, including the \"O Brother, Where Art Thou?\" soundtrack, an album also credited with raising American interest in bluegrass, and the \"Cold Mountain\" soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards. As of 2018, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, tying her for the second most awarded recipient alongside Quincy Jones, second only to classical conductor Georg Solti, who holds the record for most wins with 31. She is the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in", "title": "Alison Krauss" }, { "id": "2639188", "score": "1.7683156", "text": "Robert Plant, and as a record producer. She is currently tied with Quincy Jones as the winner of the second highest number of Grammy Awards. Only the late classical conductor Sir Georg Solti has more overall Grammys (31). She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night). The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005. She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country", "title": "Alison Krauss" }, { "id": "1134532", "score": "1.7461119", "text": "achievement in Americana music. Of 5 nominations, Harris has won 4. Emmylou Harris Emmylou Harris (born April 2, 1947) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. She has released dozens of albums and singles over the course of her career and won 14 Grammys, the Polar Music Prize, and numerous other honors, including induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame. In 2018 she was presented the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Her work and recordings include work as a solo artist, a bandleader, an interpreter of other composers' works, a singer-songwriter, and a backing vocalist and duet partner. She has", "title": "Emmylou Harris" }, { "id": "11161118", "score": "1.7236315", "text": "Brother, Where Art Thou?\" soundtrack, which won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2002 and is also credited with raising American interest in bluegrass, and the \"Cold Mountain\" soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards. During her career she has won 28 Grammy Awards, making her the most awarded female artist (and the second most awarded artist overall) in Grammy history. Her collaboration album with Plant, \"Raising Sand\", debuted at number 2 on both the Top Country Albums chart and the \"Billboard\" 200, giving Krauss her highest entry on both charts. The album", "title": "Alison Krauss discography" }, { "id": "16767915", "score": "1.7010474", "text": "ceremony dedicated exclusively to honor country music videos. It was established in 1967. The Grammy Awards are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences for outstanding achievements in the music industry. It is presented since 1958. Musgraves has won twice. Kacey Musgraves Kacey Lee Musgraves (born August 21, 1988) is an American country music singer and songwriter. She self-released three albums before appearing on the fifth season of the USA Network's singing competition \"Nashville Star\" in 2007, where she placed seventh. In 2008, Kacey recorded two singles for Triple Pop in Austin, Texas. She later signed", "title": "Kacey Musgraves" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alison Krauss\n\nAlison Maria Krauss (born July 23, 1971) is an American bluegrass-country singer and musician. She entered the music industry at an early age, competing in local contests by the age of eight and recording for the first time at 14. She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987. She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989.\n\nKrauss has released 14 albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Her soundtrack performances have led to further popularity, including the \"O Brother, Where Art Thou?\" soundtrack, and the \"Cold Mountain\" soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards.\n\nAs of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall. Krauss was the singer and female artist with the most awards in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021. When Krauss won her first Grammy in 1991, she was the second-youngest winner at that time.\n\nOn November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. She was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in September 2021.", "title": "Alison Krauss" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of awards and nominations received by Alison Krauss\n\nAlison Krauss is an American bluegrass-country singer and fiddler. She has released 16 studio albums—seven with the band Union Station and nine without them: \"Different Strokes\" (1985), \"Too Late to Cry\" (1987), \"Two Highways\" (1989), \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" (1991), \"Every Time You Say Goodbye\" (1992), \"I Know Who Holds Tomorrow\" (1994), \"So Long So Wrong\" (1997), \"Forget About It\" (1999), \"New Favorite\" (2001), \"Lonely Runs Both Ways\" (2004), and \"Raising Sand\" (2007). Krauss has released five compilation albums—\"\" (1995), \"Live\" (2002), \"Home on the Highways: Band Picked Favorites\" (2005), \"\" (2007), and \"Essential Alison Krauss\" (2009)—and made other notable recordings such as the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\" with Brad Paisley and her several songs on the \"O Brother, Where Art Thou?\" soundtrack.\n\nThe albums \"Now That I've Found You\" and \"Live\" were certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America; \"Forget About It\" and \"Raising Sand\" were certified platinum; and \"So Long So Wrong\", \"New Favorite\", \"Lonely Runs Both Ways\", and the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\" were certified gold. Krauss has won 27 Grammy Awards. She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, nine Country Music Association Awards, two Gospel Music Association Awards, two CMT Music Awards, two Academy of Country Music Awards, and one Canadian Country Music Award. Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002. The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005. Overall, Krauss has received 59 awards from 105 nominations.", "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Alison Krauss" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Linda Ronstadt\n\nLinda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is a retired American singer who performed and recorded in diverse genres including rock, country, light opera, the Great American Songbook, and Latin. She has earned 11 Grammy Awards, three American Music Awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, an Emmy Award, and an ALMA Award. Many of her albums have been certified gold, platinum or multiplatinum in the United States and internationally. She has also earned nominations for a Tony Award and a Golden Globe award. She was awarded the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the Latin Recording Academy in 2011 and also awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the Recording Academy in 2016. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2014. On July 28, 2014, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts and Humanities. In 2019, she received a star jointly with Dolly Parton and Emmylou Harris on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their work as the group Trio. Ronstadt was among five honorees who received the 2019 Kennedy Center Honors for lifetime artistic achievements.\n\nRonstadt has released 24 studio albums and 15 compilation or greatest hits albums. She charted 38 US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles. Twenty-one of those singles reached the top 40, ten reached the top 10, and one reached number one (\"You're No Good\"). Ronstadt also charted in UK as two of her duets, \"Somewhere Out There\" with James Ingram and \"Don't Know Much\" with Aaron Neville, peaked at numbers 8 and 2 respectively and the single \"Blue Bayou\" reached number 35 on the UK Singles charts. She has charted 36 albums, ten top-10 albums, and three number 1 albums on the US \"Billboard\" Pop Album Chart.\n\nRonstadt has collaborated with artists in diverse genres, including: Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, Bette Midler, Billy Eckstine, Frank Zappa, Carla Bley (\"Escalator Over the Hill\"), Rosemary Clooney, Flaco Jiménez, Philip Glass, Warren Zevon, Gram Parsons, Neil Young, Paul Simon, Earl Scruggs, Johnny Cash, and Nelson Riddle. She has lent her voice to over 120 albums and has sold more than 100 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. Christopher Loudon, of \"Jazz Times\", wrote in 2004 that Ronstadt is \"blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation.\"\n\nRonstadt reduced her activity after 2000 when she felt her singing voice deteriorating, Since then, Ronstadt has continued to make public appearances, going on a number of public speaking tours in the 2010s. She published an autobiography, \"Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir\", in September 2013. A documentary based on her memoirs, \"\", was released in 2019.", "title": "Linda Ronstadt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Chicks\n\nThe Chicks (previously known as Dixie Chicks) are an American country music band from Dallas, Texas. Since 1995, the band has consisted of Natalie Maines (lead vocals, guitar) and sisters Martie Maguire (vocals, fiddle, mandolin, guitar) and Emily Strayer (vocals, guitar, banjo, Dobro). Maguire and Strayer, both née Erwin, founded the band in 1989 in Dallas, Texas, with bassist Laura Lynch and vocalist and guitarist Robin Lynn Macy. They performed bluegrass and country music, busking and touring the bluegrass festival circuits and small venues for six years without attracting a major label. In 1992, Macy left and Lynch became the lead vocalist. \n\nUpon signing with Monument Records Nashville in 1997 and replacing Lynch with Maines, the Chicks achieved success with their albums \"Wide Open Spaces\" (1998) and \"Fly\" (1999). After Monument closed its Nashville branch, the Chicks moved to Columbia Records for \"Home\" (2002). These albums achieved multi-platinum sales in the United States, Canada, and Australia, along with several charting singles on the American \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts. \"There's Your Trouble\", \"Wide Open Spaces\", \"You Were Mine\", \"Cowboy Take Me Away\", \"Without You\", and a cover of Bruce Robison's \"Travelin' Soldier\" reached number one. The Chicks also reached number one on the Adult Contemporary chart with their 2002 cover of Fleetwood Mac's \"Landslide\".\n\nDays before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Maines told a London audience that the Chicks did not endorse the war and were ashamed of US President George W. Bush being from Texas. The remarks triggered boycotts in the US and a backlash from fans. After a hiatus, the Chicks released \"Taking the Long Way\" in 2006, an album informed by the backlash. \"Not Ready to Make Nice\" became their biggest crossover single, reaching number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. After another hiatus, Maguire and Strayer released an album in 2009 as the Court Yard Hounds. The Chicks reunited to tour in the 2010s. In 2020, they removed \"Dixie\" from their name, citing negative connotations, and released their first album in 14 years, \"Gaslighter.\"\n\nThe Chicks have won 13 Grammy Awards, including five in 2007 for \"Taking the Long Way,\" which received the Grammy Award for Album of the Year, and its single \"Not Ready to Make Nice\", which received the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. By July 2020, with 33 million certified albums sold and sales of 27.9 million albums in the US, the Chicks had become the best-selling all-woman band and best-selling country group in the US during the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present).", "title": "The Chicks" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dolly Parton\n\nDolly Rebecca Parton (born January 19, 1946) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, philanthropist, and businesswoman, known primarily for her work in country music. After achieving success as a songwriter for others, Parton made her album debut in 1967 with \"Hello, I'm Dolly\", which led to success during the remainder of the 1960s (both as a solo artist and with a series of duet albums with Porter Wagoner), before her sales and chart peak came during the 1970s and continued into the 1980s. Parton's albums in the 1990s did not sell as well, but she achieved commercial success again in the new millennium and has released albums on various independent labels since 2000, including her own label, Dolly Records. She has sold more than 100 million records worldwide.\n\nParton's music includes Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)-certified gold, platinum and multi-platinum awards. She has had 25 singles reach no.1 on the \"Billboard\" country music charts, a record for a female artist (tied with Reba McEntire). She has 44 career Top10 country albums, a record for any artist, and she has 110 career-charted singles over the past 40 years. She has composed over 3,000 songs, including \"I Will Always Love You\" (a two-time U.S. country chart-topper, as well as an international pop hit for Whitney Houston), \"Jolene\", \"Coat of Many Colors\", and \"9to5\". As an actress, she has starred in films such as \"9to5\" (1980) and \"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\" (1982), for which she earned Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress, as well as \"Rhinestone\" (1984), \"Steel Magnolias\" (1989), \"Straight Talk\" (1992) and \"Joyful Noise\" (2012).\n\nShe has received 11 Grammy Awards and 50 nominations, including the Lifetime Achievement Award; ten Country Music Association Awards, including Entertainer of the Year and is one of only seven female artists to win the Country Music Association's Entertainer of the Year Award; five Academy of Country Music Awards, also including Entertainer of the Year; four People's Choice Awards; and three American Music Awards. She is also in a select group to have received at least one nomination from the Academy Awards, Grammy Awards, Tony Awards, and Emmy Awards. In 1999, Parton was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. In 2022, she was nominated for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, she initially declined the nomination, but ultimately accepted it and was inducted.\n\nOutside of her work in the music industry, she also co-owns The Dollywood Company, which manages a number of entertainment venues, including the Dollywood theme park, the Splash Country water park, and a number of dinner theatre venues including The Dolly Parton Stampede and Pirates Voyage. She has founded a number of charitable and philanthropic organizations, chief among which is the Dollywood Foundation, which manages a number of projects to bring education and poverty relief to East Tennessee where she grew up.", "title": "Dolly Parton" }, { "id": "62568", "score": "1.6990876", "text": "Country Album of the 2000–2009 decade. She has also become the female country artist with the most number one hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present), having 14 No. 1s and breaking her own \"Guinness Book\" record of ten. In 2007, Underwood won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, becoming only the second Country artist in history (and the first in a decade) to win it. She also made history by becoming the seventh woman to win Entertainer of the Year at the Academy of Country Music Awards, and the first woman", "title": "Country music" }, { "id": "4380996", "score": "1.6985376", "text": "Award in 1985 for \"I Don't Know Why You Don't Want Me\" and has received 12 other Grammy nominations. She has had 11 No. 1 country hit singles, 21 Top 40 country singles, and two gold records. Cash was the 2014 recipient of Smithsonian magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the Performing Arts category. On February 8, 2015, Cash won three Grammy awards for Best Americana Album for \"The River & the Thread\", Best American Roots Song with John Leventhal and Best American Roots Performance for \"A Feather's Not A Bird\". Cash was honored further on October 11, 2015, when she", "title": "Rosanne Cash" }, { "id": "110225", "score": "1.6912668", "text": "awards out of 42 nominations. At the Academy of Country Music, she has won seven awards and 39 nominations. She is one of only six female artists (including Reba McEntire, Barbara Mandrell, Shania Twain, Loretta Lynn, and Taylor Swift), to win the Country Music Association's highest honor, Entertainer of the Year (1978). She also has been nominated for two Academy Awards and a Tony Award. She was nominated for an Emmy Award for her appearance in a 1978 Cher television special. She was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her music in 1984, located at 6712", "title": "Dolly Parton" }, { "id": "5296686", "score": "1.6877823", "text": "yearly bluegrass festival on land just west of Queen City, Missouri. The Sally Mountain Bluegrass Festival is traditionally held around the 4th of July and attracts music fans from across the U.S. and the world. Vincent and her band, The Rage, are the most awarded band in bluegrass history. To date, the have won one Grammy, nineteen IBMA Awards (including the top Entertainer of the Year honor in 2001 and consecutive Female Vocalist of the year wins between 2000 and 2006) and eighty nine SPBGMA Awards. Rhonda Vincent Rhonda Lea Vincent (born July 13, 1962) is an American bluegrass singer,", "title": "Rhonda Vincent" }, { "id": "5296681", "score": "1.6861131", "text": "there. With the release of her album \"Back Home Again\" in 2000, Vincent returned to bluegrass with the goal of expanding both the musical reach and the accessibility of the genre. The International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA) accorded her its Female Vocalist of the Year award for the years 2000 - 2006, plus IBMA Entertainer of the Year in 2001. The Society for Preservation of Bluegrass Music in America (SPBGMA) designated her its Entertainer of the Year for 2002 - 2006 inclusive. She also performs with her band, Rhonda Vincent & the Rage. On February 19, 2010, Vincent parted from", "title": "Rhonda Vincent" }, { "id": "1498496", "score": "1.6736047", "text": "institutions, including three Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, eight Broadcast Music Incorporated awards, thirteen Academy of Country Music, eight Country Music Association, and twenty-six fan-voted Music City News awards. Lynn remains the most awarded woman in country music. She was the first woman in country music to receive a certified gold album for 1967's \"Don't Come Home A' Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)\". In 1972, Lynn was the first woman named \"Entertainer of the Year\" by the Country Music Association, and is one of six women to have received CMA's highest award. In 1980, she was the only", "title": "Loretta Lynn" }, { "id": "17941794", "score": "1.6732612", "text": "Music Association. She also received a USA Walker Fellowship Award in 2012. Lynch's 1995 album \"Moonlighter\" was nominated for Best Bluegrass Album at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards, and her 2016 album \"North By South\" was nominated for the same award at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards. Claire Lynch Claire Lynch is an American bluegrass musician, singer, songwriter, and producer. She is a three-time winner of the International Bluegrass Music Association's Female Vocalist of the Year honors. She is considered one of the two best female voices in bluegrass, a recognition she shares with Dale Ann Bradley. Lynch moved to", "title": "Claire Lynch" }, { "id": "16669121", "score": "1.6711509", "text": "this award makes Giddens both the only woman and the only person of color to receive the prize in its six-year history. In 2016, it was also announced that Giddens and the Carolina Chocolate Drops would be inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame. In 2017, Giddens became only the fourth musician to perform at both the Newport Folk and Jazz Festivals. Later that year, she delivered the keynote address at the World of Bluegrass Business Conference 2017. According to Bluegrass Today, \"Giddens shattered long-held stereotypes...By the time she was done, she had systematically dismantled the myth of", "title": "Rhiannon Giddens" }, { "id": "2507248", "score": "1.6702294", "text": "category, having won six times (five times with the band Union Station). The group consisting of Ricky Skaggs and Kentucky Thunder has been presented five awards. Two-time recipients include Jim Lauderdale as well as the Nashville Bluegrass Band. The award has been presented to artists or groups originating from the United States each year to date. The Seldom Scene has the record for the most nominations without a win, with five. In 2018, for the first time in the history of the category, there was a tie, resulting in both Rhonda Vincent and The Infamous Stringdusters winning the award. Each", "title": "Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album" }, { "id": "110151", "score": "1.6675652", "text": "Awards, two Academy Award nominations, ten Country Music Association Awards, seven Academy of Country Music Awards, three American Music Awards, and is one of only seven female artists to win the Country Music Association's Entertainer of the Year Award. Parton has received 47 Grammy nominations. In 1999, Parton was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. She has composed over 3,000 songs, notably \"I Will Always Love You\" (a two-time U.S. country chart-topper for Parton, as well as an international pop hit for Whitney Houston), \"Jolene\", \"Coat of Many Colors\", and \"9 to 5\". She is also one of", "title": "Dolly Parton" }, { "id": "2507141", "score": "1.6564019", "text": "to \"tighten the number of categories\" at the Grammy Awards. Alison Krauss holds the record for having the most wins in this category, with a total of five. She is followed by seven others, who have all won the award twice. Among the most nominated are Emmylou Harris and Willie Nelson, both nine-time nominees. Krauss has been nominated eight ties, while Dolly Parton was a seven-time hopeful. Nominated bands include 1996 winners Shenandoah, a five-man country music band, three-time nominees the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, as well as one of the award's final recipients, the Zac Brown Band. Each year", "title": "Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals" }, { "id": "15466365", "score": "1.6525316", "text": "Medal for community service. She now lives near Putaruru. Riggir was the first winner of Gore's Golden Guitar Awards in 1974 Her album \"Patsy Riggir Country\" won the top selling category at the 1987 CMAA Country Music Awards held in Tamworth, Australia. Riggir won a number of RIANZ New Zealand Music Awards. She has had a total of 19 nominations including 7 wins. Patsy Riggir Patsy Evelyn Ann Riggir (born 6 October 1945) is a New Zealand country and western singer and songwriter. She was a regular performer on the New Zealand Country and Western television show \"That's Country\", had", "title": "Patsy Riggir" }, { "id": "1943052", "score": "1.65221", "text": "in americana music. Williams is one of the most nominated artists in the history of the awards show with 12, including 2 wins. The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States for outstanding achievements in the record industry. Williams has received three awards in three separate categories (country, folk and rock) from 15 nominations that span five genres (pop, rock, country, folk and americana). The American folk/rock band Augustana references the musician in the song \"Meet You There,\" on their studio album \"Can't Love, Can't Hurt\". The lyrics state,", "title": "Lucinda Williams" }, { "id": "2778331", "score": "1.6511728", "text": "of the Year\" by the Country Music Association (CMA), Anderson also won a Grammy Award (earning seven nominations), People's Choice Award and an American Music Award (AMA). Record World, one of three major industry trade magazines at the time (Billboard and Cashbox the other two), named Lynn Anderson 'Artist of the Decade' for 1970-80. She was among the most highly awarded female country artists of her era. Additionally, Anderson was the first female country artist to win the American Music Award (1974), as well as the first to headline and sellout Madison Square Garden that same year. She was the", "title": "Lynn Anderson" }, { "id": "1670098", "score": "1.6506095", "text": "her life. McEntire has the second most wins for the Academy of Country Music's Top Female Vocalist Awards with seven. Reba holds the record American Music Awards for Favorite Country Female Artist (twelve). She also holds the distinction of being the first to win the Country Music Association's Female Vocalist of the Year Award four times consecutively. Martina McBride won Female Vocalist four times, although not consecutively. In 2013, Miranda Lambert tied McEntire to win Female Vocalist four years in a row and in 2016 Carrie Underwood joined this elite club by winning her fourth Female Vocalist award. McEntire is", "title": "Reba McEntire" } ]

[ "dumb bell", "Dumb bell", "dumbbell", "dumbbells", "dumbells", "Dumbells", "Dumbbells", "Dumb-bell", "Dumbell", "Dumbbell", "dumbell" ]

[ { "id": "3821600", "score": "1.6838908", "text": "or decrease the desired total weight. Collars are used to prevent plates from moving outward unevenly so that the lifter does not experience uneven force. A men's Olympic bar is a metal bar that is long and weighs . The outer ends are in diameter, while the grip section is in diameter, and in length. The bars have grip marks spaced apart to allow intuitive grip width measurement. It is the standard used in competitive weightlifting where men and women compete at the highest level - the Commonwealth Games, Pan-American Games, World Championships, and the Olympics. Bars of this kind", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "3821612", "score": "1.6409184", "text": "speedy transitions between various weights if one is doing multiple weights in quick succession. These specialty items are designed to challenge the grip. They're used in strongman competitions for the deadlift and overhead presses, such as Apollon's Axle. Recently, even such exotic as diameter bars appeared, however their practicality could be disputable. They are made in China, and can weigh up to . Similar in function to an EZ curl bar, the triceps bar consists of two parallel handles mounted in a cage. It is used to perform triceps extensions and hammer curls. A hexagon-shaped bar in the middle of", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "3821599", "score": "1.6309322", "text": "Barbell A barbell is a piece of exercise equipment used in weight training, bodybuilding, weightlifting and powerlifting, consisting of a long bar, usually with weights attached at each end. Barbells range in length from to above , although bars longer than are used primarily by powerlifters and are not commonplace. The central portion of the bar varies in diameter from 25 millimetres (0.98 in) to 50 millimetres (1.96 in) (e.g. Apollon's Axle), and is often engraved with a knurled crosshatch pattern to help lifters maintain a solid grip. Weight plates slide onto the outer portions of the bar to increase", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "3821611", "score": "1.5781713", "text": "thus may prove a less effective exercise. Primarily found in gyms, these are usually fairly short bars with weights already attached and welded to the bar, and in some cases, a covering of plastic/rubber around the plates. A typical gym might carry a range of fixed barbells from 5 kilos to around 40 kilos. They are handy as they take less space than full-length bars and are useful for many exercises where less weight is required. They can also provide an easier starting point for beginners before moving on to using the full olympic bars. In addition, they provide for", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "3821614", "score": "1.5597095", "text": "the user can only use a prone or supine grip. The user may grip one bar while the other rests on their forearm below their wrists. This grip style keeps the users locked in a straight position and increases tension in the targeted muscles while reducing wrist strain. This device may also be used to perform squats as well. The bars may be used for training and for rehabilitative purposes because of their ergonomic structure. Barbell A barbell is a piece of exercise equipment used in weight training, bodybuilding, weightlifting and powerlifting, consisting of a long bar, usually with weights", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Barbell\n\nA barbell is a piece of exercise equipment used in weight training, bodybuilding, weightlifting, powerlifting and strongman, consisting of a long bar, usually with weights attached at each end.\n\nBarbells range in length from to above , although bars longer than are used primarily by powerlifters and are not commonplace. The central portion of the bar varies in diameter from 25 millimetres (0.98 in) to 50 millimetres (1.96 in) (e.g., Apollon's Axle), and is often engraved with a knurled crosshatch pattern to help lifters maintain a solid grip. Weight plates slide onto the outer portions of the bar to increase or decrease the desired total weight. Collars are used to prevent plates from moving outward unevenly so that the lifter does not experience uneven force. \n\nThe barbell is the longer version of the dumbbell that is used for free weight training and competitive sports, such as powerlifting, Olympic weight lifting, and CrossFit. Many exercises can be done using the barbell, such as bicep curl, bench press, Olympic weightlifting, overhead press, deadlift, and squat. Olympic barbells are usually an estimated weight of . Many fitness categories use the barbell for different reasons, for example, powerlifters use the barbell to perform compound exercise movements.", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dumbbell\n\nThe dumbbell, a type of free weight, is a piece of equipment used in weight training. It is usually used individually or in pairs, with one in each hand.", "title": "Dumbbell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bench press\n\nThe bench press, or chest press, is a weight training exercise in which the trainee presses a weight upwards while lying on a weight training bench. Although the bench press is a full-body exercise, the muscles primarily used are the pectoralis major, the anterior deltoids, and the triceps, among other stabilizing muscles. A barbell is generally used to hold the weight, but a pair of dumbbells can also be used.\n\nThe barbell bench press is one of three lifts in the sport of powerlifting alongside the deadlift and squat, and is the only lift in the sport of Paralympic powerlifting. The bench press is an upper body mass-building exercise that stresses some of the body’s largest muscles, including chest, triceps, shoulders, front deltoids, and even upper back. It is also used extensively in weight training, bodybuilding, and other types of training to develop the chest muscles. Bench press strength is important in combat sports as it tightly correlates to punching power. Bench press can also help contact athletes increase their performance because it can increase effective mass and functional hypertrophy of the upper body.", "title": "Bench press" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Semi-trailer truck\n\nA semi-trailer truck, also known as a semitruck, (or semi, eighteen-wheeler, big rig, tractor-trailer or, by synecdoche, a semitrailer) is the combination of a tractor unit and one or more semi-trailers to carry freight. A semi-trailer attaches to the tractor with a type of hitch called a fifth wheel.", "title": "Semi-trailer truck" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ronnie Coleman\n\nRonnie Dean Coleman (born May 13, 1964) is an American retired professional bodybuilder. The winner of the Mr. Olympia title for eight consecutive years, he is widely regarded as either 'the greatest' or one of the two greatest bodybuilders of all time along-with Arnold Schwarzenegger and as the most dominant bodybuilding physique ever to grace the stage. Winner of 26 IFBB professional titles, he is also renowned for his combination of size and conditioning, dominant body-parts and extremely heavy workouts, making him the strongest bodybuilder and Mr. Olympia of all time.", "title": "Ronnie Coleman" }, { "id": "8652546", "score": "1.5567636", "text": "90 degree angle to the plate-loading bars. In addition to shrugs the bar is also used for trapbar deadlift, trapbar jumps, overhead/military presses, upright rows or \"high pulls,\" and stiff leg deadlifts. Variants are produced by several vendors. Trap bar The trap bar is an implement used in weight training. It is an assemblage of bars bent into an angle, then welded into a shape which lies flat in a plane, consisting of: The trapbar was invented, patented and trademarked by Al Gerard, a competitive powerlifter. It is named after the (upper fibres of the) trapezius muscles, the muscle it", "title": "Trap bar" }, { "id": "3821603", "score": "1.5518204", "text": "thinnest and the most flexible, thus allowing more weight to be lifted. Powerlifting barbells use simpler, more robust bushings because they do not need to rotate as fast as Olympic weightlifting barbells. Sometimes the sleeves of powerlifting bars are also extended. Additionally, powerlifting bars have their grip marks spaced closer, at . This closer spacing is used to check legal grip width in the bench press. The International Powerlifting Federation requires using strictly the same kind of bar on all lifts, being between and in diameter, not more than in overall length, and between and between the inner faces of", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "3821613", "score": "1.531874", "text": "which the user stands and grasps the bar, via side handles, with a neutral grip. The use of trap bars places the center of gravity closer to the lifter. Trap bars are used primarily for performing deadlifts and shrugs. An Atlas Bar is an ergonomic grip structure that consists of parallel bars that are closely spaced together. An Atlas Bar can take the form of a barbell, dumbbell, cable or machine attachment. The parallel bars are closely spaced because they are joined by join plates and not by any grips or handles. This creates a narrow hand insertion space where", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "456392", "score": "1.5258398", "text": "The distance between the sleeves, however, is the same for the men's and the women's bars at 1310 mm. The grip texture of the bar is called the knurling, and is distributed differently between the men's and women's bars: the men's has knurling in the centre but the women's does not. The Olympic barbells used in competition are certified by the IWF. The weight plates, typically referred to as \"bumper plates\" because of their rubber coated design, weigh between 10 kg and 25 kg in 5 kg increments. Smaller metal plates from 0.5 kg to 5 kg called change or", "title": "Olympic weightlifting" }, { "id": "3821609", "score": "1.5196934", "text": "standard bars do not rotate, and mount plates with an approximately center hole. The thickness of the grip section is most commonly in the United States or in Europe, but can be slightly thicker or thinner, depending on quality. Neither bar weight nor length is standardized like men's or women's Olympic bars, and can range from to . They are rarely rated for more than of loading. Dumbbells are the equivalent of one-handed barbells, with a gripping surface approximately and a total length that rarely exceeds . Adjustable dumbbells are the most prominent use of \"standard\" weight plates (those having", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "8652545", "score": "1.507159", "text": "Trap bar The trap bar is an implement used in weight training. It is an assemblage of bars bent into an angle, then welded into a shape which lies flat in a plane, consisting of: The trapbar was invented, patented and trademarked by Al Gerard, a competitive powerlifter. It is named after the (upper fibres of the) trapezius muscles, the muscle it was designed to train, with shoulder shrugs. The stubs are used for loading the trapbar with plates. The handles are used to hold the trapbar while an exercise is performed. Note that these handles are aligned at a", "title": "Trap bar" }, { "id": "3821606", "score": "1.4961689", "text": "were used for them by few certified manufacturers. Most \"Olympic\" bars one can see in commercial gyms, although superficially similar to real Olympic bars to the untrained eye, do not share IWF nor powerlifting essential characteristics. They are just generic strength training bars, with wide variations in markings, grip section diameter, and, most importantly, stress capacity prior to permanently bending or dangerously failing. Weight plates used outside of competition need not conform to IWF or powerlifting specifications, and can be of any colour, which can be misleading. (For instance, Kraiburg bumper plates are rated in pounds, and one notch lighter", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "456391", "score": "1.481668", "text": "larger-diameter rotating sleeves on either end, holding rubber-coated weight plates of different weights. This sleeve rotation is important for the Olympic lifts, particularly the snatch and clean movements, because it drastically reduces the rotational inertia of the bar. Without sleeve rotation, the Olympic lifter faces more challenging lifts and a greater risk of injury. A men's Olympic barbell weighs 20 kg (44 lbs) with a shaft diameter of 28 mm and a length of 2200 mm, whereas a women's Olympic barbell weighs 15 kg (33 lbs) and has a shaft diameter of 25 mm with a length of 2010 mm.", "title": "Olympic weightlifting" }, { "id": "6119312", "score": "1.4809432", "text": "is held. Holding the bar lower on the back decreases the distance to the pelvis and decreases the strain on the hip and spine extensors: a low bar position allows one to lift heavier weights while a high position allows one to stress the muscles harder with a lighter weight. Another possibility is to hold a barbell at the crooks of the arms, on the inside of the elbow, as in a Zercher squat . The lifter bends forward, bowing at the hips while keeping the back straight. This is the eccentric portion. The motion is at its halfway point", "title": "Good-morning" }, { "id": "3821601", "score": "1.4660971", "text": "must have suitable \"whip\" (ability to store elastic energy) and sleeves which rotate smoothly, as well as the capacity to withstand multiple dropped lifts from overhead. A women's Olympic bar is similar to the men's bar, but is shorter - - and lighter - - with a smaller grip section diameter (). Also in contrast to the men's bar, the women's bar does not sport a center knurl. Powerlifting utilizes the same bar for both male and female competitors. Weight plates used in Olympic lifting, which are often termed \"bumper\" plates, need to be able to be safely dropped from", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "578884", "score": "1.4464538", "text": "the Code of Points to use specific grips. Horizontal bar The horizontal bar, also known as the high bar, is an apparatus used by male gymnasts in artistic gymnastics. It traditionally consists of a cylindrical metal (typically steel) bar that is rigidly held above and parallel to the floor by a system of cables and stiff vertical supports. Gymnasts typically wear suede leather grips while performing on the bar. Current elite-level competition uses a more elastic fiberglass core rail similar in material to the rails used in the women's uneven bars and men's parallel bars apparatus. The gymnastics elements performed", "title": "Horizontal bar" }, { "id": "3947180", "score": "1.4444617", "text": "Dip bar A dip bar is a piece of fitness equipment that consists of a U-shaped bar, usually about 1\" (2.5 cm) in diameter, which surrounds the user's body at the waist. It is designed for the performance of, and named after, the dip exercise. In addition to this exercise, much like the trap bar can be used for deadlifts, a dip bar has other potential uses. It can, for example, be used to do handstand pushups, or the forearms can lie on it to be used as a (probably less comfortable) captain's chair for doing things such as knee", "title": "Dip bar" }, { "id": "3821610", "score": "1.4442371", "text": "a center hole). Originally known as a Dymeck curling bar after its inventor Lewis G. Dymeck, the EZ (\"easy\") curl bar is a variant of the barbell that is often used for biceps curls, upright rows, and lying triceps extensions. The curved profile of the bar in the grip region allows the user's wrists and forearms to take a more neutral, less supinated position. This reduces the risk of repetitive stress injury in these exercises. However, when performing the biceps curl, using an EZ curl bar prevents full contraction of the biceps-which can only occur with the wrist fully supinated-and", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "3821604", "score": "1.4413614", "text": "the collars. Another visual difference from typical Olympic bar or IPC approved one is that the IPF bar's knurling shall not be covered by chrome. Stating that bar should weigh with collars on, effectively permits use of bars only, because same as IWF, IPF requires collars to weigh each. The total weight of the barbell varies based on the type and number of plates loaded onto the ends of the bar and the lift being performed, and easily can be or more with squat dedicated bar (which itself can weigh up to and have up to grip section diameter). Additionally,", "title": "Barbell" }, { "id": "3947182", "score": "1.4350889", "text": "as to perform supine rows. Dip bar A dip bar is a piece of fitness equipment that consists of a U-shaped bar, usually about 1\" (2.5 cm) in diameter, which surrounds the user's body at the waist. It is designed for the performance of, and named after, the dip exercise. In addition to this exercise, much like the trap bar can be used for deadlifts, a dip bar has other potential uses. It can, for example, be used to do handstand pushups, or the forearms can lie on it to be used as a (probably less comfortable) captain's chair for", "title": "Dip bar" } ]

[ "black panthers", "Larry Pinkney", "Black Panther Party", "Black Panther party", "The Black Panther Party", "Black Panthers Party", "Black panthers", "Black Panther Movement", "black panthers party", "bppsd", "black panther movement", "Black Panthers", "Black Panther Party for Self Defense", "BPPSD", "black panther party for self defense", "Black Panther Party for Self-Defense", "larry pinkney", "Black panther party for self-defense", "black panther party", "The Black Panthers" ]

[ { "id": "710191", "score": "1.7744082", "text": "attended Merritt Community College where he studied engineering and politics until 1962. While at college, Bobby Seale joined the Afro-American Association (AAA), a group on the campus devoted to advocating Black separatism. \"I wanted to be an engineer when I went to college, but I got shifted right away since I became interested in American Black History and trying to solve some of the problems.\" Through the AAA group, Seale met Huey P. Newton. In June 1966, Seale began working at the North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center in their summer youth program. Seale's objective was to teach the youth in", "title": "Bobby Seale" }, { "id": "710201", "score": "1.6505275", "text": "that Newton wanted Bert Schneider to produce. According to several accounts, the argument escalated to a fight in which Newton, backed by his armed bodyguards, allegedly beat Seale with a bullwhip so badly that Seale required extensive medical treatment for his injuries. Afterwards, he went into hiding for nearly a year, and ended his affiliation with the Party in 1974. Seale denied any such physical altercation took place, dismissing rumors that he and Newton were ever less than friends. Bobby Seale worked with Huey Newton to create the 10 point platform. The platform was a political and social demand for", "title": "Bobby Seale" }, { "id": "1536556", "score": "1.6316583", "text": "Huey P. Newton Huey Percy Newton (February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989) was a revolutionary African-American political activist who, along with Bobby Seale, co-founded the Black Panther Party in 1965. He continued to pursue graduate studies, eventually earning a Ph.D. in social philosophy. In 1989 he was murdered in Oakland, California by Tyrone Robinson, a member of the Black Guerrilla Family, in a dispute over drug dealing. Newton was born in Monroe, Louisiana, in 1942 during World War II, the youngest of seven children of Armelia (Johnson) and Walter Newton, a sharecropper and Baptist lay preacher. His parents named", "title": "Huey P. Newton" }, { "id": "1536584", "score": "1.6112552", "text": "the community with the only strength that we have and that's the strength of a potentially destructive force if we don't get freedom. Huey P. Newton Huey Percy Newton (February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989) was a revolutionary African-American political activist who, along with Bobby Seale, co-founded the Black Panther Party in 1965. He continued to pursue graduate studies, eventually earning a Ph.D. in social philosophy. In 1989 he was murdered in Oakland, California by Tyrone Robinson, a member of the Black Guerrilla Family, in a dispute over drug dealing. Newton was born in Monroe, Louisiana, in 1942 during", "title": "Huey P. Newton" }, { "id": "710192", "score": "1.59151", "text": "the program Black American History and teach them a degree of responsibility towards the people living in their communities. While working in the program, Seale met Bobby Hutton, the first member of the Black Panther Party. Also at college, Seale also became a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity. He married Artie Seale, and had a son, Malik Nkrumah Stagolee Seale. Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton were heavily inspired by the teachings of activist Malcolm X, who was assassinated in 1965. The two joined together in October 1966 to create the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, which adopted the", "title": "Bobby Seale" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bobby Seale\n\nRobert George Seale (born October 22, 1936 Founded as the \"Black Panther Party for Self-Defense\", the Party's main practice was monitoring police activities and challenging police brutality in Black communities, first in Oakland, California, and later in cities throughout the United States.\n\nSeale was one of the eight people charged by the US federal government with conspiracy charges related to anti-Vietnam War protests in Chicago, Illinois, during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Seale's appearance in the trial was widely publicized and Seale was bound and gagged for his appearances in court more than a month into the trial for what Judge Julius Hoffman said were disruptions.\n\nSeale's case was severed from the other defendants, turning the \"Chicago Eight\" into the \"Chicago Seven\". After his case was severed, the government declined to retry him on the conspiracy charges. Though he was never convicted in the case, Seale was sentenced by Judge Hoffman to four years for criminal contempt of court. The contempt sentence was reversed on appeal.\n\nIn 1970, while in prison, Seale was charged and tried as part of the New Haven Black Panther trials over the torture and murder of Alex Rackley. The Black Panther Party suspected him of being a police informer. Panther George Sams, Jr., testified that Seale had ordered him to kill Rackley. The jury was unable to reach a verdict in Seale's trial, and the charges were eventually dropped.\n\nSeale's books include \"A Lonely Rage: The Autobiography of Bobby Seale\", \"Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton\", and \"Power to the People: The World of the Black Panthers\" (with Stephen Shames).", "title": "Bobby Seale" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Black Panther Party\n\nThe Black Panther Party (BPP), originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, was a Marxist-Leninist and black power political organization founded by college students Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton in October 1966 in Oakland, California. The party was active in the United States between 1966 and 1982, with chapters in many major American cities, including San Francisco, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle, and Philadelphia. They were also active in many prisons and had international chapters in the United Kingdom and Algeria. Upon its inception, the party's core practice was its open carry patrols (\"copwatching\") designed to challenge the excessive force and misconduct of the Oakland Police Department. From 1969 onward, the party created social programs, including the Free Breakfast for Children Programs, education programs, and community health clinics. The Black Panther Party advocated for class struggle, claiming to represent the proletarian vanguard.\nIn 1969, J. Edgar Hoover, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), described the party as \"the greatest threat to the internal security of the country.\" The FBI sabotaged the party with an illegal and covert counterintelligence program (COINTELPRO) of surveillance, infiltration, perjury, police harassment, all designed to undermine and criminalize the party. The FBI was involved in the 1969 assassinations of Fred Hampton, and Mark Clark, who were killed in a raid by the Chicago Police Department. Black Panther Party members were involved in many fatal firefights with police. Huey Newton allegedly killed officer John Frey in 1967, and Eldridge Cleaver (Minister of Information) led an ambush in 1968 of Oakland police officers, in which two officers were wounded and Panther treasurer Bobby Hutton was killed. The party suffered many internal conflicts, resulting in the murders of Alex Rackley and Betty Van Patter.\n\nGovernment persecution initially contributed to the party's growth among African Americans and the political left, who both valued the party as a powerful force against de facto segregation and the US military draft during the Vietnam War. Party membership peaked in 1970 and gradually declined over the next decade, due to vilification by the mainstream press and in-fighting largely fomented by COINTELPRO. Support further declined over reports of the party's alleged criminal activities, such as drug dealing and extortion.\n\nThe party's history is controversial. Scholars have characterized the Black Panther Party as the most influential black power organization of the late 1960s, and \"the strongest link between the domestic Black Liberation Struggle and global opponents of American imperialism\". Other scholars have described the party as more criminal than political, characterized by \"defiant posturing over substance\".", "title": "Black Panther Party" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Huey P. Newton\n\nHuey Percy Newton (February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989) was an African-American revolutionary and political activist, notable as founder of the Black Panther Party. Newton crafted the Party's ten-point manifesto with Bobby Seale in 1966.\n\nUnder Newton's leadership, the Black Panther Party founded over 60 community support programs (renamed \"survival programs\" in 1971) including food banks, medical clinics, sickle cell anemia tests, prison busing for families of inmates, legal advice seminars, clothing banks, housing cooperatives, and their own ambulance service. The most famous of these programs was the Free Breakfast for Children program which fed thousands of impoverished children daily during the early 1970s. Newton also co-founded the \"Black Panther\" newspaper service, which became one of America's most widely distributed African-American newspapers.\n\nIn 1967, he was involved in a shootout which led to the death of police officer John Frey and injuries to himself and another police officer. In 1968, he was convicted of voluntary manslaughter for Frey's death and sentenced to 2 to 15 years in prison. In May 1970, the conviction was reversed and after two subsequent trials ended in hung juries, the charges were dropped. Later in life, he was also accused of murdering Kathleen Smith and Betty Patter, although he was never convicted for either death.\n\nNewton expanded his literacy by reading Plato's \"Republic\" and earned a PhD in social philosophy from the University of California at Santa Cruz's History of Consciousness program in 1980. In 1989, he was murdered in Oakland, California, by Tyrone Robinson, a member of the Black Guerrilla Family.\n\nNewton was known for being an advocate of self-defense and used his position as a leader within the Black Panther Party to welcome women and LGBT people into the party, holding the belief that homosexuals \"might be the most oppressed people\".", "title": "Huey P. Newton" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Black power movement\n\nThe Black Power movement was a branch or counterculture within the civil rights movement of the United States, reacting against its more moderate, mainstream, or incremental tendencies and motivated by a desire for safety and self-sufficiency that was not available inside redlined African American neighborhoods. Black Power activists founded black-owned bookstores, food cooperatives, farms, media, printing presses, schools, clinics and ambulance services. The international impact of the movement includes the Black Power Revolution in Trinidad and Tobago.\n\nBy the late 1960s, Black Power came to represent the demand for more immediate violent action to counter American white supremacy. Most of these ideas were influenced by Malcolm X's criticism of Martin Luther King Jr.'s peaceful protest methods. The 1965 assassination of Malcolm X, coupled with the urban riots of 1964 and 1965, ignited the movement. New organizations that supported Black Power philosophies ranging from the adoption of socialism by certain sects of the movement to black nationalism, including the Black Panther Party (BPP), grew to prominence.<ref name=\"encyclopedia.com\" />\n\nWhile black American thinkers such as Robert F. Williams and Malcolm X influenced the early Black Power movement, the Black Panther Party and its views are widely seen as the cornerstone. It was influenced by philosophies such as pan-Africanism, black nationalism and socialism, as well as contemporary events including the Cuban Revolution and the decolonization of Africa.", "title": "Black power movement" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eldridge Cleaver\n\nLeroy Eldridge Cleaver (August 31, 1935 – May 1, 1998) was an American writer and political activist who became an early leader of the Black Panther Party.\n\nIn 1968, Cleaver wrote \"Soul on Ice\", a collection of essays that, at the time of its publication, was praised by \"The New York Times Book Review\" as \"brilliant and revealing\". Cleaver stated in \"Soul on Ice\": \"If a man like Malcolm X could change and repudiate racism, if I myself and other former Muslims can change, if young whites can change, then there is hope for America.\"\n\nCleaver went on to become a prominent member of the Black Panthers, having the titles Minister of Information and Head of the International Section of the Panthers, while a fugitive from the United States criminal justice system in Cuba and Algeria. Cleaver was convicted of a series of crimes including burglary, assault, rape, and attempted murder and eventually served time in Folsom and San Quentin prisons until being released on parole in 1968.\n\nAfter spending seven years in exile in Cuba, Algeria, and France, Cleaver returned to the US in 1975, where he became involved in various religious groups (Unification Church and CARP) before joining the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as well as becoming a conservative Republican, appearing at Republican events.<ref name=announces/>", "title": "Eldridge Cleaver" }, { "id": "710189", "score": "1.5854807", "text": "Bobby Seale Robert George Seale (born October 22, 1936) is an American political activist. He and fellow activist Huey P. Newton co-founded the Black Panther Party. Seale is the eldest of three children. He has a younger brother, Jon, and a younger sister, Betty. He was born in Liberty, Texas to George Seale, a carpenter, and Thelma Seale (née Traylor), a homemaker. The Seale family lived in poverty during most of Bobby Seale's early life. After moving around Texas, first to Dallas, then to San Antonio, and Port Arthur, his family eventually relocated to Oakland, California when he was eight", "title": "Bobby Seale" }, { "id": "8545934", "score": "1.5794168", "text": "the two began an intimate relationship. With Brenda David had a daughter named Dassine. Hilliard became involved in the Black Panther movement in 1966 while living in Oakland, California. Huey P. Newton, Hilliard's childhood friend informed him of this organization which Bobby Seale and he were founding. This organization believed in defense of minority groups by any means necessary and followed a 10 point plan outlining \"What We Want\" and \"What We Believe.\" Early actions of the Black Panthers involved intercepting in police brutalities through using arms to enforce police rules of conduct. After the arrest of Huey Newton on", "title": "David Hilliard" }, { "id": "710196", "score": "1.5613356", "text": "Newton\", published in 1970. Bobby Seale was one of the original \"Chicago Eight\" defendants charged with conspiracy and inciting a riot in the wake of the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Bobby Seale, while in prison, stated, \"To be a Revolutionary is to be an Enemy of the state. To be arrested for this struggle is to be a Political Prisoner.\" The evidence against Seale was slim, as he was a last-minute replacement for activist Eldridge Cleaver and had been in Chicago for only two days of the convention. During the trial, one of Seale's many vociferous protests led", "title": "Bobby Seale" }, { "id": "9493373", "score": "1.5516379", "text": "II. Co-founder of the Black Panther Party, Newton served as Minister of Defense, and in effect was the BPP's leader, writing the Party's 10-Point Platform and Program alongside co-founder Bobby Seale. Convicted of voluntary manslaughter of a police officer in September 1968, Newton spent the next twenty months in prison before being released after his conviction was quashed on a technicality. The BPP had transformed itself in this period, and Newton struggled to cope with the demands placed on him, a situation that was not helped by his increasing consumption of drugs and alcohol. During the 1970s Newton studied at", "title": "A Huey P. Newton Story" }, { "id": "1536561", "score": "1.5349361", "text": "Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Frantz Fanon, Malcolm X, Mao Zedong, Émile Durkheim, and Che Guevara. During his time at Merritt College, he met Bobby Seale, and the two co-founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense in October 1966. Based on a casual conversation, Seale became Chairman and Newton became Minister of Defense. Newton learned about black history from Donald Warden (who later would change his name to Khalid Abdullah Tariq Al-Mansour), the leader of the party. Later Newton concluded that Warden offered solutions that didn't work. In his autobiography, Newton says, \"The mass media, the oppressors, give him public", "title": "Huey P. Newton" }, { "id": "710205", "score": "1.5230842", "text": "been seeking to produce a screenplay he wrote based on his autobiography, \"Seize the Time: The Eighth Defendant\". Seale authored \"Power to the People: The World of the Black Panthers\", a 2016 book lavishly illustrated by photographer Stephen Shames. Bobby Seale Robert George Seale (born October 22, 1936) is an American political activist. He and fellow activist Huey P. Newton co-founded the Black Panther Party. Seale is the eldest of three children. He has a younger brother, Jon, and a younger sister, Betty. He was born in Liberty, Texas to George Seale, a carpenter, and Thelma Seale (née Traylor), a", "title": "Bobby Seale" }, { "id": "13489712", "score": "1.5204568", "text": "In formulating a new politics, they drew on their experiences working with a variety of Black Power organizations. Newton and Seale first met in 1962 when they were both students at Merritt College. They joined Donald Warden's Afro-American Association, where they read widely, debated, and organized in an emergent black nationalist tradition inspired by Malcolm X and others. Eventually dissatisfied with Warden's accommodation-ism, they developed a revolutionary anti-imperialist perspective working with more active and militant groups like the Soul Students Advisory Council and the Revolutionary Action Movement. While bringing in a paycheck, jobs running youth service programs at the North", "title": "Black Panther Party" }, { "id": "710194", "score": "1.5076423", "text": "needs in order to resist the racism and classism perpetuated by the system. Seale described the Panthers as \"an organization that represents black people and many white radicals relate to this and understand that the Black Panther Party is a righteous revolutionary front against this racist decadent, capitalistic system.\" Seale and Newton together wrote the doctrines \"What We Want Now!\" which Seale said were intended to be \"the practical, specific things we need and that should exist\" and \"What We Believe,\" which outlines the philosophical principles of the Black Panther Party in order to educate the people and disseminate information", "title": "Bobby Seale" }, { "id": "19157030", "score": "1.4583199", "text": "were present during the protest, which ended shortly without any violence. Huey P. Newton Gun Club The Huey P. Newton Gun Club is a group named after Black Panther Party founder Huey P. Newton. The group teaches self-defense and has staged armed protests in favor of African American gun rights and against police brutality. The club was founded by Yafeuh Balogun and Babu Omowale. The group garnered national attention in August 2014 for its open carry patrols. Balogun expressed the hope that the club would continue to grow and eventually become a mainstream gun-rights organization. In August 2014, the Huey", "title": "Huey P. Newton Gun Club" }, { "id": "19157028", "score": "1.4536254", "text": "Huey P. Newton Gun Club The Huey P. Newton Gun Club is a group named after Black Panther Party founder Huey P. Newton. The group teaches self-defense and has staged armed protests in favor of African American gun rights and against police brutality. The club was founded by Yafeuh Balogun and Babu Omowale. The group garnered national attention in August 2014 for its open carry patrols. Balogun expressed the hope that the club would continue to grow and eventually become a mainstream gun-rights organization. In August 2014, the Huey P. Newton Gun Club staged their first openly armed patrol through", "title": "Huey P. Newton Gun Club" }, { "id": "16509316", "score": "1.4505322", "text": "strong presence within communities in East Oakland. During the initial phases of the creation of the Black Panthers, Newton and Seale approached the East Bay Dragons for ideas and support. When Huey P. Newton went to jail for the 1967 shootout between the Oakland cops and the Panthers, many members of the Dragons attended Free Huey rallies at De Fremery Park. A lot of the members attended weekend rallies to show off their bikes and to listen to speeches given by prominent Black Power movement leaders of the day. Due to the support both organizations had for each other, some", "title": "East Bay Dragons MC" }, { "id": "13871591", "score": "1.4491892", "text": "others in the continuing struggle for “people’s power.” In the summer of the same year, Huey Newton, who had co-founded the Party in 1966 with Bobby Seale, returned from political exile in Cuba. Late in 1977 Elaine Brown quit the BPP as the result of a conflict with Newton, whose behavior had become increasingly erratic, perhaps due to a power struggle exacerbated by Newton’s cocaine use. Nonetheless, Duren continued to work with the Party, reorganizing the Southern California Chapter, growing its membership, and carrying out its community involvement agenda. However, his strong stand against the use and trafficking of cocaine", "title": "B. Kwaku Duren" }, { "id": "19504568", "score": "1.443713", "text": "Seale and Huey P. Newton and with his big brother Sherwin, joined them to patrol neighborhoods in Richmond, Oakland, Berkeley and San Francisco to monitor the police. They often followed the arrested to the police department, and would frequently pay their bail. The Panthers always (legally) displayed their weapons publicly. In 1967, Reginald, Sherwin, Lil' Bobbie Hutton, Big Man, Bobby Seale and others went to Sacramento, California's state capitol, to introduce their Ten Point Platform and to demonstrate their opposition to a law that made it illegal to bear firearms in public. Reginald died February 18, 1997, in San Jose,", "title": "Reggie Forte" }, { "id": "710195", "score": "1.4293058", "text": "about the specifics of the party's platform. These writings were part of the party's Ten-Point Program, also known as \"The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense Ten-Point Platform and Program,\" a set of guidelines to the Black Panther Party's ideals and ways of operation. Seale and Newton decided to name Newton Minister of Defense and Seale became the Chairman of the party. During his time with the Panthers, he underwent surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as part of its COINTELPRO program. In 1968, Seale wrote \"Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P.", "title": "Bobby Seale" }, { "id": "19473341", "score": "1.4245992", "text": "Seize the Time (book) Seize The Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton is a 1970 book by political activist Bobby Seale. It was recorded in San Francisco County Jail between November 1969 and March 1970, by Arthur Goldberg, a reporter for the \"San Francisco Bay Guardian\". An advocacy book on the cause and principles of the Black Panther Party, \"Seize The Time\" is considered a staple in Black Power literature. Seize the Time is a first-person narrative written from the perspective of Bobby Seale who recounts the story of the Black Panthers through conversational", "title": "Seize the Time (book)" } ]

[ "cultural depictions of isaac newton", "Isaac Newton's tooth", "issac newton", "sir issac newton", "newtonian science", "Sir Issac Newton", "Isaac Newton", "sir isaac newton", "Isac Newton", "isaac newton s tooth", "i newton", "Sir Isaak Newton", "sir issaac newton", "Sir isaac newton", "isaac newton s middle years", "Newton Isaac", "isac newton", "Newton's", "Cultural depictions of Isaac Newton", "newton isaac", "hannah ayscough", "isaac newton", "I. Newton", "newton s", "sir newton", "sir isaak newton", "Newton isaac", "Isaac newton", "Sir Isaac Newton", "Newtonian science", "Issac Newton", "Sir Issaac Newton", "Isaac Newton's middle years", "Issac newton", "isaacus newtonus", "Isaacus Newtonus", "Sir Newton", "Hannah Ayscough" ]

[ { "id": "272907", "score": "1.7294308", "text": "Isaac Newton in his work \"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica\", first published on July 5, 1687. Newton's three laws are: Newton's three laws of motion were the first to accurately provide a mathematical model for understanding orbiting bodies in outer space. This explanation unified the motion of celestial bodies and motion of objects on earth. Classical mechanics was further enhanced by Albert Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. Special relativity is concerned with the motion of objects with a high velocity, approaching the speed of light; general relativity is employed to handle gravitational motion at a deeper level. Uniform Motion: When", "title": "Motion (physics)" }, { "id": "403748", "score": "1.6974607", "text": "\"De motu corporum in gyrum\", in 1684. This tract contained the nucleus that Newton developed and expanded to form the \"Principia\". The \"Principia\" was published on 5 July 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Edmond Halley. In this work, Newton stated the three universal laws of motion that contributed to many advances during the Industrial Revolution which soon followed and were not to be improved upon for more than 200 years. Many of these advancements continue to be the underpinnings of non-relativistic technologies in the modern world. He used the Latin word \"gravitas\" (weight) for the effect that would", "title": "Scientific Revolution" }, { "id": "984030", "score": "1.6925554", "text": "his law of gravitation in 1686. Isaac Newton (25 December 1642–31 March 1727) is credited with introducing the idea that the motion of objects in the heavens, such as planets, the Sun, and the Moon, and the motion of objects on the ground, like cannon balls and falling apples, could be described by the same set of physical laws. In this sense he unified \"celestial\" and \"terrestrial\" dynamics. Using Newton's law of universal gravitation, proving Kepler's Laws for the case of a circular orbit is simple. Elliptical orbits involve more complex calculations, which Newton included in his Principia. After Newton,", "title": "Celestial mechanics" }, { "id": "231921", "score": "1.6912575", "text": "Kepler in 1621 and Godefroy Wendelin in 1643 noted that Kepler's third law applies to the four brightest moons of Jupiter. The second law, in the \"area law\" form, was contested by Nicolaus Mercator in a book from 1664, but by 1670 his \"Philosophical Transactions\" were in its favour. As the century proceeded it became more widely accepted. The reception in Germany changed noticeably between 1688, the year in which Newton's \"Principia\" was published and was taken to be basically Copernican, and 1690, by which time work of Gottfried Leibniz on Kepler had been published. Newton was credited with understanding", "title": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion" }, { "id": "1918792", "score": "1.6883836", "text": "Galileo of 1612 treated the two laws of 1609 as common knowledge. Kepler's third law was published in 1619. A heliocentric system with planets in approximately elliptical orbits is deducible from Newton's laws of motion and gravity, but these were not published until 1687. Preface: To the Discerning Reader refers to the ban on the \"Pythagorean opinion that the earth moves\" and says that the author \"takes the Copernican side with a pure mathematical hypothesis\". He introduces the friends Sagredo and Salviati with whom he had had discussions as well as the peripatetic philosopher Simplicio. He starts with Aristotle's proof", "title": "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" }, { "id": "664650", "score": "1.6769874", "text": "Newton in his \"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica\" (\"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy\"), first published in 1687. Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems. For example, in the third volume of the text, Newton showed that these laws of motion, combined with his law of universal gravitation, explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion. A fourth law is often also described in the bibliography, which states that forces add up like vectors, that is, that forces obey the principle of superposition. Newton's laws are applied to objects which are idealised as single point masses,", "title": "Newton's laws of motion" }, { "id": "1829184", "score": "1.676282", "text": "Newton had a copy of. Robert Hooke published his ideas about the \"System of the World\" in the 1660s, when he read to the Royal Society on March 21, 1666, a paper \"concerning the inflection of a direct motion into a curve by a supervening attractive principle\", and he published them again in somewhat developed form in 1674, as an addition to \"An Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth from Observations\". Hooke announced in 1674 that he planned to \"explain a System of the World differing in many particulars from any yet known\", based on three \"Suppositions\": that", "title": "Newton's law of universal gravitation" }, { "id": "524561", "score": "1.6725626", "text": "Brouncker and Christopher Wren in London, in 1661. What Spinoza wrote to Henry Oldenburg about them, in 1666 which was during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, was guarded. Huygens had actually worked them out in a manuscript \"De motu corporum ex percussione\" in the period 1652–6. The war ended in 1667, and Huygens announced his results to the Royal Society in 1668. He published them in the \"Journal des sçavans\" in 1669. Huygens stated what is now known as the second of Newton's laws of motion in a quadratic form. In 1659 he derived the now standard formula for the centripetal", "title": "Christiaan Huygens" }, { "id": "1482422", "score": "1.6723044", "text": "method to solve problems in physics. Newton's theory of motion, published in 1687, modeled three Galilean laws of motion along with Newton's law of universal gravitation on a framework of absolute space—hypothesized by Newton as a physically real entity of Euclidean geometric structure extending infinitely in all directions—while presuming absolute time, supposedly justifying knowledge of absolute motion, the object's motion with respect to absolute space. The principle of Galilean invariance/relativity was merely implicit in Newton's theory of motion. Having ostensibly reduced the Keplerian celestial laws of motion as well as Galilean terrestrial laws of motion to a unifying force, Newton", "title": "Mathematical physics" }, { "id": "191895", "score": "1.6711682", "text": "to the square of the radius vector. Newton communicated his results to Edmond Halley and to the Royal Society in \"De motu corporum in gyrum\", a tract written on about nine sheets which was copied into the Royal Society's Register Book in December 1684. This tract contained the nucleus that Newton developed and expanded to form the \"Principia\". The \"Principia\" was published on 5 July 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Edmond Halley. In this work, Newton stated the three universal laws of motion. Together, these laws describe the relationship between any object, the forces acting upon it and", "title": "Isaac Newton" }, { "id": "136339", "score": "1.6645038", "text": "extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force, for example friction. Sir Isaac Newton described the motion of all objects using the concepts of inertia and force, and in doing so he found they obey certain conservation laws. In 1687, Newton published his thesis \"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica\". In this work Newton set out three laws of motion that to this day are the way forces are described in physics. Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless", "title": "Force" }, { "id": "1482420", "score": "1.6466776", "text": "Having introduced experimentation, Galileo then refuted geocentric cosmology by refuting Aristotelian physics itself. Galilei's 1638 book \"Discourse on Two New Sciences\" established the law of equal free fall as well as the principles of inertial motion, founding the central concepts of what would become today's classical mechanics. By the Galilean law of inertia as well as the principle of Galilean invariance, also called Galilean relativity, for any object experiencing inertia, there is empirical justification for knowing only that it is at \"relative\" rest or \"relative\" motion—rest or motion with respect to another object. René Descartes adopted Galilean principles and developed", "title": "Mathematical physics" }, { "id": "15280663", "score": "1.6429093", "text": "water, which he had boiled after rotating it at high speed. His main work is entitled \"De motu naturali gravium, fluidorum et solidorum\" (\"About the motion of bodies, fluids and solids\"), published in 1638; in it, he was the first to enunciate the law of acceleration of a body and to distinguish between mass and weight. He also studied tides, supporting Galileo's theory that they were generated by the Earth's motion around the Sun. His arguments were published by Giovanni Battista Riccioli in his \"Almagestum novum\" (1651) and later resumed by John Wallis and Isaac Newton. Baliani died at Genoa", "title": "Giovanni Battista Baliani" }, { "id": "5526801", "score": "1.632953", "text": "a draft. Only the draft has the title now used; both copies are without title. This manuscript (\"De Motu\" for short, but not to be confused with several other Newtonian papers carrying titles that start with these words) gave important mathematical derivations relating to the three relations now known as \"Kepler's laws\" (before Newton's work, these had not been generally regarded as laws). Halley reported the communication from Newton to the Royal Society on 10 December 1684 (Old Style). After further encouragement from Halley, Newton went on to develop and write his book \"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica\" (commonly known as", "title": "De motu corporum in gyrum" }, { "id": "596340", "score": "1.6199343", "text": "subject. This took the form of a 9-page manuscript, \"De motu corporum in gyrum\" (\"Of the motion of bodies in an orbit\"): the title is shown on some surviving copies, although the (lost) original may have been without title. Newton's tract \"De motu corporum in gyrum\", which he sent to Halley in late 1684, derived what are now known as the three laws of Kepler, assuming an inverse square law of force, and generalised the result to conic sections. It also extended the methodology by adding the solution of a problem on the motion of a body through a resisting", "title": "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" }, { "id": "403746", "score": "1.6175582", "text": "His laws of motion were to be the solid foundation of mechanics; his law of universal gravitation combined terrestrial and celestial mechanics into one great system that seemed to be able to describe the whole world in mathematical formulae. As well as proving the heliocentric model, Newton also developed the theory of gravitation. In 1679, Newton began to consider gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets with reference to Kepler's laws of planetary motion. This followed stimulation by a brief exchange of letters in 1679–80 with Robert Hooke, who had been appointed to manage the Royal Society's correspondence,", "title": "Scientific Revolution" }, { "id": "664649", "score": "1.6153847", "text": "Newton's laws of motion Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. More precisely, the first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force, and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn't exist. These three laws have been expressed in several ways, over nearly three centuries, and can be summarised as follows: The three laws of motion were first compiled by Isaac", "title": "Newton's laws of motion" }, { "id": "1323863", "score": "1.6144145", "text": "they are a useful calculational tool; for example, an approximate solution can be corrected by finding the nearest state that satisfies the suitable conservation laws. The earliest constants of motion discovered were momentum and energy, which were proposed in the 17th century by René Descartes and Gottfried Leibniz on the basis of collision experiments, and refined by subsequent researchers. Isaac Newton was the first to enunciate the conservation of momentum in its modern form, and showed that it was a consequence of Newton's third law. According to general relativity, the conservation laws of linear momentum, energy and angular momentum are", "title": "Noether's theorem" }, { "id": "10552474", "score": "1.6127691", "text": "aphelion (furthest). With the publication of his \"Principia\" roughly eighty years later (1687), Isaac Newton provided a physical theory that accounted for all three of Kepler's laws, a theory based on Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation. In particular, Newton proposed that the gravitational force between any two bodies was a central force \"F\"(\"r\") that varied as the inverse square of the distance \"r\" between them. Arguing from his laws of motion, Newton showed that the orbit of any particle acted upon by one such force is always a conic section, specifically an ellipse if it", "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }, { "id": "20904535", "score": "1.6123132", "text": "in which his three laws of planetary motion were outlined, theorising a heliocentric planetary system. By 1687 the marriage of physics and astronomy reached its epitome as Isaac Newton realised that the same force which attracted objects to the earth also fixed the moon in orbit around the earth and posited the law of universal gravitation. More than 40,0000 years ago the indigenous people in Australia first observed the southern skies and developed a series of complex cosmic mythologies around the regular movement and appearance of stars, planets, the moon and sun. While different Aboriginal communities developed their own stories", "title": "Linden Observatory Complex" } ]

[ "h alba", "Scotlander", "Scottland", "Scot Land", "communications in scotland", "Autonomous Province of Scotland", "Maps of scotland", "East coast of Scotland", "maps of scotland", "scotland s", "Scotlanders", "Auld Country", "The Scottish Nation", "Scottish nation", "North Great Britain", "Scottish Nation", "scottland", "autonomous province of scotland", "H-Alba", "auld country", "scotland uk", "North of Great Britain", "scotlander", "east coast of scotland", "scottish nation", "Communications in Scotland", "scotchland", "north of great britain", "Scotchland", "SCOTLAND", "scotlanders", "Scotland", "north great britain", "Scotland's", "scotland", "northern great britain", "scotia minor", "Scotia minor", "Northern Great Britain", "scot land", "Scotland, UK" ]

[ { "id": "2283464", "score": "1.8626971", "text": "Caber toss The caber toss is a traditional Scottish athletic event in which competitors toss a large tapered pole called a \"caber\". It is normally practised at the Scottish Highland Games. In Scotland the caber is usually made from a Larch tree and is typically tall and weighs . The term \"caber\" derives from the Gaelic word \"cabar\", which refers to a wooden beam. The person tossing the caber is called a \"tosser\" or a \"thrower\". It is said to have developed from the need to toss logs across narrow chasms (in order to cross them), lumberjacks needing to transport", "title": "Caber toss" }, { "id": "2283468", "score": "1.7529569", "text": "judge). End over end tosses are scored according to the hours on a clock, with a 12:00 score being highest (falling directly away from the thrower), down to a 9 or 3 for cabers that reach a vertical, before falling to the side. Caber toss The caber toss is a traditional Scottish athletic event in which competitors toss a large tapered pole called a \"caber\". It is normally practised at the Scottish Highland Games. In Scotland the caber is usually made from a Larch tree and is typically tall and weighs . The term \"caber\" derives from the Gaelic word", "title": "Caber toss" }, { "id": "2283465", "score": "1.6696284", "text": "logs by throwing them in streams, or by lumberjacks challenging each other to a small contest. The record for most caber tosses in 3 minutes is currently held by Danny Frame (Canadian). He managed to perform 16 successful caber tosses on 20 July 2018 at the Heart of the Valley Festival in Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada. The primary objective is to toss the caber so that it turns end over end, falling away from the tosser. Ideally it should fall directly away from the tosser in the \"12 o'clock\" position. The distance thrown is unimportant. The tosser balances the caber", "title": "Caber toss" }, { "id": "9195058", "score": "1.6681203", "text": "region around Urbasa, Andia and Gorbeia. The Basque Government controversially banned the Iurreta \"ahari topekas\" in 2007 on animal welfare grounds. This sport is called \"peleas de carneros\" in Spanish. A game of throwing hoes. In Spanish this is called \"lanzamiento de azada\", in French as \"lancer de houe\". There are two variations of this game depending on whether it is played at a seaside town or inland. In a seaside town, a long rope is suspended between a pole on the quay and the mast of a boat. A dead goose (previously live geese were used too) is suspended", "title": "Basque rural sports" }, { "id": "12735858", "score": "1.666196", "text": "sponsored the “Tossing the Caber” event, with winners toasting success with a Famous Grouse trophy and a personalised Gallon Bottle. The Highlander Challenge was to begin on 26 May 2007 at Blair Castle, Scotland. The Games made up two half-hour episodes of the IFSA Strongman 26 programme television series. The event was also backed by Event Scotland and was conceived by Dr. Douglas Edmunds. It went by the name \"Gododdin Challenge\" in 2007. Sebastian Wenta edged out Gregor Edmunds by one-half point for the victory at the Gododdin Challenge at Blair Castle. Hjalti Arnason who watched the contest commented that", "title": "Highlander Challenge World Championships" }, { "id": "7424723", "score": "1.5795162", "text": "year for the first time with the regular Games staged in July and the Masters World Championships hosted in September. The September Games featured more Heavies than any other Games in history with 157 athletes from 14 countries taking part. The September Games ended with a Guinness World Record for Simultaneous Caber Tossing being established with 66 of the 110 Cabers thrown being successfully launched into the air at the same time and turning correctly. The return to Northern Meeting Park was a huge success but the following year the Games returned to Bught Park where it is now based.", "title": "Inverness Highland Games" }, { "id": "134673", "score": "1.5198432", "text": "flying disc in the opposing court. Dogs and their human flying disc throwers compete in events such as distance catching and somewhat choreographed freestyle catching. This is a precision and accuracy sport in which individual players throw a flying disc at a target pole hole. In 1926, In Bladworth, Saskatchewan, Canada, Ronald Gibson and a group of his Bladworth Elementary school chums played a game using metal lids, they called \"Tin Lid Golf.\" In 1976, the game of disc golf was standardized with targets called \"pole holes\" invented and developed by Wham-O's Ed Headrick. In 1974, freestyle competition was created", "title": "Frisbee" }, { "id": "3319126", "score": "1.5170164", "text": "West Country of England whose beer crates were used to measure out the from the dartboard. This tale is also sometimes associated with the phrase \"toeing the hockey\". However, according to a statement made by the Brewery History Society in the 1990s, no records of such a brewery can be found. Another theory traces the term's origin to darts competitions held in the 1920s by an English newspaper, the \"News of the World\". This newspaper used the word \"hockey\" for the throwing line in their tournament rules, and may have been the first to do so. \"Hockey\" might be derived", "title": "Oche" }, { "id": "12140066", "score": "1.5168798", "text": "Ladder toss Ladder toss (also known as ladder ball, ladder golf, ball rope and hillbilly golf and other names) is a lawn game played by throwing bolas (two balls connected by a string) onto a ladder. Harold Furry discovered the game on campgrounds in the early 1990s and believes it probably originated in such locations. Others speculate that the bola is a stand-in for a live snake, which cowboys in the western United States or caballeros in Mexico used to throw at fences or branches for points. A \"ball and ladder game\" was patented in 2001 by Pennsylvanian Robert G.", "title": "Ladder toss" }, { "id": "9559358", "score": "1.5125474", "text": "one turn. Hall of Legends. The inaugural California state 1,2,5 Washers Wide Open Tournament sponsored by \"www.Throw125.com\" and \"www.EJStreetdesign.com\" was held on March 10 and March 11 at South Carlsbad Beach State Park in Carlsbad, CA. Shawn Anderson and Joel Carlberg were victorious going undefeated throughout the tournament with an amazing 9-0 record. In Colorado, there is a variant played (similar to the Illinois version) with 15 in × 15 in boxes constructed of 2 × 4s, with a 4 in PVC pipe in the middle. Sand is placed in the box and pipe. in (inside diameter) washers are used", "title": "Washer pitching" }, { "id": "9195071", "score": "1.4930472", "text": "their feet. In Spanish this is called \" Tiro del palo\", in French as \"tir au bâton\". This term in Basque covers two sorts of chicken games: The \"throwing of a metal bar\" was once one of the most popular and widespread of Basque sports. Its popularity waned during the 19th century. Having died out in most areas, it survived the longest in parts of Gipuzkoa until its ultimate demise in the 20th century. The \"palankari\" (thrower) throws a \"palanka\", a traditional mining tool weighing between 8–25 kg as far as possible. Various throwing techniques were employed, most involving the", "title": "Basque rural sports" }, { "id": "2283466", "score": "1.4910917", "text": "upright, tapered end downwards, against his or her shoulder and neck, the caber being supported by stewards or fellow-competitors while being placed into position. The tosser then crouches, sliding his interlocked hands down the caber and under the rounded base, and lifts it in his cupped hands. While standing he must balance the caber upright; this is not easy with the heavier end at the top, and less-experienced tossers may be unable to stop the caber falling to one side after lifting it. The tosser then walks or runs a few paces forward to gain momentum, and flips the tapered", "title": "Caber toss" }, { "id": "14118971", "score": "1.48682", "text": "ashore there nearly a century earlier—but the name was accidentally misspelt and the building became \"Capelia House\". Since 2005, the sinking of the \"Indiana\" has been commemorated by an annual charity event. Residents gather on the beach to throw oranges and lemons, in reference to the washed-up cargo, and prizes are given for the longest throws. Maritime history of Worthing Worthing, a seaside resort on the English Channel coast of West Sussex, southeast England, has a long maritime history predating its late 18th-century emergence as a fashionable holiday and residential town. Fishing was a major economic activity for centuries, and", "title": "Maritime history of Worthing" }, { "id": "1523515", "score": "1.4846499", "text": "Gotland. These began at 7:30pm with a demonstration of Pärk, a type of tennis with seven players a side. At the same time, at the other end of the stadium, a type of Icelandic wrestling called Glima was demonstrated. Once those displays had concluded, further demonstrations were made of the Swedish sport varpa, similar to quoits, and \"stångstörtning\", a version of the caber toss. Baseball was also demonstrated at the Games, having only appeared recently in Sweden two years before. The Vesterås Baseball Club were invited to make a demonstration on one evening during the Games. The American delegation at", "title": "1912 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "101249", "score": "1.4841131", "text": "and the course, in the lowest number of total throws. The game is played in about 40 countries and according to a 2017 study there are about 44,000 active members of the PDGA worldwide. Disc golf was first invented in the early 1900s. The first game was held in Bladworth, Saskatchewan, Canada in 1926. Ronald Gibson and a group of his Bladworth Elementary School buddies played a game of throwing tin lids into 4 foot wide circles drawn into sandy patches on their school grounds. They called the game Tin Lid Golf and played on a fairly regular basis. However,", "title": "Disc golf" }, { "id": "1980096", "score": "1.4792378", "text": "respected. The last time a player is known to have thrown three floorers in succession was in 1960. While it was once a popular game played in pubs all over London (generally sited by the Thames river), it is now only played at the Freemasons Arms in Hampstead. The origins of this skittles game are vague, but it is thought by some to have been started by Dutch sailors, possibly playing on the decks of moored barges. A game of Greater London skittles can be seen played in the film The Water Gipsies (film) In the Sarnia Skittles League of", "title": "Skittles (sport)" }, { "id": "8253239", "score": "1.4737239", "text": "the nearest to the stake compared to the others. Washer pitching (also referred to as washers, washer toss, huachas, washoes and Texas horseshoes) involves players in teams tossing washers toward a hole or box. Many variations of the game exist, and it has been described as similar to horseshoes. Lawn darts involves throwing large darts at targets that are placed on the ground. Lawn darts have been subjected to product recalls at times, due to children dying from head wounds from the darts or otherwise becoming injured by them. In the United States in 1988, the Consumer Product Safety Commission", "title": "Lawn game" }, { "id": "8494916", "score": "1.4645879", "text": "Jukskei Jukskei is a 270-year-old folk sport (Afrikaans: Boeresport) developed and played in South Africa and the forerunner of American horseshoe pitching. Jukskei is believed to have originated around 1743 in the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, developed by \"transport riders\" who traveled with ox-drawn wagons. They used the wooden pins of the yokes () of the oxen to throw at a stick that was planted into the ground. The game was also played during the Great Trek. It was also played by the farmers from the Boland on beaches. Jukskei became an organized sport around the year 1939,", "title": "Jukskei" }, { "id": "9559353", "score": "1.4619852", "text": "vary, but there is a common theme to use the word 'cooter' as much as possible throughout the game. Overhand throws are allowed and some believe offer greater accuracy. In the Sai Kung area of Hong Kong, a variant of the game known as Hong Kong \"Holeyboard\" has become popular amongst local expatriates living in the area. It is a derivative of original washers, and was brought over to Hong Kong by North Americans who moved to the area some years ago. It is usually played on the roof terrace of a participant's home and a unique set of rules", "title": "Washer pitching" }, { "id": "2283467", "score": "1.454807", "text": "end upwards so that the large end hits the ground first, and, if well tossed, the caber falls directly away from the tosser. Weight and strength are clearly essential for success, but technique is also important for balancing the caber when lifting it, and flipping up the held (tapered) end to promote a clean toss. The straightest end-over-end toss scores highest. If the caber lands on its end but falls back towards the thrower, the score is lower than for any end-over-end throw but is based upon the maximum vertical angle that the caber achieved (side-judging may involve a second", "title": "Caber toss" } ]

[ "Genoa", "UN/LOCODE:ITGOA", "history of genoa", "Geona", "genoan", "Genoa, Italy", "genoa", "History of Genoa", "genova", "quarto di genova", "Quarto di Genova", "palazzo bianco and palazzo rosso genoa", "Palazzo Bianco and Palazzo Rosso Genoa", "Flag of Genoa", "geona", "genoa italy", "Gènova", "un locode itgoa", "flag of genoa", "Genova", "gènova", "genova italy", "Genova, Italy", "Genoan" ]

[ { "id": "8900069", "score": "1.7715888", "text": "Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini The Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini is a villa with notable 19th-century park in the English romantic style and a small botanical garden. The villa now houses the Museo di Archeologia Ligure, and is located at Via Pallavicini, 13, immediately next to the railway station in Pegli, a suburb of Genoa, Italy. The park and botanical garden are open daily. The estate was begun in the late 17th century by Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi, who established the Giardino botanico Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi at that time. Today's remarkable park was created by her nephew Ignazio Alessandro Pallavicini after he inherited the property. The", "title": "Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini" }, { "id": "8900065", "score": "1.7715888", "text": "Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini The Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini is a villa with notable 19th-century park in the English romantic style and a small botanical garden. The villa now houses the Museo di Archeologia Ligure, and is located at Via Pallavicini, 13, immediately next to the railway station in Pegli, a suburb of Genoa, Italy. The park and botanical garden are open daily. The estate was begun in the late 17th century by Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi, who established the Giardino botanico Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi at that time. Today's remarkable park was created by her nephew Ignazio Alessandro Pallavicini after he inherited the property. The", "title": "Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini" }, { "id": "8900068", "score": "1.7305126", "text": "a Dantesque Inferno, with walkways and subterranean lake through which the visitor may ascend to Paradise. In former years, visitors could explore the grotto by boat. Structures include a Coffee House in the shape of triumphal arch, Rustic House, Madonna's Chapel, Mausoleum of the Captain, Temple of Diana, Flower House, Turkish Temple, Obelisk, and Chinese Pagoda. The park also contains a number of plantings of botanical interest, including mature specimens of \"Araucaria bidwilli\", \"Cedrus libani\", \"Cinnamomum camphora\", \"Jubaea chilensis\", \"Notelaea excelsa\", \"Firmiana simplex\", \"Quercus suber\", \"Podocarpus macrophillus\", lots of extotic palms and a wonderful stand of some 160 \"Camellia japonica\".", "title": "Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini" }, { "id": "8900066", "score": "1.7113286", "text": "park was designed by Michele Canzio, set designer for the Teatro Carlo Felice, and built between 1840 and 1846. It covers some 97,000 m² of hillside behind the villa. Although recognizably in the English romantic style, the garden is highly theatric, to the point of being organized as a series of scenes forming a play with prologue and three acts (Return to Nature, Memory, Purification). Structures and statues through the garden form focal points to this libretto. When the park opened in September 1846, on the occasion of the VIII Congresso degli Scienziati Italiani, it quickly gained national fame. In", "title": "Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini" }, { "id": "6557498", "score": "1.7076395", "text": "Stadio Luigi Ferraris The Stadio Comunale Luigi Ferraris, also known as the Marassi from the name of the neighbourhood where it is located, is a multi-use stadium in Genoa, Italy. The home of Genoa C.F.C. and U.C. Sampdoria football clubs, it opened in 1911 and is one of the oldest stadiums still in use for football and other sports in Italy. Aside from football, the stadium has hosted meetings of rugby in the Italian national team and, more rarely, some concerts. The stadium was inaugurated on 22 January 1911 with a football match between Genoa and Internazionale, and had a", "title": "Stadio Luigi Ferraris" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Genoa\n\nGenoa ( ; ; ) is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian census, the Province of Genoa, which in 2015 became the Metropolitan City of Genoa, had 855,834 resident persons. Over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera.\n\nOn the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea, Genoa has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean: it is currently the busiest in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth-busiest in the European Union.\n\nGenoa was the capital of one of the most powerful maritime republics for over seven centuries, from the 11th century to 1797. Particularly from the 12th century to the 15th century, the city played a leading role in the commercial trade in Europe, becoming one of the largest naval powers of the continent and considered among the wealthiest cities in the world. It was also nicknamed \"la Superba\" (\"the proud one\") by Petrarch due to its glories on the seas and impressive landmarks. The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century, and its solid financial sector dates back to the Middle Ages. The Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407, is the oldest known state deposit bank in the world and has played an important role in the city's prosperity since the middle of the 15th century.\n\nThe historical centre, also known as old town, of Genoa is one of the largest and most-densely populated in Europe. Part of it was also inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 as . Genoa's historical city centre is also known for its narrow lanes and streets that the locals call \"caruggi\". Genoa is also home to the University of Genoa, which has a history going back to the 15th century, when it was known as Genuense Athenaeum. The city's rich cultural history in art, music and cuisine allowed it to become the 2004 European Capital of Culture. It is the birthplace of Guglielmo Embriaco, Christopher Columbus, Andrea Doria, Niccolò Paganini, Giuseppe Mazzini, Renzo Piano and Grimaldo Canella, founder of the House of Grimaldi, among others.\n\nGenoa, which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of Northwest Italy, is one of the country's major economic centers. A number of leading Italian companies are based in the city, including Fincantieri, Selex ES, Ansaldo Energia, Ansaldo STS, Edoardo Raffinerie Garrone, Piaggio Aerospace, Mediterranean Shipping Company and Costa Cruises.", "title": "Genoa" }, { "id": "6557501", "score": "1.7045181", "text": "hosted Italy's end-of-year rugby union international against Argentina who won 20 - 18. The stadium was one of the venues of the 1990 FIFA World Cup, and held the following matches: Stadio Luigi Ferraris The Stadio Comunale Luigi Ferraris, also known as the Marassi from the name of the neighbourhood where it is located, is a multi-use stadium in Genoa, Italy. The home of Genoa C.F.C. and U.C. Sampdoria football clubs, it opened in 1911 and is one of the oldest stadiums still in use for football and other sports in Italy. Aside from football, the stadium has hosted meetings", "title": "Stadio Luigi Ferraris" }, { "id": "18927727", "score": "1.7022202", "text": "them. Genoa has of public parks in the city centre, such as Villetta Di Negro which is right in the heart of the town, overlooking the historical centre. Many bigger green spaces are situated outside the centre: in the east are the Parks of Nervi () overlooking the sea, in the west the beautiful gardens of Villa Durazzo Pallavicini and its Giardino botanico Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi. (). The numerous villas and palaces of the city also have their own gardens, like Palazzo del Principe, Villa Doria, Palazzo Bianco and Palazzo Tursi, Palazzo Nicolosio Lomellino, Albertis Castle, Villa Rosazza, Villa Croce,", "title": "Genoa" }, { "id": "8900067", "score": "1.6837199", "text": "1928 its current owner, Matilde Gustinani, donated both park and botanical garden to Genoa for use as a public park. Through the remainder of the 20th century, the garden fell into some disrepair, and indeed was threatened in 1972 by construction of a nearby highway. Its restoration began in 1991, however, in honor of Columbus' discovery of America. As of 2006 about half of the park is open for visitors. In 2017 the park was elected the most beautiful garden in Italy. The park contains two ponds, a dozen notable structures, various statues, and an extensive grotto. The grotto represents", "title": "Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini" }, { "id": "18927719", "score": "1.6462889", "text": ", , , Villa Giustiniani-Cambiaso, , , , , , , , , , and . As it regards the 19th century remember the architects Ignazio Gardella (senior), and Carlo Barabino which among other things, realises together with Giovanni Battista Resasco, the Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno. The cemetery is renowned for its statues and sepulchral monuments that preserve the mortal remains of notable personalities, including Giuseppe Mazzini, Fabrizio De André, and Constance Lloyd (Oscar Wilde's wife). In the first half of the 19th century they are completed the and the . In 1901 realised the \"Silos Granari\". The city is", "title": "Genoa" }, { "id": "13180561", "score": "1.6441953", "text": "study of the Genoese school of singer-songwriters, the top floor of the residence could be a meeting place between guests. FAI is in the process of completing the rehabilitation and restoration of Villa Saluzzo Bombrini, in the Albaro quarter, known as \"Il Paradiso\" and inhabited in his youth by De André. Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli is a UNESCO World Heritage Site which includes a number of streets and palaces in the center of Genoa, in Northwestern Italy. On 13 July", "title": "Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli" }, { "id": "7564015", "score": "1.6305068", "text": "station, while the other two gates are near Garibaldi Square. A hidden door links the park with the Social Theatre's yard. Parco Giochi (Games Park) is situated in front of the new market square, named Piazza Giovanni XXIII. It contains a game area for children and a sports village with soccer, tennis, basketball and volleyball fields and a café-restaurant-pizzeria. Nearby Piazzetta Turati is a small park adjoining the park of Villa Meda. Other parks are in the Parisone area, containing two soccer and athletics stadia. The local teams are US Canzese for the former and ATL for the latter. A", "title": "Canzo" }, { "id": "19963905", "score": "1.608774", "text": "at the centre of Piazza Marina. This garden is famous because the biggest \"Ficus macrophylla\" of Europe is situated in it. In the zone of Piazza Marina are also located several buildings like Palazzo Chiaramonte, Palazzo Galletti di San Cataldo, Palazzo Fatta, Palazzo Notarbartolo di Villarosa Dagnino, Palazzo delle Finanze, the Hotel de France, the Teatro Libero, the churches of Santa Maria dei Miracoli, San Giovanni dei Napoletani and Santa Maria della Catena and the Fontana del Garraffo. On March 12, 1909, the New York police officer Joe Petrosino was killed in Piazza Marina during a top secret mission against", "title": "Piazza Marina" }, { "id": "12499507", "score": "1.5951982", "text": "be reached by means of the Superga Rack Railway from Sassi suburb. The Basilica of Superga was built by Amadeus II of Savoy as an ex voto for the liberation of Turin (1706), and served as a royal mausoleum since 1772. The most popular park in the city is Parco del Valentino. In 1961, during the celebrations of \"Italia61\" (Italian unification centenary), an important international exhibition (\"FLOR61: Flowers of the world in Turin\") took place in the park with 800 exhibitors from 19 countries. For the occasion the plan for the new lighting of the park, along with its fountains", "title": "Turin" }, { "id": "14913909", "score": "1.5935478", "text": "stadium, now Renato Dall'Ara Memorial Stadium, was built by the Fascist regime, with expositions taking place inside the stadium on a regular basis. After WW2, in 1947, the local chamber of commerce set up an Autonomous Fair Company (\"Ente Autonomo delle Fiere di Bologna\", EAF); however, it didn't have a fixed location yet, but trade fairs were held between Montagnola park and Palazzo del Podestà. In 1961 EAF launched a contest in order to select a project for a first block of permanent pavillons. The winning project was that of architects Leonardo Benevolo, Tommaso Giuralongo and Carlo Melogran; works began", "title": "Fiera District" }, { "id": "18927705", "score": "1.5897136", "text": "parks covered with lush tropical vegetation; numerous villas and palaces open to the public that now house museums (like GAM-Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Raccolte Frugone Museum, Museo Giannettino Luxoro and Wolfsoniana). (see also ) The East Riviera of Genoa called Riviera di Levante is part of the Italian Riviera. East Riviera is full of interesting towns to visit, and then from Genoa to east are: Bogliasco, Pieve Ligure, Sori, Recco, Camogli, Portofino, Santa Margherita Ligure, Rapallo, Zoagli, Chiavari, Lavagna and Sestri Levante. In the west, Pegli is the site of the famous Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini and Arenzano is a seaside town at", "title": "Genoa" }, { "id": "20641958", "score": "1.587748", "text": "Villa Di Negro Rosazza dello Scoglietto Villa Di Negro Rosazza \"dello Scoglietto\" or \"lo Scoglietto\" is a villa located in the quarter of San Teodoro in Genoa, Northwestern Italy. It was built in 1565 for the Doge Ambrogio Di Negro o for his son Orazio, in a coastal area that used to be outside of the city walls. The villa passed to the Durazzo family, who commissioned a renovation in the neoclassical style at the end of the 18th century. In the 19th century, the construction of the railway Turin-Genoa led to the destruction of the garden at the sea", "title": "Villa Di Negro Rosazza dello Scoglietto" }, { "id": "17511762", "score": "1.58635", "text": "the \"Quercione\" meadow were: Florence Football Club, Itala Foot Ball Club, Juventus Foot-Ball Club, Firenze FBC, Club Sportivo Firenze and PGF Libertas. However, in 1917 the municipality decided to forbid to any sport club to play football in the park. The last relevant monument built in the Cascine Park was the \"Monumento all'Indiano\" a monument realised by the English sculptor Fuller in honour of the young Indian (Maratha) prince His Highness Rajaram II, Maharaja of Kolhapur, who suddenly died while visiting Florence in 1865. The amphitheatre was named in March 2015 after a wellknown son of Florence, Ernesto de Pascale,", "title": "Parco delle Cascine" }, { "id": "20338726", "score": "1.5660319", "text": "of Silvio Milazzo. He got to realize some works in Alcamo, among which the bronze bas-reliefs of Porta Palermo, commissioned to the sculptor Nicola Rubino, representing \"The poet Cielo d'Alcamo at Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor’s court\" and \"Active life in Alcamo\". The park, with an area of about 12,000 square metres, is like a charming garden with various kinds of plants and trees, typical of the flora of macchia mediterranea. As soon as you get in, on the right you can see the memorial tree, dedicated to the two carabiniers killed on 27 January 1977 in the Strage di", "title": "Parco suburbano San Francesco" }, { "id": "10922276", "score": "1.5658227", "text": "Tibet in 1940. Entrance to the park is free. One may rent canoes, bicycles, or riding horses. There is a large swimming pool. Since 1994, during the summer the park hosts the world-music festival and the \"\"Roma incontra il mondo\"\" (Rome meets the World) festival, against racism, war and the death penalty. The \"Bunker Villa Ada Savoia,\" a bunker built in the early 1940s by the House of Savoy to protect the King and Queen (King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Queen Elena of Montenegro) from Allied bombs, is now open for tours. The non-profit association, Roma Sotteranea ,", "title": "Villa Ada" }, { "id": "6114915", "score": "1.564688", "text": "opened, it completed the outer circle walkway around Busch Gardens. Part of the park's expansion included a high pedestrian bridge across the Rhine River into Oktoberfest, Germany. San Marco is based upon Renaissance era Italy. A prominent feature within San Marco is Da Vinci's Garden of Inventions. This garden features Italian statues and flowers set amid rides based on sketches by Leonardo da Vinci. Also in the area is Ristorante della Piazza, featuring Italian cuisine and allowing guests to watch \"Mix It Up.\" During the summer until 2008, sounds of the Starlight Orchestra could be heard while dining. Festa Italia", "title": "Busch Gardens Williamsburg" } ]

[ "Andrew Johnson", "President Andrew Johnson", "Johnson, Andrew", "movement to impeach andrew johnson", "Andrew Johnson judicial appointments", "Andrew Johnson Administration", "president andrew johnson", "Presidency of Andrew Johnson", "andrew johnson judicial appointments", "johnson administration", "list of judicial appointments made by andrew johnson", "andrew johnson administration", "17th President of the United States", "johnson andrew", "List of judicial appointments made by Andrew Johnson", "presidency of andrew johnson", "andrew johnson", "17th president of united states", "Movement to impeach Andrew Johnson", "A. Johnson Administration" ]

[ { "id": "14184", "score": "1.4434767", "text": "including the writer Washington Irving. Jackson declined to press charges. On January 30, 1835, what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting president of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol. When Jackson was leaving through the East Portico after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis, Richard Lawrence, an unemployed house painter from England, aimed a pistol at Jackson, which misfired. Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol, which also misfired. Historians believe the humid weather contributed to the double misfiring. Jackson, infuriated, attacked Lawrence with his cane. Others present,", "title": "Andrew Jackson" }, { "id": "4330163", "score": "1.4426992", "text": "struck but failed to kill, whereas Johnson's assassin, George Atzerodt, never acted. With Johnson's accession to the presidency, Foster became first in the United States presidential line of succession. Had Atzerodt followed through and successfully assassinated Johnson, Foster would have become Acting President (in accordance with Article II, section 1 of the United States Constitution). In 1866 Foster was elected as a Companion of the Third Class (i.e. an honorary member) of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States - a military society of officers who served in the Union armed forces", "title": "Lafayette S. Foster" }, { "id": "1732712", "score": "1.4410846", "text": "On April 4, 1841, only one month after his inauguration, President William Henry Harrison died. He was the first U.S. president to die in office. Afterward, a constitutional crisis ensued over the Constitution's ambiguous presidential succession provision (). Shortly after Harrison's death, his Cabinet met and decided that Vice President John Tyler would assume the responsibilities of presidency under the title \"Vice-President acting President\". Instead of accepting the Cabinet's proposed title, however, Tyler asserted that the Constitution gave him full and unqualified powers of the office and had himself sworn in immediately as President, setting a critical precedent for an", "title": "Acting President of the United States" }, { "id": "678436", "score": "1.437508", "text": "months of his tenure as president of the Senate, he oversaw the 1805 impeachment trial of Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. Burr shot his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a famous duel in 1804, the last full year of his single term as vice president. He was never tried for the illegal duel and all charges against him were eventually dropped, but Hamilton's death ended Burr's political career. Burr left Washington, D.C., and traveled west seeking new opportunities, both economic and political. His activities eventually led to his arrest on charges of treason in 1807. The subsequent trial resulted in", "title": "Aaron Burr" }, { "id": "8024564", "score": "1.4362015", "text": "assassinated in 1881 as in the current timeline. Instead, Theodore Roosevelt was reelected President of the United States as the Progressive Party candidate in 1912, only to be assassinated on December 19, 1912 at the Chicago Union Stockyards by the sharpshooter and exhibition shooter Annie Oakley, before he took office, when personally breaking a labor strike with the help of the Rough Riders. Following this, his vice president, Charles Foster Kane takes power, and gradually leads the United States into greater levels of oppression, class division and bureaucratic incompetence and corruption – including an earlier entry into the First World", "title": "Back in the USSA" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Andrew Johnson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Presidency of Andrew Johnson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Presidential portrait of Richard Nixon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Presidency of Gerald Ford\n\nGerald Ford's tenure as the 38th president of the United States began on August 9, 1974, upon the resignation of Richard Nixon from office, and ended on January 20, 1977, a period of days. Ford, a Republican from Michigan, had served as vice president since December 6, 1973, following Spiro Agnew's resignation from that office. Ford was the only person to serve as president without being elected to either the presidency or the vice presidency. His presidency ended following his defeat in the 1976 presidential election by Democrat Jimmy Carter.\n\nFord took office in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal and in the final stages of the Vietnam War, both of which engendered a new disillusion in American political institutions. Ford's first major act upon taking office was to grant a presidential pardon to Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal, prompting a major backlash to Ford's presidency. He also created a conditional clemency program for Vietnam War draft dodgers. Much of Ford's focus in domestic policy was on the economy, which experienced a recession during his tenure. After initially promoting a tax increase designed to combat inflation, Ford championed a tax cut designed to rejuvenate the economy, and he signed two tax reduction acts into law. The foreign policy of the Ford administration was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the president. Overcoming significant congressional opposition, Ford continued Nixon's détente policies with the Soviet Union.\n\nIn the 1976 presidential election, Ford was challenged by Ronald Reagan, a leader of the conservative wing of the Republican Party. After a contentious series of primaries, Ford narrowly won the nomination at the 1976 Republican National Convention. In the general election, Ford lost to Carter by a narrow margin in the popular and electoral vote. In polls of historians and political scientists, Ford is generally ranked as a below average president, much like both his predecessor and successor.", "title": "Presidency of Gerald Ford" }, { "id": "435845", "score": "1.4336003", "text": "at the Capitol in 2005. She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol. In February 2018, the evangelical Rev. Billy Graham became the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the Rotunda. On September 24, 2015, Pope Francis gave a joint address to Congress, the first Pope to do so. On January 30, 1835, what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol. When President Andrew Jackson was leaving the Capitol out of the East Portico", "title": "United States Capitol" }, { "id": "6199128", "score": "1.4302075", "text": "and when President Thomas Collins died in office on March 29, 1789, the Speaker's office in the State Senate or Legislative Council, was vacant. Consequently, Davis became President. He served until June 2, 1789, when the Delaware General Assembly held a special vote to choose Collins' replacement. During Davis' short term George Washington was inaugurated the first President of the United States. The event of his passing through Wilmington on the way to New York for this ceremony caused a great deal of excitement, as described by Elizabeth Montgomery in her \"Reminiscences of Wilmington: and it must have been soon", "title": "Jehu Davis" }, { "id": "2582233", "score": "1.4214351", "text": "Richard Lawrence (failed assassin) Richard Lawrence (c. 1800 – June 13, 1861) was an American house painter who was the first known person to attempt to assassinate a sitting President of the United States. Lawrence attempted to shoot President Andrew Jackson outside the United States Capitol on January 30, 1835. At trial, Lawrence was found not guilty by reason of insanity and spent the remainder of his life in insane asylums. Lawrence was born in England, most likely around 1800 or 1801. His family immigrated to the United States when he was 12 years old and settled in Virginia, near", "title": "Richard Lawrence (failed assassin)" }, { "id": "14168133", "score": "1.4196248", "text": "regime was short-lived, however. On 2 January 1955 he was machine-gunned to death at the racetrack outside Panama City. On 14 January the First Vice-President, José Ramón Guizado, was impeached for the crime and jailed, but he was never tried, and the motivation for his alleged act remained unclear. Some investigators believed that the impeachment of Guizado was a smokescreen to distract attention from others implicated in the assassination, including United States organized crime figure Lucky Luciano, dissident police officers, and both Arias families. The Second Vice-President, Ricardo Arias Espinosa (of the aristocratic Arias family), served out the remainder of", "title": "1952 Panamanian general election" }, { "id": "5283204", "score": "1.4191319", "text": "was mortally wounded. Burr was indicted for Hamilton's murder in New York and New Jersey causing him to flee to Georgia, although he remained President of the Senate during Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase's impeachment trial. The two Burr indictments were \"quietly allowed to die\". After Aaron Burr was disgraced in the duel of 1804 and his own presidential ambitions were ended, he was reported by the British ambassador as wanting to \"effect a separation of the western part of the United States [at the Appalachian Mountains]\". Jefferson believed that to be so by November 1806, because Burr had been", "title": "Presidency of Thomas Jefferson" }, { "id": "7118135", "score": "1.4155526", "text": "entire national debt, the only time in U.S. history that has been accomplished. The objective had been reached in part through Jackson's reforms aimed at eliminating the misuse of funds, and through the veto of legislation he deemed extravagant. In December 1835, Polk defeated Bell and was elected Speaker of the House. On January 30, 1835, what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol. When Jackson was leaving through the East Portico after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis, Richard Lawrence,", "title": "Bank War" }, { "id": "14132", "score": "1.4129134", "text": "D. Ingham of Pennsylvania as Secretary of Treasury, John Branch of North Carolina as Secretary of Navy, John M. Berrien of Georgia as Attorney General, and William T. Barry of Kentucky as Postmaster General. Jackson's first choice of cabinet proved to be unsuccessful, full of bitter partisanship and gossip. Jackson blamed Adams in part for what was said about Rachel during the campaign, and refused to meet him after arriving in Washington. Therefore, Adams chose not to attend the inauguration. On March 4, 1829, Andrew Jackson became the first United States president-elect to take the oath of office on the", "title": "Andrew Jackson" }, { "id": "11228591", "score": "1.4124742", "text": "Johnson's ability to fire Cabinet officials. When he persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, he was impeached by the House of Representatives, making him the first U.S. president to be impeached. Johnson narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate and removal from office, but he exercised little power in his last year in office. In foreign policy, Johnson presided over the purchase of Alaska, and his presidency saw the end of the French intervention in Mexico. Having broken with Republicans, and failing to establish his own party under the National Union banner, Johnson sought the 1868 Democratic", "title": "Presidency of Andrew Johnson" }, { "id": "14651721", "score": "1.4105647", "text": "(1841–1845) and the first to succeed to the office following the death of a predecessor. Tyler assumed office when President William Henry Harrison died only 32 days into his term as president. James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th President of the United States (1845–1849). Polk was born in North Carolina. He later lived in and became Governor of the state of Tennessee. A Democrat, Polk served as Speaker of the House (1835–1839) and Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841) before becoming president. Polk was an ardent supporter of Andrew Jackson. Polk was considered the last", "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps" }, { "id": "9742584", "score": "1.41012", "text": "was called before attempting to convict him on additional articles. The delay did not change the outcome, however, as on May 26, it failed to convict the President on two articles, both by the same margin; after which the trial was adjourned. This was the first impeachment of a President since creation of the office in 1789. The culmination of a lengthy political battle between Johnson, a lifelong Democrat and the Republican majority in Congress over how best to deal with the defeated Southern states following the conclusion of the American Civil War, the impeachment, and the subsequent trial (and", "title": "Impeachment of Andrew Johnson" }, { "id": "12938452", "score": "1.4100207", "text": "presidency was established in 1789, it was the first to take place because the incumbent had resigned from office. Ford had become Vice President on December 6, 1973, after the resignation of Spiro Agnew. He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment. Thus, when he succeeded Nixon, Ford became the first (and to date only) person to have held both the office of Vice President and President without having been elected to either. In a televised Oval Office speech on August 8, 1974, President Richard Nixon, who was facing impeachment proceedings", "title": "Inauguration of Gerald Ford" }, { "id": "3518978", "score": "1.4036971", "text": "next in the line of presidential succession. He presided over the 1876 impeachment trial of U.S. Secretary of War William Belknap and the meetings of the Electoral Commission created by Congress to resolve the disputed 1876 presidential election. Still president pro tempore at that time, he would have temporally become the Acting President had the Electoral College vote not been certified by Inauguration DayMonday, March 5, 1877. Following precedent, Hayes' inauguration was held on March 5, because the statutory date, March 4, fell on a Sunday. Although the election dispute had been resolved on March 2, Ferry may have believed", "title": "Thomas W. Ferry" }, { "id": "1919523", "score": "1.4035966", "text": "as he began his second term, but it would be cut short. In September 1901, while attending an exposition in Buffalo, New York, McKinley was shot by an anarchist. He was the third President to be assassinated, all since the Civil War. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency. Political corruption was a central issue, which reformers hoped to solve through civil service reforms at the national, state, and local level, replacing political hacks with professional . The 1883 Civil Service Reform Act (or Pendleton Act), which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of", "title": "History of the United States (1865–1918)" }, { "id": "502714", "score": "1.4033792", "text": "in April 1868 when the House impeached Johnson, but soon gave a speech aligning himself with Thaddeus Stevens and others who sought Johnson's removal. When the president was acquitted in trial before the Senate, Garfield was shocked, and blamed the outcome of the trial on its presiding officer, Chief Justice Chase, his onetime mentor. By the time Ulysses S. Grant succeeded Johnson in 1869, Garfield had moved away from the remaining radicals (Stevens, their leader, had died in 1868). He hailed the ratification of the 15th Amendment in 1870 as a triumph, and he favored the re-admission of Georgia to", "title": "James A. Garfield" }, { "id": "34219", "score": "1.3996089", "text": "justice following allegations that he committed perjury and obstructed justice to conceal an affair he had with Monica Lewinsky, a 22-year old White House intern. Clinton was acquitted by the Senate in 1999 and completed his term in office. He is only the second U.S. president to ever be impeached, the first being Andrew Johnson. During the last three years of Clinton's presidency, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus, the first such surplus since 1969. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in the Bosnian and Kosovo wars, signed the Iraq Liberation Act in opposition to Saddam", "title": "Bill Clinton" } ]

[ "eva cassidy", "cassidy eva", "Eva cassidy", "Eva Cassidy", "Cassidy, Eva" ]

[ { "id": "2061632", "score": "1.7737405", "text": "was dc space. Subsequently, jazz saw a resurgence on U Street, with venues such as Bohemian Caverns and Republic Gardens re-opening. Local singer Eva Cassidy, a native of Bowie, Maryland, died of cancer at the age of 33 but received posthumous international fame when several of her songs received BBC Radio airplay, though she was already well known in the Washington area, after a farewell concert at The Bayou. A singer in multiple genres, Cassidy also notably performed a crossover album with D.C. go-go artist Chuck Brown (see below). Multi-instrumentalist Andrew White has been performing and releasing records in DC", "title": "Music of Washington, D.C." }, { "id": "5906861", "score": "1.7156326", "text": "perfect over what had gone before.\" Troyanos last sang on the last day of her life, in Lenox Hill Hospital for other patients, one of whom \"told her that this was the first time in three years that she had completely forgotten her pain.\" Tatiana Troyanos Tatiana Troyanos (September 12, 1938 – August 21, 1993) was an American mezzo-soprano of Greek and German descent, remembered as \"one of the defining singers of her generation\" (\"Boston Globe\"). Her voice, \"a paradoxical voice — larger than life yet intensely human, brilliant yet warm, lyric yet dramatic\" — \"was the kind you recognize", "title": "Tatiana Troyanos" }, { "id": "6617257", "score": "1.6933247", "text": "and her 2004 JVC CD, \"Hello Like Before\", brought further accolades. Anderson was represented by Addeo Music International (AMI). She died peacefully, surrounded by her family in Shoreline, Washington, on March 10, 2016, at the age of 87. Ernestine Anderson was featured in an article in \"Time\" magazine, August 4, 1958: \"the voice belongs to Negro Singer Ernestine Anderson, at 29 perhaps the best-kept jazz secret in the land\" after her first album release. She is inevitably compared to Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Billie Holiday. Ernestine invariably rejects the comparisons. \"I wish,\" she says, \"they would let me be just", "title": "Ernestine Anderson" }, { "id": "8682397", "score": "1.68009", "text": "Mary Ann Redmond Mary Ann Redmond (born 3 November 1959 in Richmond, Virginia) is an American singer known for her soulful and wide-ranging vocal style in popular and jazz music. She is based in the greater metropolitan Washington, D.C. area, but has performed in several locations in the United States and in other countries. Both her live performances and her five CDs to date have earned her acclaim from audiences and recognition from the music industry, although she has never achieved national fame on a par with many of the performers she has worked with, such as Mary Chapin Carpenter.", "title": "Mary Ann Redmond" }, { "id": "899398", "score": "1.6786954", "text": "Eva Cassidy Eva Marie Cassidy (February 2, 1963 – November 2, 1996) was an American singer and guitarist known for her interpretations of jazz and blues. In 1992, she released her first album, \"The Other Side\", a set of duets with go-go musician Chuck Brown, followed by the 1996 live solo album titled \"Live at Blues Alley\". Although she had been honored by the Washington Area Music Association, she was virtually unknown outside her native Washington, D.C.. She died of melanoma in 1996 at the age of 33. Two years after her death, Cassidy's music was brought to the attention", "title": "Eva Cassidy" }, { "id": "2915451", "score": "1.672303", "text": "Performance and French and a Masters of Fine Arts from The University of Michigan in 1985. Daniels died of cancer at age 42 in Houston in 2004. Annette Daniels Annette Daniels (September 10, 1961 – April 1, 2004) was an American mezzo-soprano opera singer. Daniels appeared with a variety of opera companies in the United States including Houston, Washington, D.C., Dallas, San Diego, Cincinnati, and Portland. She also performed numerous oratorios as well as concert works with orchestras. One of her notable roles was \"Betty\" in the first production of \"Monticello\". A recording of the performance was broadcast on National", "title": "Annette Daniels" }, { "id": "8621710", "score": "1.6653075", "text": "purely as a jazz singer, rather simply as \"a singer\". This is reflected in the huge variety of styles she sang, although she acknowledged her influences as being jazz based. Her final studio recording was \"That Lady from Natchez\", released in 1999. She continued to perform until just before her death, including a sell-out three week season at London's Pizza on the Park in April 2002. She died in Bray, Berkshire, England, aged 67, in July 2002 (the same year as Peggy Lee) after a 10-year battle with breast cancer, which she always blamed on passive smoking from working in", "title": "Marion Montgomery" }, { "id": "16549220", "score": "1.65498", "text": "A month after winning the competition, and 5 days before her National Opera engagement, she collapsed with severe abdominal pain, and was taken to hospital where an emergency operation found advanced cancer, and died on 8 January 1949, at the age of 23. A \"brilliant\" coloratura soprano, she was billed for her \"superb coloratura and glorious tone\". In an early concert, at the age of 15, she appeared in concert with renowned singer, Gladys Moncrieff, who years later described her as the \"best Australian singer she had ever heard\". Most of her recordings have been lost; however, one CD \"The", "title": "Mary Miller (soprano)" }, { "id": "2192071", "score": "1.6539867", "text": "Lynn. In the 21st century Ferrier's recordings still sell hundreds of thousands of copies each year. Notes References Kathleen Ferrier Kathleen Mary Ferrier, CBE (22 April 19128 October 1953) was an English contralto singer who achieved an international reputation as a stage, concert and recording artist, with a repertoire extending from folksong and popular ballads to the classical works of Bach, Brahms, Mahler and Elgar. Her death from cancer, at the height of her fame, was a shock to the musical world and particularly to the general public, which was kept in ignorance of the nature of her illness until", "title": "Kathleen Ferrier" }, { "id": "3354908", "score": "1.6442128", "text": "2009, she was among those honored with the 2009 Kennedy Center Honors, for her contribution to the performing arts. Grace Bumbry Grace Melzia Bumbry (born January 4, 1937), an American opera singer, is considered one of the leading mezzo-sopranos of her generation, as well as a major soprano for many years. She was a member of a pioneering generation of African-American opera and classical singers who followed Marian Anderson (including Leontyne Price, Martina Arroyo, Shirley Verrett and Reri Grist) in the world of classical music and paved the way for future African-American opera and concert singers. Bumbry's voice was rich", "title": "Grace Bumbry" }, { "id": "19831493", "score": "1.6410891", "text": "Records, where her recordings were described as \"significantly hipper\" and featured saxophonist Sam \"The Man\" Taylor and bassist Milt Hinton. In the early 1960s, she left the US, and worked in cabaret in London, England through the 1960s and early 1970s. By the 1990s, she was based in Hamburg, Germany. She died in Malmö, Sweden, in 2003, aged 76. Paula Watson Paula Watson (September 9, 1927 – October 19, 2003) was an American jazz and R&B singer and pianist. She was born in Mobile, Alabama. After moving to California, she recorded for the Supreme label in Los Angeles, and her", "title": "Paula Watson" }, { "id": "11299082", "score": "1.640327", "text": "Susan Chilcott Susan Chilcott (8 July 1963 – 4 September 2003) was an English soprano, considered one of the best of her generation. She died of breast cancer at the age of 40. She had success in many of the major opera houses around the world and was particularly known for her interpretations of Britten and Janáček. Chilcott lived in the village of Timsbury, Somerset, near Bath, England. At the age of 12 her talent was noted by Mollie Petrie, a singing teacher, who remained with her as a singing coach and advisor for the rest of her career. In", "title": "Susan Chilcott" }, { "id": "6287852", "score": "1.6388316", "text": "a performer who clearly will tolerate nothing less than perfection\". Her albums \"Here's to Life\", \"Light Out of Darkness (A Tribute to Ray Charles)\" and \"I Love You, Paris\" all reached number one on the \"Billboard\" jazz charts. A breast cancer survivor, she had been battling diabetes when she died of complications from the condition, aged 71. She is interred at Ft. Lincoln Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Horn was nominated for nine Grammy Awards during her career, winning the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance at the 41st Grammy Awards for \"I Remember Miles\", a tribute to her friend", "title": "Shirley Horn" }, { "id": "5502176", "score": "1.637231", "text": "had hits as a solo artist with crossover recordings such as \"Lord Don't Move The Mountain\". (#48 in 1973 on \"Billboard\" R&B chart on Song Bird label). She was referred to in 2012 by the New York Times as \"the last great female vocalist of gospel's golden age,\" ranking among the likes of other music legends from the \"Golden Era\" of Black Gospel (1945–60) - Mahalia Jackson, Marion Williams, Dorothy Love Coates, Sister Rosetta Tharpe and Clara Ward. Inez McConico was born in Birmingham, Alabama, United States to Theodore and Pauline McConico. Her mother died when she was two years", "title": "Inez Andrews" }, { "id": "608513", "score": "1.6332672", "text": "an ongoing influence on American music. She is the recipient of four Grammy Awards, all of them posthumous awards for Best Historical Album. Holiday was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1973. \"Lady Sings the Blues\", a film about her life, starring Diana Ross, was released in 1972. She is the primary character in the play and later the film \"Lady Day at Emerson's Bar and Grill\"; the role was originated by Reenie Upchurch in 1986 and was played by Audra McDonald on Broadway and in the film. Eleanora Fagan was born on April 7, 1915, in Philadelphia,", "title": "Billie Holiday" }, { "id": "12197975", "score": "1.627029", "text": "which brought about her extensive work with the Hammond organ. She died in New York in 1987 at the age of 91. Revella Hughes Revella Eudosia Hughes (July 27, 1895 – October 24, 1987) was an American singer, musician and recording artist. She was one of the best known and most successful African-American sopranos of the first half of the 20th century. Hughes was born in Huntington, West Virginia. Her parents were George and Anna B. Page Hughes. Her musical education began at the age of five with piano and singing lessons. She earned a diploma from Hartshorn Memorial College", "title": "Revella Hughes" }, { "id": "2192019", "score": "1.6259332", "text": "Kathleen Ferrier Kathleen Mary Ferrier, CBE (22 April 19128 October 1953) was an English contralto singer who achieved an international reputation as a stage, concert and recording artist, with a repertoire extending from folksong and popular ballads to the classical works of Bach, Brahms, Mahler and Elgar. Her death from cancer, at the height of her fame, was a shock to the musical world and particularly to the general public, which was kept in ignorance of the nature of her illness until after her death. The daughter of a Lancashire village schoolmaster, Ferrier showed early talent as a pianist, and", "title": "Kathleen Ferrier" }, { "id": "1439494", "score": "1.6256852", "text": "that happens once in a lifetime, perhaps once in several lifetimes.\" Her obituary in \"The New York Times\" described her as a \"singer who brought an operatic splendor to her performances of popular standards and jazz.\" Jazz singer Mel Tormé said that she had \"...the single best vocal instrument of any singer working in the popular field.\" Her ability was envied by Frank Sinatra who said, \"Sassy is so good now that when I listen to her I want to cut my wrists with a dull razor.\" \"New York Times\" critic John S. Wilson said in 1957 that she possessed", "title": "Sarah Vaughan" }, { "id": "18926810", "score": "1.6236529", "text": "Minstrels and Genuine Alabama Cake Walkers. Batson died in Philadelphia on December 1, 1906. Flora Batson Flora Batson (1864–1906) was a popular and well-known black concert singer, nicknamed \"The Double-Voiced Queen of Song\" because of her soprano-baritone range. She was also called \"the colored Jenny Lind\" in the press. Batson was born in Washington, D.C. on April 16, 1864. She began singing at a young age, in her church choir. In 1885, she began touring with the Bergen Star Company and became internationally known. She was a contemporary of Marie Selika Williams, Madam Flower \"Bronze Melba\", and Matilda Sissieretta Joyner", "title": "Flora Batson" }, { "id": "18995101", "score": "1.6224476", "text": "Want\" both on Tandef Records. Champion suffered several strokes before dying on November 24, 2014 in Los Angeles. Mickey Champion Mickey Champion (born Mildred Sallier April 9, 1925 - November 24, 2014) was an American blues singer. With a career spanning five decades, Champion is best remembered for her powerful vocals, and for guesting alongside other prominent musical acts. Champion was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana. She was raised by her aunts and had her first experience as a singer at Lake Charles Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, where her grandfather was a bishop. Admired for the quality and intensity of", "title": "Mickey Champion" } ]

[ "tommy walker footballer born 1952", "Tommy Walker (disambiguation)", "Thomas Walker (footballer)", "Tommy Walker (footballer)", "Tommy Walker", "tommy walker", "thomas 22tommy 22 walker", "Tommy Walker (footballer, born 1952)", "tommy walker footballer", "thomas walker footballer", "Tommy Walker (footballer born 1952)", "tommy walker disambiguation", "Thomas %22Tommy%22 Walker" ]

[ { "id": "1358581", "score": "1.7705293", "text": "1969, the Who's first major rock opera \"Tommy\" was released, and Daltrey found a voice for the lead character that carried the Who to worldwide stardom at such music venues as Woodstock and the Isle of Wight Festival, and in opera houses around the world during the next two years. Townshend later remarked in the film \"\", that with \"Tommy\", and with Daltrey's adaptation to portraying the character on-stage, the singer evolved from what was essentially a tight, tough guy to one who outstretched his arms, bared his body to the audiences, and began to truly engage them. \"With this", "title": "Roger Daltrey" }, { "id": "1377865", "score": "1.718373", "text": "\"rock opera\". The first use of the term was applied to a suite called \"Quads\", set in a future where parents could choose the sex of their children. A couple want four girls but instead receive three girls and a boy, raising him as a girl anyway. The opera was abandoned after writing a single song, the hit single, \"I'm a Boy\". When the Who's second album, \"A Quick One\" ran short of material during recording, Lambert suggested that Townshend should write a \"mini-opera\" to fill the gap. Townshend initially objected, but eventually agreed to do so, coming up with", "title": "Tommy (album)" }, { "id": "10939121", "score": "1.6942585", "text": "but to rather live out their own normal lives. Upon hearing this message, the crowd still rejects him out of a desire to hear a bolder message from him. The Who's Tommy The Who's Tommy is a rock musical with music and lyrics by Pete Townshend and book by Townshend and Des McAnuff, based on The Who's 1969 rock opera \"Tommy\". The musical opened at La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego, California, on 1 July 1992. The Broadway theatre debut was at the St. James Theatre on 29 March 1993 with 27 previews running through 10 April. The show then", "title": "The Who's Tommy" }, { "id": "10939103", "score": "1.6476073", "text": "The Who's Tommy The Who's Tommy is a rock musical with music and lyrics by Pete Townshend and book by Townshend and Des McAnuff, based on The Who's 1969 rock opera \"Tommy\". The musical opened at La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego, California, on 1 July 1992. The Broadway theatre debut was at the St. James Theatre on 29 March 1993 with 27 previews running through 10 April. The show then officially \"Opened\" on 22 April 1993 and closed on 17 June 1995, after 899 performances. Produced by Sir George Martin and directed by Des McAnuff, with choreography by Wayne", "title": "The Who's Tommy" }, { "id": "895467", "score": "1.6328974", "text": "is \"generally acknowledged as the first rock opera\". Although Pete Townshend denied taking any influence from \"S.F. Sorrow\", critics have compared The Who's \"Tommy\" to it. Scott Mervis of the \"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette\" wrote that, although \"Tommy\" was not the first rock opera, it was the first album to be billed as such. \"Tommy\" would go on to influence \"On and On\", a rap opera by The Fat Boys and \"American Idiot\", a punk rock opera by Green Day. In an effort to appeal to more modern audiences, opera companies have welcomed more pop and rock influences. The resulting rock operas", "title": "Rock opera" }, { "id": "19159023", "score": "1.6243801", "text": "Who's Tommy\" is based on The Who's 1969 rock album \"Tommy.\" The story follows the life of a young boy named Tommy who is not only blind, but deaf as well. He has a very hard childhood, and constantly suffers abuse from his relatives and neighbors. His one salvation is pinball, and it is ultimately his escape when be becomes an international pinball superstar. It has been described as an \"exhilarating story of hope, healing and the human spirit\". In 2013, the play was remounted at the Stratford Theatre Festival where this \"rock opera\", one critic mentions, \"cranked up the", "title": "Lisa Portes" }, { "id": "1358465", "score": "1.6085724", "text": "a deaf, dumb, and blind boy who would experience sensations musically. The piece would explore the tenets of Baba's philosophy. The result was the rock opera \"Tommy\", released on 23 May 1969 to critical and commercial success. Leonard Bernstein praised the album, saying its \"sheer power, invention and brilliance of performance outstrips anything which has ever come out of a recording studio.\" In support of \"Tommy\", the Who launched a tour that included a memorable appearance at the Woodstock Festival on 17 August. While the Who were playing, Yippie leader Abbie Hoffman jumped the stage to complain about the arrest", "title": "Pete Townshend" }, { "id": "5254639", "score": "1.6067712", "text": "the song was a commercial success and remains one of the most recognised tunes from the opera. It was a perpetual concert favourite for Who fans due to its pop sound and familiarity. In late 1968 or early 1969, when The Who played a rough assembly of their new album to critic Nik Cohn, Cohn gave a lukewarm reaction to it. Following this, Townshend, as \"Tommy's\" principal composer, discussed the album with Cohn and concluded that, to lighten the load of the rock opera's heavy spiritual overtones (Townshend had recently become deeply interested in the teachings of Meher Baba), the", "title": "Pinball Wizard" }, { "id": "10939120", "score": "1.6060728", "text": "have taken a drug from the Acid Queen which produced a visceral response in the otherwise mostly catatonic child. In the musical, his father brings him to see the Acid Queen, then changes his mind and leaves before Tommy partakes of her \"charms.\" The most fundamental difference in the story is the finale, which was rewritten in 1993. Originally, Tommy instructs his followers to become deaf, dumb, and blind themselves to find a heightened state of enlightenment. The crowd rejects this and turns on him. In the stage version, Tommy tells them the opposite: to not try to emulate him,", "title": "The Who's Tommy" }, { "id": "1377906", "score": "1.6011243", "text": "the Narrator, with local stars Daryl Braithwaite (as Tommy), Billy Thorpe, Doug Parkinson, Wendy Saddington, Jim Keays, Broderick Smith, Colleen Hewett, Linda George, Ross Wilson, Bobby Bright, Ian Meldrum (as Uncle Ernie in Sydney), and a full orchestra. The Melbourne concert was videotaped, then televised by Channel 7 on 13 April 1973. In 1975 \"Tommy\" was adapted as a film, produced by expatriate Australian entrepreneur Robert Stigwood and directed by British auteur Ken Russell. The movie version starred Daltrey as Tommy, and featured the other members of the Who, plus a supporting cast that included Ann-Margret as Tommy's mother, Oliver", "title": "Tommy (album)" }, { "id": "4179754", "score": "1.5912328", "text": "Tommy (1975 film) Tommy is a 1975 British independent rock musical fantasy drama film based upon The Who's 1969 rock opera album \"Tommy\" about a \"seemingly disabled\" boy who becomes a pinball champion and religious leader. Directed by Ken Russell, the film featured a star-studded ensemble cast, including the band members themselves (most notably, lead singer Roger Daltrey, who plays the title role), Ann-Margret, Oliver Reed, Eric Clapton, Tina Turner, Elton John, and Jack Nicholson. \"Tommy\" was released by Columbia Pictures in the US on 19 March 1975 while in the UK it was released on 26 March 1975. Ann-Margret", "title": "Tommy (1975 film)" }, { "id": "1377858", "score": "1.5889665", "text": "Tommy (album) Tommy is the fourth studio album by the English rock band The Who. It was first released as a double album on 23 May 1969 by Decca Records. The album was mostly composed by guitarist Pete Townshend as a rock opera that tells the story about a \"deaf, dumb and blind\" boy, including his experiences with life and his relationship with his family. Townshend came up with the concept of \"Tommy\" after being introduced to the work of Meher Baba, and attempted to translate Baba's teachings into music. Recording on the album began in September 1968, but took", "title": "Tommy (album)" }, { "id": "10939107", "score": "1.5833973", "text": "and Sheffield Theatres. It is directed by Kerry Michael and features original West End cast member Peter Straker as the Acid Queen (after previously playing the Narrator). A production featuring Andy Mientus as Tommy opened on 27 April 2018 at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts. Note that there are several plot differences between the album, the film, and the stage production, though the general storyline is largely the same. An opening montage of London is presented, beginning in 1940 with the initial meeting and then marriage of the Walkers. Amidst World War II, the husband, Captain Walker, parachutes", "title": "The Who's Tommy" }, { "id": "895469", "score": "1.5830421", "text": "tell the story through the music itself.\" According to Fleming, rock operas are more akin to a cantata or suite, as they are not usually acted out. Similarly, Andrew Clements of \"The Guardian\" called \"Tommy\" a subversively-labeled musical. Clements states that lyrics drive rock operas, which makes them not a true form of opera. Responding to accusations that rock operas are pretentious and overblown, Pete Townshend wrote that pop music by its very nature deflates such attitudes and is simplistic. Townshend said that the only goal of pop music is to reach audiences, and rock operas are merely one more", "title": "Rock opera" }, { "id": "4179779", "score": "1.5818144", "text": "and pieces used on the film soundtrack are alternate versions or mixes from the versions on the soundtrack album. Tommy (1975 film) Tommy is a 1975 British independent rock musical fantasy drama film based upon The Who's 1969 rock opera album \"Tommy\" about a \"seemingly disabled\" boy who becomes a pinball champion and religious leader. Directed by Ken Russell, the film featured a star-studded ensemble cast, including the band members themselves (most notably, lead singer Roger Daltrey, who plays the title role), Ann-Margret, Oliver Reed, Eric Clapton, Tina Turner, Elton John, and Jack Nicholson. \"Tommy\" was released by Columbia Pictures", "title": "Tommy (1975 film)" }, { "id": "10939105", "score": "1.5766028", "text": "1995, and played throughout the year. The production featured an entirely Canadian cast, and the lead character of Tommy was played by Tyley Ross. Once the Toronto run ended, the production went on a Canadian tour. A production ran in the West End at the Shaftesbury Theatre from 5 March 1996 until 8 February 1997, featuring Paul Keating (Tommy) and Kim Wilde (Mrs. Walker). The original Broadway cast performed a one night only reunion benefit concert at the August Wilson Theatre in New York City on 15 December 2008. Produced by The Path Fund/Rockers on Broadway, the concert was a", "title": "The Who's Tommy" }, { "id": "1377904", "score": "1.5575502", "text": "two performances that took place on the same evening. The concerts featured the Who, plus a guest cast, backed by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by David Measham. The concerts were held to promote the release of Reizner's new studio recording of this symphonic version of \"Tommy\". The album and concerts featured an all-star cast, including Graham Bell (as The Lover), Maggie Bell (as The Mother), Sandy Denny (as The Nurse), Steve Winwood (as The Father), Rod Stewart (as The Local Lad), Richie Havens (as The Hawker), Merry Clayton (as The Acid Queen) and Ringo Starr (as Uncle Ernie). Townshend", "title": "Tommy (album)" }, { "id": "1377882", "score": "1.5520284", "text": "left his ears ringing for 20 hours, he concluded \"we wanted more.\" \"Disc and Music Echo\" ran a front-page headline saying \"Who's Tommy: A Masterpiece\". Critics and fans were confused by the storyline, but Lambert pointed out this made \"Tommy\" no less confusing than the operas of Richard Wagner or Giacomo Puccini a century earlier. In a 1969 column for \"The Village Voice\", music critic Robert Christgau said that, apart from The Mothers of Invention's \"We're Only in It for the Money\", \"Tommy\" is the first successful \"extended work\" in rock music, but Townshend's parodic side is more \"profound and", "title": "Tommy (album)" }, { "id": "9294578", "score": "1.550768", "text": "which to relate to the opera (*). \"Endless Wire\" was released 30 October 2006 in the UK and 31 October 2006 in the US The track listing includes: The mini-opera: Townshend continued working on the story as a full-length rock opera with the help of Steve Beskrone, John Hickok, Kevin Kuhn, Matt McGrath, John D. Putnam (a guitarist for the \"Tommy\" Broadway musical), Bree Sharp, drummer/percussionist David Van Tieghem, and John Patrick Walker. A rough version of \"The Boy Who Heard Music\" debuted 13 July 2007 as part of Vassar College's Powerhouse Summer Theater workshop series. The production was adapted", "title": "The Boy Who Heard Music" }, { "id": "9953847", "score": "1.5426276", "text": "Australia Day long weekend. Band members Winter and Ferguson left soon after and by February, Carson had disbanded. A live recording of their Sunbury set, \"On the Air\" was released in April 1973. The Who's rock opera \"Tommy\" was performed as an orchestral version in 1973 in Australia with Smith in the role of The Father (Mr Walker). Other Australian artists were Daryl Braithwaite (as Tommy), Billy Thorpe, Doug Parkinson, Wendy Saddington, Jim Keays, Colleen Hewett, Linda George, Ross Wilson, Bobby Bright, and Ian Meldrum (as \"Uncle Ernie\" in Sydney). The Dingoes were formed in Melbourne in April 1973 by", "title": "Broderick Smith" } ]

[ "Thyskaland", "Bundesrepublik Deutschland", "f r germany", "geramny", "iso 3166 1 de", "deutchland", "germeny", "nimska", "united states of germany", "GERMANY", "Deutchland", "F.R. Germany", "Germeny", "vokietija", "Foederal Republic of Germany", "němska", "bundesrepublik deutschland", "Jermany", "ISO 3166-1:DE", "Federal Republic Of Germany", "Geramny", "Germanio", "land der dichter und denker", "bundesdeutsch", "federal republic of germany", "Vokietija", "Almanya", "Deutschland", "BR Deutschland", "Alemanha", "duitsland", "Etymology of Germany", "Teutonica", "THyskaland", "Bundesdeutsch", "almanya", "Niemcy", "teutonica", "foederal republic of germany", "Deuchland", "Nimska", "Federal Republic of Germany", "thyskaland", "deutschland", "germny", "fr germany", "nemska", "Tyskland", "FR Germany", "germanio", "Nemska", "jermany", "br deutschland", "etymology of germany", "GerMany", "tyskland", "niemcy", "Němska", "deuchland", "GermanY", "Land der Dichter und Denker", "germany", "Duitsland", "Germny", "alemanha", "United States of Germany", "Germany" ]

[ { "id": "217953", "score": "2.1330516", "text": "a debt of gratitude for having saved the Navy from a continuance in office of Mr Churchill, and I hope that never again will any politician be allowed to usurp the functions that he took upon himself to exercise\". Jellicoe commanded the British Grand Fleet at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, the largest (and only major) clash of dreadnoughts, albeit an indecisive one. His handling of the Grand Fleet during the battle remains controversial, with some historians characterising Jellicoe as too cautious and other historians faulting the battlecruiser commander, Admiral David Beatty, for making various tactical errors. Jellicoe", "title": "John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe" }, { "id": "217943", "score": "2.0308912", "text": "John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe Admiral of the Fleet John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, (5 December 1859 – 20 November 1935) was a Royal Navy officer. He fought in the Anglo-Egyptian War and the Boxer Rebellion and commanded the Grand Fleet at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 during the First World War. His handling of the fleet at that battle was controversial. Jellicoe made no serious mistakes and the German High Seas Fleet retreated to port, at a time when defeat would have been catastrophic for Britain, but the public was disappointed that the Royal Navy had", "title": "John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe" }, { "id": "54889", "score": "2.0272293", "text": "Battle of Jutland The Battle of Jutland (, the Battle of Skagerrak) was a naval battle fought between Britain's Royal Navy Grand Fleet, under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, and the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet, under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, during the First World War. The battle unfolded in extensive manoeuvring and three main engagements (the battlecruiser action, the fleet action and the night action), from 31 May to 1 June 1916, off the North Sea coast of Denmark's Jutland Peninsula. It was the largest naval battle and the only full-scale clash of battleships in that war. Jutland was the", "title": "Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": "7594667", "score": "2.0210316", "text": "similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare. The Battle of Jutland (German: \"Skagerrakschlacht\", or \"Battle of the Skagerrak\") in May/June 1916 developed into the largest naval battle of the war. It was the only full-scale clash of battleships during the war, and one of the largest in history. The Kaiserliche Marine's High Seas Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer, fought the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet, led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. The engagement was a stand off, as the Germans were outmanoeuvred by the larger British fleet, but managed to escape and inflicted more damage to the British fleet", "title": "World War I" }, { "id": "54891", "score": "1.9636433", "text": "strategy of engaging and destroying the High Seas Fleet, thereby keeping German naval forces contained and away from Britain and her shipping lanes. The Germans planned to use Vice-Admiral Franz Hipper's fast scouting group of five modern battlecruisers to lure Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty's battlecruiser squadrons into the path of the main German fleet. They stationed submarines in advance across the likely routes of the British ships. However, the British learned from signal intercepts that a major fleet operation was likely, so on 30 May Jellicoe sailed with the Grand Fleet to rendezvous with Beatty, passing over the locations of", "title": "Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe\n\nAdmiral of the Fleet John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, (5 December 1859 – 20 November 1935) was a Royal Navy officer. He fought in the Anglo-Egyptian War and the Boxer Rebellion and commanded the Grand Fleet at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 during the First World War. His handling of the fleet at that battle was controversial. Jellicoe made no serious mistakes and the German High Seas Fleet retreated to port, at a time when defeat would have been catastrophic for Britain, but the public was disappointed that the Royal Navy had not won a more dramatic victory given that they outnumbered the enemy. Jellicoe later served as First Sea Lord, overseeing the expansion of the Naval Staff at the Admiralty and the introduction of convoys, but was relieved at the end of 1917. He also served as the Governor-General of New Zealand in the early 1920s.", "title": "John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Grand Fleet\n\nThe Grand Fleet was the main battlefleet of the Royal Navy during the First World War. It was established in August 1914 and disbanded in April 1919. Its main base was Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands.", "title": "Grand Fleet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Largest naval battle in history\n\nThe \"largest naval battle in history\" is a disputed title between adherents of varying criteria which include the numbers of personnel and/or vessels involved in the naval battle, the total displacement of the vessels involved and sometimes the significance and/or implications of the battle. While battles fought in modern times are comparatively well-documented, the figures from those in pre-Renaissance era are generally believed by contemporary chroniclers to be exaggerated.", "title": "Largest naval battle in history" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Reinhard Scheer\n\nCarl Friedrich Heinrich Reinhard Scheer (30 September 1863 – 26 November 1928) was an Admiral in the Imperial German Navy (\"Kaiserliche Marine\"). Scheer joined the navy in 1879 as an officer cadet and progressed through the ranks, commanding cruisers and battleships, as well as senior staff positions on land. At the outbreak of World War I, Scheer was the commander of the II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet. He then took command of the III Battle Squadron, which consisted of the newest and most powerful battleships in the navy. In January 1916, he was promoted to Admiral and given control of the High Seas Fleet. Scheer led the German fleet at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916, one of the largest naval battles in history.\n\nFollowing the battle, Scheer joined those calling for unrestricted submarine warfare against the Allies, a move the Kaiser eventually permitted. In August 1918, Scheer was promoted to the Chief of Naval Staff; Admiral Franz von Hipper replaced him as commander of the fleet. Together they planned a final battle against the British Grand Fleet, but war-weary sailors mutinied at the news and the operation was abandoned. Scheer retired after the end of the war.\n\nA strict disciplinarian, Scheer was popularly known in the Navy as the \"man with the iron mask\" due to his severe appearance.<ref name=Herwig139/> In 1919, Scheer wrote his memoirs; a year later they were translated and published in English. He wrote his autobiography in 1925. Scheer died at Marktredwitz. He is buried in the municipal cemetery at Weimar. The admiral was commemorated in the renascent \"Kriegsmarine\" by the heavy cruiser , built in the 1930s.", "title": "Reinhard Scheer" }, { "id": "54969", "score": "1.9573305", "text": "taken completely by surprise when they emerged from drifting clouds of smoky mist to suddenly find themselves facing the massed firepower of the entire Grand Fleet main battle line, which they did not know was even at sea. Jellicoe's flagship \"Iron Duke\" quickly scored seven hits on the lead German dreadnought, but in this brief exchange, which lasted only minutes, as few as 10 of the Grand Fleet's 24 dreadnoughts actually opened fire. The Germans were hampered by poor visibility, in addition to being in an unfavourable tactical position, just as Jellicoe had intended. Realising he was heading into a", "title": "Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": "55033", "score": "1.9462014", "text": "Beatty, in particular, was convinced that Jellicoe had missed a tremendous opportunity to annihilate the High Seas Fleet and win what would amount to another Trafalgar. Jellicoe was promoted away from active command to become First Sea Lord, the professional head of the Royal Navy, while Beatty replaced him as commander of the Grand Fleet. The controversy raged within the navy and in public for about a decade after the war. Criticism focused on Jellicoe's decision at 19:15. Scheer had ordered his cruisers and destroyers forward in a torpedo attack to cover the turning away of his battleships. Jellicoe chose", "title": "Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": "55035", "score": "1.9298469", "text": "turned away, he would assume they intended to draw him over mines or submarines, and he would decline to be so drawn. The Admiralty approved this plan and expressed full confidence in Jellicoe at the time (October 1914). The stakes were high, the pressure on Jellicoe immense, and his caution certainly understandable. His judgement might have been that even 90% odds in favour were not good enough to bet the British Empire. The former First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill said of the battle that Jellicoe \"was the only man on either side who could have lost the war", "title": "Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": "54912", "score": "1.9214501", "text": "shipping lanes of the Atlantic or prevent the Germans from heading into the Baltic. A position further west was unnecessary, as that area of the North Sea could be patrolled by air using blimps and scouting aircraft. Consequently, Admiral Jellicoe led the sixteen dreadnought battleships of the 1st and 4th Battle Squadrons of the Grand Fleet and three battlecruisers of the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron eastwards out of Scapa Flow at 22:30 on 30 May. He was to meet the 2nd Battle Squadron of eight dreadnought battleships commanded by Vice-Admiral Martyn Jerram coming from Cromarty. Hipper's raiding force did not leave", "title": "Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": "10884129", "score": "1.9188809", "text": "Commander to Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Fleet, in the battleship in October 1915 and saw action at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 15 September 1916. He moved on to become Flag Commander to Admiral Sir Charles Madden, Second-in-Command of the Grand Fleet, in the battleship in February 1917. He was awarded the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 2nd Class with Swords for his action during the Battle of Jutland on 5 June 1917. Promoted to captain on 30 June 1917, he was given command of", "title": "Charles Forbes (Royal Navy officer)" }, { "id": "9773185", "score": "1.9071319", "text": "of the Admiralty Sir Winston Churchill and Grand Fleet CIC Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, and when events proved him right, he was shoveled off as a liaison officer to the Italian Fleet in April 1915, returning from Taranto in September 1915. After this he was given a backwater assignment, command of HMS \"Commonwealth\" (part of a pre-dreadnought battle squadron at the Nore) in 1916. Fortunately, after the disappointing 31 May – 1 June 1916 Battle of Jutland resulted in the appointment of his admirer Admiral David Beatty as Grand Fleet CIC in December Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives</ref> 1916,", "title": "Herbert Richmond" }, { "id": "54896", "score": "1.905987", "text": "contained, subsequently turning its efforts and resources to unrestricted submarine warfare and the destruction of Allied and neutral shipping, which – along with the Zimmermann Telegram – by April 1917 triggered the United States of America's declaration of war on Germany. Subsequent reviews commissioned by the Royal Navy generated strong disagreement between supporters of Jellicoe and Beatty concerning the two admirals' performance in the battle. Debate over their performance and the significance of the battle continues to this day. With 16 dreadnought-type battleships, compared with the Royal Navy's 28, the German High Seas Fleet stood little chance of winning a", "title": "Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": "13261812", "score": "1.8953062", "text": "Hipper succeed in sinking two British battlecruisers during the chase. Once the German fleet came in sight, the British ships reversed course, now intending to lead the German fleet in pursuit of them back towards the main British fleet. Despite minimal information, Admiral John Jellicoe managed to deploy his ships to good advantage across the path of the approaching German fleet, so that some success was gained in the short battle before the Germans in turn reversed course and withdrew. Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer was now in a difficult position, because his smaller force was cut off from Germany by the", "title": "Night action at the Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": "55034", "score": "1.8929754", "text": "to turn to the south-east, and so keep out of range of the torpedoes. Supporters of Jellicoe, including the historian Cyril Falls, pointed to the folly of risking defeat in battle when one already has command of the sea. Jellicoe himself, in a letter to the Admiralty seventeen months before the battle, said that he intended to turn his fleet away from any mass torpedo attack (that being the universally accepted proper tactical response to such attacks, practised by all the major navies of the world). He said that, in the event of a fleet engagement in which the enemy", "title": "Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": "54930", "score": "1.8925712", "text": "night, they created the impression in the German High Command that the British fleet, whatever it was doing, was split into separate sections moving apart, which was precisely as the Germans wished to meet it. Jellicoe's ships proceeded to their rendezvous undamaged and undiscovered. However, he was now misled by an Admiralty intelligence report advising that the German main battle fleet was still in port. The Director of Operations Division, Rear Admiral Thomas Jackson, had asked the intelligence division, Room 40, for the current location of German call sign DK, used by Admiral Scheer. They had replied that it was", "title": "Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": "657323", "score": "1.8903797", "text": "Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, described British Admiral John Jellicoe as \"the only man who could lose the war in an afternoon\". German naval commanders, for their part, understood the importance Kaiser Wilhelm II attached to his navy and the diplomatic prestige it carried. As a result of caution, the British and German fleets met in only one major action in World War I, the indecisive Battle of Jutland. 27 May 1905 (JST) 28 May 1905 (JST) The 1969 film \"The Battle of the Japan Sea\" (日本海大海戦, \"Nihonkai-DaiKaisen\") depicts the battle. Battle of Tsushima The Battle of Tsushima", "title": "Battle of Tsushima" }, { "id": "11773311", "score": "1.8886015", "text": "was murdered by pirates while monitoring environmental change in the Amazon River in Brazil. Jellicoe House named after Admiral of the Fleet John Rushworth Jellicoe 1st Earl Jellicoe (GCB, OM, GCVO) commonly known as \"Lord Jellicoe\" who was the Royal Navy commander of the Grand Fleet of the Battle of Jutland in World War I. He was also a former Governor-General of New Zealand from 1920–1924, he also held a number of Military Offices including 1st Sea Lord 1916-1917, 2nd Sea Lord 1912-1914, and 3rd Sea Lord 1908-1910. He was also created the Earl Jellicoe in 1925 and Viscount Jellicoe", "title": "Pukekohe High School" }, { "id": "54999", "score": "1.88202", "text": "All three were unopposed by capital ships and quickly aborted as neither side were prepared to take the risks of mines and submarines. Apart from these three abortive operations the High Seas Fleet – unwilling to risk another encounter with the British fleet – confined its activities to the Baltic Sea for the remainder of the war. Jellicoe issued an order prohibiting the Grand Fleet from steaming south of the line of Horns Reef owing to the threat of mines and U-boats. A German naval expert, writing publicly about Jutland in November 1918, commented, \"Our Fleet losses were severe. On", "title": "Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": "13261813", "score": "1.8806769", "text": "British fleet deployed across his escape route. He first attempted once again approaching the British positions, but was driven back. He then took up a position north west of the British, awaiting nightfall before making further attempts to escape. Jellicoe declined to give chase to the German fleet after the second encounter because of the limited daylight remaining. He feared that the difficulties spotting and identifying ships in darkness would nullify his numerical advantage over the Germans, but was also confident that his deployment would prevent the Germans escaping past him in the night, and battle could be resumed the", "title": "Night action at the Battle of Jutland" }, { "id": "54923", "score": "1.8797975", "text": "any length of time. Jellicoe's Grand Fleet was split into two sections. The dreadnought Battle Fleet, with which he sailed, formed the main force and was composed of 24 battleships and three battlecruisers. The battleships were formed into three squadrons of eight ships, further subdivided into divisions of four, each led by a flag officer. Accompanying them were eight armoured cruisers (classified by the Royal Navy since 1913 as \"cruisers\"), eight light cruisers, four scout cruisers, 51 destroyers, and one destroyer-minelayer. The Grand Fleet sailed without three of its battleships: in refit at Invergordon, dry-docked at Rosyth and in refit", "title": "Battle of Jutland" } ]

[ "joshua tree park", "Joshua Tree National Park", "jtnp", "Joshua tree park", "joshua tree national park", "Joshua Tree National Monument", "joshua tree national monument", "JTNP" ]

[ { "id": "3248852", "score": "1.4484091", "text": "Of the more than 3,900 cave systems managed by the NPS, only those in Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve, Kings Canyon National Park, and Great Basin National Park have marble caves. The parent rock in which the cave developed was formed about 190 million years ago as limestone that was part of a tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean. Granitic plutons intruded this part of the ocean crust, the Applegate terrane, about 160 million years ago. As the oceanic crust carrying the terrane subducted under the North American plate, the terrane accreted onto the North American Plate and the", "title": "Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve" }, { "id": "12854186", "score": "1.4446374", "text": "cavers attempt to access these dangerous caves. Signs at the trail heads that access the Marble Rim warn of white nose syndrome. One of the deepest caves in the continental US is located in the wilderness, Bigfoot Cave. There are several national forest campgrounds outside the boundary and one camp inside the wilderness near Wooley Creek, named after Anthony Milne, who was a miner in the area around 1885. Marble Mountain Wilderness The Marble Mountain Wilderness is a wilderness area located southwest of Yreka, California, in the United States. It is managed by the United States Forest Service and is", "title": "Marble Mountain Wilderness" }, { "id": "7307319", "score": "1.4310527", "text": "of the caves themselves and also the rare blanket bog which covers a vast area of the mountains. Under an agreement between the EGN and the UNESCO Earth Sciences division in 2004, the park became part of the Global Network of National Geoparks (GGN) scheme and was renamed Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark. In 2008 the park boundaries were extended across the border into parts of County Cavan in the Republic of Ireland, making it the first international Geopark in the world. The cutting of turf has led to damage in the area. Extensive drainage in parts of the bog", "title": "Marble Arch Caves" }, { "id": "4302873", "score": "1.4213974", "text": "was made part of Grand Canyon National Park. The name Marble Canyon is a misnomer because there is no marble there. Although John Wesley Powell knew this when he named the canyon, he thought the polished limestone looked like marble. In his words, \"The limestone of the canyon is often polished, and makes a beautiful marble. Sometimes the rocks are of many colors - white, gray, pink, and purple, with saffron tints.\" Marble Canyon is the site of one of the last great proposed dam projects on the Colorado, the Marble Canyon Dam. Proposed and investigated in the early 1950s", "title": "Marble Canyon" }, { "id": "3248865", "score": "1.4193947", "text": "picnic tables. Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve is a protected area in the northern Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon in the United States. The 4,554-acre (1,843 ha) park, including the marble cave, is 20 miles (32 km) east of Cave Junction, on Oregon Route 46. The protected area, managed by the National Park Service (NPS), is in southwestern Josephine County, near the Oregon–California border. Elijah Davidson, a resident of nearby Williams, discovered the cave in 1874. Over the next two decades, private investors failed in efforts to run successful tourist ventures at the", "title": "Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve" }, { "id": "12854181", "score": "1.4160417", "text": "by light-colored limestone along with black metamorphic rock on some peaks, giving the mountains a marbled appearance. There are at least five different rock types identified here. The wilderness is in the Klamath Mountains geomorphic province (a large area having similar features such as terrain and geology). The horseshoe-shaped Salmon Mountains are at the core of the wilderness with Marble Mountain being a north-trending spur ridge of the Salmons. The highest point in the Marbles is Boulder Peak at . This area of high divides, deep canyons and perennial mountain streams provides habitat for a wide variety of plant and", "title": "Marble Mountain Wilderness" }, { "id": "13749075", "score": "1.4090011", "text": "Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark The Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark straddles the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It is centred on the Marble Arch Caves and in 2001 it became one of the first Geoparks to be designated in Europe. The Geopark features various sites which demonstrate the geological and wider natural heritage of the area, as well as the cultural heritage relating to 7,000–8,000 years of recorded human occupation since the last ice age. It is managed by Fermanagh District Council. The Geopark consists of over 30 discrete areas of land, largely in public", "title": "Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark" }, { "id": "7762804", "score": "1.4079387", "text": "Giant Rock Giant Rock is a large freestanding boulder in the Mojave Desert directly adjacent to Landers, California, that covers of ground and is seven stories high. Giant Rock is purported to be the largest free standing boulder in the world. Native Americans of the Joshua Tree, California, area consider it to be sacred. A single large room, which was subsequently filled in, was dug beneath the rock and resided in by a prospector named Frank Critzer during the 1930s and early 1940s. Critzer perished in a self-detonated dynamite explosion in this room on July 24, 1942, while being investigated", "title": "Giant Rock" }, { "id": "6045190", "score": "1.4056598", "text": "Monument Rocks (Kansas) Monument Rocks (also Chalk Pyramids) are a series of large chalk formations in Gove County, Kansas, rich in fossils. The formations were the first landmark chosen by the US Department of the Interior as a National Natural Landmark. The chalk formations reach a height of up to and include formations such as buttes and arches. The carbonate deposits were laid down during the Cretaceous Period in what was then the Western Interior Seaway, which split the continent of North America into two landmasses. They are estimated to have been formed 80 million years ago. On January 29,", "title": "Monument Rocks (Kansas)" }, { "id": "2125199", "score": "1.4016306", "text": "cooling produces smaller columns). Other notable sites include Svartifoss in Vatnajökull National Park in Iceland, Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland, Fingal's Cave in Scotland, Titan's Piazza of the Mount Holyoke Range in Massachusetts, the Garni Gorge in Armenia, the Cyclopean Isles near Sicily, Sheepeater Cliff at Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, Prismas Basálticos in Huasca de Ocampo, Mexico, the \"Organ Pipes\" formation on Mount Cargill in New Zealand, Gilbert Hill in Mumbai, Organ Pipes National Park in Australia and the \"Column Cape\" (Russian: Mis Stolbchaty) on Kunashir Island, the southernmost of the Kuril Islands, Mar Brava (Ancud) in Chile. Columnar", "title": "Devils Postpile National Monument" }, { "id": "4464967", "score": "1.4007549", "text": "seen in the Cougar Brook area. Veins of marble are present in the metamorphic rock of the high peaks. Although erosion and the effects of the glaciers are constantly grinding down the mountain peaks, the pressure of the underlying rock continues to drive them upward. Geologists have classed the rocks of the Columbia Mountains into groups, several of which appear in the northern Selkirks. The slates are in the \"Horsethief Creek\" and \"Lardeau\" groups, quartzite is in the \"Hamill\" group, limestone is part of the \"Badshot Formation\", while the metamorphic rocks are classed in the \"Shuswap Metamorphic Complex\". The limestone", "title": "Glacier National Park (Canada)" }, { "id": "13749080", "score": "1.3997664", "text": "glacial erratics across the landscape. There are several National Nature Reserves within the Geopark, including those of Correl Glen, Hanging Rock, Cladagh Glen and Killykeegan. Some of the blanket bog on Cuilcagh Mountain is protected as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) under the European Union's Habitats Directive and as a Ramsar site designated under the Ramsar Convention. The Marble Arch Caves were first explored in 1895 by the French speleologist Édouard-Alfred Martel together with naturalist Lyster Jameson. During the following 70 years, members of the Yorkshire Ramblers' Club and other speleological organisations made further explorations of the system. Fermanagh", "title": "Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark" }, { "id": "12098216", "score": "1.3968033", "text": "shelf of limestone running diagonally across the Colorado River from northeast to southwest. The upper layer of limestone, brownish on the exterior but a deep blue inside, was so hard and cherty it was mistaken for marble. The falls were actually three distinct formations at the head of a canyon long, with a drop of some through the limestone strata. The natural lake and waterfall were covered when the Colorado River was dammed with the completion of Max Starcke Dam in 1951. A photo of the falls as they once existed can be seen at the website for the Wallace", "title": "Marble Falls, Texas" }, { "id": "3114966", "score": "1.3965783", "text": "country outside the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Among its nine National Parks are Grand Canyon, Zion, Bryce Canyon, Capitol Reef, Canyonlands, Arches, Mesa Verde, and Petrified Forest. Among its 18 National Monuments are Bears Ears, Rainbow Bridge, Dinosaur, Hovenweep, Wupatki, Sunset Crater Volcano, Grand Staircase-Escalante, Natural Bridges, Canyons of the Ancients, Chaco Culture National Historical Park and the Colorado National Monument. This province is bounded by the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, and by the Uinta Mountains and Wasatch Mountains branches of the Rockies in northern and central Utah. It is also bounded by the Rio Grande Rift, Mogollon Rim and", "title": "Colorado Plateau" }, { "id": "18062399", "score": "1.3945711", "text": "holding water. By 1968, as part of a bargain between the Arizona delegation to Congress, which supported the Central Arizona Project, and the California delegation, which opposed the project and the dam, the Marble Canyon project was dropped from the plan. In 1969 President Lyndon B. Johnson proclaimed the establishment of Marble Canyon National Monument, effectively forestalling the possibility of a dam in Marble Canyon. In 1975 the monument was added to Grand Canyon National Park by the Grand Canyon Enlargement Act. The lower dam would have flooded a number of natural features, including Redwall Cavern and Vasey's Paradise. The", "title": "Marble Canyon Dam" }, { "id": "4743411", "score": "1.3912407", "text": "red tailed hawks, golden eagles, turkey vultures, rabbits, and skunks can all be found at Stoney Point. When visiting the park, dogs should be kept on a leash for their own safety and a watchful eye should be kept for africanized \"killer\" bees. Geologists know Stoney Point as the Chatsworth Formation, which are the giant rock outcroppings in Simi Hills. They are Upper Cretaceous outcroppings, which means they are more than 65 million years old. They originated in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, possibly on the continental shelf near Central America, or even near Baja California. They were formed", "title": "Stoney Point (California)" }, { "id": "7321883", "score": "1.3903785", "text": "pictograph sites. Not included in the park but overlooking Pavilion Lake at its farther end from the main part of the canyon is Chimney Rock, the Secwepemc'tsn name for which, K'lpalekw, means \"Coyote's Penis\", and is an important spiritual site. A waterfall into Crown Lake, at the park's campground, is famous among ice-climbers as \"Icy BC\" and the walls of Marble Canyon are a major draw to rock climbers. All three of the park's lakes are popular with recreational fishermen. The park's campground is located adjacent to British Columbia Highway 99 as it passes through the canyon. There are thirty", "title": "Marble Canyon Provincial Park" }, { "id": "13658158", "score": "1.3893538", "text": "A major new find of fossilized Cambrian soft-bodied organisms in or near Marble Canyon that rivals or even surpasses the nearby Burgess Shale fossil site in size and preservation was announced in early 2014. It was reported that 22% of the observed species found in the initial excavation were new to science. Additionally, several species previously known only from Chinese Lagerstatten created millions of years earlier were also found at the site. The exact location of the site is being kept confidential to avoid damage to the site. Marble Canyon (Canadian Rockies) Marble Canyon is a canyon surrounding Tokumm Creek", "title": "Marble Canyon (Canadian Rockies)" }, { "id": "3248832", "score": "1.3884969", "text": "Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve is a protected area in the northern Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon in the United States. The 4,554-acre (1,843 ha) park, including the marble cave, is 20 miles (32 km) east of Cave Junction, on Oregon Route 46. The protected area, managed by the National Park Service (NPS), is in southwestern Josephine County, near the Oregon–California border. Elijah Davidson, a resident of nearby Williams, discovered the cave in 1874. Over the next two decades, private investors failed in efforts to run successful tourist ventures at the publicly owned", "title": "Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve" }, { "id": "5917156", "score": "1.3884574", "text": "Indian Grinding Rock State Historic Park Indian Grinding Rock State Historic Park is a California State Park, preserving an outcropping of marbleized limestone with some 1,185 mortar holes—the largest collection of bedrock mortars in North America. It is located in the Sierra Nevada foothills, east of Jackson. The park is nestled in a little valley above sea level, with open meadows and large specimens of valley oak that once provided the Miwok peoples of this area with an ample supply of acorns. The park was established in 1962 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The", "title": "Indian Grinding Rock State Historic Park" } ]

[ "Free Me Part II", "free me part ii", "emma lee bunton", "Baby Spice", "baby spice", "Emma Lee Bunton", "Emma Buntons Fourth Album", "emma bunton", "emma buntons fourth album", "Emma Bunton" ]

[ { "id": "1818124", "score": "1.7330961", "text": "second single from it was \"All I Need to Know\", on 12 February 2007, intended for Valentine's Day. Bunton shot the video around Old Street in East London, in the week before Christmas 2006. Entering the UK Singles Chart at 60, second single \"All I Need to Know\" became the lowest-charting single of Bunton's solo career. Due to Bunton's pregnancy all forms of promotion were cancelled after a few months. In 2007, the Spice Girls re-grouped and announced plans to tour as a quintet for the last time for a The Return of the Spice Girls, from which they were", "title": "Emma Bunton" }, { "id": "1882324", "score": "1.7075561", "text": "countries, becoming the best-selling single by an all-female group of all time. It was followed by nine further number-one singles from their albums \"Spice\", \"Spiceworld\", and \"Forever\". Each member of the group received a nickname from the media. Halliwell was named \"Ginger Spice\". Other successful releases followed, including \"Say You'll Be There\" and \"2 Become 1\" from \"Spice\", and \"Spice Up Your Life\", \"Too Much\", and \"Viva Forever\" from \"Spiceworld\". On 31 May 1998, Halliwell announced that she had left the Spice Girls due to depression and differences between the group. The first official confirmation was an announcement to the", "title": "Geri Halliwell" }, { "id": "19397589", "score": "1.6899381", "text": "managed by Mr. Lexx's former manager Earlton Clarke for two years. During this early stage of her career, Spice went on to gain a reputation for her performing abilities, despite not having any hit record. While on tour in England in 2002, Spice earned the attention of Baby Cham, who later introduced her to producer Dave Kelly. From there, she released a string of singles for Kelly's record label Madhouse Records, including her first single for Madhouse entitled \"Complain (Mi Gone)\", then followed by her singles on the Bad Gal riddim, \"Right There\" featuring Toi and \"Hype\". At that time,", "title": "Spice (musician)" }, { "id": "4414687", "score": "1.6454145", "text": "they were signed to Madonna's U.S. label Maverick Records. Success was made easy for The All Saints and B*Witched because of the declining career of the Spice Girls. Their third release from their second album, \"Spiceworld\", \"Stop\" was a minimal hit in the US and became their first single to fail to top the UK charts, ending the run of consecutive #1's at 6. To make matters worse for them, Geri Halliwell (also known as Ginger Spice) announced her departure from the group on 31 May after missing various concerts and an appearance on the national lottery. Their final release", "title": "1998 in British music" }, { "id": "1818116", "score": "1.6396551", "text": "in the United Kingdom. In the weeks leading up to the release, the video for \"Wannabe\", got a trial airing on The Box music channel. The song proved to be a global hit, reaching number 1 in 35 countries. and becoming the biggest-selling single by an all-female group of all time. It was followed by nine further number-one singles from their albums \"Spice\", \"Spiceworld\" and \"Forever\". Each member of the group received a nickname from the media. Bunton was named \"Baby Spice\". Other successful releases followed, including \"Say You'll Be There\" and \"2 Become 1\" from \"Spice\", and \"Spice Up", "title": "Emma Bunton" }, { "id": "387057", "score": "1.6228368", "text": "Children in Need charity single for 2007 and was released 5 November. The first public appearance on stage by the Spice Girls occurred at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, where the group performed at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. They performed two songs, 1998 single \"Stop\" and the lead single from their greatest hits album, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\". The show was filmed by CBS on 15 November 2007 for broadcast on 4 December 2007. They also performed both songs live for the BBC Children in Need telethon on 16 November 2007 from Los Angeles. The release of \"Headlines (Friendship", "title": "Spice Girls" }, { "id": "387115", "score": "1.6226113", "text": "single, \"Wannabe\". Spice Girls The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group comprised Melanie Brown (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm (\"Sporty Spice\"), Emma Bunton (\"Baby Spice\"), Geri Halliwell (\"Ginger Spice\"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams (\"Posh Spice\"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single \"Wannabe\" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established their global success. Their debut album \"Spice\" sold more than 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow-up album, \"Spiceworld\" sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The", "title": "Spice Girls" }, { "id": "571132", "score": "1.61707", "text": "went to number one in the United Kingdom and United States, and another 35 countries. It was followed by eight further number one singles from their albums \"Spice\", \"Spiceworld\" and \"Forever\". Each member of the group received a nickname from the media and Beckham was named \"Posh Spice\". The group is the best-selling female group of all time, selling over 80 million records worldwide. After the release of their third album, \"Forever\", which charted at number two in the UK but was far less successful than their previous two albums, the Spice Girls stopped recording, concentrating on their solo careers", "title": "Victoria Beckham" }, { "id": "19397586", "score": "1.6109312", "text": "Spice (musician) Grace Latoya Hamilton (born 6 August 1982), known professionally as Spice, is a Jamaican dancehall recording artist, singer and songwriter. Beginning her career in the early 2000s, she had her first major success with the controversial single \"Romping Shop\" with Vybz Kartel in 2009. Spice's debut EP \"So Mi Like It\", which included the hit single of the same name, was released in 2014 through VP Records. In 2018, she joined the cast of VH1's reality television series \"\". Later that year, she released her first full-length project, a mixtape titled \"Captured\", which debuted at number one on", "title": "Spice (musician)" }, { "id": "11211123", "score": "1.5958844", "text": "shown in the run up to the 2007 event, this year featuring celebrity hairdresser Lee Stafford. The winner was Ninia Benjamin with Aled Haydn Jones as the runner up. On 5 October 2007, whilst in an interview with Scott Mills on BBC Radio 1, Melanie C announced that the new Spice Girls single would be called \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\". On the same day, Geri Halliwell announced the news on GMTV. The single was released on 19 November 2007 in aid of the 2007 Children In Need Appeal. Lee Mead, winner of BBC One's \"Any Dream Will Do\" search for", "title": "Children in Need 2007" }, { "id": "6699883", "score": "1.5765214", "text": "currently the seventh overall biggest group of all time, with 8 million singles sold in the UK. Spice Girls discography English girl group Spice Girls has released three studio albums, one compilation album, 11 singles and 18 music videos. Formed in 1994, the group was made up of singers Victoria Beckham (\"Posh Spice\"), Geri Halliwell (\"Ginger Spice\"), Emma Bunton (\"Baby Spice\"), Melanie Brown (\"Scary Spice\") and Melanie Chisholm (\"Sporty Spice\"). The Spice Girls' debut single, \"Wannabe\", was released by Virgin Records in the United Kingdom in July 1996. It went to number one in 31 countries worldwide and became the", "title": "Spice Girls discography" }, { "id": "1882325", "score": "1.5743368", "text": "media by her solicitor on 31 May. Her action aroused controversy, her former group being due to embark on a North American tour, which they eventually completed without her. Although she had already left the group, the Spice Girls released \"Viva Forever\", the final music video to feature Halliwell's likeness, plus a one-off supergroup called England United for the official England FC song (Jo Whiley introduced the band saying \"...plus Geri as a substitute\"). After she left, the other girls co-wrote a few songs about her, which appeared on their album \"Forever\": \"Goodbye\", \"Tell Me Why\", and \"Let Love Lead", "title": "Geri Halliwell" }, { "id": "387019", "score": "1.5693676", "text": "Spice Girls The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group comprised Melanie Brown (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm (\"Sporty Spice\"), Emma Bunton (\"Baby Spice\"), Geri Halliwell (\"Ginger Spice\"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams (\"Posh Spice\"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single \"Wannabe\" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established their global success. Their debut album \"Spice\" sold more than 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow-up album, \"Spiceworld\" sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The Spice Girls", "title": "Spice Girls" }, { "id": "19397590", "score": "1.5682044", "text": "she was featured on Jimmy Cliff's \"I Want I Do I Get\" from his album \"Black Magic\" (2004) and on Beenie Man's \"Hot\" from his album \"Concept of Life\" (2006). For her first hit single, Spice versioned the popular Eighty Five riddim to create \"Fight Over Man\", which became popular in the dancehall. In late 2008, Spice collaborated with fellow dancehall artist Vybz Kartel on the single \"Romping Shop\", which samples \"Miss Independent\" by Ne-Yo. The song quickly achieved international recognition, debuting on the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and receiving immense rotation on mainstream urban stations, including HOT 97", "title": "Spice (musician)" }, { "id": "1453813", "score": "1.5613606", "text": "The single reached #1 on the UK Singles Chart and Lulu appeared as Take That's supporting act on their 1994 tour. At this time she also appeared as an unhappy public relations client of Edina Monsoon in two episodes of the BBC television programme \"Absolutely Fabulous\" and teamed with French and Saunders many times, including their send up of the Spice Girls (the Sugar Lumps) for Comic Relief in 1997, when she took the role of \"Baby Spice\", mimicking Emma Bunton. An album, provisionally titled \"Where the Poor Boys Dance\", was completed in late-1997 and due for release in early-1998", "title": "Lulu (singer)" }, { "id": "19397592", "score": "1.5564859", "text": "signed to VP Records for a multi-album deal. She again received the \"Female Deejay of the Year\" award at the 2010 EME Awards. Her single \"Slim vs. Fluffy\" featuring dancehall artist Pamputtae peaked at number 1 on the Canadian Dancehall/Reggae Singles charts. That year she also released her single \"Jim Screechie\". In 2011, Spice was featured on Gappy Ranks's \"Whatever We Like\", released as a bonus track on his album \"Thanks & Praise\". She later released a remix for her song \"Fun\" featuring rapper Missy Elliott and collaborated with Mýa on the single \"Take Him Out\" from Mýa's sixth album", "title": "Spice (musician)" }, { "id": "4189988", "score": "1.5519348", "text": "worldwide, becoming the best-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time. Five singles were released from the album. The first single, \"Wannabe\", became a worldwide success and went to number one in 35 countries, one of the best-selling singles of all time and selling over six million copies worldwide. The next two singles, \"Say You'll Be There\" and \"2 Become 1\", reached number one in 53 countries. \"Who Do You Think You Are\" was released as the official Comic Relief single in the UK as a double A-side with", "title": "Spice (album)" }, { "id": "10480832", "score": "1.5484431", "text": "Buenos Aires were cancelled. The album's only single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", was released on radio on 23 October, whilst released digitally on 5 November and commercially on 19 November 2007. It was also announced as the official Children in Need charity single for 2007. Spice Girls member Geri Halliwell described the song as a \"big love song\" and \"a Spice Girl classic\". \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\" peaked at number 11 in the United Kingdom. However, the single managed to go to number three on the UK Physical Singles Chart. Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Greatest Hits\". Greatest", "title": "Greatest Hits (Spice Girls album)" }, { "id": "9755339", "score": "1.5478072", "text": "the name of \"Posh Spice Victoria Beckham\". The release was proposed for sometime between March to May 2004, but never eventuated. With the UK media describing her solo music career a failure, combined with a rumoured fall-out between Dash and Fuller, her hip hop album, \"Come Together\", was not released. She was dismissed from Telstar when the company became bankrupt, and gave up music to focus her fashion career. \"Let Your Head Go\" is a dance-pop song. The song's lyrics speak about letting oneself go in the form of dancing to music, or to feel free with music (to \"let", "title": "Let Your Head Go" }, { "id": "387099", "score": "1.545552", "text": "In 1999, they were ranked sixth in \"Forbes\"' inaugural Celebrity 100 Power Ranking. They produced a total of nine number one singles in the UK—tied with ABBA behind Take That (eleven), The Shadows (twelve), Madonna (thirteen), Westlife (fourteen), Cliff Richard (fourteen), The Beatles (seventeen), and Elvis Presley (twenty-one). The group had three consecutive Christmas number-one singles in the UK (\"2 Become 1\", 1996; \"Too Much\", 1997; \"Goodbye\", 1998); they only share this record with The Beatles. Their first single, \"Wannabe\", is the most successful song released by an all-female group. Debuting on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart at number", "title": "Spice Girls" } ]

[ "straits", "strait", "Strait", "The Strait", "A strait", "Straits" ]

[ { "id": "534517", "score": "1.5865746", "text": "Solent The Solent ( ) is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about long and varies in width between , although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over . The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military vessels. It is an important recreational area for water sports, particularly yachting, hosting the Cowes Week sailing event annually. It is sheltered by the Isle of Wight and has a complex tidal pattern, which has", "title": "Solent" }, { "id": "534533", "score": "1.5468743", "text": "50 years of operation in 2015. Solent The Solent ( ) is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about long and varies in width between , although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over . The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military vessels. It is an important recreational area for water sports, particularly yachting, hosting the Cowes Week sailing event annually. It is sheltered by the Isle of Wight and has", "title": "Solent" }, { "id": "9132950", "score": "1.540823", "text": "2011), Kids Can't Fly (disbanded in 2014) and Heart in Hand (dispanded in 2015). Local media include the \"Southern Daily Echo\" newspaper based in Redbridge and \"BBC South\", which has its regional headquarters in the city centre opposite the civic centre. From there the BBC broadcasts \"South Today\", the local television news bulletin and BBC Radio Solent. The local ITV franchise is Meridian, which has its headquarters in Whiteley, around from the city. Until December 2004, the station's studios were located in the Northam area of the city on land reclaimed from the River Itchen. That's Solent is a local", "title": "Southampton" }, { "id": "534520", "score": "1.5254515", "text": "of the cliffs marking western approach of the strait. This Semitic origin may be a relic of the Phoenician traders who sailed to Britain from the Mediterranean as part of the ancient tin trade. Another suggestion is that the name may reflect the number of Northern Gannets (previously known as Solans or the Solan Goose) along the coast. Originally a river valley, the Solent has gradually widened and deepened over many thousands of years. The River Frome was the source of the River Solent, with three other rivers — the Rivers Avon, Hamble, Itchen and Test — being tributaries of", "title": "Solent" }, { "id": "17474615", "score": "1.4941753", "text": "channel has begun screening a mixture of public domain films and cartoons from the Timeless catalogue in its place. That's Solent That's Solent is a local television station on the south coast of England, owned and operated by That's TV. That's Solent is a local TV channel, that according to Ofcom (the UK telecoms regulator), broadcasts to Southampton including Eastleigh, Fareham and parts of the Isle of Wight, Portsmouth and Winchester. Ofcom granted a licence to That's Solent on 14 August 2014 with a commencement date of 26 November 2014 and the licence, subject to conditions, will remain in force", "title": "That's Solent" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of postcode districts in the United Kingdom\n\nThis is a list of postcode districts in the United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies. A group of postcode districts with the same alphabetical prefix is called a postcode area. All, or part, of one or more postcode districts are grouped into post towns.\n\nUntil 1996, Royal Mail required counties to be included in addresses, except for 110 of the larger post towns. For these \"special post towns\", the former postal county is shown in brackets below. Since 1996, counties are not required for any address.\n\nPostcode district codes are also known as \"outward codes\".\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of postcode districts in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "17474611", "score": "1.4890898", "text": "That's Solent That's Solent is a local television station on the south coast of England, owned and operated by That's TV. That's Solent is a local TV channel, that according to Ofcom (the UK telecoms regulator), broadcasts to Southampton including Eastleigh, Fareham and parts of the Isle of Wight, Portsmouth and Winchester. Ofcom granted a licence to That's Solent on 14 August 2014 with a commencement date of 26 November 2014 and the licence, subject to conditions, will remain in force until 25 November 2025. The original plan was for That's Solent to be launched on 26 June 2014, however", "title": "That's Solent" }, { "id": "534519", "score": "1.4849435", "text": "of nationally important protected landscapes including the New Forest National Park, and the Isle of Wight AONB. The word first appears in the Saxon record as \"Solentan\", but pre-dates the English language and is first recorded as \"Soluente\" in 731. This original spelling suggests a possible derivation from the Brittonic element \"-uente\", which has endured throughout the history of Hampshire, being present in the Roman city of Venta Belgarum, the medieval kingdom of Gwent (or Y Went), and the modern town of Winchester. A pre-Celtic and supposedly Semitic root meaning \"free-standing rock\" has also been suggested as a possible description", "title": "Solent" }, { "id": "2798187", "score": "1.4819912", "text": "is located to the north west of the city centre, near the Southampton Civic Centre. Solent university's maritime courses have been ranked among the best in the world. However, on a more general level, it has been ranked as one of the worst universities in the UK. The university also has courses on media, marketing, sports and business. It works with local business and professional bodies (for example the British Computer Society, Creative Skillset and the PTC). The student yachting team has often consisted of Olympians and are previous world champions. The University also has a dedicated research and innovation", "title": "Solent University" }, { "id": "19186328", "score": "1.4746251", "text": "PS Solent (1900) PS \"Solent\" was a passenger vessel built for the London and South Western Railway in 1900. The Solent was built by Mordey, Carney (Southampton) Limited and launched on 25 August 1900. She was designed for a speed of 11 knots, with passenger accommodation comprising a promenade deck extending from the stern to within 23 feet for the stem, and a circular front. A saloon was situated aft, extending the full breadth of the vessel. However, the vessel did not meet the expectations of the railway company, and was sold before registration to the Metropolitan Asylums Board, and", "title": "PS Solent (1900)" }, { "id": "18113253", "score": "1.4721961", "text": "River Solent The River Solent is a now-extinct river which during the Paleocene would have flowed around the area which is now the coastlines of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. The River Solent was one of three major rivers in central and southern England, together with the Proto-Thames and Bytham, but unlike the other two it was not destroyed by the extreme Anglian Glaciation around 450,000 years ago. It became extinct after flooding following the end of the last ice age, becoming submerged and incorporated into the Solent, a strait of the English Channel that sits between the Isle", "title": "River Solent" }, { "id": "19186301", "score": "1.4714662", "text": "the service from Lymington to Yarmouth, Isle of Wight. She was acquired by the Southern Railway in 1923 and British Railways in 1948. She was disposed of by British Railways in 1948 to H.G. Pounds of Portsmouth PS Solent (1902) PS \"Solent\" was a passenger vessel built for the London and South Western Railway in 1902. As the previous vessel also named built in 1900 was not a success, this Solent was built as a replacement by Mordey, Carney (Southampton) Limited and launched on 8 February 1902. She undertook her trial run on 13 March 1902 and achieved 11 knots.", "title": "PS Solent (1902)" }, { "id": "18176839", "score": "1.4686586", "text": "on 21 March 1922, to be a memorial to the dead. She also records that \"in an ironic twist, the steps [of the Victory Arch] soon became a place where beggars, many of them mentally and physically crippled ex-sevicemen gathered\". Furthermore, she also suggests that while there is no direct reference to the war in \"Wolf Solent\" \"the metaphors and imagery\" do in fact allude to it, and that \"[t]he novel is in fact about a world after the great war--a world in which everything is irrevocably changed\". In his review of the British first edition, in \"The Spectator\", 10", "title": "Wolf Solent" }, { "id": "2798184", "score": "1.468028", "text": "Solent University Solent University (formerly Southampton Solent University) is a public university based in Southampton, United Kingdom. It has approximately 11000 students. Its main campus is located on East Park Terrace near the city centre and the maritime hub of Southampton. Solent University students are represented by Solent Students' Union, which is based on the East Park Terrace campus. The university's origins can be traced back to a private School of Art founded in 1856, which eventually became the Southampton College of Art. Mergers with the Southampton College of Technology, and later the College of Nautical Studies at Warsash, led", "title": "Solent University" }, { "id": "5022461", "score": "1.4659367", "text": "Solent Way The Solent Way is a long-distance footpath in Hampshire, southern England. With the exception of a few inland diversions, the path follows the coast of the Solent, the sea strait that separates the mainland England from the Isle of Wight. The Solent Way forms part of the E9 European Coastal Path, which runs for 5000 km (3125 miles) from Cape St Vincent in Portugal to Narva-Jõesuu in Estonia. The Solent Way starts in the seaside resort of Milford on Sea, where it connects with the Bournemouth Coast Path. It then follows the coastline and the shingle spit to", "title": "Solent Way" }, { "id": "534523", "score": "1.4652437", "text": "like the Netherlands, has been steadily slowly sinking through historic time due to forebulge sinking. A new theory – that the Solent was originally a lagoon – was reported in the \"Southern Daily Echo\" by Garry Momber from the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology. The Isle of Wight was formerly contiguous with the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset — the Needles on Wight and Old Harry Rocks on Purbeck are the last remnant of this connection. Ten thousand years ago a band of relatively resistant Chalk rock, part of the Southern England Chalk Formation, ran from the Isle", "title": "Solent" }, { "id": "2798192", "score": "1.4619634", "text": "place. The university has a long tradition of achieving at sailing and has won the student national yachting championships on numerous occasions. Solent University Solent University (formerly Southampton Solent University) is a public university based in Southampton, United Kingdom. It has approximately 11000 students. Its main campus is located on East Park Terrace near the city centre and the maritime hub of Southampton. Solent University students are represented by Solent Students' Union, which is based on the East Park Terrace campus. The university's origins can be traced back to a private School of Art founded in 1856, which eventually became", "title": "Solent University" }, { "id": "19186300", "score": "1.4618275", "text": "PS Solent (1902) PS \"Solent\" was a passenger vessel built for the London and South Western Railway in 1902. As the previous vessel also named built in 1900 was not a success, this Solent was built as a replacement by Mordey, Carney (Southampton) Limited and launched on 8 February 1902. She undertook her trial run on 13 March 1902 and achieved 11 knots. She undertook her maiden voyage on 26 May 1902. She was equipped with a promenade deck 101 ft long, forming an enclosed passenger shelter forwards, and first-class saloon, about 30 ft long aft. She was deployed on", "title": "PS Solent (1902)" }, { "id": "13880950", "score": "1.4419179", "text": "Solent Rescue Solent Rescue is an independent inshore rescue lifeboat, not run by the RNLI, based at Lepe Country Park south of the New Forest, on the north shore of the Solent in the county of Hampshire in England. This small independent rescue organisation was set up in 1971 as a beach rescue unit, and has now developed into a full lifeboat station. The organisation operates within a specified area as agreed with Her Majesty's Coastguard. This covers of water and spans from Cowes in the Central Solent to Hurst Castle in the western fringes of this inshore waterway. Solent", "title": "Solent Rescue" }, { "id": "534527", "score": "1.4383996", "text": "accreting. The Solent is a comparatively shallow stretch of tidal water. It has an unusual double tide that is both favourable and hazardous to maritime activities with its strong tidal movements and quickly changing sea states. Coupled with the above, the Solent is renowned for its large volume of vessel usage, thus resulting in one of the highest density of declared lifeboat stations in the world. This includes six RNLI (e.g. Calshot and Cowes) and five independently run stations (e.g. Hamble Lifeboat and Gosport and Fareham Inshore Rescue Service). Remains of human habitation have been found from the prehistoric, Roman,", "title": "Solent" }, { "id": "5022465", "score": "1.4310384", "text": "Reserve to the village of Langstone. From Langstone the path follows the north coast of Chichester Harbour and passes Warblington Castle before reaching its end at the village of Emsworth. The way is marked by circular discs bearing a green arrow and a picture of a tern. These are attached to wooden posts and street furniture along the route. Solent Way The Solent Way is a long-distance footpath in Hampshire, southern England. With the exception of a few inland diversions, the path follows the coast of the Solent, the sea strait that separates the mainland England from the Isle of", "title": "Solent Way" } ]

[ "release of iranian woman sentenced to death for adultery", "The release of an Iranian woman sentenced to death for adultery" ]

[ { "id": "4564494", "score": "1.6833537", "text": "David Byrne, actors Danny Glover and Jane Fonda, author Alice Walker and journalist Naomi Klein. The letter argues that: Fonda would later reconsider her position and released a publicity statement on the matter. \"I signed the letter without reading it carefully enough, without asking myself if some of the wording wouldn't exacerbate the situation rather than bring about constructive dialogue,\" Fonda wrote on the Huffington Post website. She added that the suffering of both sides should be articulated. Journalist, author and activist Naomi Klein went on to write an op-ed piece in \"The Globe and Mail\", clarifying the intention of", "title": "John Greyson" }, { "id": "8004621", "score": "1.6812153", "text": "Susskind, Roger Penrose, Matt Ridley, Desmond Morris, Janna Levin, and Michael Gazzaniga. There was also an unsigned blurb attributed by the publisher to a \"\"New York Times\" best selling author\", who wrote: \"I can't sign my name to this blurb. As a \"New York Times\" best selling author of books about business, my career will evaporate if I endorse a book that challenges the deeply held superstitions and bigotry of the masses. That's exactly why you should (no, you must) read this angry and honest book right away. As long as science and rational thought are under attack by the", "title": "Letter to a Christian Nation" }, { "id": "1459293", "score": "1.670641", "text": "writers, such as Laurens van der Post, Noam Chomsky, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and also from indigenous people, such as Davi Kopenawa Yanomami and Roy Sesana. The royalties from the sale of this book go to the indigenous rights organisation, Survival International. Firth was an executive producer for the film In Prison My Whole Life, featuring Noam Chomsky and Angela Davis. The film was selected to the 2007 London Film Festival and the 2008 Sundance Film Festival. In December 2010, Firth was guest editor on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, during which he commissioned research to scan the brains of politicians to", "title": "Colin Firth" }, { "id": "19634369", "score": "1.655196", "text": "director of the Hammer Museum; Michael Govan, director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art; and James Cuno, director of the J. Paul Getty Trust. Artists John Baldessari, Judy Chicago, Catherine Opie, Marina Abramovic, Robert Gober, Doug Wheeler, Doug Aitken and Lynn Hershman were among those who added their names when the letter was posted online as a change.org petition. Baldessari wrote: \"It’s a gigantic loss.\" \"The Hollywood Reporter\" noted, \"It’s not often a newspaper writer makes the news rounds.\" \"L.A. Times\" editor Davan Maharaj responded with a letter, also posted on multiple news sites, identifying other staff reporters", "title": "Jori Finkel" }, { "id": "1947104", "score": "1.646405", "text": "progress when it is just words\", and told the \"NME\" that Blair had \"no environmental credentials as far as I'm concerned\". He told the \"Guardian\" that Blair's advisers had \"wanted pre-meetings. They wanted to know that I was on-side. Also, I was being manoeuvred into a position where if I said the wrong thing post-the meeting, Friends of the Earth would lose their access. Which normally would be called blackmail.\" In June 2016, following the Orlando nightclub shooting, Yorke was one of almost 200 music industry figures to sign an open letter published in \"Billboard\" urging the United States Congress", "title": "Thom Yorke" }, { "id": "4564492", "score": "1.6449016", "text": "freedom, even if it simply involves pressuring a film festival to shun a country whose politics you disagree with, you might discover someday that it's a lot easier to shut the door to a free exchange of ideas than it is to open it up again. A number of Hollywood celebrities circulated a letter on September 15, 2009 protesting a petition calling for a boycott of the Toronto International Film Festival over a Tel Aviv-themed event. The letter, which appeared simultaneously in the \"Los Angeles Times\" and the \"Toronto Star\" was signed, among others, by Jerry Seinfeld, Sacha Baron Cohen,", "title": "John Greyson" }, { "id": "10360247", "score": "1.6411021", "text": "Tom Cruise, Helen Hunt, Heath Ledger, Cate Blanchett, Paul Newman, Martin Scorsese, Francis Coppola and Sofia Coppola, Nicolas Cage, Sean Penn, Bruce Willis, Robert Carlyle, Jessica Lange, George Clooney, Tom Hanks, Al Pacino, Dustin Hoffman, Robert De Niro, Holly Hunter, Donald Sutherland, Quentin Tarantino, Charlize Theron, Amy Adams, John Boorman, Peter Jackson, Mickey Rourke, Johnny Depp, and the Coen brothers to name a few. In 2007 he was contracted by the Greenwood Publishing Group in the United States to write a biography of director Clint Eastwood, \"Clint Eastwood: Evolution of a Filmmaker\", published in 2008. This was followed by a", "title": "John H. Foote" }, { "id": "5083725", "score": "1.6394737", "text": "Govinda Arun Ahuja, Salman Khan, Shahrukh Khan, Aamir Khan, Amitabh Bachchan, Himesh Reshammiya, and Sajid Khan. His prayer meeting, organised in a grand way at the Taj Land's End hotel in Bandra, on 21 July 2012, was attended by many, including Reena Roy, Padmini Kolhapure, Neelam, Jaya Prada, Amar Singh, Bindu, Poonam Dhillon, Neetu Kapoor, Jaya Bachchan, Aamir Khan, Kiran Rao, Ranbir Kapoor, Mithun Chakraborthy, Shakti Kapoor, Shashi Kapoor, Suresh Oberoi, Parmeshwar Godrej, Tabu, Sonali Bendre and Jackie Shroff. Shahrukh Khan reacted by saying: \"To live with intention and walk to the edge. Play with abandon, choose with no regret.", "title": "Rajesh Khanna" }, { "id": "7252283", "score": "1.6245592", "text": "York\", writer Bill Bryson, economist John Nash and British Writer Neil Gaiman . The Society awards Honorary Fellowships and James Joyce Awards to individuals who have \"contributed significantly to a field of human endeavour\". Recipients of either of the two awards include F. W. de Klerk, Rev. Jesse Jackson, Noam Chomsky and Prime Minister of Australia John Howard, actor Ralph Fiennes, actor Will Ferrell, Harry Potter author J. K. Rowling, former UN Chief Weapons Inspector Hans Blix, celebrated novelist Bill Bryson, former England soccer captain Gary Lineker, The Beatles' producer George Martin, Monty Python member Michael Palin actor Martin Freeman", "title": "Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)" }, { "id": "9657000", "score": "1.6191007", "text": "a properly negotiated peace between the Israeli and Palestinian people and oppose any attempt by the Israeli government to impose its own solutions on the Palestinians\". Signatories include Lisa Appignanesi, Sir Geoffrey Bindman, Gerald Cohen, Stanley Cohen, Lady Ellen Dahrendorf, Jenny Diski, Nicole Farhi, Stephen Fry, Alexander Goehr, Eric Hobsbawm, Ann Jungman, Anne Karpf, Beeban Kidron, Brian Klug, David Lan, Mike Leigh, Steven Lukes, Shula Marks, Mike Marqusee, Adam Phillips, Harold Pinter, Nigel Rodley, Jacqueline Rose, Leon Rosselson, Andrew Samuels, Richard Sennett, Avi Shlaim, Gillian Slovo, Shawn Slovo, Janet Suzman, Zoë Wanamaker, Sami Zubaida and David Feldman. According to Amiram", "title": "Independent Jewish Voices" }, { "id": "13587683", "score": "1.6125722", "text": "Wiesenthal Center, has stated that \"it is clear that the script [the protesters] are reading from might as well have been written by Hamas.\" Patrick Goldstein, writing in the \"Los Angeles Times\", wrote against the protest and made an analogy to actions by musician Paul Simon: In response to the protest, a number of Hollywood stars circulated a counter-protest letter on September 15, 2009. This letter, which appeared simultaneously in the \"Los Angeles Times\" and the \"Toronto Star\", included signatories Jerry Seinfeld, Sacha Baron Cohen, Natalie Portman, Jason Alexander, Lisa Kudrow, Lenny Kravitz, Patricia Heaton, Jacob Richler, Noah Richler, George", "title": "2009 Toronto International Film Festival" }, { "id": "20178596", "score": "1.6105895", "text": "her bid for reelection as Prime Minister. See video of Buckethead and Thatcher from \"BBC News\" and \"NBC Nightly News With Tom Brokaw\". Pursued by CAA, ICM, and WMA, Durham signed with Rick Jaffa, then wunderkind agent at William Morris, and worked as an uncredited script doctor on comedy projects at major studios. He wrote screenplays for comedy actors, directors, and producers; the \"National Lampoon\" movie franchise; and many \"Saturday Night Live\" alumni. Durham ghosted celebrity autobiographies, and authored his first novel \"Mr. Smith Goes To Hell\" and its screenplay, from which \"The Los Angeles Times\" quoted excerpts and described", "title": "Todd Durham" }, { "id": "12858490", "score": "1.6065807", "text": "the town, that he didn't know about any of it and that he wanted it settled as quickly as possible,\" Wiegand said. In 1998, he lobbied Congress against impeaching President Bill Clinton. While promoting the film \"The Good Shepherd\" with co-star Matt Damon on the December 8, 2006, episode of \"Hardball with Chris Matthews\" at George Mason University, De Niro was asked whom he would like to see as President of the United States. De Niro responded, \"Well, I think of two people: Hillary Clinton and Obama.\" On February 4, 2008, De Niro supported Obama at a rally at the", "title": "Robert De Niro" }, { "id": "5694615", "score": "1.6021605", "text": "with 'Transfield'. The 28 artists stated in their letter \"We urge you to act in the interests of asylum seekers. As part of this we request the Biennale withdraw from the current sponsorship arrangements with Transfield and seek to develop new ones.\" The group of artists who originally signed this open letter were — Gabrielle de Vietri, Bianca Hester, Charlie Sofo, Nathan Gray, Deborah Kelly, Matt Hinkley, Benjamin Armstrong, Libia Castro, Ólafur Ólafsson, Sasha Huber, Sonia Leber, David Chesworth, Daniel McKewen, Angelica Mesiti, Ahmet Öğüt, Meriç Algün Ringborg, Joseph Griffiths, Sol Archer, Tamas Kaszas, Krisztina Erdei, Nathan Coley, Corin Sworn,", "title": "Biennale of Sydney" }, { "id": "890907", "score": "1.6017416", "text": "then-German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, published as a newspaper advertisement in the \"International Herald Tribune\", which drew parallels between the \"organized oppression\" of Scientologists in Germany and Nazi policies espoused by Germany in the 1930s. The letter was signed by 34 prominent figures in the U.S. entertainment industry, including the top executives of MGM, Warner Bros., Paramount, Universal and Sony Pictures Entertainment as well as actors Dustin Hoffman and Goldie Hawn, director Oliver Stone, writers Mario Puzo and Gore Vidal and talk-show host Larry King. The letter generated widespread controversy. Fields teaches at Stanford Law School and lectures annually at Harvard", "title": "Bert Fields" }, { "id": "14165062", "score": "1.5951116", "text": "Cage, Frank Capra, Johnny Cash, Chevy Chase, Julie Christie, Jamie Lee Curtis, Doris Day, Robert De Niro, Federico Fellini, A.J. Foyt, Lillian Gish, Veronica Hamil, Johnny Hart, Jesse Helms, Bob Hope, Ken Kesey, Henry Kissinger, Burt Lancaster, Spike Lee, Jack Lemmon, Ursula K. Le Guin, Madeleine L'Engle, Sol Le Witt, Willie Mays, Stan Musial, Willie Nelson, Yoko Ono, George Plimpton, Pete Rozelle, Pete Seeger, Dr. Seuss, William Shatner, Frank Sinatra, Ringo Starr, Lily Tomlin, John Travolta, Garry Trudeau, Lana Turner, Johnny Unitas, Kurt Vonnegut, George Wallace, Henry Winkler, and \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Charles Manson didn't receive his wooden nickel, so", "title": "Dave Morice" }, { "id": "5901863", "score": "1.5947063", "text": "to the response of an admiring public—made for a stressful last summer for a woman who will be remembered by many for her almost saintly happiness.\" Kitaj's friend Sandy Wilson penned a letter to Graham-Dixon and other critics questioning the personal and vitriolic nature of their criticism, which many artists like David Hockney and Peter Blake signed. Lucian Freud commented on the letter: \"Though it's often a good idea to write to someone in order to object, agree, question or ridicule anything they may have said or done ... I feel it pointless to gang up on a third-rate critic", "title": "Andrew Graham-Dixon" }, { "id": "11175561", "score": "1.58691", "text": "Ian Botham, Fatima Whitbread and John Fashanu. Musicians appearing include Harry Belafonte, Eartha Kitt, Yehudi Menuhin, Sinéad O'Connor and Abdullah Ibrahim. Comedians appearing include Harry Enfield, Jerry Sadowitz, Sandi Toksvig, Ian Hislop, Tony Slattery, Barry Cryer and John Wells. Magicians include Simon Drake, Ricky Jay and James Randi. Politicians appearing include Edward Heath, Richard Perle, Edwina Curry, Albert Reynolds, David Miliband, David Steel, Roy Jenkins, Denis Healey, Peter Hain, David Mellor, Teresa Gorman, Roy Hattersley, Paul Boateng, Gerald Kaufman, Enoch Powell, Merlyn Rees, Tony Benn and Bernadette McAliskey. Mary Beard made an early television appearance in 1994 on an Open", "title": "Open Media" }, { "id": "7491113", "score": "1.5855489", "text": "McCarthy and David Freeman, with notable writers Samuel Beckett, Craig Raine, Eve Ensler, Jo Shapcott, Howard Barker, Ariel Dorfman, Tena Stivicic and Goran Simić, with notable actors Vanessa Redgrave, Annette Bening, Lynn Redgrave, Amanda Plummer, Rade Serbedzija, Simon Callow, Ian McDiarmid and Janet Henfrey, and with notable artists and designers John Hoyland, Dick Smith, George Tsypin, David Roger, Bjanka Adzic Ursulov and Peter Mumford. Singers and soloists include pioneers of contemporary music, such as Jane Manning, Linda Hirst, Liz Lawrence and Omar Ebrahim, and long-standing collaborations with artists Florian Kitt, Ernst Kovacic and the Hebrides Ensemble. His film documentary credits", "title": "Nigel Osborne" }, { "id": "2164459", "score": "1.5854659", "text": "Oxford Union. Wagstaffe wrote to prominent people, mostly Anglican bishops, but also others including Michael Green, Conrad Swan, Ted Hughes, Roy Jenkins, Roger Freeman, Cilla Black, Rocco Forte, Stella Rimington, and Melvyn Bragg as well as organisations including the Royal Air Force, the Royal Artillery, the British Broadcasting Corporation, British Rail, Madame Tussauds, the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the Russian Embassy. In the earlier letters he poses as a purveyor of Cumberland sausages and former prep school proprietor who is seeking guidance on the Christian faith, and in the later letters he poses as His Grace the Most Reverend", "title": "Hoax letter writers" } ]

[ "still photographers", "photographics", "art photography", "Photography as an art form", "Early photography", "photography history of", "Yachting photography", "yachting photography", "Photographing", "fotografy", "Photographic", "Pet photography", "photography", "Commercial Photography", "Photographics", "Photography", "Photography techniques", "photography techniques", "photographic technique", "Commercial photography", "commercial photography", "Photo picture", "Technology of Photography", "Photographic technique", "photo picture", "photographic", "photography as art form", "Fotografy", "Photography, History of", "pet photography", "photo s", "Photo's", "technology of photography", "print finishing", "Pet Photography", "Commercial photographer", "early photography", "commercial photographer", "Art Photography", "Photography business", "Print finishing", "Still photographers", "photography business", "photographing" ]

[ { "id": "1452816", "score": "1.4055295", "text": "imaging a scene of a given luminance. A T-stop is an f-number adjusted to account for light transmission efficiency. The word \"stop\" is sometimes confusing due to its multiple meanings. A stop can be a physical object: an opaque part of an optical system that blocks certain rays. The \"aperture stop\" is the aperture setting that limits the brightness of the image by restricting the input pupil size, while a \"field stop\" is a stop intended to cut out light that would be outside the desired field of view and might cause flare or other problems if not stopped. In", "title": "F-number" }, { "id": "5397060", "score": "1.3528787", "text": "established, many artists relax their standards and models do the same. This may be something as simple as not undressing in another room, or not wearing a robe during breaks. In addition, silence is no longer necessary if the artist is comfortable working and conversing with the model. A more collegial relationship may develop where artist and model feel that they are collaborating. However, in a private studio environment, with an artist on a deadline or with commission guidelines, stricter work standards may apply regarding punctuality and holding longer, more demanding poses, but also require higher rates of pay. Artists", "title": "Model (art)" }, { "id": "19503439", "score": "1.3389337", "text": "a form of a protest against galleries, not agreeing to them having the authority to determine the value of art. So by bringing artist together without any establishments, which by means, without being judged and determined, played equally in their specific art areas. Each portfolio within the issue, is a dossier about the subject of personal impressions, and the way to establish their relationship between artist’s impulse and impersonal meanings of practical reproduction. After merging them with the daily life, \"Shit must Stop\" shows the artist how to come to terms with forces that often drive them into the seclusion", "title": "S.M.S. portfolios" }, { "id": "15470502", "score": "1.3297731", "text": "times in a tour, so the term \"stop\" is used to denote a single appearance of a tour guide in a tour. A client knows which tour guide is at the next stop, only after completing its visit to the current stop. Solving a guided tour puzzle is essentially equal to completing a guided tour in the correct order. Starting from the first stop, the client contacts each stop and receives a reply. Each reply contains a unique token. The token in the reply message from the current stop is used for computing the address of the next stop tour", "title": "Guided tour puzzle protocol" }, { "id": "2198387", "score": "1.3154544", "text": "your ears\" from Shakespeare's \"Julius Caesar\" would technically require the word \"and\" before \"countrymen\", but the conjunction \"and\" is omitted to preserve the rhythm of iambic pentameter (the resulting conjunction is called an asyndetic tricolon). Conversely, on the next line, the end of \"I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him\" has an extra syllable because omitting the word \"him\" would make the sentence unclear, but adding a syllable at the end would not disrupt the meter. Both of these are examples of artistic license. Another example of artistic license is the way in which stylized images of an", "title": "Artistic license" }, { "id": "9515388", "score": "1.3027506", "text": "by an admission panel. Students are expected to be able to sight read a piece of music, perform an ear test, perform a repertoire piece, several technical studies, scales, do a written theory test, and be interviewed by an admission panel. Specific requirements apply to certain areas in the program. Participate in a three-hour workshop in which students would be judged by their contour drawings, figure proportions, and shading. Students would also have to submit a portfolio including a self-portrait, a still life drawing, a sketchbook, and a sculpture or a 3D work. All pieces must include a description. Students", "title": "Arts York" }, { "id": "8631301", "score": "1.2928147", "text": "not like the added problems or have the personality to work with both. Joseph suggests newer artists read and study both courses and pick one that best suits their needs and wants. He advises, \"...to keep your eyes and ears open all the time. All the information you need is available to you to have a successful career in music, if you're paying attention, and not closed off to anything.\" He explains, \"Time and persistence has shown me that I can succeed at sharing my art with others as a musician while running my own music business. And that kind", "title": "Bradley Joseph" }, { "id": "1452817", "score": "1.2915239", "text": "photography, stops are also a \"unit\" used to quantify ratios of light or exposure, with each added stop meaning a factor of two, and each subtracted stop meaning a factor of one-half. The one-stop unit is also known as the EV (exposure value) unit. On a camera, the aperture setting is traditionally adjusted in discrete steps, known as f-stops. Each \"stop\" is marked with its corresponding f-number, and represents a halving of the light intensity from the previous stop. This corresponds to a decrease of the pupil and aperture diameters by a factor of formula_6 or about 0.7071, and hence", "title": "F-number" }, { "id": "8708319", "score": "1.2866676", "text": "is imperative that the artist knows how to properly convey their work through their own words. What the artist writes in their statement may be integrated in wall text, hand outs at an exhibition or a paragraph in a press release. Judgments will be made based both on the nature of the art, as well as the words that accompany it. Artists often write a short (50-100 word) and/or a long (500-1000 word) version of the same statement, and they may maintain and revise these statements throughout their careers. They may be edited to suit the requirements of specific funding", "title": "Artist's statement" }, { "id": "11600752", "score": "1.2777148", "text": "commonplace and the PhD is coming to take its place as the baseline requirement for teaching jobs\". This is in reference to teaching positions for studio art at the college level. The PhD has been a standard requirement to be a professor of art education for many years. In his forthcoming book, \"Artists with PhD's\", James Elkins (art critic) presents the opinion the PhD will become the new standard, and offers the book as a resource for assessing these programs and for structuring future programs. However, the College Art Association still recognizes the MFA as the terminal degree, stating \"At", "title": "Art education in the United States" }, { "id": "20259053", "score": "1.2740533", "text": "that is used by scholars, artists, curators and anyone interested in learning more about the arts community in this region. For a file to be considered complete, it must contain an Artist's statement, a résumé, a gallery or museum exhibition announcement, published reviews, annotated exhibition checklists, annotated exhibition gallery shots, as well as any other additional supporting material. Before the beginning of this project, Marilyn Carbonell, head of Library Services, spoke with gallerists, artists, the museum's director, trustees, and the Nelson-Atkins Museum Business Council. Todd Weiner, of Todd Weiner Gallery in Crossroads, Kansas City, has worked as an artist liaison", "title": "Artists' File Initiative" }, { "id": "11910797", "score": "1.2680942", "text": "life Techniques\", \"Composition\", \"Outline Drawing\", \"Perspective\", \"Wash and Beginning Color\", \"Color Harmony\", \"Portrait painting in Oil\", \"Still Life in Oil\", \"Painting Techniques\", \"Commercial Art Techniques\", \"Decorative Design\", \"Advertising Illustration\", \"Basic Figure Drawing\", \"Fashion Illustration\", \"Magazine Illustrating\", \"Reproduction Processes\", \"General Illustrating\", \"Ink Drawing\", \"Proportions and Shading\", \"The Human Figure\" and \"The Technique of J. Clymer\". Despite advances in digital art, Art Instruction Schools continues to follow the teaching traditions it established over a century ago, as detailed by Richard Chin, writing in the \"St. Paul Pioneer Press\": In 2008, Art Instruction Schools uses television commercials to reach prospective students. Art Instruction", "title": "Art Instruction Schools" }, { "id": "13270121", "score": "1.2653298", "text": "the creative process which made a renown publication like \"The New York Times Magazine,\" commission a fine-artist, such as myself, to depict a very specific view of reality without taking all the necessary measures to ensure that I was aware of its journalistic parameters and limits.” Between August and November 2009 several philosophers, writers and curators spoke out on the matter, publicly supporting the artist, his work and the discussion which it ignited. Portuguese curator Jorge Calado remarked that \"Photography begins with an “f” sound that stands for fiction, fake or forgery. And that is the original sin of photography.", "title": "Edgar Martins" }, { "id": "14376865", "score": "1.2631752", "text": "in figurative arts and art history, individual studio visits, group critique, critical thinking seminars as well as a professional practice series. MFA candidates may also study additional tracks in 'Anatomy' (four courses about human and animal anatomy, kinesthetics, and anatomical drawings) and 'Printmaking' (three courses providing students with educational depth in lithography, intaglio, relief, and monotype). On successful completion of study, it bestows on qualified students the Master of Fine Arts degree with concentrations in drawing, painting and sculpture. The Academy’s faculty of professional artists and experienced academics have extensive exhibition, publication, award, grant history and a variety of professional", "title": "New York Academy of Art" }, { "id": "23395", "score": "1.256087", "text": "as being \"too vague; some passages are too clever for their own good, and their meaning is not clear\". The FSF recommended that the license not be used on its own, but approved the common AL/GPL dual-licensing approach for Perl projects. In response to this, Bradley Kuhn, who later worked for the Free Software Foundation, made a minimal redraft to clarify the ambiguous passages. This was released as the Clarified Artistic License and was approved by the FSF. It is used by the Paros Proxy, the JavaFBP toolkit and NcFTP. The terms of the Artistic License 1.0 were at issue", "title": "Artistic License" }, { "id": "19503440", "score": "1.2554388", "text": "of the studio. The First edition of Shit Must Stop contains 11 different portfolios from important artists, (Irving Petlin, Su Braden, James Lee Byars, Christo, Walter de Maria, Richard Hamilton, Kaspar Koening, Julien Levy, Sol Mednick, Nancy Reitkopf, La Monte Young & Marian Zazeela). The artists scaled their project into similar format, in this edition, into a small size packet. In this case, Christo who works with large environmental collaborations, scaled down his works in order to create a small sized two dimensinal diorama. Julian Levy also contributed a list of prescriptions for faux medications, capsules for artists he determined", "title": "S.M.S. portfolios" }, { "id": "16247365", "score": "1.2482188", "text": "(CDA) or Master Decorative Artists (MDA). Artists can be certified in still life, floral or stroke categories. Once a year Master Decorative Artists review anonymous portfolios before selecting an artist for either CDA or MDA certification. The process requires an application, entry fee, and one project submitted for the portfolio. The society has a code of ethics members agree to follow. The ethics include following copyright laws, creating a friendly atmosphere, cooperation between individuals, groups and the like; honesty, fairness and adhering to the organization's code of ethics. SDP Chapters promote creativity at the local level by organizing classes, seminars,", "title": "Society of Decorative Painters" }, { "id": "19701893", "score": "1.2474923", "text": "\"Reflections\" revealed thirty years of the artist's work and his thought processes. He has continued to defend the idea that while minor accidents may occur in art works to fine effect, the artist really needs to be in overall control of his/her work to be able to call it Art. \"Having a need to draw sometimes causes one to look harder. \"What will I draw?\" is more easily answered when an artist is looking, not just thinking. After all, we are called Visual Artists.\" During the 1970s and 1980s Todd worked as an art teacher in Victorian State Technical schools,", "title": "Geoff Todd" }, { "id": "5111344", "score": "1.2417274", "text": "by the artist. The requirements for protection do not implicate aesthetic taste or value. VARA's application is limited to visual works that fall within a narrowly defined category. However, for works that do fall within the category of protected works, VARA imposes substantial restrictions on any modification or removal of those works. Purchasers of the works must obtain written waivers from the author if they wish to exercise any of the exclusive rights under VARA. This has particularly been an issue for those that commission public sculptures. Absent a waiver, artists could effectively veto decisions to remove their structures from", "title": "Visual Artists Rights Act" }, { "id": "19503450", "score": "1.2411833", "text": "The issue also comes with an apology, which reads, “The publishers of the Letter Edged in Black Press, Inc. regretfully announce that this is the last issue of Shit Must Stop that will appear. We have appreciated your support and hope you will remember our effort with appreciation.” The vague nature of the card supports the mischievous nature of this issue’s contents, while still maintaining the sincerity of the project. S.M.S. portfolios S.M.S (Shit Must Stop) is a collection of artist's portfolios that are conceived by William Copley and Dimitri Petrov as they speak about the long relationships with the", "title": "S.M.S. portfolios" } ]

[ "Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis & Carl Perkins", "elvis presley johnny cash jerry lee lewis carl perkins" ]

[ { "id": "15109913", "score": "2.3288944", "text": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical) Million Dollar Quartet is a jukebox musical with a book by Colin Escott and Floyd Mutrux. It dramatizes the Million Dollar Quartet recording session of December 4, 1956, among early rock and roll/country stars who recorded at Sun studio in Memphis, which are Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins, and newcomer Jerry Lee Lewis. The musical opened on Broadway in 2010, after several tryouts and regional productions, and spawned a 2011 West End production. The musical premiered at Florida's Seaside Music Theatre, running from November 9 to December 4, 2006, and was then staged at", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical)" }, { "id": "15109914", "score": "2.252193", "text": "the Village Theatre in Issaquah, Washington in September through October 2007, and Everett, Washington, in January 2008, breaking box office records. The musical had a limited run at Chicago's Goodman Theatre, opening on September 27, 2008. Mutrux co-directed the Chicago production with Eric D. Schaeffer, Artistic Director of Virginia's Signature Theatre. The show transferred to Chicago's Apollo Theater where it opened on October 31, 2008. It celebrated its 2500th performance on September 20, 2014., The show closed on January 17 and ranked as the third-longest running show, in terms of calendar span, in Chicago Theatre history (behind \"Co-Ed Prison Sluts\"", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical)" }, { "id": "6124293", "score": "2.2476726", "text": "Broadway production opened at the Nederlander Theatre on April 11, 2010. The Broadway production closed on June 12, 2011 after 489 performances and 34 previews, and then re-opened Off-Broadway at New World Stages. \"Million Dollar Quartet\" then opened in the West End at the Noël Coward Theatre on February 28, 2011, with previews from February 8. The Broadway play was nominated for three Tony Awards in 2010: Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical for Escott and Mutrux, and Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Levi Kreis. Kreis won, marking the show’s sole Tony win. Million Dollar Quartet \"Million", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet" }, { "id": "6124292", "score": "2.1956139", "text": "the Sun Studios to record the album \"Class of '55\". The stage musical \"Million Dollar Quartet\", with a book by Floyd Mutrux and Colin Escott, dramatizes the Million Dollar Quartet session. It premiered at Florida's Seaside Music Theatre and was then staged at Village Theatre in Issaquah, Washington (a Seattle suburb) in 2007, breaking box office records. The musical opened for a limited run at Chicago's Goodman Theatre on September 27, 2008. Mutrux co-directed the Chicago production with Eric D. Schaeffer, of Virginia's Signature Theatre. The show transferred to Chicago's Apollo Theater where it opened on October 31, 2008. The", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet" }, { "id": "15109917", "score": "2.1635778", "text": "The musical closed on June 12, 2011 after having played 489 performances and 34 previews. The production opened Off-Broadway at the New World Stages in July 2011. \"Million Dollar Quartet: The Musical\" opened in the West End at the Noël Coward Theatre on February 28, 2011, with previews from February 8. The original cast featured Bill Ward as Sam Phillips, Ben Goddard as Jerry Lee Lewis, Derek Hagen as Johnny Cash, Francesca Jackson as Dyanne, Robert Britton Lyons as Carl Perkins (However, from March 2011, he was replaced by Oliver Seymour-Marsh who was originally the first understudy for the same", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical)" }, { "id": "15109920", "score": "2.1302743", "text": "Jay Perkins. The national tour will hit Appleton Fox Cities, Portland, Miami, Houston, Indianapolis, Memphis, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Tempe, Salt Lake City, Seattle, San Jose, and many more. The Million Dollar Quartet original Canadian cast premiered at the Chemainus Theatre Festival on February 12, 2016. It ran through March 26th, 2016. It featured Alexander Baerg as Elvis Presley, Dan Kosub as Carl Perkins, Montgomery Bjornson as Jerry Lee Lewis, Jonas Shandel as Johnny Cash, Leon Willey as Sam Phillips, Meaghan Chenosky as Dyanne, Scott Carmichael as Fluke, and Kraig Waye as Brother Jay. On December 4, 1956, Johnny Cash,", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical)" }, { "id": "15109925", "score": "2.111767", "text": "essence of their real-life counterparts without succumbing to excessive caricature.\" Audiences felt that the show was \"fun and upbeat\" but that it was \"little more than a dinner theatre-level entry designed to fill time.\" One audience member noted that they were \"partially impressed with the librettist's ability to turn this concept into an actual story\" although the introductions to some of the songs were \"mostly groan-worthy.\" Million Dollar Quartet (musical) Million Dollar Quartet is a jukebox musical with a book by Colin Escott and Floyd Mutrux. It dramatizes the Million Dollar Quartet recording session of December 4, 1956, among early", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical)" }, { "id": "15109918", "score": "2.0910735", "text": "role), and Michael Malarkey as Elvis Presley. This production is again directed by Schaeffer with orchestrations and arrangements by Chuck Mead. The show closed in London on January 14, 2012, having previously been booking until October 27, 2012. The musical transferred to New World Stages in July 2011. The show had struggled at the box office in final months of the Broadway production, taking in $242,786 out of a potential $1,109,700 and playing to 36.76% of capacity for the week ending June 5, 2011. The cast for \"Million Dollar Quartet\" at New World Stages features Eric Stang (Jerry Lee Lewis),", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical)" }, { "id": "5077185", "score": "2.0558195", "text": "followed by the classic-country covers album \"Back at the Quonset Hut\" in 2012 and \"Free State Serenade\" in 2014. In 2006 Chuck began his association with the hit Broadway Musical \"Million Dollar Quartet\" beginning in Florida as the Musical Arranger and Musical Director; he has also worked with the cast at The Village Theatre near Seattle, Washington, The Goodman Theatre in Chicago and The Nederlander Theatre on Broadway in New York City. He is currently working with the new cast in England as they prepare to open at The Noël Coward Theatre in City of Westminster. Mark Miller was a", "title": "BR549" }, { "id": "15109916", "score": "2.0527139", "text": "Knocking,\" as well as provides back-up vocals. The original Broadway cast also included Corey Kaiser as Jay Perkins on bass and Larry Lelli as Fluke the drummer. Again directed by Eric Schaeffer, the scenic design is by Derek McLane, costume design is by Jane Greenwood, and lighting design by Howell Binkley. The musical was nominated for three 2010 Tony Awards: Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical and Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Levi Kreis. Kreis won the award for Best Featured Actor for his portrayal of Jerry Lee Lewis. The original cast recording was released in 2010.", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical)" }, { "id": "13279922", "score": "2.0226126", "text": "Out\" (1993; screenplay), \"There Goes My Baby\" (1994; writer/director) and \"Mulholland Falls\" (1996; story). For musical theatre, Mutrux wrote \"Million Dollar Quartet\" (2010), \"Baby It's You!\" (2009). and \"Heartbreak Hotel\" , which is set to officially open at the Broadway Playhouse in Chicago on June 30, 2018. Mutrux studied in New York while working at Second City, Chicago, and later attended Columbia University. He married Penny Long, with whom he had one son, Ashley, but they later divorced. He is now married to Brigitte Mutrux. Floyd Mutrux Floyd Mutrux (born June 21, 1941) is an American stage and film director,", "title": "Floyd Mutrux" }, { "id": "15109923", "score": "2.0189404", "text": "Jerry Lee Lewis on September 10, 2010, Lesley Gore on October 28, 2010, and Ray Benson on November 16, 2010. \"Million Dollar Quartet\" received mixed reviews from critics (the average grade of 28 major reviews was a \"B\"). The \"New York Times\" reviewer wrote that \"There’s a lot to like about this relatively scrappy variation on a familiar theme. 'Million Dollar Quartet' has a pleasing modesty, taking place as it does on a single afternoon, Dec. 4, 1956, in the rattletrap recording studio of Sun Records in Memphis...The actors portraying these pioneers... don’t just play the roles but play the", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical)" }, { "id": "15109924", "score": "2.013886", "text": "music too. Gifted musicians and likable performers, they tackle with no apparent discomfort the unenviable chore of impersonating some of the most revered names in pop music, from their slick pompadours right down to their frisky, agile fingertips.\" In a summary of the Broadway reviews, the \"Backstage\" reviewer noted: \"When the curtain call is the most exciting part of a show, it's definitely a problem. Such is the case with \"Million Dollar Quartet,\" the latest attempt to turn pop nostalgia into Broadway box-office gold.\" The \"New York Magazine\" reviewer commented \"The actors—all four of them crackerjack singers and musicians—distill the", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical)" }, { "id": "15109919", "score": "1.9157419", "text": "Eddie Clendening (Elvis Presley), Lance Guest (Johnny Cash), Robert Britton Lyons (Carl Perkins), Victoria Matlock (Dyanne), James Moye (Sam Phillips), Corey Kaiser (Jay Perkins) and Don Peretz (Fluke). The production closed on June 24, 2012. A United States national tour of the musical began in October 2011 at the Palace Theater at Playhouse Square in Cleveland, Ohio. The tour cast features Derek Keeling as Johnny Cash, Cody Slaughter as Elvis Presley, Martin Kaye as Jerry Lee Lewis, Lee Ferris as Carl Perkins, Christopher Ryan Grant as Sam Phillips, Kelly Lamont as Dyanne, Billy Shaffer as Fluke and Chuck Zayas as", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical)" }, { "id": "15303213", "score": "1.9121535", "text": "Quartet\", which was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Musical and Best Book of a Musical. Mutrux, who knew about Florence Greenberg, conceived \"Baby It's You! The Musical\", which is part of Mutrux's planned \"American Pop Anthology\" series, focusing on American music from the 1950s to the 1980s. \"Million Dollar Quartet\" was also part of this series. Epps is director of the Pasadena Playhouse. In late 2009, one of the shows scheduled to play there suddenly closed: This is not the first jukebox musical Epps had worked on: he directed \"Play On!\", with Duke Ellington songs, and \"Blues in", "title": "Baby It's You!" }, { "id": "15109915", "score": "1.8736832", "text": "and \"Shear Madness\"). The cast featured David Lago as Elvis Presley, Gabe Bowling as Carl Perkins, Sean Sullivan as Johnny Cash, and Lance Lipinsky as Jerry Lee Lewis. The Broadway production premiered at the Nederlander Theatre on April 11, 2010, with a cast featuring Eddie Clendening as Elvis Presley, Lance Guest as Johnny Cash, Levi Kreis as Jerry Lee Lewis, Robert Britton Lyons as Carl Perkins and Hunter Foster as Sam Phillips. The Broadway cast also included Elizabeth Stanley as \"Dyanne\", who in the show accompanies Elvis Presley to the Sun Records studio and sings \"Fever\" and \"I Hear You", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical)" }, { "id": "6124267", "score": "1.8506218", "text": "Million Dollar Quartet \"Million Dollar Quartet\" is a recording of an impromptu jam session involving Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, and Johnny Cash made on December 4, 1956, at the Sun Record Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. An article about the session was published in the \"Memphis Press-Scimitar\" under the title \"Million Dollar Quartet\". The recording was first released in Europe in 1981 as \"The Million Dollar Quartet\" with 17 tracks. A few years later more tracks were discovered and released as \"The Complete Million Dollar Session\". In 1990, the recordings were released in the United States as \"Elvis", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet" }, { "id": "20092066", "score": "1.8480519", "text": "\"Million Dollar Quartet\", and spearheaded the global distribution of other major titles such as \"Monty Python's Spamalot\", \"The Color Purple\", and \"Memphis\" in productions across 69 countries. Cercone was a part of the creative team for the re-development of \"\", which included Oscar-winning author Bruce Joel Rubin and Grammy Award winners Glen Ballard and David A. Stewart. He also collaborated with Tony Award winner Richard Maltby Jr. on the re-development of \"Ring of Fire\" (Small Cast Version), and with Tony Award nominee and Grammy nominee John August on \"Big Fish\" (12-Chair Version). In 2016 - 2017, the newest musical adaptation", "title": "Sean Cercone" }, { "id": "13340302", "score": "1.8278747", "text": "season, in various stages from reading to full production. Yorkey is credited with the development of over 50 new musicals, including the 2010 Broadway musical, \"Million Dollar Quartet\", which was nominated for Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical, and won Best Performance by a Featured Actor (Levi Kreis) in a Musical at the 64th Tony Awards. \"Next to Normal\" began as a ten-minute-long piece called \"Feeling Electric\", which recent college graduates Yorkey and Kitt wrote as a final project for the BMI Musical Theatre Workshop at the end of the 1990s. Their inspiration was a segment about electroconvulsive therapy", "title": "Brian Yorkey" }, { "id": "15109921", "score": "1.8126634", "text": "Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins and Elvis Presley assemble at the Sun Record recording studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Established performer Carl Perkins was to record songs with a new performer, Jerry Lee Lewis. Elvis Presley stops by the studio along with his girlfriend, a singer named Dyanne (at the real session, Elvis's girlfriend was a dancer, Marilyn Evans—now Riehl). Johnny Cash has stopped by to talk to recording impresario Sam Philips. They soon have a jam session together. Philips attempts to re-sign Johnny Cash to a new contract, unaware he has already signed with Columbia Records. Typically, as a member", "title": "Million Dollar Quartet (musical)" } ]

[ "They cant take that away from me", "They Can't Take That Away From Me", "They Can't Take That Away from Me", "They Can't Take that Away from Me", "they cant take that away from me", "they can t take that away from me" ]

[ { "id": "6526738", "score": "1.9760945", "text": "in which they played a married couple with marital issues. The song, in the context of \"Shall We Dance\", notes some of the things that Peter (Astaire) will miss about Linda (Rogers). The lyrics include \"the way you wear your hat, the way you sip your tea\", and \"the way you hold your knife, the way we danced till three.\" Each verse is followed by the line \"no, no, they can't take that away from me.\" The basic meaning of the song is that even if the lovers part, though physically separated the memories cannot be forced from them. Thus", "title": "They Can't Take That Away from Me" }, { "id": "10470021", "score": "1.5222044", "text": "well – except in a vat of oatmeal. In Episode 1 of the ninth season of M*A*S*H, \"The Best of Enemies\" - The character Hawykeye is singing Tophat, White Tie, and Tails in the first scene. In a 1982 episode of \"Three's Company\", Jack dances to the song while drunk at a party, and knocks things over as he does so. The song is performed in 1989's \"Secret Policeman's Third Ball\" by comedian/satirist Willie Rushton, accompanied by Richard Vranch on piano, with Rushton dressing according to the lyrics of the song, noting that the lyrics neglect to mention the donning", "title": "Top Hat, White Tie and Tails" }, { "id": "5872804", "score": "1.518859", "text": "Cafe\". The book of poetry \"Tea\" by D. A. Powell also refers to the song. Doris Day recorded the song on her 1962 album \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Elvis Presley recorded the song on his gospel album \"How Great Thou Art\" (1967). Willie Nelson recorded the song on his 1976 gospel album \"The Troublemaker\". Glen Campbell recorded the song on his 1989 gospel album \"Favorite Hymns\". The gospel song is sung in the closing scene of the film \"Places in the Heart\" (1984) and by Ronee Blakley in the Robert Altman film \"Nashville\" (1975). The song is included on Johnny", "title": "In the Garden (1912 song)" }, { "id": "8323284", "score": "1.5059302", "text": "You're the Cream in My Coffee \"You're the Cream in My Coffee\" is a popular song. It was published in 1928. The music was written by Ray Henderson, the lyrics by Buddy G. DeSylva and Lew Brown and appears in the Broadway musical \"Hold Everything!\" and is featured in the Warner Brothers film version of the musical in 1930. The song was recorded by Annette Hanshaw and by Parker Gibbs with Ted Weems in 1928. The song was later recorded by Les Brown, Chris Connor (with the Jerry Wald Orchestra), the Ray Conniff Singers, and many others. Marlene Dietrich sang", "title": "You're the Cream in My Coffee" }, { "id": "7123281", "score": "1.497992", "text": "theatrical song but acknowledged the song's great success regardless. The story may be apocryphal, but Irving Caesar indicated on Steve Allen's radio show that the lyrics were intended to be temporary. The earliest recordings of the song were by Marion Harris (Brunswick), Ben Bernie (Vocalion) and the Benson Orchestra of Chicago (Victor, and Ralton's Havana Band (Austral Duplex) in 1925. Recordings of the song have been made by Helen Clark & Lewis James (1924), Benson Orchestra (1924), Marion Harris (1925), Ben Bernie (1925), Red Nichols (1930), Fats Waller (1939), Art Tatum (1939), Bing Crosby, and Connie Boswell (recorded December 13,", "title": "Tea for Two (song)" }, { "id": "9958450", "score": "1.4866738", "text": "Shore\". Have a Cuppa Tea \"Have a Cuppa Tea\" is a song written by Ray Davies and performed by the Kinks on their 1971 album \"Muswell Hillbillies\". Like many Kinks songs, it is stylistically influenced by the British Music Hall. It also has a slight country influence—with the mesh of these two styles being a hallmark of the album. It is believed to be about Ray and Dave's grandmother. The lyrics humorously celebrate the British custom of drinking tea, and the civility that comes with it. Some absurd claims are made of the drink in a tongue-in-cheek fashion, such as", "title": "Have a Cuppa Tea" }, { "id": "8808463", "score": "1.4856393", "text": "full of wordplay, such as the spoonerism \"If the Harris pat means a Paris Hat...\". It was introduced by Lisa Kirk in the theatre musical and performed in the film version by Ann Miller and Tommy Rall. The song was notably sung by Ella Fitzgerald, Eartha Kitt, Blossom Dearie, Jo Stafford and Peggy Lee (with George Shearing). There is also a version on the \"Della Della Cha-Cha-Cha\" album in 1961 by Della Reese. Julie London in 1961 (on the LP album (Liberty Records LST-7192) Whatever Julie Wants) Porter wondered whether Clark Gable would object to his name being used in", "title": "Always True to You in My Fashion" }, { "id": "11435592", "score": "1.4819818", "text": "Finishing the Hat \"For the Desperate Housewives episode, see Finishing the Hat (Desperate Housewives).\" Finishing the Hat: Collected Lyrics (1954–1981) with Attendant Comments, Principles, Heresies, Grudges, Whines and Anecdotes is a book by American musical theatre composer and lyricist Stephen Sondheim. The book contains Sondheim's lyrics from his first professionally staged show, \"Saturday Night\" (1954) through \"West Side Story\", \"\", \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\", \"Anyone Can Whistle\", \"Do I Hear a Waltz?\", \"Company\", \"Follies\", \"A Little Night Music\", \"The Frogs\", \"Pacific Overtures\", \"\", and ending with \"Merrily We Roll Along\" (1981), stopping just short", "title": "Finishing the Hat" }, { "id": "11435595", "score": "1.4756662", "text": "for films, plays and further deleted works. It was published on October 29, 2010 by Alfred A. Knopf, and is 444 pages. Finishing the Hat \"For the Desperate Housewives episode, see Finishing the Hat (Desperate Housewives).\" Finishing the Hat: Collected Lyrics (1954–1981) with Attendant Comments, Principles, Heresies, Grudges, Whines and Anecdotes is a book by American musical theatre composer and lyricist Stephen Sondheim. The book contains Sondheim's lyrics from his first professionally staged show, \"Saturday Night\" (1954) through \"West Side Story\", \"\", \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\", \"Anyone Can Whistle\", \"Do I Hear a Waltz?\",", "title": "Finishing the Hat" }, { "id": "8323286", "score": "1.474153", "text": "In addition, it is sung in the musical Good News by Coach Bill Johnson in his romantic pursuit of a female colleague. You're the Cream in My Coffee \"You're the Cream in My Coffee\" is a popular song. It was published in 1928. The music was written by Ray Henderson, the lyrics by Buddy G. DeSylva and Lew Brown and appears in the Broadway musical \"Hold Everything!\" and is featured in the Warner Brothers film version of the musical in 1930. The song was recorded by Annette Hanshaw and by Parker Gibbs with Ted Weems in 1928. The song was", "title": "You're the Cream in My Coffee" }, { "id": "9309382", "score": "1.4676747", "text": "a Swedish adaption, \"Kaffe och bullar gör mig glad\", which he performed in the cabaret \"\" (1966-1967), which also was filmed (1968). Let's Have Another Cup of Coffee \"Let's Have Another Cup of Coffee\" is a song by Irving Berlin appearing in the musical comedy \"Face the Music\", which opened in 1932. The song, set in a self-service restaurant modeled on the Horn & Hardart Automat, is sung in the play by a group of once-wealthy citizens who were awaiting better times, as mirrored in the song's opening lyrics: \"Just around the corner,\"<br> \"there's a rainbow in the sky,\"<br> \"So", "title": "Let's Have Another Cup of Coffee" }, { "id": "12409239", "score": "1.4637027", "text": "precision. \"The last four lines set the world of civilized order against the outdoor coldness,\" he writes, \"ending on a note of exotic beauty, color, and elegance...\" He suggests that the experience or feeling of being civilized is presented symbolically in \"Tea\". It is one of the two earliest Stevens poems to combine wit and elegance, according to Buttel, the other being \"Cy est Pourtraicte, Madame Ste Ursule, et les Unze Mille Vierges\", also published in 1915. The two poems are proofs that by 1915 Stevens had mastered the tools in the workshop of nineteenth-century poetry that he had set", "title": "Tea (poem)" }, { "id": "11084406", "score": "1.4629275", "text": "consulted by Franklin D ... Greta Garbo has asked me to tea\") are so topical and totally dated to the headlines of the 1930s that they break the mold for ballads. Yet they have such a clever, endearing charm that only a brave singer will dare to replace them (Sinatra dared with \"...designed the latest IBM brain...\"). The melody, true to the theme of the lyrics, starts out at a low pitch and rarely goes very far up. A moving melody line carries the descriptive lines of text, however, until it comes to the bridge, where the text turns more", "title": "I Can't Get Started" }, { "id": "7123280", "score": "1.4583197", "text": "Tea for Two (song) \"Tea for Two\" is a song from the 1925 musical \"No, No, Nanette\" with music by Vincent Youmans and lyrics by Irving Caesar. It is a duet sung by Nanette and Tom (Louise Groody and Jack Barker) in Act II as they imagine their future. It was also sung by Doris Day and Gordon MacRae in the 1950 musical film, \"Tea for Two\". The song contains abrupt key changes between A-flat major and C-major. The song also consists mostly of dotted eighth and quarter notes. Alec Wilder described these features as being uncharacteristic of a great", "title": "Tea for Two (song)" }, { "id": "6842234", "score": "1.4560375", "text": "in the base of the cup. Decker had the cup with her and showed the viewers the image. The song is in the key of B-Flat major on the original album version, but the radio edit version is slightly sped up to reduce its length, resulting in the tuning being midway between B-Flat and B Major. In 2011, contestant Amelia Lily performed the song on series 8 of UK's \"The X Factor\". Judge Gary Barlow said it was \"nice to hear the song being sung in tune for once\", in mockery of Decker, who reacted to the comment via Twitter.", "title": "China in Your Hand" }, { "id": "17198592", "score": "1.4490273", "text": "was all her imagination. Taking one last look at the chef, she smiles and exits through the back door. The Maccabeats, a Jewish a capella group from Yeshiva University, covered Kendrick's version and parodied her music video with group members sitting around a Shabbat table singing the Shabbat morning table song \"D'ror Yikra\" while performing the cups routine. Cups (song) \"Cups\" is a version of the 1931 Carter Family song \"When I'm Gone\", usually performed a cappella with a cup used to provide percussion, as in the cup game. It was first performed this way in a YouTube video by", "title": "Cups (song)" }, { "id": "9911253", "score": "1.4485999", "text": "separated lovers, a broken token, and death for love, common themes in tragic love songs. The song \"She Wore a Yellow Ribbon\" appears in John Ford's film of the same name. In the 'Watching TV' episode of British television sitcom \"Men Behaving Badly\", Gary and Dorothy repeatedly end up singing the Steeleye Span version of the song while trying to remember the theme tune to \"Starsky and Hutch\". Paul Whitehouse also sings the first lines of the song in an episode of \"The Fast Show\", changing a key word in each line with \"arse\". All Around My Hat (song) The", "title": "All Around My Hat (song)" }, { "id": "18296030", "score": "1.4485729", "text": "and the double entendre lyric \"\"I'll sit you up on a kitchen sink / Stick a pink umbrella in your drink\"\" as examples of increasingly prominent sexual content in country music in the 2010s. The song received mixed to negative reviews from several critics. Hannah Smith for \"Vinyl Mag\" says \"this song [is] incredibly catchy in the worst way. There’s nothing wrong with party songs, but there comes a time when an artist needs to evaluate the direction their career is heading. No one wants to hear middle-aged people singing about getting laid and stoned, which this song addresses multiple", "title": "Sun Daze" }, { "id": "9911246", "score": "1.4473734", "text": "sung by John Langstaff. In Ireland, Peadar Kearney adapted the song to make it relate to a Republican lass whose lover has died in the Easter Rising, and who swears to wear the Irish tricolor in her hat in remembrance in The Tri-coloured Ribbon. A young man is forced to leave his lover, usually to go to sea. On his return he finds her on the point of being married to another man. In some versions he goes into mourning, with the green willow as a symbol of his unhappiness (willow is considered to be a weeping tree). In other", "title": "All Around My Hat (song)" }, { "id": "8646405", "score": "1.4471629", "text": "Canadian, and United Kingdom radio singles included \"Hymn California,\" \"Honey Slides,\" \"Dance to the War,\" \"The Winter/Their Apartment,\" \"Room for Three and the Bayou Summer,\" \"Palaces,\" \"Lanterns, Rakes, and Shovels,\" \"We're Unknowing in the Crosshairs,\" \"The Old Lover,\" \"Snake Lore,\" \"It's Five O'Clock in America,\" \"We Must Come Home Again,\" and \"We Live Nowhere and Know No One.\" 2007 saw a two-month US tour, a five-week tour of England and Scotland (alongside Youthmovies, Jonquil, House of Brothers, Blanket, and Eugene McGuinness), and the release of \"Honey Slides\", a collaborative EP with Youthmovies on the Try Harder Records label. There was", "title": "Adam Gnade" } ]

[ "who wants to be millionaire", "Who Wants To Be a Millionaire?" ]

[ { "id": "5039116", "score": "2.048063", "text": "Judith Keppel Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel (born 18 August 1942) was the first one-million-pound winner on the television game show \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\" in the United Kingdom. She is the first person to have won a million pounds or more on a British television game show. She has appeared on the BBC Two quiz show \"Eggheads\" since 2003. Keppel's father Hon Walter Arnold Crispian Keppel (1914–1996) was a lieutenant commander in the Fleet Air Arm, who moved with the family to various naval postings around Britain until they settled in London when she was 17. She took", "title": "Judith Keppel" }, { "id": "5039118", "score": "1.8897989", "text": "the noble lineage of her aforementioned grandfather, her ancestry can be traced back to Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England, who were the subjects of her million-pound question on \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\". Keppel appeared on the 20 November 2000 episode of the UK edition of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\", becoming the 12th winner in the world and the first in the UK to win one million pounds. At the time, she was a garden designer living in Fulham and was \"struggling for money\". Nonetheless, she had spent about £100 phoning the quiz show", "title": "Judith Keppel" }, { "id": "5039119", "score": "1.822375", "text": "more than 50 times to secure a place. \"BT rang me up and said, 'Do you realise your telephone bills are rising?'\" There was speculation at the time that the win was leaked to the press so that ITV would draw ratings away from BBC One which was showing the last episode of \"One Foot in the Grave\" in the same timeslot. However, the Independent Television Commission cleared Celador and ITV of the allegations. Keppel now appears on the BBC Two quiz show \"Eggheads\", where she and four other quiz champions are pitted against members of the public. Judith Keppel", "title": "Judith Keppel" }, { "id": "6919916", "score": "1.6090617", "text": "the show go out in the normal way\", pointing out that it \"killed off any element of tension or surprise in their own programme\", but that \"television is all about ratings\". Richard Webber's account, in his 2006 book, cites \"unnamed BBC sources\" as those who \"questioned the authenticity of Keppel's victory\". The allegations in turn led to eleven viewers making complaints against the quiz show, of a similar nature, to the Independent Television Commission (ITC). In response, ITV expressed distress to the allegations, claiming that it \"undermined viewers' faith in the programme.\" Leslie Hill, the chairman of ITV, wrote to", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)" }, { "id": "491527", "score": "1.5892668", "text": "on 19 November 1999. Carpenter did not use a lifeline until the final question, using his Phone-a-Friend not for help but to call his father to tell him he had won the million. Other notable top prize winners include Judith Keppel, the first winner of the UK version; Kevin Olmstead from the U.S. version, who won a progressive jackpot of $2.18 million; Martin Flood from the Australian version, who was investigated by producers after suspicions that he had cheated, much like Charles Ingram, but was later cleared; and Sushil Kumar from the Indian version, who is often referred to in", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Judith Keppel\n\nJudith Cynthia Aline Keppel (born 18 August 1942) is a British quiz show contestant who was the first person to win one million pounds on the British television game show \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\". She has appeared on the former BBC Two, now Channel 5, quiz show \"Eggheads\" since its inception in 2003, until she retired from the show in 2022.", "title": "Judith Keppel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (British game show)\n\nWho Wants to Be a Millionaire? is a British television quiz show, created by David Briggs for ITV. The programme's format sees contestants taking on multiple-choice questions based upon general knowledge, winning a cash prize for each question they answer correctly, with the amount offered increasing as they take on more difficult questions. If an incorrect answer is given, the contestant will leave with whatever cash prize is guaranteed by the last safety net they have passed, unless they opt to walk away before answering the next question with the money the cash prize they had managed to reach. To assist in the quiz, contestants are given a series of \"lifelines\" to help answer questions.\n\nThe series originally aired from 4 September 1998 to 11 February 2014 and was presented by Chris Tarrant, airing a total of 592 episodes across 30 series. The original format was tweaked in later years, which included changing the number of questions asked, altering the payout structure, incorporating a time limit, and increasing the number of lifelines offered. After the original series ended, ITV decided to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme with a special series of episodes in 2018, produced by Stellify Media and hosted by Jeremy Clarkson. This proved a success with viewers and led to a revival of the programme, with new series being commissioned by the broadcaster and a spin-off ordered in 2022 called \"Fastest Finger First\".\n\nOver its history, the programme has seen a number of contestants manage to achieve the jackpot prize, but has also been involved in several controversies, including an attempt by a contestant to defraud the show of its top prize. Despite this, \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\" became one of the most significant shows in British popular culture, ranking 23rd in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled in 2000 by the British Film Institute. Its success led to the formation of an international franchise, with several countries featuring the same general format but with some variations in gameplay and lifelines provided.", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (British game show)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "David Edwards (quiz contestant)\n\nDavid Edwards (born 1947) is a Welsh physics teacher, best known as a TV quiz contestant. On 21 April 2001 he became the first man to win the million pounds in the UK version of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\" and only the second person after Judith Keppel. He competed in both series of \"Are You an Egghead?\", reaching the last 16 in 2008, and the final in 2009, where he lost to fellow \"Millionaire\" winner Pat Gibson.", "title": "David Edwards (quiz contestant)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Eggheads (game show)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n\nWho Wants to Be a Millionaire? (often informally called Millionaire) is an international television game show franchise of British origin, created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight. In its format, currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television, contestants tackle a series of multiple-choice questions to win large cash prizes in a format that twists on many game show genre conventions – only one contestant plays at a time, similar to radio quizzes; contestants are given the question before deciding whether to answer, and have no time limit to answer questions; and the amount offered increases as they tackle questions that become increasingly difficult. The maximum cash prize offered in most versions of the format is an aspirational value in local currency, such as one million pounds in the U.K. or 75 million rupees (7.5 crore) in India.\n\nThe original British version debuted on 4 September 1998 on the ITV network, hosted by Chris Tarrant, who presented his final episode on 11 February 2014 after which the show was discontinued. A revived series of seven episodes to commemorate its 20th anniversary aired from 5 to 11 May 2018, hosted by Jeremy Clarkson. The revival received mostly positive reviews from critics and fans, as well as high viewing figures, leading ITV to renew the show for several more series. Since its debut, international variants of the game show have been aired in around 160 countries.", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" }, { "id": "12868368", "score": "1.5881805", "text": "The second winner of the rich Mobil Quest prize (in 1950) was Joan Sutherland. Margaret won the Mobil Quest in 1951 and amongst the other finalists that year were soprano June Bronhill. The finalists toured Australia with conductor Hector Crawford. Margaret Nisbett's prize included the opportunity to study opera overseas and, in 1954, she departed for England with her husband, Jon, where she continued studies under Dino Borgioli and Clive Carey, who was also Joan Sutherland's teacher. Margaret's previous experience as a typist enabled her to continue singing lessons, while auditioning for opera companies. The group of expat singers and", "title": "Margaret Nisbett" }, { "id": "9612848", "score": "1.5796231", "text": "\"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\" had rigged Judith Keppel's victory to spoil the BBC's expected high ratings for the sitcom's finale. The Independent Television Commission (ITC) cleared Celador and ITV of any wrongdoing. The critical reception for the episode was mostly positive. Many reviewers commented that the dark tone of the final episode was characteristic of the series, and that killing off the protagonist was an appropriate way to conclude. The characters of Victor and Margaret returned in a short sketch for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day telethon on 16 March 2001. A wife is having a heated telephone", "title": "Things Aren't Simple Any More" }, { "id": "5064053", "score": "1.5770526", "text": "but the BBC persuaded him to stay in charge and he decided to retain the same formula again, but with an added twist. All eight contestants would be heard on Ken Bruce's radio show on BBC Radio 2, with a public vote to decide the four finalists. The four would perform on \"The National Lottery Live\" until 1998, and then on \"Top of the Pops\" in 1999. The final itself would just consist of repeats of the performances made in the above shows, in a special programme on a Sunday afternoon. Jonathan persuaded his friends Katrina and Kimberley Rew, who", "title": "UK national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest" }, { "id": "1527475", "score": "1.5599995", "text": "Gordon Burns both hinting that it was a mistake on ITV's part to end the programme. Rules for the series allowed contestants to only enter the competition once. Despite this, the 1985 winner, Andrew Gillam, had previously been a semi-finalist in 1978. In 1978 Andy was a PhD student based in Liverpool and wore a full beard but his second application in 1985 came from a clean shaven Dr Gillam residing in Edinburgh. This is a complete list of all the winners of the show. There was no series made in 1994, or from 1996 to 2008, or in 2011–present.", "title": "The Krypton Factor" }, { "id": "9612872", "score": "1.5535451", "text": "it ran concurrently with its ITV rival. It was alleged that Celador, the production company in charge of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\", had rigged the show to spoil the BBC's expected high ratings for the sitcom's finale. Wilson in particular was quoted as saying that ITV had \"planned\" the win, adding \"it seems a bit unfair to take the audience away from Victor's last moments on earth.\" Richard Webber's account, in his 2006 book, cites \"unnamed BBC sources\" as those who \"questioned the authenticity of Keppel's victory\". ITV claimed that the allegation \"undermined viewers' faith in the programme\",", "title": "Things Aren't Simple Any More" }, { "id": "20111760", "score": "1.5454848", "text": "hers persuaded her to enter a radio quiz programme called \"Information Please\" on 2ZB in the early 1940, winning £1. When the \"King of Quiz\" radio programme started in 1944, Woodhouse won six weekly contests to earn the title \"Queen of Quiz\" and gained national prominence by defending the title during the series's 20-year lifespan. She was selected as part of a panel to represent New Zealand in a radio quiz contest between the country and New South Wales. New Zealand won the contest. Woodhouse acted as a frequent guest panellist on the National Programme's \"Stump the Brains Trust\" until", "title": "Alice Woodhouse" }, { "id": "11197140", "score": "1.5267974", "text": "while recovering from cancer surgery she applied to join Mensa: her IQ was rated at 160. In 1961 she entered and won radio's \"Brain of Britain\" contest. This heralded a forty-year period as a mainstay of radio panel game quiz programmes. In 1967, after much lobbying of the producers, she joined the panel on \"Round Britain Quiz\", regarded as the most erudite of the BBC's quiz shows, and rapidly became its most celebrated panellist. In the 1970s she co presented a BBC daytime television programme entitled \"The 607080 Show\" with Roy Hudd. Her autobiography, \"The Bandsman's Daughter\", was published in", "title": "Irene Thomas" }, { "id": "16615748", "score": "1.5251539", "text": "Kunst in Stuttgart, Germany. The list of earned honors grew as she entered the Concours International d’execution Musicale in Geneva, Switzerland (Bronze Medal), National Competition of Western Germany’s Music Conservatories (First Prize), and in 1965, she became the first American, as well as the first pianist in six years, to win the First Prize in the ARD International Piano Competition in Munich, Germany (other notable prizewinners of the competition include Christoph Eschenbach, Ingrid Haebler, and Mitsuko Uchida). The successes in the European competitions granted Burganger international acclaim through solo and concerto performances playing with such major orchestras as the Chicago", "title": "Judith Burganger" }, { "id": "18959976", "score": "1.5238347", "text": "with Mortimer being the overall winner. Panellists for this series were Bob Mortimer, Josh Widdicombe, Katherine Ryan, Noel Fielding and Rob Beckett, who were the winners of the first five series of the show. Widdicombe was the overall winner. Panellists for this series were Alice Levine, Asim Chaudhry, Liza Tarbuck, Russell Howard and Tim Vine, with Tarbuck as the overall winner. Panellists for this series were James Acaster, Jessica Knappett, Kerry Godliman, Phil Wang and Rhod Gilbert, with Godliman being the overall winner. The show is also broadcast in Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Finland, Australia and New Zealand.", "title": "Taskmaster (TV series)" }, { "id": "19422599", "score": "1.5199103", "text": "the arts and benefactor of the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool. In 1949 she introduced an annual silversmithing competition to design and create the silver Topham Trophy. A television programme about her was shown nationally on BBC1 in 1972. In 1973 she allowed filming at Aintree for \"Dead Cert\" (based on a Dick Francis novel) that starred Judi Dench and Michael Williams. She had extensive contacts and a social life with the sports and media world. For example, she was godmother to Amanda, the eldest daughter of Peter Dimmock, one of the BBC's first sports broadcasters and later a senior", "title": "Mirabel Topham" }, { "id": "3083792", "score": "1.5102639", "text": "has six grandchildren. She was made an OBE in 1994. Judith Chalmers Judith Rosemary Locke Chalmers OBE (born 10 October 1935) is an English television presenter who is best known for presenting the travel programme \"Wish You Were Here...?\" from 1974 to 2003. Chalmers was born in Stockport, Cheshire. Her father was an architect and her mother a medical secretary. She had a sister, Sandra Chalmers. Both sisters were educated at Withington Girls' School, an independent day school in Fallowfield near Withington, Manchester. She began broadcasting for the BBC when she was only 13, after being selected for BBC Northern", "title": "Judith Chalmers" }, { "id": "3822050", "score": "1.5097231", "text": "charity, becoming the series' first contestants to end up with the dustbin prize and thus earn nothing at all for their charity, much to their embarrassment. The following year, 1979, John Inman and Barbara Windsor were the winners and they too won the dustbin; but on this occasion, the prizes were all revealed to be 'junk' and the dustbin was in fact the star prize. Inman & Windsor were in on the set up and deliberately contrived to win the dustbin. The DJ Janice Long appeared as a contestant on the very first episode with her then husband, Trevor, in", "title": "3-2-1" }, { "id": "9787903", "score": "1.5093899", "text": "of contest)\" Episode Viewing figures from BARB Britain's Next Top Model (series 1) The first cycle of Britain's Next Top Model premiered on 14 September 2005 on Living TV. Model Lisa Butcher served as the show's first host, with a panel consisting of former fashion model Marie Helvin and photographer Jonathan Phang. The prizes for this cycle included a modelling contract with Models 1, as well as an additional contract with Beatrice Models in Milan, a cover feature for \"B\" magazine, and a contract with Ruby & Millie cosmetics. The winner of the competition was 20-year-old Lucy Ratcliffe from Newcastle", "title": "Britain's Next Top Model (series 1)" }, { "id": "4121216", "score": "1.5086255", "text": "All amounts below the prizes are their equivalents in United States dollars at the time of their win. At the other end of the spectrum, in the UK edition broadcast on 7 December 2009, a contestant named Corinne opened her box to reveal (and thus win) 1p, having turned down first an offer of £88,000 and then an offer to swap boxes, which would have given her the top £250,000 prize. A similar event occurred on the U.S. version on August 25, 2008, where contestant Koshka Blackburn won $5,000 which was in her case after turning down the banker's offer", "title": "Deal or No Deal" }, { "id": "5064048", "score": "1.5050323", "text": "1990 & 1991, the system that was used between 1964 and 1975 was resurrected, with the BBC's head of light entertainment, Jim Moir choosing one artist to perform all the songs in the UK final. Michael Ball was the first in 1992, and went on to win second place. Sonia was also second the following year. However, after a suggestion by Don Black to the BBC's new head of light entertainment David Liddiment in 1994, Tony Award winning stage star Frances Ruffelle was offered the job of representing the UK. A virtually unknown singer, unsurprisingly, interest was low. Her final", "title": "UK national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest" } ]

[ "", "10", "ten" ]

[ { "id": "5289102", "score": "1.8302522", "text": "tiebreaker\" and \"best-seven-of-12-points tiebreaker\". The first lasts a maximum of 9 points, and awards victory in the set to whichever player or team first reaches 5 points – even if the other player or team already has 4; the margin of victory can be a single point. Because this \"9-point\" tiebreaker \"must\" end after a maximum of 9 points, even if neither player or team has a 2-point (or greater) margin, Van Alen also called it a \"sudden-death tiebreaker\" (If and when the score reached four points all, both players faced simultaneous set point and/or match point.). This type of", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "9756185", "score": "1.8286821", "text": "5-5, the player must then win by two games, however at 6-6, a tiebreak is played to determine who wins the set. The tiebreak rules are the first player to reach seven points win the tiebreak and set, at 6 points all, the player who wins two consecutive points wins the tiebreak and the set. -The Games per set option allows the player to choose the number of games to win a set. The minimum is two games and the maximum is 6. -Sets per Match determines how many sets are in the match. As with typical tennis, you can", "title": "Outlaw Tennis" }, { "id": "5289093", "score": "1.8218632", "text": "is won 7–5 (or 5-7). If the trailing player wins the game, the score is tied at 6–6 and a special tiebreaker game is played. The winner of the tiebreak wins the set by a score of 7–6 (or 6-7). The tiebreak is sometimes not employed for the final set of a match and an advantage set is used instead. Therefore, the deciding set must be played until one player or team has won two more games than the opponent. This is true in two of the four major tennis championships. The exceptions are the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], where", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "5289089", "score": "1.8166542", "text": "score is tied at 6–6, a tie-break game (or tiebreaker) is played. Typically, the tie-break game continues until one player wins seven points by a margin of two or more points. However, many tie-break games are played with different tiebreak point requirements, such as 8 or 10 points. Often, a 7-point tie-breaker is played when the set score is tied at 6-6 to determine who wins the set. The score of games within a set is counted in the ordinary manner, except when a player or team has a score of no games it is read as \"love\". The score", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "5289106", "score": "1.8116026", "text": "of the players could achieve a match victory by winning it. In 1979, Wimbledon changed their rules so that a (12-point) tiebreak would be played once any set except the final set reached 6–6 in games. In 1989, the Davis Cup adopted the tie-break in all sets except for the final set, and then extended it to the final set starting in 2016. In 2001, the Australian Open replaced the deciding third set of mixed doubles with an eighteen-point \"match tiebreak\" (first to ten points and win by two points wins the match). Despite some criticism of the change by", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Tennis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Grigor Dimitrov\n\nGrigor Dimitrov (, ; born 16 May 1991) is a Bulgarian professional tennis player. He has been ranked as high as world No. 3 in singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), which he first achieved on 20 November 2017, making him the highest-ranked Bulgarian player in history. Dimitrov achieved the ranking after winning the biggest title of his career at the season-ending ATP Finals. He has won eight ATP Tour singles titles to date.\n\nPrior to his professional career, Dimitrov enjoyed a successful junior career, in which he reached the world No. 1 ranking and won consecutive major boys' singles titles at the 2008 Wimbledon Championships and the 2008 US Open. In October 2013 at the Stockholm Open, Dimitrov became the first Bulgarian man to win an ATP Tour singles title. As of the 2022 US Open, he is the male player with the longest active streak of consecutive Grand Slam appearances, at 47.\n\nDimitrov is the first (and only) Bulgarian male tennis player to reach a final in doubles (in 2011), and to reach the fourth round or better at a major in singles. Dimitrov is the first Bulgarian to qualify for the ATP Finals, which he won in 2017. and on 18 October 2021 became the 25th male tennis player ever to win $20m. He won the Bulgarian Sportsperson of the Year award in 2014 and 2017, the first and second time a tennis player has won the award since its creation in 1958, and the Balkan Athlete of the Year award in 2017.\nSection::::Early life.\nDimitrov was born in Haskovo, Bulgaria to Dimitar, a tennis coach, and mother Maria, a sports teacher and former volleyball player, in 1991. He first held a tennis racket, given to him by his mother, at the age of three,<ref name=\"ATP_bio\"/> and when he was five he began to play daily. In his early years his father served as his coach, but after the young Bulgarian proved his talent in the tournaments for juniors, he made it clear that he would have to develop in other conditions. At the age of 16, Dimitrov turned professional.\n\nIn 2007, Dimitrov joined the academy \"Sanchez-Casal\", where he was further trained under the leadership of Emilio Sánchez and Pato Álvarez. Since March 2009 Dimitrov trained in Paris, France, where he joined Patrick Mouratoglou's Tennis Academy and spent the next four seasons there and he appointed Patrick Moratoglou as coach for 2012.", "title": "Grigor Dimitrov" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Naomi Osaka" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mardy Fish\n\nMardy Simpson Fish (born December 9, 1981) is an American former professional tennis player. He was a hardcourt specialist. He is one of several American tennis players who rose to prominence in the early 2000s.Fish won six tournaments on the main ATP Tour and reached the final of four Masters Series events: Cincinnati in 2003 and 2010, Indian Wells in 2008, and Montreal in 2011. His best results at Grand Slam tournaments are reaching the quarterfinals of the 2007 Australian Open, the 2008 US Open, and the 2011 Wimbledon Championships. At the 2004 Summer Olympic Games, Fish reached the final in the men's singles, losing to Nicolás Massú.In April 2011, Fish overtook compatriot Andy Roddick to become the American No. 1 in the ATP rankings, reaching a career-high singles ranking of world No. 7 in August 2011. He then played in the year-end tournament for the only time in his career. He retired after the 2015 US Open. In January 2019, Fish replaced Jim Courier as captain of the United States Davis Cup team.", "title": "Mardy Fish" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sloane Stephens\n\nSloane Stephens (born March 20, 1993) is an American professional tennis player. She achieved a career-best ranking of world No. 3 after Wimbledon in 2018. Stephens was the 2017 US Open champion, and has won seven WTA Tour singles titles in total.\n\nBorn to athletic parents with backgrounds in collegiate swimming and professional American football, Stephens was introduced to tennis at the club across the street from her house in Fresno, California. Her stepfather was a competitive recreational tennis player and was her primary inspiration for beginning to play the sport. Stephens moved to Florida to train at a tennis academy, ultimately working with Nick Saviano. She became a promising junior player, reaching an ITF junior ranking of world No. 5 and winning three out of four major girls' doubles titles in 2010 with her partner Tímea Babos.\n\nWhile 19 years old, Stephens rose to prominence at the 2013 Australian Open with a semifinal run beating world No. 3, Serena Williams. Although she reached No. 11 towards the end of 2013, she regressed and stayed outside the top 25 to the end of 2015. She switched to a new coach, Kamau Murray, under whom she returned to elite level and won three WTA titles in the first half of 2016. Her successful year was cut short by a foot injury that kept her out for months.\n\nShe returned from injury in the middle of 2017 and won the US Open singles title in her fifth tournament back. She was also awarded WTA Comeback Player of the Year for her successful season. In 2018, she continued her success by winning her first Premier Mandatory title at the Miami Open, reaching a second Grand Slam singles final at the French Open, entering the top 10 for the first time, and finishing runner-up at the WTA Finals.", "title": "Sloane Stephens" }, { "id": "5289096", "score": "1.7791793", "text": "if the score is 6 points to 5 points and the player with 6 points wins the next point, he or she wins the tiebreak and the set. If the player with 5 points wins the point, the tiebreak continues and cannot be won on the next point, since no player will be two points better. In the scoring of the set, sometimes the tiebreak points are included as well as the game count, for example 7–6. Another way of listing the score of the tiebreak is to list only the loser's points. For example, if the set score is", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "5289095", "score": "1.775619", "text": "women's final on the second Saturday of the event; therefore a tie-break was more prudent where player rest and scheduling is more important. At a score of 6–6, a set is often determined by one more game called a \"twelve point tiebreaker\". Only one more game is played to determine the winner of the set; the score of the set is always 7–6 (or 6–7). Points are counted using ordinary numbering. The set is decided by the player who wins at least seven points in the tiebreak but also has two points more than his or her opponent. For example,", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "5289097", "score": "1.7644223", "text": "listed as 7–6, the tiebreak score was 10–8 (since 8 is the loser's points, and the winner must win by two points). Similarly, 7–6 means the tiebreak score was 7–3. The player who would normally be serving after 6–6 is the one to serve first in the tiebreak, and the tiebreak is considered a service game for this player. The server begins his or her service from the [[deuce court]] and serves one point. After the first point, the serve changes to the first server's opponent. Each player then serves two consecutive points for the remainder of the tiebreak. The", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "5289099", "score": "1.7456107", "text": "the United States Tennis Association. Scoring is the same, but end changes take place after the first point and then after every four points. This approach allows the servers of doubles teams to continue serving from the same end of the court as during the body of the set. It also reduces the advantage the elements (e.g. wind and sun) could give playing the first six points of a seven-point tiebreak on one side of the court. The tiebreaker – more recently shortened to just \"tiebreak\", though both terms are still used interchangeably – was invented by [[Jimmy Van Alen", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "5289103", "score": "1.7231386", "text": "tiebreaker had its Grand Slam debut at 1970 [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] and was employed there until 1974. Apart from being used for 5 years at US Open it was also used 1 year at Wimbledon and for a while on the Virginia Slims circuit and in American Colleges. The other type of tiebreaker Van Alen introduced is the \"12-point\" tiebreaker that is most familiar and widely used today. Because it ends as soon as either player or team reaches 7 points – provided that that player or team leads the other at that point by \"at least\" two points", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "3008859", "score": "1.7176251", "text": "matches, as happens quite frequently if the traditional tennis rule for winning a set is followed. When players reach a score of 6–6 in a set, instead of continuing the set until one opponent wins with a two-game difference, a special game is played to decide the winner of the set; the winner is the first to reach at least seven points with a difference of two over the opponent. This however does not apply to the 5th set of matches at the Australian Open, French Open, and Wimbledon Championships; allowing the total number of games in a match to", "title": "Tie (draw)" }, { "id": "5289092", "score": "1.7097268", "text": "Sets decided by tiebreakers, however, are typically significantly shorter than extended advantage sets. The set is won by the first player (or team) to have won at least six games and at least two games more than his or her opponent. Traditionally, sets would be played until both these criteria had been met, with no maximum number of games. To shorten matches, [[Jimmy Van Alen|James Van Alen]] created a tie-breaker system, which was widely introduced in the early 1970s. If the score reaches 6–5 (or 5-6), one further game is played. If the leading player wins this game, the set", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "5289079", "score": "1.7045155", "text": "announces the score in this format (e.g. \"advantage Nadal\" or \"advantage Williams\"). In the USTA rule book (but not the ITF rules) there is the comment: ‘\"Zero,\" \"one,\" \"two,\" and \"three,\" may be substituted for \"Love,\" \"15,\" \"30,\" and \"40.\" This is particularly appropriate for matches with an inexperienced player or in which one player does not understand English.’ For tie-breaks the calls are simply the number of points won by each player. The current point score is announced orally before each point by the judge, or by the server if there is no judge. When stating the score, the", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "5289111", "score": "1.6970516", "text": "the experiment was not continued. Nevertheless, this alternative remains as an acceptable alternative in the ITF rules of Tennis. Another alternative set format is seen in [[World Team Tennis]] where the winner of a set is the first to win five games and a nine-point tie-break is played at 4–4. Most singles matches consist of an odd number of sets, the match winner being the player who wins more than half of the sets. The match ends as soon as this winning condition is met. Men's singles and doubles matches may consist of up to five sets (the winner being", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "5289110", "score": "1.6963544", "text": "supposedly used in early professional tours. It is commonly utilized in various amateur leagues and high school tennis as a shorter alternative to a best of three match, but longer than a traditional tie-break set. In addition, eight game pro sets were used during doubles for all Division I college dual matches, until the 2014-2015 season. Another alternative set format are so called \"short sets\" where the first to four games to win by two games. In this format a tie-break is played at four games all. The ITF experimented with this format in low level Davis Cup matches, but", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "401852", "score": "1.693944", "text": "game (tying the set 6–6) a \"tie-break\" is played. A tie-break, played under a separate set of rules, allows one player to win one more game and thus the set, to give a final set score of 7–6. A \"love\" set means that the loser of the set won zero games, colloquially termed a 'jam donut' in the USA. In tournament play, the chair umpire announces the winner of the set and the overall score. The final score in sets is always read with the winning player's score first, e.g. \"6–2, 4–6, 6–0, 7–5\". A match consists of a sequence", "title": "Tennis" }, { "id": "401855", "score": "1.6923497", "text": "score of 40-love, the player has a triple game point (triple set point, etc.) as the player has three consecutive chances to win the game. Game points, set points, and match points are not part of official scoring and are not announced by the chair umpire in tournament play. A \"break point\" occurs if the receiver, not the server, has a chance to win the game with the next point. Break points are of particular importance because serving is generally considered advantageous, with servers being expected to win games in which they are serving. A receiver who has one (score", "title": "Tennis" }, { "id": "5289108", "score": "1.6914816", "text": "Tie-breaks are not used in the final set in the [[Australian Open]] for singles, the [[French Open]] for singles, [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], or the [[Fed Cup]], nor were they used for final sets in [[Davis Cup]] play or the [[Olympics]] before 2016. The [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] now uses a tiebreak in the final set, both in singles and in doubles, and is the only [[Grand Slam (tennis)|major tournament]] to use a tiebreak in the final set for singles. However, the Australian Open and French Open do now use a final set tiebreak in both men's and women's doubles. While traditional", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "5289104", "score": "1.6878022", "text": "– it \"can\" actually be over in as few as 7 points. However, because the winning player or team \"must\" win by a margin of at least two points, a \"12-point\" tiebreaker may go beyond 12 points – sometimes [[Longest tiebreaker in tennis|well beyond]]. That is why Van Alen derisively likened it to a \"lingering death\", in contrast to the 9-point (or fewer) \"sudden-death tiebreaker\" that he recommended and preferred. The impetus to use \"some\" kind of a tie-breaking procedure gained force after a monumental 1969 struggle at Wimbledon between [[Pancho Gonzales]] and [[Charlie Pasarell]]. This was a 5-set match", "title": "Tennis scoring system" }, { "id": "5289075", "score": "1.6850297", "text": "(e.g. 6–3 or 7–5). There is usually a tie-break if the set is tied at six games per player. A match is won when a player or a doubles team wins the majority of prescribed sets. Matches employ either a best-of-three or best-of-five set format. The best-of-five set format is typically only played in the men's singles or doubles matches at Grand Slam and Davis Cup matches. A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving, and is won by the first side to have won at least four points with a margin of two", "title": "Tennis scoring system" } ]

[ "Happy birthday to you happy birthday to you", "good morning to all", "Good Morning Dear Teacher", "Happy birthday to you, happy birthday to you", "Happy Birthday to you", "rupa marya v warner chappell music inc", "happy birthday to you happy birthday to you", "Happy birthday to you", "Happy birthday song", "happy birthday song", "good morning dear teacher", "Happy Birthday To You", "happy birthday to you", "Happy Birthday to You", "Good Morning to All", "Rupa Marya v. Warner Chappell Music Inc" ]

[ { "id": "9425266", "score": "1.9409349", "text": "She is buried with her sister in Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky. Mildred Hill's manuscripts and papers are held by the University of Louisville Music Library in Louisville, Kentucky. While teaching at the Louisville Experimental Kindergarten School, the Hill sisters wrote the song \"Good Morning to All\"; Mildred wrote the melody, and Patty the lyrics. The song was first published in 1893 in \"Song Stories for the Kindergarten\" as a greeting song for teachers to sing to their students. \"Song Stories for the Kindergarten\" had over 20 editions, and the words were translated into French, German, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese,", "title": "Mildred J. Hill" }, { "id": "9425268", "score": "1.8617426", "text": "question after a judge ruled against the legitimacy of the copyright. Hill and her sister were posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame on June 12, 1996. Mildred J. Hill Mildred Jane Hill (June 27, 1859 – June 5, 1916) was an American songwriter and musicologist, who composed the melody for \"Good Morning to All\", later used as the melody for \"Happy Birthday to You\". Mildred Jane Hill, born in Louisville, Kentucky, was the oldest of three sisters, Mildred, Patty, and Jessica. She learned music from her father, Calvin Cody, and Adolph Weidig. It has been reported that Mildred", "title": "Mildred J. Hill" }, { "id": "9425264", "score": "1.8123978", "text": "Mildred J. Hill Mildred Jane Hill (June 27, 1859 – June 5, 1916) was an American songwriter and musicologist, who composed the melody for \"Good Morning to All\", later used as the melody for \"Happy Birthday to You\". Mildred Jane Hill, born in Louisville, Kentucky, was the oldest of three sisters, Mildred, Patty, and Jessica. She learned music from her father, Calvin Cody, and Adolph Weidig. It has been reported that Mildred Hill was a kindergarten and Sunday-school teacher, like her younger sister Patty. Prof. Robert Brauneis, after extensively researching the Hill family, has concluded that she was not a", "title": "Mildred J. Hill" }, { "id": "887927", "score": "1.7934495", "text": "the tune is disputed. Patty Hill was a kindergarten principal in Louisville, Kentucky, developing various teaching methods at what is now the Little Loomhouse; her sister Mildred was a pianist and composer. The sisters used \"Good Morning to All\" as a song that young children would find easy to sing. The combination of melody and lyrics in \"Happy Birthday to You\" first appeared in print in 1912, and probably existed even earlier. None of the early appearances of the \"Happy Birthday to You\" lyrics included credits or copyright notices. The Summy Company registered a copyright in 1935, crediting authors Preston", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "3563648", "score": "1.7526923", "text": "Morning to All\". The tune became even more popular as \"Happy Birthday to You\" during the 20th century. Hill and her sister Mildred wrote the song (Mildred wrote the tune; Patty wrote the original lyrics) while Mildred was a composer of songs and Patty was principal at the Louisville Experimental Kindergarten School. This kindergarten was an early experiment in modern educational methods, and was honored, along with the Hill sisters, at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893. Patty Smith Hill, who never married, was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by Columbia University in 1929. Hill died at her home in", "title": "Patty Hill" }, { "id": "887935", "score": "1.7012521", "text": "the European Union on January 1, 2017. In the United States, a federal court ruled in 2016 that Warner/Chappell's copyright claim was invalid and there was no other claim to copyright. The origins of \"Happy Birthday to You\" date back to at least the late 19th century, when two sisters, Patty and Mildred J. Hill, introduced the song \"Good Morning to All\" to Patty's kindergarten class in Kentucky. Years later, in 1893, they published the tune in their songbook \"Song Stories for the Kindergarten\". Kembrew McLeod stated that the Hill sisters likely copied the tune and lyrical idea from other", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "9425267", "score": "1.6492069", "text": "and Swedish. \"Happy Birthday to You\" first appeared in print in 1912 using the melody of \"Good Morning to All\" with different lyrics. Its popularity continued to grow through the 1930s, with no author identified for the new lyrics, nor credit given for the melody from \"Good Morning to You\". Based on 1935 copyright registrations by the Summy Company, and a series of court cases (which all settled out of court), the sisters became known as the authors of \"Happy Birthday to You\". The Hill Foundation today shares royalties on public performances of the song. However this was brought into", "title": "Mildred J. Hill" }, { "id": "5619840", "score": "1.6147122", "text": "in U.S. history. In 1893, two Louisville sisters, Patty and Mildred J. Hill, both schoolteachers, wrote the song \"Good Morning to All\" for their kindergarten class. The song did not become popular, and the lyrics were later changed to the more recognizable, \"Happy Birthday to You\". This is now the most performed song in the English language. Also in 1893, the Louisville Presbyterian Seminary was founded, building a handsome campus at First and Broadway downtown (now occupied by Jefferson Community College). Eight years later, it absorbed an older Presbyterian seminary in Danville, Kentucky. In 1963 Louisville Seminary relocated to a", "title": "History of Louisville, Kentucky" }, { "id": "19118610", "score": "1.610599", "text": "a scheduled ruling, Nelson's attorneys Betsy Manifold and Mark Rifkin presented new evidence which they argued was conclusive proof that the song was in the public domain, \"thus making it unnecessary for the Court to decide the scope or validity of the disputed copyrights, much less whether Patty Hill abandoned any copyright she may have had to the lyrics.\" Several weeks prior, they had been given access to documents held back from them by Warner/Chappell, which included a copy of the 15th edition of \"The Everyday Song Book\", published in 1927. The book contained \"Good Morning and Happy Birthday\", but", "title": "Jennifer Nelson (filmmaker)" }, { "id": "887938", "score": "1.6095936", "text": "Andrew Byers, Bessie L. Byrum and Anna E. Koglin, published the song in 1918. In 1924, Robert Coleman included \"Good Morning to All\" in a songbook with the birthday lyrics as a second verse. Coleman also published \"Happy Birthday\" in \"The American Hymnal\" in 1933. In 1935, several specific piano arrangements and an unused second verse of \"Happy Birthday to You\" were copyrighted as a work for hire crediting Preston Ware Orem for the piano arrangements and Mrs. R. R. Forman for the lyrics by the Summy Company, the publisher of \"Good Morning to All\". This served as the legal", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "5070709", "score": "1.5835123", "text": "popularity of this recording. It reached number six on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, number one on the U.S. easy listening chart in 1972, and number four on the Canadian \"RPM\" Magazine charts. The hymn originally appeared in the second edition of \"Songs of Praise\" (published in 1931), to the tune \"Bunessan\", composed in the Scottish Islands. In \"Songs of Praise Discussed\", the editor, Percy Dearmer, explains that as there was need for a hymn to give thanks for each day, English poet and children's author Eleanor Farjeon had been \"asked to make a poem to fit the lovely Scottish", "title": "Morning Has Broken" }, { "id": "887937", "score": "1.5765799", "text": "as the final four lines of Edith Goodyear Alger's poem \"Roy's Birthday\", published in her book \"A Primer of Work and Play\", copyrighted by D. C. Heath in 1901, with no reference to the words being sung. The first book including \"Happy Birthday\" lyrics set to the tune of \"Good Morning to All\" that bears a date of publication is from 1911 in \"The Elementary Worker and His Work\", but earlier references exist to a song called \"Happy Birthday to You\" including an article from 1901 in the \"Inland Educator and Indiana School Journal\". \"Children's Praise and Worship\", edited by", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "3563644", "score": "1.5731974", "text": "Patty Hill Patty Smith Hill (March 27, 1868 – May 25, 1946) was a composer and teacher who is perhaps best known for co-writing, with her sister Mildred Hill, the tune which later became popular as \"Happy Birthday to You\". She was an American nursery school, kindergarten teacher, and key founder of the National Association for Nursery Education (NANE) which now exists as the National Association For the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Patty Smith Hill was born in 1868 in Anchorage, Kentucky, just outside Louisville. Her parents were passionate people who instilled in Patty and her siblings the importance", "title": "Patty Hill" }, { "id": "887936", "score": "1.5674188", "text": "popular and similar nineteenth-century songs that predated theirs, including Horace Waters' \"Happy Greetings to All\", \"Good Night to You All\" also from 1858, \"A Happy New Year to All\" from 1875, and \"A Happy Greeting to All\", published 1885. However, American law professor Robert Brauneis disputes this, noting that these earlier songs had quite different melodies. It is likely that teachers and students spontaneously adapted the published version of \"Good Morning to All\" to celebrate birthdays in the classroom, changing the lyrics to \"Happy Birthday\" in the process. The complete text of \"Happy Birthday to You\" first appeared in print", "title": "Happy Birthday to You" }, { "id": "11807182", "score": "1.5558865", "text": "by Helen Forrest and Dick Haymes, peaking at No. 9 on the Billboard chart. The Jerome-Heindorf-Koehler tune was sung by Sylvester the Cat in the 1948 Merrie Melodies cartoon \"Back Alley Oproar\", by Clint Walker and Joan Weldon in the 1957 \"Cheyenne\" episode \"The Conspirators\", and by Peggy King in the 1959 \"Maverick\" episode \"The Strange Journey of Jenny Hill\". Some Sunday Morning \"Some Sunday Morning\" is the title of two well-known American songs. The first has music written by Richard A. Whiting with lyrics by Gus Kahn and Raymond B. Egan, and was recorded by Ada Jones and Billy", "title": "Some Sunday Morning" }, { "id": "1340591", "score": "1.554271", "text": "In 1967 he recorded a new record album called \"Hi-Ho Everybody.\" It was produced by Snuff Garrett and Ed Silvers for Dot Records on its Viva label; arranged by Al Capps. The engineers were Dave Hassinger and Henry Leroy. Included on the album were songs: \"Winchester Cathedral\", \"Michelle\", \"My Blue Heaven\", \"Sweetheart of Sigma Chi\", \"Who Likes Good Pop Music?\", \"Bluebird\", \"Who\", \"Lady Godiva\", \"Mame\", \"The Whiffenpoof Song\", \"Strangers in The Night\", and \"One of Those Songs\". According to George P. Oslin, Vallée on July 28th, 1933 was the recipient of the first ever singing telegram; a fan had telegraphed", "title": "Rudy Vallée" }, { "id": "3563649", "score": "1.5538899", "text": "New York City, and is buried in Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville, Kentucky. She and Mildred J. Hill were posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame on June 12, 1996. Patty Hill Patty Smith Hill (March 27, 1868 – May 25, 1946) was a composer and teacher who is perhaps best known for co-writing, with her sister Mildred Hill, the tune which later became popular as \"Happy Birthday to You\". She was an American nursery school, kindergarten teacher, and key founder of the National Association for Nursery Education (NANE) which now exists as the National Association For the Education of", "title": "Patty Hill" }, { "id": "11807181", "score": "1.5495063", "text": "Some Sunday Morning \"Some Sunday Morning\" is the title of two well-known American songs. The first has music written by Richard A. Whiting with lyrics by Gus Kahn and Raymond B. Egan, and was recorded by Ada Jones and Billy Murray in 1917. <br> The second has music by M.K. Jerome and Ray Heindorf, with lyrics by Ted Koehler, and was introduced in the 1945 film \"San Antonio\" by Alexis Smith.. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1945 but lost out to “It Might as Well Be Spring”. It was also recorded that year", "title": "Some Sunday Morning" }, { "id": "15691159", "score": "1.5401933", "text": "category for Best Vocal Performance, Male. The winner was Perry Como for \"Catch a Falling Star\". \"Ka-Lu-A\" originated in the 1921 musical \"Good Morning, Dearie\" and reached number three on the charts the following year as a duet between Elsie Baker (who was credited as Edna Brown) and Elliott Shaw. \"Aloha ‘Oe (Farewell to Thee)\" charted for one week at number 10 as an instrumental recording by Ferera's Hawaiian Instrumental Quintet in 1924. \"Song of the Islands\" first charted as an instrumental recording by Wayne King & His Orchestra that peaked at number 12 in 1930, and then as a", "title": "To You Sweetheart, Aloha" }, { "id": "10861913", "score": "1.5397389", "text": "1900s. It became associated with one collegiate a cappella group in particular, The Whiffenpoofs of Yale. Their historian states that the song was known \"as far back as 1902\" and was popular by 1907–1909. The words were famously adapted by Meade Minnigerode and George Pomeroy to become \"The Whiffenpoof Song\". In turn, it has been covered by many singers, including Bing Crosby and Rudy Vallee. James Jones's award-winning 1951 bestseller \"From Here to Eternity\", about American soldiers in Hawaii on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II, takes its title from Kipling's poem. In Robert Heinlein's novel", "title": "Gentleman ranker" } ]

[ "Thirteenth century", "Thirteenth Century", "13th century AD", "XIII century", "13 century", "13th Century", "13th century", "thirteenth century", "13th centuries", "13th century ad", "xiii century", "13 Century", "13th-century", "Thirteenth-century", "XIII Century", "Year in Review 13th Century", "year in review 13th century" ]

[ { "id": "1275376", "score": "1.9564676", "text": "been created by historian Hans Dobbertin. It features the colorful figure of the Pied Piper and several figures of children dressed in white. This window is generally considered to have been created in memory of a tragic historical event for the town. Also, Hamelin town records start with this event. The earliest written record is from the town chronicles in an entry from 1384 which states: \"It is 100 years since our children left.\" Although research has been conducted for centuries, no explanation for the historical event is universally accepted as true. In any case, the rats were first added", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": "1275390", "score": "1.9376268", "text": "avoid the wrath of the church or the king. William Manchester's \"A World Lit Only by Fire\" places the events in 1484, 100 years after the written mention in the town chronicles that \"It is 100 years since our children left\", and further proposes that the Pied Piper was a psychopathic paedophile, although for the time period it is highly improbable that one man could abduct so many children undetected. Furthermore, nowhere in the book does Manchester offer proof of his description of the facts as he presents them. He makes similar assertions regarding other legends, also without supporting evidence.", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": "1275371", "score": "1.9127429", "text": "This version of the story spread as folklore and has appeared in the writings of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the Brothers Grimm, and Robert Browning, among others. There are many contradictory theories about the Pied Piper. Some suggest he was a symbol of hope to the people of Hamelin, which had been attacked by plague; he drove the rats from Hamelin, saving the people from the epidemic. The earliest known record of this story is from the town of Hamelin itself, depicted in a stained glass window created for the church of Hamelin, which dates to around 1300. Although the", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": "1275372", "score": "1.8681457", "text": "church was destroyed in 1660, several written accounts of the tale have survived. In 1284, while the town of Hamelin was suffering from a rat infestation, a piper dressed in multicolored (\"pied\") clothing appeared, claiming to be a rat-catcher. He promised the mayor a solution to their problem with the rats. The mayor, in turn, promised to pay him for the removal of the rats. (According to some versions of the story, the promised sum was 1000 guilders.) The piper accepted and played his pipe to lure the rats into the Weser River, where all but one, which was deaf,", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": "1275395", "score": "1.8535223", "text": "on Rat Catcher's Day has failed to catch on and is marked on July 22. Pied Piper of Hamelin The Pied Piper of Hamelin (, also known as the Pan Piper or the Rat-Catcher of Hamelin) is the titular character of a legend from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Lower Saxony, Germany. The legend dates back to the Middle Ages, the earliest references describing a piper, dressed in multicolored (\"pied\") clothing, who was a rat-catcher hired by the town to lure rats away with his magic pipe. When the citizens refuse to pay for this service, he retaliates by using", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pied Piper of Hamelin\n\nThe Pied Piper of Hamelin (, also known as the Pan Piper or the Rat-Catcher of Hamelin) is the title character of a legend from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Lower Saxony, Germany.\n\nThe legend dates back to the Middle Ages, the earliest references describing a piper, dressed in multicolored (\"pied\") clothing, who was a rat catcher hired by the town to lure rats away with his magic pipe. When the citizens refuse to pay for this service as promised, he retaliates by using his instrument's magical power on their children, leading them away as he had the rats. This version of the story spread as folklore and has appeared in the writings of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the Brothers Grimm, and Robert Browning, among others. The phrase \"pied piper\" has become a metaphor for a person who attracts a following through charisma or false promises.\n\nThere are many contradictory theories about the Pied Piper. Some suggest he was a symbol of hope to the people of Hamelin, which had been attacked by plague; he drove the rats from Hamelin, saving the people from the epidemic.\n\nThe earliest known record of the story originates from the town of Hamelin itself, depicted in a stained glass window created for the church of Hamelin, which dated to around 1300. Although the church was destroyed in 1660, several written accounts of the tale have survived.", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Rats of Hamelin\n\nThe Rats of Hamelin: A Piper's Tale (Moody Publishers, 2005) is a historical fantasy/fairy tale fantasy novel by Adam McCune and Keith McCune. Gachi-Changjo Publishing Company published a Korean translation entitled \"6월 26일, 하멜른\" (\"June 26, Hamelin\") in 2007.\n\nSet in medieval Germany, the story is based on the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. In this version, however, the Pied Piper is not an expert in magic piping, but an eighteen-year-old apprentice named Hannes (Johannes) who is supposed to kill the rats as his final exam before becoming a Master Piper.\n\nEverything seems to go wrong. Someone is trying to keep the rats in Hamelin—someone with powers like Hannes’s. Hannes had hoped to buy his father’s freedom with the reward, but the Town Council has stolen every penny of the fund and is against Hannes from the beginning. Even the mayor’s daughter, with whom Hannes has fallen in love, seems to think he is getting in the way. In the end, Hannes has to overcome the Town Council, his mysterious enemy, and himself.", "title": "The Rats of Hamelin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pied Piper Fantasy\n\nThe Pied Piper Fantasy is a concerto for flute and orchestra by the American composer John Corigliano. The work was commissioned by the flutist James Galway and it is based on the tale of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. The piece was given its world premiere by Galway and the Los Angeles Philharmonic under the conductor Myung-whun Chung at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion on February 4, 1982. In 1993, the critic Mark Swed of the \"Los Angeles Times\" described it as \"one of the best known of modern American concertos.\"", "title": "Pied Piper Fantasy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Xenosaga: Pied Piper\n\nXenosaga: Pied Piper is a 2004 role-playing video game co-developed by Monolith Soft, Namco, and Tom Create. The game was published by Namco in 2004 for mobile devices. A spin-off of the \"Xenosaga\" trilogy and forming part of the \"Xeno\" metaseries, the storyline follows the human life of cyborg Ziggurat 8—a key character in the \"Xenosaga\" trilogy—a century before the events of \"Xenosaga Episode I\". Gameplay follows a similar system to the mainline \"Xenosaga\" games but adjusted for mobile devices.\n\nThe storyline of \"Pied Piper\" was planned from an early stage, and was incorporated as a mobile title after Monolith Soft was approached by Namco's mobile division. The storyline was written by series creators Tetsuya Takahashi and Soraya Saga; \"Pied Piper\" would be Saga's last project for the \"Xenosaga\" series. The game's title is a reference to the German legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Originally released through Vodafone Live, it would later be released through NTT DoCoMo's i-mode.", "title": "Xenosaga: Pied Piper" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pied Piper of Hamelin in popular culture\n\nThe Pied Piper of Hamelin has appeared many times in popular culture.", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin in popular culture" }, { "id": "7954968", "score": "1.8487422", "text": "1986 Cannes Film Festival. The film starts with the image of a mechanism beginning to work - as the gears move (behind the scenes), the sun slowly rises up over a town and a new day begins. The town, Hamelin, is shown to be one which is full of corrupted petty people, where everything is wasted and money and social rank are the first priority. The waste leads to an enormous rat infestation at night that spills out into the streets the next day. As the town leaders meet to decide on the best course of action, a stranger appears", "title": "The Pied Piper (1986 film)" }, { "id": "1275378", "score": "1.829428", "text": "the story as alluding to an event where Hamelin children were lured away by a pagan or heretic sect to forests near Coppenbrügge (the mysterious \"Koppen\" \"hills\" of the poem) for ritual dancing where they all perished during a sudden landslide or collapsing sinkhole. Added speculation on the migration is based on the idea that by the 13th century the area had too many people resulting in the oldest son owning all the land and power (majorat), leaving the rest as serfs. It has also been suggested that one reason the emigration of the children was never documented was that", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": "1350804", "score": "1.8259373", "text": "Hamelin Hamelin (; ) is a town on the river Weser in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Hamelin-Pyrmont and has a population of roughly 56,000. Hamelin is best known for the tale of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Hamelin started with a monastery, which was founded as early as 851 AD. A village grew in the neighbourhood and had become a town by the 12th century. The incident with the \"Pied Piper\" (see below) is said to have happened in 1284 and may be based on a true event, although somewhat different from the", "title": "Hamelin" }, { "id": "1275392", "score": "1.824111", "text": "phrase \"pay the piper\", although the phrase is actually a contraction of the English proverb \"he who pays the piper calls the tune\" which simply means that the person paying for something is the one who gets to say how it should be done. The present-day City of Hamelin continues to maintain information about the Pied Piper legend and possible origins of the story on its website. Interest in the city's connection to the story remains so strong that in 2009, Hamelin held a tourist festival to mark the 725th anniversary of the disappearance of the town's earlier children. The", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": "1275375", "score": "1.8230308", "text": "Transylvania, or that he made them walk into the Weser as he did with the rats, and they all drowned. Some versions state that the Piper returned the children after payment, or that he returned the children after the villagers paid several times the original amount of gold. The earliest mention of the story seems to have been on a stained-glass window placed in the Church of Hamelin c. 1300. The window was described in several accounts between the 14th and 17th centuries. It was destroyed in 1660. Based on the surviving descriptions, a modern reconstruction of the window has", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": "12584187", "score": "1.8196876", "text": "but his protests go unheeded by the arrogant Mayor. As part of a competition between several villages, the Mayor and his cabinet plan to construct golden chimes to impress the King's Emissary, who is due to pay a visit to Hamelin. But their efforts are temporarily halted when the town is invaded by rats, which have fled the neighboring city of Hamelout after the Weser River flooded and destroyed the town. It is then that the Piper magically appears before the Mayor and his councilors. (He can appear inside the council room although the door is bolted.) Asking to be", "title": "The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1957 film)" }, { "id": "1275370", "score": "1.818326", "text": "Pied Piper of Hamelin The Pied Piper of Hamelin (, also known as the Pan Piper or the Rat-Catcher of Hamelin) is the titular character of a legend from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Lower Saxony, Germany. The legend dates back to the Middle Ages, the earliest references describing a piper, dressed in multicolored (\"pied\") clothing, who was a rat-catcher hired by the town to lure rats away with his magic pipe. When the citizens refuse to pay for this service, he retaliates by using his instrument's magical power on their children, leading them away as he had the rats.", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": "1275389", "score": "1.8145416", "text": "a large group of children travelled from Erfurt to Arnstadt (about 20 km), jumping and dancing all the way, in marked similarity to the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin, which originated at around the same time. Others have suggested that the children left Hamelin to be part of a pilgrimage, a military campaign, or even a new Children's crusade (which is said to have occurred in 1212) but never returned to their parents. These theories see the unnamed Piper as their leader or a recruiting agent. The townspeople made up this story (instead of recording the facts) to", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": "6524686", "score": "1.7936488", "text": "by the Old Woman of Aerzen. Though there is no reason to think that the Old Woman has magical powers, she nonetheless foretells a curse that eventually takes place. The Rats of Hamelin The Rats of Hamelin: A Piper's Tale (Moody Publishers, 2005) is a historical fantasy/fairy tale fantasy novel by Adam McCune and Keith McCune. Gachi-Changjo Publishing Company published a Korean translation entitled \"6월 26일, 하멜른\" (\"June 26, Hamelin\") in 2007. Set in medieval Germany, the story is based on the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. In this version, however, the Pied Piper is not an expert", "title": "The Rats of Hamelin" }, { "id": "6524682", "score": "1.7933173", "text": "Pied Piper himself seems to have some historical basis, and is thus a figure of history as well as legend. The Lueneberg Manuscript of 1450, which serves as an epigraph for the novel, sums up the little we know historically about him: \"In the year 1284, on the days of John and Paul, the 26th of June, a piper clothed in various colors came and led away 130 children born in Hamelin to Calvary on the Koppen.\" Hannes is trained in magical piping by the Piper's Guild. Like other medieval guilds, the Piper's Guild allows workers of one trade to", "title": "The Rats of Hamelin" }, { "id": "15801530", "score": "1.7885873", "text": "where they all live happily ever after. The Pied Piper (1933 film) The Pied Piper is a 1933 American Pre-Code animated short film based on the story of the \"Pied Piper of Hamelin\". The short was produced by Walt Disney Productions, directed by Wilfred Jackson, and released on September 16, 1933, as a part of the Silly Symphonies series. In the city of Hamelin, there is a large population of rats that keeps growing and eating all the food in sight. The mayor offers to pay a bag of gold to whoever can get rid of the rats. At that", "title": "The Pied Piper (1933 film)" }, { "id": "1275380", "score": "1.7871922", "text": "people from the area including Hamelin did help settle parts of Transylvania. Transylvania had suffered under lengthy Mongol invasions of Central Europe, led by two grandsons of Genghis Khan and which date from around the time of the earliest appearance of the legend of the piper, the early 13th century. In the version of the legend posted on the official website for the town of Hamelin, another aspect of the emigration theory is presented: Among the various interpretations, reference to the colonization of East Europe starting from Low Germany is the most plausible one: The \"Children of Hameln\" would have", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": "1275373", "score": "1.7710431", "text": "drowned. Despite the piper's success, the mayor reneged on his promise and refused to pay him the full sum (reputedly reduced to a sum of 50 guilders) even going so far as to blame the piper for bringing the rats himself in an extortion attempt. Enraged, the piper stormed out of the town, vowing to return later to take revenge. On Saint John and Paul's day, while the adults were in church, the piper returned dressed in green like a hunter playing his pipe. In so doing, he attracted the town's children. A hundred and thirty children followed him out", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" }, { "id": "19500671", "score": "1.7642047", "text": "of the work on Robert Browning's narrative poem \"The Pied Piper of Hamelin,\" arguably the most famous version of the tale. However, the composer altered the narrative to better fit a musical setting, explaining, \"The biggest problem was that the legend per se had no elements of virtuosity in it; the Pied Piper played his song to charm the rats and lead them to destruction and piped a march to lead the children away from Hamelin, but there were no actual confrontations or tensions that could lead me to write virtuosically for the soloist. So I had to modify the", "title": "Pied Piper Fantasy" }, { "id": "1275374", "score": "1.7623088", "text": "of town and into a cave and were never seen again. Depending on the version, at most three children remained behind: one was lame and could not follow quickly enough, the second was deaf and therefore could not hear the music, and the last was blind and unable to see where he was going. These three informed the villagers of what had happened when they came out from church. Other versions relate that the Pied Piper led the children to the top of Koppelberg Hill, where he took them to a beautiful land, or a place called Koppenberg Mountain, or", "title": "Pied Piper of Hamelin" } ]

[ "chxhcn vietnam", "Communist Vietnam", "Etymology of Vietnam", "VIETNAM", "Độc lập - tự do - hạnh phúc", "iso 3166 1 vn", "veitnam", "vjet namo", "Vjet-Namo", "s r vietnam", "việt nam", "Vietnamese Republic", "vietman", "Vietman", "viet nam socialist repub", "languages of viet nam", "Socialist Republic of Viet Nam", "yuenan", "VietNam", "vietnarm", "Việt Nam", "people s republic of vietnam", "red vietnam modern", "Viêtnam", "viêtnam", "socialist republic of vietnam", "Yue Nan", "S.R. Vietnam", "ISO 3166-1:VN", "Languages of Vietnam", "srov", "Độc lập, tự do, hạnh phúc", "doc lap tu do hanh phuc", "Veitnam", "CHXHCN Vietnam", "Socialist Republic of Vietnam", "sr vietnam", "People's Republic of Vietnam", "SR Vietnam", "cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa việt nam", "Viet nam", "Viêt Nam", "SRVN", "Viet Nam Socialist Repub", "Yuenan", "srvn", "Vietnarm", "độc lập tự do hạnh phúc", "The Socialist Republic of Vietnam", "Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam", "languages of vietnam", "vietnam", "viêt nam", "Việtnam", "Doc lap - tu do - hanh phuc", "việtnam", "cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia viet nam", "yue nan", "communist vietnam", "Cộng Hòa Xã Hội Chủ Nghĩa Việt Nam", "Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam", "Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu nghia Viet Nam", "Vietnam", "Languages of Viet Nam", "Red Vietnam (modern)", "socialist republic of viet nam", "etymology of vietnam", "Doc lap, tu do, hanh phuc", "Viet-Nam", "vietnamese republic", "viet nam", "SRoV", "越南社會主義共和國", "Viet Nam" ]

[ { "id": "14425453", "score": "1.8081888", "text": "Nixon announced that a peace agreement had been reached in Paris which would end the Vietnam War and \"bring peace with honor.\" With the knowledge that the Paris Peace agreement called for a cease fire in place, communist troops in South Vietnam attacked 400 villages attempting to expand their area of control before the cease fire took effect. Both North and South Vietnam struggled to gain control of more territory during the \"land grab.\" Within two weeks South Vietnam had regained control of all but 23 of the villages. The Paris Peace Accords, formally titled the \"Agreement on Ending the", "title": "1973 in the Vietnam War" }, { "id": "3164183", "score": "1.7343106", "text": "or much direct combat for the preceding two-year period. The Paris Agreement Treaty would in effect remove all remaining US Forces, including air and naval forces in exchange for Hanoi's POWs. Direct U.S. military intervention was ended, and fighting between the three remaining powers temporarily stopped for less than a day. The agreement was not ratified by the United States Senate. The negotiations that led to the accord began in 1968, after various lengthy delays. As a result of the accord, the International Control Commission (ICC) was replaced by the International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS) to fulfill the", "title": "Paris Peace Accords" }, { "id": "3164205", "score": "1.7269228", "text": "on April 17, as were the Pathet Lao in Laos successful in capturing Vientiane on December 2. Like Saigon, U.S. civilian and military personnel were evacuated from Phnom Penh, U.S. diplomatic presence in Vientiane was significantly downgraded, and the number of remaining U.S. personnel was severely reduced. “Les Accords de Paris, quarante ans plus tard, un film de Rina Sherman” documentary by Rina Sherman (HD, 71 min). Paris Peace Accords The Paris Peace Accords, officially titled the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam, was a peace treaty signed on January 27, 1973, to establish peace in", "title": "Paris Peace Accords" }, { "id": "3164182", "score": "1.7225983", "text": "Paris Peace Accords The Paris Peace Accords, officially titled the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam, was a peace treaty signed on January 27, 1973, to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War. The treaty included the governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), and the United States, as well as the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) that represented indigenous South Vietnamese revolutionaries. US ground forces up to that point had been sidelined with deteriorating morale, and gradually withdrawn to coastal regions, not partaking in offensive operations", "title": "Paris Peace Accords" }, { "id": "3164184", "score": "1.7024369", "text": "agreement. The main negotiators of the agreement were United States National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member Lê Đức Thọ; the two men were awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts, although Lê Đức Thọ refused to accept it. The agreement's provisions were immediately frequently broken with no response from the United States. Fighting broke out in March 1973, and North Vietnamese offenses enlarged their control by the end of the year. Two years later, a massive North Vietnamese offensive conquered South Vietnam. The document began with the statement that \"the United States and all", "title": "Paris Peace Accords" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paris Peace Accords\n\nThe Paris Peace Accords, () officially titled the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Viet Nam (\"Hiệp định về chấm dứt chiến tranh, lập lại hòa bình ở Việt Nam\"), was a peace treaty signed on January 27, 1973, to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War. The treaty included the governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), and the United States, as well as the Republic of South Vietnam (PRG) that represented South Vietnamese communists. US ground forces up to that point had been sidelined with deteriorating morale and gradually withdrawn to coastal regions, not taking part in offensive operations or much direct combat for the preceding two-year period. The Paris Agreement Treaty would in effect remove all remaining US Forces, including air and naval forces in exchange. Direct U.S. military intervention was ended, and fighting between the three remaining powers temporarily stopped for less than a day. The agreement was not ratified by the United States Senate.\n\nThe negotiations that led to the accord began in 1968, after various lengthy delays. As a result of the accord, the International Control Commission (ICC) was replaced by the International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS) to fulfill the agreement. The main negotiators of the agreement were United States National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member Lê Đức Thọ; the two men were awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts, although Lê Đức Thọ refused to accept it.\n\nThe agreement's provisions were immediately and frequently broken by both North and South Vietnamese forces with no official response from the United States. Open fighting broke out in March 1973, and North Vietnamese offenses enlarged their control by the end of the year. Two years later, a massive North Vietnamese offensive conquered South Vietnam on April 30, 1975, after which the two countries, separated since 1954, united once more on July 2, 1976, as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.\n\nPart of the negotiations took place in the former residence of French painter Fernand Léger which was bequeathed to the French Communist Party. Ironically the street of the house was named after Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque who had commanded French forces in Vietnam after the Second World War.", "title": "Paris Peace Accords" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)\n\nThe Paris Peace Conference was the formal meeting in 1919 and 1920 of the victorious Allies after the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers. Dominated by the leaders of Britain, France, the United States and Italy, it resulted in five treaties that rearranged the maps of Europe and parts of Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands, and also imposed financial penalties. Germany and the other losing nations had no voice in the Conference's deliberations; this gave rise to political resentments that lasted for decades.\n\nThe conference involved diplomats from 32 countries and nationalities. Its major decisions were the creation of the League of Nations and the five peace treaties with the defeated states; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as \"mandates\", chiefly to Britain and France; the imposition of reparations upon Germany; and the drawing of new national boundaries, sometimes involving plebiscites, to reflect ethnic boundaries more closely. Wilsonian goals, stated in the Fourteen Points, became the basis for the terms of the German surrender during the conference, as it had earlier been the basis of the German government's negotiations in the Armistice of 11 November 1918.\n\nThe main result was the Treaty of Versailles with Germany; Article 231 of the treaty placed the whole guilt for the war on \"the aggression of Germany and her allies\". That provision proved very humiliating for Germany, and set the stage for the expensive reparations that Germany was intended to pay (it paid only a small portion before its last payment in 1931). The five great powers (France, Britain, Italy, Japan and the United States) controlled the Conference. The \"Big Four\" were French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, US President Woodrow Wilson, and Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. They met informally 145 times and made all major decisions before they were ratified.\n\nThe conference began on 18 January 1919. With respect to its end, Professor Michael Neiberg noted, \"Although the senior statesmen stopped working personally on the conference in June 1919, the formal peace process did not really end until July 1923, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed.\" It is often referred to as the \"Versailles Conference\", although only the signing of the first treaty took place there in the historic palace; the negotiations occurred at the Quai d'Orsay in Paris.", "title": "Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vietnam War POW/MIA issue\n\nThe Vietnam War POW/MIA issue concerns the fate of United States servicemen who were reported as missing in action (MIA) during the Vietnam War and associated theaters of operation in Southeast Asia. The term also refers to issues related to the treatment of affected family members by the governments involved in these conflicts. Following the Paris Peace Accords of 1973, 591 U.S. prisoners of war (POWs) were returned during Operation Homecoming. The United States listed about 2,500 Americans as prisoners of war or missing in action but only 1,200 Americans were reported to have been killed in action with no body recovered. Many of these were airmen who were shot down over North Vietnam or Laos. Investigations of these incidents have involved determining whether the men involved survived being shot down. If they did not survive, then the U.S. government considered efforts to recover their remains. POW/MIA activists played a role in pushing the U.S. government to improve its efforts in resolving the fates of these missing service members. Progress in doing so was slow until the mid-1980s when relations between the United States and Vietnam began to improve and more cooperative efforts were undertaken. Normalization of the U.S. relations with Vietnam in the mid-1990s was a culmination of this process.\n\nConsiderable speculation and investigation have been devoted to a hypothesis that a significant number of missing U.S. service members from the Vietnam War were captured as prisoners of war by Communist forces and kept as live prisoners after U.S. involvement in the war concluded in 1973. A vocal group of POW/MIA activists maintains that there has been a concerted conspiracy by the Vietnamese and U.S. governments since then to hide the existence of these prisoners. The U.S. government has steadfastly denied that prisoners were left behind or that any effort has been made to cover up their existence. Popular culture has reflected the \"live prisoners\" theory, most notably in the 1985 film \"\". Several congressional investigations have looked into the issue, culminating with the largest and most thorough, the United States Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs of 1991–1993 led by Senators John Kerry, Bob Smith, and John McCain (all three of whom had served in Vietnam and one of whom had been a POW). It found \"no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.\"<ref name=\"report-exec\"/>\n\nThe fate of those missing in action has always been one of the most troubling and unsettling consequences of any war. In this case, the issue has been a highly emotional one to those involved, and is considered a depressing, divisive aftereffect of the Vietnam War for the United States.", "title": "Vietnam War POW/MIA issue" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Treaty of Versailles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Israeli–Palestinian peace process\n\nThe Israeli–Palestinian peace process refers to the intermittent discussions held by various parties and proposals put forward in an attempt to resolve the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Since the 1970s, there has been a parallel effort made to find terms upon which peace can be agreed to in both the Arab–Israeli conflict and in the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. Some countries have signed peace treaties, such as the Egypt–Israel (1979) and Jordan–Israel (1994) treaties, whereas some have not yet found a mutual basis to do so.\n\nWilliam B. Quandt, in the introduction of his book \"Peace Process\", says: Sometime in the mid-1970s the term peace process became widely used to describe the American-led efforts to bring about a negotiated peace between Israel and its neighbors. The phrase stuck, and ever since it has been synonymous with the gradual, step-by-step approach to resolving one of the world's most difficult conflicts. In the years since 1967 the emphasis in Washington has shifted from the spelling out of the ingredients of \"peace\" to the \"process\" of getting there. … The United States has provided both a sense of direction and a mechanism. That, at its best, is what the peace process has been about. At worst, it has been little more than a slogan used to mask the marking of time.\n\nSince the 2003 road map for peace, the current outline for a Palestinian–Israeli peace agreement has been a two-state solution; however a number of Israeli and US interpretations of this propose a series of non-contiguous Palestinian enclaves.", "title": "Israeli–Palestinian peace process" }, { "id": "7673485", "score": "1.6985368", "text": "helicopters. The Paris Peace Accords were signed on 27 January 1973 by the governments of North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the United States with the intent to establish peace in Vietnam. The accords effectively ended United States military operations in North and South Vietnam. Laos and Cambodia, however, were not signatories to the Paris agreement and remained in states of war. The US was helping the Royal Lao Government achieve whatever advantage possible before working out a settlement with the Pathet Lao and their allies. The USAF flew 386 combat sorties over Laos during January and 1,449 in February 1973.", "title": "Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base" }, { "id": "3164201", "score": "1.6901531", "text": "Majestic in Paris, France. The Paris Peace Accords effectively removed the U.S. from the conflict in Vietnam. However, the agreement's provisions were routinely flouted by both the North Vietnamese and the South Vietnamese government, eliciting no response from the United States, and ultimately resulting in the communists enlarging the area under their control by the end of 1973. North Vietnamese military forces gradually built up their military infrastructure in the areas they controlled and two years later were in a position to launch the successful offensive that ended South Vietnam's status as an independent country. Fighting begun almost immediately in", "title": "Paris Peace Accords" }, { "id": "18000462", "score": "1.6873157", "text": "Conference Center. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was founded at the hotel in 1960 and it was the location for the signing of the Paris Peace Accords on January 27, 1973 that ended American involvement in the Vietnam War. Later, on October 23, 1991, the 1991 Paris Peace Accords, which ended the Cambodian-Vietnamese War and Khmer Rouge civil war, were also signed there. The French government sold the building in 2008 as part of a cost-cutting measure to the Qatari Diar firm for $460 Million. It reopened on August 1, 2014, following extensive rebuilding by Vinci Construction costing", "title": "The Peninsula Paris" }, { "id": "11228882", "score": "1.6816989", "text": "Nixon of the necessity to quickly reach a final agreement with North Vietnam. After years of fighting, the Paris Peace Accords were signed at the beginning of 1973. The agreement implemented a cease fire and allowed for the withdrawal of remaining American troops; however, it did not require the 160,000 North Vietnam Army regulars located in the South to withdraw. By March 1973, U.S. military forced had been withdrawn from Vietnam. Once American combat support ended, there was a brief truce, but fighting quickly broke out again, as both South Vietnam and North Vietnam violated the truce. Congress effectively ended", "title": "Presidency of Richard Nixon" }, { "id": "843413", "score": "1.6799078", "text": "Democratic Republic of Vietnam at the talks in Paris, Thọ and U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger since February 1970 engaged in secret talks that eventually led to a cease-fire in the Paris Peace Accords of 23 January 1973. The basic history of the Accords included: release of POWs within 80 days; ceasefire to be monitored by the International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICC); free and democratic elections to be held in South Vietnam; U.S. aid to South Vietnam would continue; and North Vietnamese troops could remain in South Vietnam. While 23 January is generally recognized as the enactment", "title": "Lê Đức Thọ" }, { "id": "3164200", "score": "1.678117", "text": "ordered a halt to bombings north of the 20th parallel on December 30. With the U.S. committed to disengagement (and after threats from Nixon that South Vietnam would be abandoned if he did not agree), Thiệu had little choice but to accede. On January 15, 1973, President Nixon announced a suspension of offensive actions against North Vietnam. Kissinger and Thọ met again on January 23 and signed off on a treaty that was basically identical to the draft of three months earlier. The agreement was signed by the leaders of the official delegations on January 27, 1973, at the Hotel", "title": "Paris Peace Accords" }, { "id": "7138493", "score": "1.6763601", "text": "the 56th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron on 8 July and absorbing the HH-43 detachment at Korat. The Paris Peace Accords were signed on 27 January 1973 by the governments of North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the United States with the intent to establish peace in Vietnam. The accords effectively ended United States military operations in North and South Vietnam. Laos and Cambodia, however, were not signatories to the Paris agreement and remained in states of war. The US was helping the Royal Lao Government achieve whatever advantage possible before working out a settlement with the Pathet Lao and their", "title": "Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base" }, { "id": "14423043", "score": "1.6744199", "text": "trying to shut down the U.S. Congress. This brought the total arrested during the 1971 May Day Protests to over 12,000. The peace talks in Paris between North Vietnam, South Vietnam, the National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) and the United States enter their fourth year. Little or no progress has been made. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger in secret peace negotiations with North Vietnam in Paris, France introduced a new proposal. He proposed a U.S. withdrawal from South Vietnam, a cease fire in place, and an exchange of prisoners. The cease fire in place was a key concession because it", "title": "1971 in the Vietnam War" }, { "id": "2644392", "score": "1.6719193", "text": "Nguyen Van Thieu objected to the terms, Nixon threatened to depose him as Ngo Dinh Diem had been. In January 1973, the U.S. signed the agreement as the Paris Peace Accords. The main effect of the accord was to usher the United States out of the war. Journalist Bob Woodward later wrote that Richard Nixon thought that previous bombing campaigns against North Vietnam had achieved \"zilch\". Woodward wrote that in early 1972 Nixon wrote a note to National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, which said there was \"something wrong\" with the way the strategy was being carried out. Other notes, written", "title": "Operation Linebacker II" }, { "id": "17538970", "score": "1.6718223", "text": "late 2012. 1991 Paris Peace Accords The Paris Peace Accords (, ) formally titled Agreements on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict were signed on October 23, 1991, and marked the official end of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. The agreement led to the deployment of the first post-Cold War peace keeping mission (UNTAC) and the first ever occasion in which the UN took over as the government of a state. The agreement was signed by nineteen countries. October 23 is a public holiday in Cambodia to commemorate the anniversary of the Paris Peace Agreement. It was announced by the", "title": "1991 Paris Peace Accords" }, { "id": "3164195", "score": "1.6617167", "text": "Vietnam by announcing that the U.S. would accept a cease-fire in place as a precondition for its military withdrawal. In other words, the U.S. would withdraw its forces from South Vietnam without North Vietnam doing the same. The concession broke a deadlock and resulted in progress in the talks over the next few months. The final major breakthrough came on October 8, 1972. Prior to this, North Vietnam had been disappointed by the results of its \"Nguyen Hue Offensive\" (known in the West as the Easter Offensive), which had resulted in the United States countering with \"Operation Linebacker,\" a significant", "title": "Paris Peace Accords" }, { "id": "10952391", "score": "1.6612158", "text": "to the forefront: the 1972 Olympic Munich massacre, the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the ensuing 1973 oil crisis and, in 1975, the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War. The Geneva Conference of 1973 was an attempt to negotiate a solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict. No comprehensive agreement was reached, and attempts in later years to revive the Conference failed. On November 13, 1974, Yasser Arafat became the first representative of an entity other than a member state to address the General Assembly. In 1975, the PLO was granted permanent observer status at the General Assembly. Starting in 1974, Palestinian territories", "title": "Palestine and the United Nations" }, { "id": "6772339", "score": "1.6574779", "text": "Geneva Conference (1973) The Geneva Conference of 1973 was an attempt to negotiate a solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict as envisioned in United Nations Security Council Resolution 338 following the called-for cease-fire to end the Yom Kippur War. After considerable \"shuttle diplomacy\" negotiations by Henry Kissinger, the conference opened on 21 December 1973 under the auspices of the United Nations Secretary General, with the United States and the USSR as co-chairmen. The foreign ministers of Egypt, Jordan and Israel were in attendance. The table with Syria's nameplate remained unoccupied, although Syria had indicated possible future participation. Each foreign minister spoke,", "title": "Geneva Conference (1973)" }, { "id": "3164202", "score": "1.6563852", "text": "its aftermath due to a series of mutual retaliations, and war had come again in March 1973. Nixon had secretly promised Thiệu that he would use airpower to support the South Vietnamese government should it be necessary. During his confirmation hearings in June 1973, Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger was sharply criticized by some senators after he stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in North Vietnam if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam, but by August 15, 1973, 95% of American troops and their allies had left Vietnam (both North and South) as well", "title": "Paris Peace Accords" }, { "id": "17538969", "score": "1.6500964", "text": "1991 Paris Peace Accords The Paris Peace Accords (, ) formally titled Agreements on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict were signed on October 23, 1991, and marked the official end of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. The agreement led to the deployment of the first post-Cold War peace keeping mission (UNTAC) and the first ever occasion in which the UN took over as the government of a state. The agreement was signed by nineteen countries. October 23 is a public holiday in Cambodia to commemorate the anniversary of the Paris Peace Agreement. It was announced by the government in", "title": "1991 Paris Peace Accords" } ]

[ "santos", "Santos FC (disambiguation)", "santos fc disambiguation", "Santos (disambiguation)", "Santos", "santos disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "9378380", "score": "1.7635903", "text": "influenced by the port's day to day actions. The port of Santos is Brazil's largest port providing exports and imports to and from all over the world. The main exports are coffee, sugar, and soy. The port handles 28% of Brazil's total cargo and in 2010, the Port of Santos handled a record of almost 97.2 million tons of cargo. Two issues facing the port today are access and distribution within the port. Due to the fact that the port operates 24 hours a day there is a lot of congestion on the roads and railways. There is only a", "title": "Port of Santos" }, { "id": "14550292", "score": "1.7187254", "text": "Paulo surpassed Rio de Janeiro as the country's largest city and most important industrial center. By the early 20th century, coffee accounted for 16% of Brazil's gross national product, and three fourths of its export earnings. The growers and exporters played major roles in politics; however historians are debating whether or not they were the most powerful actors in the political system. The February 1906 \"valorization\" is a clear example of the high influence on federal politics São Paulo gained from the coffee production. Overproduction had decreased the price of coffee, and to protect the coffee industry – and the", "title": "Coffee production in Brazil" }, { "id": "4177902", "score": "1.7130694", "text": "South America dominates the global market in coffee production, having Brazil as the world's largest exporter of coffee. A report from the Council of Brazilian Coffee Exporters showed that the coffee industry earned US$5.4 billion in 2016, with the exports of different coffee varieties exceeding 34 million 60 kg bags. This accounts to 6.4% of Brazil's total annual agrobusiness exports of US$84.9. The report showed that by December 2016, the Brazilian coffee industry generated US$557 million in revenue by exporting 3.07 million bags of coffee. Additionally, in 2016 soybeans, grown in South America's temperate climates, had an export value of", "title": "Economy of South America" }, { "id": "9378373", "score": "1.6932477", "text": "the state capital São Paulo City, 79 km away, and the state's interior, was completed in 1864. This allowed for an easier transportation of the vast masses of migrant workers who headed to São Paulo and the state's numerous coffee farms. The main product exported by Santos until World War II was São Paulo state's huge coffee production, Brazil's largest. Today, coffee has become a smaller component of Brazil's exports and cars, machinery, orange juice, soybeans are now some of the port's main exports. Millions of immigrants reached Brazil via the Port of Santos in the late 19th and early", "title": "Port of Santos" }, { "id": "8069407", "score": "1.6911488", "text": "is traded in futures contracts on many exchanges, including the New York Board of Trade, New York Mercantile Exchange, New York Intercontinental Exchange, and the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange. The world's largest transfer point for coffee is the port of Hamburg, Germany. In 2009 Brazil was the world leader in production of green coffee, followed by Vietnam, Indonesia, Colombia and Ethiopia. Arabica coffee beans are cultivated in Latin America, eastern Africa, Arabia, or Asia. Robusta coffee beans are grown in western and central Africa, throughout southeast Asia, and to some extent in Brazil. Beans from different countries", "title": "Economics of coffee" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Coffee production in Brazil\n\nBrazil produces about a third of the world's coffee, making the country by far the world's largest producer. Coffee plantations, covering some , are mainly located in the southeastern states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná where the environment and climate provide ideal growing conditions.\n\nThe crop first arrived in Brazil in the 18th century, and the country had become the dominant producer by the 1840s. Brazilian coffee prospered since the early 19th century, when immigrants came to work in the coffee plantations. Production as a share of world coffee output peaked in the 1920s but has declined since the 1950s due to increased global production.", "title": "Coffee production in Brazil" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Port of Santos\n\nThe Port of Santos (in Portuguese: \"Porto de Santos\") is located in the city of Santos, state of São Paulo, Brazil. As of 2006, it is the busiest container port in Latin America. In 2016, it was considered the 39th largest port in the world for container handling, and the 35th per ton, according to the AAPA - American Association of Port Authorities ranking, being the busiest in Latin America.\n\nIt possesses a wide variety of cargo handling terminals—solid and liquid bulk, containers, and general loads. It is Brazil's leading port in container traffic. The terrestrial access system to the port is made up by the Anchieta and Imigrantes highways and by the railroads operated by Ferroban and MRS.\n\nIt was once considered the \"port of death\" in the 19th century due to yellow fever, and ships often avoided docking at the wood plank port. The floods in the city's area provoked illnesses. \n\nToday it is Latin America's largest port. Its structure is considered Brazil's most modern.\n\nIn the early 20th century, major overhauling and urbanization created the port's modern structure seen today, eliminating the risk of diseases and providing the port with modern, industrial-age infrastructure.\nThe location of the city of Santos was chosen at a convenient point for crossing the Serra do Mar mountain range, which is the main obstacle to access the interior. The first railway link from the port to the state capital São Paulo City, 79 km away, and the state's interior, was completed in 1864. This allowed for an easier transportation of the vast masses of migrant workers who headed to São Paulo and the state's numerous coffee farms. The main product exported by Santos until World War II was São Paulo state's huge coffee production, Brazil's largest. Today, coffee has become a smaller component of Brazil's exports and cars, machinery, orange juice, soybeans are now some of the port's main exports.\n\nMillions of immigrants reached Brazil via the Port of Santos in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, proceeding to the country's interior by railway.", "title": "Port of Santos" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "São Paulo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Economy of Brazil\n\nThe economy of Brazil is historically the largest in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere in nominal terms. The Brazilian economy is the third largest in the Americas. The economy is a middle income developing mixed economy.<ref>\n\nIn 2022, according to International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brazilian nominal GDP was US$1.833 trillion, the country has a long history of being among the ten largest economies in the world.\n\nThe country is rich in natural resources. From 2000 to 2012, Brazil was one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world, with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5%. Its GDP surpassed that of the United Kingdom in 2012, temporarily making Brazil the world's sixth-largest economy. However, Brazil's economic growth decelerated in 2013 and the country entered a recession in 2014. The economy started to recover in 2017, with a 1% growth in the first quarter, followed by a 0.3% growth in second quarter compared to the same period of the previous year. It officially exited the recession.\n\nAccording to the World Economic Forum, Brazil was the top country in upward evolution of competitiveness in 2009, gaining eight positions among other countries, overcoming Russia for the first time, and partially closing the competitiveness gap with India and China among the BRICS economies. Important steps taken since the 1990s toward fiscal sustainability, as well as measures taken to liberalize and open the economy, have significantly boosted the country's competitiveness fundamentals, providing a better environment for private-sector development.\n\nIn 2020, Forbes ranked Brazil as having the 7th largest number of billionaires in the world. Brazil is a member of diverse economic organizations, such as Mercosur, Prosur, G8+5, G20, WTO, Paris Club, Cairns Group, and is advanced to be a permanent member of the OECD.\n\nFrom a colony focused on primary sector goods (sugar, gold and cotton), Brazil managed to create a diversified industrial base during the 20th century. The steel industry is a prime example of that, with Brazil being the 9th largest steel producer in 2018, and the 5th largest steel net exporter in 2018. Gerdau is the largest producer of long steel in the Americas, owning 337 industrial and commercial units and more than 45,000 employees across 14 countries. Petrobras, the Brazilian oil and gas company, is the most valuable company in Latin America.", "title": "Economy of Brazil" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of coffee\n\nThe history of coffee dates back to centuries of old oral tradition in Africa. Coffee plants grew wild in Ethiopia and were widely used by nomadic tribes for thousands of years. Sufi monasteries in Yemen employed coffee as an aid to concentration during prayers. Roasting the seeds was not a way to serve coffee until the 1400s. During the cultivation, brewed coffee was reserved exclusively for the priesthood and the medical profession; doctors would use the brew for patients experiencing a need for better digestion, and priests used it to stay alert during their long nights of studying for the church. Coffee later spread to Europe in the early 16th century; it caused some controversy on whether it was halal in Ottoman and Mamluk society. Coffee arrived in Italy the second half of the 16th century through commercial Mediterranean trade routes, only being served to the wealthy. Central and Eastern Europeans learned of coffee from the Ottomans. By the mid 17th century, it had reached India and the East Indies.\n\nCoffee houses would establish themselves in Western Europe by the late 17th century, especially in England and Germany. In many cultures, if you could afford to serve coffee to your guests, it was a sign of wealth and power. One of the earliest cultivations of coffee in the New World was when Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in 1720. These beans later sprouted 18,680 coffee trees which enabled its spread to other Caribbean islands like Saint-Domingue and also to Mexico. By 1788, Saint-Domingue supplied half the world's coffee. \n\nBy 1852, globally, Brazil became the largest producer of coffee and has held that status ever since. The period since 1950 saw the widening of the playing field due to the emergence of several other major producers, notably Colombia, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, and Vietnam; the latter overtook Colombia and became the second-largest producer in 1999. Modern production techniques along with the mass productization of coffee has made it a household item today.", "title": "History of coffee" }, { "id": "3001984", "score": "1.6906157", "text": "largest coffee exporter, but fell quickly into rapid decline. Meanwhile, coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727, although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822. After this time massive tracts of rainforest were cleared for coffee plantations, first in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro and later São Paulo. Brazil went from having essentially no coffee exports in 1800, to being a significant regional producer in 1830, to being the largest producer in the world by 1852. In 1910–20, Brazil exported around 70% of the world's coffee, Colombia, Guatemala, and Venezuela, exported half of the remaining", "title": "Coffee" }, { "id": "14550305", "score": "1.6858754", "text": "50 years. Coffee exports as a percentage of total exports was over 50% between the 1850s and 1960s, peaking in 1950 with 63.9%. The percentage began to decline in the 1960s when other export-heavy sectors expanded. In 1980, coffee export was down to 12.3% of the total, and by 2006 accounted for only to 2.5%. Brazil itself is the largest consumer of coffee by surpassing the United States in mid-2010's . Per capita, Brazil is the 14th largest consumer and is together with Ethiopia the only coffee producer with a large domestic consumption. There are no taxes on coffee exports", "title": "Coffee production in Brazil" }, { "id": "1757837", "score": "1.6849183", "text": "and services transformed the greater São Paulo area into a thriving megalopolis and one of the world's greatest multiethnic regions. Between 1901 and 1910, coffee made up 51 percent of Brazil's total exports, far overshadowing rubber, sugar and cotton. But reliance on coffee made Brazil (and São Paulo in particular) vulnerable to poor harvests and the whims of world markets. The development of plantations in the 1890s, and widespread reliance on credit, took place against fluctuating prices and supply levels, culminating in saturation of the international market around the start of the 20th century. The government's policies of \"valorisaton\"—borrowing money", "title": "São Paulo (state)" }, { "id": "14550298", "score": "1.6821796", "text": "(171,000 hectares); Rondônia (95,000 hectares); and Paraná (49,000 hectares). Brazil has been the world's largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years, currently producing about a third of all coffee. In 2011 Brazil was the world leader in production of green coffee, followed by Vietnam, Indonesia and Colombia. The country is unrivaled in total production of green coffee, arabica coffee and instant coffee. In 2011, total production was 2.7 million tonnes, more than twice the amount of Vietnam, the second largest producer.</small> Some 3.5 million people are involved in the industry, mostly in rural areas. There are about 220,000", "title": "Coffee production in Brazil" }, { "id": "14550306", "score": "1.6678102", "text": "from Brazil, but importing green and roasted coffee into the country is taxed by 10% and soluble coffee by 16%. Unprocessed coffee can be exported duty-free into the three largest markets: the United States, the European Union and Japan, but processed coffee such as roasted beans, instant coffee and decaffeinated coffee is taxed 7.5% into the EU and 10% into Japan. Exports to the United States are tariff-free. Coffee production in Brazil Coffee production in Brazil is responsible for about a third of all coffee, making Brazil by far the world's largest producer, a position the country has held for", "title": "Coffee production in Brazil" }, { "id": "14550304", "score": "1.6442592", "text": "and raised worldwide prices the following years. The processing industry is divided in two distinct groups, ground/roasted coffee and instant coffee. The ground/roasted coffee market is highly competitive and had over 1000 companies in 2001. In contrast, the instant coffee market is highly concentrated with four major firms accounting for 75% of the market. Brazil is the world's largest exporter of instant coffee, with instant coffee constituting 10–20% of total coffee exports. Both types of coffee are mainly exported to the US, the world's largest coffee consumer. Coffee remains an important export, but its importance has declined in the last", "title": "Coffee production in Brazil" }, { "id": "3001971", "score": "1.6404519", "text": "back to their homeland and began to cultivate the seed. By the 16th century, the drink had reached Persia, Turkey, and North Africa. From there, it spread to Europe and the rest of the world. As of 2016, Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing one-third of the world total. Coffee is a major export commodity, being the top legal agricultural export for numerous countries. It is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing countries. Green, unroasted coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. Some controversy has been associated with coffee", "title": "Coffee" }, { "id": "15611741", "score": "1.6312803", "text": "that seventy-five to eighty percent of the world's coffee supply was grown in Brazil, particularly in São Paulo, Minas Geraes, and Rio de Janeiro. The resulting profits meant that the Brazilian government collected much more revenue than in previous years. Simultaneously, there was an effort on the part of prominent Brazilian politicians, most notably Pinheiro Machado and Rio Branco, to have the country recognized as an international power. A strong navy was seen as crucial to this goal. The National Congress of Brazil passed a large naval acquisition program on 14 December 1904, but it was two years before any", "title": "South American dreadnought race" }, { "id": "14550289", "score": "1.625917", "text": "plantations in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais quickly grew in size in the 1820s, accounting for 20% of worlds production. By the 1830s, coffee had become Brazil's largest export and accounted for 30% of the world's production. In the 1840s, both the share of total exports and of world production reached 40%, making Brazil the largest coffee producer. The early coffee industry was dependent on slaves; in the first half of the 19th century 1.5 million slaves were imported to work on the plantations. When the foreign slave trade was outlawed in 1850, plantation owners began turning", "title": "Coffee production in Brazil" }, { "id": "38109", "score": "1.6225262", "text": "million (ranking 6th worldwide) and unemployment of 6.2% (ranking 64th worldwide). The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is one of a group of four emerging economies called the BRIC countries. Brazil has been the world's largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years. Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry, and a wide range of services. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007. Brazil is one of the largest producer of oranges, coffee, sugar cane, cassava and sisal, soybeans and", "title": "Brazil" }, { "id": "14550294", "score": "1.6210493", "text": "world's coffee. Since the 1950s, the country's market share steadily declined due to increased global production. Despite a falling share and attempts by the government to decrease the export sector's dependency on a single crop, coffee still accounted for 60% of Brazil's total exports as late as 1960. Before the 1960s, historians generally ignored the coffee industry because it seemed too embarrassing. Coffee was not a major industry in the colonial period. In any one particular locality, the coffee industry flourished for a few decades and then moved on as the soil lost its fertility. This movement was called the", "title": "Coffee production in Brazil" }, { "id": "19988935", "score": "1.6188743", "text": "services from Liverpool, London, Glasgow in the UK and also from Antwerp in Belgium. According to National Museums Liverpool, \"In 1869 it pioneered the Brazil — New York coffee trade.\" Despite a relaxation of Brazilian laws, foreign shipping companies were reluctant to work the coast of that country but L&H saw an opportunity from the 1860s and exploited it using their subsidiary company, initially providing a service between Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul. By 1869, a triangular trading route had been established that carried British manufactured goods to Brazil, reloaded there with coffee for New York, and", "title": "Lamport and Holt" }, { "id": "9341826", "score": "1.6168184", "text": "late colonial era coffee was introduced to the country. After independence production consolidated in the Southeast region, mainly in the state of São Paulo. At the beginning of the 19th century, exports totaled 19.6 tons, growing to 3,063,660 tons in the 1880–1890 period, growing to about sixty three percent of Brazil's total exports. Coffee was responsible for the appearance of a new dominant oligarchy in Brazil, the so-called Coffee Barons. It hastened immigration following the end of slavery. The era reached its peak with Café com leite politics, ending with the Campos Sales administration. The Great Depression closed this cycle", "title": "Agriculture in Brazil" }, { "id": "14550297", "score": "1.6140857", "text": "manner, the agreement broke down in 1989. As a result, the Brazilian Coffee Institute, previously controlling the price of coffee by regulating the amount grown and sold, was abolished to limit government interference in favor of free markets. Up to this point the industry had simply neglected quality control management because government regulations favored scale economies, but now coffee processors begun exploring higher quality segments in contrast to the traditionally lower quality. Biggest coffee producers The six Brazilian states with the largest acreage for coffee are Minas Gerais (1.22 million hectares); Espírito Santo (433,000 hectares); São Paulo (216,000 hectares); Bahia", "title": "Coffee production in Brazil" }, { "id": "1853819", "score": "1.6128787", "text": "to the city's greatest players, which includes Pelé, who played for the Santos Futebol Clube. Its beachfront garden, in length, figures in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest beachfront garden in the world. The exportation of coffee from the Port of Santos gave rise to the city and mostly accounted for the wealth of the city at the turn of the 20th century. Exportation and importation through its port have made it the modern city one finds today and turned it into the indispensable outlet for the production of the powerhouse that is São Paulo State. Adorning the", "title": "Santos, São Paulo" } ]

[ "nouvelle zelande", "New Zealand", "Maoriland", "staaten land", "Enzed", "new zeeland", "N. Zealand", "New zeland", "new z", "aotearoa", "NZ", "New-Zealand", "name of new zealand", "new zelanad", "N z", "Neo Zealand", "Its got that new zeal", "Kiwistan", "aotearoa new zealand", "Staten Landt", "new zealand", "NEW ZEALAND", "n zealand", "N Z", "N Zealand", "NewZealand", "New Zealand.", "New Zaeland", "nova zeelandia", "māoria", "new zealend", "New+Zealand", "mew zealand", "its got that new zeal", "NEW Z", "Kiwiland", "new zeland", "Newzealand", "new xealand", "newzealand", "New zeeland", "sheepland", "New.Zealand", "New Zealnd", "new zaeland", "Niu Tireni", "administrative divisions of new zealand", "new zealnd", "New Xealand", "etymology of new zealand", "Mew Zealand", "Staten Land", "Name of New Zealand", "New zelanad", "kiwistan", "New Zeland", "New zealand", "nz", "Nouvelle-Zelande", "maoriland", "New Zealand's", "n z", "New Zealend", "AoTeAroa", "nzl", "Etymology of New Zealand", "Administrative divisions of New Zealand", "kiwiland", "staten landt", "enzed", "New Zealnad", "new zealand s", "Aotearoa / New Zealand", "Nu Tirani", "New Zeeland", "Sheepland", "niu tireni", "NZL", "New Zealand,", "iso 3166 1 nz", "Nz", "Subdivisions of New Zealand", "Administrative divisions of new zealand", "Nova Zeelandia", "Staaten land", "Māoria", "staten land", "new zealnad", "nu tirani", "neo zealand", "ISO 3166-1:NZ", "subdivisions of new zealand", "N.Z." ]

[ { "id": "15084511", "score": "1.9664768", "text": "ranks as New Zealand's worst mining disaster since 1914, when 43 men died at Ralph's Mine in Huntly. It also resulted in the country's worst loss of life caused by a single disaster since the 1979 crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901, although it was surpassed three months later by the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. In December 2012, then Prime Minister John Key said he would apologise in person to the families of the deceased, for the Government's weak regulations and inadequate inspection regime. The Labour Government, elected in 2017, has established a new Pike River Recovery Agency, with", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": "15084510", "score": "1.9298971", "text": "least from the mine's entrance. Following a second explosion on 24 November at 2:37 pm, the 29 remaining men were believed by police to be dead. Police Superintendent Gary Knowles, officer in command of the rescue operation (Operation Pike) said he believed that \"based on that explosion, no one survived.\" A third explosion occurred at 3:39 pm on 26 November 2010, and a fourth explosion occurred just before 2 pm on 28 November 2010. According to the new mine owner, Solid Energy, the bodies of the 29 miners who died there may never be recovered. The Pike River Mine incident", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": "15084509", "score": "1.9272237", "text": "Pike River Mine disaster The Pike River Mine disaster was a coal mining accident that began on 19 November 2010 in the Pike River Mine, northeast of Greymouth, in the West Coast region of New Zealand's South Island. A methane explosion occurred in the mine at approximately 3:44 pm (NZDT, UTC+13). At the time of the explosion 31 miners and contractors were present in the mine. Two miners managed to walk from the mine; they were treated for moderate injuries and released from Greymouth Hospital the next day. The remaining 16 miners and 13 contractors were believed to be at", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": "15084535", "score": "1.9153937", "text": "air over the methane alarms to prevent them from triggering. In November 2013, the Christchurch-based journalist Rebecca Macfie published the book \"Tragedy at Pike River Mine: How and Why 29 Men Died\", based on research and interviews into the causes of the disaster. Several commentators criticised successive National and Labour Party governments for deregulating safety in the mining sector and some also argued that the Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union (EPMU), which had several members at Pike River, did not do enough to prevent the tragedy. In the days after the explosion, EPMU leader Andrew Little (who later became Labour", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": "15084516", "score": "1.8943961", "text": "occurred at 2:37 pm on 24 November 2010. Police Superintendent Gary Knowles stated that he believed no one could have survived. According to the CEO of the Pike River mine, Peter Whittall, the explosion was not caused by anybody working in or around the mine. The second explosion sent smoke, soot and explosive gases up a mine shaft where a team of rescue staff had been taking samples; the noise of the rising explosion provided them enough warning to get clear, evacuating the area on foot. A third explosion occurred at 3:39 pm on 26 November; it appeared to be", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mining accident\n\nA mining accident is an accident that occurs during the process of mining minerals or metals. Thousands of miners die from mining accidents each year, especially from underground coal mining, although accidents also occur in hard rock mining. Coal mining is considered much more hazardous than hard rock mining due to flat-lying rock strata, generally incompetent rock, the presence of methane gas, and coal dust. Most of the deaths these days occur in developing countries, and rural parts of developed countries where safety measures are not practiced as fully. A mining disaster is an incident where there are five or more fatalities.", "title": "Mining accident" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pike River Mine disaster\n\nThe Pike River Mine disaster was a coal mining accident that began on 19 November 2010 in the Pike River Mine, northeast of Greymouth, in the West Coast region of New Zealand's South Island following a methane explosion at approximately 3:44 pm (NZDT, UTC+13). The accident resulted in the deaths of 29 miners.\n\nThe Pike River Mine incident ranks as New Zealand's worst mining disaster since 1914, when 43 men died at Ralph's Mine in Huntly. It also resulted in the country's worst loss of life caused by a single disaster since the 1979 crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901, although it was surpassed three months later by the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake.\n\nAt the time of the explosion 31 miners and contractors were below ground. Two miners managed to walk from the mine and were treated for moderate injuries. The remaining 16 miners and 13 contractors were believed to be at least from the mine's entrance at the time of the initial explosion.\n\nSubsequent explosions on 24, 26 and 28 November ended any hopes of any further survivors and raised serious doubt that any bodies would ever be recovered.\n\nIn December 2012, Prime Minister John Key said he would apologise in person to the families of the dead, for the government's weak regulations and inadequate inspection regime.\n\nIn 2017 the Government established a new Pike River Recovery Agency, with re-entry expected by March 2019. It reported to the Minister Responsible for Pike River Re-entry, Andrew Little. Re-entry was expected to cost $23 million over three years. The agency took over the mine from Solid Energy, after it entered liquidation in mid-March 2018. In February 2021, the Pike River Recovery Agency reported that it had reached a point 2.2km up the mine access tunnel to the site of a rockfall. This was the furthest point into the mine that the agency planned to go, and the work to this point had cost approximately $50million. On 23 March 2021, the Minister responsible for Pike River Re-entry, Andrew Little, stated that it was too hard and too expensive to go any further into the mine.\n\nThe accident led to significant changes in occupational safety legislation, with the passage of the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 and the establishment of WorkSafe New Zealand.", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of industrial disasters\n\nThis article lists notable industrial disasters, which are disasters caused by industrial companies, either by accident, negligence or incompetence. They are a form of industrial accident where great damage, injury or loss of life are caused.\n\nOther disasters can also be considered industrial disasters, if their causes are rooted in the products or processes of industry. For example, the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 was made more severe due to the heavy concentration of lumber industry facilities, wood houses, and fuel and other chemicals in a small area.\n\nThe Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents is designed to protect people and the environment from industrial accidents. The Convention aims to prevent accidents from occurring, to reduce their frequency and severity, and to mitigate their effects. The Convention addresses primarily industrial accidents in one country that affect the population and the environment of another country.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of industrial disasters" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Upper Big Branch Mine disaster\n\nThe Upper Big Branch Mine disaster occurred on April 5, 2010 roughly underground in Raleigh County, West Virginia at Massey Energy's Upper Big Branch coal mine located in Montcoal. Twenty-nine out of thirty-one miners at the site were killed. The coal dust explosion occurred at 3:27 pm. The accident was the worst in the United States since 1970, when 38 miners were killed at Finley Coal Company's No. 15 and 16 mines in Hyden, Kentucky. A state funded independent investigation later found Massey Energy directly responsible for the blast.\n\nThe Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) released its final report on December 6, 2011, concluding that flagrant safety violations contributed to the explosion. It issued 369 citations at that time, assessing $10.8 million in penalties.\n\nFormer Massey Energy CEO Don Blankenship was convicted in 2015 of a misdemeanor conspiring to willfully violate safety standards and was sentenced to one year in prison. He was found not guilty of charges of securities fraud and making false statements.", "title": "Upper Big Branch Mine disaster" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of explosions\n\nThis is a list of accidental explosions and facts about each one, grouped by the time of their occurrence. It does not include explosions caused by terrorist attacks or arson, as well as intentional explosions for civil or military purposes. It may still include entries for which the cause is unclear or still under investigation. For a list based on power or death toll see largest artificial non-nuclear explosions or the explosions section of list of accidents and disasters by death toll. This list also contains notable explosions that would not qualify for the articles mentioned above and is more detailed, especially for the latest centuries.\n\n", "title": "List of explosions" }, { "id": "10935942", "score": "1.8582342", "text": "was little chance of finding any of the miners alive. Although families had held out hope that some of the miners may have survived, it was believed by the rescue team that all had been killed by the initial explosion. The mine had not collapsed and air was blowing freely throughout the tunnels indicating that there were no obstructions to survivors leaving the mine or indicating their presence by tapping on pipes or calling for help. At 2:37 PM NZDT on 24 November, a second explosion occurred, which was so severe that later that afternoon Peter Whittall (CEO of Pike", "title": "Pike River Mine" }, { "id": "3694495", "score": "1.8504789", "text": "three larger accidents occurring during 70 years of mining: -On 13 July 1928 a methane gas explosion killed 13 miners in the state-owned mine Hendrik in Brunssum. -On 24 March 1947 13 miners from Staatsmijn Hendrik were killed in a fire caused by an overheated conveyor belt. -On 3 March 1958 7 miners lost their lives when a cave-in occurred at Staatsmijn Maurits in Geleen. The most notable mining accident in New Zealand is the 1896 Brunner Mine disaster, which killed all 65 miners inside. On 19 November 2010, there were four explosions over nine days at Pike River mine;", "title": "Mining accident" }, { "id": "15084514", "score": "1.8378189", "text": "numbers between 25 and 33 being mentioned. It was eventually ascertained that there were 16 miners and 13 contractors trapped. The names of the missing workers were released on 21 November. Mine officials noted that every worker carried a self-rescue device providing 30 minutes of air, and fresh air bases were provided within the mine for them to escape to in the event of an emergency; however, the refuges were empty and there was no evidence of miners attempting to reach them. When a borehole was drilled into the area where the miners were thought to be, a level of", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": "10935933", "score": "1.8273079", "text": "that the workers could not have survived. A third explosion occurred at 3:39 pm 26 November; it appeared to be smaller than the first two. A fourth explosion occurred on 28 November at 1:55 pm. As of January 2011 the mine has been ordered sealed and the recovery attempt abandoned for the time being. The mine has a development and consenting history going back to the 1970s, with the first geologists and surveyors having explored the area in the 1940s. The mine is located approximately halfway between Greymouth and Reefton, close to the Pike Stream, a tributary of the Big", "title": "Pike River Mine" }, { "id": "15084523", "score": "1.8220017", "text": "for their refusal to send rescuers into the mine, Trevor Watts, leader of the Mines Rescue, explained the team's belief that any rescuers would have also been killed given the conditions within the mine. Their cautious approach was supported by many international mine rescue experts. Both the Australian and New Zealand stock exchanges placed trading halts on Pike River Coal (PRC) shares following the first explosion to allow the company time to \"provide the market with a detailed update.\" PRC's largest shareholder New Zealand Oil & Gas, which owns 29.4%, was also placed on a trading halt for two days;", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": "15084531", "score": "1.8151605", "text": "deemed re-entry feasible for a year. The 29 men ranged in age from 17 to 62. The youngest, Joseph Dunbar, was on his first shift underground after celebrating his 17th birthday the previous day. Dunbar had been due to start work at the mine on 22 November but had convinced management to allow him to start on the 19th. Of the 29, 24 were New Zealanders, two were Scottish, two were Australian, and one was South African. The 24 New Zealanders were predominantly West Coasters, though they also included one Southlander. The victims included, among others, Grey District Councillor Milton", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": "15084515", "score": "1.807723", "text": "95% methane was found, with the remainder primarily carbon monoxide. It appeared there was little chance that any of the miners who may have survived the blast could still be alive. Although families had held out hope that some of the miners may have survived, it was believed by the rescue team that all had been killed by the initial explosion. The mine had not collapsed and air was blowing freely throughout the tunnels indicating that there were no obstructions to survivors leaving the mine or indicating their presence by tapping on pipes or calling for help. A second explosion", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": "10935943", "score": "1.8075924", "text": "River Coal Ltd) announced that it was extremely unlikely that any of the miners were still alive, as the magnitude of the second explosion and the high levels of toxic gases were too great for anyone to be able to survive. A third explosion occurred at 3:39 PM 26 November; it appeared to be smaller than the first two. On Sunday, 28 November at 1:55 PM NZDT, a fourth explosion occurred. Flames and smoke poured out of the mine causing nearby scrub to catch fire. Whittall stated there was now a coal fire burning in the mine rather than a", "title": "Pike River Mine" }, { "id": "15084543", "score": "1.7976589", "text": "public from corporate negligence and unsafe practies.” After an agreement was signed between New Zealand's major political parties in Wellington on 15 August 2017, soon-to-be Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern pledged that a manned re-entry of the mine would be conducted with the object of recovering bodies and investigating the cause of the explosion. Meanwhile, preparations for a robotic entry later in the year continued. On 20 November 2017, Minister for Pike Mine Re-entry Andrew Little announced the creation of a stand-alone government department called the Pike River Recovery Agency to explore plans to re-enter the mine and recover the bodies", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": "15084544", "score": "1.7934852", "text": "of the deceased miners. On 31 January 2018, the Pike River Recovery Agency formally came into existence with its headquarters being in Greymouth. On 19 April, the Minister for Pike Mine Re-entry Little entered the mine's portal with Pike Family representatives Anna Osborne and Sonya Rockhouse to demonstrate that a safe re-entry was possible. He vowed that the coalition Government would re-enter the drift to recover evidence and the remains of the deceased miners. Pike River Mine disaster The Pike River Mine disaster was a coal mining accident that began on 19 November 2010 in the Pike River Mine, northeast", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": "15084526", "score": "1.7650907", "text": "condolences for the families of the deceased and calling the event a \"national disaster\", and her grandson, Prince William, sent a similar message to Key. A number of countries worldwide expressed their condolences, including the United Kingdom, Australia (where the Australian Parliament observed a moment's silence and flags were flown at half mast, in conjunction with New Zealand), and the United States. A Gorniczy Agregat Gasniczy (GAG) unit from Queensland, accompanied by 16 crew from Queensland Mines Rescue Service, was brought in on 26 November 2010 by the RNZAF, to be used in an attempt to suppress the fires. It", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": "15084513", "score": "1.7595043", "text": "then been expelled into the rest of the mine by a roof fall, or it may have accumulated directly in working areas of the mine. It is not known what sparked the explosion, but a working mine contains several possible ignition sources. Two miners managed to walk from the mine later the same day, having been in the access tunnel, or just off it, some distance from the source of the explosion. Both were taken to Greymouth Hospital suffering moderate injuries. Initial media reports were unclear as to the number of miners and contractors remaining within the mine, with various", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" }, { "id": "3694509", "score": "1.7524762", "text": "between 1991 and 1999), but overall there has been a downward trend of deaths and injuries. In 1959, the Knox Mine Disaster occurred in Port Griffith, Pennsylvania. The swelling Susquehanna River collapsed into a mine under it and resulted in 12 deaths. In Plymouth, Pennsylvania, the Avondale Mine Disaster of 1869 resulted in the deaths of 108 miners and two rescue workers after a fire in the only shaft eliminated the oxygen in the mine. Federal laws for mining safety resulted from this disaster. Pennsylvania suffered another disaster in 2002 at Quecreek, 9 miners were trapped underground and subsequently rescued", "title": "Mining accident" }, { "id": "18362637", "score": "1.7458427", "text": "Kelly led a private prosecution against the company. The number of deaths due to forestry-related accidents subsequently fell, from 10 deaths in 2013 to 1 in 2014 and 3 in 2015. After the 2010 Pike River Mine disaster that killed 29 miners, Helen Kelly worked for improved safety standards and justice through the courts for the miners' families. She was also recognised for her compassion and support of the victims' families. Other campaigns she led focused on farming, exposing farmers offering jobs at lower than the minimum wage, and she was a supporter of the Unite Union's campaign against zero", "title": "Helen Kelly (trade unionist)" }, { "id": "15084520", "score": "1.7426151", "text": "robots entered the mine on 23 and 24 November, while a third, from Australia, was en route to the site. The use of three robots was unprecedented in mine rescue. The use of United States mining rescue/exploration robots was also being considered though the second explosion later that day effectively ended the robot efforts. Early on 24 November it was reported that a drill started from above the horizontal mine had reached to the mine chamber, releasing hot gas. Later in the day it was reported analysis showed 95% methane. A camera, inserted into a safe haven in the mine,", "title": "Pike River Mine disaster" } ]

[ "les indes", "ভারত গণরাজ্য", "bharat ganrajya", "ISO 3166-1 alpha-3/IND", "जुम्हूरियत भारत", "hindio", "etymology of india", "indian republic", "Indya", "भारतमहाराज्यम्", "Indea", "भारत गणराज्य", "Les Indes", "جمہوٗرِیت بًارت", "iso 3166 1 alpha 3 ind", "भारतीय प्रजासत्ताक", "భారత గణతంత్ర రాజ్యము", "The Republic of India", "ভারতরাষ্টৃ", "ಭಾರತ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ", "Bhart", "union of india", "ভারত", "भारतीय गणराज्याच्या", "Bhārat Gaṇarājya", "ভারতীয় প্রজাতন্ত্র", "India", "இந்திய", "هندستانڀارت،", "Union of India", "جمہوریہ بھارت", "ভাৰত গণৰাজ্য", "hindistan", "Republic of india", "ਭਾਰਤ ਗਣਤੰਤਰ", "India.", "Indian Republic", "bhārat gaṇarājya", "Hindio", "india country", "India's", "indea", "Bharat Ganrajya", "republic of india", "iso 3166 1 in", "ISO 3166-1:IN", "Etymology of India", "INDIA", "Hindistan", "Indian republic", "Indian State", "bhārtiya prajāsattāk", "india", "indian state", "Republic of India", "bhart", "india s", "இந்தியக் குடியரசு", "ભારતીય ગણતંત્ર", "India (country)", "ഭാരത മഹാരാജ്യം", "indya", "Republic Of India", "భారత రిపబ్లిక్", "Bhārtiya Prajāsattāk", "ଭାରତ ଗଣରାଜ୍ଯ" ]

[ { "id": "8684608", "score": "1.6571261", "text": "from India. She is the fifth Miss World and the second consecutive winner from her country. Internationally, Chopra reigned alongside Miss Universe 2000 titleholder Lara Dutta and Miss Asia Pacific 2000 titleholder Dia Mirza, both also of India. A total of 95 contestants participated in Miss World 2000. Miss World 2000 Miss World 2000, the 50th edition of the Miss World pageant, was held on 30 November 2000 at the Millennium Dome in London, United Kingdom. The pageant's swimsuit segment was filmed in the Maldives. The pageant was the first since the death of pageant owner Eric Morley, whose widow", "title": "Miss World 2000" }, { "id": "8684607", "score": "1.6537166", "text": "Miss World 2000 Miss World 2000, the 50th edition of the Miss World pageant, was held on 30 November 2000 at the Millennium Dome in London, United Kingdom. The pageant's swimsuit segment was filmed in the Maldives. The pageant was the first since the death of pageant owner Eric Morley, whose widow Julia Morley assumed responsibility for the event. The pageant had 95 contestants, the highest number of Miss World participants ever. This was surpassed in 2003. The pageant was won by Priyanka Chopra of India, at the age of 18. She was crowned by her predecessor Yukta Mookhey also", "title": "Miss World 2000" }, { "id": "7180218", "score": "1.6396092", "text": "representatives in other international pageants, Miss World did not allow this until the creation of separate Parliaments in the United Kingdom. 1999 was the year of the last Miss United Kingdom pageant, won by Nicola Willoughby, who competed as Miss UK at Miss World (the final woman to do so). The 1999 Miss World contest also saw the debuts of Scotland (represented by Stephanie Norrie) and Wales (represented by Clare Marie Daniels), so there was the unusual situation of having a Miss UK compete alongside Miss Scotland and Miss Wales. The following year, Julie Lee-Ann Martin became the first representative", "title": "Miss United Kingdom" }, { "id": "12489184", "score": "1.6068394", "text": "Mookhey of India. After competing in Miss World she was to compete in Miss Universe 2000 but her entry was denied by the Miss Universe Organization because she was the 1st Runner-Up in Miss World and there was a chance that she could assume the title should the winner resign or lose her crown. Martina Thorogood Martina Thorogood Heemsen (born February 4, 1975 in Valencia) is a Venezuelan pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Venezuela 1999 and represented her country at Miss World 1999. Thorogood competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 1999 where she won the title. She", "title": "Martina Thorogood" }, { "id": "8684827", "score": "1.5667925", "text": "2002. Also boycotting but never invited: In the year leading up the finals in Nigeria, several European title holders lobbied their governments and the EU parliament to support Amina's cause. A number of contestants followed the lead of Kathrine Sørland of Norway in boycotting the contest (despite the controversy Sørland went on to become a semi-finalist in both the Miss World and Miss Universe contest), while others such as Costa Rica were instructed by their national governments and parliaments not to attend the contest. Among the other boycotting nations were Denmark, Spain, Switzerland, Panama, Belgium and Kenya. There was further", "title": "Miss World 2002" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Miss Venezuela\n\nMiss Venezuela (Spanish: \"Organización Miss Venezuela\") is the national beauty pageant of Venezuela, traditionally held in September. It is preceded by two or three months of preliminary events, with the awarding of corporate prizes. The final televised competition generally lasts about four hours and is broadcast live across Latin America by Venevisión and produced by the networks parent company Cisneros Group, with edited versions to the United States and Mexico on the Univision and Telemundo networks. From 2013 to 2015, the national contest was split into two separate pageants: \"Miss Venezuela\" (to select representatives to Miss Universe, Miss Earth and Miss International) and \"Miss Venezuela Mundo\" (representative to Miss World). The pageant is also closely observed by other countries seeking to level competition due to its illustrious record of pageant victories. In 2016, the Venezuelan franchise for Miss Earth was awarded to Miss Earth Venezuela organized by National Directors Julio César Cruz and Alyz Henrich.\n\nVenezuela has gained the most titles in the Big Four international beauty pageants with 23 victories and outstanding record of placements at Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International and Miss Earth, considered the most important pageants in the world. Under the direction of Osmel Sousa, Venezuela has accumulated more Big Four international pageant titles than any other country, including seven Miss Universe winners, six Miss World winners, eight Miss International winners and one Miss Earth winner (The other Miss Earth winner is under Sambil Model Organization).\n\nThe latest edition of the pageant was held on 16 November 2022. Accordingly, the new national director of Venezuela is Maria Gabriela Isler, the 62nd Miss Universe titleholder.", "title": "Miss Venezuela" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Miss Universe 2000\n\nMiss Universe 2000, the 49th Miss Universe pageant, was held on 12 May 2000<ref name=\"local date\" /> at the Eleftheria Indoor Hall in Nicosia, Cyprus. Lara Dutta of India was crowned by Mpule Kwelagobe of Botswana as her successor at the end of the event. 79 contestants competed for the title. It was the second time that India has won the title (the first being in 1994 by Sushmita Sen).", "title": "Miss Universe 2000" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Miss Russia\n\nMiss Russia () is a national beauty pageant in Russia. It selects the Russian representatives to compete in two of the major beauty pageants: Miss World and Miss Universe.", "title": "Miss Russia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Miss Thailand\n\nMiss Thailand (; ), is a beauty pageant held in Thailand for Thai women, first held on December 10, 1934, in Phra Nakhon District of Bangkok, under the name of Miss Siam (; ).\n\nThe winner of Miss Thailand used to represent the country at Miss Universe, while 1st Runner-up presented at Miss Asia Pacific International. However, Miss Thailand Organization lost these licenses to Miss Thailand Universe in 2000. The last Miss Thailand to represent her country at Miss Universe 1999 is Apisamai Srirangsan, Miss Thailand 1999.\n\nIn 2019, Sireethorn Leearamwat, Miss Thailand 2019, represented the country at Miss International 2019 and won the title for the first time for Thailand.\n\nThe reigning Miss Thailand 2022 is Manita Farmer from Phuket. ", "title": "Miss Thailand" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "India at the Big Four international beauty pageants\n\nThe following is a list of India's official representatives and their placements at the Big Four international beauty pageants, considered the most important in the world. The country has won a total of ten victories with seventy-seven placements in all four pageants:\n\n\nThe representatives to these pageants are chosen from the pageants Miss Diva (Miss Universe), Femina Miss India (Miss World), Glamanand Supermodel India (Miss International) and, Miss Divine Beauty (Miss Earth) respectively.", "title": "India at the Big Four international beauty pageants" }, { "id": "8589545", "score": "1.5665467", "text": "Miss Universe 2000 Miss Universe 2000, the 49th Miss Universe pageant, was held on 12 May 2000 at the Eleftheria Indoor Hall in Nicosia, Cyprus. Lara Dutta of India was crowned by Mpule Kwelagobe of Botswana as her successor at the end of the event. 79 contestants competed for the title. It was the second time India won the title (the first being in 1994). Last competed in 1996 Last competed in 1998 Nicosia was announced as host city of the pageant on 1 July 1999. The country invested $3.5 million in the event, in the hope that the publicity", "title": "Miss Universe 2000" }, { "id": "7869793", "score": "1.5577977", "text": "World pageant directly since 1999, since devolution. The first woman to compete at Miss World as Miss Wales was Clare Daniels, who competed alongside Stephanie Norrie who was Miss Scotland. The Final Miss United Kingdom contest had already taken place earlier in the year, so at Miss World 1999, there was the unusual situation of a Miss UK competing along with the Miss Scotland and Miss Wales winners. Miss England and Miss Northern Ireland competed at the Miss World contest for the first time in 2000. Since 1999, the highest placed contestant from the four constituent countries of the UK", "title": "Miss Wales" }, { "id": "13023780", "score": "1.5573727", "text": "Reina Sudamericana 2001, held in Santa Cruz, Bolivia on November 9, 2001. She obtained the \"Photogenic\" award. Isabel Bawlitza Isabel Bawlitza Muñoz (born c. 1981) is a Chilean fashion model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented her country in Miss World 2000 . Her modeling career began in \"Paula Magazine\", obtaining a contract for two years as an exclusive model. She took part in fashion shows in the United States and Italy. Bawlitza was chosen under the organization of Millaray Palma and the former Miss World Chile 1998, Daniella Campos. Bawlitza represented Chile in Miss World 2000 held in London,", "title": "Isabel Bawlitza" }, { "id": "7783176", "score": "1.5554835", "text": "placed number eight over-all in \"1974\" Miss World Contest held at 'Royal Albert hall, London, England. In 2004 Kennifer Marius was placed 3rd in the Talent Competition behind Antigua and Barbuda, and China. Stephanie Chase, Miss Barbados World 2001, won the first inaugural Miss World Talent Award. This led to Ms. Chase receiving a five-year contract from AMI/ Sony CEO Eliot Cohen. She recorded in the United Kingdom. A UK tour also in the United Kingdom circa: 2003. In 1974, Linda Yvonne Field represented Barbados in the Miss World Contest at the Royal Albert Hall in London, England. Linda Fields", "title": "Miss Barbados World" }, { "id": "11983284", "score": "1.5548372", "text": "Miss World 2008 was held in May 2008. The winner of Miss New Zealand represents her country at Miss World. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a runner-up is sent. Since 2010 the second title of Miss World New Zealand represents her country at Miss International. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a contestant is sent. In 2003-2008 the official candidate selected by Miss International New Zealand pageant. New Zealand debut in 1960 and ever won the title of Miss International 1971, Jane Hansen", "title": "New Zealand at Miss World" }, { "id": "8692905", "score": "1.5530988", "text": "Miss World 2001 Miss World 2001, the 51st edition of the Miss World pageant, was held on 16 November 2001 at the Super Bowl of Sun City Entertainment Centre in Sun City, South Africa. 93 contestants from all over the world competed for the title. Priyanka Chopra of India crowned her successor Agbani Darego of Nigeria at the end of the event. This is the first time Nigeria won the title of Miss World. The Miss World 2001 contest was originally set to be held in Durban, but later changed the venue to Sun City. Also was expecting 107 delegates", "title": "Miss World 2001" }, { "id": "8298983", "score": "1.5519544", "text": "104 countries competed in the pageant, the 12th largest number behind 2013 (127) 2014 (121), 2012 (116), 2010 (115), 2015 (114), 2011 (113), 2009 (112), 2008 (109), 2004 (107), and 2007 and 2003 (both 106). All contestants were divided in six regional groups: Africa, Americas, Asia Pacific, Caribbean, Northern Europe and Southern Europe. Gdynia was the host of the Beach Beauty contest, Giżycko hosted the Miss Sports contest and Wrocław hosted the Miss Talent competition. The fourth event was Beauty with a Purpose. This is the first time the Czech Republic won the title of Miss World. Out of the", "title": "Miss World 2006" }, { "id": "8692906", "score": "1.5440304", "text": "from around the planet to compete in the 51st version of the pageant; however due the September 11 attacks, added to economic problems and other matters, were responsible for several delegates not showing up. She then participated and won miss international 2002. Miss World 2001 Miss World 2001, the 51st edition of the Miss World pageant, was held on 16 November 2001 at the Super Bowl of Sun City Entertainment Centre in Sun City, South Africa. 93 contestants from all over the world competed for the title. Priyanka Chopra of India crowned her successor Agbani Darego of Nigeria at the", "title": "Miss World 2001" }, { "id": "4005171", "score": "1.5433257", "text": "strongest Miss World Venezuelas in history and whose eliminations were seen by the organization as a signal that it needed to send its winner to Miss World. Therefore, in 1999, there were no Miss World Venezuela or Miss Venezuela International titles, only an official Miss Venezuela, who was Martina Thorogood. Her first runner-up, Norkys Batista, was told that she would become Miss Venezuela to Miss Universe only if Martina won the Miss World crown outright. Martina came in second at Miss World and she was expected continue on to Miss Universe 2000 the next year. However, due to a number", "title": "Miss Venezuela" }, { "id": "13023779", "score": "1.5329881", "text": "Isabel Bawlitza Isabel Bawlitza Muñoz (born c. 1981) is a Chilean fashion model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented her country in Miss World 2000 . Her modeling career began in \"Paula Magazine\", obtaining a contract for two years as an exclusive model. She took part in fashion shows in the United States and Italy. Bawlitza was chosen under the organization of Millaray Palma and the former Miss World Chile 1998, Daniella Campos. Bawlitza represented Chile in Miss World 2000 held in London, United Kingdom on November 30, 2000. She was among the ten semifinalists. Bawlitza represented her country in", "title": "Isabel Bawlitza" }, { "id": "11680977", "score": "1.5323548", "text": "Miss World 1974 Miss World 1974, the 24th edition of the Miss World pageant, was held on 22 November 1974 at the Royal Albert Hall in London, United Kingdom. The event was viewed by an estimated 30 million people, and was a \"Wide World Special\" on the ABC Television Network. Helen Morgan of the United Kingdom was crowned the winner at the end of the event by Mrs. Julia Morley, becoming the second Welsh and fourth woman from the United Kingdom to win the title. Although it was known to the organizers at the time she was crowned Miss Wales", "title": "Miss World 1974" }, { "id": "3454318", "score": "1.5259328", "text": "the Femina Miss India contest of 2000; she finished second, winning the Femina Miss India World title. Chopra then went on to the Miss World pageant, where she was crowned Miss World 2000 and Miss World Continental Queen of BeautyAsia & Oceania at the Millennium Dome in London on 30 November 2000. Chopra was the fifth Indian contestant to win Miss World, and the fourth to do so in seven years. She had enrolled in college, but left after winning the Miss World pageant. Chopra said that the Miss India and Miss World titles brought her recognition, and she then", "title": "Priyanka Chopra" }, { "id": "12645669", "score": "1.5250173", "text": "placed Top 15 in Miss Universe 1955. Miss World 1955 Miss World 1955, the 5th edition of the Miss World pageant, was held on 20 October 1955 at the Lyceum Ballroom in London, United Kingdom. 21 contestants competed for the crown. Eunice Gayson crowned Susana Duijm of Venezuela as the new Miss World. The previous year's Miss World, Antigone Costanda of Egypt, did not attend because of hostilities between Egypt and United Kingdom over Suez Canal. That was the first time Venezuela won the title of Miss World. This was the first time that a winner had been crowned with", "title": "Miss World 1955" }, { "id": "11761533", "score": "1.5178483", "text": "sent contestants from 1998 to 2000. In 2001, the Miss World organization asked Pageantry Magazine to choose a contestant for Miss World 2001 since they did not have a license holder during this year. In 2002, Jean Renard and Miss World Holdings Inc became license holders and handpicked the representative. They dropped the license afterwards due to legal issues with Rebekah Revels, whom they had handpicked to compete in 2002. In 2003, Bruce Vermeulen and Geoff Kearney founded the US Miss World organization. They chose the 2003 representative by mail-in entry and telephone interviews and in 2004 held the US", "title": "United States representatives at Miss World" }, { "id": "4310384", "score": "1.5128912", "text": "Mookhey was a Managing Director of a clothing company. After school, Mookhey studied zoology at V.G. Vaze college. Mookhey has a diploma in computer sciences and has studied Hindustani classical music for three years. The 49th Miss World pageant was held on 4 December 1999 at Olympia, London. Mookhey was crowned Miss World 1999 beating 93 delegates from other countries. Mookhey also won the title 'Continental Queen of Asia and Oceania' during the Miss World contest. She became the fourth woman from India to win Miss World after Reita Faria in 1966, Aishwarya Rai in 1994 and Diana Hayden in", "title": "Yukta Mookhey" } ]

[ "tony blare", "Anthony (Tony) Blair", "Family of Tony Blair", "tony blairs", "Tony Blair Sports Foundation", "rt hon anthony blair mp", "rt hon tony blair", "education education education", "Tony Blaer", "rt hon anthony charles lynton blair", "tony blear", "prime minister tony blair", "Tony Blair's private life", "The Tony Blair Sports Foundation", "Tonyblair", "Prime Minister Tony Blair", "education education and education", "Tony Bliar", "Anthony C. L. Blair", "Education, education and education", "blair doctrine", "Tony Blair PM", "anthony c l blair", "Blair doctrine", "Tony Blare", "Rt. Hon. Anthony Charles Lynton Blair", "Antony blair", "President Blair", "tony blair sports foundation", "tony blaire", "tony balir", "tony blari", "anthony charles lynton blair", "tony bliar", "Education, education, education", "Tony Blear", "Tony Balir", "tonie blair", "Anthony Charles Blair", "tonyblair", "blairian", "Tonie Blair", "tony blair", "Rt. Hon Tony Blair", "anthony tony blair", "tony blair pm", "tory blair", "herr blair", "tony blair s private life", "Tony Blairs", "Tony Blari", "family of tony blair", "Herr Blair", "antony blair", "Tony Blaire", "Tony Blair's Private life", "Antony Blair", "Tory Blair", "tony blaer", "Tony blair", "Rt Hon Anthony Blair MP", "toney blair", "Tony Blair", "Toney Blair", "Blairian", "president blair", "anthony charles lynton 22tony 22 blair", "anthony charles blair", "Anthony Charles Lynton Blair", "Anthony Charles Lynton %22Tony%22 Blair" ]

[ { "id": "12153622", "score": "1.6995405", "text": "Nazi state\" was, potentially, an incitement to attack Jews because the comparison with Nazis as \"the embodiment of evil\" implies that \"the only appropriate response is hate\". Sigrid Rausing in the \"New Statesman\" wrote: \"The claim of moral equivalence is dangerous, not because it exaggerates the horror of Gaza (the reality of that bombardment was probably worse than we can really imagine), but because it minimises the horror of the Holocaust.\" In response to the 2008–09 Israel–Gaza conflict Galloway instigated the \"Viva Palestina\" aid convoy to the Gaza Strip in January 2009. \"There is a kind of intifada among the", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153666", "score": "1.6683288", "text": "debate on 26 September 2014 he opposed military action by the west against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) insurgency group, which he called a \"death cult\", and instead advocated military action from the regional powers. Galloway told \"Prospect\" magazine in February 2016: \"I support the decision of the Russian government to come to the aid of the government in Syria because whatever faults it [the Syrian government] may have, whatever crimes it has committed, they are considerably fewer than the crimes committed by IS or would be committed by IS were they to come to power\".", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153665", "score": "1.6577835", "text": "Syria who had been provided with the weapons by Israel. During his speech in the House of Commons debate about the crisis in Syria on 29 August 2013, Galloway was asked about this broadcast by the Conservative MP Matthew Offord. In response, he asserted that he had \"said no such thing\", and was accused of lying. In the debate Galloway had stated \"It is not that the regime is not bad enough to do it; everybody knows that it is bad enough to do it. The question is: is it mad enough to do it?\". In a House of Commons", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153589", "score": "1.6317035", "text": "Iraq War, Galloway called President George W. Bush the world's \"biggest terrorist\". Galloway defended Iraqi insurgents targeting Western forces as \"martyrs\" during August 2005 in appearances on Middle Eastern television channels, Iraqis who were with the allies security forces he called \"collaborators\" and said it was \"normal\" for them to be the targets of suicide bombers. Galloway said: \"These poor Iraqis – ragged people, with their sandals, with their Kalashnikovs, with the lightest and most basic of weapons – are writing the names of their cities and towns in the stars, with 145 military operations every day, which has made", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153629", "score": "1.6298809", "text": "Iran was being used by supporters of a war with Iran. Scott Long, writing in \"The Guardian\" on 31 March, criticised Galloway's claim that \"homosexuals are not executed in Iran, just rapists,\" pointing out that current law in the country stipulates that \"Penetrative sex acts between men can bring death on the first conviction.\" Gay rights activist Peter Tatchell, writing in \"The Guardian\" on 26 March, wrote that Galloway's \"passionate opposition to a war against Iran, which I share, seems to have clouded his judgement\" and \"his claim that lesbian and gay people are not at risk of execution in", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "13750138", "score": "1.6048234", "text": "to terrorists, and condemned the scenes at Tripoli airport. Alistair Darling pointed out that as a question of criminal justice, and thus a devolved matter, it would be inappropriate for Westminster to comment on it. Conservative leader and future prime minister David Cameron called the decision \"the product of some completely nonsensical thinking,\", and \"wrong,\" stating; \"I see no justice in affording mercy to someone who showed no mercy to his victims.\" He wrote to then prime minister Gordon Brown, calling on him to express an opinion. Local priest Patrick Keegans, who served the Lockerbie community for five and a", "title": "Release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi" }, { "id": "12153587", "score": "1.5928011", "text": "speech, he had congratulated a successful anti-war candidate from the Socialist Alliance in Preston was rejected. According to Ian McCartney, Labour Party Chairman at the time, Galloway was the only Labour MP who \"incited foreign forces to rise up against British troops\" in the Iraq War. Galloway said after the NCC had decided on his expulsion: \"This was a politically motivated kangaroo court whose verdict had been written in advance in the best tradition of political show trials.\" Galloway claimed at the time that other MPs who had opposed the war, such as: Bob Marshall Andrews and Glenda Jackson, would", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153609", "score": "1.5889072", "text": "hustings event that the Labour Government had been pursuing a \"war on Muslims\" while King said her stance against Saddam Hussein had been \"principled\". Galloway received death threats from an offshoot of al-Muhajiroun (a banned extreme Islamist group). On 19 April, about thirty men forced Galloway's meeting with a tenants’ association to be abandoned after claiming he was a \"false prophet\" for encouraging Muslims to vote. Galloway was held by the group for about twenty minutes before the police arrived at the scene. All the major candidates united in condemning the threats and violence. Both the Labour and Respect candidates", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "17816735", "score": "1.5857167", "text": "destruction of the Labour Party, the hundreds of thousands of civilians who died during the Iraq War and the former Prime Minister's well-remunerated business interests, and relationship with bank JP Morgan and Middle East dictators since he left office in 2007; in Galloway's view, a third \"killing\". In the Kickstarter promotional video, Galloway expressed the hope that his actions would lead to pressure on Blair, stating: \"It will take him all [the way] to The Hague, to a war crimes trial and to the slamming of a cell door shut behind him.\" He promised to \"uncover some startling new truths\"", "title": "The Killing$ of Tony Blair" }, { "id": "12153574", "score": "1.5836436", "text": "He ended his speech with the statement \"Sir, I salute your courage, your strength, your indefatigability.\"\" Galloway has asserted that he was saluting the Iraqi people rather than Saddam Hussein in the speech, which was translated for the Iraqi leader. As news of the incident reached the UK, Labour leader John Smith, in a statement, said: \"I deeply deplore the foolish statement made in Iraq by Mr. George Galloway. In no way did he speak for the Labour Party and I wholly reject his comments.\" Shortly after his return, Galloway was given a \"severe reprimand\" by the Labour Chief Whip,", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153572", "score": "1.5779111", "text": "part of the greater Iraqi whole, stolen from the motherland by perfidious Albion\", although Christopher Hitchens pointed out that the state existed long before Iraq had a name. The massacre of Kurds and Shias just after the 1991 Gulf war, was according to Galloway, \"a civil war that involved massive violence on both sides\". Writing for \"The Observer\" in April 2003, David Aaronovitch speculated that Galloway changed his opinion of Saddam Hussein under \"the belief that my enemy's enemy is my friend. Or, in the context of the modern world, any anti-American will do. When Iraq stopped being a friend", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153677", "score": "1.5734029", "text": "not afraid of earthly power but who fears only the Judgment Day. I’m ready for that, I’m working for that and it's the only thing I fear.\" According to Jemima Khan, writing for the \"New Statesman\" in April 2012, Galloway became a Muslim around 2000, but had not advertised this fact. Galloway denied that the ceremony had taken place: \"I have never attended any such ceremony in Kilburn, Karachi or Kathmandu. It is simply and categorically untrue.\" He said his religious beliefs are a \"personal matter\". Later, the \"New Statesman\" pointed to inconsistencies in Galloway's rejection of the claims Jemima", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153580", "score": "1.5725797", "text": "the grounds that Bradshaw's claim was \"a clear imputation of dishonour\", and the sitting was suspended due to the dispute. Bradshaw later withdrew his allegation, and Galloway apologised for using unparliamentary language. In an article by Ewen MacAskill published by \"The Guardian\" in March 2000 about a visit by Galloway to Iraq and the Middle East, the politician describes himself as a supporter of the Iraqi people and the Ba'ath Party, but not Saddam Hussein himself. In August 2002, Galloway returned to Iraq and met Saddam Hussein for a second and final time. According to Galloway, the intention of the", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153600", "score": "1.567349", "text": "On arriving in the US, he told Reuters, \"I have no expectation of justice from a group of Christian fundamentalist and Zionist activists.\" Galloway described Coleman as a \"pro-war, neocon hawk and the lickspittle of George W. Bush,\" who, he said, sought vengeance against anyone who did not support the war in Iraq. In his testimony, Galloway made the following statements in response to the allegations against him: He questioned the reliability of evidence given by former Iraqi Vice-President Taha Yassin Ramadan, stating that the circumstances of his captivity by American forces call into question the authenticity of the remarks.", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153575", "score": "1.565685", "text": "Derek Foster, for his unauthorised trip to Iraq. The MP apologised for his conduct and undertook to follow future instruction from the whips. For his visit with Saddam, Galloway was dubbed the \"MP for Baghdad North\". Galloway said, when he spoke before the U.S. Senate on 17 May 2005, that he had \"met Saddam Hussein exactly the same number of times as Donald Rumsfeld met him.\" Whereas \"Rumsfeld met him to sell him guns\", Galloway had \"met him to try to bring about an end to sanctions, suffering and war.\" In 1998, Galloway founded the Mariam Appeal which was intended,", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153617", "score": "1.5652404", "text": "were members of a political organisation named \"Indict\" and were persecuting him for speaking out against the Iraq War. Speaker Michael Martin warned Galloway that his accusations were not relevant to the matter at hand, but he rejected the warning and responded by saying that Martin would have to order him out of the house if he had any issue with the accusations. Martin therefore named Galloway, leading to the attending members voting to trigger his suspension from Parliament that day rather than wait until after the summer recess as had been recommended. In an interview with the American radio", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153668", "score": "1.5610919", "text": "but shouldn’t\", \"The Sunday Times\" quoted him as saying. Galloway's argument against independence was based on a defence of \"class\" over \"nationality\". He told Serena Kutchinsky in an interview for \"Prospect\" magazine: \"If we lose this vote the possibility of a real Labour government, or any kind of Labour government, in the rest of UK will be gone\". He has, however, argued in favour of greater Scottish devolution. In 2013, Galloway began a series of public meetings in Scotland using the slogan of \"Just Say Naw.\" On 11 September 2014, Galloway took part in \"\", an independence debate held in", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153588", "score": "1.5533713", "text": "be expelled in due course, but no other MP was expelled from the Labour Party for their statements about the Iraq war. After an article by Galloway was published in the \"Morning Star\" attacking the Labour Party, Tony Benn wrote in his diary in June 2004, quoting from the article, that if he had successfully persuaded the NEC not to expel him, Galloway would have remained \"a member of a party currently run by a 'blood-splattered, lying, crooked group of war criminals'. It put me off George Galloway in a fairly fundamental way\". In 2005, at the time of the", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "12153639", "score": "1.5527396", "text": "or said, but because of the passport I hold. One of the grounds for discrimination, as defined in the Race Relations Act, is nationality\". Aslan-Levy later told the \"Daily Mail\" \"I'm sure he would have talked to an Israeli Arab, he didn't want to talk to me because I am an Israeli Jew.\" Julian Huppert, the Liberal Democrat MP for Cambridge, stated: \"It is pretty pathetic that George Galloway walked out of the debate when he found out that another speaker was Israeli.\" Joan Smith wrote: \"It was a typical Galloway performance, characterising himself as the victim of what was", "title": "George Galloway" }, { "id": "17311133", "score": "1.5526282", "text": "a democratic change to this policy that's ruining so many lives\". He described Muslim leaders as unwilling to bring about change, focussing on points of theology, rather than the practical education of young people in ways to achieve political change. Baroness Neville-Jones, a former security minister and chairman of the British Joint Intelligence Committee, and Colonel Richard Kemp, a former Army commander, suggested blame could be put on internet hate preaching. Neville-Jones told the BBC Radio 4<nowiki>'</nowiki>s \"Today\" programme that \"the inspiration that comes from internet hate preaching and jihadist rhetoric...is a very, very serious problem now.\" George Galloway, then", "title": "Murder of Lee Rigby" } ]

[ "diffuse", "Diffusion", "diffusion", "Diffuse", "Rate of diffusion", "Diffusion rate", "rate of diffusion", "diffusion rate" ]

[ { "id": "11121592", "score": "1.4943068", "text": "Enthalpy of mixing The enthalpy of mixing (or heat of mixing or excess enthalpy) is the enthalpy liberated or absorbed from a substance upon mixing. When a substance or compound is combined with any other substance or compound the enthalpy of mixing is the consequence of the new interactions between the two substances or compounds. This enthalpy if released exothermically can in an extreme case cause an explosion. Enthalpy of mixing can often be ignored in calculations for mixtures where other heat terms exist, or in cases where the mixture is ideal. The sign convention is the same as for", "title": "Enthalpy of mixing" }, { "id": "109257", "score": "1.4742012", "text": "of the molecules. The result of diffusion is a gradual mixing of material such that the distribution of molecules is uniform. Since the molecules are still in motion, but an equilibrium has been established, the end result of molecular diffusion is called a \"dynamic equilibrium\". In a phase with uniform temperature, absent external net forces acting on the particles, the diffusion process will eventually result in complete mixing. Consider two systems; S and S at the same temperature and capable of exchanging particles. If there is a change in the potential energy of a system; for example μ>μ (μ is", "title": "Molecular diffusion" }, { "id": "3131088", "score": "1.4668797", "text": "miscible or at least soluble in each other occurs frequently in process engineering (and in everyday life). An everyday example would be the addition of milk or cream to tea or coffee. Since both liquids are water-based, they dissolve easily in one another. The momentum of the liquid being added is sometimes enough to cause enough turbulence to mix the two, since the viscosity of both liquids is relatively low. If necessary, a spoon or paddle could be used to complete the mixing process. Blending in a more viscous liquid, such as honey, requires more mixing power per unit volume", "title": "Mixing (process engineering)" }, { "id": "11121599", "score": "1.4665868", "text": "such as H-bonds between water in a water-hexane solution, the mixture will have a higher total enthalpy and absorb heat. Enthalpy of mixing The enthalpy of mixing (or heat of mixing or excess enthalpy) is the enthalpy liberated or absorbed from a substance upon mixing. When a substance or compound is combined with any other substance or compound the enthalpy of mixing is the consequence of the new interactions between the two substances or compounds. This enthalpy if released exothermically can in an extreme case cause an explosion. Enthalpy of mixing can often be ignored in calculations for mixtures where", "title": "Enthalpy of mixing" }, { "id": "6336620", "score": "1.457406", "text": "one of the respective gases, so that the respective volumes available to each gas remain constant during the merge. Either one of the common temperature or the common pressure is chosen to be independently controlled by the experimenter, the other being allowed to vary so as to maintain constant volume for each mass of gas. In this kind of \"mixing\", the final common volume is equal to each of the respective separate initial volumes, and each gas finally occupies the same volume as it did initially. This constant volume kind of \"mixing\", in the special case of perfect gases, is", "title": "Entropy of mixing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Diffusion\n\nDiffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical potential. It is possible to diffuse \"uphill\" from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, like in spinodal decomposition.\n\nThe concept of diffusion is widely used in many fields, including physics (particle diffusion), chemistry, biology, sociology, economics, and finance (diffusion of people, ideas, and price values). The central idea of diffusion, however, is common to all of these: a substance or collection undergoing diffusion spreads out from a point or location at which there is a higher concentration of that substance or collection.\n\nA gradient is the change in the value of a quantity, for example, concentration, pressure, or temperature with the change in another variable, usually distance. A change in concentration over a distance is called a concentration gradient, a change in pressure over a distance is called a pressure gradient, and a change in temperature over a distance is called a temperature gradient.\n\nThe word \"diffusion\" derives from the Latin word, \"diffundere\", which means \"to spread out.\"\n\nA distinguishing feature of diffusion is that it depends on particle random walk, and results in mixing or mass transport without requiring directed bulk motion. Bulk motion, or bulk flow, is the characteristic of advection. The term convection is used to describe the combination of both transport phenomena.\n\nIf a diffusion process can be described by Fick's laws, it's called a normal diffusion (or Fickian diffusion); Otherwise, it's called an anomalous diffusion (or non-Fickian diffusion).\n\nWhen talking about the extent of diffusion, two length scales are used in two different scenarios:\n", "title": "Diffusion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Iridescence\n\nIridescence (also known as goniochromism) is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear to gradually change color as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes. Examples of iridescence include soap bubbles, feathers, butterfly wings and seashell nacre, and minerals such as opal. It is a kind of structural coloration that is due to wave interference of light in microstructures or thin films.\n\nPearlescence is a related effect where some or most of the reflected light is white. The term pearlescent is used to describe certain paint finishes, usually in the automotive industry, which actually produce iridescent effects.", "title": "Iridescence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Molecular diffusion\n\nMolecular diffusion, often simply called diffusion, is the thermal motion of all (liquid or gas) particles at temperatures above absolute zero. The rate of this movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size (mass) of the particles. Diffusion explains the net flux of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. Once the concentrations are equal the molecules continue to move, but since there is no concentration gradient the process of molecular diffusion has ceased and is instead governed by the process of self-diffusion, originating from the random motion of the molecules. The result of diffusion is a gradual mixing of material such that the distribution of molecules is uniform. Since the molecules are still in motion, but an equilibrium has been established, the result of molecular diffusion is called a \"dynamic equilibrium\". In a phase with uniform temperature, absent external net forces acting on the particles, the diffusion process will eventually result in complete mixing.\n\nConsider two systems; S and S at the same temperature and capable of exchanging particles. If there is a change in the potential energy of a system; for example μ>μ (μ is Chemical potential) an energy flow will occur from S to S, because nature always prefers low energy and maximum entropy.\n\nMolecular diffusion is typically described mathematically using Fick's laws of diffusion.", "title": "Molecular diffusion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Corrosion\n\nCorrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable oxide. It is the gradual deterioration of materials (usually a metal) by chemical or electrochemical reaction with their environment. Corrosion engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and preventing corrosion.\n\nIn the most common use of the word, this means electrochemical oxidation of metal in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen, hydrogen or hydroxide. Rusting, the formation of iron oxides, is a well-known example of electrochemical corrosion. This type of damage typically produces oxide(s) or salt(s) of the original metal and results in a distinctive orange colouration. Corrosion can also occur in materials other than metals, such as ceramics or polymers, although in this context, the term \"degradation\" is more common. Corrosion degrades the useful properties of materials and structures including strength, appearance and permeability to liquids and gases.\n\nMany structural alloys corrode merely from exposure to moisture in air, but the process can be strongly affected by exposure to certain substances. Corrosion can be concentrated locally to form a pit or crack, or it can extend across a wide area more or less uniformly corroding the surface. Because corrosion is a diffusion-controlled process, it occurs on exposed surfaces. As a result, methods to reduce the activity of the exposed surface, such as passivation and chromate conversion, can increase a material's corrosion resistance. However, some corrosion mechanisms are less visible and less predictable.\n\nThe chemistry of corrosion is complex; it can be considered an electrochemical phenomenon. During corrosion at a particular spot on the surface of an object made of iron, oxidation takes place and that spot behaves as an anode. The electrons released at this anodic spot move through the metal and go to another spot on the metal and reduce oxygen at that spot in presence of H (which is believed to be available from carbonic acid () formed due to dissolution of carbon dioxide from air into water in moist air condition of atmosphere. Hydrogen ion in water may also be available due to dissolution of other acidic oxides from the atmosphere). This spot behaves as a cathode.", "title": "Corrosion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eutrophication\n\nEutrophication is the process by which an entire body of water, or parts of it, becomes progressively enriched with minerals and nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. It has also been defined as \"nutrient-induced increase in phytoplankton productivity\". Water bodies with very low nutrient levels are termed oligotrophic and those with moderate nutrient levels are termed mesotrophic. Advanced eutrophication may also be referred to as dystrophic and hypertrophic conditions. Eutrophication can affect freshwater or salt water systems. In freshwater ecosystems it is almost always caused by excess phosphorus.\n\nWhen occurring naturally, eutrophication is a very slow process in which nutrients, especially phosphorus compounds and organic matter, accumulate in water bodies. These nutrients derive from degradation and solution of minerals in rocks and by the effect of lichens, mosses and fungi actively scavenging nutrients from rocks. Anthropogenic or \"cultural eutrophication\" is often a much more rapid process in which nutrients are added to a water body from a wide variety of polluting inputs including untreated or partially treated sewage, industrial wastewater and fertilizer from farming practices. Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algal and aquatic plant growth.\n\nA common visible effect of eutrophication is algal blooms. Algal blooms can either be just a nuisance to those wanting to use the water body or become harmful algal blooms that can cause substantial ecological degradation in water bodies.\n\nApproaches for prevention and reversal of eutrophication include: minimizing point source pollution from sewage, and minimizing nutrient pollution from agriculture and other nonpoint pollution sources. Shellfish in estuaries, seaweed farming and geo-engineering in lakes are also being used, some at the experimental stage. It is important to note that the term eutrophication is widely used by both scientists and public policy-makers, giving it myriad definitions.", "title": "Eutrophication" }, { "id": "6336619", "score": "1.4559082", "text": "mixing is well established in customary terminology, but can be confusing unless it is borne in mind that the independent variables are the common initial and final temperature and total pressure; if the respective partial pressures or the total volume are chosen as independent variables instead of the total pressure, the description is different. In contrast to the established customary usage, \"mixing\" might be conducted reversibly at constant volume for each of two fixed masses of gases of equal volume, being mixed by gradually merging their initially separate volumes by use of two ideal semipermeable membranes, each permeable only to", "title": "Entropy of mixing" }, { "id": "3131101", "score": "1.4500794", "text": "industry uses to separate gases and solids is the cyclone, which slows the gas and causes the particles to settle out. Multiphase mixing occurs when solids, liquids and gases are combined in one step. This may occur as part of a catalytic chemical process, in which liquid and gaseous reagents must be combined with a solid catalyst (such as hydrogenation); or in fermentation, where solid microbes and the gases they require must be well-distributed in a liquid medium. The type of mixer used depends upon the properties of the phases. In some cases, the mixing power is provided by the", "title": "Mixing (process engineering)" }, { "id": "14253064", "score": "1.4353096", "text": "the total momentum of both bodies with respect to some common reference is unchanged after the collision, in line with the principle of \"conservation of momentum\". Another important contact phenomenon is surface-to-surface friction, a force that impedes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact, or that of a body in a fluid. In this section we discuss surface-to-surface friction of two bodies in relative static contact or sliding contact. In the real world, friction is due to the imperfect microstructure of surfaces whose protrusions interlock into each other, generating reactive forces tangential to the surfaces. To overcome the friction", "title": "Collision response" }, { "id": "8831293", "score": "1.4316742", "text": "observed by Leng et al. in 2016. Thermophoresis Thermophoresis (also thermomigration, thermodiffusion, the Soret effect, or the Ludwig–Soret effect) is a phenomenon observed in mixtures of mobile particles where the different particle types exhibit different responses to the force of a temperature gradient. The term \"thermophoresis\" most often applies to aerosol mixtures, but may also commonly refer to the phenomenon in all phases of matter. The term \"Soret effect\" normally applies to liquid mixtures, which behave according to different, less well-understood mechanisms than gaseous mixtures. Thermophoresis may not apply to thermomigration in solids, especially multi-phase alloys. The phenomenon is observed", "title": "Thermophoresis" }, { "id": "4918543", "score": "1.4311653", "text": "covering more of the surface with liquid, the contact angle is increased and generally is related to the velocity of the contact line. If the velocity of a contact line is increased without bound, the contact angle increases, and as it approaches 180°, the gas phase will become entrained in a thin layer between the liquid and solid. This is a kinetic nonequilibrium effect which results from the contact line moving at such a high speed that complete wetting cannot occur. A well-known departure from ideal conditions is when the surface of interest has a rough texture. The rough texture", "title": "Wetting" }, { "id": "6336598", "score": "1.428971", "text": "of mixing provides information about constitutive differences of intermolecular forces or specific molecular effects in the materials. The statistical concept of randomness is used for statistical mechanical explanation of the entropy of mixing. Mixing of ideal materials is regarded as random at a molecular level, and, correspondingly, mixing of non-ideal materials may be non-random. In ideal species, intermolecular forces are the same between every pair of molecular kinds, so that a molecule \"feels\" no difference between itself and its molecular neighbors. This is the reference case for examining corresponding mixing of non-ideal species. For example, two ideal gases, at the", "title": "Entropy of mixing" }, { "id": "16568573", "score": "1.4224257", "text": "is the merging of two dispersed drops into one. The surfaces of two drops must be in contact for coalescence to occur. This surface contact is dependent on both the van der Waals attraction and surface repulsion forces between two drops. Once in contact, the two surface films are able to fuse together, which is more likely to occur in areas where the surface film is weak. The liquid inside each drop is now in direct contact, and the two drops are able to merge into one. Demulsification is the act of destabilizing an emulsion. Once all of the drops", "title": "Macroemulsion" }, { "id": "13417413", "score": "1.4165652", "text": "a fusion, whereby a new substance is created leading to the loss of the properties of the individual components, this roughly corresponds to the modern concept of a chemical change. The third type was a commingling, or total blending: there is complete interpenetration of the components down to the infinitesimal, but each component maintains its own properties. In this third type of mixture a new substance is created, but since it still has the qualities of the two original substances, it is possible to extract them again. In the words of Chrysippus: \"there is nothing to prevent one drop of", "title": "Stoic physics" }, { "id": "3131107", "score": "1.4160633", "text": "more cylindrical beaker. When scaled down to the microscale, fluid mixing behaves radically different. This is typically at sizes from a couple (2 or 3) millimeters down to the nanometer range. At this size range normal convection does not happen unless you force it. Diffusion is the dominate mechanism whereby two different fluids come together. Diffusion is a relatively slow process. Hence a number of researchers had to devise ways to get the two fluids to mix. This involved Y junctions, T junctions, three-way intersections and designs where the interfacial area between the two fluids is maximized. Beyond just interfacing", "title": "Mixing (process engineering)" }, { "id": "2858881", "score": "1.4104233", "text": "contains fluid motion terms that are governed by the Navier-Stokes equations. When fluid properties such as viscosity depend on composition, the governing equations may be coupled. There may also be temperature effects. It is not clear that fluid mixing processes are mixing in the mathematical sense. Small rigid objects (such as rocks) are sometimes mixed in a rotating drum or tumbler. The 1969 Selective Service draft lottery was carried out by mixing plastic capsules which contained a slip of paper (marked with a day of the year), resulting in a detectable bias towards later days of the year. Mixing (physics)", "title": "Mixing (physics)" }, { "id": "11121598", "score": "1.40871", "text": "has a non-zero enthalpy of mixing with an ideal entropy of mixing. Under this assumption, formula_19 scales linearly with formula_20, and is equivalent to the excess internal energy. The heat of mixing for binary mixtures to form ternary one can be expressed as a function of mixing ratios of binary mixtures: formula_21 Intermolecular forces are the main constituent of changes in the enthalpy of a mixture. Stronger attractive forces between the mixed molecules, such as hydrogen-bonding, induced-dipole, and dipole-dipole interactions result in a lower enthalpy of the mixture and a release of heat. If strong interactions only exist between like-molecules,", "title": "Enthalpy of mixing" }, { "id": "6336593", "score": "1.4062262", "text": "Entropy of mixing In thermodynamics the entropy of mixing is the increase in the total entropy when several initially separate systems of different composition, each in a thermodynamic state of internal equilibrium, are mixed without chemical reaction by the thermodynamic operation of removal of impermeable partition(s) between them, followed by a time for establishment of a new thermodynamic state of internal equilibrium in the new unpartitioned closed system. In general, the mixing may be constrained to occur under various prescribed conditions. In the customarily prescribed conditions, the materials are each initially at a common temperature and pressure, and the new", "title": "Entropy of mixing" }, { "id": "390374", "score": "1.4047315", "text": "is called solubility. When a liquid can completely dissolve in another liquid the two liquids are \"miscible\". Two substances that can never mix to form a solution are called \"immiscible\". All solutions have a positive entropy of mixing. The interactions between different molecules or ions may be energetically favored or not. If interactions are unfavorable, then the free energy decreases with increasing solute concentration. At some point the energy loss outweighs the entropy gain, and no more solute particles can be dissolved; the solution is said to be saturated. However, the point at which a solution can become saturated can", "title": "Solution" }, { "id": "11121594", "score": "1.4030336", "text": "of mixing tend to be more difficult to determine experimentally. As such, enthalpy of mixing tends to be determined experimentally in order to calculate entropy of mixing, rather than the reverse. It should be noted that enthalpy of mixing is defined exclusively for the continuum regime, which excludes molecular-scale effects (However, first-principles calculations have been made for some metal-alloy systems such as Al-Co-Cr or β-Ti). When two substances are mixed the resulting enthalpy is not an addition of the pure component enthalpies, unless the substances form an ideal mixture. The interactions between each set of molecules determines the final change", "title": "Enthalpy of mixing" }, { "id": "8831286", "score": "1.4025874", "text": "Thermophoresis Thermophoresis (also thermomigration, thermodiffusion, the Soret effect, or the Ludwig–Soret effect) is a phenomenon observed in mixtures of mobile particles where the different particle types exhibit different responses to the force of a temperature gradient. The term \"thermophoresis\" most often applies to aerosol mixtures, but may also commonly refer to the phenomenon in all phases of matter. The term \"Soret effect\" normally applies to liquid mixtures, which behave according to different, less well-understood mechanisms than gaseous mixtures. Thermophoresis may not apply to thermomigration in solids, especially multi-phase alloys. The phenomenon is observed at the scale of one millimeter or", "title": "Thermophoresis" } ]

[ "sergeant shulz", "Sergeant Shulz" ]

[ { "id": "4726080", "score": "1.5633826", "text": "often leads him to ignore the clandestine activities of the prisoners. (On those occasions he would often say his catchphrase \"I hear nothing, I see nothing, I know nothing!\" As the series went on this became simply \"I know nothing. Nothing!!\"). Banner was loved not only by the viewers, but also by the cast, as recalled by cast members on the \"Hogan's Heroes\" DVD commentary. The Jewish Banner defended his character, telling \"TV Guide\" in 1967, \"Schultz is not a Nazi. I see Schultz as the representative of some kind of goodness in any generation.\" Banner appeared in almost every", "title": "John Banner" }, { "id": "653097", "score": "1.5442071", "text": "to a much more innocuous mixture of green gelatin dessert powder, flour, and water, and with that episode, the use of \"I don't know\" as the slime's trigger phrase was introduced. In fact, one episode saw two kids(including Alasdair Gillis) getting slimed together, after one of them said \"\"We\" don't know\". On occasion, a cast member would try to circumvent the dreaded three words, like in the \"Computers\" episode, when Christine McGlade said \"Insufficient Data\" instead of \"I don't know\" and got hit anyway. After she screamed \"I don't know\" up at the ceiling and nothing happened, Lisa Ruddy then", "title": "You Can't Do That on Television" }, { "id": "718819", "score": "1.5293082", "text": "know that'. Now they've got me on Satellite navigation. It's me going, 'take the second turn on the right, and you'll wind up right in the shit.'\" In 1983, Caine used his \"not a lot of people know that\" phrase as a joke in the film \"Educating Rita\". The comedy sketch show, \"Harry Enfield's Television Programme\", included a series of sketches in which Paul Whitehouse played a character called Michael Paine; an amalgam of previous Michael Caine impressions, who in a reference to Caine's character Harry Palmer from \"The Ipcress File\" wears oversized, thick-rimmed glasses and a trench coat. He", "title": "Michael Caine" }, { "id": "6009226", "score": "1.4957476", "text": "by Action Time for Carlton Television. The show's theme and incidental music was re-tuned, and was composed by Simon Etchell whose version was used from 1994 to 1999, with some slight alterations made in late 1998. From 2000 to 2002, a third version of the \"Catchphrase\" theme music was used. It was a re-mixed and \"jazzed-up\" version of the previous theme, composed by Simon Etchell and was used alongside a revamped title sequence followed by a new studio set. From 2013 onwards, a fourth version was introduced, based on Ed Welch's original theme and composed by Marc Sylvan and Richard", "title": "Catchphrase (UK game show)" }, { "id": "448580", "score": "1.4735235", "text": "his new-found leisure with odd jobs and unusual idiosyncrasies, or to get a new job. However, he regularly finds himself mistreated, misunderstood or simply the victim of bad luck, which leads to his complaining heartily. The pensioner is most famous for his catchphrase, \"I don't believe it!!\", an expression of discontent which was actually used fairly infrequently. Quite often, he stops short at \"I don't ...\". According to Wilson, this is because series creator Renwick wanted to avoid overusing it.. Other frequently used expressions of exasperation are \"Unbe-lieeeve-able!\", \"What in the name of \"bloody hell\"?!\" and \"In the name of", "title": "Victor Meldrew" }, { "id": "4894249", "score": "1.4674529", "text": "when presenting his lines in many of his films. It relies on Caine's ability to impart trivial information in the same way, starting with \"Did you know...\" and ending with \".. and not a lot of people know that.\". Whitehouse continues in this tradition, talking about extremely dreary things his neighbours were doing such as \"do you know, he didn't call that woman back until... approximately two hours later. Would Damon Hill have taken that long to call his mother? I'll be honest with you. I don't know. Not a lot of people know I don't know that, but I", "title": "Harry Enfield's Television Programme" }, { "id": "6009194", "score": "1.4650042", "text": "Catchphrase (UK game show) Catchphrase is a British game show based on the short-lived U.S. game show of the same name. It originally aired on ITV in the United Kingdom between 12 January 1986 and 23 April 2004. A currently running revival premiered on ITV on 7 April 2013. \"Catchphrase\" was presented by Northern Irish comedian Roy Walker from its 1986 premiere until 1999, airing weekly at night. Nick Weir took the programme over in 2000 and hosted it until the end of series 16 on 23 April 2004. Mark Curry replaced Weir for the final series, which moved to", "title": "Catchphrase (UK game show)" }, { "id": "3391109", "score": "1.4627447", "text": "Crowther had separate stand-up routines. Jo Baker and Jack Douglas also had similar roles when the show started, as well as the Balloon Man, making all sorts of things from balloons. Ed Stewart (presenter of the children's radio request programme \"Junior Choice\") also used his catchphrase \"Byee!\" at the end too. Perhaps the most famous catchphrase was \"It's Friday, it's five to five and it's Crackerjack\" used at the beginning of each show. It was an accepted unwritten rule that whenever a presenter spoke the word 'Crackerjack', the audience would shout \"Crack-er-jack!\" (or in the early years \"Hooray\") loudly. In", "title": "Crackerjack! (TV series)" }, { "id": "6009228", "score": "1.4604084", "text": "has been provided by Jonathan Gould. A number of board game adaptations of \"Catchphrase\" were released over the years. Paul Lamond Games released the first edition in 1987, followed by a \"Junior Edition\" in 1990, and two separate editions by Britannia Games in 2001 and 2002. An adaptation based on the current series was released by Drumond Park in 2013, followed by \"Classic Catchphrase\", released by Ideal in 2014. A Card Game was released by Marks & Spencers in 2016. The first DVD game was released in 2005, and in November 2007, Walker returned to host an all-new interactive DVD", "title": "Catchphrase (UK game show)" }, { "id": "6009225", "score": "1.4443113", "text": "a rapid motion near the person's waist, making it look like the person may have been masturbating. Like the aforementioned \"Snake charmer\" incident, this caused the entire studio to break out in laughter as the picture was revealed in a similar manner. \"Catchphrase\"s original theme tune and incidental music were composed by television composer Ed Welch, whose original version of the theme was used for the TVS incarnation of the show, until 28 October 1994. It was also used on \"Family Catchphrase\" in 1994. The show returned on 4 November 1994 with a brand new look and now being produced", "title": "Catchphrase (UK game show)" }, { "id": "653081", "score": "1.4407592", "text": "opposites were over, or sometimes not fall at all. Also, an opposite sketch in \"Heroes\" (1982) had Lisa Ruddy slimed for saying \"I know,\" rather than \"I don't know\" (while other cast members said \"I don't know\" in that same sketch without anything happening to them). A return to the show's daily subject was hallmarked by another of these inversion fades, and usually accompanied by one of the cast members saying, \"Back to reality.\" These would sometimes occur in the middle of a sketch, resulting in the characters inverting whatever they were doing just prior to the conclusion of the", "title": "You Can't Do That on Television" }, { "id": "8202698", "score": "1.4394605", "text": "Dunno Dunno, or Know-Nothing or Ignoramus (, \"Neznayka\" that is Don'tknowka (ka - the Russian suffix here for drawing up the whole name in a cheerful form); from the Russian phrase \"\" (\"\"ne znayu\"\"), \"don't know\") is a character created by Soviet children's writer Nikolay Nosov. The idea of the character comes from the books of Palmer Cox. Dunno, recognized by his bright blue hat, canary-yellow trousers, orange shirt, and green tie, is the title character of Nosov's world-famous trilogy, \"The Adventures of Dunno and his Friends\" (1954), \"Dunno in Sun City\" (1958), and \"Dunno on the Moon\" (1966). There", "title": "Dunno" }, { "id": "1565298", "score": "1.4380538", "text": "are canceled they might have a chance; the shows were indeed canceled during \"Family Guy\"s hiatus. The show uses catchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have them. Notable expressions include Quagmire's \"Giggity giggity goo\", Peter's \"Freakin' sweet\", Cleveland's \"Oh, that's nasty\", and Joe's \"Bring it on!\" The use of many of these catchphrases declined in later seasons. The episode \"Big Man on Hippocampus\" mocks catchphrase-based humor: when Peter, who has forgotten everything about his life, is introduced to Meg, he exclaims \"D'oh!\", to which Lois replies, \"No, Peter, that's not your catchphrase.\" In 2016, a \"The New", "title": "Family Guy" }, { "id": "6009217", "score": "1.4366469", "text": "association with Action Time at their Maidstone Studios from 1986, produced by Graham C Williams and executive produced by John Kaye Cooper. In 1994, the format was picked up by Carlton Television and fully produced by Action Time Productions, in 1996 (series 11), \"Catchphrase\" moved to Carlton's (formerly Central Independent Television) studios in Lenton Lane, Nottingham where it stayed until the show's demise on 19 December 2002. Roy Walker left the show in 1999 and was replaced by Nick Weir in January 2000, whose first moments as host saw him tripping on the stairs; the next moments were from when", "title": "Catchphrase (UK game show)" }, { "id": "408066", "score": "1.4268754", "text": "the primary and secondary characters have at least one each. Notable expressions include Homer's annoyed grunt \"D'oh!\", Mr. Burns' \"Excellent\" and Nelson Muntz's \"\"Ha\"-ha!\" Some of Bart's catchphrases, such as \"\"¡Ay, caramba!\"\", \"Don't have a cow, man!\" and \"Eat my shorts!\" appeared on T-shirts in the show's early days. However, Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through the merchandising. The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The episode \"Bart Gets Famous\" mocks catchphrase-based humor, as Bart achieves fame on the \"Krusty the Clown Show\" solely for saying \"I didn't", "title": "The Simpsons" }, { "id": "6012160", "score": "1.422204", "text": "uncle Lawrence, and forces the kids to endure his favorite dish, Mumbo-jumbo gumbo. A common (though unofficial) catchphrase used in the show by multiple characters (usually Donnell, Dionne, and their mother) was \"Don't hold your breath!\" This was a typical response to an outlandish suggestion by another character (for example, Goo asking Melanie for a kiss, or Harry asking Donnell's mom to play country music at Donnell's birthday party). Another common catchphrase would occur when Dee-Dee would interrupt Goo in whatever story he was telling, and promptly after Goo telling Dee-Dee off, he would say, \"Now as I was saying,", "title": "My Brother and Me" }, { "id": "8202713", "score": "1.4221017", "text": "rather than acquiring institutionalized knowledge - in this regard Nosov points out that in everyday tasks Dunno succeeds perfectly. Dunno's encounters with Pillman and Doono - who knows everything - reveal the oppressive nature of medical and scientific authority. Dunno Dunno, or Know-Nothing or Ignoramus (, \"Neznayka\" that is Don'tknowka (ka - the Russian suffix here for drawing up the whole name in a cheerful form); from the Russian phrase \"\" (\"\"ne znayu\"\"), \"don't know\") is a character created by Soviet children's writer Nikolay Nosov. The idea of the character comes from the books of Palmer Cox. Dunno, recognized by", "title": "Dunno" }, { "id": "6153076", "score": "1.4218206", "text": "Pierpoint on the NBC Radio Network program \"Monitor\"). The catchphrase was heard nightly for 30 years, and ranked top of the TV Land poll of U.S. TV catchphrases and quotes in 2006; it has been referenced in all media going from \"The Shining\" to Johnny Bravo to a \"Weird Al\" Yankovic album cut; it was even used for the character Johnny Cage in the video game series \"Mortal Kombat\". McMahon, who held the same role in Carson's ABC game show \"Who Do You Trust?\" for five years previously, would remain standing to the side as Carson did his monologue, laughing", "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" }, { "id": "6481297", "score": "1.4183174", "text": "Catchphrase (U.S. game show) Catch Phrase is an American game show which ran from September 16, 1985 through January 10, 1986 in syndication. The object of the show was to solve \"catch phrases\", which were animated picture puzzles designed to represent objects or sayings. Art James was the host of the show, his last game show hosting job before he retired from television, and John Harlan was the announcer. The program was created by Steve Radosh and produced by Pasetta Productions, with Telepictures distributing. Although \"Catch Phrase\" did not succeed in its American run, the format found success in other", "title": "Catchphrase (U.S. game show)" }, { "id": "6009223", "score": "1.4169657", "text": "2002. Mr Chips returned to the main game for the final 2002 series, and he was also brought back for the current revival series. \"Family Catchphrase\" was a spin-off from the original series, which aired in 1994 on The Family Channel (now Challenge). One of the most famous moments in the show's history included a ready money bonus catchphrase where the answer to the puzzle was \"Snake charmer\". However, the puzzle was uncovered in such a way which caused the audience, the contestants and host Roy Walker to laugh uncontrollably as the game went on as it appeared Mr. Chips", "title": "Catchphrase (UK game show)" } ]

[ "amefoot", "football american version", "American-style football", "American Handegg", "Football (America)", "American rules football", "Tackleball", "yards passing", "Yankeeball", "american football field", "us football", "Football (American)", "football american", "Yards passing", "ncaa battlefield", "The Game of Football", "Football (American version)", "hand egg", "Yankball", "Football (US)", "Passing (American Football)", "American-football", "American football field", "u s football", "US football", "Amefoot", "american foot ball", "american football", "American-Style Football", "American foot-ball", "American football", "U.s. football", "American Football", "American Style Football", "American style football", "American-Style football", "ameriball", "football us", "Ameriball", "yankball", "American football/to do", "american handegg", "americanfootball", "football america", "Yard lines", "american style football", "passing american football", "Hand Egg", "American handegg", "American gridiron football", "The NCAA Battlefield", "american football to do", "AmericanFootball", "tackleball", "American foot ball", "yankeeball", "defense american football", "Defense (American football)", "american gridiron football", "american rules football", "🏈", "game of football", "yard lines" ]

[ { "id": "4427397", "score": "1.6724054", "text": "quarterback and run, move up and help the offensive line block, or go out and catch a pass. While the role of the fullback is deteriorating currently among professional leagues, it is their primary responsibility to lead the running back. Running backs and fullbacks are sometimes also called a halfback, a wingback, or a slotback. Like the running back, the tight end also has multiple roles. They will either help the offensive line protect the quarterback, block on run plays, or run or catch the ball themselves. The wide receivers primary role is to run out into the field of", "title": "American football rules" }, { "id": "12752397", "score": "1.6667842", "text": "guard. In a typical formation, the fullback would line up three and one-half yards behind the long-side guard. One and one-half yards behind the tackle or guard, would be the quarterback or blocking back. Finally, the wingback aligns himself to the outside of the opposing defensive tackle. He is only one yard off the line. In most offenses the tailback was the main ball handler and generator of offense; however, the fullback could also take the direct snap due to his proximity to the tailback. In fact whenever the ball was snapped, one of the two backs would take the", "title": "Buck-lateral series" }, { "id": "8283300", "score": "1.6477897", "text": "either the fullback, the quarterback, or one of the halfbacks (also called \"running backs\" [RB] or \"tail backs\") runs the ball. First, the quarterback receives the football from the center. The quarterback then starts the play in one direction by appearing to hand the football to the fullback right behind the play side guard on a standard fullback dive play. The guard \"chips\" the 3-technique (defensive tackle) and blocks the play side (the side where the play is going) inside linebacker (usually called the \"mike\", or middle linebacker). The quarterback then reads the unblocked defensive lineman. If the lineman attacks", "title": "Triple option" }, { "id": "6976726", "score": "1.6468117", "text": "defensive backs rather than four or five. Usually, a dimeback replaces a linebacker in order to gain better pass defense, although some teams may substitute the extra defensive back for a defensive lineman in their dime formation. Dimeback In American football, a dimeback is a cornerback or safety who serves as the sixth defensive back (fourth cornerback, third safety; and in some rare cases, a fourth safety) on defense. The third cornerback or safety on defense is known as a nickelback. The dimeback position is essentially relegated to backup cornerbacks and safeties who do not play starting cornerback or safety", "title": "Dimeback" }, { "id": "10088446", "score": "1.634945", "text": "to the role. The position is less frequently used in Canadian football, which focuses more on passing than running the ball. Fullback (gridiron football) A fullback (FB) is a position in the offensive backfield in American and Canadian football, and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback. Typically, fullbacks are larger than halfbacks and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running, pass catching, and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back. Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks, including Jim Brown, Marion Motley,", "title": "Fullback (gridiron football)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "American football positions\n\nIn American football, the specific role that a player takes on the field is referred to as their \"position\". Under the modern rules of American football, both teams are allowed 11 players on the field at one time and have \"unlimited free substitutions\", meaning that they may change any number of players during any \"dead ball\" situation. This has resulted in the development of three task-specific \"platoons\" of players within any single team: the offense (the team with possession of the ball, which is trying to score), the defense (the team trying to prevent the other team from scoring, and to take the ball from them), and the so-called 'special teams' (who play in all kicking situations). Within these three separate \"platoons\", various positions exist depending on the jobs that the players are doing.", "title": "American football positions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of formations in American football\n\nThe following is a list of common and historically significant formations in American football. In football, the formation describes how the players in a team are positioned on the field. Many variations are possible on both sides of the ball, depending on the strategy being employed. On offense, the formation must include at least seven players on the line of scrimmage, including a center to start the play by snapping the ball. \n\nThere are no restrictions on the arrangement of defensive players, and, as such, the number of defensive players on the line of scrimmage varies by formation.", "title": "List of formations in American football" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of American football positions\n\nAmerican football positions have slowly evolved over the history of the sport. From its origins in early rugby football to the modern game, the names and roles of various positions have changed greatly, some positions no longer exist, and others have been created to fill new roles.", "title": "History of American football positions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Glossary of American football terms\n\nThe following terms are used in American football, both conventional and indoor. Some of these terms are also in use in Canadian football; for a list of terms unique to that code, see \"Glossary of Canadian football\".", "title": "Glossary of American football terms" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:WikiProject American football/Articles" }, { "id": "11265387", "score": "1.6306088", "text": "team consists of the top one or two players at each position; the second team consists of the runners-up at each position. One player is selected at quarterback, fullback, tight end, center, punter, place kicker, and kick returner, while two players are selected at running back, wide receiver, offensive tackle, offensive guard, outside linebacker, inside/middle linebacker, defensive end, defensive tackle, cornerback, and safety. In 2016, for the first time, the AP picked specific positions on the offensive line, a \"flex\" player on offense, and a fifth defensive back. The AP claims that the selection panel is national one, but some", "title": "All-Pro" }, { "id": "6976857", "score": "1.6280916", "text": "formation. However, some teams will replace a lineman rather than a linebacker, creating a three linemen, three linebacker and five defensive back alignment, a 3–3–5 formation. If an offensive team always uses three or more wide receivers, a defense may turn to a nickel defense for their base package on most plays. Usually extra defensive backs, such as a nickelback, are substituted into the defense in situations where the opposing offense is likely to attempt a forward pass, such as 3rd-and-long, or when extra receivers are substituted into the opposing offense. The nickelback is the third cornerback or safety on", "title": "Nickelback (gridiron football)" }, { "id": "10088438", "score": "1.6232159", "text": "inasmuch as the deepest back usually did the kicking. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, most teams used four offensive backs, lined up behind the offensive line, on every play: a quarterback, two halfbacks, and a fullback. The quarterback began each play a quarter of the way \"back\" behind the offensive line, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway \"back\" behind the offensive line, and the fullback began each play the farthest \"back\" behind the offensive line. Each offensive back was known by a position name that described his relative distance behind the offensive", "title": "Fullback (gridiron football)" }, { "id": "4783750", "score": "1.6181388", "text": "a \"left center\" and \"right center\".) \"NT\" stands for \"nose tackle\", \"nose\" having been introduced with guards to indicate a position \"on the nose\" of the opposing center, although \"nose guard\" had not been a popular term, probably because it suggested a piece of protective equipment. There is justification for the extra word, in that the tackle in a 3-player defensive line could well play off center; however, this distinction is not maintained with teams using such a tactic, so the position could and probably should be referred to simply as \"tackle\"—or \"defensive tackle\" (DT) in a player roster (see", "title": "History of American football positions" }, { "id": "4783758", "score": "1.6094532", "text": "be backs in the traditional sense because they are usually not on their team's line of scrimmage. There also exist the generic terms \"defensive lineman\" (DL) and \"offensive lineman\" (OL), although the latter refers only to the interior linemen, excluding the ends because of their eligibility to receive forward passes. However, to this day many teams maintain the offense's fullback-halfback distinction, especially in \"full house\" backfields, i.e. those with a quarterback and three running backs, that is, no backs playing wider as wingbacks or flankers. This is confusing enough, when the fullback plays slightly forward of the halfbacks, as in", "title": "History of American football positions" }, { "id": "12126196", "score": "1.6093514", "text": "becoming obsolete. The offensive halfback was similar to a slotback and lined up off the tight end, running sweeps, pass patterns and performing blocking duties, but could also run out of the backfield in front of the fullback, much like a standard running back in American football. The rough equivalents of the halfback position in American football are the strong safety and nickelback. Halfback (Canadian football) The halfback in Canadian football, and most commonly the Canadian Football League, currently refers to the defensive back rather than the running back, as in American football. The defensive halfback lines up inside covering", "title": "Halfback (Canadian football)" }, { "id": "7154405", "score": "1.6093172", "text": "the safety was known as the defensive fullback (specifically the free safety; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback, a term still in Canadian parlance) or goaltender. The free safety tends to watch the play unfold and follow the ball as well as be the “defensive quarterback” of the backfield. The free safety is typically assigned to the quarterback in man coverage, but as the quarterback usually remains in the pocket, the free safety is \"free\" to double cover another player. On pass plays, the free safety is expected to assist the cornerback on his side and to close", "title": "Safety (gridiron football position)" }, { "id": "6976859", "score": "1.6054909", "text": "In Canadian football, where five defensive backs are considered the norm, the position is known as a defensive halfback. Nickelback (gridiron football) In American football, a nickelback is a cornerback or safety who serves as the fifth (in addition to the typical four) defensive back. A base defense contains four defensive backs, consisting of two cornerbacks, and two safeties. Adding an extra back makes five, hence the term \"nickel\", which is the name for 5-cent coins in the United States and Canada. Usually the nickelback will take the place of a linebacker, so if the team was to be in", "title": "Nickelback (gridiron football)" }, { "id": "6976725", "score": "1.6012793", "text": "Dimeback In American football, a dimeback is a cornerback or safety who serves as the sixth defensive back (fourth cornerback, third safety; and in some rare cases, a fourth safety) on defense. The third cornerback or safety on defense is known as a nickelback. The dimeback position is essentially relegated to backup cornerbacks and safeties who do not play starting cornerback or safety positions. Dimebacks are usually fast players because they must be able to keep up on passing plays with 3+ wide receivers. Dimebacks are brought into the game when the defense uses a \"Dime\" formation, which uses six", "title": "Dimeback" }, { "id": "6976856", "score": "1.594368", "text": "Nickelback (gridiron football) In American football, a nickelback is a cornerback or safety who serves as the fifth (in addition to the typical four) defensive back. A base defense contains four defensive backs, consisting of two cornerbacks, and two safeties. Adding an extra back makes five, hence the term \"nickel\", which is the name for 5-cent coins in the United States and Canada. Usually the nickelback will take the place of a linebacker, so if the team was to be in a 4–3 formation, there would now be four linemen, only two linebackers and five defensive backs creating a 4-2-5", "title": "Nickelback (gridiron football)" }, { "id": "6324310", "score": "1.5916793", "text": "the 1960s, as they won five NFL titles and the first two under head coach were on the left and hall of famer Guard (American and Canadian football) In American and Canadian football, a guard (G) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking. Right guards (RG) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line, while left guards (LG) are on the left side. Guards are to the right or left of the center.", "title": "Guard (American and Canadian football)" }, { "id": "10088444", "score": "1.5869215", "text": "as the B-back) can often be used as the primary rushing threat. In many other offensive schemes, the fullback is used as a receiver, especially when the defense blitzes. In selected plays, some teams will have a defensive lineman report as an eligible receiver to line up as a fullback (\"Jumbo\" or \"Heavy Jumbo\") or tight end in a \"Miami\" package in goalline formation. Examples of such players who have been frequently used as situational fullbacks include Haloti Ngata, Dontari Poe, Jared Allen while with the Kansas City Chiefs, Richard Seymour while with the New England Patriots, and Isaac Sopoaga", "title": "Fullback (gridiron football)" }, { "id": "10088436", "score": "1.5854592", "text": "Fullback (gridiron football) A fullback (FB) is a position in the offensive backfield in American and Canadian football, and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback. Typically, fullbacks are larger than halfbacks and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running, pass catching, and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back. Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks, including Jim Brown, Marion Motley, Jim Taylor, Franco Harris, Larry Csonka, John Riggins, Christian Okoye, and Levi Jackson. However, many of these runners would retroactively be", "title": "Fullback (gridiron football)" }, { "id": "10301045", "score": "1.5851765", "text": "front-seven players in the 3–4 are bigger and need to take on and defeat blocks more often in the running game.\" The 3–4 nose tackle is considered the most physically demanding position in football. His primary responsibility is to control the \"A\" gaps, the two openings between the center and guards, and not get pushed back into his linebackers. If a running play comes through one of those gaps, he must make the tackle or control what is called the \"jump-through\"—the guard or center who is trying to get out to the linebackers. The ideal nose tackle has to be", "title": "3–4 defense" }, { "id": "4783751", "score": "1.5848267", "text": "below). The linebacker (LB) positions are straightforwardly distinguished as inside (ILB) and outside (OLB). When there are only three linebackers, the one inside is labeled middle linebacker (MLB), and the outside positions can instead be named as left and right. The defense's halfbacks have been renamed cornerbacks (CB), a fitting term given that they play at the edges or \"corners\". The term has no spurious indicator of the depth as which they are positioned in the defensive backfield. Finally there are shown two safeties. In this case they are distinguished as \"free safety\" (FS)—also known as \"weak safety\"—and \"strong safety\"", "title": "History of American football positions" } ]

[ "Rida-Flo", "Tramar Dillard", "tramar dillard", "Flo Rida", "The Perfect 10", "dillard tramar", "Tramar", "Dillard Tramar", "Rear View (song)", "Tell Me When You Ready", "flo rider", "List of awards and nominations received by Flo Rida", "perfect 10", "rear view song", "Zoosk Girl", "International Music Group", "flo rida", "Birthday (Flo Rida song)", "rida flo", "Flo-Rida", "tramar", "international music group", "Flo rida", "Flo Rider", "list of awards and nominations received by flo rida", "Rida flo", "zoosk girl", "birthday flo rida song", "tell me when you ready" ]

[ { "id": "11103528", "score": "1.7125955", "text": "chart. Flo Rida has sold over 80 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists. His catalog includes the international hit singles \"Right Round\", \"Club Can't Handle Me\", \"Good Feeling\", \"Wild Ones\", \"Whistle\", \"I Cry\", \"G.D.F.R.\", and \"My House\". Tramar Lacel Dillard was born in Carol City, Florida, on September 17, 1979. His parents raised him together with his seven sisters, the youngest of whom is his twin. Some of his sisters would sing in a local gospel group. His brother-in-law was a hype man for local rap group 2 Live Crew, and while in ninth grade,", "title": "Flo Rida" }, { "id": "11103550", "score": "1.6596379", "text": "that an album had been finished with a release planned in early 2019. Flo Rida Tramar Lacel Dillard (born September 17, 1979), known professionally as Flo Rida (), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and composer from Carol City, Florida. His 2008 breakout single \"Low\" was number one for 10 weeks in the United States and broke the record for digital download sales at the time of its release. Flo Rida's debut studio album, 2008's \"Mail on Sunday\", reached number four in the US. The album was succeeded by \"R.O.O.T.S.\", the next year. His subsequent albums, 2010's \"Only One Flo", "title": "Flo Rida" }, { "id": "2052564", "score": "1.6574562", "text": "Daz Dillinger Delmar Drew Arnaud (born May 23, 1973) better known by his stage name Daz Dillinger (formerly Dat Nigga Daz), is an American rapper and record producer from Long Beach, California. Dillinger is best known for his membership of the hip hop duo Tha Dogg Pound, alongside Kurupt, as well as his work with Death Row. Daz began his career on Death Row Records as a producer for co-founder Suge Knight's Paradise. He was signed to the label and subsequently began working with Dr. Dre on the breakthrough west coast album, \"The Chronic\"; during its recording, he met and", "title": "Daz Dillinger" }, { "id": "11103527", "score": "1.6457746", "text": "Flo Rida Tramar Lacel Dillard (born September 17, 1979), known professionally as Flo Rida (), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and composer from Carol City, Florida. His 2008 breakout single \"Low\" was number one for 10 weeks in the United States and broke the record for digital download sales at the time of its release. Flo Rida's debut studio album, 2008's \"Mail on Sunday\", reached number four in the US. The album was succeeded by \"R.O.O.T.S.\", the next year. His subsequent albums, 2010's \"Only One Flo (Part 1)\" and 2012's \"Wild Ones\", also charted on the US \"Billboard\" 200", "title": "Flo Rida" }, { "id": "18757102", "score": "1.6407436", "text": "T-Wayne Tyshon Dwayne Nobles (born October 27, 1990), better known by his stage name T-Wayne, is an American rapper from Houston, Texas. His rap name is a combination of his first name and his middle name. He has also occasionally taken the pseudonym Rickey Wayne, amid concerns that his name resembles those of famous rappers T-Pain and Lil Wayne. He is best known for his 2015 single \"Nasty Freestyle\" which peaked at number nine on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Born in Abilene, he moved to Dallas at age 15, then to Houston at 19, where he currently lives for", "title": "T-Wayne" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Flo Rida\n\nTramar Lacel Dillard (born September 16, 1979), better known by his stage name Flo Rida (, ), is an American rapper and singer. His 2007 breakout single \"Low\" was number one for 10 weeks in the United States and broke the record for digital download sales at the time of its release.\n\nFlo Rida's debut studio album, 2008's \"Mail on Sunday\", reached number four in the US. The album was succeeded by \"R.O.O.T.S.\", the next year. His subsequent albums, 2010's \"Only One Flo (Part 1)\" and 2012's \"Wild Ones\", also charted on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart. Flo Rida has sold over 80 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists. His catalog includes the international hit singles \"Right Round\", \"Club Can't Handle Me\", \"Good Feeling\", \"Wild Ones\", \"Whistle\", \"I Cry\", \"G.D.F.R.\" and \"My House\".\n\nНе represented San Marino, together with Senhit, at the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 in Rotterdam with the song \"Adrenalina\". They scored 50 points, finishing 22nd overall in the final.", "title": "Flo Rida" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Florida (disambiguation)\n\nPrimarily, Florida is a state in the United States.\n\nFlorida may also refer to:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Florida (disambiguation)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tramar\n\nTramar is a given name. Notable people with the name include:\n\n", "title": "Tramar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Low (Flo Rida song)\n\n\"Low\" is the debut single by American rapper and singer Flo Rida featuring fellow American rapper and singer T-Pain, from the former's debut studio album \"Mail on Sunday\" and also featured on the . An official remix was made which also features Pitbull. The song peaked at number one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100.\n\nThe song was a massive success worldwide and was the longest-running number-one single of 2008 in the United States, spending ten consecutive weeks atop the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. With over seven million digital downloads, it has been certified Diamond by the RIAA, and was the most downloaded single of the 2000s decade, measured by paid digital downloads. The song was named third on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 Songs of the Decade.", "title": "Low (Flo Rida song)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "My House (Flo Rida song)\n\n\"My House\" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida from his 2015 EP of the same name. The song was released as the album's third official single on September 24, 2015, in the US. The song samples the drum break from \"Impeach the President\" by The Honey Drippers.", "title": "My House (Flo Rida song)" }, { "id": "11854756", "score": "1.6174583", "text": "Tyga Micheal Ray Stevenson (born November 19, 1989), known by his stage name Tyga (a backronym for Thank you God always), is an American rapper. In 2011, Tyga signed a recording contract with Young Money Entertainment, Cash Money Records and Republic Records. His major label debut \"\", included the singles \"Rack City\", \"Faded\" featuring fellow Young Money artist Lil Wayne, \"Far Away\" featuring Chris Richardson, \"Still Got It\" featuring Drake, and \"Make It Nasty\". He released his third album \"Hotel California\", on April 9, 2013, and includes the singles \"Dope\" featuring Rick Ross, \"For The Road\" featuring Chris Brown, and", "title": "Tyga" }, { "id": "20019574", "score": "1.601423", "text": "DillanPonders Dillan Alexander Richard King (born November 11, 1991), known professionally by his stage name DillanPonders, is a Canadian hip hop recording artist and rapper from Toronto, Ontario. He started music professionally in 2012 but rose to prominence in 2014 upon the release of his sophomore album \"The Boy Who Lived\" which was well received among music critics. In February 2016, he was featured in \"XXL\"`s \"10 Canadian Artists You Should Know\" before he went on to release \"ACID REIGN\", a project Kevin Ritchie of \"Now\" rated 3 out of 5 stars. Dillan Alexander Richard King was born in Toronto,", "title": "DillanPonders" }, { "id": "16478082", "score": "1.5971715", "text": "television channel RTÉ, which also followed their career. They released 3 mixtapes to date, The Drink Money Mixtape, The Drug Money Mixtape, and On Tick Redzer (real name Kieron Ryan, born 1984, Coolock, North Dublin) is well known on the Irish hip hop scene and released his first album \"Dublife\" in 2006. He has released two mixtapes and numerous videos with the group and also runs Don't Flop Ireland, the Irish rap battle league, which he is also responsible for bringing over to Ireland from the UK in 2006. Illderberg is a collective made up of Class A'z members Redzer", "title": "Class A'z" }, { "id": "18105179", "score": "1.5832994", "text": "Michele Sherman, better known as her stage name Siya, is an openly gay rapper, who became infamously known for feuding with Kreayshawn associate V-Nasty. Brittany Nicole Carpentero, better known by her stage name Diamond, is best known for being one-sixth of the rap group Crime Mob. Real Name: Taliyah Smith Real Name & Birthdate: Audra Green on October 4, 1989 Bianca Treal, best known as Bia Landrau or simply Bia, is infamously known for her song \"High\" and her remixes, alongside her working relationship with Grammy Award-winning artist Pharrell. She is currently signed to his label i Am Other. Nyemiah", "title": "Sisterhood of Hip Hop" }, { "id": "20124873", "score": "1.5829351", "text": "Marty Baller Milton Delano Martin III (born October 6, 1990), better known by his stage name Marty Baller, is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor and model from the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. Aside from his solo career, he is a member of the hip-hop group A$AP Mob and the official tour hype man to RCA Records recording artist ASAP Ferg. Marty Baller is often referred to as “Ferg’s protégé\" and the “Face of Traplord”. Marty Baller gained recognition after releasing his debut single, Big Timers featuring ASAP Ferg, and the track ‘I’m A Dog’ in", "title": "Marty Baller" }, { "id": "19891340", "score": "1.5793303", "text": "for Jeremih and PartyNextDoor in Madison. IshDaRR gained national attention after \"Carrie\" actress Chloë Grace Moretz tweeted \"Ooh, I feel\" bringing Ali's hit single 255,000-plus streams on SoundCloud. Since then, IshDARR has received press from national news music magazines including the Source, Vibe, and Complex Magazine. In 2016, IshDARR released his full length Broken Hearts & Bankrolls LP with EMPIRE, a single and recorded a music video with singer Jacob Latimore called \"The Real.\" IshDARR Ishmael Ali (born 1996), better known by his stage name IshDARR, is an American Hip Hop artist and performer from Milwaukee. Ali said his earliest", "title": "IshDARR" }, { "id": "21009387", "score": "1.573636", "text": "which Turkish rap songs were more visible and used in the media and television. Later together with Cem Adrian, Gazapizm recorded the song \"Kalbim Çukurda\" for the same TV series. Gazapizm Anıl Acar, better known by his stage name Gazapizm (born in Elazığ), is a Turkish rapper. He began making Turkish hip hop music in 2003, and in 2012 he found Argo İzmir in Konak, İzmir. In 2014, he published the album \"Yeraltı Edebiyatı\". He attracted attention with his street-like music compositions. In 2016, he released his second studio album \"Bir Gün Her Şey\". He later recorded music videos for", "title": "Gazapizm" }, { "id": "15332369", "score": "1.5734463", "text": "J Dilla James Dewitt Yancey (February 7, 1974 – February 10, 2006), better known by the stage names J Dilla and Jay Dee, was an American record producer and rapper who emerged in the mid-1990s underground hip hop scene in Detroit, Michigan, as one third of the acclaimed music group Slum Village. His obituary at NPR stated that he \"was one of the music industry's most influential hip-hop artists,\" working with notable acts including A Tribe Called Quest, De La Soul, Busta Rhymes, Erykah Badu, The Roots, The Pharcyde, Madlib and Common. In 2006 James Yancey died of thrombotic thrombocytopenic", "title": "J Dilla" }, { "id": "8273560", "score": "1.5650446", "text": "Pusha T Terrence LeVarr Thornton (born May 13, 1977), better known by his stage name Pusha T, is an American rapper and record executive. He initially gained major recognition as half of hip hop duo Clipse, alongside his brother Gene \"No Malice\" Thornton, with whom he founded Re-Up Records. In September 2010, Thornton announced his signing to Kanye West's GOOD Music imprint, under the aegis of Def Jam Recordings. In March 2011, he released his first solo project, a mixtape titled \"Fear of God\". Thornton released his debut solo album, \"My Name Is My Name\", in October 2013. In November", "title": "Pusha T" }, { "id": "19075047", "score": "1.5613613", "text": "Smiler (musician) Joseph Bartlett-Vanderpuye, better known by his stage name Smiler, is a British rapper and former Grime MC, who was born in London. Vanderpuye first entered the limelight after releasing an underground mixtape in 2009, as well as the urban single \"Enza\". After being spotted by a talent scout, Vanderpuye was signed to Warner Music UK, and released his debut single, \"Delorean\", featuring fellow rapper Wretch 32 in March 2012. The track originally featured rapper Lady Leshurr, but she was subsequently replaced by Wretch for the single release, following his recent chart success with hit singles \"Traktor\", \"Unorthodox\" and", "title": "Smiler (musician)" }, { "id": "19891337", "score": "1.5607562", "text": "IshDARR Ishmael Ali (born 1996), better known by his stage name IshDARR, is an American Hip Hop artist and performer from Milwaukee. Ali said his earliest memories of music were in fourth grade, going to his father's house hearing him blast music. IshDARR grew up listening to jazz and hip hop with his father. He began freestyling over internet beats in seventh grade and later he began writing lyrics. He attended Messmer High School where his music teacher encouraged him to pursue a music career while even getting him into a studio. Ali met his close friend and manager Enrique", "title": "IshDARR" }, { "id": "15019106", "score": "1.556864", "text": "Brandun DeShay Brandun DeShay (born May 10, 1990), stylized as brandUn DeShay, is an American rapper, record producer, and songwriter from Chicago, Illinois. He produced for all of his releases. DeShay has produced for rappers such as Curren$y, Dom Kennedy, Mac Miller, Action Bronson, Chance The Rapper, and Danny Brown. His first official music video, \"Why You Gotta Zodiac Like That\" has been in rotation on mtvU. From late 2008 to mid 2010, DeShay was a member of the hip hop collective Odd Future. In an interview with MTV UK, DeShay said that Pharrell Williams and Yasutaka Nakata's music inspired", "title": "Brandun DeShay" }, { "id": "18605919", "score": "1.5547335", "text": "May 20, 2014 Reconcile released his first album entitled \"Sacrifice\". Sacrifice charted #3 on iTunes Hip Hop and debuted on the \"Billboard\" charts, landing placement on the Top Rap Albums at No. 20. Lillard is married to LaDwaina \"Dway\" Lillard, and is presently residing in Miami, Florida with his wife and children. Reconcile (rapper) Ronald Stephen \"Ronnie\" Lillard, Jr. (born March 20, 1989), known by the stage name Reconcile, is an American hip hop recording artist. Reconcile gained notoriety after releasing a free project entitled \"Abandoned Hope\" in 2012 on Full Ride Music, a label founded by rapper Thi'sl. His", "title": "Reconcile (rapper)" }, { "id": "7737575", "score": "1.5539756", "text": "with Celph Titled. In 2014, he released a collaborative album with Meyhem Lauren, titled \"Silk Pyramids\". Buckwild Anthony Best (born March 20) (better known by his stage name Buckwild) is an American hip hop producer from The Bronx borough of New York City. He is a member of Diggin' in the Crates Crew along with Lord Finesse, Showbiz and A.G., Diamond D, Fat Joe, Big L, and O.C. He has produced a number of tracks, including The Notorious B.I.G.'s \"I Got a Story to Tell\" and Black Rob's \"Whoa!\". In 2013, he was described by \"HipHopDX\" as \"one of Hip", "title": "Buckwild" }, { "id": "18655886", "score": "1.5529497", "text": "Ricky Dillard Ricky Rydell Dillard (born February 25, 1965) is an American gospel musician. He started his music career, in 1991, with the release of, \"Promise\", by Muscle Shoals Records. His second album, \"A Holy Ghost Take-Over\", was released in 1993 by Malaco Records. The next album, \"Hallelujah\", was released by them in 1995. Crystal Spring Records released, 1996's \"Work It Out\", 2000's \"No Limit\", and \"Unplugged\" in 2004. With EMI Gospel, he released, \"7th Episode\", that came out in 2007. He released, \"Keep Living\", with Light Records in 2011. His next release, \"Amazing\", came out in 2014 with Entertainment", "title": "Ricky Dillard" } ]

[ "Whistle Down the Wind (disambiguation)", "Whistle Down The Wind", "Whistle Down the Wind", "whistle down wind disambiguation", "Whistle down the Wind", "whistle down wind" ]

[ { "id": "19739755", "score": "1.7364893", "text": "Charles Bates (actor) Charles Bates (born January 15, 1935) is a former American child actor. He appeared in about 43 films between 1941 and 1952, mostly in small roles. He is probably best known as young Roger Newton in Alfred Hitchcock's thriller \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943). Other notable roles include \"The North Star\" (1943), \"San Diego, I Love You\" (1944), \"Pursued\" (1947) and \"Shockproof\" (1949). His last film was \"The Snows of Kilimanjaro\", where he played Gregory Peck's character as a 17-year-old. Bates went on to study electrical engineering and retired from the State of California in 1996 as", "title": "Charles Bates (actor)" }, { "id": "19739756", "score": "1.7330385", "text": "a Senior Electrical Engineer. He currently lives in the Pacific Northwest. Charles Bates (actor) Charles Bates (born January 15, 1935) is a former American child actor. He appeared in about 43 films between 1941 and 1952, mostly in small roles. He is probably best known as young Roger Newton in Alfred Hitchcock's thriller \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943). Other notable roles include \"The North Star\" (1943), \"San Diego, I Love You\" (1944), \"Pursued\" (1947) and \"Shockproof\" (1949). His last film was \"The Snows of Kilimanjaro\", where he played Gregory Peck's character as a 17-year-old. Bates went on to study electrical", "title": "Charles Bates (actor)" }, { "id": "1406489", "score": "1.7055473", "text": "several plays for television in Britain. In 1960 he appeared in \"The Entertainer\" opposite Laurence Olivier, his first film role. Bates worked for the \"Padded Wagon Moving Company\" in the early 1960s while acting at the \"Circle in the Square Theatre\" in New York City. Throughout the 1960s he starred in several major films including \"Whistle Down the Wind\" (1961), \"A Kind of Loving\" (1962), \"Zorba the Greek\" (1964), Philippe de Broca's \"King of Hearts\" (1966), \"Georgy Girl\" (1966), \"Far From the Madding Crowd\" (1967) and the Bernard Malamud film \"The Fixer\" (1968), which earned him an Academy Award nomination", "title": "Alan Bates" }, { "id": "1406490", "score": "1.6995614", "text": "for Best Actor. In 1969 he starred in \"Women in Love\". Film critics cited the 1963 film noir, \"The Running Man\", as being one of Alan Bates' finest performances. The film starred Laurence Harvey, Lee Remick and Bates in the supporting role of Stephen Maddox, an insurance company investigator who encounters Harvey and Remick in Spain after Harvey successfully faked his death in an airplane crash to cash in on a life insurance policy, leaving wife Lee Remick a small fortune. Fans of film noir enjoyed the many intriguing twists and turns \"The Running Man\" offered. The film also offered", "title": "Alan Bates" }, { "id": "1406500", "score": "1.6828976", "text": "of his son Tristan who died at the age of 19. Tristan's twin brother, Benedick, is a vice-director. Source: Alan Bates Sir Alan Arthur Bates, (17 February 1934 – 27 December 2003) was an English actor who came to prominence in the 1960s, when he appeared in films ranging from the popular children's story \"Whistle Down the Wind\" to the \"kitchen sink\" drama \"A Kind of Loving\". He is also known for his performance with Anthony Quinn in \"Zorba the Greek\", as well as his roles in \"King of Hearts\", \"Georgy Girl\", \"Far From the Madding Crowd\" and \"The Fixer\",", "title": "Alan Bates" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Whistle Down the Wind (film)\n\nWhistle Down the Wind is a 1961 British children's crime drama film directed by Bryan Forbes, adapted by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall from the 1959 novel of the same name by Mary Hayley Bell. The film stars her daughter Hayley Mills, who was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress for this film.\n\nUnusually, almost all the main characters are children; the film attempts to show the world through the eyes of an innocent child.\n\nIn 2005, the British Film Institute included it in its list of the 50 films that children should see by the age of 14.", "title": "Whistle Down the Wind (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Alfred Hitchcock Presents episodes\n\nList of episodes from the 1955–1962 television series \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" and the 1962–1965 \"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour\":", "title": "List of Alfred Hitchcock Presents episodes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Anthony Perkins" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Clint Eastwood\n\nClinton Eastwood Jr. (born May 31, 1930) is an American actor and film director. After achieving success in the Western TV series \"Rawhide\", he rose to international fame with his role as the \"Man with No Name\" in Sergio Leone's \"\"Dollars Trilogy\"\" of Spaghetti Westerns during the mid-1960s and as antihero cop Harry Callahan in the five \"Dirty Harry\" films throughout the 1970s and 1980s. These roles, among others, have made Eastwood an enduring cultural icon of masculinity. Elected in 1986, Eastwood served for two years as the mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California.\n\nAn Academy Award nominee for Best Actor, Eastwood won Best Director and Best Picture for his Western film \"Unforgiven\" (1992) and his sports drama \"Million Dollar Baby\" (2004). His greatest commercial successes are the adventure comedy \"Every Which Way but Loose\" (1978) and its action comedy sequel \"Any Which Way You Can\" (1980). Other popular Eastwood films include the Westerns \"Hang 'Em High\" (1968) and \"Pale Rider\" (1985), the action-war film \"Where Eagles Dare\" (1968), the prison film \"Escape from Alcatraz\" (1979), the war film \"Heartbreak Ridge\" (1986), the action film \"In the Line of Fire\" (1993), and the romantic drama \"The Bridges of Madison County\" (1995). More recent works are \"Gran Torino\" (2008), \"The Mule\" (2018), and \"Cry Macho\" (2021). Since 1967, Eastwood's company Malpaso Productions has produced all but four of his American films.\n\nIn addition to directing many of his own star vehicles, Eastwood has also directed films in which he did not appear, such as the mystery drama \"Mystic River\" (2003) and the war film \"Letters from Iwo Jima\" (2006), for which he received Academy Award nominations, the drama \"Changeling\" (2008), and the biographical sports drama \"Invictus\" (2009). The war drama biopic \"American Sniper\" (2014) set box-office records for the largest January release ever and was also the largest opening ever for an Eastwood film.\n\nEastwood's accolades include four Academy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, three César Awards, and an AFI Life Achievement Award. In 2000, he received the Italian Venice Film Festival's Golden Lion award, honoring his lifetime achievements. Bestowed two of France's highest civilian honors, he received the Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1994, and the Legion of Honour medal in 2007.", "title": "Clint Eastwood" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Prince and the Pauper\n\nThe Prince and the Pauper is a novel by American author Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada, before its 1882 publication in the United States. The novel represents Twain's first attempt at historical fiction. Set in 1547, it tells the story of two young boys who were born on the same day and are identical in appearance: Tom Canty, a pauper who lives with his abusive, alcoholic father in Offal Court off Pudding Lane in London, and Edward VI of England, son of Henry VIII of England.", "title": "The Prince and the Pauper" }, { "id": "1724860", "score": "1.656094", "text": "about psychiatry \"The Eleventh Hour\". Later, he played the title role in the ABC western series \"The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters\" (1963–64). The show was based on Robert Lewis Taylor's eponymous novel, which won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1959. In 1964, Russell guest-starred in \"Nemesis\", an episode of the popular ABC series \"The Fugitive\" in which, as the son of police Lt. Phillip Gerard, he is unintentionally kidnapped by his father's quarry, Doctor Richard Kimble. In NBC's \"The Virginian\", he played the mistaken orphan whose father was an outlaw played by Rory Calhoun who was still alive and", "title": "Kurt Russell" }, { "id": "1406485", "score": "1.6494192", "text": "Alan Bates Sir Alan Arthur Bates, (17 February 1934 – 27 December 2003) was an English actor who came to prominence in the 1960s, when he appeared in films ranging from the popular children's story \"Whistle Down the Wind\" to the \"kitchen sink\" drama \"A Kind of Loving\". He is also known for his performance with Anthony Quinn in \"Zorba the Greek\", as well as his roles in \"King of Hearts\", \"Georgy Girl\", \"Far From the Madding Crowd\" and \"The Fixer\", for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. In 1969, he starred in the Ken Russell", "title": "Alan Bates" }, { "id": "17796793", "score": "1.6177481", "text": "William Holmes (actor) William Holmes is an American actor known for \"Daughter of the Sun God\" (1962), \"The Bushwhackers\" (1951), and \"In Old Amarillo\" (1951). Holmes, heir to the Fleischmann's Yeast fortune, wanted to be an actor, so his father footed the bill for him to star in the early 1950s film \"Daughter of the Sun God\". The movie was so bad, however, that it took nearly a decade for it to be released. By that time, the actor was already out of the business. In 1950, he acted in the musical \"Careless Rapture\" at the Dudley Hippodrome in Dudley,", "title": "William Holmes (actor)" }, { "id": "17796794", "score": "1.5907552", "text": "West Midlands, England, with Barry Sinclair, Mary Allen, Arthur Hosking, Muriel Barron, Joan Norman, and Charles Gillespie in the cast. William Holmes (actor) William Holmes is an American actor known for \"Daughter of the Sun God\" (1962), \"The Bushwhackers\" (1951), and \"In Old Amarillo\" (1951). Holmes, heir to the Fleischmann's Yeast fortune, wanted to be an actor, so his father footed the bill for him to star in the early 1950s film \"Daughter of the Sun God\". The movie was so bad, however, that it took nearly a decade for it to be released. By that time, the actor was", "title": "William Holmes (actor)" }, { "id": "1873581", "score": "1.5798926", "text": "roles, he was often cast as doctors or other authority figures (such as the spymaster \"Professor\" in \"North by Northwest\"). In addition to appearing as Rev. Mosby with actress Hayley Mills in \"The Parent Trap\" (1961), Carroll is remembered for his role as the frustrated banker haunted by the ghosts of George and Marion Kerby in the television series \"Topper\" (1953–1956), with costars Anne Jeffreys, Robert Sterling and Lee Patrick. He appeared as the older Father Fitzgibbon from 1962 to 1963 in ABC's \"Going My Way\", a series about two Roman Catholic priests at St. Dominic's parish in New York", "title": "Leo G. Carroll" }, { "id": "320915", "score": "1.5779823", "text": "that Bates is a crossdresser in the attempted murder of Lila. At the station, Sam asks why Bates was dressed that way. The police officer, ignorant of Bates' split personality, bluntly utters that Bates is a transvestite. The psychiatrist corrects him and says, \"Not exactly\". He explains that Bates believes that he is his own mother when he dresses in her clothes. According to the book \"Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho\", the censors in charge of enforcing the Production Code wrangled with Hitchcock because some of them insisted they could see one of Leigh's breasts. Hitchcock held onto", "title": "Psycho (1960 film)" }, { "id": "1406494", "score": "1.5742843", "text": "He played two diametrically-opposed roles in \"An Englishman Abroad\" (1983), as Guy Burgess, a member of the Cambridge spy ring exiled in Moscow, and in \"Pack of Lies\" (1987), as a British Secret Service agent tracking several Soviet spies. He continued working in film and television in the 1990s, including the role of Claudius in Mel Gibson's version of \"Hamlet\" (1990), though most of his roles in this era were more low-key. In 2001 Bates joined an all-star cast in Robert Altman's critically acclaimed period drama \"Gosford Park\", in which he played the butler Jennings. He later played Antonius Agrippa", "title": "Alan Bates" }, { "id": "1442888", "score": "1.570848", "text": "Anthony Perkins Anthony Perkins (April 4, 1932 – September 12, 1992) was an American actor and singer. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his second film, \"Friendly Persuasion\", but is best known for playing Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcock's \"Psycho\" (1960) and its three sequels. His other films include \"Fear Strikes Out\" (1957), \"The Matchmaker\" (1958), \"On the Beach\" (1959), \"Tall Story\" (1960), \"The Trial\" (1962), \"Phaedra\" (1962), \"Five Miles to Midnight\" (1962), \"Pretty Poison\" (1968), \"Murder on the Orient Express\" (1974), \"Mahogany\" (1975), \"North Sea Hijack\" (1979), \"The Black Hole\" (1979), and \"Crimes", "title": "Anthony Perkins" }, { "id": "10644492", "score": "1.5644491", "text": "Alan Bates was cast as the villain. \"Only once before - in a Pinter play called One for the Road - have I played an absolute, out-and-out villain,\" Bates said. \"There's a kind of ghastly pleasure in playing people like that - it's a side of oneself that, if it's there, one doesn't usually explore. This man in A Prayer for the Dying is so caught up in his own evil that he's lost perspective, though in a very pecular way he has his own morality. He won't hurt old ladies, for example, and he takes genuine pride in what", "title": "A Prayer for the Dying" }, { "id": "4445930", "score": "1.5587282", "text": "Michael Bates (actor) Michael Hammond Bates (4 December 1920 – 11 January 1978) was an Anglo-Indian actor. He was best known for playing the chief prison guard who processes (and strip-searches) Alex (Malcolm McDowell) in \"A Clockwork Orange\", Cyril Blamire in \"Last of the Summer Wine\" (1973–75), and Rangi Ram in \"It Ain't Half Hot Mum\" (1974–77). Bates was born in Jhansi, United Provinces, India, to Sarah (\"née\" Clarke) (1896–1982, daughter of William Hammond Walker of Congleton, Cheshire), and Anglo-Indian civil servant Harry Stuart Bates CSI (1893–1985, son of Albert Bates, of Congleton, Cheshire). He was educated at Uppingham School", "title": "Michael Bates (actor)" }, { "id": "14378374", "score": "1.5553877", "text": "Roger Bartlett (\"Big X\"), the head of the escape committee, based on the real-life exploits of Roger Bushell. It was his first appearance in a major Hollywood film blockbuster and his most successful film thus far. During the 1960s, he expanded his range of character roles in films such as \"Séance on a Wet Afternoon\" (1964) and \"Guns at Batasi\" (1964), for which he won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of the Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM). In 1965 he played Lew Moran opposite James Stewart in \"The Flight of the Phoenix\" and in 1967 and 1968,", "title": "Richard Attenborough" }, { "id": "1406492", "score": "1.5533913", "text": "he had previously worked on \"A Kind of Loving\" and \"Far From The Madding Crowd\") to play the starring role of Dr. Daniel Hirsh in the film \"Sunday Bloody Sunday\" (1971). Bates was held up filming \"The Go-Between\" (1971) for director Joseph Losey, and had also become a father around that time, and so he had to refuse the role. (The part then went first to Ian Bannen, who balked at kissing and simulating sex with another man, and then to Peter Finch who earned an Academy Award nomination for the role.) Around this time he appeared as Col. Vershinin", "title": "Alan Bates" }, { "id": "474975", "score": "1.5472698", "text": "comedy suffered because people did not believe in the policeman, knowing it was just Williams doing a funny voice. Hancock starred in the 1960 film \"The Rebel\", where he plays the role of an office worker-turned-artist who finds himself successful after a move to Paris, but only as the result of mistaken identity. Although a success in Britain, the film was not well received in the United States: owing to the existence of a contemporary television series of the same name, the film had to be retitled, and the new title, \"Call Me Genius\", inflamed American critics. Bosley Crowther in", "title": "Tony Hancock" }, { "id": "11604374", "score": "1.5468043", "text": "Charles Saunders but with no star names appearing in the main roles of a man, his wife, and his chance encounter with two known prison escapees, who he then tries to employ to murder his spouse. He appeared in two TV series in 1958 – the 6-part \"demob\" saga from the BBC called \"Fair Game\", and the popular police programme \"Dixon of Dock Green\" (playing Todd in \"The Key of the Nick\"). Peter Stephens' only film as a director, \"Mustang!\", was released through United Artists in 1959. It was based on the book \"Capture of the Golden Stallion\" by Rutherford", "title": "Peter Stephens (actor)" }, { "id": "15403625", "score": "1.5460415", "text": "of Rock Springs\" (1971) with Cosetta Greco and Richard Harrison. He made another picture with Jeff Cameron, \"God Is My Colt .45\" (1972), two with William Berger, \"Kung Fu Brothers in the Wild West\" (1973) and \"The Executioner of God\" (1973), and \"Six Bounty Killers for a Massacre\" (1973) with Attilio Dottesio and Robert Woods. He later recalled having a somewhat strained relationship with Berger, mostly due to his drug issues, and was given parts originally intended for the older actor when was either unable to perform or had been arrested. O'Brien also starred in one of his first non-western", "title": "Donald O'Brien (actor)" } ]

[ "Welcome stranger", "Welcome Stranger", "richard oates", "John Deason", "Richard Oates", "john deason", "welcome stranger", "welcome stranger nugget", "Welcome Stranger nugget" ]

[ { "id": "5362475", "score": "1.948112", "text": "Welcome Stranger The Welcome Stranger is the biggest alluvial gold nugget found, which had a calculated refined weight of 3,123 oz (214.1 lbs) 6 dwts 9 gr (97.14 kg). It measured and was discovered by prospectors John Deason and Richard Oates on 5 February 1869 at Moliagul, Victoria, Australia, about 9 miles (14.6 kilometres) north-west of Dunolly. Found only below the surface, near the base of a tree on a slope leading to what was then known as Bulldog Gully, the nugget had a gross weight of (293 1/2 lbs 1 1/2 oz). Its trimmed weight was (210 lbs), and", "title": "Welcome Stranger" }, { "id": "2682522", "score": "1.9210472", "text": "world: the Welcome Stranger with the Canaã nugget being the largest surviving natural nugget. Considered by most authorities to be the biggest gold nugget ever found, the Welcome Stranger was found at Moliagul, Victoria, Australia in 1869 by John Deason and Richard Oates. It weighed gross, over and returned over net. The Welcome Stranger is sometimes confused with the similarly named Welcome Nugget, which was found in June 1858 at Bakery Hill, Ballarat, Australia by the Red Hill Mining Company. The Welcome weighed . It was melted down in London in November 1859. The Canaã nugget, also known as the", "title": "Gold nugget" }, { "id": "14142792", "score": "1.8196352", "text": "ounces. The Blanche Barkly remains the third largest gold nugget ever discovered to this day. The discovery of the nearby Inglewood goldfield drained Kingower of most of its population in 1859. From then onward, only a small number of diggers continued \"working the field,\" despite large nuggets still being unearthed from time to time. In 1980, Kevin Hillier was fossicking in the forest behind the old Kingower school house when he came across the 875 ounce 'Hand of Faith' nugget. The nugget was sold to the Golden Nugget Casino in Las Vegas for over US$1 million and remains the largest", "title": "Kingower, Victoria" }, { "id": "14588184", "score": "1.7947495", "text": "had a roughly indented surface. It was assayed by William Birkmyre of the Port Phillip Gold Company and given its name by finder Richard Jeffery. Eclipsed by the discovery of the larger Welcome Stranger eleven years later in 1869 (also in Victoria), it remains the second largest gold nugget ever found. The finders had been among the first to introduce steam-driven machinery into the field at Ballarat and had looked first at nearby Creswick with no luck. Their luck changed at Bakery Hill, however, and several smaller nuggets weighing from 12 to 45 troy ounces had been uncovered before they", "title": "Welcome Nugget" }, { "id": "2682525", "score": "1.7943668", "text": "the early 1850s produced a number of large nuggets. They include the Welcome Nugget which weighed which is considered to be the second largest gold nugget ever found. Another find, the Lady Hotham, which weighed , was found by a group of nine miners on September 8, 1854 in Canadian Gully, Ballarat at a depth of 135 feet. The Lady Hotham was named after the wife of the Governor, Sir Charles Hotham who happened to be visiting the area when the nugget was found. Eighteen months earlier, in January and early February 1853, three other large nuggets weighing , ,", "title": "Gold nugget" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Welcome Stranger\n\nThe Welcome Stranger is the biggest alluvial gold nugget that has ever been found, which had a calculated refined weight of . It measured and was discovered by prospectors John Deason and Richard Oates on 5 February 1869 at Moliagul, Victoria, Australia, about 14.6 kilometres (9 miles) north-west of Dunolly.", "title": "Welcome Stranger" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gold nugget\n\nA gold nugget is a naturally occurring piece of native gold. Watercourses often concentrate nuggets and finer gold in placers. Nuggets are recovered by placer mining, but they are also found in residual deposits where the gold-bearing veins or lodes are weathered. Nuggets are also found in the tailings piles of previous mining operations, especially those left by gold mining dredges.", "title": "Gold nugget" }, { "id": "14588183", "score": "1.7880752", "text": "Welcome Nugget The Welcome Nugget was the name given to a large gold nugget, weighing 2,217 troy ounces 16 pennyweight. (68.98 kg), that was discovered by a group of twenty-two Cornish miners at the Red Hill Mining Company site at Bakery Hill (near the present intersection of Mair and Humffray Street) in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, on June 9, 1858. It was located in the roof of a tunnel 55 metres (180 feet) underground. Roughly shaped like a horse's head, it measured around 49 cm (18 in) long by 15 cm (6 in) wide and 15 cm (6 in) high, and", "title": "Welcome Nugget" }, { "id": "2682524", "score": "1.7560174", "text": "found at the Serra Pelada region. The largest gold nugget found using a metal detector is the Hand of Faith, weighing , found in Kingower, Victoria, Australia in 1980. Historic large specimens include the crystalline \"Fricot Nugget\", weighing — the largest one found during the California Gold Rush. It is on display at the California State Mining and Mineral Museum. The largest gold nugget ever found in California weighed . It was found in August 1869 in Sierra Buttes by five partners — W.A. Farish, A. Wood, J. Winstead, F.N.L. Clevering and Harry Warner. The Victoria, Australia gold rush of", "title": "Gold nugget" }, { "id": "20415886", "score": "1.7388916", "text": "Blanche Barkly The Blanche Barkly was a gold nugget found in Kingower, Victoria, named for the daughter of the governor of the colony at the time. Weighing 1743 oz (49.4 kg), it was discovered on August 27, 1857 at a depth of 13 feet (3.96 m) by Samuel & Charles Napier and Robert & James Ambrose. It was, at the time, the largest gold nugget ever discovered and remains the third-largest discovered. The nugget measured 2'4\" (71 cm) long, 10\" (25 cm) wide and varied from 1\" to 2\" (2.5 – 5 cm) in thickness and was valued at between", "title": "Blanche Barkly" }, { "id": "15345574", "score": "1.7284213", "text": "place by 15 May 1851. Before 14 May 1851 gold was already flowing from Bathurst to Sydney, an example being when Edward Austin brought to Sydney a nugget of gold worth £35, which had been found in the Bathurst District. In 1872 a large gold and quartz \"Holtermann Nugget\" discovered by the night shift in a mine part owned by Bernhardt Holtermann at Hill End, near Bathurst, New South Wales: the largest specimen of reef gold ever found, 1.5 meters (59 inches) long, weighing 286 kg (630 pounds), in Hill End, near Bathurst, and with an estimated gold content of", "title": "Australian gold rushes" }, { "id": "14588187", "score": "1.7164701", "text": "Museum of Victoria, as well as the Powerhouse Museum, who purchased their model in 1885. Models are also a feature of two displays in Ballarat, the Pioneer Miners (Gold) Monument on the corner of Sturt and Albert Streets in Ballarat Central (1951) and at The Gold Museum opposite Sovereign Hill at Golden Point. In the United States, a replica of the \"Welcome Nugget\" is exhibited in the Mineralogical Museum at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Welcome Nugget The Welcome Nugget was the name given to a large gold nugget, weighing 2,217 troy ounces 16 pennyweight. (68.98 kg), that was discovered", "title": "Welcome Nugget" }, { "id": "6497411", "score": "1.7125545", "text": "ever discovered in the world, a record that stands today. Found in 1872 at the Star Hope Mine, this single mass of quartz and gold weighed 630 lbs and when crushed produced an estimated 3,000 troy oz (205 lbs or 93 kg) of gold, thus holding more processed gold than from the largest nugget ever found, that being the Welcome Stranger from the Victorian Goldfields. Holtermann recognizing the significance of the find attempted to preserve it by buying it from the Company of which he was one of a number of directors. His efforts were in vain. It is reported", "title": "History of New South Wales" }, { "id": "15345609", "score": "1.6969147", "text": "to three years guarding his secret. This gold find was probably at Mangana and that there is a gully there known as Major's Gully. The first payable alluvial gold deposits were reported in Tasmania in 1852 by James Grant at Managa (then known as The Nook) and Tower Hill Creek which began the Tasmanian gold-rushes. The first registered gold strike was made by Charles Gould at Tullochgoram near Fingal and Managa and weighed 2 lb 6ozs. Further small finds were reported during the same year in the vicinity of Nine Mile Springs (Lefroy). In 1854 gold was found at Mt.", "title": "Australian gold rushes" }, { "id": "2682526", "score": "1.6900673", "text": "and were also found in Canadian Gully at a depth of . Another nugget, the Heron, was found in 1855 in Golden Gully in the Mount Alexander goldfield. It weighed and was found by a group of inexperienced miners who had received a supposedly empty claim. The miners found the nugget on their second day of digging; the nugget was named after one of the gold commissioners, a Mr. Heron. On 16 January 2013, a large gold nugget was found near the city of Ballarat in Victoria, Australia by an amateur gold prospector. The Y-shaped nugget weighed slightly more than", "title": "Gold nugget" }, { "id": "7821193", "score": "1.6887844", "text": "$US1m. The nugget was the second largest nugget found in Australia during the 20th century. There were numerous nuggets found during the Victorian gold rush era, commencing in the 1850s, that were far larger. Hand of Faith The Hand of Faith is a nugget of fine-quality gold that was found by Kevin Hillier using a metal detector near Kingower, Victoria, Australia on 26 September 1980. Weighing 875 troy ounces (27.21 kg, or 72 troy pounds and 11 troy ounces), the gold nugget was only 12 inches below the surface, resting in a vertical position. The announcement of the discovery occurred", "title": "Hand of Faith" }, { "id": "15345592", "score": "1.6830274", "text": "is difficult to decide to whom is due the actual commencement of the Ballarat diggings.\" They also agreed that the prospectors \"had been attracted there (Ballarat) by the discoveries in the neighbourhood of Messrs. Esmonds (Clunes) and Hiscock (Buninyong)\" and \"by attracting great numbers of diggers to the neighbourhood\" that \"the discovery of Ballarat was but a natural consequence of the discovery of Buninyong\". in 1858 the \"Welcome Nugget\" weighing 2,217 troy ounces 16 pennyweight. (68.98 kg) found at Bakery Hill at Ballarat by a group of 22 Cornish miners working at the mine of the Red Hill Mining Company.", "title": "Australian gold rushes" }, { "id": "14197224", "score": "1.6734977", "text": "Bernhardt Holtermann Bernhardt Otto Holtermann (29 April 1838 – 29 April 1885) was a successful gold miner, businessman, and politician in Australia. Perhaps his greatest claim to fame is his association with the Holtermann Nugget, the largest gold specimen ever found, long, weighing , in Hill End, near Bathurst, and with an estimated gold content of . Holtermann was born in Hamburg, Germany. He emigrated in 1858 to avoid Prussian military service. He departed Liverpool aboard the ship \"Salem\" and reached Melbourne in August after a journey lasting 101 days. After working at a variety of jobs, he teamed up", "title": "Bernhardt Holtermann" }, { "id": "2682523", "score": "1.6701233", "text": "\"Pepita Canaa\", was found on September 13, 1983 by miners at the Serra Pelada Mine in the State of Para, Brazil. Weighing gross, and containing of gold, it is among the largest gold nuggets ever found, and is, today, the largest in existence. The main controversy regarding this nugget is that the excavation reports suggest that the existing nugget was originally part of a nugget weighing that broke during excavations. The Canaã nugget is displayed at the Banco Central Museum in Brazil along with the second and third largest nuggets remaining in existence, weighing respectively and , which were also", "title": "Gold nugget" }, { "id": "2144445", "score": "1.6699257", "text": "At its peak had a population of 7 000 people. Hill End's fame is the finding of the 'Holtermann Specimen (Correctly the Beyers Holtermann Specimen)' on the 20 October 1871 being the largest single mass of gold ever discovered in the world, a record that still stands today. Found in 1872 this single mass of quartz and gold weighed 630 lbs and when crushed produced and est. of 3000 troy oz (205 lbs or 93 kg) of gold, thus processed held more gold then the processed gold from largest nugget ever found, that being the Welcome Stranger from the Victorian", "title": "Bathurst, New South Wales" }, { "id": "5362479", "score": "1.6634904", "text": "He bought a small farm near Moliagul where he lived until he died in 1915, aged 85 years. Richard Oates was born about 1827 at Pendeen in Cornwall. After the 1869 find, Oates returned to the UK and married. He returned to Australia with his wife and they had four children. The Oates family, in 1895, purchased of land at Marong, Victoria, about west of Bendigo, Victoria, which Oates farmed until his death in Marong in 1906, aged 79 years. Welcome Stranger The Welcome Stranger is the biggest alluvial gold nugget found, which had a calculated refined weight of 3,123", "title": "Welcome Stranger" }, { "id": "15345624", "score": "1.6608452", "text": "over 300 square miles (750 km) was not, however, proclaimed until 4 September 1867, and by the next year the best of the alluvial gold had petered out. This goldrush attracted Chinese diggers to Queensland for the first time. The Chinese miners at Cape River moved to Richard Daintree's newly discovered Oaks Goldfield on the Gilbert River in 1869. The Crocodile Creek (Bouldercombe Gorge) field near Rockhampton was also discovered in 1865. By August 1866 it was reported that there were between 800 and 1,000 men on the field. A new rush took place in March 1867. By 1868 the", "title": "Australian gold rushes" } ]

[ "Hawái", "howaii", "US-HI", "Hawai'i State", "religion in hawaii", "hawai 60i", "Geography of Hawaii", "owhyhee", "Mokuʻa-ina o Hawaiʻi", "Hawii", "Owhyhee", "us hi", "Demographics of Hawaii", "state of hawaiʻi", "Haiwii", "U.S. (HI)", "Mokuʻāina o Hawaiʻi", "Hawai'i Resident", "geography of hawaii", "hawaii usa", "State of Hawaii", "Moku%60a-ina o Hawai%60i", "The State of Hawaii", "Fiftieth State", "Demographics of Hawaiʻi", "Hawai'i", "hawaï", "Hawaii Resident", "State of Hawai%60i", "demographics of hawaii", "hawii", "moku 60a ina o hawai 60i", "hawai i resident", "hawaii resident", "moku 60aina o hawai 60i", "demographics of hawaiʻi", "mokuʻāina o hawaiʻi", "Hawaiʻi", "mokuʻa ina o hawaiʻi", "Haiwaii", "u s hi", "Hawaii", "Aloha State", "50th State", "Hawaii, United States", "State of Hawai'i", "hawaii u s state", "Hawaii, USA", "hawaii state", "health in hawaii", "hawaií", "languages of hawaii", "culture of hawaii", "Hawai%60i", "economy of hawaii", "hawwaii", "hawaiian culture", "Hawaii (state)", "fiftieth state", "Hawaiian culture", "hawai i", "education in hawaii", "ハワイ", "hawaii", "hawaii united states", "haiwaii", "The Aloha State", "state of hawai 60i", "Hawaï", "Health in Hawaii", "Hawwaii", "Hawai‘i", "State of Hawaiʻi", "haway", "Haway", "Hawai’i", "Hawaií", "hawai i state", "aloha state", "Education in Hawaii", "Hawaii (U.S. state)", "Howaii", "state of hawai i", "hawaiʻi", "Transport in Hawaii", "hawái", "Culture of Hawaii", "Economy of Hawaii", "50th state", "Moku%60aina o Hawai%60i", "state of hawaii", "Religion in Hawaii", "Languages of Hawaii", "haiwii", "transport in hawaii" ]

[ { "id": "363557", "score": "1.606397", "text": "chosen in honour of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty. The word \"South\" was later added to distinguish them from the \"Sandwich Islands\", now known as the Hawaiian Islands. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station Teniente Esquivel at Ferguson Bay on the southeastern coast of Thule Island. Argentina maintained a naval base (Corbeta Uruguay) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered", "title": "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" }, { "id": "7434527", "score": "1.5889642", "text": "The word \"South\" was later added to distinguish them from the \"Sandwich Islands\", now known as \"Hawaii\". The archipelago of the South Sandwich Islands comprises Candlemas, Vindication, Saunders, Montagu, Bristol, Bellingshausen, Cook and Thule discovered by Cook, and the Traversay Islands (Zavodovski, Leskov and Visokoi) discovered by the Imperial Russian Navy expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev in the ships \"Vostok\" and \"Mirny\" in 1819. The United Kingdom formally annexed the South Sandwich Islands through the 1908 Letters Patent, grouping them with other British-held territory in Antarctica as the Falkland Islands Dependencies. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and", "title": "History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" }, { "id": "5813207", "score": "1.5813705", "text": "but changed it to Hervey Island in honor of Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of Bristol, then a Lord of the Admiralty when he decided instead give the name of \"Sandwich Islands\" to the Hawaiian Islands. This name was later corrupted to Hervey's Island, or Hervey's Isle, and later applied to the entire southern group, as the Hervey Islands. This name remained popular until 1824 when the islands were renamed the Cook Islands by the Russian cartographer von Krusenstern, in honor of Capt. Cook who had died in 1779. In April/May 1965 the population briefly increased to 120 when the island", "title": "Manuae (Cook Islands)" }, { "id": "363556", "score": "1.565521", "text": "military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the British Antarctic Survey. Captain James Cook discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named \"Sandwich Land\" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was", "title": "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" }, { "id": "165623", "score": "1.5363052", "text": "along a route that passed south of Hawaii on their way to Manila. The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers. The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook was the first documented contact by a European explorer with Hawaii. Cook named the archipelago as the Sandwich Islands in honor of his sponsor John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. Cook published the islands' location and rendered the native name as \"Owyhee\". This spelling lives on in Owyhee County, Idaho. It was named after three native Hawaiian members of a trapping party who went", "title": "Hawaii" }, { "id": "212167", "score": "1.5208116", "text": "dropping Omai at Tahiti, Cook travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to begin formal contact with the Hawaiian Islands. After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour, Kauai, Cook named the archipelago the \"Sandwich Islands\" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich—the acting First Lord of the Admiralty. From the Sandwich Islands, Cook sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California. He made landfall on the Oregon coast at approximately 44°30′ north latitude, naming his landing point Cape Foulweather. Bad weather forced his", "title": "James Cook" }, { "id": "16076631", "score": "1.5090606", "text": "August. After returning Omai, Cook delayed his onward journey until 7 December when he travelled north and on 18 January 1778 became the first European to visit the Hawaiian Islands. In passing and after initial landfall at Waimea harbour, Kauai, Cook named the archipelago the \"Sandwich Islands\" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich—the acting First Lord of the Admiralty. They observed that the inhabitants spoke a version of the Polynesian language familiar to them from their previous travels in the South Pacific. From Hawaii, he went northeast on 2 February to explore the west coast of North America north of", "title": "Third voyage of James Cook" }, { "id": "187417", "score": "1.4949876", "text": "north and in 1778 became the first European to visit the Hawaiian Islands. After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour, Kauai, Cook named the archipelago the \"Sandwich Islands\" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich—the acting First Lord of the Admiralty. From the Sandwich Islands Cook sailed north and then north-east to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California. Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to the Bering Strait, on the way identifying what came to be known as Cook Inlet in Alaska. In a single visit,", "title": "History of Oceania" }, { "id": "7434526", "score": "1.4879954", "text": "South Sandwich Islands are even less hospitable than the main island of South Georgia, affected by volcanic activity as well. Since 1995 the South African Weather Bureau maintains two automatic weather stations on the islands of Zavodovski and Thule. The southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group were discovered by James Cook in 1775; the northern three by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen in 1819. Departing from South Georgia, Captain Cook sailed to the southeast to discover Clerke Rocks and a group of islands which he named \"Sandwich Land\" in honour of Lord Sandwich, then First Lord of the Admiralty.", "title": "History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" }, { "id": "134687", "score": "1.4636265", "text": "visited the Jason Islands and called them the Sebald Islands (in Spanish, \"Islas Sebaldinas\" or \"Sebaldes\"). This name remained in use for the entire Falkland Islands for a long time; William Dampier used the name \"Sibbel de Wards\" in his reports of his visits in 1684 and 1703, while James Cook still referred to the Sebaldine Islands in the 1770s. The latitude that De Weert provided (50° 40') was close enough as to be considered, for the first time beyond doubt, the Falkland Islands. English Captain John Strong, commander of the \"Welfare\", sailed between the two principal islands in 1690", "title": "History of the Falkland Islands" }, { "id": "11710305", "score": "1.4596407", "text": "named the Sandwich Islands after him. Hackman struck up a friendship with Martha Ray (who was several years older than he was) and was later reported to have become besotted with her. They may have become lovers and discussed marriage, but this is disputed. Although rich, Sandwich was usually in debt and offered Martha Ray no financial security. However, whatever was between Hackman and Martha Ray ended when he was posted to Ireland. On 7 April 1779, a few weeks after his ordination as a priest of the Church of England, Hackman followed Martha Ray to Covent Garden, where she", "title": "James Hackman" }, { "id": "1384545", "score": "1.4570408", "text": "the Earth's mantle. The islands are about from the nearest continent. Captain James Cook visited the islands on January 18, 1778 and named them the \"Sandwich Islands\" in honor of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, who was one of his sponsors as the First Lord of the Admiralty. This name was in use until the 1840s, when the local name \"Hawaii\" gradually began to take precedence. The Hawaiian Islands have a total land area of . Except for Midway, which is an unincorporated territory of the United States, these islands and islets are administered as Hawaii—the 50th state of", "title": "Hawaiian Islands" }, { "id": "7434506", "score": "1.4554327", "text": "Britain's 1908 Letters Patent established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic, including the formal annexation of the South Sandwich Islands. The Letters Patent listed these possessions as \"the groups of islands known as South Georgia, the South Orkneys, the South Shetlands, and the Sandwich Islands, and the territory known as Graham's Land, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean to the south of the 50th parallel of south latitude, and lying between the 20th and the 80th degrees of west longitude\". In 1917 the Letters Patent were modified, applying the \"sector principle\" used in the Arctic; the new", "title": "History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" }, { "id": "2282095", "score": "1.4553713", "text": "that the species was first described from Hawaii, formerly known as the \"Sandwich Islands\", but the Sandwich tern does not occur there. This bird has no subspecies. Two former subspecies are now treated as a separate species called Cabot's tern (\"T. acuflavidus\"), which breeds on the Atlantic coasts of North America, wintering in the Caribbean and further south, and has wandered to Western Europe. The former species, \"T. s. eurygnatha\" (Saunders 1876), is sometimes treated as a separate species called the Cayenne tern (\"T. eurygnatha\"), which breeds on the Atlantic coast of South America from Argentina north to the Caribbean,", "title": "Sandwich tern" }, { "id": "3879906", "score": "1.4472637", "text": "on his surveying voyage in 1819 suspected it was separated from the mainland but could not confirm this. It was not until 1843, when Captain Blackwood on stayed two weeks in the area, that the British were able to verify that it was a distinct landmass, naming it Hinchinbrook Island. The name is from Hinchingbrooke House, in Huntingdon, England, as John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich was First Lord of the Admiralty, and the naming of Hinchinbrook Island, Brampton Island and Montague Island in the South Sandwich Islands are evidence of Cook's thanks to the 4th Earl. Early interactions between", "title": "Hinchinbrook Island" }, { "id": "7434525", "score": "1.4453778", "text": "to as 'Grytviken' in association with the derelict whaling station situated just 800 m away. The government of the islands maintains field huts at Sörling Valley, Dartmouth Point, Maiviken, St. Andrews Bay, Corral Bay, Carlita Bay, Jason Harbour, Ocean Harbour, and Lyell Glacier. Since the 1990s, the islands have become a popular tourist destination, with cruise ships visiting on a fairly regular basis. To protect the territory's unique environment, on 23 February 2012 its government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protection Area, one of the world's largest marine reserves, comprising 1.07 million km. The uninhabited", "title": "History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" }, { "id": "1384543", "score": "1.4436715", "text": "Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands () are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, numerous smaller islets, and seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll. Formerly the group was known to Europeans and Americans as the Sandwich Islands, a name chosen by James Cook in honor of the then First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. The contemporary name is derived from the name of the largest island, Hawaii Island. The Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown by wealthy U.S. and European settlers in", "title": "Hawaiian Islands" }, { "id": "1830121", "score": "1.4429214", "text": "Islands (Hawaii) after him, as well as Montague Island off the south east coast of Australia, the South Sandwich Islands in the Southern Atlantic Ocean and Montague Island in the Gulf of Alaska. Hinchinbrook Island was named for the House owned by the Montagu family. Lord Sandwich donated the various items given him by Cook to Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. He also met the young Ra'iatean Omai, whom Cook had brought to Europe, and took him to his country estate for a week, presenting him with a suit of armour. Like his friends John Russell, 4th Duke", "title": "John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich" }, { "id": "7434499", "score": "1.4350901", "text": "overseas territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is situated 270 km or 150 nmi west by north of the South Georgian mainland. Probably discovered in 1762 by the Spanish ship \"Aurora\", these rocks appeared on early maps as Aurora Islands, were visited and renamed by the American sealer James Sheffield in the \"Hersilia\" in 1819, and mapped by HMS \"Dartmouth\" in 1920. South Georgia's coast and waters have been surveyed by a number of expeditions since those of Cook and Bellingshausen. In particular, the extensive oceanographic investigations carried out by the Discovery Committee from 1925 to 1951", "title": "History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" }, { "id": "7434492", "score": "1.4285316", "text": "History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands The history of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is relatively recent. When European explorers found the islands, they were uninhabited, and their hostile climate, mountainous terrain, and remoteness made subsequent settlement difficult. Due to these setbacks, human activity in the islands has largely consisted of sealing, whaling, and scientific surveys and research, interrupted by World War II and the Falklands War. The South Atlantic island of South Georgia, situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, was the first Antarctic territory to be discovered. According to the Papal Bull Inter caetera,", "title": "History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" } ]

[ "Son in law", "Son In Law", "Son in Law", "son in law" ]

[ { "id": "18661677", "score": "1.7454159", "text": "in London. He also was Advertising & Promotions Manager at ABC Brewery Ltd. He was arrested on December 27, 2014 following a report accusing him of raping a 19-year-old woman in the bathroom of the African Regent Hotel in Accra, Ghana. He was formally charged with rape. On January 12, 2015,the 19-year-old alleged victim expressed her disinterest in pursuing the case.She consequently communicated her decision to the police and made copies of letters available to the Director of Prosecutions, the Registrar of the High Court and the Chief Justice. KKD was freed and the rape charge against him was dropped", "title": "Kwasi Kyei Darwkah" }, { "id": "3802637", "score": "1.7046956", "text": "offered for information leading to the killers' conviction or to Adam's identification, but the story had not yet received much publicity in Nigeria. When the investigation had reached an impasse in 2002, London officials flew to Johannesburg, South Africa, where Nelson Mandela, Nobel Prize winner and former president of South Africa, made a public appeal requesting any information that might be relevant to help the police in London identify Adam. Mandela's appeal was broadcast all over Africa and translated into tribal languages, including Yoruba, the local language in the region that investigators linked to Adam. In 2003, London Metropolitan police", "title": "Adam (murder victim)" }, { "id": "9728345", "score": "1.6966623", "text": "attributed to a serial killer beginning in 1993. Quansah, a mechanic who lived in the Accra, Ghana neighborhood of Adenta, had been previously under police surveillance as a suspect in the killings. Police and prison records reveal that Charles Quansah was jailed at the James Fort prisons for the offence of rape in 1986. After completing his sentence, he committed another rape and was jailed for three years at the Nsawam Prisons in 1987. Quansah was imprisoned again for robbery in 1996 at the Nsawam Medium Prisons in near Accra, Ghana. After his release that year he relocated to Accra.", "title": "Charles Quansah" }, { "id": "7769392", "score": "1.6730776", "text": "Jacob Zuma rape trial Jacob Zuma, the former President of South Africa and former president of the governing political party, the African National Congress (ANC), was charged with rape in the Johannesburg High Court on 6 December 2005. On 8 May 2006, the Court dismissed the charges, agreeing that the sexual act in question was consensual. During the trial, Zuma admitted to having unprotected sex with his accuser, whom he knew to be HIV positive, but claimed that he took a shower afterwards to cut the risk of contracting HIV. This statement has been condemned by the judge, health experts,", "title": "Jacob Zuma rape trial" }, { "id": "4187969", "score": "1.6713177", "text": "2011, for fraud and corruption but also rape and murder. An April 2012 editorial in \"The Times\" opined: \"It seems torture and outright violation of human rights is becoming the order of the day for some of our police officers and experts warn that the line between criminals and our law enforcement officers is \"blurred\".\" In February 2013, police in Daveyton, Gauteng were caught on video brutalising Mido Macia, a Mozambican taxi driver accused of parking illegally. Macia was handcuffed to a police van and dragged through the streets, later succumbing to his injuries. Eight police officers were arrested. The", "title": "South African Police Service" }, { "id": "13022294", "score": "1.6644386", "text": "Johannesburg, and moved into Winnie's large Soweto home. Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. He gained funding for her defence from the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, but in June 1991 she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "id": "7769398", "score": "1.6620082", "text": "to try to reduce his risk of infection, upsetting HIV educators who emphasized that this would do nothing to prevent HIV transmission. On 8 May 2006, the court found Zuma not guilty of the charge of rape. On 3 July 2007, the woman who brought the rape charges against Mr. Zuma was granted asylum in The Netherlands. See also Pamela Scully, \"Media Constructions of Ethnicized Masculinity in South Africa\" in Lisa Cuklanz and Sujarta Moorti, eds., \"Local Violence, Global Media\" New York: 2009, Peter Lang. Jacob Zuma rape trial Jacob Zuma, the former President of South Africa and former president", "title": "Jacob Zuma rape trial" }, { "id": "460318", "score": "1.6617367", "text": "she suspected the reverend was sexually abusing them (allegations that were baseless). The four were beaten to get them to admit to having had sex with the minister. Negotiations that lasted 10 days, by senior ANC and community leaders to get the kidnapped boys released by Winnie Mandela failed. Seipei was accused of being an informer, and his body later found in a field with stab wounds to the throat on 6 January 1989. In 1991, Mrs Mandela was acquitted of all but the kidnapping of Sepei. A key witness, Katiza Cebekhulu, who was going to testify that Madikizela-Mandela had", "title": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela" }, { "id": "17106629", "score": "1.6494169", "text": "finding, arrests were made on Hassan Komeh and two men, Olu Campbell and Reginald Bull, on 26 August 2005. Extradition requests were filed for her children Ahmed Komeh, Bai Bureh Komeh, Aminata Komeh who had traveled to the United Kingdom after the incident. All three of those arrested were released on bail soon afterward. The case largely stalled after this, the attorney general decided in 2006 not to push criminal charges, the children were not extradited, and formal charges were not brought against any of those arrested. In honor of his efforts, the headquarters for the Sierra Leone Association of", "title": "Harry Yansaneh" }, { "id": "13030493", "score": "1.6474473", "text": "of 15 years. He was released in the 1990s. In 2008 he publicly disclosed that he was gang raped in prison the night before his guilty verdict was handed down. The truth of this claim has subsequently been questioned by a former friend, Bart Luirink, editor of the Dutch \"Zuidelijk Afrika\" (\"South Africa\") magazine In February 2008 investigations by a number of media organisations found that Niehaus had falsely claimed to hold a master's degree and a doctorate in theology (\"summa cum laude\") from the University of Utrecht. Claimed qualifications confirmed to be true included a Bachelor's in Theology from", "title": "Carl Niehaus" }, { "id": "17714127", "score": "1.6468701", "text": "2003 Jantjie was charged, but not sentenced, for various crimes ranging from rape and housebreaking to attempted murder and kidnapping. According to the report he was sentenced to three years in prison for theft but the other charges were dropped as he was judged mentally unfit to stand trial. South African President Jacob Zuma was unexpectedly booed and jeered by some in the crowd, though other sections cheered him. The booing faded when Zuma addressed the crowd. The negative reaction reportedly stemmed from public anger over corruption scandals that have tainted Zuma and his government. The current ANC leadership is", "title": "Death of Nelson Mandela" }, { "id": "14349246", "score": "1.6382334", "text": "(NDLEA) (1988–1991). He was dismissed after being accused of having a relationship with Jennifer Madike, a Lagos business woman and socialite who had been arrested for drugs-related offences. Prior to her arrest, she had a successful career with her company \"Biofrika Ventures\" and through real estate, and was a constant subject of the gossip columns. She was arrested on a charge of collecting US$80,000 from three men, claiming she was going to give the money to Oyakhilome to secure the release of two suspected drug dealers. The United States later unsuccessfully applied for extradition of one of the dealers on", "title": "Fidelis Oyakhilome" }, { "id": "1814392", "score": "1.6381686", "text": "By 2003, Taylor had lost control of much of the countryside and was formally indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone. That year, he resigned, as a result of growing international pressure, and went into exile in Nigeria. In 2006, the newly elected President, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, formally requested his extradition. He was detained by UN authorities in Sierra Leone and then at the Penitentiary Institution Haaglanden in The Hague, awaiting trial by the Special Court. He was found guilty in April 2012 of all eleven charges levied by the Special Court, including terror, murder and rape. In May", "title": "Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)" }, { "id": "14780779", "score": "1.6330369", "text": "raped. The leader of the men who participated in this (Aberew Jemma Negussi) was briefly arrested, but then released on bail, at which point he kidnapped Woineshet again and held her for over a month until she managed to escape, but only after he had forced her to sign a marriage certificate. On July 22, 2003, Aberew Jemma Negussie was sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment without parole for kidnapping and rape, and his four accomplices were each sentenced to 8 years’ imprisonment without parole, making Woineshet's case the first case in which accomplices were also charged and convicted for kidnapping.", "title": "Woineshet Zebene" }, { "id": "5911756", "score": "1.6303301", "text": "to him. He was said to have tricked more than $1.69-million out of two Dutch nationals between 1999 and 2000. On July 26, 2005 the German woman, Frieda Springer-Beck, agreed to an out-of-court settlement after a long series of inconclusive court appearances dating back to 1993. After his imprisonment, while waiting trial for fraud, he was appointed to teach basic law. Ajudua was granted bail to seek medical attention in India on 3 February 2005. Hearing that he was back in Nigeria, the EFCC attempted to arrest him on 20 March 2007 at a beer parlour in Ibusa. The move", "title": "Fred Ajudua" }, { "id": "11391142", "score": "1.6284764", "text": "convicted of the murder. He stated that she had ordered him, with others, to abduct the four youths from Soweto, of whom Moeketsi was the youngest. The four were severely beaten. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault, but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal. Mandela's role was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. This incident became a \"cause célèbre\" for the apartheid government and opponents of the ANC, and Winnie Mandela's iconic status was dealt", "title": "Stompie Seipei" }, { "id": "13022325", "score": "1.6274669", "text": "such criticism as having racist undertones, and stated that \"the enemies of countries in the West are not our enemies.\" Mandela hoped to resolve the long-running dispute between Libya and the US and Britain over bringing to trial the two Libyans, Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who were indicted in November 1991 and accused of sabotaging Pan Am Flight 103. Mandela proposed that they be tried in a third country, which was agreed to by all parties; governed by Scots law, the trial was held at Camp Zeist in the Netherlands in April 1999, and found one of the", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "id": "20219918", "score": "1.6202304", "text": "taught courses in Human Dignity, Police Ethics, and Criminal Investigations from 1997 to 1998. He served as team leader in Homicide Investigation at the request of the United Nations Mission in Liberia and did so again in The Gambia during the investigations into the mass murder of more than 50 people, mostly West African nationals. He has led several investigations in Ghana which have led to the arrest and conviction of offenders. He was the lead investigator in a series of murders in Accra in 1988 that left 30 women dead; this resulted in a suspect being apprehended, found guilty,", "title": "David Asante-Apeatu" }, { "id": "20958096", "score": "1.6200244", "text": "the James Fort Prison in Accra for three weeks. He was accused of 13 charges of misapplication of public property and committing acts with intent to sabotage the country's economy. His factory: Industrial Chemical Laboratories (ICL), a successful pharmaceutical firm was seized by a horde of men. Others who were also detained were Adrews Kumi, a senior bank official and Frank Kwaku Bruce, a senior Ministry of Health official. Hon. Kwamena Bartels who was a co-director of the company was also arrested in mid-1990 and charged based on a report by the National Investigations Committees, which was responsible for initiating", "title": "Kwame Safo-Adu" }, { "id": "17285750", "score": "1.6198635", "text": "into the Fish River at Post Chalmers. Nieuwoudt, while serving his prison sentence underwent a religious conversion as a result of which he asked the Mthimkhulu family for forgiveness, for his involvement in Siphiwe’s murder. In 1998, a documentary was shown on television in which Niewoudt, accompanied by a camera crew, approached the Mthimkhulu’s house and asked for forgiveness. Through this footage, Nieuwoudt quickly became a recognizable face to television viewers. Nieuwoudt confessed to having been involved in the abduction, beating and murder of the anti-apartheid activists Qaqawuli Godolozi, Champion Galela and Sipho Hashe in 1985, who belonged to the", "title": "Gideon Nieuwoudt" } ]

[ "Tous pour un, un pour tous", "tous pour un un pour tous" ]

[ { "id": "3602508", "score": "1.5950488", "text": "The Three Musketeers (1921 film) The Three Musketeers is a 1921 American silent film based on the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" by Alexandre Dumas, père. It was directed by Fred Niblo and stars Douglas Fairbanks as d'Artagnan. The film originally had scenes filmed in the Handschiegl Color Process (billed as the \"Wyckoff-DeMille Process\"). The film had a sequel, \"The Iron Mask\" (1929), also starring Fairbanks as d'Artagnan and DeBrulier as Cardinal Richelieu. The athletic Douglas Fairbanks's one-handed handspring to grab a sword during a fight scene in this film is considered as one of the great stunts of the early", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1921 film)" }, { "id": "7319774", "score": "1.576858", "text": "learned swordsmanship from his father, the young country bumpkin d'Artagnan arrives in Paris with dreams of becoming a king's musketeer. Unaccustomed to the city life, he makes a number of clumsy \"faux pas\". First he finds himself insulted, knocked out and robbed by the Comte de Rochefort, an agent of Cardinal Richelieu, and once in Paris comes into conflict with three musketeers, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, each of whom challenges him to a duel for some accidental insult or embarrassment. As the first of these duels is about to begin, Jussac arrives with five additional swordsmen of Cardinal Richelieu's guards.", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1973 film)" }, { "id": "8051019", "score": "1.5523442", "text": "the three musketeers, return to France just as the queen is being led to the guillotine. King Louis begs his wife to lie to him, to tell him that she did not send the diamonds out for the Duke of Buckingham, even if she did, but the queen refuses. When the cardinal and the soldiers discover the presence of the duke, they fear for the safety of the king and attack the five men. As D'Artagnan comes close to finishing off Rochefort, the Cardinal calls everyone to stop, for the King himself does not wish Rochefort to be harmed. The", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1992 film)" }, { "id": "14830126", "score": "1.5408959", "text": "by their bravery and the king condecorates them instead. Richelieu instructs Milady, now his accomplice, to plant false love letters among Queen Anne's possessions, steal her diamond necklace, and take it to the Tower of London in order to frame her as having an affair with Buckingham, which would force King Louis to execute her and declare war on England. At this point, the people would demand a more experienced leader: Richelieu himself. In order to secure her own position, Milady demands that Richelieu declare in a written authorization that she is working on behalf of France. The false letters", "title": "The Three Musketeers (2011 film)" }, { "id": "5215541", "score": "1.5369985", "text": "hired a sharpshooter; during the assembly, d'Artagnan makes the sniper's shot go wide, narrowly missing the king. Richelieu deflects blame to the three musketeers in the crowd for the attempted assassination. As the three face off with the Cardinal's guards, men rush to their sides and reveal themselves as musketeers. The two forces battle as Richelieu takes the king and queen hostage, shooting Aramis in the chest before fleeing to the dungeon with Athos and Porthos in pursuit. d'Artagnan duels Rochefort and is disarmed; as Rochefort gloats about having killed d'Artagnan's father, Constance passes his sword back and d'Artagnan promptly", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1993 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno\n\nUnus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno is a Latin phrase that means One for all, all for one. It is the unofficial motto of Switzerland. The phrase describes the relation in monotheistic faiths. God is one, 5 Moses 6:4. He is the God of all mankind, and He acts, Jeremy 32:27. The pattern \"one for all\" appears in verse 50 of John 11, where the high priest Caiaphas recognises \"that it is expedient for us, that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not\". This attitude is taken up in the character of Arnold von Winkelried. A French version, \"\", was made famous by Alexandre Dumas in the 1844 novel \"The Three Musketeers\". ", "title": "Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rule of three (writing)\n\nThe rule of three is a writing principle that suggests that a trio of entities such as events or characters is more humorous, satisfying, or effective than other numbers. The audience of this form of text is also thereby more likely to remember the information conveyed because having three entities combines both brevity and rhythm with having the smallest amount of information to create a pattern.\n\nSlogans, film titles, and a variety of other things have been structured in threes, a tradition that grew out of oral storytelling. Examples include the Three Little Pigs, Three Billy Goats Gruff, Goldilocks and the Three Bears, and the Three Musketeers. Similarly, adjectives are often grouped in threes to emphasize an idea.", "title": "Rule of three (writing)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paul Haslinger\n\nPaul Haslinger (born 11 December 1962) is an Austrian musician and composer. He lives and works in Los Angeles, California.", "title": "Paul Haslinger" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arabian Knights\n\nArabian Knights is an animated segment of \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\", created by Hanna-Barbera Productions. The series is based on the \"Arabian Nights\", a classic work of Middle Eastern literature. The cast includes Henry Corden, Paul Frees, Frank Gerstle, Shari Lewis, Jay North and John Stephenson.", "title": "Arabian Knights" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Two Mouseketeers\n\nThe Two Mouseketeers is a 1952 American one-reel animated cartoon and is the 65th \"Tom and Jerry\" short, produced in Technicolor and released to theatres on March 15, 1952 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was produced by Fred Quimby and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. The short is a spoof of Alexandre Dumas' 1844 novel \"The Three Musketeers\" and its film adaptations, featuring mice Jerry and his best friend Nibbles as \"Mouseketeers\" trying to raid the French king's banquet table, which is protected by Tom as a guard. Three years after the cartoon's release, the term \"Mousketeer\" was also used to refer to the child cast members of the television show, \"The Mickey Mouse Club\".\n\nThe cartoon was animated by Ed Barge, Kenneth Muse and Irven Spence. Musical supervision was done by Scott Bradley, using a version of the theme music by Nelson Eddy and the Sportsmen Quartet named \"Soldier of Fortune\", from the film \"The Girl of the Golden West\". The character of Nibbles speaks French in this short and was voiced by six-year-old Francoise Brun-Cottan.\n\n\"The Two Mouseketeers\" won the series' sixth Oscar for Best Animated Short Film. Such was the cartoon's success, that Hanna and Barbera created a total of four adventures in the \"Mouseketeers\" series; the second, 1954's \"Touché, Pussy Cat!\" received an Oscar nomination.\n\nThe success of the short led to three more \"Mouseketeers\" shorts: \"Touché, Pussycat!\" (1954), \"Tom and Chérie\" (1955) and \"Royal Cat Nap\" (1958). The premise was also featured in comic books from Dell Comics.", "title": "The Two Mouseketeers" }, { "id": "14830125", "score": "1.536145", "text": "challenges Captain Rochefort, leader of Cardinal Richelieu's guard, to a duel after being offended by him, but Rochefort merely shoots him while he's distracted. Once in Paris, d'Artagnan separately encounters Athos, Porthos and Aramis and, accidentally offending all three, schedules separate duels with each. Athos brings Porthos and Aramis to the duel as his seconds, causing d'Artagnan to realize their true identities. Richelieu's guards arrive to apprehend them, but, inspired by d'Artagnan, the musketeers fight together and win. All four are summoned before the young King Louis XIII and Richelieu urges him to execute them, but Queen Anne is impressed", "title": "The Three Musketeers (2011 film)" }, { "id": "1709046", "score": "1.5357959", "text": "The Three Musketeers The Three Musketeers ( ) is a historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. Situated between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos, Porthos and Aramis, \"the three inseparables,\" as these are called – and gets involved in affairs of the state and", "title": "The Three Musketeers" }, { "id": "18271739", "score": "1.5353673", "text": "Guards of Richrlieu and his isolation from the three musketeers for he never hears of the kidnapoing of Constance and what Aramis does for her. Finally he accepts the cardinal's offer. Both the Guards of Louis XIII and that of Richelieu march to La Rochelle but are forced into a hard fight against the Protestant rebel supported by the Duke of Buckingham and d'Artangan and his soldiers are commanded to spearhead. It is schemed by Richelieu to kill the king's musketeers at an early stage though he survives the war while the three musketeers leaves the battlefield. And Milady goes", "title": "The Three Musketeers (puppetry)" }, { "id": "11765087", "score": "1.5321366", "text": "King Louis XIII that his wife, the queen, is unfaithful to him and in love with the Duke of Buckingham, suggests that he should ask his wife to wear the diamonds he had given her for an upcoming ball. The queen, shocked and dismayed, confesses to Constance that she had sent the diamonds to the Duke of Buckingham, and her confidant goes to d'Artagnan for help. With the help of his companions, three of the finest musketeers in France, Athos, Porthos and Aramis, d'Artagnan makes his way to England to seek the Duke himself, so that he may recover the", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1986 film)" }, { "id": "8051016", "score": "1.5287837", "text": "to be in love with the Duke of Buckingham. Nobody knows that the diamonds are in possession of an old woman, Milady, who had stolen the diamonds from the duke and had brought them for Rochefort so that they would be nowhere to be found; Rochefort allows her to hold on to the diamonds in order to ensure this. Shortly after entering the academy of musketeers, D'Artagnan meets three of the finest among them, Porthos, Athos and Aramis. Though their first meeting had not gone well and had led to the challenging of several duels, the four of them become", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1992 film)" }, { "id": "18271735", "score": "1.5280809", "text": "The Three Musketeers (puppetry) The Three Musketeers (, Renzoku Ningyo Katsugeki Shin Sanjushi) is a Japanese puppet show produced by NHK and broadcast by NHK Educational TV from 12 October 2009 to 28 May 2010. The show is written by Kōki Mitani and the puppets are designed by Bunta Inoue. In 1625, d'Argtagnan heads for Paris from Gascony and tries to meet the Three Musketeers there. From this, he grows up into a musketeer despite being involved in a struggle of power between Anne of Austria and Cardinal Richelieu. But the dissolution of the Guards by Richelieu makes the lives", "title": "The Three Musketeers (puppetry)" }, { "id": "10375164", "score": "1.5184476", "text": "duel the same man the master swordsmen are amused by the newcomer's audacity. Before they can begin, however, they are interrupted by Richelieu's guards, who try to arrest the Musketeers. Outraged that the three are outnumbered, d'Artagnan joins them in dispatching their foes, displaying his superb swordsmanship in the process. As a result, he is welcomed into their ranks. Later, d'Artagnan rescues (and falls in love with) Constance Bonacieux (June Allyson), a confidante of Queen Anne (Angela Lansbury). The queen had been given a matched set of twelve diamond studs by her husband, King Louis XIII (Frank Morgan). Foolishly, she", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1948 film)" }, { "id": "14542103", "score": "1.5178311", "text": "(Moroni Olsen), and Aramis (Onslow Stevens) in turn, agreeing each time to a duel. When his opponents arrive at the appointed place, they are amused to discover they are all engaged to cross swords with the same man. However, Cardinal Richelieu's Guards try to arrest the Musketeers for dueling. D'Artagnan joins the outnumbered trio and acquits himself well. His three new friends secure him free lodging by threatening landlord Bernajou (Murray Kinnell) with an imaginary law and find him a servant named Planchet (John Qualen). That night, d'Artagnan is pleasantly surprised when Bernajou's ward Constance (Heather Angel) enters the room.", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1935 film)" }, { "id": "7451366", "score": "1.5136821", "text": "The Three Musketeers (1942 film) The Three Musketeers (Spanish:Los tres mosqueteros) was a 1942 Mexican film. Cantinflas and three friends return a stolen necklace to an actress who invites them to be extras at Clasa studios. While on the set, he falls asleep and dreams that he is d'Artagnan, fighting on behalf of Queen Anne. Posa films hired the European designer Manolo Fontanals to create a replica of the court of King Louis XIII and imported costumes from Hollywood. The use of foreign storylines was an attempt to appeal to audiences outside of Mexico and the rest of Latin America,", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1942 film)" }, { "id": "18271737", "score": "1.5123138", "text": "by Cardinal Richelieu about the Duke of Buckingham, who is said to visit Paris incognito. After that, Constance runs away from prison and make the queen meet the Duke of Buckingham secretly. Anne hands him her necklace with twelve diamonds as a memory of their tryst. However, Mylady de Winter, a spy for Richelieu who serves Anne under the false name of Charlotte schemes the queen to wear a necklace at a ball to be held one week later. Then the musketeers, d'Artagnan and Constance hurry to London to take back it despite being chased by Milady and Rochefort. Finally", "title": "The Three Musketeers (puppetry)" }, { "id": "7319773", "score": "1.505034", "text": "The Three Musketeers (1973 film) The Three Musketeers (also known as The Three Musketeers: The Queen's Diamonds) is a 1973 film based on \"The Three Musketeers\" by Alexandre Dumas. It was directed by Richard Lester and written by George MacDonald Fraser. It was originally proposed in the 1960s as a vehicle for The Beatles, whom Lester had directed in two other films. The film adheres closely to the novel, and also injects a fair amount of humor. It was shot by David Watkin, with an eye for period detail. The fight scenes were choreographed by master swordsman William Hobbs. Having", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1973 film)" }, { "id": "5215537", "score": "1.5028348", "text": "and after a scolding, takes a liking to one, Constance. In the city d’Artagnan has a series of physical encounters with the Three Musketeers, though he doesn't \"know\" they are musketeers, resulting in a duel with each. At the Ruins, Athos, Porthos and Aramis reveal themselves as musketeers to d'Artagnan's surprise. Before they can duel, a Captain of the Cardinal's Guard arrives to arrest the musketeers with five other cardinal’s guards; although d'Artagnan is not under arrest, he allies with the musketeers during the skirmish. The Musketeers kill four guards, while d’Artagnan accidentally hurls the Captain of the Guard down", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1993 film)" }, { "id": "14542101", "score": "1.4991946", "text": "The Three Musketeers (1935 film) The Three Musketeers is a 1935 film directed by Rowland V. Lee and starring Walter Abel, Heather Angel, Ian Keith, Margot Grahame, and Paul Lukas. It is the first English-language talking picture version of Alexandre Dumas's novel \"The Three Musketeers\". Callow youth d'Artagnan (Walter Abel) sets off from Gascony for Paris, armed with his father's sword, an old horse and a letter of introduction to his godfather, Captain de Treville (Lumsden Hare), commander of the King's Musketeers. Along the way, he attempts to rescue Milady de Winter (Margot Grahame) from highwaymen, but it turns out", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1935 film)" }, { "id": "8051013", "score": "1.4991801", "text": "The Three Musketeers (1992 film) The Three Musketeers is a 1992 animated film directed by Masakazu Higuchi and Chinami Namba. Released directly to video, it is based on the classic book, \"The Three Musketeers\" by Alexandre Dumas. Like all other Golden Films productions, the film features a single theme song, \"All for One and One for All\", written and composed by Richard Hurwitz and John Arrias. The film tells the story of young D'Artagnan, who dreams of one day being part of the French squad of the Musketeers. His chance arrives when an opportunity to save the Queen of France", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1992 film)" }, { "id": "8051021", "score": "1.4967399", "text": "then apologizes to his wife for doubting her, befriends the Duke of Buckingham, declares peace between their two countries and finally declares D'Artagnian as an official musketeer in his service. The Three Musketeers (1992 film) The Three Musketeers is a 1992 animated film directed by Masakazu Higuchi and Chinami Namba. Released directly to video, it is based on the classic book, \"The Three Musketeers\" by Alexandre Dumas. Like all other Golden Films productions, the film features a single theme song, \"All for One and One for All\", written and composed by Richard Hurwitz and John Arrias. The film tells the", "title": "The Three Musketeers (1992 film)" } ]

[ "emperor s war", "30 years war", "Thirty Year's War", "Swedish War (1630–1635)", "30-Year War", "30-year War", "Thirty Years’ War", "tyw", "swedish war 1630 1635", "Kejserkrigen", "Thirty Years' War overview", "Thirty year's war", "Low Saxon War", "30 year s war", "swedish period", "Thirty Years’ war", "Danish Period", "30-years War", "30-years' War", "kejserkrigen", "30-years'-War", "Swedish War", "Danish period", "thirty years war overview", "30 Years War", "30 year war", "thirty years war", "30 years' war", "30-Years War", "The Thirty Years War", "Thirty Years War", "Swedish Period", "Swedish War (1630-1635)", "Thirty Years war", "Thirty Years' War", "The Emperor's War", "30 Year War", "Bohemian Period", "30 Year's War", "Thirty-Year War", "30-years’-War", "danish period", "swedish war", "Thirty-Years War", "Thirty Years' war", "thirty years wars", "Thirty Year's war", "TYW", "swedish war 1630–1635", "Thirty years' war", "Thirty Years'War", "bohemian period", "30 Years' War", "thirty year war", "Thirty years war", "thirty years war verbose overview", "thirty year s war", "Thirty years War", "The 30 Years War", "Thirty Years' War/verbose overview", "Thirty Year War", "Thirty Years Wars", "low saxon war" ]

[ { "id": "40751", "score": "1.8241006", "text": "at the time, himself a Roman Catholic, was moved by the Bohemian nobility to publish \"Maiestas Rudolphina\", which confirmed the older \"Confessio Bohemica\" of 1575. After Emperor Matthias II and then King of Bohemia Ferdinand II (later Holy Roman Emperor) began oppressing the rights of Protestants in Bohemia, the resulting Bohemian Revolt led to outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in 1618. Elector Frederick V of the Electorate of the Palatinate, a Calvinist Protestant, was elected by the Bohemian nobility to replace Ferdinand on the Bohemian throne, and was known as the Winter King. Frederick's wife, the popular Elizabeth Stuart", "title": "Bohemia" }, { "id": "416230", "score": "1.7688196", "text": "Ferdinand had wanted them to administer the government in his absence. On 23 May 1618, an assembly of Protestants seized them and threw them (and also secretary Philip Fabricius) out of the palace window, which was some off the ground. Although injured, they survived. This event, known as the (Second) Defenestration of Prague, started the Bohemian Revolt. Soon afterward, the Bohemian conflict spread through all of the Bohemian Crown, including Bohemia, Silesia, Upper and Lower Lusatia, and Moravia. Moravia was already embroiled in a conflict between Catholics and Protestants. The religious conflict eventually spread across the whole continent of Europe", "title": "Thirty Years' War" }, { "id": "511011", "score": "1.7619581", "text": "intolerance had triggered the religious Thirty Years' War in May 1618 in the polarizing first phase, known as the Revolt in Bohemia. Once the Bohemian Revolt had been put down in 1620, he embarked on a concerted effort to eliminate Protestantism in Bohemia and Austria, which was largely successful as was his efforts to reduce the power of the Diet. The religious suppression of the counter-reformation reached its height in 1627 with the Provincial Ordinance (\"Veneuerte Landesordnung\"). After several initial reverses, Ferdinand II had become more accommodating but as the Catholics turned things around and began to enjoy a long", "title": "History of Austria" }, { "id": "13343762", "score": "1.756386", "text": "Bohemian Revolt The Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620) was an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War. It was caused by both religious and power disputes. The estates were almost entirely Protestant, mostly Utraquist Hussite but there was also a substantial German population that endorsed Lutheranism. The dispute culminated after several battles in the final Battle of White Mountain, where the estates suffered a decisive defeat. This started re-Catholisation of the Czech lands, but also expanded the scope of the Thirty Years' War by drawing Denmark and Sweden into it. The", "title": "Bohemian Revolt" }, { "id": "1343122", "score": "1.7404783", "text": "much of its power on religious wars against the Protestants. While these religious wars were taking place, the Czech estates revolted against Habsburg from 1546 to 1547 but were ultimately defeated. Defenestrations of Prague in 1618, signaled an open revolt by the Bohemian estates against the Habsburgs and started the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, all Czech lands were declared hereditary property of the Habsburg family. The German language was made equal to the Czech language. Czech patriotic authors tend to call the following period, from 1620 to 1648 until the late 18th century,", "title": "Czechs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bohemian Revolt\n\nThe Bohemian Revolt (; ; 1618–1620) was an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War. It was caused by both religious and power disputes. The estates were almost entirely Protestant, mostly Utraquist Hussite but there was also a substantial German population that endorsed Lutheranism. The dispute culminated after several battles in the final Battle of White Mountain, where the estates suffered a decisive defeat. This started re-Catholisation of the Czech lands, but also expanded the scope of the Thirty Years' War by drawing Denmark and Sweden into it. The conflict spread to the rest of Europe and devastated vast areas of Central Europe, including the Czech lands, which were particularly stricken by its violent atrocities.", "title": "Bohemian Revolt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Thirty Years' War\n\nThe Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle, famine, and disease, while some areas of what is now modern Germany experienced population declines of over 50%. Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, and the Portuguese Restoration War.\n\nUntil the 20th century, historians generally viewed it as a continuation of the religious struggle initiated by the 16th-century Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire. The 1555 Peace of Augsburg attempted to resolve this by dividing the Empire into Lutheran and Catholic states, but over the next 50 years the expansion of Protestantism beyond these boundaries destabilised the settlement. While most modern commentators accept differences over religion and Imperial authority were important factors in causing the war, they argue its scope and extent were driven by the contest for European dominance between Habsburg-ruled Spain and Austria, and the French House of Bourbon.\n\nIts outbreak is generally traced to 1618 when Emperor Ferdinand II was deposed as king of Bohemia and replaced by the Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate in 1619. Although Imperial forces quickly suppressed the Bohemian Revolt, his participation expanded the fighting into the Palatinate, whose strategic importance drew in the Dutch Republic and Spain, then engaged in the Eighty Years' War. Since rulers like Christian IV of Denmark and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden also held territories within the Empire, this gave them and other foreign powers an excuse to intervene, turning an internal dynastic dispute into a European-wide conflict.\n\nThe first phase from 1618 until 1635 was primarily a civil war between German members of the Holy Roman Empire, with support from external powers. After 1635, the Empire became one theatre in a wider struggle between France, supported by Sweden, and Emperor Ferdinand III, allied with Spain. This concluded with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, whose provisions included greater autonomy within the Empire for states like Bavaria and Saxony, as well as acceptance of Dutch independence by Spain. By weakening the Habsburgs relative to France, the conflict altered the European balance of power and set the stage for the wars of Louis XIV.", "title": "Thirty Years' War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "European wars of religion\n\nThe European wars of religion were a series of wars waged in Europe during the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries. The wars were largely ended by the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which established a new political order that is now known as Westphalian sovereignty.\n\nThe conflicts began with the minor Knights' Revolt (1522), followed by the larger German Peasants' War (1524–1525) in the Holy Roman Empire. Warfare intensified after the Catholic Church began the Counter-Reformation in 1545 against the growth of Protestantism. The conflicts culminated in the Thirty Years' War, which devastated Germany and killed one third of its population, a mortality rate twice that of World War I. The Peace of Westphalia broadly resolved the conflicts by recognising three separate Christian traditions in the Holy Roman Empire: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism. Although many European leaders were sickened by the bloodshed by 1648,<ref name=\"MacCulloch735\"/> smaller religious wars continued to be waged until the 1710s, including the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651) in the British Isles, the Savoyard–Waldensian wars (1655–1690), and the Toggenburg War (1712) in the Western Alps.<ref name=\"Onnekink\" />", "title": "European wars of religion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)\n\nAlthough the Kingdom of Bohemia, both of the Lusatias, the Margraviate of Moravia, and Silesia were all under Habsburg rule, they followed different paths of development. Moravians and Silesians had accepted the hereditary right of the Austrian Habsburgs to rule and thus escaped the intense struggle between native estates and the Habsburg monarchy that was to characterize Bohemian history. In contrast, the Bohemian Kingdom had entrenched estates that were ready to defend what they considered their rights and liberties.<ref name=\":4\" /> The Habsburgs pursued a policy of centralization and conflict arose, which was further complicated by ethnic and religious issues.<ref name=\":4\" />", "title": "Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hussites\n\nThe Hussites ( or \"Kališníci\"; \"Chalice People\") were a Czech proto-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of reformer Jan Hus, who became the best known representative of the Bohemian Reformation.\n\nThe Hussite movement began in the Kingdom of Bohemia and quickly spread throughout the remaining Lands of the Bohemian Crown, including Moravia and Silesia. It also made inroads into the northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (now Slovakia), but was rejected and gained infamy for the plundering behaviour of the Hussite soldiers. There were also very small temporary communities in Poland-Lithuania and Transylvania which moved to Bohemia after being confronted with religious intolerance. It was a regional movement that failed to expand anywhere farther. Hussites emerged as a majority Utraquist movement with a significant Taborite faction, and smaller regional ones that included Adamites, Orebites and Orphans. Major Hussite theologians included Petr Chelčický, Jerome of Prague, and others. A number of Czech national heroes were Hussite, including Jan Žižka, who led a fierce resistance to five consecutive crusades proclaimed on Hussite Bohemia by the Papacy. Hussites were one of the most important forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. This predominantly religious movement was propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness.\n\nAfter the Council of Constance lured Jan Hus in with a letter of indemnity, then tried him for heresy and put him to death at the stake on 6 July 1415, the Hussites fought the Hussite Wars (1420–1434) for their religious and political cause. After the Hussite Wars ended, the Catholic-supported Utraquist side came out victorious from conflict with the Taborites and became the most common representation of the Hussite faith in Bohemia. Catholics and Utraquists were emancipated in Bohemia after the religious peace of Kutná Hora in 1485.\n\nBohemia and Moravia, or what is now the territory of the Czech Republic, remained majority Hussite for two centuries until Roman Catholicism was reimposed by the Holy Roman Emperor after the 1620 Battle of White Mountain during the Thirty Years' War. That event and centuries of Habsburg persecution caused Hussite traditions to be merely represented in the Moravian Church, Unity of the Brethren and the refounded Czechoslovak Hussite churches among present-day Christians.", "title": "Hussites" }, { "id": "416209", "score": "1.7371159", "text": "Roman Empire) to revolt against their nominal ruler, Ferdinand II. After the so-called Defenestration of Prague deposed the Emperor's representatives in Prague, the Protestant estates and Catholic Habsburgs started gathering allies for war. The Protestant Bohemians ousted the Habsburgs and elected the Calvinist Frederick V, Elector of the Rhenish Palatinate as the new king of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Frederick took the offer without the support of the Protestant Union. The southern states, mainly Roman Catholic, were angered by this. Led by Bavaria, these states formed the Catholic League to expel Frederick in support of the Emperor. The Empire soon", "title": "Thirty Years' War" }, { "id": "16769107", "score": "1.7234808", "text": "the town was freed on an oath not to rebel against the Holy Roman Empire.<ref name=\"Polišenský/Snider\">Polišenský and Snider</ref> The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 with the Bohemian Revolt, when the authorities of Bohemia offered the throne of their kingdom to the Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate. He accepted and this initiated a conflict between the Protestant Union led by Frederick and the Catholic House of Habsburg. Two years after the outbreak of the war the situation had apparently reached a standstill, but in reality via diplomatic manoeuvres the Habsburgs were able to politically isolate Frederick, between whose hits", "title": "Siege of Bad Kreuznach" }, { "id": "2500671", "score": "1.7198248", "text": "a council composed of ardent Catholics further increased tensions. In 1618 two Catholic imperial councillors were thrown out of a window of Prague Castle (one of the so-called Defenestrations of Prague), signaling an open revolt by the Bohemian estates against the Habsburgs and started the Thirty Years' War. The Bohemian estates decided to levy an army, decreed the expulsion of the Jesuits, and proclaimed the Bohemian throne to be elective. They elected a Calvinist, Frederick of the Palatinate, to the Bohemian throne. The Bohemian troops confronted the imperial forces. On November 8, 1620, the Czech estates were decisively defeated at", "title": "History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)" }, { "id": "96314", "score": "1.7103989", "text": "of Austria, a Catholic, was elected king of Bohemia. The following year, the Bohemians rebelled, defenestrating the Catholic governors. In August 1619, the Bohemian diet chose as their monarch Frederick V, who was leader of the Protestant Union, while Ferdinand was elected Holy Roman Emperor in the imperial election. Frederick's acceptance of the Bohemian crown in defiance of the emperor marked the beginning of the turmoil that would develop into the Thirty Years' War. The conflict, originally confined to Bohemia, spiralled into a wider European war, which the English Parliament and public quickly grew to see as a polarised continental", "title": "Charles I of England" }, { "id": "1400346", "score": "1.7092234", "text": "over this and other issues, a group of Bohemian noblemen met representatives of the Emperor at the royal castle in Prague; the meeting ended with two of the representatives and their scribe being thrown out a high window and seriously injured. This incident, known as the Second Defenestration of Prague, triggered the Bohemian Revolt. In November 1619, Elector Palatine Frederick V, who like many of the rebels was a Calvinist, was chosen as King of Bohemia by the Bohemian Electorate. In 1620, now fully established as Emperor, Ferdinand II set out to conquer Bohemia and make an example of the", "title": "Battle of White Mountain" }, { "id": "548650", "score": "1.7042689", "text": "the rule of Bohemia (1612–1619) and extended his offer of more legal and religious concessions to Bohemia, relying mostly on the advice of his chancellor, Bishop Melchior Klesl. Conflict was precipitated by two factors: Matthias, already aging and without children, made his cousin Ferdinand of Styria his heir and had him elected king in 1617. Ferdinand was a proponent of the Catholic Counter-Reformation and not likely to be well-disposed to Protestantism or Bohemian freedoms. Bohemian Protestants opposed the royal government as they interpreted the Letter of Majesty to extend not only to the land controlled by the nobility or self-governing", "title": "Defenestrations of Prague" }, { "id": "1335697", "score": "1.6963637", "text": "in the kingdom, and some of the nobles, the king's unpopularity soon caused the Bohemian Revolt. The Second Defenestration of Prague of 22 May 1618 is considered the first step of the Thirty Years' War. In the following events he remained a staunch backer of the Anti-Protestant Counter Reformation efforts as one of the heads of the German Catholic League. Ferdinand succeeded Matthias as Holy Roman Emperor in 1619. Supported by the Catholic League and the Kings of Spain and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Ferdinand decided to reclaim his possession in Bohemia and to quash the rebels. On 8 November 1620", "title": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor" }, { "id": "63644", "score": "1.6955018", "text": "the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. The of the 16th century, the founders of the central European Habsburg Monarchy, were buried in Prague. Between 1583–1611 Prague was the official seat of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and his court. The Defenestration of Prague and subsequent revolt against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the start of the Thirty Years' War, which quickly spread throughout Central Europe. In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was crushed at the Battle of White Mountain, and the ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs' hereditary lands in Austria were strengthened. The leaders of the Bohemian Revolt were", "title": "Czech Republic" }, { "id": "12619092", "score": "1.6925615", "text": "by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Petr Chelčický continued with the Czech Hussite Reformation movement. During the next two centuries, most of Czechs were adherents of Hussitism. After 1526 Bohemia came increasingly under Habsburg control as the Habsburgs became first the elected and then the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. The Defenestration of Prague and subsequent revolt against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the start of the Thirty Years' War, which quickly spread throughout Central Europe. In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was crushed at the Battle of White Mountain, and the ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs' hereditary lands in", "title": "Religion in the Czech Republic" }, { "id": "13343772", "score": "1.6774311", "text": "Catholic side after more than two centuries of Hussite and other religious dissent. However while Bohemia was effectively annexed by the Crown, other regions would continue their revolt for several years. This would have the effect of bringing in elements of the Protestant Union which had suffered a severe blow to their credibility via their refusal to support the Bohemian revolutionaries. In addition, the changes in territory meant that previously unaligned powers would find a resurgent Empire on their own borders, a circumstance that Kingdoms like Denmark found untenable. Bohemian Revolt The Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620) was an uprising of the", "title": "Bohemian Revolt" }, { "id": "1431736", "score": "1.6753349", "text": "of this agreement, Protestantism became virtually the state religion of the Bohemian lands. In August 1619, the general parliament of all the Bohemian lands declared that Ferdinand had forfeited the Bohemian throne. This formally severed all ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs and made war inevitable. Ferdinand of Bavaria, Archbishop of Cologne predicted this decision would lead to twenty, forty, or sixty years of war. The preferred candidate of Bohemians as their new king was the Elector of Saxony, but he let it be known he would not accept the throne. This left Frederick as the most senior Protestant prince", "title": "Frederick V of the Palatinate" }, { "id": "4765374", "score": "1.6743566", "text": "Louis' marriage contract. The Bohemian estates elected Austrian Archduke Ferdinand, younger brother of Emperor Charles V, to succeed Louis as king of Bohemia. Thus began almost four centuries of Habsburg rule for both Bohemia and Slovakia. The incorporation of Bohemia into the Habsburg Monarchy against the resistance of the local Protestant nobility sparked the 1618 Defenestration of Prague and the Thirty Years' War. Their defeat at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620 put an end to the Bohemian autonomy movement. In 1740 the Prussian Army conquered Bohemian Silesia in the Silesian Wars and forced Maria Theresa in 1742 to", "title": "Kingdom of Bohemia" }, { "id": "20450035", "score": "1.6732981", "text": "a revolt. The Bocskai uprising lasted until 1606 and put additional pressure on Rudolf's resources. It was in this situation that Rudolf was forced to grant the Letter of Majesty in 1609, allowing the free practice of Protestant religions in Bohemia and creating a Bohemian Protestant state church run by the Protestant estates. In 1617, Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, by now Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia, arranged for the election of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor as his successor in Bohemia under the terms of the Oñate treaty. The fiercely Catholic Ferdinand II had suppressed Protestantism", "title": "1619 Imperial election" }, { "id": "10823585", "score": "1.6723943", "text": "in 1618 the Protestant Bohemian and Moravian noblemen, who feared losing religious freedom (two of the Protestant churches being already forcibly closed), started the Bohemian Revolt. The Revolt was defeated in 1620 in the Battle of White Mountain. As consequence the local Protestant noblemen were either executed or expelled from the country while the Habsburgs put Catholic (and mostly German speaking) nobility into their place. The Czech language was gradually reduced to a means of communication between peasants, who were often illiterate. The era is generally described as the \"Dark Age of the Czech Nation\". Protestants were offered an ultimatum.", "title": "History of the Moravian Church" }, { "id": "63645", "score": "1.6670616", "text": "executed in 1621. The nobility and the middle class Protestants had to either convert to Catholicism or leave the country. The following period, from 1620 to the late 18th century, has often been called colloquially the \"Dark Age\". The population of the Czech lands declined by a third through the expulsion of Czech Protestants as well as due to the war, disease and famine. The Habsburgs prohibited all Christian confessions other than Catholicism. The flowering of Baroque culture shows the ambiguity of this historical period. Ottoman Turks and Tatars invaded Moravia in 1663. In 1679–1680 the Czech lands faced a", "title": "Czech Republic" } ]

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[ { "id": "2394257", "score": "1.646737", "text": "14, 2006, Stojaković scored a career-high 42 points against the Charlotte Bobcats, and became the first player in NBA history to open the game with 20 straight points for his team. His strong start to the season was halted by injuries, as a result missing all but the first 13 games of the 2006–07 season. Stojaković bounced back the following season, starting all 77 games he played in, and was a key contributor in helping the Hornets win a franchise-record 56 games, and their first ever division title. In the first two games of their second round match-up against the", "title": "Peja Stojaković" }, { "id": "14079419", "score": "1.634415", "text": "over the Toronto Raptors. The basket so amazed the Lakers (who were watching on television) that veteran player Metta World Peace ran past reporters shouting \"Linsanity! Linsanity!\" and waving his hands above his head. Lin became the first NBA player to score at least 20 points and have seven assists in each of his first five starts. Lin scored 89, 109, and 136 points in his first three, four, and five career starts, respectively; all three totals are the most by any player since the merger between the American Basketball Association (ABA) and the NBA in 1976–77. In the following", "title": "Jeremy Lin" }, { "id": "1833177", "score": "1.6170954", "text": "of his 11-year career. The following game, Bryant recorded 50 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves, after which he scored 60 points in a road win against the Memphis Grizzlies—becoming the second Laker to score three straight 50-plus point games, a feat not seen since Jordan last did it in 1987. The only other Laker to do so was Baylor, who also scored 50+ in three consecutive contests in December 1962. In the following day, in a game against the New Orleans Hornets, Bryant scored 50 points, making him the second player in NBA history to have four straight 50-point games", "title": "Kobe Bryant" }, { "id": "1833170", "score": "1.5821762", "text": "before the game, signifying a change in the feud that had festered between them. A month later, at the 2006 NBA All-Star Game, the two were seen laughing together. On January 22, 2006, Bryant scored a career-high 81 points in a 122–104 victory against the Toronto Raptors. In addition to breaking the previous franchise record of 71 set by Elgin Baylor, Bryant's 81-point game was the second-highest point total in NBA history, surpassed only by Chamberlain's 100-point game in 1962. Whereas Chamberlain was fed repeatedly by teammates for inside shots in a blowout win, Bryant created his own shot—mostly from", "title": "Kobe Bryant" }, { "id": "3543277", "score": "1.5814905", "text": "to record 50+ points with no baskets in the paint. He followed the next night with 40 points in a 95-82 victory over the Atlanta Hawks, and then 41 points against the Milwaukee Bucks two days later, becoming the first Knicks player since Bernard King to score 40+ points in three consecutive games. He also became only the third NBA player to score at least 40 points on at least 60% FG shooting in 3 consecutive games, joining King and Michael Jordan. On April 7, 2013, Anthony scored 36 points and 12 rebounds, 9 offensive, as the Knicks tallied their", "title": "Carmelo Anthony" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of career achievements by Kobe Bryant\n\nKobe Bryant was a shooting guard for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) for his entire 20-year career. Selected 13th overall by the Charlotte Hornets in the 1996 NBA draft, Bryant was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers for Vlade Divac a month later. He and then-teammate Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive NBA championships from 2000 to 2002. After O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat following the 2003–04 season, Bryant became the cornerstone of the Lakers franchise. He led the NBA in scoring during the and seasons. In 2006, Bryant scored a career-high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors, the second-highest number of points scored in a game in NBA history, behind only Wilt Chamberlain's 100 point performance, and highest output for a guard. Bryant was awarded the regular season's Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) in the 2007–08 season and led his team to the 2008 NBA Finals as the first seed in the Western Conference. As a member of the U.S. men's basketball team, Bryant was a two-time Olympic gold medalist starting with the 2008 Summer Olympics (\"The Redeem Team\") and following with the 2012 Summer Olympics team. He led the Lakers to two more championships in 2009 and 2010, winning the Finals MVP award on both occasions.\n\nBryant currently ranks fourth both on the league's all-time post-season scoring and all-time regular-season scoring lists. He has been selected to 15 All-NBA Team (eleven times to the All-NBA First Team) and 12 All-Defensive Team (nine times to the All-Defensive First Team). He was selected to play in the NBA All-Star Game on 18 occasions, winning All-Star MVP Awards in 2002, 2007, 2009, and 2011 (he shared the 2009 award with Shaquille O'Neal). The award would be named after him in 2020. He also won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest as well as the Rookie Game scoring title in 1997. He has had 1 eighty-point game, 6 sixty-point games (including his final game), 26 fifty-point games, and 134 forty-point games in his career. Kobe had been also in a three-way tie with Stephen Curry and Donyell Marshall for most three-pointers with 12 in a game until November 8, 2016, when Curry set a new record with 13. In his final game on April 13, 2016, at 37 years old, he became the oldest player to score 60 points in a single game and set the highest point total in the 2015–16 regular season.\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of career achievements by Kobe Bryant" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of highest-scoring NBA games\n\nIn basketball, points are used to keep track of the score in a game. Points can be accumulated by making field goals (worth two points from within the three-point line or three points from beyond the three-point line) or free throws (worth one point). The team that records the most points at the end of a game is declared the game's winner. If the game is still tied at the end of regulation play, additional overtime period(s) are played in order to determine the winner.\n\nIn the years following the founding of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1946, teams only averaged around 80 points per game. Before the introduction of the shot clock, teams often ran out the clock by passing the ball more frequently after having established a lead in a game. If one team did choose to stall, the opposing team (especially if behind) would often commit fouls to regain possession. This resulted in very low-scoring games with excessive fouls, which negatively affected attendance. Beginning in the 1954–55 season, the NBA implemented a 24-second shot clock, the aim of which was to speed up the game and create a more entertaining experience for those in attendance. If the offensive team failed to hit the rim with the ball within the allotted 24 seconds, they would lose possession. This innovation resulted in higher average scores.<ref name=\"shot clock 2\"/> Consequently, all of the highest-scoring games in the NBA have happened during the shot-clock era.", "title": "List of highest-scoring NBA games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game\n\nWilt Chamberlain set the single-game scoring record in the National Basketball Association (NBA) by scoring 100 points for the Philadelphia Warriors in a 169–147 win over the New York Knicks on March 2, 1962, at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey, Pennsylvania. It is widely considered one of the greatest records in the sport's history. Chamberlain set five other league records that game including most free throws made, a notable achievement, as he was regarded as a poor free throw shooter. Both teams broke the record for most combined points in a game (316). That season, Chamberlain averaged a single-season record 50.4 points per game, and he broke the NBA single-game scoring record (71) earlier in the season in December with 78 points. The third-year center had already set season scoring records in his first two seasons. During the fourth quarter, the Knicks began fouling other players to keep the ball away from Chamberlain, and they also became deliberate on offense to reduce the number of possessions for Philadelphia. The Warriors countered by committing fouls of their own to get the ball back.\n\nThe game was not televised, and no video footage of the game has since been recovered; there are only audio recordings of the game's fourth quarter. The NBA was not yet recognized as being a major sports league and struggled to compete against college basketball. The attendance at the game was approximately half of capacity, and no members of the New York press were at the game.", "title": "Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game" }, { "id": "2726716", "score": "1.5814166", "text": "NBA game, tying him with A. C. Green for 25th on the NBA's career list. He also became the 24th player in NBA history to surpass 24,000 career points. On November 8, he scored 20 points against the Denver Nuggets and became the oldest player in the NBA to post a 20-point game since Michael Jordan scored 25 for the Washington Wizards in April 2003, at age 40. It was also Carter's first 20-point game since April 30, 2014. On November 12, Carter made seven field goals against the Milwaukee Bucks to pass Gary Payton (8,708) for 21st in NBA", "title": "Vince Carter" }, { "id": "14819865", "score": "1.5804654", "text": "against the Memphis Grizzlies. Davis joined Shaquille O'Neal and Chris Webber as the only NBA players with 50 points and 20 rebounds in a game since 1983. Davis also became just the 20th player in NBA history to score at least 59 points in a game, and became the youngest player in NBA history to score 59 points in a game, and the second youngest (behind Bob McAdoo) to record 50 points and 20 rebounds in a game. The 59 points was an NBA-wide season high at the time. The total was not surpassed until the final night of the", "title": "Anthony Davis" }, { "id": "10759228", "score": "1.5788193", "text": "was slower and teams would play zone defense and hold on to the ball for long periods of time, making it very difficult for a player to score many points in a game. Today, NBA games consist of four 12 minute quarters and each team takes over 60 shots per game. Edwards held a number of game scoring records. He was the first professional basketball player to score 35 points in a game when he did so against the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons on March 5, 1942. He led the NBL in scoring his first three years and in 1939", "title": "Leroy Edwards" }, { "id": "3552911", "score": "1.5774131", "text": "game while adding 4.5 rebounds and 4.1 assists per game. During his Seattle SuperSonics tenure, Allen achieved many individual accomplishments. On March 12, 2006, Allen became the 97th player in NBA history to score 15,000 points. On April 7, 2006, Allen moved into second place on the NBA's list of all-time 3-point field goals made, trailing only Reggie Miller. On April 19, 2006, Allen broke Dennis Scott's ten-year-old NBA record for 3-point field goals made in a season in a game against the Denver Nuggets. The record has since been broken by Stephen Curry. On January 12, 2007, Allen scored", "title": "Ray Allen" }, { "id": "2644428", "score": "1.5693467", "text": "In 1959, he scored a career-high 50 points in a game against the Celtics. In the NBA, he didn't miss a single game from February 17, 1952 to December 26, 1961, an NBA-record streak of 706 games. In 1960–61, he again led the league in free throws (with 680). In 1961, he became the first player in NBA history to amass 30,000 career total PRA (Points + Rebounds + Assists). He was the first person in the NBA to ever surpass 15,000 points. A 12-time NBA All-Star, Schayes was a six-time All-NBA First Team honoree, and was also selected to", "title": "Dolph Schayes" }, { "id": "12413337", "score": "1.5688503", "text": "nine games of a season, joining Michael Jordan, World B. Free and Tiny Archibald. With 34 points against the Golden State Warriors on November 16, DeRozan became the first NBA player with nine 30-point games in his team's first 11 games since Jordan in 1987–88. DeRozan's six field goals against the Los Angeles Lakers on December 2 saw him pass Vince Carter (3,536) for second on the franchise's all-time list; Chris Bosh still led at the time with 3,614. On December 28, he scored 29 points against Golden State and became Toronto's career scoring leader (10,290), passing Chris Bosh's 10,275", "title": "DeMar DeRozan" }, { "id": "3543237", "score": "1.5684304", "text": "3 assists. In just his sixth career NBA game (November 7 versus the Los Angeles Clippers), Anthony scored 30 points, becoming the second youngest player in NBA history to score 30 points or more in a game (19 years, 151 days; Kobe Bryant was the youngest). It was the fewest number of games a Nuggets rookie took to score 30 points in a contest since the ABA–NBA merger. On February 9, 2004, against the Memphis Grizzlies, Anthony became the third-youngest player to reach the 1,000-point plateau in NBA history with a 20-point effort in an 86–83 win. On February 13,", "title": "Carmelo Anthony" }, { "id": "1662234", "score": "1.567128", "text": "very small group of players to have scored over 20,000 career points in the NBA, as well as being one of only four players to have recorded a quadruple-double (with 34 points, 10 rebounds, 10 assists, and 10 blocks against the Detroit Pistons on February 17, 1994). He is also one of only six players to record 70 or more points in a single game. Robinson scored 71 points against the Los Angeles Clippers on April 24, 1994. Only Elgin Baylor (71 points), Wilt Chamberlain (70, 72, 73 twice, 78, 100 points), David Thompson (73 points), Devin Booker (70 points),", "title": "David Robinson (basketball)" }, { "id": "14819867", "score": "1.5668173", "text": "his first five-by-five. It was the first 50-point, 15-rebound, 5-assist, 5-steal performance in NBA history since steals became an officially recorded statistic in the 1973–74 season. His 50-point night was the second highest scoring output of his career and was the most by any NBA player in a season opener since Michael Jordan scored 54 points in 1989. Two days later, he had 45 points and 17 rebounds against the Golden State Warriors, becoming the first back-to-back game 40-point scorer in Pelicans history (since the New Orleans Hornets creation in 2002). On November 10, he scored 32 points against the", "title": "Anthony Davis" }, { "id": "13177667", "score": "1.5668144", "text": "game of his career, tying Glen Rice for the franchise record for 40-point games. Three days later, he scored 39 points, including the game-winning free throw with a half-second left, to lift the Hornets to a 113–112 win over the Miami Heat. During the game, he eclipsed the career 10,000-point mark. Walker set the NBA record for most three-point field goals through the first three games of a season with 19 (previously held by Danilo Gallinari with 18 in 2009–10) and became the first player in NBA history to make five or more three-point field goals in each of the", "title": "Kemba Walker" }, { "id": "1833201", "score": "1.5613809", "text": "Orleans, Bryant became the youngest player (34 years and 104 days) in league history to score 30,000 points, joining Hall of Famers Chamberlain, Jordan, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Karl Malone as one of five players to reach that milestone. On December 18, in a 101–100 win over the Charlotte Bobcats, Bryant scored 30+ points in his seventh consecutive game, the longest streak ever by an NBA player after turning 34 years old; it was the fourth-longest such streak in his career. His streak would be snapped at 10 on December 28 in a 104–87 win over the Portland Trail Blazers, when", "title": "Kobe Bryant" }, { "id": "16142126", "score": "1.5603762", "text": "the steal became an official statistic in 1973–74. Two days later, he scored 30 points against the Utah Jazz, becoming the first Blazer to score at least 30 points in four consecutive games since Drexler accomplished the feat in 1991. He extended that streak to five in the team's following game on February 23 against the Brooklyn Nets. Over his first 300 games in the NBA, Lillard averaged 21.2 points and 6.2 assists per game. Only four other players in NBA history averaged 21 points and six assists over their first 300 games: Oscar Robertson (30.2 and 10.3), Nate Archibald", "title": "Damian Lillard" }, { "id": "16923049", "score": "1.5595706", "text": "but he did not feel right taking out Taylor after his consecutive three-pointer streak. Taylor was the third player to score one hundred or more points in an NCAA game, joining Francis and Frank Selvy. He was also the first college or pro player to surpass the high school record of 135 set by Danny Heater in 1960. National Basketball Association (NBA) players, including Bryant and LeBron James, expressed amazement at Taylor's 138 points. Players mentioned him on Twitter, and his name was a trending topic. Highlights of Taylor were shown on almost every major channel, and newspapers nationwide covered", "title": "Jack Taylor (basketball)" }, { "id": "2726721", "score": "1.5593973", "text": "2017, Carter scored a season-high 24 points in a 109–95 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. It was the first time in NBA history that a 40-plus-year-old reserve scored at least 20 points in a game. He shot 10-of-12 from the field in 30 minutes off the bench, with his 83 percent shooting marking the second highest percentage of his career. On January 28, 2018 against the San Antonio Spurs, Carter and Manu Ginóbili scored 21 and 15 points respectively; it was the first game in NBA history where two players over the age of 40 each scored at least 15", "title": "Vince Carter" }, { "id": "9708605", "score": "1.5584382", "text": "in his career. He was closing in on 4,000 points for the season, needing 237 more; no other player had ever scored 3,000 points at that point. On December 8, 1961, in a triple overtime game versus the Los Angeles Lakers, he set a new NBA record by scoring 78 points, breaking the record of 71 previously set by Elgin Baylor. Legendary Laker broadcaster Chick Hearn often told the story that after the game, he asked Baylor if it bothered him that Chamberlain had an extra 15 minutes to break the record. According to Hearn, Baylor said he wasn't concerned", "title": "Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game" } ]

[ "naval quarantine when us navy would inspect all ships arriving in cuba", "\"A \"\"naval quarantine\"\", when the US Navy would inspect all ships arriving in Cuba\"" ]

[ { "id": "82550", "score": "1.9999609", "text": "Nikita Khrushchev agreed to Cuba's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion. An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962, and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer. The 1962 United States elections were under way, and the White House had for months denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles from Florida. The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium-range (SS-4) and intermediate-range (R-14) ballistic missile facilities. The US", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "82656", "score": "1.9980681", "text": "he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the US. To prevent that, Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long-range missiles but, crucially, had escaped the notice of US intelligence. Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands, keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union's interests. Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "6641048", "score": "1.9975556", "text": "response to Soviet Chairman Khrushchev's offers during the final days of the Cuban Missile Crisis. On October 26, 1962, Kennedy received an offer from Khrushchev in which Khrushchev offered to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba in return for a pledge from the U.S. not to invade the island. The next morning, another offer was received, this one made publicly (the first one was private), conditioning removal of the missiles from Cuba on the removal of NATO nuclear missiles in Turkey. After much discussion with his advisers (and particularly at the urging of adviser McGeorge Bundy and brother Robert Kennedy), Kennedy", "title": "Trollope ploy" }, { "id": "82641", "score": "1.9869695", "text": "the blockade from 6:45 pm EST on November 20, 1962. At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved, nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy-Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them. The Soviets changed their minds, fearing possible future Cuban militant steps, and on November 22, 1962, Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well. In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin, Robert Kennedy informally proposed that", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "82560", "score": "1.9735298", "text": "Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was persuaded by the idea of countering the US's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Cuba, despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana, Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev, who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles. Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a \"splendid first strike\" capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage. In 1962, the Soviets had only 20 ICBMs capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nuclear arms race\n\nThe nuclear arms race was an arms race competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War. During this same period, in addition to the American and Soviet nuclear stockpiles, other countries developed nuclear weapons, though none engaged in warhead production on nearly the same scale as the two superpowers.", "title": "Nuclear arms race" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy\n\nJohn F. Kennedy's tenure as the 35th president of the United States, began with his inauguration on January 20, 1961, and ended with his assassination on November 22, 1963. A Democrat from Massachusetts, he took office following the 1960 presidential election, in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon, the then-incumbent vice president. He was succeeded by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson.\n\nKennedy's time in office was marked by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union and Cuba. In Cuba, a failed attempt was made in April 1961 at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro. In October 1962, the Kennedy administration learned that Soviet ballistic missiles had been deployed in Cuba; the resulting Cuban Missile Crisis carried a risk of nuclear war, but ended in a compromise with the Soviets publicly withdrawing their missiles from Cuba and the U.S. secretly withdrawing some missiles based in Italy and Turkey. To contain Communist expansion in Asia, Kennedy increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18; a further escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War would take place after Kennedy's death. In Latin America, Kennedy's Alliance for Progress aimed to promote human rights and foster economic development.\n\nIn domestic politics, Kennedy had made bold proposals in his New Frontier agenda, but many of his initiatives were blocked by the conservative coalition of Northern Republicans and Southern Democrats. The failed initiatives include federal aid to education, medical care for the aged, and aid to economically depressed areas. Though initially reluctant to pursue civil rights legislation, in 1963 Kennedy proposed a major civil rights bill that ultimately became the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The economy experienced steady growth, low inflation and a drop in unemployment rates during Kennedy's tenure. Kennedy adopted Keynesian economics and proposed a tax cut bill that was passed into law as the Revenue Act of 1964. Kennedy also established the Peace Corps and promised to land an American on the moon, thereby intensifying the Space Race with the Soviet Union.\n\nKennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, while visiting Dallas, Texas. The Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, but the assassination gave rise to a wide array of conspiracy theories. Kennedy was the first Roman Catholic elected president, as well as the youngest candidate ever to win a U.S. presidential election. Historians and political scientists tend to rank Kennedy as an above-average president.", "title": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Missile gap\n\nIn the United States, during the Cold War, the missile gap was the perceived superiority of the number and power of the USSR's missiles in comparison with those of the U.S. (a lack of military parity). The gap in the ballistic missile arsenals did not exist except in exaggerated estimates, made by the Gaither Committee in 1957 and in United States Air Force (USAF) figures. Even the contradictory CIA figures for the USSR's weaponry, which showed a clear advantage for the US, were far above the actual count. Like the bomber gap of only a few years earlier, it was soon demonstrated that the gap was entirely fictional.\n\nJohn F. Kennedy is credited with inventing the term in 1958 as part of the ongoing election campaign in which a primary plank of his rhetoric was that the Eisenhower administration was weak on defense. It was later learned that Kennedy was apprised of the actual situation during the campaign, which has led scholars to question what Kennedy knew and when he knew it. There has been some speculation that he was aware of the illusory nature of the missile gap from the start and that he was using it solely as a political tool, an example of policy by press release.", "title": "Missile gap" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sino-Soviet split\n\nThe Sino-Soviet split was the breaking of political relations between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union caused by doctrinal divergences that arose from their different interpretations and practical applications of Marxism–Leninism, as influenced by their respective geopolitics during the Cold War of 1947–1991. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Sino-Soviet debates about the interpretation of orthodox Marxism became specific disputes about the Soviet Union's policies of national de-Stalinization and international peaceful coexistence with the Western Bloc, which Chinese founding father Mao Zedong decried as revisionism. Against that ideological background, China took a belligerent stance towards the Western world, and publicly rejected the Soviet Union's policy of peaceful coexistence between the Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc.\n\nIn 1956, CPSU first secretary Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin and Stalinism in the speech \"On the Cult of Personality and its Consequences\" and began the de-Stalinization of the USSR. Mao and the Chinese leadership were appalled as the PRC and the USSR progressively diverged in their interpretations and applications of Leninist theory. By 1961, their intractable ideological differences provoked the PRC's formal denunciation of Soviet communism as the work of \"revisionist traitors\" in the USSR. In that vein, both countries competed for the leadership of world communism through the vanguard parties native to the countries in their spheres of influence.\n\nIn the Western world, the Sino-Soviet split transformed the bi-polar cold war into a tri-polar one. The rivalry facilitated Mao's realization of Sino-American rapprochement with the US President Richard Nixon's visit to China in 1972. In the West, the policies of triangular diplomacy and linkage emerged. Like the Tito–Stalin split, the occurrence of the Sino-Soviet split also weakened the concept of monolithic communism, the Western perception that the communist nations were collectively united and would not have significant ideological clashes. However, the USSR and China continued to cooperate in North Vietnam during the Vietnam War into the 1970s, despite rivalry elsewhere. According to Lüthi, there is \"no documentary evidence that the Chinese or the Soviets thought about their relationship within a triangular framework during the period.\"", "title": "Sino-Soviet split" }, { "id": "82639", "score": "1.962286", "text": "and that while the Kennedy Administration had agreed not to invade Cuba, they were only in process of determining Khrushchev's offer to withdraw from Turkey. When former US President Harry Truman called President Kennedy the day of Khrushchev's offer, the President informed him that his Administration had rejected the Soviet leader's offer to withdraw missiles from Turkey and was planning on using the Soviet setback in Cuba to escalate tensions in Berlin. The US continued the blockade; in the following days, aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems. The 42 missiles and their", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "82648", "score": "1.9545436", "text": "deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev. Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand, but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started. Khrushchev's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Soviet Politburo's embarrassment at both Khrushchev's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place. According to Dobrynin, the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as \"a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation.\" Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets, as decisions", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "82567", "score": "1.9437847", "text": "Khrushchev placed missiles on Cuba would be to try and draw the line to how far the Soviet Union can go regarding threatening the United States. Prior to this, there was no clear barrier to how the United States was willing to react, and with new president John F. Kennedy, it was unknown to the Soviet Union to what they can do to manipulate the United States. By placing missiles on Cuba, next to the doorstep of the United States, it would be clear to the extent of which the United States would react. In early 1962, a group of", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "82632", "score": "1.9426816", "text": "the Soviet Union and Kennedy's cabinet, Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy, the former on the border of the Soviet Union, in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba. There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement. Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was, and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey. At this point, Khrushchev knew things the US did not: First, that the shooting down of the", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "2147901", "score": "1.9395847", "text": "proposal, which formed the basis of further negotiations. Khrushchev further agreed to suspend missile shipments while the negotiations were ongoing. But on 27 October 1962, a U-2 plane was shot down over Cuba, deepening the crisis. Kennedy was under intense pressure to invade from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Executive Committee (ExComm). Kennedy hoped Thant would play the role of mediator and subsequently replied to ExComm and the Joint Chiefs, \"On the other hand we have U Thant, and we don’t want to sink a ship...right in the middle of when U Thant is supposedly arranging for the", "title": "U Thant" }, { "id": "82574", "score": "1.9377421", "text": "into Cuba. On October 13, Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba. He denied any such plans. On October 17, Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that \"under no circumstances would surface-to-surface missiles be sent to Cuba.\" As early as August 1962, the US suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba. During that month, its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian-built MiG-21 fighters and Il-28 light bombers. U-2 spyplanes found", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "82640", "score": "1.9354861", "text": "support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships. On November 2, 1962, Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R-12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region. The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9. The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line. Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet Il-28 bombers, and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6. Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL-28s, the US government announced the end of", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "82614", "score": "1.9343257", "text": "be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey. At 10:00 am EDT, the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin. Kennedy realized that he would be in an \"insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev's proposal\" because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and \"It's gonna – to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man, it will", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "529317", "score": "1.9337652", "text": "right to accept the missiles. We were not violating international law. Why do it secretly—as if we had no right to do it? I warned Nikita that secrecy would give the imperialists the advantage.\" On 16 October, Kennedy was informed that U-2 flights over Cuba had discovered what were most likely medium-range missile sites, and though he and his advisors considered approaching Khrushchev through diplomatic channels, could come up with no way of doing this that would not appear weak. On 22 October, Kennedy addressed his nation by television, revealing the missiles' presence and announcing a blockade of Cuba. Informed", "title": "Nikita Khrushchev" }, { "id": "570016", "score": "1.9330338", "text": "of the most legitimate self-defense. However harsh and terrible the solution, there would be no other. The Cuban Missile Crisis resulted in Khrushchev publicly agreeing to remove the missiles from Cuba, while Kennedy secretly agreed to remove his country's missiles from Turkey. Both sides in the Cold War realized how close they came to nuclear war over Cuba, and decided to seek a reduction of tensions, resulting in US-Soviet détente for most of the 1960s and 1970s. Nonetheless, this reduction of tensions only applied to the US and the USSR. Recently declassified interviews with high level former Soviet nuclear and", "title": "Pre-emptive nuclear strike" }, { "id": "15374803", "score": "1.9324248", "text": "intents to protect Cuba from further invasions. The Soviet Union planned to allocate in Cuba 49 medium-range ballistic missiles, 32 intermediate-range ballistic missiles, 49 light Il-28 bombers and about 100 tactical nuclear weapons. After their discovery Kennedy secretly met with the EXCOMM. He postponed a military solution of the crisis strenuously advocated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and decided to impose a naval quarantine on Cuba. On October 22, 1962 Kennedy informed the nation of the crisis, announcing the quarantine and demanding the removal of Soviet missiles. Kennedy managed to preserve restraint when a Soviet missile unauthorizedly downed a", "title": "Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration" }, { "id": "82576", "score": "1.9304023", "text": "in Florida, warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba. He charged the Kennedy administration of covering up a major threat to the US, thereby starting the crisis. Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September, and spy flights and minor military harassment from US forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government. The first consignment of R-12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8, followed by a second on September 16. The R-12", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "82638", "score": "1.9249825", "text": "in a \"Memorandum for the President\" describing the \"Post Mortem on Cuba.\" Kennedy's Oval Office telephone conversation with Eisenhower soon after Khrushchev's message arrived revealed that the President was planning to use the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate tensions with Khrushchev and in the long run, Cuba as well. The President also claimed that he thought the crisis would result in direct military confrontations in Berlin by the end of the next month. He also claimed in his conversation with Eisenhower that the Soviet leader had offered to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of missiles from Turkey", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "82636", "score": "1.9239438", "text": "rockets from Cuba. Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear. Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers, Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer. \"This is a pretty good play of his,\" Kennedy said, according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting. Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March of the year, causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev. \"Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it,\" Kennedy said. Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" }, { "id": "82551", "score": "1.9223964", "text": "established a naval blockade on October 22 to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet-backed forces in Berlin as well. The US announced it would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union. After several days of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached between US President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev. Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis" } ]

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[ { "id": "2672287", "score": "1.5220249", "text": "of government. The important dates in a sitting monarch's reign may also be commemorated, an event often referred to as a \"jubilee\". The Latin phrase \"dies natalis\" (literally \"birth day\") has become a common term, adopted in many languages, especially in intellectual and institutional circles, for the anniversary of the founding (\"legal or statutory birth\") of an institution, such as an \"alma mater\" (college or other school). In ancient Rome, the \"[dies] Aquilae natalis\" was the \"birthday of the eagle\", the anniversary of the official founding of a legion. Anniversaries of nations are usually marked by the number of years", "title": "Anniversary" }, { "id": "12856558", "score": "1.4713491", "text": "Islam. Hindus celebrate the birth anniversary day every year when the day that corresponds to lunar month or solar month (Sun Signs Nirayana System – Sourava Mana Masa) of birth and has the same asterism (Star/Nakshatra) as that of the date of birth. That age is reckoned whenever Janma Nakshatra of the same month passes. Hindus regard death to be more auspicious than birth since the person is liberated from the bondages of material society. Also, traditionally, rituals & prayers for the departed are observed on 5th and 11th day with many relatives gathering. Many monasteries celebrate the anniversary of", "title": "Birthday" }, { "id": "14275828", "score": "1.4621077", "text": "calendar of religious observances, features a large number of imperial birthdays. Augustus shared his birthday (September 23) with the anniversary of the Temple of Apollo in the Campus Martius, and elaborated on his connection with Apollo in developing his special religious status. A birthday commemoration was also called a \"natalicium,\" which could take the form of a poem. Early Christian poets such as Paulinus of Nola adopted the \"natalicium\" poem for commemorating saints. The day on which Christian martyrs died is regarded as their \"dies natalis\"; see Calendar of saints. According to Festus, it was wrong \"(nefas)\" to undertake any", "title": "Glossary of ancient Roman religion" }, { "id": "3434846", "score": "1.4369874", "text": "\"practically a yearly renewal of the rite of burial\". Individuals might also commemorated on their birthday \"(dies natalis)\". Some would be commemorated throughout the year on marked days of the month, such as the Kalends, Nones or Ides, when lamps might be lit at the tomb. The Lemuria on 9, 11 and 13 May was aimed at appeasing \"kinless and hungry\" spirits of the dead. Parentalia In ancient Rome, the Parentalia () or dies parentales (, \"ancestral days\") was a nine-day festival held in honor of family ancestors, beginning on 13 February. Although the Parentalia was a holiday on the", "title": "Parentalia" }, { "id": "4637505", "score": "1.4324392", "text": "same day. Traditionally, parents fix the name day of their child at christening, according to the favourite saint in case of different ones (on different days) with the same name, and the child will carry it all along its life. In the case of multiple given names, the child will celebrate only one, usually the first. In Latvia, name days (in Latvian \"vārda dienas\") are settled on certain dates; each day (except for February 29 in a leap year) is a name day. Usually Latvian calendars list up to four names each day—around 1,000 names a year. Recently an extended", "title": "Name day" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "World Book Day\n\nWorld Book Day, also known as World Book and Copyright Day or International Day of the Book, is an annual event organized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to promote reading, publishing, and copyright. The first World Book Day was celebrated on 23 April in 1995, and continues to be recognized on that day. A related event in the United Kingdom and Ireland is observed in March. On the occasion of World Book and Copyright Day, UNESCO along with the advisory committee from the major sectors of the book industry, select the World Book Capital for one year. Each designated World Book Capital City carries out a program of activities to celebrate and promote books and reading.", "title": "World Book Day" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Buddha's Birthday\n\nBuddha's Birthday (also known as Buddha Jayanti, also known as his day of enlightenment – Buddha Purnima, Buddha Pournami) is a Buddhist festival that is celebrated in most of East Asia and South Asia commemorating the birth of the Prince Siddhartha Gautama, later the Gautama Buddha, who was the founder of Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, Gautama Buddha was born c. 563–483 BCE in Lumbini, Nepal. Archaeologists from Durham University working in Nepal have uncovered evidence of a structure at the birthplace of the Buddha dating to the sixth century B.C. using a combination of radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence techniques \n\nThe exact date of Buddha's birthday is based on the Asian lunisolar calendars. The date for the celebration of Buddha's birthday varies from year to year in the Western Gregorian calendar, but usually falls in April or May. In leap years it may be celebrated in June.\n\nIn South and Southeast Asia, the Buddha's birth is celebrated as part of \"Vesak\", a festival that also celebrates the Buddha's enlightenment (on the day of the full moon) and death. In East Asia, Vietnam and the Philippines, the awakening and death of the Buddha are observed as separate holidays.", "title": "Buddha's Birthday" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Christmas\n\nChristmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is preceded by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many countries, is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians, as well as culturally by many non-Christians, and forms an integral part of the holiday season organized around it.\n\nThe traditional Christmas narrative recounted in the New Testament, known as the Nativity of Jesus, says that Jesus was born in Bethlehem, in accordance with messianic prophecies. When Joseph and Mary arrived in the city, the inn had no room and so they were offered a stable where the Christ Child was soon born, with angels proclaiming this news to shepherds who then spread the word.\n\nThere are different hypotheses regarding the date of Jesus' birth and in the early fourth century, the church fixed the date as December 25. This corresponds to the traditional date of the winter solstice on the Roman calendar.\n\nThe celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, and secular themes and origins. Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. Over the past few centuries, Christmas has had a steadily growing economic effect in many regions of the world.", "title": "Christmas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Good Friday\n\nGood Friday is a Christian holiday commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus and his death at Calvary. It is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum. It is also known as Holy Friday, Great Friday, Great and Holy Friday (also Holy and Great Friday), and Black Friday.\n\nMembers of many Christian denominations, including the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, Anglican, Methodist, Oriental Orthodox, United Protestant and some Reformed traditions (including certain Continental Reformed, Presbyterian and Congregationalist churches), observe Good Friday with fasting and church services. Communicants of the Moravian Church have a Good Friday tradition of cleaning gravestones in Moravian cemeteries.<ref name=\"WSJ2020\"/>\n\nThe date of Good Friday varies from one year to the next in both the Gregorian and Julian calendars. Eastern and Western Christianity disagree over the computation of the date of Easter and therefore of Good Friday. Good Friday is a widely instituted legal holiday around the world, including in most Western countries and 12 U.S. states. Some predominantly Christian countries, such as Germany, have laws prohibiting certain acts such as dancing and horse racing, in remembrance of the somber nature of Good Friday.<ref name=\"Petre\"/><ref name=\"Stevens\"/>", "title": "Good Friday" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Birthday\n\nA birthday is the anniversary of the birth of a person, or figuratively of an institution. Birthdays of people are celebrated in numerous cultures, often with birthday gifts, birthday cards, a birthday party, or a rite of passage.\n\nMany religions celebrate the birth of their founders or religious figures with special holidays (e.g. Christmas, Mawlid, Buddha's Birthday, and Krishna Janmashtami).\nThere is a distinction between birth\"day\" and birth\"date\": the former, except for February 29, occurs each year (e.g. January 15), while the latter is the complete date when a person was born (e.g. January 15, 2001).", "title": "Birthday" }, { "id": "6486628", "score": "1.4250486", "text": "Messiah) born of a virgin. In Christian tradition, the day of a saint's death is often celebrated as the saint's feast day. Under Mosaic law, a mother who had given birth to a man-child was considered unclean for seven days; moreover she was to remain for three and thirty days \"in the blood of her purification\", which makes a total of 40 days. The Christian Feast of the Purification therefore corresponds to the day on which Mary, according to Jewish law (see ), should have attended a ceremony of ritual purification. The Gospel of Luke relates that Mary was purified", "title": "Simeon (Gospel of Luke)" }, { "id": "2247729", "score": "1.420003", "text": "aid the endangered. We shall avenge the nation above, and pacify the citizenry below. We seek not to be born on the same day, in the same month and in the same year. We merely hope to die on the same day, in the same month and in the same year. May the Gods of Heaven and Earth attest to what is in our hearts. If we should ever do anything to betray our friendship, may heaven and the people of the earth both strike us dead. In many other translations, only the section dealing with \"dying on the selfsame", "title": "Oath of the Peach Garden" }, { "id": "1523998", "score": "1.4176905", "text": "Latin as the martyr's dies natalis (\"\"day of birth\"\"). In the Eastern Orthodox Church, a calendar of saints is called a \"Menologion\". \"Menologion\" may also mean a set of icons on which saints are depicted in the order of the dates of their feasts, often made in two panels. As the number of recognized saints increased during Late Antiquity and the first half of the Middle Ages, eventually every day of the year had at least one saint who was commemorated on that date. To deal with this increase, some saints were moved to alternate days in some traditions or", "title": "Calendar of saints" }, { "id": "7513887", "score": "1.4163536", "text": "updated from \"Lutheran Worship\" and the \"Lutheran Book of Worship\" to reflect the 2006 publication of the \"Lutheran Service Book\". The event commemorated is listed with the type of event afterwards in parentheses as well as the country where it is observed (if not commonly observed on that date in North America). For individuals, the date given is the date of their death or \"heavenly birthday.\" The single letter listed after each event is the designated color for vestments and paraments: White (W), Red (R) or Purple (P). Commemorations are noted as being specific to the ELCA or LCMS following", "title": "Calendar of saints (Lutheran)" }, { "id": "10412983", "score": "1.4157069", "text": "sometimes gives no mention) to persons who may be commemorated in Scandinavian regions. One example would be the absence of St. Lucia on December 13, although she enjoys particular popularity in Sweden. But Lutheran calendars also differ amongst one another in North America, with some individuals commemorated on multiple calendars but on different days (e.g., St. Bernard of Clairvaux on August 19 in the LCMS and August 20 in the ELCA) or individuals commemorated on one calendar and not the other (e.g., Martin Luther King, Jr. on January 15 for the ELCA and C. F. W. Walther on May 7", "title": "Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)" }, { "id": "12856556", "score": "1.4054594", "text": "to birthdays, also celebrate the name day of a person. Ordinary folk celebrated their saint's day (the saint they were named after), but nobility celebrated the anniversary of their birth. The \"Squire's Tale\", one of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, opens as King Cambuskan proclaims a feast to celebrate his birthday. While almost all Christians accept the practice today, Jehovah's Witnesses and some Sacred Name groups refrain from celebrating birthdays due to the custom's pagan origins, its connections to magic and superstitions. While Christmas is the celebration of Christ's Birth, some religious groups see it as being portrayed in a negative light.", "title": "Birthday" }, { "id": "14275826", "score": "1.3937972", "text": "The coincidence of birthdays and anniversaries could have a positive or negative significance: news of Decimus Brutus's victory at Mutina was announced at Rome on his birthday, while Caesar's assassin Cassius suffered defeat at Philippi on his birthday and committed suicide. Birthdays were one of the dates on which the dead were commemorated. The date when a temple was founded, or when it was rededicated after a major renovation or rebuilding, was also a \"dies natalis\", and might be felt as the \"birthday\" of the deity it housed as well. The date of such ceremonies was therefore chosen by the", "title": "Glossary of ancient Roman religion" }, { "id": "20418166", "score": "1.3924649", "text": "27 May. For Sir John Ludlow it was on the feast of St Margaret the Virgin, 20 July. Sir Thomas Peytevin was commemorated on 15 November, the feast of St Machutus or Malo, one of the founding saints of Brittany. For Isabel's parents, Ralph Lingen and Margery, it was St Andrew’s Day, 30 November. Isabel herself, together with William Mosse and Walter Swan, were each to be commemorated after death by a Dirige or Vespers of the Dead on the anniversary and a mass the following day. The correct vestments for the chaplains were carefully prescribed. These had to be", "title": "St Bartholomew's Church, Tong" }, { "id": "14275823", "score": "1.3923128", "text": "was more generally any anniversary pertaining to the imperial family, such as birthdays or weddings, appearing on official calendars as part of Imperial cult. References to a \"dies Caesaris\" are also found, but it is unclear whether or how it differed from the \"dies Augusti\". The \"dies lustricus\" (\"day of purification\") was a rite carried out for the newborn on the eighth day of life for girls and the ninth day for boys. Little is known of the ritual procedure, but the child must have received its name on that day; funerary inscriptions for infants who died before their \"dies", "title": "Glossary of ancient Roman religion" }, { "id": "47204", "score": "1.3873856", "text": "1964. In 1980, Pope John Paul II declared him co-patron of Europe, together with Saints Cyril and Methodius. In the pre-1970 General Roman Calendar, his feast is kept on 21 March, the day of his death according to some manuscripts of the \"Martyrologium Hieronymianum\" and that of Bede. Because on that date his liturgical memorial would always be impeded by the observance of Lent, the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar moved his memorial to 11 July, the date that appears in some Gallic liturgical books of the end of the 8th century as the feast commemorating his birth", "title": "Benedict of Nursia" }, { "id": "14275825", "score": "1.3830879", "text": "A \"dies natalis\" was a birthday (\"natal day\"; see also \"dies lustricus\" above) or more generally the anniversary of a founding event. The Romans celebrated an individual's birthday annually, in contrast to the Greek practice of marking the date each month with a simple libation. The Roman \"dies natalis\" was connected with the cult owed to the Genius. A public figure might schedule a major event on his birthday: Pompeius Magnus (\"Pompey the Great\") waited seven months after he returned from his military campaigns in the East before he staged his triumph, so he could celebrate it on his birthday.", "title": "Glossary of ancient Roman religion" }, { "id": "18977188", "score": "1.3813596", "text": "Commemoration Day Commemoration Day or Martyrs' Day (Arabic: يوم الشهيد \"yawm ash-shahiid\") is marked annually on November 30 in the United Arab Emirates, recognising the sacrifices and dedication of Emirati martyrs who have given their life in the UAE and abroad in the field of civil, military and humanitarian service. The first Emirati soldier to die in the line of duty was Salem Suhail bin Khamis, on November 30, 1971, during the \"battle of the Greater Tunb” against Iranian forces shortly before the UAE’s formation. Bin Khamis led a six-member police force on Greater Tunb, invaded by Iran on the", "title": "Commemoration Day" }, { "id": "8581455", "score": "1.3805897", "text": "In addition to the birth of John the Baptist, the Byzantine Rite also has the following commemorations of the life of John the Baptist: The Armenian Apostolic Church commemorates the \"\"Birth of John the Forerunner\"\" on January 15, and June 7 is the \"\"Commemoration Day of St John the Forerunner.\"\" September 1 is the Feast of \"\"Saints John the Forerunner and Job the Righteous.\"\" The question would naturally arise as to why the celebration falls on June 24 rather than June 25 if the date is to be precisely six months before Christmas. It has often been claimed that the", "title": "Nativity of Saint John the Baptist" }, { "id": "13074089", "score": "1.37958", "text": "and murdered after his status was discovered. The project \"Remembering Our Dead\", founded by Gwendolyn Ann Smith, archives numerous cases of transsexual and transgender people being murdered. In the United States, November 20 has been set aside as the \"Day of Remembrance\" for all murdered transgender people. Jurisdictions allowing changes to birth records generally allow trans people to marry members of the opposite sex to their gender identity and to adopt children. Jurisdictions which prohibit same sex marriage often require pre-transition marriages to be ended before they will issue an amended birth certificate. Health-practitioner manuals, professional journalistic style guides, and", "title": "Transsexual" }, { "id": "3562787", "score": "1.3729926", "text": "the change, \"England remained outside the Gregorian system for a further 170 years, communications during that period customarily carrying two dates\". In contrast, Thomas Jefferson, who lived during the time that the British Isles and colonies eventually converted to the Gregorian calendar, instructed that his tombstone bear his date of birth using the Julian calendar (notated O.S. for Old Style) and his date of death using the Gregorian calendar. At Jefferson's birth the difference was eleven days between the Julian and Gregorian calendars; thus his birthday of 2 April in the Julian calendar is 13 April in the Gregorian calendar.", "title": "Old Style and New Style dates" } ]

[ "Watercraft rowing", "Rowers", "watercraft rowing", "rowed", "Rowing", "Rowboat", "oarswoman", "Row boat", "🚣", "Oarsman", "oarsman", "Oarsmen", "rowing boat", "Oarswoman", "rowboats", "Rowed", "Rowing boat", "oarsmen", "rowers", "rowing", "Rowboats", "rowboat", "row boat" ]

[ { "id": "4597132", "score": "2.148375", "text": "in Margate named \"The Doggett Coat and Badge\". Doggett's Coat and Badge Doggett's Coat and Badge is the prize and name for the oldest rowing race in the world. Up to six apprentice watermen of the River Thames in England compete for this prestigious honour, which has been held every year since 1715. The 4 miles 5 furlongs (7,400 m) race is held on the Thames between London Bridge and Cadogan Pier, Chelsea, passing under a total of eleven bridges en route. Originally, it was raced every 1 August against the outgoing (falling or ebb) tide, in the boats used", "title": "Doggett's Coat and Badge" }, { "id": "4597126", "score": "2.131641", "text": "Doggett's Coat and Badge Doggett's Coat and Badge is the prize and name for the oldest rowing race in the world. Up to six apprentice watermen of the River Thames in England compete for this prestigious honour, which has been held every year since 1715. The 4 miles 5 furlongs (7,400 m) race is held on the Thames between London Bridge and Cadogan Pier, Chelsea, passing under a total of eleven bridges en route. Originally, it was raced every 1 August against the outgoing (falling or ebb) tide, in the boats used by watermen to ferry passengers across the Thames.", "title": "Doggett's Coat and Badge" }, { "id": "4597127", "score": "2.0710845", "text": "Today it is raced at a date and time in late July that coincides with the incoming (rising or flood) tide, in contemporary single sculling boats. The winner's prize is a traditional watermen's red coat with a silver badge added, displaying the horse of the House of Hanover and the word \"Liberty\", in honour of the accession of George I to the throne. In addition, each competitor to complete the course receives a miniature of a Doggett's Badge for their lapel in a ceremony at Watermen's Hall, in silver for the winner and in bronze for the others. Monetary prizes", "title": "Doggett's Coat and Badge" }, { "id": "4597131", "score": "2.0589", "text": "Hanover. The race was organised and financed by Doggett each year from 1715 until his death in 1721. In his will, Doggett left specific instructions for the continuation of the race, which is now undertaken by the Fishmongers' Company, a livery company of the City of London. However, over the ages, several particulars have changed, for example: A more complete history is available through the \"references\" below. The race has also given its name to two pubs: \"Doggetts Coat & Badge\" on the southern end of Blackfriars Bridge and \"The Coat and Badge\", Lacy Road, Putney. There is a pub", "title": "Doggett's Coat and Badge" }, { "id": "4597130", "score": "2.0461338", "text": "course between \"The Swan\" pub at London Bridge and \"The Swan\" pub at Chelsea. Rowing wagers were common in those days, but this one was unique: Doggett set the wager to be a traditional red watermens' coat, but, being a \"great Whig in Politics\", Doggett arranged the race for 1 August each year, and had the coat furnished with a silver badge \"representing Liberty\", to commemorate 1 August 1714 accession of George I of the House of Hanover to the throne. The current badge prominently features both the word \"Liberty\" and an image of the horse of the House of", "title": "Doggett's Coat and Badge" }, { "id": "347781", "score": "2.0399985", "text": "or wealthy owners of riverside houses. The oldest surviving such race, Doggett's Coat and Badge was first contested in 1715 and is still held annually from London Bridge to Chelsea. During the 19th century these races were to become numerous and popular, attracting large crowds. Prize matches amongst professionals similarly became popular on other rivers throughout Great Britain in the 19th century, notably on the Tyne. In America, the earliest known race dates back to 1756 in New York, when a pettiauger defeated a Cape Cod whaleboat in a race. Amateur competition in England began towards the end of the", "title": "Rowing (sport)" }, { "id": "2994622", "score": "2.0183787", "text": "in his memory, which states that Doggett died a \"pauper\". In 1715 Doggett founded the prize of Doggett's Coat and Badge in honour of the House of Hanover, in commemoration of King George I of Great Britain's accession to the Throne on 1 August 1714. The winner's prize is a traditional watermen's orange coat with a silver badge added to the sleeve, displaying the white horse of the House of Hanover and Brunswick, with the word \"Liberty\". The race had to be rowed annually on August first on the River Thames, by six young watermen who were not to have", "title": "Thomas Doggett" }, { "id": "2994623", "score": "1.982718", "text": "exceeded the time of their apprenticeship by twelve months. By 1864 the race report comments: The race continues under modified conditions to this day, and is believed to be the oldest continuously contested sporting event. The executors of Doggett's will (Sir George Markham and Thomas Reynolds) along with Edward Burt, Chief Clerk at the Admiralty Office, entrusted the management of his prize to the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers, although reputed to be a liveryman, of the Fishmongers' Company, this has yet to be proved. The Company has carried out the instructions in his will to the present day. Thomas Doggett", "title": "Thomas Doggett" }, { "id": "2310471", "score": "1.8808887", "text": "Company was granted lands at Ballykelly and Banagher in modern-day Northern Ireland, by the Crown. It remained a major landowner there until the 20th century, and the villages contain some of the most interesting buildings erected in Ulster by the Plantation companies. In 1714, the Irish actor Thomas Doggett provided money to endow a boat race called Doggett's Coat and Badge Race in honour of the new king, George I of Hanover. The race was originally to be rowed annually on 1 August on the River Thames, by up to six young watermen per boat who were not to be", "title": "Worshipful Company of Fishmongers" }, { "id": "9424981", "score": "1.8421881", "text": "ferry and taxi service on the River Thames in London. Prizes for wager races were often offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies or wealthy owners of riverside houses. (ref, The Brilliants p14). During the 19th century these races were to become numerous and popular, attracting large crowds. A contemporary sporting book lists 5000 such matches in the years 1835 to 1851. Prize matches amongst professionals similarly became popular on other rivers throughout Great Britain in the 19th century, notably attracting vast crowds on the Tyne. The oldest surviving such race, Doggett's Coat and Badge was first contested in", "title": "History of rowing sports" }, { "id": "2797266", "score": "1.8356936", "text": "called lighters in the Port of London. Its ancient apprenticeship index is a unique resource to genealogical research however despite its medieval guild roots it is an active lobbying force today. Working alongside the Passenger Boat Association, it consults and negotiates with national and local government and its agencies on behalf of its members. In 2003 funds were made available via CWL using government grants, to assist apprentices from the riverside east London boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham. The Doggett's Coat and Badge, which was first raced in 1715, is the oldest continuously run river race and is now", "title": "Company of Watermen and Lightermen" }, { "id": "2310472", "score": "1.8356205", "text": "out of their apprenticeship by more than twelve months. The prize for the champion oarsman is a fine red coat embellished with a large silver badge on one arm, depicting the white horse of Hanover with the word 'liberty' underneath. Since Doggett's death, the Fishmongers' Company continues to organise this event each year, and it is now believed to be the world's longest continuously-running sporting event as well as being the longest boat race in the world – 4 miles, 5 furlongs (7,400 m). By the 18th century, references to fish were hard to find in the Fishmongers' Company Court", "title": "Worshipful Company of Fishmongers" }, { "id": "4597128", "score": "1.8118048", "text": "are also made by the Fishmongers' Company to the rowing clubs of those taking part, with £250 to the winner's club, £150 for second, £100 for third and £50 for fourth. In addition to the prizes received, winning Doggett's Coat and Badge in the 18th and 19th centuries would help attract more trade to the talented waterman. While this is no longer the case, winning the Doggett's Coat and Badge is still seen as very prestigious to this day. Thomas Doggett was an Irish actor and comedian who became joint manager of Drury Lane Theatre. He relied heavily upon the", "title": "Doggett's Coat and Badge" }, { "id": "6629997", "score": "1.7934697", "text": "ancient apprenticeship index is a unique resource to genealogical research however despite its mediæval guild roots it is an active lobbying force today. Working alongside The Passenger Boat Association, it consults and negotiates with national and local government and its agencies on behalf of its members. In 2003 funds were made available via CWL using government grants, to assist apprentices from the riverside east London boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham. The Doggett's Coat and Badge, which was first raced in 1715, is the oldest continuously run river race and is now claimed to be the oldest continually staged annual", "title": "Waterman (occupation)" }, { "id": "810812", "score": "1.7540281", "text": "existence, the Kiplingcotes Derby was first run in 1519. The Carlisle Bells, reputedly the oldest sporting trophy in the world, were first competed for in the 16th century, in a race that still bears their name. One of the bells is inscribed \"The sweftes horse thes bel tak\" (\"The swiftest horse takes this bell\"). Racing was established at Chester, the oldest surviving racecourse in England, by 1540. In the 1580s Queen Elizabeth I is recorded as attending races on Salisbury Plain.. Leith Races were established by 1591, and at Doncaster by 1595. During the reign of Elizabeth, interest in horse", "title": "Horse racing in Great Britain" }, { "id": "12340243", "score": "1.7327111", "text": "October and the hound that wins the most races in a season is crowned the season's champion. Hound trailing is effectively confined to the British Isles, it is particularly popular in Cumbria, the Scottish Borders, parts of Yorkshire and parts of Ireland. Hound trailing originated in the 18th century as a means of various hunt masters testing their fox hounds against each other in match races. In 1763 a celebrated match race for 500 guineas occurred between John Smith-Barry's prized \"Bluecap\" and Bluecap's daughter \"Wanton\" against Hugo Meynell's \"Richmond\" and a favourite bitch from the Quorn Hunt. A drag was", "title": "Hound trailing" }, { "id": "20754158", "score": "1.7231482", "text": "Bassett. (dh) - dead heat !colspan=\"6\"|Inaugural BBC Sportsview Trophy Wimbledon (May 21, 500y) !width=30|Pos !width=180|Name of Greyhound !width=150|Trainer !width=50|SP !width=50|Time !width=30|Trap !1st !2nd !3rd !4th !5th !6th 1958 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year The 1958 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year was the 32nd year of greyhound racing in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The National Greyhound Racing Society (the management branch of the National Greyhound Racing Club agreed a deal with the BBC to provide an annual greyhound event which would be shown live on Sportsview. The race would be known as the Sportsview BBC Television Trophy with", "title": "1958 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year" }, { "id": "4597129", "score": "1.7226269", "text": "watermen of the Thames, who were then the equivalent of the modern taxi driver, to convey him between the various plying stairs near his workplaces in the City of London and his residence in Chelsea. There is a legend that in 1715, Doggett was rescued by a waterman after falling overboard whilst crossing the Thames near Embankment, although this has always been dismissed, along with other myths, by the Fishmongers' Company, the story continues that in gratitude for his rescue, he offered a rowing wager to the fastest of six young watermen in their first year of freedom, over the", "title": "Doggett's Coat and Badge" }, { "id": "810817", "score": "1.7159655", "text": "possession, published in York in 1748, the result is recorded of a race run in September 1709 on Clifton and Rawcliffe Ings, near York, for a gold cup of £50. In 1740, Parliament introduced an act \"to restrain and to prevent the excessive increase in horse racing\"; this was largely ignored and in the 1750 the Jockey Club was formed to create and apply the Rules of Racing. However, until the 1760s, individual horses seldom ran more than five or six times, due to the scarcity of prizes on offer, but this began to change with major race meetings expanding", "title": "Horse racing in Great Britain" }, { "id": "636895", "score": "1.7051921", "text": "Derby' or Northumberland Plate was held from 1833 and moved to Gosforth in 1882. Georgian races were held at places like Barnard Castle, Bishop Auckland, Blaydon, Chester-le-Street, Darlington, Durham, Gateshead, Hebburn, Heighington, Lanchester, Ryton, Sedgefield, South Shields, Stockton-on-Tees, Sunderland, Tanfield, Whickham and Witton Gilbert. A 1740 Act banned smaller meetings but some meetings like Durham survived into the late 19th or early 20th centuries. Modern day horse racing is still popular and regular events still take place at Redcar, Newcastle and Sedgfield Race Courses. The Blaydon Races, a popular musical hall song first sung by Geordie Ridley at Balmbra's Music", "title": "North East England" } ]

[ "coldstore", "refrigeration", "reverse carnot engine", "cold room", "refrigerative", "Refrigeration", "Refridgeration", "Cold room", "History of refrigeration", "Refrigerated", "Refrigeration appliance", "history of refrigeration", "cool store", "refrigerated", "Refrigerates", "refrigerates", "coolstore", "VAHP", "refrigerated meat trade", "Refrigerate", "Refrigerated meat trade", "Coldstore", "refrigerating", "refrigerate", "Coolstore", "Refrigerative", "vahp", "Refrigeratively", "refrigeration appliance", "Refrigerating", "refrigeratively", "Cool store", "refridgeration", "Reverse Carnot engine" ]

[ { "id": "19105568", "score": "1.6566162", "text": "in central Scotland. He was a Fellow of the Chemical Institute and a member of the Glasgow Philosophical Society. In 1877 he was approached by Henry and James Bell, brothers in the shipping company John Bell & Sons, and asked to create a refrigeration process for delivering beef across the Atlantic. This was patented later that year. Together they formed a new company, the Bell-Coleman Mechanical Refrigeration Company, in the same year. In 1879 they fitted out the first ship with the equipment and began trading. This was the \"SS Circassia\". In 1880/81 at the request of New Zealand investors", "title": "Joseph James Coleman" }, { "id": "19105567", "score": "1.6337826", "text": "Joseph James Coleman Joseph James Coleman FRSE (often referred to simply as J. J. Coleman) (1838–1888) is credited with invention of a mechanical dry-air refrigeration process first used in the sailing ship ‘’Dunedin’’ and sometimes referred to (as a ship type) as Reefer ships. The process focussed upon the use of compressed air for its chilling effects. The effect, which also led to the development of air-conditioning, is known as the Bell-Coleman effect or Bell-Coleman Cycle. Little is known of his life other than he began his career as an industrial chemist with Young’s Paraffin, Light and Mineral Oil Company", "title": "Joseph James Coleman" }, { "id": "3504650", "score": "1.6110625", "text": "the New Zealand and Australian Land Company (NZALC), was refitted in 1881 with a Bell-Coleman compression refrigeration machine. This steam-powered freezer unit worked by compressing air, then releasing it into the hold of the ship. The expanding air got cooler as it expanded, cooling the cargo in the hold. Using three tons of coal a day, this steam powered machine could chill the hold to below the surrounding air temperature, freezing the cargo in the temperate climate of southern New Zealand, and then maintaining it below freezing () through the tropics. \"Dunedin\"s most visible sign of being an unusual ship", "title": "Reefer ship" }, { "id": "19105569", "score": "1.6006968", "text": "the sailing ship \"Dunedin\" was re-equipped as a refrigerated ship and became the first financially successful vessel as a freezer ship. The Bell brothers also took the new technology to the High Street, opening a series of butcher shops across Britain selling chilled meat also from 1879. This quickly grew, and within ten years they had 330 premises. In the 1880s the Bell-Coleman Company is listed as having offices at 45 West Nile Street in the centre of Glasgow and J J Coleman was living at Fern Villa in Bothwell. Coleman was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of", "title": "Joseph James Coleman" }, { "id": "19786147", "score": "1.5439686", "text": "common in all steamships thereafter, and the highly innovative steam-tiller (a forerunner of all power-steering devices). Around 1872 he invented the telemotor a mechanism allowing removal of most of the complex gears and chains between the control room and the engine on steamships. In 1874 he invented the Steam accumulator. He used this device to power further odd creations to load and unloads cargoes using steam-power. He provided the steering gear for both the SS Lusitania and SS Mauritania. In 1881 he resettled in Edinburgh living at 1 Rosebery Crescent in the city’s West End. In 1884 he went into", "title": "Andrew Betts Brown" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Reefer ship\n\nA reefer ship is a refrigerated cargo ship typically used to transport perishable cargo, which require temperature-controlled handling, such as fruits, meat, vegetables, dairy products, and similar items.", "title": "Reefer ship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dunedin (ship)\n\nThe Dunedin (1876–90) was the first ship to successfully transport a full cargo of refrigerated meat from New Zealand to England. In this capacity, it provided the impetus to develop the capacity of New Zealand as a major provider of agricultural exports, notwithstanding its remoteness from most markets. \"Dunedin\" disappeared at sea in 1890, and neither the ship nor her crew has ever been seen or heard from since.", "title": "Dunedin (ship)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Joseph James Coleman\n\nJoseph James Coleman FRSE (often referred to simply as J. J. Coleman) (1838–1888) is credited with invention of a mechanical dry-air refrigeration process first used in the sailing ship ‘’Dunedin’’ and sometimes referred to (as a ship type) as Reefer ships. The process focussed upon the use of compressed air for its chilling effects. The effect, which also led to the development of air-conditioning, is known as the Bell-Coleman effect or Bell-Coleman Cycle.", "title": "Joseph James Coleman" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Brayton cycle\n\nThe Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the operation of certain heat engines that have air or some other gas as their working fluid. The original Brayton engines used a piston compressor and piston expander, but modern gas turbine engines and airbreathing jet engines also follow the Brayton cycle. Although the cycle is usually run as an open system (and indeed must be run as such if internal combustion is used), it is conventionally assumed for the purposes of thermodynamic analysis that the exhaust gases are reused in the intake, enabling analysis as a closed system. \n\nThe engine cycle is named after George Brayton (1830–1892), the American engineer who developed it originally for use in piston engines, although it was originally proposed and patented by Englishman John Barber in 1791. It is also sometimes known as the Joule cycle. The reversed Joule cycle uses an external heat source and incorporates the use of a regenerator. One type of Brayton cycle is open to the atmosphere and uses an internal combustion chamber; and another type is closed and uses a heat exchanger.", "title": "Brayton cycle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of aviation – 19th century\n\nThis is a list of aviation-related events during the 19th century (1 January 1801 – 31 December 1900):\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Timeline of aviation – 19th century" }, { "id": "14397175", "score": "1.543669", "text": "a premium, particularly on the longer routes such as sailings from Glasgow to Inveraray and Campbeltown. Up to this time, vessels had been powered by reciprocating steam engines. Steam was generated by boilers, and piped to cylinders wherein it drove pistons, the back-and-forth motion of which was converted to rotary motion by connecting rods. Early vessels were driven by paddle wheels, but at mid-century screws became more prevalent. Although increased boiler pressures and the reuse of partially expanded steam in compound engines greatly increased efficiency, the continual creation and destruction of momentum of their heavy reciprocating parts each turn of", "title": "TS King Edward" }, { "id": "13130295", "score": "1.5396545", "text": "first ships to be fitted with such engines and such was their efficacy that by the time of Penn's death in 1878, the engines had been fitted in 230 ships. Initially, ships were adapted to incorporate these engines, but in 1851, the Navy ordered its first ship specifically designed as a steam-screw auxiliary, HMS \"Agamemnon\". In 1852 the new owners of SS \"Great Britain\" decided to recognise the rapid advances in propeller engine technology, and replace the original engines with a pair of smaller, lighter and more modern oscillating engines, designed and built by John Penn and Son. These advancements", "title": "John Penn (engineer)" }, { "id": "9085044", "score": "1.5354427", "text": "great deal of pains and expense, were successively abandoned. He was, in short, the hero of a thousand blunders and one success.\" The idea of propelling vessels by means of steam early took possession of his mind. \"In 1800 (he writes) I applied to Lord Melville, on purpose to show his lordship and the other members of the Admiralty, the practicability and great utility of applying steam to the propelling of vessels against winds and tides, and every obstruction on rivers and seas, where there was depth of water.\" Disappointed in this application, he repeated the attempt in 1803, with", "title": "Henry Bell (engineer)" }, { "id": "9303495", "score": "1.5313745", "text": "engines became widespread in the late 19th century. These engines exhausted steam from a high pressure cylinder to a lower pressure cylinder, giving a large increase in efficiency. Steam turbines were fueled by coal or, later, fuel oil or nuclear power. The marine steam turbine developed by Sir Charles Algernon Parsons raised the power-to-weight ratio. He achieved publicity by demonstrating it unofficially in the \"Turbinia\" at the Spithead Naval Review in 1897. This facilitated a generation of high-speed liners in the first half of the 20th century, and rendered the reciprocating steam engine obsolete; first in warships, and later in", "title": "Marine propulsion" }, { "id": "13795154", "score": "1.5271665", "text": "board, which hauled the boat forward. Six horses were used to rotate the drum. With advancing industrialisation in the 19th century, the demand for transport capacity on the waterways increased markedly. But this industrialisation also revolutionized the methods of transport themselves. The invention of the steam engine meant that, for the first time, a motor was now available to power ships independently of wind and wave. The power of the first steam engines was, however, relatively low whilst, at the same time, they were very heavy. So attempts were made to utilize its power in the most effective way to", "title": "Chain boat navigation" }, { "id": "12242744", "score": "1.5223796", "text": "maintenance and appearance. In the 19th century, the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced in a boiler using wood or coal and fed through a steam external combustion engine. Now most ships have an internal combustion engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or", "title": "Transport" }, { "id": "2122289", "score": "1.5193405", "text": "increased enormously. These movements of population were a financial windfall for the shipping companies, some of the largest of which were founded during this time. Examples are the P&O of the United Kingdom in 1822 and the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique of France in 1855. The steam engine also allowed ships to provide regular service without the use of sail. This aspect particularly appealed to the postal companies, which leased the services of ships to serve clients separated by the ocean. In 1839, Samuel Cunard founded the Cunard Line and became the first to dedicate the activity of his shipping company", "title": "Ocean liner" }, { "id": "16539765", "score": "1.5162506", "text": "for ice bunkers on the trans-Atlantic routes during the 1870s. Tellier produced a chilled storeroom for the steamship \"Le Frigorifique\", using it to ship beef from Argentina to France, while the Glasgow-based firm of Bells helped to sponsor a new, compressed-air chiller for ships using the Gorrie approach, called the Bell-Coleman design. These technologies soon became used on the trade to Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. The same approach began to be taken in other industries. Carl von Linde found ways of applying mechanical refrigeration to the brewing industry, removing its reliance on natural ice; cold warehouses and meat packers", "title": "Ice trade" }, { "id": "2374538", "score": "1.51174", "text": "for stucco work. Evans and his younger brother Evan, along with blacksmith Thomas Clark, developed a device for packing flour barrels using a wooden disc operating by a compound lever and a toggle joint. Steam engines appeared in the United States as a source of power in the late 18th century, and living in Delaware and Philadelphia meant Evans was exposed to early examples of their application there. John Fitch had launched the first rudimentary steamboat onto the Delaware River in the late 1780s, and the Philadelphia waterworks was by 1802 operating two low-pressure steam engines to pump water from", "title": "Oliver Evans" }, { "id": "5913580", "score": "1.5114806", "text": "the design and supply of boilers and steam engines for the marine industry; his first contract was with Hendersons to supply the Anchor Liner \"Ailsa Craig\" with a compound steam engine and water boilers, using steam at 100 lb pressure. That same year, together with Alexander Morton of Glasgow, he was awarded a patent for the \"invention of improvements in obtaining motive power.\" On 28 February 1859 he applied for a patent for the \"improvements in machinery, or apparatus for cutting, shaping, punching, and compressing metals.\" In 1860 he patented a method of preheating combustion air; his patent was granted", "title": "James Howden" }, { "id": "13246361", "score": "1.510621", "text": "blamed America's general lack of competitiveness with the British shipbuilding industry in the mid-to-late 19th century upon the conservatism of American domestic shipbuilders and shipping line owners, who doggedly clung to outdated technologies like the walking beam and its associated paddlewheel long after they had been abandoned in other parts of the world. The steeple engine, sometimes referred to as a \"crosshead\" engine, was an early attempt to break away from the beam concept common to both the walking beam and side-lever types, and come up with a smaller, lighter, more efficient design. In a steeple engine, the vertical oscillation", "title": "Marine steam engine" }, { "id": "1510781", "score": "1.5100111", "text": "the first use of marine steam propulsion in scheduled regular passenger transport service. Oliver Evans (1755–1819) was a Philadelphian inventor born in Newport, Delaware to a family of Welsh settlers. He designed an improved high-pressure steam engine in 1801 but did not build it (patented 1804). The Philadelphia Board of Health was concerned with the problem of dredging and cleaning the city's dockyards, and in 1805 Evans convinced them to contract with him for a steam-powered dredge, which he called the \"Oruktor Amphibolos\". It was built but was only marginally successful. Evans's high-pressure steam engine had a much higher power", "title": "Steamboat" }, { "id": "1510766", "score": "1.50618", "text": "and greatly improves efficiency. With compound engines is was possible for trans ocean steamers to carry less coal than freight. Compound steam engine powered ships enabled a great increase in international trade. The most efficient steam engine used for marine propulsion was the steam turbine. It was developed near the end of the 19th century and was used throughout the 20th century. Early attempts at powering a boat by steam were made by the French inventor Denis Papin and the English inventor Thomas Newcomen. Papin invented the steam digester (a type of pressure cooker) and experimented with closed cylinders and", "title": "Steamboat" }, { "id": "7085795", "score": "1.504509", "text": "introduction of submarine bell signaling tended to diminish the risk of stranding and collision, whilst wireless telegraphy not only destroyed the isolation of the sea but tended to safety, as was seen by the way in which assistance was called out of the fog when the White Star Line liner \"Republic\" was sinking as the result of a collision off Martha's Vineyard (1909). Tank steamers were constructed for the carriage of oil in bulk. Many of these ships were adapted not only for the carriage of oil, but also for its consumption in their furnaces in place of coal. The", "title": "History of steamship lines" }, { "id": "16383104", "score": "1.502317", "text": "the time of Penn's death in 1878, the engines had been fitted in 230 ships. Initially, ships were adapted to incorporate these engines, but in 1851, the Navy ordered its first ship specifically designed as a steam-screw auxiliary, HMS \"Agamemnon\". These advancements were coupled with a reputation for quality and reliability and this led to Penn becoming the major engine supplier to the Royal Navy as it made the transition from sail to steam. Penn was also responsible for introducing wood bearings for screw-propeller shafts which became vital to the worldwide use of steam-powered ships. This development of the lignum", "title": "John Penn and Sons" } ]

[ "cats", "Domestic Cat", "Tom (cat)", "domestic cat", "domestic housecats", "Felis domesticus", "felis cattus", "Felis cattus domesticus", "Domestic Cats", "Felix domesticus", "House cats", "f domesticus", "Felis catus", "f catus", "tom cat", "Felis silverstris catus", "feline sexual behavior", "Domestic housecats", "Pet cat", "felis domesticus", "Cats have 9 lives", "felis silvestris catus", "Felis cattus", "cat animal", "moggy", "felis domesticus catus", "felis silverstris catus", "Felis silvestris catus", "felix domesticus", "common housecat", "Asocial Aggression", "housecats", "Felis sylvestris catus", "felis familiaris", "Feline sexual behavior", "Domestic Feline", "F. domesticus", "Domesticated cat", "midnight crazies", "feline asocial aggression", "goyang i", "A Cat", "moggie", "Felis Silvestris Catus", "Moggies", "domesticated cat", "asocial aggression", "felis silvestris domesticus", "alley cat", "Common housecat", "pet cat", "Housecat", "House Cat", "🐱", "felis catus domesticus", "cats have 9 lives", "Moggie", "Felis silvestris domesticus", "domestic feline", "cat baths", "🐈", "Cat", "Cats", "house cats", "house cat", "F. catus", "Housecats", "Felis Catus", "Felis familiaris", "felis sylvestris catus", "Cat (animal)", "cat", "felis catus", "Cat poison", "Alley-cat", "domestic cats", "😻", "House cat", "moggies", "Goyangi", "housecat", "Domestic cats", "Felis domesticus catus", "Midnight crazies", "Felis catus Domesticus", "felis cattus domesticus", "Goyang-i", "Evening Crazies", "Cat baths", "evening crazies", "Feline Asocial Aggression", "Felis catus domesticus", "Moggy", "Domestic feline", "goyangi", "Domestic cat", "cat poison" ]

[ { "id": "9708404", "score": "1.8317469", "text": "distinct breeds, and both WCF and CFA recognize a Colourpoint Shorthair breed that others consider a Siamese cat with non-standard colouration. Similarly, the Cymric is recognized as a breed in some registries, considered under that name as a sub-breed of the Manx in some, called simply the Manx Longhair or Longhair Manx in others, and not recognized at all by a few. Registries may also use different names for the same breed, and the WCF has even been known to assign breed names that conflict with those other registries (i.e. are applied to completely different breeds). Various registries includes breeds", "title": "Cat registry" }, { "id": "15835992", "score": "1.7870777", "text": "the Persian breeds (including Persians, Himalayans and Exotic Shorthairs. Napoleons come in both long-haired and short-haired varieties. The breed was created by Joseph B. Smith, a Basset Hound breeder and American Kennel Club (AKC) judge. He was inspired by the Wall Street Journal's front page feature of the Munchkin on June 12, 1995. He was a fan of the Munchkin, but felt that the unavoidable long-legged versions were indistinguishable from similar mixed breeds commonly seen in animal shelters. Smith decided that something had to be done to create a cat unique in both short and long legged versions, something that", "title": "Minuet cat" }, { "id": "1293703", "score": "1.7780187", "text": "long-haired variety is of comparatively recent development. Lane wrote in 1903 that the Manx \"to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, does not include any long-haired specimens\", in his detailed chapter on the breed. Regardless of coat length, the colours and coat patterns occurring in the breed today run the gamut of virtually all breeds due to extensive cross-breeding, though not all registries may accept all coats as qualifying for breeding or show. The most common coats are tabby, tortoiseshell, calico and solid colours. Widely divergent Manx specimens, including even a colour-point, blue-eyed, long-haired variant of evident Himalayan", "title": "Manx cat" }, { "id": "16097978", "score": "1.7670279", "text": "golden (including chinchilla and shaded variants, and blued subvariants), shaded and smoke (with several variations of each, and a third sub-categorization called shell), tabby (only classic, mackerel, and patched [spotted], in various colors), parti-color (in four classes, tortoiseshell, blue-cream, chocolate tortie, and lilac-cream, mixed with other colors), calico and bi-color (in around 40 variations, broadly classified as calico, dilute calico, and bi-color), and Himalayan (white-to-fawn body with point coloration on the head, tail and limbs, in various tints). CFA base colors are white, black, blue, red, cream, chocolate, and lilac. There are around 140 named CFA coat patterns for which", "title": "Persian cat" }, { "id": "1293707", "score": "1.7614713", "text": "Man Longhair, and the Tasman Manx, though only the Cymric has garnered widespread acceptance in breed registries . The Cymric or Manx Longhair is a tailless or partially tailed cat of Manx stock, with semi-long to long hair, e.g. as the result of cross-breeding with Himalayan, Persian and other longer-haired breeds early in its development. While its name refers to Wales (\"\"), the breed was actually developed in Canada, which has honoured the breed with a commemorative 50-cent coin in 1999. Simply covering it in their Manx breed standards, the US-based Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA), the Co-ordinating Cat Council of", "title": "Manx cat" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cats 101\n\nCats 101 is a television series about cats that airs on Animal Planet and reruns on Discovery Family.", "title": "Cats 101" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of cat breeds\n\nThe following list of cat breeds includes only domestic cat breeds and domestic and wild hybrids. The list includes established breeds recognized by various cat registries, new and experimental breeds, landraces being established as standardized breeds, distinct domestic populations not being actively developed and lapsed (extinct) breeds.\n\nAs of 2019, The International Cat Association (TICA) recognizes 73 standardized breeds, the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) recognizes 45, and the Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe) recognizes 48.\n\nInconsistency in a breed classification and naming among registries means that an individual animal may be considered different breeds by different registries (though not necessarily eligible for registry in them all, depending on its exact ancestry). For example, TICA's Himalayan is considered a colorpoint variety of the Persian by the CFA, while the Javanese (or Colorpoint Longhair) is a color variation of the Balinese in both the TICA and the CFA; both breeds are merged (along with the Colorpoint Shorthair) into a single \"mega-breed\", the Colourpoint, by the World Cat Federation (WCF), who have repurposed the name \"Javanese\" for the Oriental Longhair. Also, \"Colo[u]rpoint Longhair\" refers to different breeds in other registries. There are many examples of nomenclatural overlap and differences of this sort. Furthermore, many geographical and cultural names for cat breeds are fanciful selections made by Western breeders to be exotic sounding and bear no relationship to the actual origin of the breeds; the Balinese, Javanese, and Himalayan are all examples of this trend.\n\nThe domestic short-haired and domestic long-haired cat types are not breeds, but terms used (with various spellings) in the cat fancy to describe \"mongrel\" cats by coat length, ones that do not belong to a particular breed. Some registries permit them to be pedigreed and they have been used as foundation stock in the establishment of some breeds. They should not be confused with standardized breeds with similar names, such as the British Shorthair and Oriental Longhair.\n\n\n", "title": "List of cat breeds" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Category:Cat breeds" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Too Cute episodes\n\n\"Too Cute\" is an American television series that aired on Animal Planet from to .", "title": "List of Too Cute episodes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Category:Mid-importance Cats articles" }, { "id": "784895", "score": "1.753863", "text": "colors that other cats have. Colors indicating crossbreeding, such as chocolate, lavender, the Siamese pointed patterns or the \"ticked\" patterns, are not accepted by some breed standards (the 'ticked' pattern, for example, is accepted by TICA). The most common pattern seen in the breed is brown tabby. All eye colors are accepted under breed standards, with the exception of the occurrence of blue-colored or odd-eyes (i.e. two eyes of different colors) in cats possessing coat colors other than white. Maine Coons have several physical adaptations for survival in harsh winter climates. Their dense water-resistant fur is longer and shaggier on", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "id": "16097973", "score": "1.7492874", "text": "since the early 1990s and the Persian lost its top spot to the British Shorthair in 2001. As of 2012, it was the 6th most popular breed, behind the British Shorthair, Ragdoll, Siamese, Maine Coon and Burmese. In France, the Persian is the only breed whose registration declined between 2003 and 2007, dropping by more than a quarter. The most color popular varieties according to CFA registration data are seal point, blue point, flame point and tortie point Himalayan, followed by black-white, shaded silvers and calico. The breed standards of various cat fancier organizations may treat the Himalayan and Exotic", "title": "Persian cat" }, { "id": "3091008", "score": "1.746784", "text": "pattern combinations are possible under CFA conformation rules. The basic types include: In scientific illustrator Jenny Parks' 2017 book \"Star Trek Cats\", \"\"s Spock is depicted as an Oriental Shorthair. Oriental Shorthair The Oriental Shorthair is a breed of domestic cat that is closely related to the Siamese. It maintains the modern Siamese head and body type but appears in a wide range of coat colors and patterns. Like the Siamese, Orientals have almond-shaped eyes, a triangular head shape, large ears, and an elongated, slender, and muscular body. Their personalities are also very similar. Orientals are social, intelligent, and many", "title": "Oriental Shorthair" }, { "id": "3091006", "score": "1.7322898", "text": "breeds that were developed from the landrace cats of Thailand include the Havana Brown (which some breed registries classify as simply an Oriental Shorthair variant) and the Korat. The Oriental Shorthair was accepted as an actual breed for championship competition in the US-headquartered CFA in 1977. In 1985, the CFA recognized the bicolor variant. Two decades later, the breed was finally recognized by the UK-based Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF) in 1997, but with some differences from CFA on coat conformation. GCCF publishes separate breed registration policies for a number of specific-coat Oriental Shorthair variants today. The Germany-based", "title": "Oriental Shorthair" }, { "id": "5911495", "score": "1.730815", "text": "confusion with the Turkish Angora. Oriental Longhairs feature a long, tubular, Oriental-style body but with a longer silky coat. The range of possible coat colours includes everything from self-coloured (black, blue, chocolate, lilac, cinnamon, caramel, fawn, red, cream and apricot), tortoiseshell, smoke (silver undercoat), shaded or tipped, tabby or white. The eyes are almond shaped. The preferred eye color for Oriental Longhairs is green; except for the whites, which may have green or blue eyes, or be odd-eyed (two different colored eyes). If an Oriental Longhair is bred to an Oriental shorthair or a Siamese, the kittens will all be", "title": "Oriental Longhair" }, { "id": "1293701", "score": "1.7189504", "text": "a dominant alternative eye color (such as blue in Siamese or related ancestry), Manx often have some hue variant of gold eyes, and for show purposes follow the eye colour standards of the same coat colour/pattern in non-Manx short-hairs. Manx cats exhibit two coat lengths. Short- or long-haired, all Manx have a thick, double-layered coat. The colour and pattern ranges exhibited should conform to the standards for that type of coat in non-Manx. The more common short-haired Manx – the original breed – has a coat with a dense, soft, under layer and a longer, coarse outer layer with guard", "title": "Manx cat" }, { "id": "6665969", "score": "1.7146956", "text": "Asian Semi-longhair The Asian Semi-Longhair is a cat breed similar to the Asian Shorthair except it has semi-long fur. The breed is also known by the name Tiffanie or Tiffany. It is recognized in any of the Asian Shorthair or Burmese colors and patterns. Like the Asian Shorthair, the breed was developed in Britain and is not currently recognized by any U.S. Registries. It has full recognition in the GCCF. It is related to, and in some registries distinct from, the Chantilly-Tiffany or Foreign Longhair, the North American variant. The Tiffanie was developed in the 1980s in the United Kingdom", "title": "Asian Semi-longhair" }, { "id": "3091004", "score": "1.71216", "text": "can be found in various solid colors, and patterns such as smoke, shaded, parti-color/tortoiseshell, tabby and bicolor (any of the above, with white). Not all variants are acceptable to all organizations that recognize the breed. Conforming Oriental Shorthairs, like any of the Himalayan type, have almond-shaped eyes and a wedge-shaped head with large ears. Their bodies are typically \"sleek\" but muscular. The long-haired version of the breed, the Oriental Longhair (recognized since 1995 by CFA), simply carries a pair of the recessive long hair genes. According to the CFA breed profile, \"Orientals represent a diverse group of cats that have", "title": "Oriental Shorthair" }, { "id": "1293708", "score": "1.7120637", "text": "Australia (CCCA), and the UK's Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF) recognise the variety as a longer-haired Manx rather than \"Cymric\" (the CFA and CCCA call it the Manx Longhair, while GCCF uses the term Semi-longhair Manx Variant). The majority of cat registries have explicit Cymric standards (published separately or along with Manx). Of the major registries, only the Feline Federation Europe (FFE) does not recognise the breed or sub-breed at all, under any name, (their Manx standard was last update 17 May 2004). Resembling the British Shorthair, the Isle of Man Shorthair is essentially a fully tailed Manx", "title": "Manx cat" }, { "id": "784894", "score": "1.7097282", "text": "and lower height. The Maine Coon is a long or medium haired cat. The coat is soft and silky, although texture may vary with coat color. The length is shorter on the head and shoulders, and longer on the stomach and flanks with some cats having a lion-like ruff around their neck. Minimal grooming is required for the breed, compared to other long-haired breeds, as their coat is mostly self-maintaining owing to a light-density undercoat. The coat is subject to seasonal variation, with the fur being thicker in the winter and thinner during the summer. Maine Coons can have any", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "id": "1293706", "score": "1.7089679", "text": "cats to have one of the coat patterns that would be permissible in the BSH rather than any that is exclusive to a \"foreign\" type (e.g. point colouration). New Zealand Cat Fancy (NZCF) does likewise for colour and markings, but requires a double-coat and other Manx-specific features that GCCF does not. Some other registries are even more restrictive, while others are more liberal. Four new, consistent varieties have been developed from the Manx (the original version of which is now sometimes consequently called the Shorthair Manx). These are the Cymric (Longhair Manx), the Isle of Man Shorthair and Isle of", "title": "Manx cat" }, { "id": "738530", "score": "1.7066777", "text": "different genes interacting with each other. The only allowable outcross breeds in the CFA are now the American Shorthair and Domestic Shorthair. Other associations may vary and the Russian Blue is a permitted outcross in the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF). In Europe, mainly Devon Rex has been used for outcrosses. In 1999 SGC Apophis Nordstrom of Classical Cats won the TICA International Alter of the Year. In 2006 SGC Classical Cats Valentino won the TICA International Cat of the Year. In the CFA, \"GC, RW, NW Majikmoon Will Silver With Age\" was Cat of the Year for", "title": "Sphynx cat" }, { "id": "16097976", "score": "1.7051351", "text": "(GCCF) does likewise. treats the Persian and Exotic Shorthair as separate breeds covered by a single standard with a coat length distinction, and has the pattern of the Himalayan as simply a division within that standard. A show-style Persian has an extremely long and thick coat, short legs, a wide head with the ears set far apart, large eyes, and an extremely shortened muzzle. The breed was originally established with a short muzzle, but over time, this characteristic has become extremely exaggerated, particularly in North America. Persian cats can have virtually any color or markings. The Persian is generally described", "title": "Persian cat" }, { "id": "16097974", "score": "1.704679", "text": "Shorthair (or simply Exotic) as variants of the Persian, or as separate breeds. The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) treats the Himalayan as a color-pattern class of both the Persian and the Exotic, which have separate but nearly identical standards (differing in coat length). The Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe) entirely subsumes what other registries call the Himalayan as simply among the allowed coloration patterns for the Persian and the Exotic, treated as separate breeds. The International Cat Association (TICA) treats them both as variants of the Persian. The World Cat Federation (WCF) treats the Persian and Exotic Shorthair as separate breeds,", "title": "Persian cat" }, { "id": "16097981", "score": "1.7020502", "text": "tabby patterns include classic, mackerel, marbled, spotted, and ticked (in two genetic forms), while other patterns include shaded, chinchilla, and two tabbie-tortie variations, golden, and grizzled. Basic colors include white, black, brown, ruddy, bronze, \"blue\" (grey), chocolate, cinnamon, lilac, fawn, red, cream, with a silver or shaded variant of most. Not counting bi-color (piebald) or parti-color coats, nor combinations that are genetically impossible, there are nearly 1,000 named coat pattern variations in the TICA system for which the Persian/Himalayan qualifies. The Exotic Shorthair sub-breed qualifies for every cat coat variation TICA recognizes. Eye colors range widely, and may include blue,", "title": "Persian cat" } ]

[ "control of access", "elevated roadway", "Semi-motorway", "motorway", "List of motorways", "highway with full control of access and no cross traffic", "highways with full control of access and no cross traffic", "half motorway", "controlled access", "Motorway", "Full access controlled highway", "list of motorways", "Fwy", "Control of access", "Traffic light less road", "full freeway", "motorways", "Highways with no cross traffic and access only at interchanges", "Depressed roadway", "controlled access road", "Full freeway", "Motorvei", "motorvei", "Controlled access road", "freeway standard road", "Controlled-access highway", "Elevated freeway", "Semi-highway", "traffic light less road", "Through street", "non stop road", "signal free corridor road", "Controlled-access highways", "semi motorway", "motorways in europe", "Non stop road", "Controlled-access", "controlled access highway", "Signal free corridor road", "Elevated roadway", "through street", "Freeway speed", "Highway with full control of access and no cross traffic", "elevated freeway", "fwy", "unsigned freeway", "highways with no cross traffic and access only at interchanges", "Freeway-standard road", "freeways", "semi highway", "full access controlled highway", "Controlled access highway", "Signal free corridor", "Freeway", "depressed roadway", "Half-motorway", "freeway speed", "controlled access highways", "freeway", "signal free corridor", "Freeways", "Highways with full control of access and no cross traffic", "Controlled access", "Unsigned Freeway", "Motorways", "Motorways in Europe" ]

[ { "id": "150757", "score": "1.7604661", "text": "just 70 billion km travelled by rail and 35 billion km travelled by plane. The Autobahn is the German federal highway system. The official German term is (plural \"\", abbreviated \"BAB\"), which translates as \"federal motorway\". Where no local speed limit is posted, the advisory limit \"(Richtgeschwindigkeit)\" is 130 km/h. The \"Autobahn\" network had a total length of about in 2016, which ranks it among the most dense and longest systems in the world. Only federally built controlled-access highways meeting certain construction standards including at least two lanes per direction are called \"\"Bundesautobahn\"\". They have their own, blue-coloured signs and", "title": "Transport in Germany" }, { "id": "150759", "score": "1.7315971", "text": "increase from west to east; that is to say, the more easterly roads are given higher numbers. Similarly, the east-west routes use increasing numbers from north to south. The autobahns are considered the safest category of German roads: for example, in 2012, while carrying 31% of all motorized road traffic, they only accounted for 11% of Germany's traffic fatalities.<ref name=\"http://www.bast.de 2012\"></ref> German autobahns are still toll-free for light vehicles, but on 1 January 2005, a blanket mandatory toll on heavy trucks was introduced. The national roads in Germany are called \"Bundesstraßen\" (federal roads). Their numbers are usually well known to", "title": "Transport in Germany" }, { "id": "4950081", "score": "1.7169878", "text": "Autobahn The Autobahn ( , plural ') is the federal controlled-access highway system in Germany. The official German term is (plural ', abbreviated \"BAB\"), which translates as \"federal motorway\". The literal meaning of the word \"Bundesautobahn\" is \"Federal Auto(mobile) Track\". German \"autobahnen\" have no federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles. However, limits are posted (and enforced) in areas that are urbanised, substandard, accident-prone, or under construction. On speed-unrestricted stretches, an advisory speed limit (\"\") of applies. While going faster is not illegal as such in the absence of a speed limit, it can cause an increased liability", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "id": "4950101", "score": "1.7158474", "text": "the A5 in the southwest and A8 going east-west. Most sections of Germany's autobahns are modern, containing two or three, sometimes four lanes in addition to an emergency lane (hard shoulder). A few other sections remain in an old state, with two lanes, no emergency lane, and short slip-roads and ramps. The motorway density in Germany is 36 kilometers per thousand square kilometer in 2016, close to the small near countries ( Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Slovenia). About 16,000 emergency telephones are distributed at regular intervals all along the autobahn network, with triangular stickers on the armco barriers pointing the", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "id": "4950104", "score": "1.6902735", "text": "several kilometres in advance, and with larger signs that often include icons announcing what kinds of facilities travellers can expect. Germany's autobahns are famous for being among the few public roads in the world without blanket speed limits for cars and motorcycles. As such, they are important German cultural identifiers, \"... often mentioned in hushed, reverential tones by motoring enthusiasts and looked at with a mix of awe and terror by outsiders.\" Some speed limits are implemented on different autobahns. Certain limits are imposed on some classes of vehicles: Additionally, speed limits are posted at most on- and off-ramps and", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Autobahn\n\nThe ' (; German plural ) is the federal controlled-access highway system in Germany. The official German term is ' (abbreviated \"BAB\"), which translates as 'federal motorway'. The literal meaning of the word is 'Federal Auto(mobile) Track'.\n\nGerman have no federally mandated general speed limit for some classes of vehicles. However, limits are posted and enforced in areas that are urbanised, substandard, accident-prone, or under construction. On speed-unrestricted stretches, an advisory speed limit () of applies. While driving faster is not illegal in the absence of a speed limit, it can cause an increased liability in the case of a collision (which mandatory auto insurance has to cover); courts have ruled that an \"ideal driver\" who is exempt from absolute liability for \"inevitable\" tort under the law would not exceed .\n\nA 2017 report by the Federal Road Research Institute reported that in 2015, 70.4% of the Autobahn network had only the advisory speed limit, 6.2% had temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions, and 23.4% had permanent speed limits. Measurements from the German state of Brandenburg in 2006 showed average speeds of on a 6-lane section of Autobahn in free-flowing conditions.<ref name=studie_tempolimit />", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of autobahns in Germany\n\nThe \"German federal motorways\" are now numbered according to a clear system. Since the mid-1970s there has been a numbering system for motorways, which sets out which number is replaced by a new motorway. Motorways with a single-digit number (e.g. A 1) are of national or even cross-border significance. Highways with a two-digit number (e.g. A 20) are usually of overriding national importance. Highways with three digits (e.g. A 999) are generally of regional or urban significance; often these motorways are feeders or detours. If there is more than one digit, the first digit indicates the approximate location of the motorway (A 10 to A 19 for Berlin; A 20 in the north to A99 in the south, A 100 for Berlin; A 200 in the north to A 999 in the south). Usually highways with even numbers predominantly run east–west, and those with odd numbers run north–south. Exceptions include the A14 and the A15.\n", "title": "List of autobahns in Germany" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bundesautobahn 7", "title": "Bundesautobahn 7" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bundesautobahn 8\n\nThe A8 is a significant east–west transit route. Its construction began in March 1934 during Nazi rule as a \"Reichsautobahn\", the section between Karlsruhe and Salzburg having been completed by the time road works were discontinued in World War II. Although most parts have been modernized and extended since, significant sections remain in their original configuration from the 1930s - 2+2 lanes, no emergency lanes, steep hills and tight curves. In combination with today's traffic this makes the A8 one of the most crowded and dangerous autobahns in Germany. Especially in winter the slopes of the Black Forest, the Swabian Alb near Aichelberg, as well as the Irschenberg become bottlenecks when heavy trucks traverse the A8 uphill.\n\nAs of 2016, the following sections have three lanes in each direction of travel: Karlsruhe - Pforzheim-North, Pforzheim-South - Stuttgart - Mühlhausen, AK Ulm/Elchingen - Augsburg - Munich-Eschenried, and AK Munich-South - AD Inntal. Other sections in Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate and Munich have two lanes in each direction of travel and follow current Autobahn standards.", "title": "Bundesautobahn 8" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Reichsautobahn\n\nThe Reichsautobahn system was the beginning of the German autobahns under Nazi Germany. There had been previous plans for controlled-access highways in Germany under the Weimar Republic, and two had been constructed, but work had yet to start on long-distance highways. After previously opposing plans for a highway network, the Nazis embraced them after coming to power and presented the project as Hitler's own idea. They were termed \"Adolf Hitler's roads\" (\"\") and presented as a major contribution to the reduction of unemployment. Other reasons for the project included enabling Germans to explore and appreciate their country, and there was a strong aesthetic element to the execution of the project under the Third Reich; military applications, although to a lesser extent than has often been thought; a permanent monument to the Third Reich, often compared to the pyramids; and general promotion of motoring as a modernization that in itself had military applications.\n\nHitler performed the first ceremonial shoveling of dirt on September 23, 1933, at Frankfurt, and work officially began simultaneously at multiple sites throughout the Reich the following spring. The first finished stretch, between Frankfurt and Darmstadt, opened on May 19, 1935, and the first were completed on September 23, 1936. After the annexation of Austria, the planned network was expanded to include the \"Ostmark\", and a second sod-breaking ceremony for the first \"Reichsautobahn\" on formerly Austrian territory took place near Salzburg on April 7, 1938. When work ceased in 1941 because of World War II, had been completed.", "title": "Reichsautobahn" }, { "id": "4950083", "score": "1.6878525", "text": "motorway kilometres per thousand square kilometer (Eurostat) which ranks it among the most dense and longest controlled-access systems in the world, and fifth in density within the EU in 2016 (Netherlands 66, Finland 3). Longer similar systems can be found in the United States () and in China (). However both the U.S. and China have an area nearly 30 times bigger than Germany, which demonstrates the high density of Germany's highway system. Only federally built controlled-access highways with certain construction standards including at least two lanes per direction are called \"Bundesautobahn\". They have their own white-on-blue signs and numbering", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "id": "4950084", "score": "1.6590285", "text": "system. In the 1930s, when construction began on the system, the official name was \"Reichsautobahn\". Various other controlled-access highways exist on the federal \"(Bundesstraße),\" state \"(Landesstraße),\" district, and municipal level but are not part of the \"Autobahn\" network and are officially referred to as \"Kraftfahrstraße\" (with rare exceptions, like A 995 Munich-Giesing–Brunntal). These highways are considered \"autobahnähnlich\" (autobahn-like) and are sometimes colloquially called \"Gelbe Autobahn\" (yellow autobahn) because most of them are \"Bundesstraßen\" (federal highways) with yellow signs. Some controlled-access highways are classified as \"Bundesautobahn\" in spite of not meeting the autobahn construction standard (for example the A 62 near", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "id": "3208620", "score": "1.6552755", "text": "\"Autobahnähnliche Straßen\" mostly are colloquially referred to as \"gelbe Autobahn\" (yellow motorway) because they have the same technical standard as the \"Autobahn\" but have black on yellow signs instead of the white on blue signs used on the \"Autobahn\" motorway network. These are generally high-speed arterial roads in larger cities or important roads within a federal state that do not connect to major cities, so that they do not fall under the federal budget for the \"Autobahn\" network. The federal road Bundesstraße 27 is an example where about half of its length is upgraded to a high speed motorway standard.", "title": "Dual carriageway" }, { "id": "3208619", "score": "1.6504157", "text": "width) have been fitted to existing routes. Between 2000 and 2010, three major types of dual carriageway were built on national road schemes in Ireland: In Germany the term \"Autobahnähnliche Straße\" (highway-like motorway) refers to roads that are similar to German autobahn in grade-separation and signage. Most of them are designated as \"Kraftfahrstraßen\" (expressways), which means that the roads allow higher speed traffic than is common on other roads. This in turn requires them to have dual carriageways in most cases. An exception is the 2+1 road system in some rural areas; these roads are also referred to as expressways.", "title": "Dual carriageway" }, { "id": "4950087", "score": "1.6443577", "text": "are of regional importance (e.g. connecting two major cities or regions within Germany) have a double digit number (e.g. A 24, connecting Berlin and Hamburg). The system is as follows: There are also some very short autobahns built just for local traffic (e.g. ring roads or the A 555 from Cologne to Bonn) that usually have three digits for numbering. The first digit used is similar to the system above, depending on the region. East-west routes are always even-numbered, north-south routes are always odd-numbered. The north-south autobahns are generally numbered using odd numbers from west to east; that is to", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "id": "150754", "score": "1.6369448", "text": "increase of traffic is expected in the future. High-speed vehicular traffic has a long tradition in Germany given that the first freeway (Autobahn) in the world, the AVUS, and the world's first automobile were developed and built in Germany. Germany possesses one of the most dense road systems of the world. German motorways have no blanket speed limit for light vehicles. However, posted limits are in place on many dangerous or congested stretches as well as where traffic noise or pollution poses a problem. The German government has had issues with upkeep of the country's autobahn network, having had to", "title": "Transport in Germany" }, { "id": "4950100", "score": "1.635022", "text": "1939 until construction works discontinued in 1942. A section of the former \"Strecke 88\" near Brno is today part of the R52 expressway of the Czech Republic. Also, there is the twin-carriageway Borovsko Bridge southeast of Prague, on which construction started in July 1939 and halted after the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich by former Czech army soldiers at the end of May 1942. , Germany's autobahn network has a total length of about 12,993 km. From 2009 Germany has embarked on a massive widening and rehabilitation project, expanding the lane count of many of its major arterial routes, such as", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "id": "4950130", "score": "1.6349819", "text": "have driven the same distance as the autobahn total length. In December 2010 video game developer Synetic GmbH and Conspiracy Entertainment released the title \"Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei\" featuring real world racing and mission-based gameplay. It is taken from the popular German television series about a two-man team of \"Autobahnpolizei\" first set in Berlin then later in North Rhine-Westphalia. Autobahn The Autobahn ( , plural ') is the federal controlled-access highway system in Germany. The official German term is (plural ', abbreviated \"BAB\"), which translates as \"federal motorway\". The literal meaning of the word \"Bundesautobahn\" is \"Federal", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "id": "7794900", "score": "1.6317654", "text": "Autobahn (song) \"Autobahn\" is a song by German electronic band Kraftwerk, composed by Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider of the band, with Emil Schult collaborating on the lyrics. It is co-produced by Conny Plank, and was the band's first track to use sung lyrics. Recorded in 1974, the song is designed to capture the feel of driving on a motorway. The lyrics of the song are in German, the main refrain being \"Wir fahren fahren fahren auf der Autobahn\" (English: \"We drive drive drive on the Autobahn\"). The chorus was often mistaken for the English phrase \"Fun fun fun on", "title": "Autobahn (song)" }, { "id": "4950086", "score": "1.629045", "text": "came into general use. The top design speed was approximately in flat country but lower design speeds were used in hilly or mountainous terrain. A flat-country autobahn that was constructed to meet standards during the Nazi period, could support the speed of up to on curves. The current autobahn numbering system in use in Germany was introduced in 1974. All autobahns are named by using the capital letter A, which simply stands for \"Autobahn\" followed by a blank and a number (for example A 8). The main autobahns going all across Germany have a single digit number. Shorter autobahns that", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "id": "4950088", "score": "1.6286995", "text": "say, the more easterly roads are given higher numbers. Similarly, the east-west routes are numbered using even numbers from north (lower numbers) to south (higher numbers). The idea for the construction of the autobahn was first conceived in the mid-1920s during the days of the Weimar Republic, but the construction was slow, and most projected sections did not progress much beyond the planning stage due to economic problems and a lack of political support. One project was the private initiative \"HaFraBa\" which planned a \"car-only road\" crossing Germany from Hamburg in the north via central Frankfurt am Main to Basel", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "id": "4950098", "score": "1.6115056", "text": "German \"Reichsautobahn\" system in the former eastern territories of Germany, \"i.e.\" East Prussia, Farther Pomerania and Silesia; these territories became parts of Poland and the Soviet Union with the implementation of the Oder–Neisse line after World War II. Parts of the planned autobahn from Berlin to Königsberg (the \"Berlinka\") were completed as far as Stettin (Szczecin) on 27 September 1936. After the war, they were incorporated as the A6 autostrada of the Polish motorway network. A single-carriageway section of the \"Berlinka\" east of the former \"Polish Corridor\" and the Free City of Danzig opened in 1938; today it forms the", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "id": "5747420", "score": "1.6113575", "text": "Bundesstraßen and usually no Landesstraßen (State Highways), Kreisstraßen (District Highways) nor Gemeindestraßen (municipal highways). The federal \"Autobahn\" network has a total length of in 2014, making it one of the densest networks in the world. The German autobahns have no general speed limit (though about 47% of the total length is subject to local and/or conditional limits), but the advisory speed limit (\"Richtgeschwindigkeit\") is . The lower class expressways usually have speed limits of or lower. Greece's motorway network has been extensively modernised throughout the 1980s, 1990s and especially the 2000s, while part of it is still under construction. Most", "title": "Controlled-access highway" }, { "id": "3986603", "score": "1.611295", "text": "be used: In Germany, the normal route number for the German autobahns consists of the letter A and a number: Bundesstraßen are national highways, their numbers consist of the letter B and a number: West Berlin once had its own Bundesstraßen with letters. State roads are roads operated by the German federal states. They are called Landesstrasse or Staatsstrasse (in Saxony and Bavaria). They are labled by an initial L or S and a one- to four-digit individual number (e.g. S2 or L240). The federal states sustain their own numbering systems with individual styles of number shields used. France still", "title": "Route number" }, { "id": "5579903", "score": "1.607623", "text": "Bundesautobahn 40 , (named A 430 until the early 1990s) is one of the most used Autobahns in Germany. It crosses the Dutch-German border as a continuation of the Dutch A67 and crosses the Rhine, leads through the Ruhr valley toward Bochum, becoming B 1 (Bundesstraße 1) at the Kreuz Dortmund West and eventually merging into the A 44 near Holzwickede. It has officially been named Ruhrschnellweg (Ruhr Fast Way), but locals usually call it Ruhrschleichweg (Ruhr Crawling Way) or \"the Ruhr area's longest parking lot\". According to \"Der Spiegel\", it is the most congested motorway in Germany. In the", "title": "Bundesautobahn 40" } ]

[ "Palouse horse", "apaloosa", "appaloosa horse", "palouse horse", "palouse horses", "Appaloosa horse", "Appaloosas", "appaloosas", "Palouse horses", "Appaloosa", "Apaloosa", "appaloosa" ]

[ { "id": "11478737", "score": "1.9463786", "text": "light for the gritty Western genre. Gopaul said Ed Harris and Viggo Mortensen delivered decent performances and that Renee Zellweger's character has more depth than the traditional romantic interest in a Western. The \"New Yorker’s\" David Denby called it “a well-made, satisfying, traditionalist Western with some odd quirks and turns.” The film appeared on some critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008. Ray Bennett of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" named it the 8th best film of 2008, and Mike Russell of \"The Oregonian\" named it the 10th best film of 2008. Appaloosa (film) Appaloosa is a 2008 American", "title": "Appaloosa (film)" }, { "id": "10318326", "score": "1.9343019", "text": "Kirk Harris Award winning actor-filmmaker, Kirk Harris has been the lead actor in several films that have had arthouse theatrical releases in the U.S. He starred in the 2013 western thriller \"A Sierra Nevada Gunfight\" (originally titled \"The Sorrow\") by director Vernon Mortensen. The film was shot in the mountains of Eastern San Diego county. The film was written by Mortensen and Johnny Harrington. He also starred in \"The Kid: Chamaco\", which was shot in Mexico City by Mexican director/producer Miguel Necoechea. The film was written by Harris, Necoechea and Canadian filmmaker Carl Bessai. A former amateur boxer, Harris played", "title": "Kirk Harris" }, { "id": "11478733", "score": "1.8822715", "text": "of \"\". Renée Zellweger was signed to replace Lane. Harris enjoyed working with Viggo Mortensen in \"A History of Violence\" and had him in mind for the part of Everett Hitch. While publicizing \"A History of Violence\" at the Toronto International Film Festival, Harris handed Mortensen a copy of the novel and asked him to read it and consider playing the part. Harris said it was \"a totally awkward proposition, handing another actor a book like that,\" but Mortensen agreed to take the part after responding well to the character and the relationship dynamic between the two characters. Harris said", "title": "Appaloosa (film)" }, { "id": "1470638", "score": "1.8594148", "text": "Wilkinson in \"\" (2007), alongside Nicolas Cage. In 2008, he co wrote, directed and starred along with Viggo Mortensen in the western Appaloosa. In 2010, he and wife Amy Madigan appeared together in Ash Adams' independent crime drama \"Once Fallen\". Later that same year, Harris starred in the survival drama \"The Way Back\" as Mr. Smith. His performance received much critical praise, and he was suggested by critics to receive a fifth Oscar nomination. In 2012, he co-starred alongside Sam Worthington in the thriller film \"Man on a Ledge\" for Summit Entertainment. He then won the Golden Globe Award for", "title": "Ed Harris" }, { "id": "12589636", "score": "1.8429542", "text": "Tom Nolan. He also appeared in several western television programs, including \"Black Saddle\" with Peter Breck, \"The Man from Blackhawk\" starring Robert Rockwell, \"The Rifleman\" starring Chuck Connors, \"Gunsmoke\" with James Arness, \"Tales of Wells Fargo\" starring Dale Robertson, \"Johnny Ringo\" with Don Durant, and \"Have Gun – Will Travel\" with Richard Boone. He twice guest starred on ABC/Warner Brothers series, \"Bourbon Street Beat\" with Andrew Duggan, and \"77 Sunset Strip\" with Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. Rust guest starred on other ABC/WB programs too, including \"Sugarfoot\" with Will Hutchins, \"Bronco\" with Ty Hardin, \"Lawman\" with John Russell, and \"The Roaring 20s\".", "title": "Richard Rust" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Appaloosa (film)\n\nAppaloosa is a 2008 American Western film based on the 2005 novel \"Appaloosa\" by crime writer Robert B. Parker. Directed by Ed Harris and co-written by Harris and Robert Knott, \"Appaloosa\" stars Harris alongside Viggo Mortensen, Renée Zellweger and Jeremy Irons. The film premiered at 2008 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in selected cities on September 19, 2008, then expanded into wide-release on October 3, 2008.", "title": "Appaloosa (film)" }, { "id": "7086840", "score": "1.8098842", "text": "failure. In 1973, the film was shown on NBC-TV in an expanded version, but soon drifted into obscurity. In 2001, a fully restored version was shown at various film festivals, gaining strong critical praise, and it was released by the Sundance Channel on DVD. It is now considered a classic Western of the period. Harry Collings (Fonda) and Arch Harris (Oates) are two saddle tramps who have grown weary after seven years of wandering through the American Southwest. Along with a younger companion, Dan Griffen (Robert Pratt), they stop off in Del Norte, a ramshackle town in the middle of", "title": "The Hired Hand" }, { "id": "11478723", "score": "1.7994782", "text": "Appaloosa (film) Appaloosa is a 2008 American Western film based on the 2005 novel \"Appaloosa\" by crime writer Robert B. Parker. Directed by Ed Harris and co-written by Harris and Robert Knott, \"Appaloosa\" stars Harris alongside Viggo Mortensen, Renée Zellweger and Jeremy Irons. The film premiered at 2008 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in selected cities on September 19, 2008, then expanded into wide-release on October 3, 2008. The film shares some narrative similarities with the 1959 Western \"Warlock\", directed by Edward Dmytryk and starring Henry Fonda, Anthony Quinn and Richard Widmark. There is also a 1966 Western", "title": "Appaloosa (film)" }, { "id": "11478724", "score": "1.7893519", "text": "named \"The Appaloosa\" which stars Marlon Brando, but the two films are unrelated. In 1882, the small town of Appaloosa, New Mexico, is being terrorized by local rancher Randall Bragg (Jeremy Irons), who killed the town's marshal, Jack Bell, and two deputies when they came to Bragg's ranch to arrest two men. The town hires lawman and peacekeeper Virgil Cole (Ed Harris) and his deputy Everett Hitch (Viggo Mortensen) to protect and regain control of the town. The pair agrees on one condition: that the town follow Cole's law and essentially cede control to him. The lawmen begin by confronting", "title": "Appaloosa (film)" }, { "id": "10318328", "score": "1.7854443", "text": "also founded Rogue Arts, a film distribution and production company, whose titles include: \"Three Days of Rain\", \"Flickering Lights\", and \"Con Man\". Kirk Harris Award winning actor-filmmaker, Kirk Harris has been the lead actor in several films that have had arthouse theatrical releases in the U.S. He starred in the 2013 western thriller \"A Sierra Nevada Gunfight\" (originally titled \"The Sorrow\") by director Vernon Mortensen. The film was shot in the mountains of Eastern San Diego county. The film was written by Mortensen and Johnny Harrington. He also starred in \"The Kid: Chamaco\", which was shot in Mexico City by", "title": "Kirk Harris" }, { "id": "13277207", "score": "1.7770028", "text": "double feature with \"Rio Conchos\" (1964). Pike (Jim Brown), the right-hand man of cattle rancher Bob Morgan (Dana Andrews), is entrusted with a mission to deliver $86,000 across the border to the Morgan Ranch in Sonora, Mexico after his boss dies. Pike teams up with dishonest gambler Tyree (Fred Williamson) and they are forced to trust each other while being pursued by various outlaws and gunmen trying to possess the money, including the ruthless bounty hunter Kiefer (Lee Van Cleef) and corrupt sheriff Kane (Barry Sullivan). Along the way, the duo comes across a prostitute (Catherine Spaak) in need of", "title": "Take a Hard Ride" }, { "id": "1470631", "score": "1.7759125", "text": "\"Knightriders\". The following year, he has a small role as Hank Blaine in \"Creepshow\", directed by George A. Romero. In 1983, Harris became well known after portraying astronaut John Glenn in \"The Right Stuff\". In 1984, he co starred in the Robert Benton directed drama film \"Places in the Heart\"; during production of this film, Harris met and married his wife Amy Madigan. Also in 1984 he co-starred along with Goldie Hawn and Kurt Russell in the Jonathan Demme directed World War II biopic \"Swing Shift\" and in 1985 played abusive husband Charlie Dick to Jessica Lange's Patsy Cline in", "title": "Ed Harris" }, { "id": "14401891", "score": "1.7748806", "text": "appeared as Whit Lassiter in the 1958 episode \"The Man Who Waited\" of the NBC children's western series, \"Buckskin\". He guest starred as Colonel Nicholson in the 1959 episode \"A Night at Trapper's Landing\" of the NBC western series, \"Riverboat\", starring Darren McGavin. Harris appeared too in three syndicated series, \"Whirlybirds\", starring Kenneth Tobey, \"Sheriff of Cochise\" and \"U.S. Marshal\", both with John Bromfield, and as the character Ed Miller in the episode \"Mystery of the Black Stallion\" of the western series, \"Frontier Doctor\", starring Rex Allen. He was cast in two episodes of the David Janssen crime drama, \"Richard", "title": "Stacy Harris" }, { "id": "17488480", "score": "1.7733805", "text": "Albert Stark (Seth MacFarlane) is dumped by his girlfriend Louise (Amanda Seyfried) as a result of his withdrawal from a gunfight. He prepares to leave for San Francisco, believing that the frontier offers nothing for him. Meanwhile, infamous outlaw Clinch Leatherwood (Liam Neeson) robs and kills an old prospector (Matt Clark) for a gold nugget. He orders his right-hand man Lewis (Evan Jones) to escort his wife Anna (Charlize Theron) to Old Stump to lie low while he continues his banditry. Lewis and Anna arrive in Old Stump under the guise of two siblings intending to build a farm, but", "title": "A Million Ways to Die in the West" }, { "id": "16800716", "score": "1.7702762", "text": "Alexander) and Ole Olsen the sheriff (Karl Swenson). Unhinged by Ellie's death, he plots to get his revenge by robbing the local bank of $100,000 deposited by a rich cattleman, thus ruining the town. He accepts the job of deputy sheriff, then murders the sheriff so that he can take his place. To help him carry out the elaborately-planned robbery, he recruits four people: Dan Keats (Don Murray), an alcoholic ex-Confederate soldier who scrapes a living drawing portraits of the customers in saloons; Sir Harry Ivers 'of the Lancaster Ivers' (Dan O'Herlihy), an upper-class-sounding English pickpocket; Julie Reynolds (Dolores Michaels),", "title": "One Foot in Hell (film)" }, { "id": "19037647", "score": "1.7680353", "text": "stolen cattle into Hell’s Canyon, located on land belonging to Ralph Carpenter (Jim Davis). Carpenter and his wife Teresa (Kathleen Crowley) are separated, so Reilly has sent Native American beauty Irene (Mara Corday) to seduce Carpenter. Then Reilly put a flea in the ear of Steven Hardy (Lewis Martin), the town’s Eastern born city attorney about “immorality”. When Hardy tries to serve a warrant for his arrest, in the resulting confrontation Hardy is killed. Sheriff Brandon (Forrest Tucker), who was in love with. Teresa before her marriage and was friends with Ralph Carpenter, sets out to arrest Carpenter. However, a", "title": "The Quiet Gun" }, { "id": "10751131", "score": "1.7653817", "text": "fallen in love with Maria (Anna Kashfi), the daughter of hotel guest and Mexican cattle baron Señor Vidal (Donald Randolph). When Señor Vidal finds out about the relationship, he orders Harris to stay away and arranges to return immediately to Mexico with his daughter. Tom Reece (Glenn Ford) finishes his cattle drive and takes over an entire wing of the hotel, as usual. He makes a deal to buy cattle from Vidal in Mexico. However, when Reece loses his money in a poker game, Harris sees his opportunity to better himself (and see Maria again) - he offers his entire", "title": "Cowboy (1958 film)" }, { "id": "9422465", "score": "1.7652655", "text": "a carefully preserved authenticity.\" The \"New York Post\" praised the actors' performances while criticizing the film, calling the actors \"diamonds set in dung\". Joe Kidd Joe Kidd is a 1972 American Technicolor western film in Panavision starring Clint Eastwood and Robert Duvall, written by Elmore Leonard and directed by John Sturges. The film is about an ex-bounty hunter hired by a wealthy landowner named Frank Harlan to track down Mexican revolutionary leader Luis Chama, who is fighting for land reform. It forms part of the Revisionist Western genre. In the New Mexican town of Sinola in the early 1900s, Joe", "title": "Joe Kidd" }, { "id": "13060434", "score": "1.7616405", "text": "western series, \"Lawman\", set in Laramie, Wyoming, and starring John Russell and Peter Brown. That same year, he appeared as Captain McKinley in \"Welcome Enemy\" in Will Hutchins's ABC/WB western \"Sugarfoot\". In 1961, he appeared as Blanchard in the episode \"A Gun Is for Killing\" in NBC's \"The Tall Man\", a fictionalized account of the relationship between Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. He then appeared as Dillard in the episode \"The Frightened Town\" of the ABC/WB western, \"Cheyenne\", starring Clint Walker. He then played Heff in the 1961 episode \"Sam Bass\" of NBC's \"The Outlaws\". From 1956 to 1961,", "title": "Gregg Palmer" }, { "id": "16561932", "score": "1.7605519", "text": "Hoffman Jr.) and Black Jim (Charles King), kill two lawmen and exchange clothes with them. When Gene and Frog discover the bodies, they decide to take their clothes and, disguised as wanted outlaws, head for the border. Gene discovers that Joe Stafford (Monte Blue), a supposed upstanding head of the cattlemen's association, is the boss behind the rusting gang. When Stafford's niece, Rosa Montero (Armida), and his stepdaughter Mary Ellen (Ann Pendleton) mistake Gene and Frog for the Apache Kid and Black Jim, they turn them in to the deputies, who turn out to be the real outlaws in disguise.", "title": "Rootin' Tootin' Rhythm" }, { "id": "1648476", "score": "1.7590585", "text": "its opening weekend, described as \"disappointing\" by website Box Office Mojo. \"MTV.com\" praised the actress for \"displaying an unexpected gift for drawling sarcasm\", but Kevin Williamson for website \"Jam!\" criticized her role, remarking that she, \"as the kind of lippy heroine epitomized by Rosalind Russell, is miscast in a role that demands snark, not sleepy-eyed sweetness\". In the western \"Appaloosa\" (2008), Zellweger appeared opposite Ed Harris and Viggo Mortensen, played a beguiling widow. The film earned critical acclaim but grossed a modest US$20 million at the North American box office. Zellweger produced the made-for-television feature \"Living Proof\", starring Harry Connick", "title": "Renée Zellweger" } ]

[ "Fabrically", "tray cloth", "textiler", "Tray-cloth", "Interlock cloth", "Fabric", "Cloths", "fabricalities", "textiled", "rag cloth", "Cloth", "textiles", "Textile fibre", "Textilers", "Yard goods", "textile", "List of textile-related topics", "textilers", "Textiles", "Fabrics", "Rag (cloth)", "Textiled", "fabric", "yard goods", "Textiling", "interlock cloth", "cloth", "Fabrical", "list of textile related topics", "Fabricalities", "Fabricality", "fabrical", "textile fibre", "fabrically", "cloths", "fabricality", "Textile", "Tray cloth", "fabrics", "textiling", "Textiler" ]

[ { "id": "5567685", "score": "1.5688329", "text": "Chenille fabric Chenille may refer to either a type of yarn or fabric made from it. Chenille is the French word for caterpillar whose fur the yarn is supposed to resemble. According to textile historians, chenille-type yarn is a recent invention, dating to the 18th century and believed to have originated in France. The original technique involved weaving a \"leno\" fabric and then cutting the fabric into strips to make the chenille yarn. Alexander Buchanan, a foreman in a Paisley fabric mill, is credited with introducing chenille fabric to Scotland in the 1830s. Here he developed a way to weave", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "5567694", "score": "1.5585753", "text": "hung. Chenille fabric Chenille may refer to either a type of yarn or fabric made from it. Chenille is the French word for caterpillar whose fur the yarn is supposed to resemble. According to textile historians, chenille-type yarn is a recent invention, dating to the 18th century and believed to have originated in France. The original technique involved weaving a \"leno\" fabric and then cutting the fabric into strips to make the chenille yarn. Alexander Buchanan, a foreman in a Paisley fabric mill, is credited with introducing chenille fabric to Scotland in the 1830s. Here he developed a way to", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "1629910", "score": "1.5458803", "text": "Muslin Muslin ( or ), also mousseline, is a cotton fabric of plain weave. It is made in a wide range of weights from delicate sheers to coarse sheeting. They were imported into Europe from Bengal in the 17th century and were later manufactured in Scotland and England. While English-speakers call it muslin because Europeans believed it originated in the Iraqi city of Mosul, its origins are now thought to have been farther East — in ancient India, and in particular Dhaka, the capital of what is now Bangladesh. Dhaka’s jamdani muslin, with its distinctive patterns woven in layer by", "title": "Muslin" }, { "id": "20054233", "score": "1.4623489", "text": "Sewed muslin Sewed muslin was a fashion imported from Paris in the late 18th century. Related to tambour lace, it was worked on very fine muslin, and used a variety of stitches to create motifs, usually depicting flowers and plants (hence its other name, \"flowered muslin\"). A notable developer of the industry in Scotland was Mrs Jamieson, the wife of an Ayrshire cotton agent. Seeing a philanthropic opportunity, she set out to teach local farmers' wives and daughters the trade, focusing on firm satin stitch, overcast fillings, and fine lace stitches in cut-out spaces. The designs were drawn up by", "title": "Sewed muslin" }, { "id": "5567693", "score": "1.3964703", "text": "for a casual country look. A quilt with a so-called \"chenille finish\" is known as a \"rag quilt\" or, a \"slash quilt\" due to the frayed exposed seams of the patches and the method of achieving this. Layers of soft cotton are batted together in patches or blocks and sewn with wide, raw edges to the front. These edges are then cut, or slashed, to create a worn, soft, \"chenille\" effect. Many chenille fabrics should be dry cleaned. If hand or machine-washed, they should be machine-dried using low heat, or as a heavy textile, dried flat to avoid stretching, never", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of fabrics\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of fabrics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Coco Chanel\n\nGabrielle Bonheur \"Coco\" Chanel ( , ; 19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and businesswoman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post-World War I era with popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. This replaced the \"corseted silhouette\" that was dominant beforehand with a style that was simpler, far less time consuming to put on and remove, more comfortable, and less expensive, all without sacrificing elegance. She is the only fashion designer listed on \"Time\" magazine's . A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing, realizing her aesthetic design in jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product, and Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s.\n\nHer couture house closed in 1939, with the outbreak of World War II. Chanel stayed in France and was criticized during the war for collaborating with the Nazi-German occupiers and the Vichy puppet regime to boost her professional career. One of Chanel's liaisons was with a German diplomat, Baron (\"Freiherr\") Hans Günther von Dincklage. After the war, Chanel was interrogated about her relationship with Dincklage, but she was not charged as a collaborator due to intervention by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. When the war ended, Chanel moved to Switzerland, returning to Paris in 1954 to revive her fashion house. In 2011, Hal Vaughan published a book about Chanel based on newly declassified documents, revealing that she had collaborated directly with the Nazi intelligence service, the \"Sicherheitsdienst\". One plan in late 1943 was for her to carry an SS peace overture to Churchill to end the war.", "title": "Coco Chanel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Template:Textile" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Khadi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Textile Arts/Archive 1" }, { "id": "5567686", "score": "1.3754106", "text": "fuzzy shawls. Tufts of coloured wool were woven together into a blanket that was then cut into strips. They were treated by heating rollers in order to create the frizz. This resulted in a very soft, fuzzy fabric named chenille. Another Paisley shawl manufacturer went on to further develop the technique. James Templeton and William Quiglay worked to refine this process while working on imitation oriental rugs. The intricate patterns used to be difficult to reproduce by automation, but this technique solved that issue. These men patented the process but Quiglay soon sold out his interest. Templeton then went on", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "5567689", "score": "1.3708681", "text": "late 1930s, to be followed by many others. In the 1930s, usage for the tufted fabric became widely desirable for throws, mats, bedspreads, and carpets, but not as yet, apparel. Companies shifted handwork from the farms into factories for greater control and productivity, encouraged as they were to pursue centralized production by the wage and hour provisions of the National Recovery Administration's tufted bedspread code. With the trend towards mechanization, adapted sewing machines were used to insert raised yarn tufts. Chenille became popularized for apparel again with commercial production in the 1970s. Standards of industrial production were not introduced until", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "5567692", "score": "1.3641772", "text": "a low melt nylon in the core of the yarn and then autoclaving (steaming) the hanks of yarn to set the pile in place. Since the late 1990s, chenille appeared in quilting in a number of yarns, yards or finishes. As a yarn, it is a soft, feathery synthetic that when stitched onto a backing fabric, gives a velvety appearance, also known as imitation or \"faux chenille\". Real chenille quilts are made using patches of chenille fabric in various patterns and colors, with or without \"ragging\" the seams. The chenille effect by ragging the seams, has been adapted by quilters", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "1629917", "score": "1.3629577", "text": "In the United Kingdom, many sheer cotton fabrics are called muslin, while in the United States, muslin sometimes refers to a firm cloth for everyday use, which in the UK and Australia is known as calico. When sewing clothing, a dressmaker may test the fit of a garment, using an inexpensive muslin fabric before cutting pieces from expensive fabric, thereby avoiding potential costly mistakes. This garment is often called a \"muslin,\" and the process is called \"making a muslin.\" In this context, \"muslin\" has become the generic term for a test or fitting garment, regardless of what it is made", "title": "Muslin" }, { "id": "20054236", "score": "1.3574803", "text": "imposed by the American Civil War saw to its demise. Sewed muslin from the wider Glasgow area came to be known as Ayrshire whitework, and is extremely similar to French whitework. The main difference between them is that French whitework is usually worked on cambric rather than muslin. Sewed muslin Sewed muslin was a fashion imported from Paris in the late 18th century. Related to tambour lace, it was worked on very fine muslin, and used a variety of stitches to create motifs, usually depicting flowers and plants (hence its other name, \"flowered muslin\"). A notable developer of the industry", "title": "Sewed muslin" }, { "id": "5567691", "score": "1.3574705", "text": "\"pile\", between two \"core yarns\" and then twisting the yarn together. The edges of these piles then stand at right angles to the yarn’s core, giving chenille both its softness and its characteristic look. Chenille will look different in one direction compared to another, as the fibers catch the light differently. Chenille can appear iridescent without actually using iridescent fibers. The yarn is commonly manufactured from cotton, but can also be made using acrylic, rayon and olefin. One of the problems with chenille yarns is that the tufts can work loose and create bare fabric. This was resolved by using", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "1629911", "score": "1.3541489", "text": "layer, was one of the Mughal Empire’s most prestigious and lucrative exports. Early muslin was handwoven of uncommonly delicate handspun yarn, especially in the region around Dhaka, Bengal (now Bangladesh), where it may have originated. It was imported into Europe for much of the 17th and early 18th centuries. Fine linen muslin was formerly known as sindon. In 2013, the traditional art of weaving \"Jamdani\" muslin in Bangladesh was included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. Muslin (AmE: Muslin gauze) from French \"mousseline\", from Italian mussolina, from Mussolo ‘Mosul’ (Mosul, Iraq,", "title": "Muslin" }, { "id": "5567690", "score": "1.3500547", "text": "the 1990s, when the Chenille International Manufacturers Association (CIMA) was formed with the mission to improve and develop the manufacturing processes. From the 1970s each machine head made two chenille yarns straight onto bobbins, a machine could have over 100 spindles (50 heads). Giesse was one of the first major machine manufacturers. Giesse acquired Iteco company in 2010 integrating the chenille yarn electronic quality control directly on their machine. Chenille fabrics are also often used in Letterman jackets also known as \"varsity jackets\", for the letter patches. The chenille yarn is manufactured by placing short lengths of yarn, called the", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "10430919", "score": "1.3477352", "text": "strips resembling a yarn. Then, when the fabric is cut, the raw edges become very fuzzy and produce the chenille appearance. Other chenilles are created by trimming a loosely attached effect fiber to create the fuzzy appearance. Still other chenilles are created by attaching or gluing fibers to the yarn. A yarn in which the core has been wrapped by another strand, such as of cotton or nylon around an elastic base as used in commercial socks. The appearance of corkscrew or spiral yarns is achieved by using yarns of two different fibers and often twisting one under a different", "title": "Novelty yarns" }, { "id": "1629918", "score": "1.3341436", "text": "from. Muslin is also often used as a backing or lining for quilts, and thus can often be found in wide widths in the quilting sections of fabric stores. Muslin is used as a French polishing pad. Muslin can be used as a filter: Muslin is the material for the traditional cloth wrapped around a Christmas pudding. Muslin is the fabric wrapped around the items in barmbrack, a fruitcake traditionally eaten at Halloween in Ireland. Muslin is used when making traditional Fijian Kava as a filter. Beekeepers use muslin to filter melted beeswax to clean it of particles and debris.", "title": "Muslin" }, { "id": "1629919", "score": "1.3104861", "text": "Muslin is often the cloth of choice for theater sets. It is used to mask the background of sets and to establish the mood or feel of different scenes. It receives paint well and, if treated properly, can be made translucent. It also holds dyes well. It is often used to create nighttime scenes because when dyed, it often gets a wavy look with the color varying slightly, such that it resembles a night sky. Muslin shrinks after it is painted or sprayed with water, which is desirable in some common techniques such as soft-covered flats. In video production as", "title": "Muslin" }, { "id": "20921330", "score": "1.3029776", "text": "Mulquinerie Mulquinerie, a landmark of French sartorial heritage and high craftsmanship, is the art of weaving and trading fine fabrics composed exclusively of linen: whether plain flax cloth, 'linon' or batiste. A 'mulquinier' was the artisan textile designer and weaver as well as the merchant of canvases. The mulquiniers were not only a subcategorization of the tisserand(e) artists but were also the traders of their own craft. This activity was predominantly developed within villages as a substantial rural proto-industry, hence mulquiniers working on métiers à tisser in their home' basement while breathing from \"bahottes\" or \"blocures\" to obtain the most", "title": "Mulquinerie" }, { "id": "1629913", "score": "1.2897749", "text": "painting depicts royal females drapped in muslin In the 9th century, an Arab merchant named Sulaiman made note of the material's origin in Bengal (known as Ruhmi in Arabic). Bengali muslin was traded throughout the Muslim world, from the Middle East to Southeast Asia. In many Islamic regions, such as in Central Asia, the cloth was named \"Daka,\" after the city of Dhaka. Subsequently, the word Muslin found its place in various European languages as French \"mousseline\", Italian \"mussolina\" etc., During the Roman period, muslin was the foremost export of Masulipatam, in Andhra Pradesh. Bengali khadi muslin was so prized", "title": "Muslin" }, { "id": "19638880", "score": "1.2859224", "text": "Muslin trade in Bengal Muslin, a cotton fabric of plain weave, was hand woven in the region around Dhaka, East Bengal (now Bangladesh), and exported to Europe, the Middle East, and other markets, for much of the 17th and 18th centuries. Bengal has manufactured textiles for many centuries, as recorded in ancient hand-written and printed documents. The \"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea\" mentions Arab and Greek merchants trading between India and the Red Sea port of Aduli (in present-day Eritrea), Egypt and Ethiopia in the second century CE. Cloths including muslin were exchanged for ivory, tortoiseshell and rhinoceros-horn at that", "title": "Muslin trade in Bengal" }, { "id": "1629922", "score": "1.2808928", "text": "Wright Flyer (1903) was passed down to Wright descendants. The fabric was made available to The Wright Experience(reproduction of the Wright gliders and Flyer and reenactment of the first flight on its 100th anniversary) for examination as it was no longer commercially available a century after its use by the Wrights. To create an authentic modern reproduction of the original fabric, three different companies were needed which produced the thread, the weaving, and the finishing). Muslin Muslin ( or ), also mousseline, is a cotton fabric of plain weave. It is made in a wide range of weights from delicate", "title": "Muslin" } ]

[ "Garrick Club", "The Garrick", "garrick", "garrick club", "The Garrick Club" ]

[ { "id": "7523382", "score": "1.7628124", "text": "more than 1,000 paintings, drawings and sculptures on display. It also houses a theatrical library. The Garrick Club was founded at a meeting in the Committee Room at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on Wednesday 17 August 1831. Present were James Winston (a former strolling player, manager and important theatre antiquarian), Samuel James Arnold (a playwright and theatre manager), Samuel Beazley (an architect and playwright), General Sir Andrew Barnard (an army officer and hero of the Napoleonic Wars), and Francis Mills (a timber merchant and railway speculator). It was decided to write down a number of names in order to invite", "title": "Garrick Club" }, { "id": "20750950", "score": "1.6825289", "text": "a near-fatal car accident in Murrells Inlet, from a driver crossing the central reserve and hitting his vehicle head-on. The British Monarchist Society, sometimes known \"The British Monarchist Society and Foundation\" is non-partisan monarchist organisation started by Thomas Mace-Archer-Mills in 2012 as a private limited company under guarantee. It states its main goals are to promote the British Royal Family and monarchism in general. The society states that the patrons of the organisation are \"(the adopted son of Prince Waldemar of Schaumburg-Lippe)\" David Amess, Christian Cardell Corbet, Vincent Wong, Sarbel Michael and Robert Kennedy. It states that the organisation is", "title": "Thomas Mace-Archer-Mills" }, { "id": "2837832", "score": "1.6088915", "text": "the organisation's formation was the National Hunger March 1932. The first Secretary was Ronald Kidd, and first President E. M. Forster; Vice-Presidents were the politician and author A. P. Herbert and the journalist Kingsley Martin of the \"New Statesman\". H. G. Wells, Vera Brittain, Clement Attlee, Rebecca West, Edith Summerskill and Harold Laski were also founder members. The National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL) was founded in 1934. The inaugural meeting took place in the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London on 22 February. A letter published in \"The Times\" and \"The Guardian\" newspapers announced the formations of the group,", "title": "Liberty (advocacy group)" }, { "id": "1880384", "score": "1.603247", "text": "Vaughan Gower, Thomas \"Loel\" Guinness, Norman Hulbert, Archibald James, Alfred Knox, John Macnamara, Sir Thomas Moore, Assheton Pownall, Frank Sanderson, Duncan Sandys, Admiral Murray Sueter, Charles Taylor and Ronald Tree. Members of the House of Lords to hold membership included Lord Brocket, Lord Galloway, the Earl of Glasgow, Lord Mount Temple, Lord Londonderry, Lord Nuffield, Lord Redesdale, Lord Rennell and the Duke of Wellington. By 1937, the group seems to have had 347 members. The AGF's sister organization in Berlin was the \"Deutsch-Englische Gesellschaft\". Neither group had an avowed mission to Nazify Britain. Instead, the two groups would unite, to", "title": "Anglo-German Fellowship" }, { "id": "16799564", "score": "1.5990152", "text": "to its first board of directors (with J. Hagen, C. Beck, H. Mildred, W. Peacock, E. Solomon, J. B. Neales, W. Paxton, J. Ridley, G. Bean, J. Dickens, J. Newman, G. Stevenson, G. S. Kingston, M. Featherstone and J. B. Graham.), was elected its first chairman then appointed site manager, when the position of chairman fell to Charles Beck. He laid out on section 1283, Hundred of Light in 1845, naming it Stockport for his birthplace. He was an active member of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society and was often called upon as chairman of its social functions. The \"South", "title": "Samuel Stocks" }, { "id": "10592359", "score": "1.5954969", "text": "Backing Britain\" campaign in 1968. On John Garnett's retirement, Alistair Graham became Chief Executive, followed in 1991 by Rhiannon Chapman and in 1994 by Tony Morgan who oversaw a series of rejuvenatory reforms. The failing financial circumstances of the society were addressed and new training programs and conferences were instituted. In 2000 a new management team was put in place with Will Hutton as CEO and David Pearson as chief operating officer. In 2001 Pearson led the sale of the Society's training division to Capita for over 23 million pounds, reviving the ailing balance sheet and saving the pension fund.", "title": "The Work Foundation" }, { "id": "15807831", "score": "1.588567", "text": "been largely neglected by British oral historians) and a cross-section of ordinary men and women. During 1986 Thompson and Briggs recruited a distinguished body of trustees, including Baroness Ewart-Biggs, Penelope Lively, Austin Mitchell, Sir Russell Johnson MP, Robert Blake, Elizabeth Longford, Professor Peter Laslett, Professor John Saville and Jack Jones (trade unionist). Advisors included Melvyn Bragg. Other important early trustees included the property developer Jack Rose and the first Treasurer, Peter Hands. With Lord Briggs as Chairman and Paul Thompson as Director, an inaugural meeting of the National Life Story Collection (NLS) as a company was held on 11 November", "title": "National Life Stories" }, { "id": "7547160", "score": "1.5874367", "text": "Robert Sinclair (1949–1951), Sir Archibald Forbes (1951–1953), Sir Harry Pilkington (1953–1955), Sir Graham Hayman (1955–1957), Sir Hugh Beaver (1957–1959), Sir William McFadzean (1959–1961), Sir Cyril Harrison (1961–1963), and Sir Peter Runge (1963–1965). Directors (later retitled director-general) included Sir Roland Nugent from 1916 to 1917 and 1919 to 1932, Sir Guy Locock from 1932 to 1945, and Sir Norman Kipping from 1946 to 1965. Federation of British Industries The Federation of British Industries (FBI) was an employers' association in the United Kingdom. Founded by the Midlands industrialist Dudley Docker in 1916 as the United British Industries' Association, but renamed later that", "title": "Federation of British Industries" }, { "id": "6302840", "score": "1.5814028", "text": "Missionary Society, kindred charities, and the pulpits of the most distinguished Dissenting divines in the land. Travelling in these causes took him to almost every county in England, and then on to Scotland. After just ten months, some £1,200 had been donated and it was possible to bring the organising committee to a close. A final, large meeting was held at Crosby Hall on the 20th of March, 1854, chaired by Samuel Gurney, where Samuel Ward was accompanied by many of those who had helped him - Rev. James Sherman, Samuel Horman Horman-Fisher, L. A. Chamerovzow, Esq., Rev. James Hamilton", "title": "Samuel Ringgold Ward" }, { "id": "17978796", "score": "1.580213", "text": "of the Jews. At the final conference of 1830, the message from the chair directed attention to the \"spiritual gifts\" then thought to be being manifested in West Scotland. A \"Morning Watch\" campaign, with Spencer Perceval, to continue the Apocrypha Controversy against the British and Foreign Bible Society was if anything counter-productive. James Edward Gordon was founder of the British Society for Promoting the Religious Principles of the Reformation, closely related to the Albury Circle, and also was a \"Recordite\", an associate of \"The Record\" edited by Alexander Haldane. Critics of the Circle included the brothers Gerard Thomas Noel and", "title": "Prophetic conference" }, { "id": "19938182", "score": "1.5749549", "text": "an advocate of the merging of London's vestries into municipal boroughs, coextensive with parliamentary constituencies. He invited John Stuart Mill to become a parliamentary candidate, and chaired the Westminster Liberal Electoral Committee that promoted Mill's successful 1865 candidacy for Westminster. The Metropolitan Municipal Association was founded by Beal in 1866, and Mill represented its views in parliament. In 1867 Beal had assistance from John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow in preparing bills. In the mean time the Tory William Henry Smith made preparations that came to fruit in the 1868 general election, Beal later considering that the Liberals in Westminster had not", "title": "James Beal (reformer)" }, { "id": "2087616", "score": "1.5745246", "text": "Organisation as it was now called), owned: A loose collective of film makers was established under the banner of Independent Producers Ltd., employing some of the UK's greatest directors, such as Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger (\"Black Narcissus\", \"The Red Shoes\", \"I Know Where I'm Going!\"), David Lean (\"Brief Encounter\", \"Great Expectations\"), Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat (\"I See a Dark Stranger\", \"The Happiest Days of Your Life\"), Ken Annakin (\"Holiday Camp\") and Muriel Box (\"The Seventh Veil\"). The Company of Youth, the Rank Organisation acting school often referred to as \"The Charm School\", was founded in 1945. It launched", "title": "The Rank Organisation" }, { "id": "20969366", "score": "1.5720391", "text": "Allan Gee and Ben Turner, leading figures in the locally-based West Riding Power Loom Weavers' Association. On the proposal of two local trade unionists, George Henry Cotton and George Garside, the meeting agreed to form the Colne Valley Division Labour Union. Unlike the Bradford Labour Union organisation, it would cover a single Parliamentary constituency, and it was agreed to invite Tom Mann to contest it at the next general election. The first committee of the organisation consisted of George Garside (president), Kossuth Pogson (treasurer), George W. Haigh (secretary), W. H. Barber, Joseph Baxter, George Henry Cotton, Savile Hirst, Walter May,", "title": "Colne Valley Labour Union" }, { "id": "18514300", "score": "1.5616069", "text": "their income from annual dividends, and has helped to found a number of large charities including Oxfam and Action Aid. Jackson-Cole first became involved in charitable work through the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Watford. The work carried out by Andrews' staff in the organisation of charities was mostly done through an informal committee set up in 1953 and known as the Help for Vital Causes Group. The title was later changed to Voluntary and Christian Service. Through the VCS, Jackson-Cole created and developed Help the Aged, several Housing Associations and the children's charity, Action Aid, to a point where they", "title": "Cecil Jackson-Cole" }, { "id": "1486785", "score": "1.5612415", "text": "his party, a number of articles in which he attacked the \"Edinburgh\" and \"Quarterly\" Reviews and ecclesiastical establishments. In 1829 appeared the \"Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind\". From 1831 to 1833, Mill was largely occupied in the defence of the East India Company, during the controversy attending the renewal of its charter, he being in virtue of his office the spokesman of the court of directors. For the \"London Review\", founded by Sir William Molesworth in 1834, he wrote a notable article entitled \"The Church and its Reform\", which was much too sceptical for the time, and", "title": "James Mill" }, { "id": "1833812", "score": "1.5513415", "text": "in many productions for the company including Prospero in \"The Tempest\" in 1969 and Thomas More in \"A Man for All Seasons\" in 1975. He also directed \"Arms and the Man\" with Tom Courtenay, Jenny Agutter and Brian Cox in 1973. Based upon the success of this collaboration the group started to look for a permanent theatre in Manchester and eventually a new theatre was built inside the disused Royal Exchange with Maxwell as one of the founding artistic directors. He appeared in both the opening productions: Kleist's \"The Prince of Homburg\" (original title: \"Der Prinz von Homburg\") and Sheridan's", "title": "James Maxwell (actor)" }, { "id": "17245154", "score": "1.5504498", "text": "brother James Mores Churchill, James Wardrop's \"Morbid Anatomy of the Eye\", Joseph Maclise's \"Surgical Anatomy\", Francis Sibson's \"Medical Anatomy\", and other works. He issued the anonymous bestseller \"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation\" in 1844. Churchill's shrewd judgment meant few failures. In 1838 he became the publisher of the \"British and Foreign Medical Review\", after its publisher William Sherwood had died. John Forbes accepted Churchill's offer to publish, and the periodical flourished. From 1842 to 1847 Churchill was the publisher of \"The Lancet\", and in 1850 he began the \"Medical Times\", with which the \"Medical Gazette\" amalgamated in 1852,", "title": "John Churchill (publisher)" }, { "id": "16519023", "score": "1.5478073", "text": "Hume had been employed on preparing a parliamentary bill regulating the silk duties. In 1831 he made an official tour through England, collecting information about silk manufacture, and in March 1832 he gave evidence before a committee of the House of Commons on the silk duties. He gave further evidence before another committee in 1840, and expressed a strong opinion against protective duties. He assisted Thomas Tooke in establishing the Political Economy Club, and from its founding in 1821 until 1841 attended its meetings regularly, and spoke repeatedly on free trade. The Customs' Benevolent Fund, originated in 1816 by Charles", "title": "James Deacon Hume" }, { "id": "12278717", "score": "1.5456427", "text": "of voluntary Societies that sprang out of the Evangelical revival at the end of the 18th and early 19th centuries It paralleled the English dispersion that spread across the world, and that followed the Industrial Revolution and the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Its leaders (clergy and laity) were largely associated with the Clapham Sect, and directed the thinking and responsibility of the Evangelicals of the Church of England towards the needs of their own people overseas as well as to the needs of foreign missions The first of these Societies was the Newfoundland School Society founded by Samuel Codner", "title": "Intercontinental Church Society" }, { "id": "2539018", "score": "1.5447433", "text": "manner in which the National Government was formed. Usher concluded that the public favoured a large centrist party, but that existing political organisations would not permit it. Early in 1932 a constitution and organisation was established and the monthly \"News-Letter\" set up for supporters which was edited by Clifford Allen. An editorial in the first edition written by Allen emphasised that the \"News-Letter\" was \"intended to be a means of contact between Labour supporters of the National Government\", but also \"begs the attention of public opinion\", The editorship was later taken by Godfrey Elton and both Allen and Elton received", "title": "National Labour Organisation" } ]

[ "four", "", "4" ]

[ { "id": "1431154", "score": "1.9863863", "text": "court was introduced as a surface at the US Open in 1978. Consequently, Graf's Grand Slam was achieved on grass, clay, and hard court while the previous five Grand Slams were decided on only grass and clay. Graf reached thirteen consecutive major singles finals, from the 1987 French Open through to the 1990 French Open, winning nine of them. She won 5 consecutive major singles tournaments (1988 Australian Open to 1989 Australian Open), and seven out of eight, in two calendar years (1988 Australian Open to 1989 US Open, except 1989 French Open). She reached a total of 31 major", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": "1431225", "score": "1.9786167", "text": "the German Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. Steffi Graf Stefanie Maria \"Steffi\" Graf (; born 14 June 1969) is a German former professional tennis player. She was ranked world No. 1 and won 22 Grand Slam singles titles. Her 22 singles titles put her second on the list of major wins in the female competition since the introduction of the Open Era in 1968 and is third all-time behind Margaret Court (24) and Serena Williams (23). In 1988, she became the only tennis player to achieve the Golden Slam by winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": "1431151", "score": "1.9775792", "text": "Steffi Graf Stefanie Maria \"Steffi\" Graf (; born 14 June 1969) is a German former professional tennis player. She was ranked world No. 1 and won 22 Grand Slam singles titles. Her 22 singles titles put her second on the list of major wins in the female competition since the introduction of the Open Era in 1968 and is third all-time behind Margaret Court (24) and Serena Williams (23). In 1988, she became the only tennis player to achieve the Golden Slam by winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the Olympic gold medal in the same calendar year.", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": "1612600", "score": "1.9423912", "text": "tennis ball, Martina Navratilova finally did it.\" Although the ITF recognizes what is now unofficially known as the \"non-calendar year Grand Slam\" on its Roll of Honour, no subsequent player to win four or more majors in a row—Steffi Graf, Serena Williams, or Novak Djokovic—has received bonus prize money. Combining \"the\" Grand Slam and non-calendar year Grand Slam, the total number of times that players achieved the feat (of being the reigning champion in all four majors) expands to 18. Three women have won four or more consecutive major titles since 1970, with Navratilova taking six in a row in", "title": "Grand Slam (tennis)" }, { "id": "1431153", "score": "1.9349464", "text": "Grand Slam tournaments in a calendar year five times (1988, 1989, 1993, 1995 and 1996). Notable features of Graf's game were her versatility across all playing surfaces, footwork and powerful forehand drive. Graf's athletic ability and aggressive game played from the baseline have been credited with developing the modern style of play that has come to dominate today's game. She won six French Open singles titles (second to Evert), seven Wimbledon singles titles, four Australian Open titles, and five U.S. Open singles titles. She is the only singles player (male or female) to have achieved a Grand Slam since hard", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Steffi Graf\n\nStefanie Maria Graf ( , ; born 14 June 1969) is a German former professional tennis player. Widely regarded as one of the greatest tennis players of all time, she was ranked world No. 1 for a record 377 weeks and won 22 major singles titles, the second-most since the start of the Open Era in 1968 and the third-most of all-time. In 1988, Graf became the first tennis player to achieve the Golden Slam by winning all four major singles titles and the Olympic gold medal in the same calendar year. Furthermore, she is the only tennis player, male or female, to have won each major tournament at least four times.\n\nGraf was ranked world No. 1 in singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for a record 377 total weeks: the longest period for which any player, female or male, has held a singles number-one ranking since the WTA and the Association of Tennis Professionals, respectively, began issuing rankings. She won 107 singles titles, ranking her third on the WTA's all-time list after Martina Navratilova (167 titles) and Chris Evert (157 titles). She and Margaret Court are the only players, female or male, to win three majors in a calendar year five times (1988, 1989, 1993, 1995 and 1996).\n\nNotable features of Graf's game were her versatility across all playing surfaces, footwork and powerful forehand drive. Graf's athletic ability and aggressive game played from the baseline have been credited with developing the modern style of play that has come to dominate today's game. She won six French Open singles titles (second to Evert), seven Wimbledon singles titles, four Australian Open titles, and five US Open singles titles. She is the only singles player (male or female) to have achieved a Grand Slam across three surfaces (grass, clay, and hard courts). Graf reached 13 consecutive singles major finals from the 1987 French Open to the 1990 French Open, winning nine of them. She won five consecutive singles majors (1988 Australian Open to 1989 Australian Open), and seven out of eight, in two calendar years (1988 Australian Open to 1989 US Open, except 1989 French Open). She reached a total of 31 singles major finals.\n\nGraf retired at the age of 30 in 1999 while ranked as the world No. 3. Martina Navratilova included Graf at the top of her list of the greatest players ever. In the year of Graf's retirement, Billie Jean King said, \"Steffi [Graf] is definitely the greatest women's tennis player of all time.\" In December 1999, Graf was named the greatest female tennis player of the 20th century by a panel of experts assembled by the Associated Press. Graf married former world No. 1 men's tennis player Andre Agassi in October 2001. They have two children. Graf was inducted into the Tennis Hall of Fame in 2004. Along with Boris Becker, Graf was considered instrumental in popularizing tennis in Germany, where it remains one of the foremost national sports.", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Andre Agassi\n\nAndre Kirk Agassi ( ; born April 29, 1970) is an American former world No. 1 tennis player. He is an eight-time major champion and an Olympic gold medalist, as well as a runner-up in seven other majors.\n\nAgassi is the second of five men to achieve the career Grand Slam in the Open Era and the fifth of eight overall to make the achievement. He is also the first of two men to achieve the career Golden Slam (career Grand Slam and Olympic gold medal), as well as the only man to win a career Super Slam (career Grand Slam, plus the Olympic gold medal and the year-end championships).<ref name=\"SI\" />\n\nAgassi was the first man to win all four singles majors on three different surfaces (hard, clay and grass), and remains the most recent American man to win the French Open (in 1999) and the Australian Open (in 2003). He also won 17 Masters titles and was part of the winning Davis Cup teams in 1990, 1992 and 1995.<ref>\nMehrotra, Abhishek. \"Agassi: Last of the great Americans\" \"ESPN Star\". Retrieved July 21, 2012.</ref>\n\nAfter suffering from sciatica caused by two bulging discs in his back, a spondylolisthesis (vertebral displacement) and a bone spur that interfered with the nerve, Agassi retired from professional tennis on September 3, 2006, after losing in the third round of the US Open. He is the founder of the Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation, which has raised over $60 million for at-risk children in Southern Nevada. In 2001, the Foundation opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas, a K–12 public charter school for at-risk children. He has been married to fellow tennis player Steffi Graf since 2001.", "title": "Andre Agassi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Serena Williams" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Monica Seles\n\nMonica Seles (; , ; ; born December 2, 1973) is a retired professional tennis player who represented Yugoslavia and the United States. A former world No. 1, she won nine Grand Slam singles titles, eight of them as a teenager while representing Yugoslavia, and the final one while representing the United States.\n\nIn 1990, Seles became the youngest-ever French Open champion at the age of 16. She went on to win eight Grand Slam singles titles before her 20th birthday and was the year-end No. 1 in 1991 and 1992. However, on April 30, 1993, while playing a match against Magdalena Maleeva, she was the victim of an on-court attack when an obsessed fan of Seles rival Steffi Graf stabbed Seles in the back with a long knife as she was sitting down between games. Seles did not return to tennis for over two years after the stabbing.<ref name=\"stabbed\" /> Though she enjoyed some success after returning to tennis in 1995, including victory at the 1996 Australian Open, she was unable to consistently produce her best tennis. She played her last professional match at the 2003 French Open, but did not officially retire until February 2008.\n\nRegarded by many as one of the greatest tennis players of all time, Seles was named one of the \"30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future\" by \"Time\". Several players and historians have stated that Seles had the potential to become the most accomplished female player of all time had she not been stabbed. She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2009.", "title": "Monica Seles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Martina Navratilova\n\nMartina Navratilova ( ; ; born October 18, 1956) is a Czech–American, former professional tennis player. Widely considered among the greatest tennis players of all time, Navratilova won 18 major singles titles, 31 major women's doubles titles, and 10 major mixed doubles titles, for a combined total of 59 major titles, the most in the Open Era. Alongside Chris Evert, her greatest rival, Navratilova dominated women's tennis in the 1970s and 1980s.\n\nNavratilova was ranked as the world No. 1 in singles for a total of 332 weeks (second only to Steffi Graf), and for a record 237 weeks in doubles, making her the only player in history to have held the top spot in both disciplines for over 200 weeks. She won 167 top-level singles titles and 177 doubles titles, both the Open Era records. She won a record six consecutive singles majors across 1983 and 1984 while simultaneously winning the Grand Slam in doubles. Navratilova claims the best professional season winning percentage, 98.8% in 1983 (going 98–1 for the season), and the longest all-surface winning streak of 74 straight match wins. She reached the Wimbledon singles final 12 times, including for nine consecutive years from 1982 through 1990, and won the title a record nine times. Navratilova is one of the three tennis players, along with Margaret Court and Doris Hart, to have accomplished a career Grand Slam in singles, same-sex doubles, and mixed doubles, called the career \"Boxed Set\". She won her last major title, the mixed doubles crown at the 2006 US Open, shortly before her 50th birthday, and 32 years after her first major title in 1974.\n\nOriginally from Czechoslovakia, Navratilova was stripped of her citizenship when, in 1975 at age 18, she asked the United States for political asylum and was granted temporary residence. She became a US citizen in 1981. On January 9, 2008, Navratilova acquired Czech citizenship, thus becoming a dual citizen. She stated she has not renounced her U.S. citizenship nor does she plan to do so, and that reclaiming Czech nationality was not politically motivated. Navratilova has been openly lesbian since 1981, and has been an activist for LGBT issues.", "title": "Martina Navratilova" }, { "id": "1431219", "score": "1.915277", "text": "competitor, Graf remains the only player, male or female, to have won the calendar-year Grand Slam on three surfaces or to have won each Grand Slam at least four times. Eighteen-time Grand Slam champion and former rival Chris Evert opined, \"Steffi Graf is the best all-around player. Martina [Navratilova] won more on fast courts and I won more on slow courts, but Steffi came along and won more titles on both surfaces.\" Her endurance and superior footwork allowed her to excel on clay courts, where, in addition to six French Open titles, she won 26 regular tour events, including a", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": "1431192", "score": "1.9050155", "text": "games. Graf later stated it was the best tennis she had ever played in a Grand Slam final. She then won her next four tournaments in Tokyo, Indian Wells, Delray Beach and Miami respectively. In the Miami final, she lost her first set of the year—to Natasha Zvereva—after winning 54 consecutive sets. In the Hamburg final, she lost for the first time in 1994 after 36 consecutive match victories, losing to Sánchez Vicario in three sets. She then won her eighth German Open, but there were signs that her form was worsening as she almost lost to Julie Halard in", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": "1431170", "score": "1.904507", "text": "end of the year, the municipality of Brühl, her hometown, gave her the title of honorary citizen. Speculation was rife at the beginning of 1989 about the possibility of Graf winning another Grand Slam. Some noted observers, such as Margaret Court, suggested that Graf could achieve the feat a couple more times. And the year began as expected, with Graf extending her Grand Slam tournament winning streak to five events at the Australian Open, defeating Helena Suková in the final. Her 6–3, 6–0 defeat of Argentina's Gabriela Sabatini in a semifinal was described by veteran observer Ted Tinling as \"probably", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": "1431152", "score": "1.8727813", "text": "Furthermore, she is the only tennis player to have won each Grand Slam tournament at least four times. Graf was ranked world No. 1 by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for a record 377 total weeks—the longest period for which any player, male or female, has held the number-one ranking since the WTA and the Association of Tennis Professionals began issuing rankings. She won 107 singles titles, which ranks her third on the WTA's all-time list after Martina Navratilova (167 titles) and Chris Evert (157 titles). She and Margaret Court are the only players, male or female, to win three", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": "1431215", "score": "1.8552366", "text": "in the celebrity doubles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles before straining her left calf muscle and being replaced by Anna Kournikova. Graf won seven singles titles at Wimbledon, six singles titles at the French Open, five singles titles at the US Open, and four singles titles at the Australian Open. Her overall record in 56 Grand Slam events was 282–32 (89 percent) (87–10 at the French Open, 75–7 at Wimbledon, 73–9 at the US Open, and 47–6 at the Australian Open). Her career prize-money earnings totalled US$21,895,277 (a record until Lindsay Davenport surpassed this amount in January 2008). Her singles", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": "1616797", "score": "1.8506702", "text": "women's doubles, and mixed doubles at the same event—the rare \"Triple Crown\"). Navratilova reached all four Grand Slam finals in 1987, winning two of them. Graf's consistent play throughout 1987, however, allowed her to obtain the world No. 1 ranking before the end of the year. Graf eventually broke Navratilova's records of 156 consecutive weeks and 331 total weeks as the world No. 1 singles player but fell 60 short of Navratilova's record of 167 singles titles. Including doubles, Navratilova won almost three times as many titles as Graf with a record doubles/mixed/singles combined total of 344 titles to Graf's", "title": "Martina Navratilova" }, { "id": "1431201", "score": "1.8318055", "text": "Seles in the final. Her toughest battle came against rising star Martina Hingis in the semifinal, with Hingis unable to convert on five set points. Graf did not lose a set the whole tournament. She also won her fifth and final WTA Tour Championships title with a five set win over Martina Hingis, with Hingis cramping up in the fifth set. In 1988 Graf became only the second tennis player in history to win a Slam on hard court, clay, and grass all in the same season. She repeated the feat in 1993, 1995, and 1996. The last few years", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": "1432248", "score": "1.8145952", "text": "Steffi Graf. She is the first player to win three straight Grand Slams since she did it herself during the Serena Slam. She also became the first player to win the Australian-French Open double since Jennifer Capriati in 2001. Williams completed her second \"Serena Slam\" (winning all four Grand Slams in a row) by winning the 2015 Wimbledon Championships – her 6th Wimbledon and 21st Grand Slam singles title overall. Her path to victory at Wimbledon was particularly challenging. She was down a double break in the third round versus Heather Watson and two points from defeat twice before rallying", "title": "Serena Williams" }, { "id": "1431159", "score": "1.8107806", "text": "of her first full professional year in 1983, Graf was 13 years old and ranked world No. 124. She won no titles during the next three years, but her ranking climbed steadily to world No. 98 in 1983, No. 22 in 1984, and No. 6 in 1985. In 1984, she first gained international attention when she almost upset the tenth seed, Jo Durie of the United Kingdom, in a fourth round Centre Court match at Wimbledon. In August as a 15-year-old (and youngest entrant) representing West Germany, she won the tennis demonstration event at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": "10151819", "score": "1.8039451", "text": "in the Open Era to reach the final of the US Open. 1997 US Open – Women's Singles Steffi Graf was the two-time defending champion, but withdrew due to injury. World No. 1 Martina Hingis won the title, defeating unseeded Venus Williams in the final, 6–0, 6–4. By reaching the final, she became the seventh woman, after Maureen Connolly, Margaret Court, Chris Evert, Martina Navratilova, Steffi Graf and Monica Seles, to reach all four Grand Slam finals in a calendar year. She also became the youngest woman to reach all Grand Slam finals, and the youngest woman to win three", "title": "1997 US Open – Women's Singles" }, { "id": "1431166", "score": "1.7986153", "text": "consecutive weeks, a record (it was tied by Serena Williams in 2016). Graf was the first player other than Navratilova or Evert to hold the top spot since Tracy Austin in 1980. Graf started 1988 by winning the Australian Open, defeating Chris Evert in the final 6–1, 7–6. Graf did not lose a set during the tournament and lost a total of only 29 games. Graf lost twice to Sabatini during the spring, once on hardcourts in Boca Raton, Florida, and once on clay at Amelia Island, Florida. Graf, however, won the tournament in San Antonio, Texas, and retained her", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": "3385383", "score": "1.7983998", "text": "title later that year in Tokyo. In 1988, Sabatini reached her first Grand Slam singles final at the US Open. She faced West Germany's Steffi Graf, who had won all three previous Grand Slam singles events that year and was looking to win a fourth. Graf won the match in three sets. Sabatini was selected to represent Argentina in the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul and carried her country's flag in the opening ceremony. She went on to win the silver medal in the women's singles competition. In the final, she again faced Graf, who was bidding to turn", "title": "Gabriela Sabatini" }, { "id": "1616796", "score": "1.7962997", "text": "Graf in a close semi-final winning 6-1, 6-7 (7-3), 7-6 (10-8), before handily winning the final over Helena Sukova 6-3, 6-2. Navratliva, with partner Pam Shriver, also won the women's doubles title. Seventeen-year-old German player Steffi Graf emerged on the scene in 1987 when she narrowly beat Navratilova in the final of the French Open, 6–4, 4–6, 8–6. Navratilova defeated Graf in straight sets in the 1987 Wimbledon and US Open finals (and at the US Open became only the third player in the Open Era, joining tennis legends Margaret Court and Billie Jean King, to win the women's singles,", "title": "Martina Navratilova" }, { "id": "1431208", "score": "1.791761", "text": "doubles events in Grand Slams and other tournaments, winning a total of 11 titles. In 1986, she formed a partnership with rival Gabriela Sabatini. The pair was moderately successful, winning the 1988 Wimbledon Championships together and reaching the finals of the French Open in 1986, 1987 and 1989. The partnership was the subject of much discussion, as the two women, both known to be shy, usually kept communication to a minimum during changeovers and between points, a highly unusual situation in doubles. Sabatini said of the partnership: \"doubles is all about communicating with each other, and we didn't communicate that", "title": "Steffi Graf" }, { "id": "7235745", "score": "1.7900648", "text": "Becker. Becker became the youngest champion in the history of the men’s singles at Wimbledon, won six-time Grand Slam singles titles and an Olympic gold medal together with Michael Stich. Graf won 22 Grand Slam singles titles, second among male and female players. In 1988, she became the first and only tennis player (male or female) to achieve the Calendar Year Golden Slam by winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the Olympic gold medal in the same calendar year. The German Open Hamburg was part of the Grand Prix Super Series from 1978 to 1989, and the ATP", "title": "Sport in Germany" } ]

[ "Railway bridge", "Railroad bridge", "bridge structure", "double deck bridge", "Bridge (structure)", "Bridges", "bridge abutments", "bridge railing", "railroad bridge", "bridge engineering", "Bidge", "Types of bridges", "bridge railing styles", "🌉", "bridges", "types of bridges", "Road bridges", "bridge failure", "Bridge building", "rail bridge", "Bridgecraft", "Bridge failure", "Rail bridge", "Bridge abutments", "brigecraft", "Railroad Bridge", "Brigecraft", "railway bridge", "railway bridges", "Double-deck bridge", "Bridge railing", "Bridge railing style", "bridge railing style", "Railway Bridge", "bridge", "bridge failures", "Road Bridge", "Bridge railing styles", "Railway bridges", "Bridge failures", "Bridge", "Bridge (engineering)", "road bridges", "bidge", "bridge building", "Road bridge", "Bridge Building", "bridgecraft", "road bridge" ]

[ { "id": "1576346", "score": "1.7054112", "text": "Omar Sharif Omar Sharif (, ; born Michel Dimitri Chalhoub ; 10 April 193210 July 2015) was an Egyptian actor of Lebanese origin. He began his career in his native country in the 1950s, but is best known for his appearances in both English and American productions. His films included \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (1962), \"Doctor Zhivago\" (1965), and \"Funny Girl\" (1968). He was nominated for an Academy Award for best supporting actor for \"Lawrence of Arabia\". He won three Golden Globe Awards and a César Award. Sharif, who spoke Arabic, English, French, Spanish and Italian fluently, was often cast as", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": "1576383", "score": "1.6764666", "text": "to world film and cultural diversity. The medal, which is awarded very infrequently, is named after Russian director Sergei Eisenstein. Only 25 have been struck, as determined by the agreement between UNESCO, Russia's Mosfilm and the Vivat Foundation. Omar Sharif Omar Sharif (, ; born Michel Dimitri Chalhoub ; 10 April 193210 July 2015) was an Egyptian actor of Lebanese origin. He began his career in his native country in the 1950s, but is best known for his appearances in both English and American productions. His films included \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (1962), \"Doctor Zhivago\" (1965), and \"Funny Girl\" (1968). He", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": "19515813", "score": "1.6246009", "text": "“Out 100” in 2012,” The Advocate's \"40 Under 40\" in 2014 and 2015, and won Attitude Magazine's 'Inspiration Award' in 2016. Omar Sharif Jr. Omar Sharif Jr. (born in Montreal, 28 November 1983) is an Egyptian-Canadian actor, model, and gay activist who currently lives in the United States. Sharif is the son of a Muslim father, Tarek, and a Jewish mother, Debbie. His paternal grandparents were Omar Sharif and Faten Hamama, both well-known Egyptian actors; his maternal grandparents were Holocaust survivors. During his childhood, Sharif was shuttled back and forth between Montreal, Paris, and Cairo. Sharif has worked as an", "title": "Omar Sharif Jr." }, { "id": "19515808", "score": "1.6221899", "text": "Omar Sharif Jr. Omar Sharif Jr. (born in Montreal, 28 November 1983) is an Egyptian-Canadian actor, model, and gay activist who currently lives in the United States. Sharif is the son of a Muslim father, Tarek, and a Jewish mother, Debbie. His paternal grandparents were Omar Sharif and Faten Hamama, both well-known Egyptian actors; his maternal grandparents were Holocaust survivors. During his childhood, Sharif was shuttled back and forth between Montreal, Paris, and Cairo. Sharif has worked as an actor, appearing in the 2000 Egyptian miniseries \"Wagh el qamar\", the 2005-6 Canadian series \"Virginie\", the 2008 Egyptian film \"Hassan wa", "title": "Omar Sharif Jr." }, { "id": "1576367", "score": "1.5884924", "text": "included performances in \"Hidalgo\" (2004), \"\" (2005) playing the title role for Italian television, and \"One Night with the King\" (2005) (again with O'Toole). Sharif could be seen in \"The Ten Commandments\" (2006). In Egypt he starred in \"Hassan and Marcus\" (2008) with Adel Emam' and was in \"The Traveller\" (2009). He had support roles in \"The Last Templar\" (2009) and \"Rock the Casbah\" (2013). Sharif's final role was as lead actor in the short science education film \"1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham\", which was directed by Ahmed Salim and was released as part of the United", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Omar Sharif\n\nOmar Sharif ( ; born Michel Yusef Dimitri Chalhoub He began his career in his native country in the 1950s, but is best known for his appearances in British, American, French, and Italian productions. His career encompassed over 100 films spanning 50 years, and brought him many accolades including three Golden Globe Awards and a César Award for Best Actor.\n\nSharif played opposite Peter O'Toole as Sherif Ali in the David Lean epic \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (1962), which earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, and portrayed the title role in Lean's \"Doctor Zhivago\" (1965), earning him the Golden Globe for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. He continued to play romantic leads, in films like \"Funny Girl\" (1968) and \"The Tamarind Seed\" (1974), and historical figures like the eponymous characters in \"Genghis Khan\" (1965) and \"Che!\" (1969). His acting career continued well into old age, with a well-received turn as a Muslim Turkish immigrant in the French film \"Monsieur Ibrahim\" (2003). He made his final film appearance in 2015, the year of his death. \n\nSharif spoke five languages: Arabic, English, French, Italian and Spanish. He bridled at travel restrictions imposed by the government of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, leading to self-exile in Europe. He was a lifelong horse racing enthusiast, and at one time ranked among the world's top contract bridge players. He was the recipient of high civil honors from multiple countries, including the Egyptian Order of Merit and the French Legion of Honour. He was one of only 25 grantees of UNESCO's Sergei Eisenstein Medal, in recognition of his significant contributions to world film and cultural diversity.", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Omar Cook\n\nOmar-Sharif Cook (; born January 28, 1982) is an American-Montenegrin professional basketball coach and former player who is an assistant coach for the Cleveland Charge of the NBA G League. He represented Montenegro internationally. Prior to entering the draft he was considered a top 10 overall prospect by several NBA scouts.", "title": "Omar Cook" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Buzkashi\n\nBuzkashi (Pashto/) is a traditional Central Asian sport in which horse-mounted players attempt to place a goat or calf carcass in a goal. It is played primarily in Afghanistan. Similar games are known as kokpar, kupkari, and ulak tartysh in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.", "title": "Buzkashi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Charles Goren\n\nCharles Henry Goren (March 4, 1901 – April 3, 1991)<ref name=truscott/> was an American bridge player and writer who significantly developed and popularized the game. He was the leading American bridge personality in the 1950s and 1960s – or 1940s and 1950s, as \"Mr. Bridge\"<ref name=truscott/> – as Ely Culbertson had been in the 1930s. Culbertson, Goren, and Harold Vanderbilt were the three people named when \"The Bridge World\" inaugurated a bridge \"hall of fame\" in 1964 and they were made founding members of the ACBL Hall of Fame in 1995.<ref name=HOFtop/><ref name=HOFby/>\n\nAccording to \"New York Times\" bridge columnist Alan Truscott, more than 10 million copies of Goren's books were sold. Among them, \"Point-Count Bidding\" (1949) \"pushed the great mass of bridge players into abandoning Ely Culbertson's clumsy and inaccurate honor-trick method of valuation.\"<ref name=truscott2/>\n\nGoren's widely syndicated newspaper column \"Goren on Bridge\" first appeared in the Chicago Tribune August 30 1944, p.15. ", "title": "Charles Goren" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Top Secret!\n\nTop Secret! is a 1984 American action comedy film written and directed by Jim Abrahams, David Zucker, and Jerry Zucker (ZAZ). It stars Val Kilmer (in his film debut role) and Lucy Gutteridge alongside a supporting cast featuring Omar Sharif, Peter Cushing, Michael Gough, and Jeremy Kemp.\n\nThe film parodies various film styles such as musicals starring Elvis Presley, spy films of the Cold War era and World War II films. The original music score was composed by Maurice Jarre.", "title": "Top Secret!" }, { "id": "1576349", "score": "1.5852921", "text": "with a degree in mathematics and physics. He worked for a while in his father's precious wood business before beginning his acting career in Egypt. In 1955, Sharif changed his name to Omar El-Sharif and converted to Islam in order to marry fellow Egyptian actress Faten Hamama. It is widely reported, without evidence, that Omar Sharif studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, but the academy confirmed to Al Jazeera that this is in fact not true. In 1954, Sharif began his acting career in Egypt with a role in \"The Blazing Sun\". He was also", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": "1576378", "score": "1.5702283", "text": "appeared in several other films together and remained close friends. He was also good friends with Egyptologist Zahi Hawass. Actor and friend Tom Courtenay revealed in an interview for the 19 July 2008 edition of BBC Radio's Test Match Special that Sharif supported Hull City Association Football Club and in the 1970s he would telephone their automated scoreline from his home in Paris for score updates. Sharif was given an honorary degree by the University of Hull in 2010 and he used the occasion to meet Hull City football player Ken Wagstaff. Sharif also had an interest in horse racing", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": "7452788", "score": "1.5561886", "text": "into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in Toronto. Sharif Khan Sharif Khan is a Pakistani retired professional squash player. He is widely considered to be one of the all-time great players of hardball squash (a North American variant of squash played with a faster-moving ball and on slightly smaller courts than the international \"softball\" squash game). He was the dominant player on the hardball squash circuit throughout the 1970s. Sharif was born in Pakistan, and is the son of the legendary squash player Hashim Khan (who dominated the international squash game in the 1950s). Sharif is the eldest of", "title": "Sharif Khan" }, { "id": "17213672", "score": "1.5451393", "text": "\"Kaligola\", and \"Dayere Ghachi Ghafghazi\". He started his career in cinema in 1990 at \"Wild Deer\". He appeared in eight movies in second and third roles but when he was invited by Masoud Kimiai to play at his film, \"Feast\", makes him one of the best actors at that time. His acting was one of the bests in Fajr Film Festival for 1995. His top performance was at \"Sultan\", he reached the bottom of the icon, a hero to all of the most beautiful plays. This portrayal was so good, and acceptable monthly film critics called his best game of", "title": "Fariborz Arabnia" }, { "id": "1576368", "score": "1.5365801", "text": "Nations' International Year of Light campaign, operated by UNESCO. Sharif said bridge was his personal passion and at one time was ranked among the world's top 50 contract bridge players. At the 1964 World Bridge Olympiad he represented the United Arab Republic bridge squad and in 1968 he was playing captain of the Egyptian team in the Olympiad. In 1967 he formed the \"Omar Sharif Bridge Circus\" to showcase bridge to the world and invited professional players including members of the Italian Blue team, which won 16 World championship titles, to tour and promote the game via exhibition matches including", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": "1576372", "score": "1.5311084", "text": "finished 11th. In 1999 he played in a French senior team at the European Championships in Malta, finishing second. In 2000 at Maastricht, he joined Egypt’s senior team, finishing in ninth place. With Charles Goren and later Tannah Hirsch, Sharif contributed to a syndicated newspaper bridge column for the \"Chicago Tribune\" He was also both author and co-author of several books on bridge and licensed his name to a bridge video game, \"Omar Sharif Bridge\", initially released in an MS-DOS version and Amiga version in 1992 and is still sold in Windows and mobile platform versions. He was also the", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": "1576373", "score": "1.5258223", "text": "hand analyst commentator for the Epson worldwide bridge contests. Sharif was a regular in casinos in France. By 2000 Sharif had stopped playing bridge entirely. Having once proudly declared the game his passion, he now considered it an addiction: \"I didn't want to be a slave to any passion anymore. I gave up card playing altogether, even bridge and gambling.\" Sharif, however, continued to license his name to bridge software games, and co-authored a book with bridge writer David Bird, \"Omar Sharif Talks Bridge\". Written in 2004, it includes some of his most famous deals and bridge stories. Sharif lived", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": "7136602", "score": "1.5207186", "text": "A cricket. Mohammad Sharif (cricketer) Mohammad Sharif () (born December 12, 1985 in Narayanganj, Dhaka) is a Bangladeshi cricketer who played in eight Tests and eight ODIs from 2001 to 2002 for the Bangladeshi cricket team. He was called in the national side after five years for the Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe for ODIs, and was recalled for Tests after five and a half years for the Indian tour of Bangladesh. In February 2018, he took a hat-trick, bowling for Legends of Rupganj against Gazi Group Cricketers in the 2017–18 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League. It was his second hat-trick", "title": "Mohammad Sharif (cricketer)" }, { "id": "1576364", "score": "1.5179634", "text": "enough for a sequel, \"588 rue paradis\" (1992). Sharif could also be seen in \"Memories of Midnight\" (1991), \"Beyond Justice\" (1992), \"Catherine the Great\" (as Alexei Razumovsky), \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1996), \"Heaven Before I Die\" (1997), and \"Mysteries of Egypt\" (1998). He had his first decent role in a big Hollywood film in a long time with \"The 13th Warrior\" (1999). The outcome of the film's production disappointed Sharif so much that he temporarily retired from film acting, not taking a role in another major film until 2003's \"Monsieur Ibrahim\": Sharif did have a small role in \"The Parole Officer\" (2001).", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": "1576363", "score": "1.5166917", "text": "in the bad films of great directors\". Sharif worked steadily in television, appearing in \"Peter the Great\" (1986), and \"\" (1986) (as Nicholas II of Russia). He had supporting parts in \"Grand Larceny\" (1987) and \"The Possessed\" (1988). His first notable credit in a while was \"Mountains of the Moon\" (1990) but Sharif's part was only small. Sharif was reunited with O'Toole a third time in \"The Rainbow Thief\" (1990). He went to Egypt for \"War in the Land of Egypt\" (1991) and France for \"Mayrig\" (1991) with Claudia Cardinale, an autobiographical tale for Henri Verneuil. The latter was popular", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": "7452784", "score": "1.5160917", "text": "Sharif Khan Sharif Khan is a Pakistani retired professional squash player. He is widely considered to be one of the all-time great players of hardball squash (a North American variant of squash played with a faster-moving ball and on slightly smaller courts than the international \"softball\" squash game). He was the dominant player on the hardball squash circuit throughout the 1970s. Sharif was born in Pakistan, and is the son of the legendary squash player Hashim Khan (who dominated the international squash game in the 1950s). Sharif is the eldest of Hashim Khan's 12 children. At the age of 11,", "title": "Sharif Khan" }, { "id": "8919547", "score": "1.5159261", "text": "actor in Arabic films submissions to the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film (\"The Oscars\"). He is often tagged in western media as \"Egypt's \"Brad Pitt\", and he has also been described as \"the next Omar Sharif\" especially after his American debut movie \"Civic Duty\" in 2007. Chosen as a Goodwill Ambassador for the UN in 2007, Naga has participated in several international causes, including advocating for democracy in his home country Egypt. He is one of the most recognizable celebrity faces of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, taking part in mass demonstrations in Cairo that led to the removal", "title": "Kal Naga" }, { "id": "1576351", "score": "1.5110289", "text": "and \"There is a Man in our House\" (1961). He and his wife co-starred in several movies as romantic leads. Sharif's first English-language role was that of (the fictitious) Sherif Ali in David Lean's historical epic \"Lawrence of Arabia\" in 1962. Sharif was given the role when Dilip Kumar turned it down, Horst Buchholz proved unavailable and Maurice Ronet could not use the contact lenses necessary to hide his eyes. Casting Sharif in what is now considered one of the \"most demanding supporting roles in Hollywood history\" was both complex and risky as he was virtually unknown at the time", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": "1576359", "score": "1.5030001", "text": "was the most gorgeous girl I'd ever seen in my life...I found her physically beautiful, and I started \"lusting\" after this woman.\" Sharif co-starred with Catherine Deneuve in \"Mayerling\" (1968), playing Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria. He was reunited with Peck in a Western at Columbia, \"Mackenna's Gold\" (1969), an unsuccessful attempt to repeat the success of \"The Guns of Navarone\" (1961). At 20th Century Fox he played Che Guevara in \"Che!\" which flopped. \"The Appointment\" (1969) teamed Sharif with Anouk Aimée and director Sidney Lumet but was not a hit. James Clavell's \"The Last Valley\" (1971) was a huge", "title": "Omar Sharif" }, { "id": "1576379", "score": "1.5012212", "text": "spanning more than 50 years. He was often seen at French racecourses, with Deauville-La Touques Racecourse being his favourite. Sharif's horses won a number of important races and he had his best successes with Don Bosco, who won the Prix Gontaut-Biron, Prix Perth and Prix du Muguet. He also wrote for a French horse racing magazine. In later life, Sharif lived mostly in Cairo with his family. In addition to his son, he had two grandsons, Omar (born 1983 in Montreal) and Karim. The younger Omar Sharif is also an actor. Sharif was very supportive to the 2011 Youth revolution", "title": "Omar Sharif" } ]

[ "oxygen capacity", "The hematologic system", "Blude", "Blood oxygen-carrying capacity", "blude", "blood composition", "Hemochrome", "hemic", "oxygen delivery", "doolb", "bl00d", "Bl00d", "blood physiology", "oxygen carrying capacity", "Human blood", "Hematological", "oxygen transport", "oxygenated blood", "Oxygen delivery", "Oxygen consumption", "Bloed", "Blood stream", "DoolB", "blood oxygen carrying capacity", "blood stream", "oxygen consumption", "Hemic", "human blood", "Human Blood", "Haemochrome", "Bloodiness", "Blood-forming", "hematologic system", "blood oxygen capacity", "bloodiness", "haemochrome", "hematological", "Transporting oxygen", "Oxygen-carrying capacity", "Oxygen capacity", "Blood", "Blood physiology", "Oxygenated blood", "BLOOD", "Blood composition", "hemochrome", "bloed", "Blood oxygen capacity", "blood", "blood forming", "Oxygen transport", "transporting oxygen" ]

[ { "id": "13991806", "score": "1.4981022", "text": "the same genetic structure—the same strain of mutation—as that of a vampire's. Personality Traits: Cat's favorite drink is a gin and tonic. She likes the night best and sometimes wanders until dawn. She describes herself as friendless and weird, but she's just withdrawn and uncomfortable around people because of her secrets—and because she's afraid of getting hurt again after what Danny did to her. She gets her hatred of vampires from her mother, and she often feels empty and guilt-ridden as she goes through life atoning for her bloodline. Bones, a vampire made in the 18th century is the British", "title": "Jeaniene Frost" }, { "id": "20294795", "score": "1.4388492", "text": "and strained, not stirred. In 2017, David Hammond from the \"Chicago Tribune\" described a variant called the Doce Vampiro cocktail, which is served at La Sirena Clandestina in Chicago. The blood-red drink is a blend of \"...pisco, tequila, lemon, pineapple, Ramazzotti amaro and chicha morada, a sweet, tart, nonalcoholic Peruvian drink made from purple corn\". Hammond states that the \"...pisco, pineapple and lemon, bright and acidic, are the high notes\", with the \"...tequila, bitter herbaceousness of the Ramazzotti and baking-spice qualities of the chicha morada\" providing the \"[b]ass notes\". Vampiro (cocktail) The Vampiro is a cocktail that includes fruit juice,", "title": "Vampiro (cocktail)" }, { "id": "448186", "score": "1.4092369", "text": "of his victims, comes through a window to attack a sleeping maiden, has hypnotic powers, and has superhuman strength. Unlike later fictional vampires, he is able to go about in daylight and has no particular fear of either crosses or garlic. He can eat and drink in human fashion as a form of disguise, but he points out that human food and drink do not agree with him. This is also the first example of the \"sympathetic vampire,\" a vampire who despises his condition but is nonetheless a slave to it. This archetype has been widely exemplified, notably by such", "title": "Varney the Vampire" }, { "id": "1491645", "score": "1.4052198", "text": "their customers to two Zombies apiece. According to the original recipe, the Zombie cocktail included three different kinds of rum, lime juice, falernum, Angostura bitters, Pernod, grenadine, and \"Don's Mix\", a combination of cinnamon syrup and grapefruit juice. Beach was very cautious with the recipes of his original cocktails. His instructions for his bartenders contained coded references to ingredients, the contents of which were only known to him. Beach's original recipes for the Zombie and other Tiki drinks have been published in \"Sippin' Safari\" by Jeff \"Beachbum\" Berry. Berry researched the origins of many Tiki cocktails, interviewing bartenders from Don", "title": "Zombie (cocktail)" }, { "id": "1323217", "score": "1.3916196", "text": "foster dependency if drunk by others. This addiction to vampiric blood is called the Blood Bond. The vampire performing the bond is called a Regnant and the one being bound is called a Thrall. In most cases, a victim must drink three times from the same vampire on three separate nights to become bonded. Once bonded, the victim feels something akin to a very twisted sort of love for the vampire and they become the most important person in their life. They also become more susceptible to mind control by that vampire and are willing to do anything, even risk", "title": "Vampire: The Masquerade" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Count Dracula\n\nCount Dracula () is the title character of Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel \"Dracula\". He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent works of fiction. Aspects of the character are believed by some to have been inspired by the 15th-century Wallachian Prince Vlad the Impaler, who was also known as Dracula, and by Sir Henry Irving, an actor for whom Stoker was a personal assistant.\n\nOne of Dracula's most iconic powers is his ability to turn others into vampires by biting them and infecting them with the vampiric disease. Other character aspects have been added or altered in subsequent popular fictional works. The character has appeared frequently in popular culture, from films to animated media to breakfast cereals.", "title": "Count Dracula" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Marceline the Vampire Queen\n\nMarceline the Vampire Queen is a fictional character in the American animated Cartoon Network television series \"Adventure Time\", created by Pendleton Ward. She is voiced by Olivia Olson in most appearances, by Ava Acres as a child, and by Cloris Leachman as an older woman. Marceline is a fun-loving 1,000-year-old vampire queen, as well as a musician who plays an electric bass that she made from her family's heirloom battle-ax. Ward created the artistic design for Marceline, with small changes and additions added by Phil Rynda, the former lead character and prop designer for \"Adventure Time\".\n\nMarceline makes her debut in the first-season episode \"Evicted!\" in which she forces Finn and Jake from their home. However, as the series progresses, Marceline becomes a close friend to the two. Several backstory episodes have established that she was born to an unnamed human mother (voiced by Rebecca Sugar) and the demon Hunson Abadeer (voiced by Olivia's real-life father, Martin Olson). Furthermore, when she was a child, the cataclysmic Mushroom War occurred, and soon after, she developed a father-daughter-like bond with Simon Petrikov (voiced by Tom Kenny), who would one day turn into the Ice King.\n\nMarceline has been critically acclaimed and is popular with the \"Adventure Time\" fandom. The character was also the focus of the seventh season miniseries \"Stakes\" (2015). Early in the show's history, Ward himself stated that Marceline was his favorite character because he did not know everything about her history and backstory, which he felt added a mysterious element to her character. Marceline's relationship with Princess Bubblegum created controversy when the episodes \"What Was Missing\" and \"Sky Witch\" implied that they had been in a relationship—a relationship that was confirmed in the series finale \"Come Along with Me.\" The relationship was also the subject of the second episode of \"\", \"Obsidian,\" which was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Kids and Family Programming.", "title": "Marceline the Vampire Queen" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Horchata\n\nHorchata (; ), or (), is a name given to various beverages, which are generally plant-based, but sometimes contain animal milk. In Spain, it is made with soaked, ground, and sweetened tiger nuts. In Latin America and other parts of the Americas, the base is jicaro, melon or sesame seeds, or white rice, along with other spices. Different varieties can be served hot or cold, and may be used as a flavor in other beverages, such as frappé coffee.", "title": "Horchata" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dracula Untold\n\nDracula Untold is a 2014 American dark fantasy action-horror film directed by Gary Shore in his feature film debut and written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless.<ref name=\"Gary\" /> A reboot of the \"Dracula\" film series, the plot creates an origin story for the titular character, rather than using the storyline of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel. In this adaptation, Dracula is the monster alter ego of historical figure Vlad III \"the Impaler\" Drăculea. Luke Evans portrays the title character, with Sarah Gadon, Dominic Cooper, Art Parkinson, and Charles Dance cast in supporting roles. Principal photography began in Northern Ireland on August 5, 2013.\n\nUniversal Pictures released the film in regular and IMAX cinemas on October 10, 2014. \"Dracula Untold\" grossed $217 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics.", "title": "Dracula Untold" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Count von Count\n\nCount von Count (known simply as the Count) is a Muppet character on the PBS/HBO children's television show \"Sesame Street.\" He is meant to parody Bela Lugosi's portrayal of Count Dracula. He first appeared on the show in the Season 4 premiere in 1972, counting blocks in a sketch with Bert and Ernie.", "title": "Count von Count" }, { "id": "16818133", "score": "1.381388", "text": "Due to its thirst for blood, the Kroijac will enter the bottle if not forced by the holy symbols. Then, the vampire hunter will lock the bottle and throw it into a burning fire. The bottle will break, killing the vampire. Sources Georgieva, Bulgarian Mythology (1985) Gregory, Vampire Watcher's Handbook (2003) Ronay: The Dracula Myth (1972) Theresa Bane: Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology (2010) Djadadjii The Djadadjii is a type of vampire hunter in Bulgarian folklore. According to legend, the Djadadjii's speciality is to find and destroy Bulgarian vampires, the Kroijac by \"bottling\" it. First, the vampire hunter takes a bottle", "title": "Djadadjii" }, { "id": "2840109", "score": "1.3786197", "text": "most otherkin, but are culturally and historically distinct movements of their own despite some overlap in membership. Like Dracula and other literary vampires, some traditions of modern vampires drink blood, either animal or human, although human is preferred. They claim they need blood to make up for a deficiency of proper energy processing within the body, or that it helps them gain energy and strength. Sex researchers have documented cases of people with sexual (paraphilic) vampirism and autovampirism. Forensic biologist Mark Benecke & Ines Fischer found that most subcultures vampyres in their sample rejected a direct connection between the practice", "title": "Vampire lifestyle" }, { "id": "1491647", "score": "1.3781483", "text": "Catering Industry Employee (CIE) journal: \"Juice of 1 lime, unsweetened pineapple juice, bitters, 1 ounce heavily bodied rum, 2 ounces of Gold Label rum, 1 ounce of White Label rum, 1 ounce of apricot-flavored brandy, 1 ounce of papaya juice\" Zombie (cocktail) The Zombie is a cocktail made of fruit juices, liqueurs, and various rums. It first appeared in late 1934, invented by Donn Beach of Hollywood's \"Don the Beachcomber\" restaurant. It was popularized soon afterwards at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Legend has it that Donn Beach originally concocted the Zombie to help a hung-over customer get through", "title": "Zombie (cocktail)" }, { "id": "3573717", "score": "1.3712428", "text": "belief ... that vampires have no bones.\" Dhampir In Balkans folklore, a dhampir (sometimes spelled \"dhampyre\", \"dhamphir\", or \"dhampyr\") is a creature that is the result of a union between a vampire and a human. This union was usually between male vampires and female humans, with stories of female vampires mating with male humans being rare. The word \"dhampir\" derives from the words \"dham\", albanian Gheg variant of dhëmb (“tooth”) + pir, participle of pi (“to drink”), literally meaning 'that who drinks through his/her teeth'. It is also thought that word for vampire descends from Slavic \"упирь\" or \"ǫpyrь\". The", "title": "Dhampir" }, { "id": "7116060", "score": "1.3675508", "text": "do not drink human blood enjoy that of otters. They require no other food or drink, and although they can ingest it they generally find it bland. Prolonged deprivation of blood can impair a vampire's higher brain functions and they become \"living skeletons\", but lack of blood will not result in a vampire's death. They do not need to breathe airalthough they can breathe to speak or smokeand they cannot pass breath on to others via CPR. They are affected by drugs, poisons, and electricity and they can be sedated and tasered. Some vampires enjoy both alcoholic and caffeinated beverages,", "title": "Vampire (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)" }, { "id": "12602603", "score": "1.3647699", "text": "Abraham Van Helsing that murdered Count Dracula. Meanwhile, Helsing's distant relative, Howard Helsing, pursues Stone with the intent to put the reborn vampire to rest for good. A Taste of Blood A Taste of Blood is a 1967 American horror film, produced and directed by Herschell Gordon Lewis. It stars, among others, Bill Rogers and Elizabeth Wilkinson. The film was also known as The Secret of Dr. Alucard. Lewis considered it his masterpiece. A Miami businessman, John Stone, receives a parcel from England containing two old bottles of Slivovitz brandy from his recently deceased ancestor, and after drinking both bottles,", "title": "A Taste of Blood" }, { "id": "20294792", "score": "1.3555105", "text": "juice, lime juice and spicy pico de gallo seasoning can be used as a substitute. The Vampiro is popular in Mexico and is the national drink. Mexicans named the cocktail Vampiro (\"vampire\") because the Viuda de Sanchez juice mixer's red colour is reminiscent of blood. Vampiros may be made in a tall glass or an old fashioned glass. Bartenders may first \"rim\" the glass with Kosher Salt, which is done by placing a layer of Kosher Salt on a chopping board, moistening the glass' rim with lime juice or water, and then placing the upside down glass rim onto the", "title": "Vampiro (cocktail)" }, { "id": "47166", "score": "1.345515", "text": "have had an erotic thought or fantasy; this is based on the idea that a male's blood pressure will spike dramatically when aroused. Vampires are mythical creatures that drink blood directly for sustenance, usually with a preference for human blood. Cultures all over the world have myths of this kind; for example the 'Nosferatu' legend, a human who achieves damnation and immortality by drinking the blood of others, originates from Eastern European folklore. Ticks, leeches, female mosquitoes, vampire bats, and an assortment of other natural creatures do consume the blood of other animals, but only bats are associated with vampires.", "title": "Blood" }, { "id": "2752371", "score": "1.3430996", "text": "he was forced to drink blood to accelerate his usual healing abilities when faced with an immediate threat and too badly injured to confront it on his own. It is also mentioned in the first film that he ages like a human, while vampires age much slower. He is a master of martial arts, practices meditation, and can speak Czech, Russian, and to a degree the vampire language, and he has a great deal of knowledge about hunting vampires. It is seen in the television series that, while he is only half-vampire, Blade's saliva still produces the enzyme that turns", "title": "Blade (comics)" }, { "id": "16818132", "score": "1.3426534", "text": "Djadadjii The Djadadjii is a type of vampire hunter in Bulgarian folklore. According to legend, the Djadadjii's speciality is to find and destroy Bulgarian vampires, the Kroijac by \"bottling\" it. First, the vampire hunter takes a bottle and fills it with blood, which they carries with them while they search for the vampire's lair. The Djadadjii usually uses icons of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, or a saint or holy relic for protection and to weed out the Kroijac. When the icon starts to shake s/he knows that the vampire is close. The Djadadjii will force the vampire into the bottle.", "title": "Djadadjii" }, { "id": "15551729", "score": "1.34208", "text": "cites his greatest wrestling influences as Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat. Sharkey says he first drank blood at age five and now consumes the blood of his girlfriends and mistresses twice a week. He has described his vampirism as \"a very healthy thing to do\" and has praised Hollywood for making vampire feeding practices \"romantic and erotic\". He drinks only women's blood because \"women are beautiful... they have such beautiful necks and arms\". He says he is well known within the vampire community, and says he drinks cow and pig blood. Sharkey is a Luciferian who \"turned against God\" because", "title": "Jonathon Sharkey" }, { "id": "13545190", "score": "1.3384665", "text": "soon after they start dating. She starts writing about food for him so he can taste them without getting psychic sensations. The Vampire (Real name unknown) is a cibopath from Serbia. Not much is known about him. He pretends to be a vampire to inspire fear and drinks blood instead of biting to learn things psychically using his powers. He sent agents to the Gardner-Kvashennaya International Telescope, he murdered the USDA agent Lin Sae Woo and her specially trained cyborg Rat Jellybean, invaded a compound on Yamapalu, and saved the Cibolocuter Fantanyeros only to kill him and drink his blood.", "title": "Chew (comics)" }, { "id": "10293740", "score": "1.3354243", "text": "cold. He, like Grace, is neither vampire nor donor, and describes himself as 'an in between'. However, it is revealed that he has been manipulated by Sidorio secretly, and he spikes the vampire's berry tea with blood, causing a frenzy and resulting in a large number of vampires leaving Sanctuary and joining Sidorio's forces. Sugar Pie – Sugar Pie is the second in command waitress at Ma Kettle's Tavern. She is attractive, although also feisty, and is known to have comforted Connor and various other characters throughout the series. Matilda \"Ma\" Kettle – Ma Kettle is the owner of Ma", "title": "Vampirates" }, { "id": "7701147", "score": "1.3312641", "text": "vampire drains a human of blood, the vampire would keep a part of the person's spirit with them. Darren willingly drinks blood for the first time to keep part of Sam's spirit alive. In \"Tunnels of Blood\" (set in the month of December), a vampire named Gavner visits Mr. Crepsley, and soon Darren, Evra, and Mr. Crepsley travel to what later is revealed to be Mr. Crepsley's birth city. Mr. Crepsley disappears several times for what Darren and Evra presume to be business, so they act as if they are on holiday. Later, Darren is looking for a Christmas present", "title": "Vampire Blood" }, { "id": "15821615", "score": "1.3309", "text": "cocktail, with two parts cognac, one part Calvados or equivalent apple brandy, and one part sweet vermouth. The Corpse Reviver #2 is the more popular of the corpse revivers, and consists of equal parts gin, lemon juice, curaçao (commonly Cointreau), Kina Lillet (now usually replaced with Cocchi Americano, as a closer match to Kina Lillet than modern Lillet Blanc), and a dash of absinthe. The dash of absinthe can either be added to the mix before shaking, or added to the cocktail glass and moved around until the glass has been coated with a layer of absinthe to give a", "title": "Corpse Reviver" } ]

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[ { "id": "498440", "score": "1.8012693", "text": "Charles XIV John of Sweden Charles XIV and III John or Carl John, (Swedish and Norwegian: \"Karl Johan\"; 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden (as Charles XIV John) and King of Norway (as Charles III John) from 1818 until his death, and served as \"de facto\" regent and head of state from 1810 to 1818. He was also the Sovereign Prince of Pontecorvo, in south-central Italy, from 1806 until 1810. He was born Jean Bernadotte in France and served a long career in the French Army. He subsequently acquired the full name of Jean-Baptiste Jules", "title": "Charles XIV John of Sweden" }, { "id": "498482", "score": "1.7615335", "text": "Robert A. Heinlein mentions and briefly discusses the election of General Bernadotte as the prospective King of Sweden. Attribution Charles XIV John of Sweden Charles XIV and III John or Carl John, (Swedish and Norwegian: \"Karl Johan\"; 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden (as Charles XIV John) and King of Norway (as Charles III John) from 1818 until his death, and served as \"de facto\" regent and head of state from 1810 to 1818. He was also the Sovereign Prince of Pontecorvo, in south-central Italy, from 1806 until 1810. He was born Jean Bernadotte in", "title": "Charles XIV John of Sweden" }, { "id": "498479", "score": "1.7519662", "text": "unconscious in his chambers having suffered a stroke. While he regained consciousness, he never fully recovered and died on the afternoon of 8 March. On his deathbed, he was heard to say: His remains were interred after a state funeral in Stockholm's Riddarholm Church. He was succeeded by his only son, Oscar I. His full title upon his accession to the Swedish and Norwegian thrones was: \"His Majesty Charles John, by the grace of God, King of Sweden, Norway, the Goths and the Wends\". Louis-Émile Vanderburch and Ferdinand Langlé's 1833 play \"Le Camarade de lit\" (\"The Bedfellow\") depicts Bernadotte as", "title": "Charles XIV John of Sweden" }, { "id": "498464", "score": "1.7516589", "text": "November he received the homage of the Riksdag of the Estates, and he was adopted by King Charles XIII under the name of \"Charles John\" (Karl Johan). At the same time, he converted from Roman Catholicism to the Lutheranism of the Swedish court; Swedish law required the monarch to be Lutheran. The new Crown Prince was very soon the most popular and most powerful man in Sweden and quickly impressed his adoptive father. Following his first meeting with his new heir, Charles XIII (who had initially opposed Bernadotte's candidacy) remarked to his aide-de-camp count Charles de Suremain “My dear Suremain,", "title": "Charles XIV John of Sweden" }, { "id": "14100815", "score": "1.722562", "text": "become Charles XIV John) was adopted by Charles XIII and received the homage of the estates on 5 November 1810. The new crown prince was very soon the most popular and the most powerful man in Sweden. The infirmity of the old king and the dissensions in the Privy Council, placed the government and especially the control of foreign affairs almost entirely in his hands. He boldly adopted a policy which was antagonistic to the wishes and hopes of the old school of Swedish statesmen, but perhaps the best adapted to the circumstances. He gave up Finland for lost, knowing", "title": "Sweden in Union with Norway" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Charles XIV John\n\nCharles XIV John (; born Jean Bernadotte; 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden and Norway from 1818 until his death in 1844. Before his reign he was a Marshal of France during the Napoleonic Wars and participated in several battles. In modern Norwegian lists of kings he is called Charles III John (). He was the first monarch of the Bernadotte dynasty.\n\nBorn in Pau in southern France, Bernadotte joined the French Royal Army in 1780. Following the outbreak of the French Revolution, he exhibited great military talent, rapidly rising through the ranks, and was made a brigadier general by 1794. He served with distinction in Italy and Germany, and was briefly Minister of War. His relationship with Napoleon was turbulent; nevertheless, Napoleon named him a Marshal of the Empire on the proclamation of the French Empire. Bernadotte played a significant role in the French victory at Austerlitz, and was made Prince of Pontecorvo as a reward. Bernadotte was, through marriage to Désirée Clary, brother-in-law to Joseph Bonaparte, and thus a member of the extended Imperial family.\n\nIn 1810, Bernadotte was unexpectedly elected the heir-presumptive (Crown Prince) to the childless King Charles XIII of Sweden, thanks to the advocacy of Baron Carl Otto Mörner, a Swedish courtier and obscure member of the Riksdag of the Estates. He assumed the name Charles John and was named regent, and generalissimo of the Swedish Armed Forces, soon after his arrival becoming \"de facto\" head of state for most of his time as Crown Prince. In 1813, following the sudden unprovoked French invasion of Swedish Pomerania, Crown Prince Charles John was instrumental in the creation of the Sixth Coalition by allying with Tsar Alexander and using Swedish diplomacy to bring warring Russia and Britain together in alliance. He then authored the Trachenberg Plan, the war winning Allied campaign plan, and commanded the Allied Army of the North that defeated two concerted French attempts to capture Berlin and made the decisive attack on the last day of the catastrophic French defeat at Leipzig.\n\nAfter the War of the Sixth Coalition, Charles John forced King Frederick VI of Denmark to cede Norway to Sweden, leading to the Swedish–Norwegian War of 1814 where Norway was defeated after a single summer's conflict. This put Norway into a union with Sweden, which lasted for almost a century before its peaceful 1905 dissolution. The Swedish–Norwegian war is credited as Sweden's last direct conflict and war.\n\nUpon the death of Charles XIII in 1818, Charles John ascended to the thrones. He presided over a period of peace and prosperity, and reigned until his death in 1844.", "title": "Charles XIV John" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Désirée Clary" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Monarchy/Featured portrait/6" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Template:POTD/2010-10-20" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "House of Bernadotte\n\nThe House of Bernadotte is the royal family of Sweden since its foundation there in 1818. It was also the royal family of Norway between 1818 and 1905. Its founder, Charles XIV John of Sweden, was born in Pau in southern France as Jean Bernadotte. Bernadotte, who had been made a General of Division and Minister of War for his service in the French Army during the French Revolution, and Marshal of the French Empire and Prince of Ponte Corvo under Napoleon, was adopted by the elderly King Charles XIII of Sweden, who had no other heir and whose Holstein-Gottorp branch of the House of Oldenburg thus was soon to be extinct on the Swedish throne.", "title": "House of Bernadotte" }, { "id": "994118", "score": "1.709727", "text": "in 1810. Charles' condition deteriorated every year, especially after 1812, and he eventually became but a mute witness during the government councils chaired by the crown prince, having lost his memory and no longer being able to communicate. By the Union of Sweden and Norway on 4 November 1814 Charles became king of Norway under the name Carl II of Norway. After eight years as king only by title, Charles died without a natural heir on 5 February 1818, and Bernadotte succeeded him as King Charles XIV John. Charles was the 872nd Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece", "title": "Charles XIII of Sweden" }, { "id": "498476", "score": "1.6920502", "text": "time he ascended the throne he was an ultra-conservative. His autocratic methods, particularly his censorship of the press, were very unpopular, especially after 1823. However, his dynasty never faced serious danger, as the Swedes and the Norwegians alike were proud of a monarch with a good European reputation. He also faced challenges in Norway. The Norwegian constitution gave the Norwegian parliament, the Storting, more power than any legislature in Europe. While Charles John had the power of absolute veto in Sweden, he only had a suspensive veto in Norway. He demanded that the Storting give him the power of absolute", "title": "Charles XIV John of Sweden" }, { "id": "7908187", "score": "1.6711729", "text": "Sweden, and later King Charles XIV John of Sweden, defeated the Norwegians and ousted Frederik. Carl John's generous peace terms recognized the Norwegian constitution, requiring only those sections which prevented a personal union with Sweden to be modified. On 30 August, King Charles XIII of Sweden (known as \"Charles II\" in Norway) was proclaimed the ruler of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Charles XIII died on 5 February 1818 and was succeeded by Carl John, as Charles XIV John of Sweden and Charles III John of Norway. While he had agreed to allow the Norwegians to keep their", "title": "Battle of the Square" }, { "id": "3381783", "score": "1.6696557", "text": "Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte the future King of Sweden when they both were in Northern Germany. His narrative is invigorated by many dialogues, not only of those in which he was a speaker but even of conversations that he only was told about by others. Their exactitude may be suspect but surely they give a memorable portrait of his times. Many judgments are supported by quotes from his stockpile of documents. Naturally his narration is colored by his complicated relationship with his subject: close friendship, working together intimately for years, followed by dismissal and humiliating rejection. He tries to be", "title": "Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne" }, { "id": "498467", "score": "1.6696068", "text": "he made up his mind to make a united Scandinavian peninsula by taking Norway from Denmark and uniting her to Sweden. He tried to divert public opinion from Finland to Norway, by arguing that to create a compact peninsula, with sea for its natural boundary, was to inaugurate an era of peace, and that waging war with Russia would lead to ruinous consequences. Soon after Charles John’s arrival in Sweden, Napoleon compelled him to accede to the Continental System and declare war against Great Britain; otherwise, Sweden would have to face the determination of France, Denmark and Russia. This demand", "title": "Charles XIV John of Sweden" }, { "id": "1637355", "score": "1.65875", "text": "XIV John of Sweden (Swedish: \"Karl XIV Johan\"). He was in high favour with the French born king who had a poor command of the Swedish language. He became Marshal of the Realm, and especially from 1828 onwards, exercised an influence in public affairs. As a politician, he reportedly remained close to his stepmother, Countess Aurora Wilhelmina Koskull, who was active within Stockholm aristocratic circles and also related to the king's mistress Mariana Koskull. In 1837, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Magnus Brahe (1790–1844) Count Nils Magnus Brahe (1790–1844) was a Swedish statesman", "title": "Magnus Brahe (1790–1844)" }, { "id": "498441", "score": "1.6540728", "text": "Bernadotte (). He was appointed as a Marshal of France by Napoleon, though the two had a turbulent relationship. Napoleon made him Prince of Pontecorvo on 5 June 1806, but he stopped using that title in 1810 when his service to France ended and he was elected the heir-presumptive to the childless King Charles XIII of Sweden. His candidacy was advocated by Baron Carl Otto Mörner, a Swedish courtier and obscure member of the Riksdag of the Estates. Upon his Swedish adoption, he assumed the name Carl. He did not use the name Bernadotte in Sweden, but founded the royal", "title": "Charles XIV John of Sweden" }, { "id": "498465", "score": "1.6495781", "text": "I have gambled heavily, and I believe that after all I have won.” He also made himself well liked by Queen Charlotte, who regarded him a \"gentleman in every sense of the word\", and established a net of contact within the Swedish aristocracy, befriending in particular the Brahe family through his favorite Magnus Brahe and countess Aurora Wilhelmina Brahe, whose cousin Mariana Koskull became his lover. The infirmity of the old King and the dissensions in the Privy Council of Sweden placed the government, and especially the control of foreign policy, entirely in his hands. The keynote of his whole", "title": "Charles XIV John of Sweden" }, { "id": "498466", "score": "1.6494792", "text": "policy was the acquisition of Norway as a compensation for the loss of Finland and Bernadotte proved anything but a puppet of France. Many Swedes expected him to reconquer Finland, which had been ceded to Russia; however, the Crown Prince was aware of its difficulty for reasons of the desperate situation of the state finance and the reluctance of the Finnish people to return to Sweden. Even if Finland was regained, he thought, it would put Sweden into a new cycle of conflicts with a powerful neighbor because there was no guarantee Russia would accept the loss as final. Therefore,", "title": "Charles XIV John of Sweden" }, { "id": "498478", "score": "1.6486378", "text": "The main street in Oslo, \"Slottsgate\"n, would later be named after Charles John as Karl Johans gate. His popularity decreased for a time in the 1830s, culminating in the Rabulist riots after the Lèse-majesté conviction of the journalist Magnus Jacob Crusenstolpe, and some calls for his abdication. Charles John survived the abdication controversy and he went on to have his silver jubilee, which was celebrated with great enthusiasm on 18 February 1843. He reigned as King of Sweden and Norway from 5 February 1818 until his death in 1844. On 26 January 1844, his 81st birthday, Charles John was found", "title": "Charles XIV John of Sweden" }, { "id": "1637354", "score": "1.643198", "text": "Magnus Brahe (1790–1844) Count Nils Magnus Brahe (1790–1844) was a Swedish statesman and soldier, known as the influential favorite of king Charles XIV John of Sweden. Nils Magnus Brahe was the son of Swedish Count Magnus Fredrik Brahe (1756-1826) in his first marriage with Baroness Ulrika Katarina Koskull (1759-1805), and thus a member of the Brahe comital family. He was also a descendant of Swedish statesman Per Brahe. After studying in the University of Uppsala, he began his professional military career. He fought in the War against Napoleon (1813–1814) under Jean Bernadotte who later ascended to the throne as Charles", "title": "Magnus Brahe (1790–1844)" }, { "id": "5407165", "score": "1.6401945", "text": "and banishment. A new constitution was introduced, and his uncle Charles XIII was enthroned. Since he was childless, Sweden chose as his successor the commander in chief of the Norwegian army, Prince Christian August of Augustenborg. However, his sudden death in 1810 forced the Swedes to look for another candidate, and once more they chose an enemy officer. Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, would be named the next king. Baron Karl Otto Mörner, an obscure member of the Diet, was the one who initially extended the offer of the Swedish crown to the young soldier. Bernadotte was originally one of", "title": "History of Scandinavia" }, { "id": "3534129", "score": "1.6352146", "text": "returned to France in 1814, in return for a compensation in the sum of 24 million francs. A Guadeloupe Fund was established in Sweden for the benefit of the Swedish Crown Prince and Regent Charles XIV John of Sweden, born Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, a French national and former Marshal of France under Napoleon I. He and his heirs were paid 300,000 riksdaler per year up until 1983 in compensation for their loss of prestige in France when Sweden joined Britain against France in the Napoleonic War. In Saint Bartholomew, the Swedish government bought the remaining slaves to give them freedom. According", "title": "Swedish slave trade" }, { "id": "1368544", "score": "1.6304827", "text": "Norway from 5 February 1818 until his death on 8 March 1844. The House of Bernadotte reigned in both countries until the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905. Prince Carl of Denmark was then elected as King Haakon VII of Norway. Carl was a grandson of King Charles XV of Sweden and a great-great-grandson of Charles XIV. King Charles John's first known paternal ancestor was Joandou du Poey, who was a shepherd. He married Germaine de Bernadotte in 1615 in the southern French city of Pau and began using her surname. Through her the couple owned", "title": "House of Bernadotte" }, { "id": "5077105", "score": "1.6304393", "text": "even had a hunting lodge built in Norway in order to spend more private time there. King Oscar II himself is said to have been fluent in Norwegian. The third Bernadotte king was Charles IV of Norway. He did not have any male descendants to inherit his thrones of Sweden and Norway, these thrones were \"lost\" to Charles XV's younger brother, Oscar II, instead of his only daughter Lovisa of Sweden, crown princess of Denmark. It has been said that Carl XV promised Lovisa on his deathbed that eventually a son of Lovisa would be entitled to be the heir", "title": "Hereditary Kingdom of Norway" } ]

[ "Macadam", "Macadamised", "macadam", "macadamized", "macadamised", "Telford pavement", "Macadamized", "macadam road", "Macadam road", "telford pavement" ]

[ { "id": "19203687", "score": "1.5205641", "text": "Granite (Stifter) Granite (original German title: Granit) is a novella by Adalbert Stifter, included in his collection Colourful Stones, 1853 (original title: \"Bunte Steine\"). On a walk, the grandfather of the protagonist tells him the story of a family of resin extractors' vain endeavour to escape and the rescue of two children. It is the revised edition of the novella \"Die Pechbrenner\", published in 1848. The narrator remembers an event from his childhood, in Bohemian Horní Planá: cart grease was smeared by a passing resin extractor onto his legs. After entering the living room in this way, dirtying the recently", "title": "Granite (Stifter)" }, { "id": "14956158", "score": "1.5107021", "text": "used to crush the earth to form a pathway, road. It is believed that the stone roller weighted up to 200 kilograms/kg. The word Lu in Turkey, Samsun is believed to originate by the sound of the stone roller while it crushes against grass. This term is called onomatopoeia. In the year 1200s, A male nomadic squire named Soruk settled in the mountains and started forming a village. The nomadic squire started building roads by using a stone roller (Lu) he carved himself to allow other people to access easily to the village. When \"Soruk\" and \"Lu\" are put together", "title": "Tekmen, Osmancık" }, { "id": "19930019", "score": "1.5009379", "text": "a couple hundred feet thick, separates from the underlying granite along an expansion joint to form a shell. As this continues, several concentric shells may form to depths of feet or more. Concentric slabs/shells of rock begin to break loose, onion-like layers subparallel to the exterior called exfoliating, sheet jointing, or fractures. As the granite expands the outer, most shells become susceptible to weathering by water pressure, freeze/thaw cycles, and functioning vegetation is a process called physical weathering. The sheets of granite are large enough to shave off sharp edges on the granite’s surface creating a dome shape. The overall", "title": "Exfoliating granite" }, { "id": "170083", "score": "1.4826564", "text": "bits and sandblasting over a rubber stencil. Leaving the letters, numbers, and emblems exposed on the stone, the blaster can create virtually any kind of artwork or epitaph. The stone known as \"black granite\" is usually gabbro, which has a completely different chemical composition. Granite has been extensively used as a dimension stone and as flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings and monuments. Aberdeen in Scotland, which is constructed principally from local granite, is known as \"The Granite City\". Because of its abundance in New England, granite was commonly used to build foundations for homes there. The Granite Railway,", "title": "Granite" }, { "id": "170084", "score": "1.48223", "text": "America's first railroad, was built to haul granite from the quarries in Quincy, Massachusetts, to the Neponset River in the 1820s. Engineers have traditionally used polished granite surface plates to establish a plane of reference, since they are relatively impervious and inflexible. Sandblasted concrete with a heavy aggregate content has an appearance similar to rough granite, and is often used as a substitute when use of real granite is impractical. A most unusual use of granite was as the material of the tracks of the Haytor Granite Tramway, Devon, England, in 1820. Granite block is usually processed into slabs, which", "title": "Granite" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/January 2006 ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Language learning centre/Word list" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Featured list candidates/Featured log/January 2009 ..." }, { "id": "19930018", "score": "1.4631243", "text": "Exfoliating granite Exfoliating granite is granite that is exfoliating. Homogeneous granitic plutons are created in high-pressure environments and slowly solidify beneath the earth’s crust. Vertical compression of overburden releases through erosion, or removal of overlying rocks resulting in unloading. Other contributors of unloading are tectonic uplift, glacier retreat, and mass wasting. The pressure is relieved when the granite is exposed at the surface, allowing it to expand towards the atmosphere. On the surface, if the granite is not jointed, or if it has few joints, then the exposed surface usually expands faster than the underlying granite. The surface layer, often", "title": "Exfoliating granite" }, { "id": "18861403", "score": "1.4415689", "text": "Stone flaming Stone flaming or thermaling is the application of high temperature to the surface of stone to make it look like natural weathering. The sudden application of a torch to the surface of stone causes the surface layer to expand and flake off, exposing rough stone. Flaming works well on granite, because granite is made up of minerals with differing heat expansion rates. After removing a rock from a quarry, the rock is sliced into multiple flat slabs using a diamond gang saw. The saw leaves flat surfaces with circular marks. Flaming is done by wetting, and then running", "title": "Stone flaming" }, { "id": "14370905", "score": "1.4399035", "text": "in 1938 by Sharpe based on observations in South Carolina, and interpreted as a product of abiotic, more or less geogenic mass transfer on slopes. Sharpe was apparently unaware that predecessor names had been coined in the 19th and early 20th Centuries, involving such terms as “pebble line,\" “gravel sheet,\" “cascalho,\" and others, usually depending on the language employed and the countries where the observations were made. Nor, apparently, was Sharpe aware that such features earlier had been illustrated graphically—in England by Darwin (in 1840 and 1881), in Brazil by Hartt in 1870, in North America by Webster and Shaler", "title": "Stonelayer" }, { "id": "170080", "score": "1.4393212", "text": "was reused, which since at least the early 16th century became known as spoliation. Through the process of case-hardening, granite becomes harder with age. The technology required to make tempered steel chisels was largely forgotten during the Middle Ages. As a result, Medieval stoneworkers were forced to use saws or emery to shorten ancient columns or hack them into discs. Giorgio Vasari noted in the 16th century that granite in quarries was \"far softer and easier to work than after it has lain exposed\" while ancient columns, because of their \"hardness and solidity have nothing to fear from fire or", "title": "Granite" }, { "id": "671810", "score": "1.4383739", "text": "manufacturers that they have implemented the use of heat-treated flour for their \"ready-to-bake cookie dough\" products to reduce the risk of \"E. coli\" bacterial contamination. Milling of flour is accomplished by grinding grain between stones or steel wheels. Today, \"stone-ground\" usually means that the grain has been ground in a mill in which a revolving stone wheel turns over a stationary stone wheel, vertically or horizontally with the grain in between. Roller mills soon replaced stone grist mills as the production of flour has historically driven technological development, as attempts to make gristmills more productive and less labor-intensive led to", "title": "Flour" }, { "id": "170081", "score": "1.4362259", "text": "sword, and time itself, that drives everything to ruin, not only has not destroyed them but has not even altered their colour.\" In some areas, granite is used for gravestones and memorials. Granite is a hard stone and requires skill to carve by hand. Until the early 18th century, in the Western world, granite could be carved only by hand tools with generally poor results. A key breakthrough was the invention of steam-powered cutting and dressing tools by Alexander MacDonald of Aberdeen, inspired by seeing ancient Egyptian granite carvings. In 1832, the first polished tombstone of Aberdeen granite to be", "title": "Granite" }, { "id": "170087", "score": "1.4300199", "text": "Trango Towers), the Fitzroy Massif, Patagonia, Baffin Island, Ogawayama, the Cornish coast, the Cairngorms, Sugarloaf Mountain in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the Stawamus Chief, British Columbia, Canada. Granite rock climbing is so popular that many of the artificial rock climbing walls found in gyms and theme parks are made to look and feel like granite. Granite Granite () is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their mineralogy. The word \"granite\" comes from the Latin \"granum\", a grain, in", "title": "Granite" }, { "id": "4794251", "score": "1.4267061", "text": "or grey) is often made thicker than black granite to provide equal load-bearing capabilities of the types of material used for surface plates as it is not as stiff as black granite. Damage to a granite surface plate will usually result in a chip but does not affect the accuracy of the overall plane. Even though chipped, another flat surface can still make contact with the undamaged portion of a chipped surface plate whereas damage to a cast-iron plate often raises the surrounding material above the working plane causing inspected objects to no longer sit parallel to the surface plate.", "title": "Surface plate" }, { "id": "170055", "score": "1.4177241", "text": "general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks. Petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite. Granite is nearly always massive (i.e., lacking any internal structures), hard, and tough. These properties have made granite a widespread construction stone throughout human history. The average density of granite is between , its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3–6·10 Pa·s. The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is ; it is strongly reduced in the presence of water, down to", "title": "Granite" }, { "id": "170053", "score": "1.4152511", "text": "Granite Granite () is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their mineralogy. The word \"granite\" comes from the Latin \"granum\", a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a holocrystalline rock. Strictly speaking, granite is an igneous rock with between 20% and 60% quartz by volume, and at least 35% of the total feldspar consisting of alkali feldspar, although commonly the term \"granite\" is used to refer to a wider range of coarse-grained igneous rocks containing quartz", "title": "Granite" }, { "id": "5300273", "score": "1.4129598", "text": "meteor or volcanic eruption, whereas makhteshim are created by erosion. The word makhtesh is the Hebrew word for a mortar grinder (). The geological landform was given this name because of its similarity to a grinding bowl. Where a hard outer layer of rock covers softer rocks, erosion removes the softer minerals relatively quickly, and they are washed away from under the harder rock. The harder rocks eventually collapse under their own weight, and a crater-like valley structure is formed. In Negev and Sinai makhteshim, the hard rocks are limestone and dolomite, while the inner softer rocks are chalk or", "title": "Makhtesh" }, { "id": "546501", "score": "1.4125948", "text": "types of object made from slate rock. It may mean a single roofing tile made of slate, or a writing slate. These were traditionally a small, smooth piece of the rock, often framed in wood, used with chalk as a notepad or noticeboard, and especially for recording charges in pubs and inns. The phrases \"clean slate\" and \"blank slate\" come from this usage. Before the mid-19th century, the terms \"slate\", \"shale\" and \"schist\" were not sharply distinguished. In the context of underground coal mining in the United States, the term slate was commonly used to refer to shale well into", "title": "Slate" }, { "id": "1281265", "score": "1.4122869", "text": "are made of large-grained materials such as granite, basalt, or similar tool stones. Grinding slab In archaeology, a grinding slab is a ground stone artifact generally used to grind plant materials into usable size, though some slabs were used to shape other ground stone artifacts. Some grinding stones are portable; others are not and, in fact, may be part of a stone outcropping. Grinding slabs used for plant processing typically acted as a coarse surface against which plant materials were ground using a portable hand stone, or mano (\"hand\" in Spanish). Variant grinding slabs are referred to as metates or", "title": "Grinding slab" }, { "id": "17407724", "score": "1.4074364", "text": "derives from \"Rubble\". In practice, the S1-S3 terminology is widely used, Ta-Te, is used sometimes, and R1-R3 is seldom used. Initially grains, pebbles and large clasts in a high-density turbidity current (i.e., a high-sand concentration flow), are moved by traction (rolling and sliding) to generate a coarse-grained to conglomeratic, parallel-laminated to cross-laminated S1 layer. However, as grains settle out and move closer together, grain-to-grain collisions begin to generate dispersive pressures that help prevent further settling. This results in smaller grains moving between larger grains and preferentially settling out beneath them. Thus, an inverse graded layer develops that is called a", "title": "Lowe sequence" }, { "id": "10119044", "score": "1.3990059", "text": "of these terms are mass nouns (such as \"swarf\" and \"sawdust\") and some of them are count nouns (such as \"chips\", \"filings\", or \"shavings\"). The rest of this article discusses metalworking swarf. Wood swarf is discussed at \"sawdust\". Chips can be extremely sharp, and this creates a safety problem, as they can cause serious injuries if not handled correctly. Depending on the composition of the material, it can persist in the environment for a long time before degrading. This, combined with the small size of some chips (e.g. those of brass or bronze), allows them to disperse widely by piggy-backing", "title": "Swarf" } ]

[ "Mousqes", "Masajid", "Mosque", "mosque to do", "Masjids", "masjid", "mosqu", "مسجد", "Islamic Center", "masajid", "islamic center", "masgid", "Masgid", "mosques", "Masjid", "Masjed", "🕌", "Mosgid", "masjids", "masajids", "masjed", "masǧid", "Mosjid", "Mosque/to do", "Mosques", "mosgid", "Mosqu", "mousqes", "mosque", "Masǧid", "mosjid", "Masajids" ]

[ { "id": "1777125", "score": "1.6576048", "text": "Minaret Minaret (; ', , ,), from ', also known as \"Goldaste\" (), is a distinctive architectural structure akin to a tower and typically found built into or adjacent to mosques. Minarets serve multiple purposes. While they provide a visual focal point, they are generally used for the Muslim call to prayer (Adhan). The basic form of a minaret includes a base, shaft, a cap and head. They are generally a tall spire with a conical or onion-shaped crown. They can either be free-standing or taller than the associated support structure. The architecture, function, and role of the minaret vary", "title": "Minaret" }, { "id": "1777130", "score": "1.6127968", "text": "spiral or octagonal) in light of their architectural function. Minarets are built out of any material that is readily available, and often changes from region to region. The number of minarets by mosques is not fixed, originally one minaret would accompany each mosque, then the builder could construct several more. Styles and architecture can vary widely according to region and time period. Here are a few styles and the localities from which they derive: Central Asia Minaret Minaret (; ', , ,), from ', also known as \"Goldaste\" (), is a distinctive architectural structure akin to a tower and typically", "title": "Minaret" }, { "id": "4907013", "score": "1.5694416", "text": "of bricks used in the construction of the tower, and the sandy soil on which it sits. The minaret is flanked by two houses in European style but with Chinese features, for example in its windows and woodwork. There are five bays in its façade; the largest central one flanked by miniature minarets is the entrance to the prayer hall. A large onion dome is located above the prayer hall behind the facade. The prayer hall is skewed from the street grid to face Mecca, and is surrounded by verandahs on three sides. It has 12 lancet windows with yellow", "title": "Masjid Hajjah Fatimah" }, { "id": "10458531", "score": "1.5528691", "text": "of hypothetical cases such as the chimney of a factory building that is converted into a mosque. In the case of Langenthal it was even argued that the planned structure was a minaret-like tower and not a minaret. Calls to prayer had been a frequent argument against permitting new minarets, and the planned tower in Langenthal could not be used for that purpose. In the case of the Islamic center in Frauenfeld, canton of Thurgau, an existing ventilation shaft had been adorned with a sheet metal cone topped with a crescent moon. In October 2009 the Frauenfeld city council declined", "title": "2009 Swiss minaret referendum" }, { "id": "1777128", "score": "1.5443877", "text": "which the muezzin may give the call to prayer. It is covered by a roof-like canopy and adorned with ornamentation, such as decorative brick and tile work, cornices, arches and inscriptions, with the transition from the shaft to the gallery typically displaying muqarnas. The earliest mosques lacked minarets, and the call to prayer was often performed from smaller tower structures. Hadiths relay that the early Muslim community of Medina gave the call to prayer from the roof of the house of Muhammad, which doubled as a place for prayer. The first known minarets appear in the early 9th century under", "title": "Minaret" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Minaret\n\nA minaret (; , or ; ; ) is a type of tower typically built into or adjacent to mosques. Minarets are generally used to project the Muslim call to prayer (\"adhan\"), but they also served as landmarks and symbols of Islam's presence.", "title": "Minaret" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mosque\n\nA mosque (; from , ; literally \"place of ritual prostration\"), also called masjid, is a place of prayer for Muslims. Mosques are usually covered buildings, but can be any place where prayers (sujud) are performed, including outdoor courtyards.\n\nThe first mosques were simple places of prayer for Muslims, and may have been open spaces rather than buildings. In the first stage of Islamic architecture, 650-750 CE, early mosques comprised open and closed covered spaces enclosed by walls, often with minarets from which calls to prayer were issued. Mosque buildings typically contain an ornamental niche (\"mihrab\") set into the wall that indicates the direction of Mecca (\"qiblah\") The pulpit (\"minbar\"), from which the Friday (jumu'ah) sermon (\"khutba\") is delivered, was in earlier times characteristic of the central city mosque, but has since become common in smaller mosques.<ref name=EIMW/><ref name=ODI/> Mosques typically have segregated spaces for men and women.<ref name=ODI/> This basic pattern of organization has assumed different forms depending on the region, period and denomination.<ref name=campo/>\n\nMosques commonly serve as locations for prayer, Ramadan vigils, funeral services, marriage and business agreements, alms collection and distribution, as well as homeless shelters. Historically, mosques have served as a community center, a court of law, and a religious school. In modern times, they have also preserved their role as places of religious instruction and debate.<ref name=ODI/><ref name=EIMW/> Special importance is accorded to the Great Mosque of Mecca (centre of the hajj), the Prophet's Mosque in Medina (burial place of Muhammad) and Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem (believed to be the site of Muhammad's ascent to heaven).<ref name=ODI/>\n\nWith the spread of Islam, mosques multiplied across the Islamic world. Sometimes churches and temples were converted into mosques, which influenced Islamic architectural styles.<ref name=EIMW/> While most pre-modern mosques were funded by charitable endowments,<ref name=\"ODI\" /> increasing government regulation of large mosques has been countered by a rise of privately funded mosques, many of which serve as bases for different Islamic revivalist currents and social activism.<ref name=EIMW/> Mosques have played a number of political roles. The rates of mosque attendance vary widely depending on the region.", "title": "Mosque" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2009 Swiss minaret referendum\n\nThe federal popular initiative \"against the construction of minarets\" was a successful popular initiative in Switzerland to prevent the construction of minarets on mosques. In a November 2009 referendum, a constitutional amendment banning the construction of new minarets was approved by 57.5% of the participating voters. Only three of the twenty Swiss cantons and one half canton, mostly in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, opposed the initiative.\n\nThis referendum originates from action on 1 May 2007, when a group of right of centre politicians, mainly from the Swiss People's Party (SVP/PPS/UDC) and the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU/UDF), the \"Egerkinger Komittee\" (\"Egerkingen Committee\") launched a federal popular initiative that sought a constitutional ban on minarets. The minaret at the mosque of the local Turkish cultural association in Wangen bei Olten was the initial motivation for the initiative.\n\nThe Swiss government recommended that the proposed amendment be rejected as inconsistent with the basic principles of the constitution. However, after the results were tabulated, the government immediately announced that the ban was in effect.\n\nAs of the date of the 2009 vote, there were four minarets in Switzerland, attached to mosques in Zürich, Geneva, Winterthur and Wangen bei Olten. These existing minarets were not affected by the ban, as they had already been constructed.", "title": "2009 Swiss minaret referendum" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Islamic architecture\n\nIslamic architecture comprises the architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam. It encompasses both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day. The Islamic world encompasses a wide geographic area historically ranging from western Africa and Europe to eastern Asia. Certain commonalities are shared by Islamic architectural styles across all these regions, but over time different regions developed their own styles according to local materials and techniques, local dynasties and patrons, different regional centers of artistic production, and sometimes different religious affiliations.\n\nEarly Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman, Byzantine, Iranian, and Mesopotamian architecture and all other lands which the Early Muslim conquests conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries. Further east, it was also influenced by Chinese and Indian architecture as Islam spread to South and Southeast Asia. Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings and in the decoration of surfaces with Islamic calligraphy, arabesques, and geometric motifs. New architectural elements like minarets, \"muqarnas\", and multifoil arches were invented. Common or important types of buildings in Islamic architecture include mosques, madrasas, tombs, palaces, hammams (public baths), Sufi hospices (e.g. khanqahs or zawiyas), fountains and sabils, commercial buildings (e.g. caravanserais and bazaars), and military fortifications.", "title": "Islamic architecture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kutubiyya Mosque\n\nThe Kutubiyya Mosque ( ; Berber: ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ) or Koutoubia Mosque is the largest mosque in Marrakesh, Morocco. It is located in the southwest medina quarter of Marrakesh, near the famous public place of Jemaa el-Fna, and is flanked by large gardens.\n\nThe mosque was founded in 1147 by the Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min right after he conquered Marrakesh from the Almoravids. A second version of the mosque was entirely rebuilt by Abd al-Mu'min around 1158, with Ya'qub al-Mansur possibly finalizing construction of the minaret around 1195. The minaret is also considered an important landmark and symbol of Marrakesh.<ref name=\":1\" />", "title": "Kutubiyya Mosque" }, { "id": "20462223", "score": "1.5380993", "text": "the main building. The shape of the minaret is similar to other early 19th-century mosques of Minangkabau e.g. the Jami Mosque of Taluak. The minaret has an octagonal layout and is decorated with Arabo-Persian inspired patterns. Two balconies is situated at the middle level and the upper level of the minaret. The top of the minaret is crowned with a dome on top of a roof eaves protecting the upper balcony from tropical sun and rain. Historically, the minarets of Minangkabau mosques were introduced during the early times of the Padri War by a number of reformist Islamists who returned", "title": "Grand Mosque of Kubang Putih" }, { "id": "5281354", "score": "1.5371132", "text": "a smaller but identical superstructure resting on it, topped by a dome. Many features of the minaret are also included in other religious buildings in the country, such as a wide band of ceramic tiles, alternate pattern work on each side, and Moorish-styled scalloped keystone arches . Decorative carvings envelop the arched fenestrations. Above four-fifths of its height, the minaret has stepped merlons capping the perimeter of the shaft, at which level there is an outdoor gallery approached by ramps. Each side of the tower is designed differently as the window openings are arranged at different heights, conforming to the", "title": "Koutoubia Mosque" }, { "id": "18642256", "score": "1.5337989", "text": "at the base, measuring 15 ft. 4 inches each way. The minaret at the northern and of the façade and the wall adjoining it towards the south are comparatively the best preserved portions of the Madrasa although their tile decoration and trellis work have survived only in fragments. The minaret has on octagonal base with round shape at the point. The lower has three storey, the first and second having balconies which project from the main body of the tower in a curvilinear form but have no brackets to support them. Due to the shiny nature of coloured tiles on", "title": "Mahmud Gawan Madrasa" }, { "id": "7576625", "score": "1.5268242", "text": "call people to prayer. For this purpose it was enough to ascend to a roof of the mosque. This practice was common in initial years of Islam. The word \"minaret\" is derived from the Arabic word \"manara\" (\"lighthouse\", or more literally \"a place where something burn\"). Probably the idea for the minarets of Islam was adopted from \"fire-towers\" or lighthouses of previous epochs. The architect, whose name was simply Bako, made a minaret in the form of a circular-pillar brick tower, narrowing upwards, of 9 meters (29.53 feet) diameter at the bottom, 6 meters (19.69 feet) overhead and 45.6 meters", "title": "Po-i-Kalyan" }, { "id": "7372494", "score": "1.5252259", "text": "at one of the corners of the mosque structure. The top of the minaret is always the highest point in mosques that have one, and often the highest point in the immediate area. The first mosques had no minarets, and even nowadays the most conservative Islamic movements, like Wahhabis, avoid building minarets, seeing them as ostentatious and unnecessary. The first minaret was constructed in 665 in Basra during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. Muawiyah encouraged the construction of minarets, as they were supposed to bring mosques on par with Christian churches with their bell towers. Consequently, mosque", "title": "Sacred architecture" }, { "id": "4690087", "score": "1.5245165", "text": "been actively preserved. In 2014, the BBC reported that the tower was in imminent danger of collapse. The circular minaret rests on an octagonal base; it had 2 wooden balconies and was topped by a lantern. Its formal presentation has a striking similarity to the Ghazni minarets built by Masud III. It is thought to have been a direct inspiration for the Qutub Minar in Delhi, India. The Minaret of Jam belongs to a group of around 60 minarets and towers built between the 11th and the 13th centuries in Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan, including the Kutlug Timur Minaret", "title": "Minaret of Jam" }, { "id": "19148533", "score": "1.5194507", "text": "was not met with resistance by the religious elite because by that time the Sultan Mosque was no longer able to contain all its worshippers. The Great Mosque of Palembang features a green three-tiered roof, a typical mosque architecture in Indonesia. The roof form displays a strong Chinese influences, though they are now generally considered to be directly related with the traditional \"limas\" (pyramidal) roof. The Great Mosque of Palembang has two minarets, which is an unusual feature in Indonesian mosque architecture. The newer Ottoman-styled minaret is 45 meter high with 12 sides. The older 18th-century minaret shows influence from", "title": "Great Mosque of Palembang" }, { "id": "12840415", "score": "1.518734", "text": "for the doors. It had four facades organized on a cardinal axis, of which the eastern one is in disrepair. The minaret was the north of the mosque structure, square in shape with five stories, each adorned with window niches, and a balcony towards the top. The minaret was probably influenced by Crusader design, but it was constructed by the Mamluks. The minaret is tall. There is speculation, however, that the minaret may have earlier been located closer to the center of the mosque as remnants of a square foundation have been found there. Although, this may have been just", "title": "White Mosque, Ramla" }, { "id": "11853472", "score": "1.5177252", "text": "6 metres (19.69 ft) overhead. The body of the minaret is topped by a rotunda with 16 arched fenestrations, from which the muezzins summoned the Muslims in the city to prayer. There is a brick spiral staircase that twists up inside around the pillar to the rotunda. Once the minaret was believed to have had another round section above the rotunda, but now only the cone-shaped top remains. The tower base has narrow ornamental strings belted across it made of bricks which are placed in both straight or diagonal fashion. The frieze is covered with a blue glaze with inscriptions.", "title": "Kalyan minaret" }, { "id": "3908008", "score": "1.5173731", "text": "The minaret is said to enhance the visual alignment of the boulevard. It is square in shape thrusting skyward. The base to the top width ratio of 1 to 8 (between basement and the summit) has a marble covering on the exterior with austere decoration. The faces of the facade have carved ornamentation with different materials. There are stitches of roudani tracetine on a 100,000 MP surface. This decorative material (with chrome and green as dominant colours), is a substitute for the use of bricks, the material used in many other notable minarets, and has given the mosque an extraordinary", "title": "Hassan II Mosque" }, { "id": "2215021", "score": "1.5170135", "text": "in Arnavutköy). According to folklore, an architect misheard the Sultan's request for \"altın minareler\" (gold minarets) as \"altı minare\" (six minarets), at the time a unique feature of the mosque of the Ka'aba in Mecca. When criticized for his presumption, the Sultan then ordered a seventh minaret to be built at the Mecca mosque. Four minarets stand at the corners of the Blue Mosque. Each of these fluted, pencil-shaped minarets has three balconies (Called şerefe) with stalactite corbels, while the two others at the end of the forecourt only have two balconies. Before the muezzin or prayer caller had to", "title": "Sultan Ahmed Mosque" }, { "id": "268755", "score": "1.515825", "text": "case of collapse. The first minaret was constructed in 665 in Basra during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. Muawiyah encouraged the construction of minarets, as they were supposed to bring mosques on par with Christian churches with their bell towers. Consequently, mosque architects borrowed the shape of the bell tower for their minarets, which were used for essentially the same purpose—calling the faithful to prayer. The oldest standing minaret in the world is the minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, built between the 8th and the 9th century, it is a massive square tower", "title": "Mosque" }, { "id": "268754", "score": "1.5153127", "text": "the minaret, the tall, slender tower that usually is situated at one of the corners of the mosque structure. The top of the minaret is always the highest point in mosques that have one, and often the highest point in the immediate area. The tallest minaret in the world is located at the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco. It has a height of and completed in 1993, it was designed by Michel Pinseau. The first mosques had no minarets, and even nowadays the most conservative Islamic movements, like Wahhabis, avoid building minarets, seeing them as ostentatious and hazardous in", "title": "Mosque" }, { "id": "17159877", "score": "1.5128486", "text": "a portico. The prayer hall has three aisles parallel to the qibla wall, a common arrangement in Umayyad mosques in Syria. The minaret over the southwest corner is one of the original Roman corners towers, and is the oldest minaret in Islam. The court holds a small octagonal building on columns. This was the treasury of the Muslims, perhaps only symbolic, which was traditionally kept in a town's main mosque. The mosque walls were decorated with mosaics, some of which have survived, including one that depicts the houses, palaces and river valley of Damascus. The marble window grilles in the", "title": "Umayyad architecture" }, { "id": "5788670", "score": "1.5126156", "text": "and there is a spiral staircase of 160 stone steps that lead to the \"muezzin\"'s calling position. The Minaret of the Bride is divided into two sections; the main tower and the spire which are separated by a lead roof. The oldest part of the minaret, or the main tower, is square in shape, has four galleries, and consists of two different forms of masonry; the base consists of large blocks, while the upper section is built of dressed stone. There are two light openings near the top of the main tower, before the roof, with horseshoe arches and cubical", "title": "Umayyad Mosque" } ]

[ "", "one thousand, eight hundred and sixty-nine", "one thousand eight hundred and sixty nine", "1869" ]

[ { "id": "941300", "score": "2.6974268", "text": "the Daviess County Savings Association in Gallatin. John W. Sheets, the bank cashier, was killed in the process by Jesse James, who believed Sheets was Samuel P. Cox, who had killed James's bushwhacker colleague Bloody Bill Anderson during the American Civil War. On July 15, 1881, the gang was believed to have been responsible for the robbery of the Rock Island Line at Winston in which a conductor and passenger were killed. After Jesse James was murdered in St. Joseph, Frank James surrendered in 1882 to face Daviess County charges in connection with the train robbery/murder as well as murder", "title": "Daviess County, Missouri" }, { "id": "7099183", "score": "2.5292053", "text": "the death or capture of the older outlaws (including Clement) and the addition of former bushwhacker Cole Younger and his brothers. In December 1869, Jesse James became the most famous of this group when he emerged as the prime suspect in the robbery of the Daviess County Savings Association in Gallatin, Missouri, and the murder of cashier John W. Sheets. During Jesse James's flight from the scene, he declared that he had killed Samuel P. Cox and had taken revenge for Bloody Bill Anderson's death. (Cox lived in Gallatin, and the killer apparently mistook Sheets for the former militia officer.)", "title": "Bushwhacker" }, { "id": "2928647", "score": "2.4352975", "text": "in Gallatin, Missouri. Jesse is suspected of having shot down the cashier, John W. Sheets, in the mistaken belief that he was Samuel P. Cox, the Union militia officer who had ambushed and killed \"Bloody Bill\" Anderson during the Civil War. The James brothers were unknown up to this point; this may have been their first robbery. Their names were later added to previous robberies as an afterthought. John Younger was almost arrested in Dallas County, Texas in January 1871. He killed two lawmen during the attempt and escaped. On June 3, 1871, the gang robbed a bank in Corydon,", "title": "James–Younger Gang" }, { "id": "14438625", "score": "2.30686", "text": "brothers took part, although an eyewitness who knew the brothers told a newspaper seven years later \"positively and emphatically that he recognized Jesse and Frank James ... among the robbers.\" In 1868, Frank and Jesse James allegedly joined Cole Younger in robbing a bank in Russellville, Kentucky. Jesse James did not become well-known until December 7, 1869, when he and (most likely) Frank robbed the Daviess County Savings Association in Gallatin, Missouri. The robbery netted little money. Jesse is believed to have shot and killed the cashier, Captain John Sheets, mistakenly believing him to be Samuel P. Cox, the militia", "title": "Jesse James" }, { "id": "14438627", "score": "2.2396502", "text": "James to replace a horse, saddle, and bridle stolen as they fled the robbery of the Daviess County Savings Bank. The brothers denied the charges, saying they were not in Daviess County on December 7, the day the robbery occurred. As Frank and Jesse failed to appear in court, Smoote won his case against them. It is unlikely that he ever collected the money due. The 1869 robbery marked the emergence of Jesse James as the most famous survivor of the former Confederate bushwhackers. It was the first time he was publicly labeled an \"outlaw\"; Missouri Governor Thomas T. Crittenden", "title": "Jesse James" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jesse James\n\nJesse Woodson James (September 5, 1847April 3, 1882) was an American outlaw, bank and train robber, guerrilla and leader of the James–Younger Gang. Raised in the \"Little Dixie\" area of Western Missouri, James and his family maintained strong Southern sympathies. He and his brother Frank James joined pro-Confederate guerrillas known as \"bushwhackers\" operating in Missouri and Kansas during the American Civil War. As followers of William Quantrill and \"Bloody Bill\" Anderson, they were accused of committing atrocities against Union soldiers and civilian abolitionists, including the Centralia Massacre in 1864.\n\nAfter the war, as members of various gangs of outlaws, Jesse and Frank robbed banks, stagecoaches, and trains across the Midwest, gaining national fame and often popular sympathy despite the brutality of their crimes. The James brothers were most active as members of their own gang from about 1866 until 1876, when as a result of their attempted robbery of a bank in Northfield, Minnesota, several members of the gang were captured or killed. They continued in crime for several years afterward, recruiting new members, but came under increasing pressure from law enforcement seeking to bring them to justice. On April 3, 1882, Jesse James was shot and killed by Robert Ford, a new recruit to the gang who hoped to collect a reward on James's head and a promised amnesty for his previous crimes. Already a celebrity in life, James became a legendary figure of the Wild West after his death.\n\nPopular portrayals of James as an embodiment of Robin Hood, robbing from the rich and giving to the poor, are a case of romantic revisionism as there is no evidence his gang shared any loot from their robberies with anyone outside their network. Scholars and historians have characterized James as one of many criminals inspired by the regional insurgencies of ex-Confederates following the Civil War, rather than as a manifestation of alleged economic justice or of frontier lawlessness. James continues to be one of the most famous figures from the era, and his life has been dramatized and memorialized numerous times.", "title": "Jesse James" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "James–Younger Gang\n\nThe James–Younger Gang was a notable 19th-century gang of American outlaws that revolved around Jesse James and his brother Frank James. The gang was based in the state of Missouri, the home of most of the members.\n\nMembership fluctuated from robbery to robbery, as the outlaws' raids were usually separated by many months. As well as the notorious James brothers, at various times it included the Younger brothers (Cole, Jim, John, and Bob), John Jarrett (married to the Youngers' sister Josie), Arthur McCoy, George Shepherd, Oliver Shepherd, William McDaniel, Tom McDaniel, Clell Miller, Charlie Pitts (born Samuel A. Wells), and Bill Chadwell (alias Bill Stiles).\n\nThe James–Younger Gang had its origins in a group of Confederate bushwhackers that participated in the bitter partisan fighting that wracked Missouri during the American Civil War. After the war, the men continued to plunder and murder, though the motive shifted to personal profit rather than in the name of the Confederacy. The loose association of outlaws did not truly become the \"James–Younger Gang\" until 1868 at the earliest, when the authorities first named Cole Younger, John Jarrett, Arthur McCoy, George Shepherd and Oliver Shepherd as suspects in the robbery of the Nimrod Long bank in Russellville, Kentucky.\n\nThe James–Younger Gang dissolved in 1876, following the capture of the Younger brothers in Minnesota during the unsuccessful attempt to rob the Northfield First National Bank. Three years later, Jesse James organized a new gang, including Clell Miller's brother Ed and the Ford brothers (Robert and Charles), and renewed his criminal career. This career came to an end in 1882 when Robert Ford shot James from behind, killing him.\n\nFor nearly a decade following the Civil War, the James–Younger Gang was among the most feared, most publicized, and most wanted confederations of outlaws on the American frontier. Though their crimes were reckless and brutal, many members of the gang commanded a notoriety in the public eye that earned the gang significant popular support and sympathy. The gang's activities spanned much of the central part of the country; they are suspected of having robbed banks, trains, and stagecoaches in at least eleven states: Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Alabama, and West Virginia.", "title": "James–Younger Gang" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bushwhacker\n\nBushwhacking was a form of guerrilla warfare common during the American Revolutionary War, War of 1812, American Civil War and other conflicts in which there were large areas of contested land and few governmental resources to control these tracts. This was particularly prevalent in rural areas during the Civil War where there were sharp divisions between those favoring the Union and Confederacy in the conflict. The perpetrators of the attacks were called bushwhackers. The term \"bushwhacking\" is still in use today to describe ambushes done with the aim of attrition.\n\nBushwhackers were generally part of the irregular military forces on both sides. While bushwhackers conducted well-organized raids against the military, the most dire of the attacks involved ambushes of individuals and house raids in rural areas. In the countryside, the actions were particularly inflammatory since they frequently amounted to fighting between neighbors, often to settle personal accounts. Since the attackers were non-uniformed, the government response was complicated by trying to decide whether they were legitimate military attacks or criminal actions.", "title": "Bushwhacker" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Samuel P. Cox\n\nSamuel P. Cox (December 16, 1828 – August 21, 1913) was an American businessman and soldier who is best remembered as the commander of the Union troops that killed \"Bloody Bill\" Anderson at the Battle of Albany, during the American Civil War.\n\nAn alleged attempt to assassinate Cox in 1869 in reprisal for the killing marked the first time that Frank James and Jesse James were publicly identified as outlaws.", "title": "Samuel P. Cox" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Vital articles/List of all articles" }, { "id": "17283769", "score": "2.2159133", "text": "William Thornton Kemper, Sr. who went on to found two of the largest banks headquartered in Missouri (Commerce Bancshares and UMB Financial Corporation). Cox's business relationship with Kemper only lasted one year, dissolving in 1866. When Cox had first joined the Missouri Militia, his commanding officer was James H.B. McFerran who would found the Daviess County Savings Association. On December 7, 1869, two men (reported to be Frank and Jesse James) robbed the Daviess County Savings Association Bank and in the process shot the cashier John W. Sheets in the head and heart. Although there was $700 in the bank", "title": "Samuel P. Cox" }, { "id": "14438626", "score": "2.2028837", "text": "officer who had killed \"Bloody Bill\" Anderson during the Civil War. James claimed he was taking revenge, and the daring escape he and Frank made through the middle of a posse shortly afterward attracted newspaper coverage for the first time. An 1882 history of Daviess County said, \"The history of Daviess County has no blacker crime in its pages than the murder of John W. Sheets.\" The only known civil case involving Frank and Jesse James was filed in the Common Pleas Court of Daviess County in 1870. In the case, Daniel Smoote asked for $223.50 from Frank and Jesse", "title": "Jesse James" }, { "id": "14438628", "score": "2.0977035", "text": "set a reward for his capture. This was the beginning of an alliance between James and John Newman Edwards, editor and founder of the \"Kansas City Times\". Edwards, a former Confederate cavalryman, was campaigning to return former secessionists to power in Missouri. Six months after the Gallatin robbery, Edwards published the first of many letters from Jesse James to the public, asserting his innocence. Over time, the letters gradually became more political in tone, as James denounced the Republicans and expressed his pride in his Confederate loyalties. Together with Edwards's admiring editorials, the letters helped James become a symbol of", "title": "Jesse James" }, { "id": "9993500", "score": "2.090047", "text": "Clay County Savings Association Building The Clay County Savings Association in Liberty, Missouri, was robbed on February 13, 1866, making it one of the earliest documented daylight bank robberies. The robbers escaped with at least $60,000 () and killed a bystander outside. The robbery is believed to have been conducted by a group of former Confederate guerrillas, possibly led by Jesse James or Archie Clement, which became known as the James–Younger Gang. According to accounts of the day: The entire maneuver lasted no more than 15 minutes. In total, the robbers collected at least $60,000. Reportedly they collected government bonds", "title": "Clay County Savings Association Building" }, { "id": "14438621", "score": "2.0819635", "text": "Quay [changed to Kansas City in 1889]). He was tended to by his first cousin, Zerelda \"Zee\" Mimms, named after Jesse's mother. Jesse and his cousin began a nine-year courtship that culminated in their marriage. Meanwhile, his former commander Archie Clement kept his bushwhacker gang together and began to harass Republican authorities. These men were the likely culprits in the first daylight armed bank robbery in the United States during peacetime, the robbery of the Clay County Savings Association in the town of Liberty, Missouri, on February 13, 1866. The bank was owned by Republican former militia officers. They had", "title": "Jesse James" }, { "id": "941301", "score": "2.0711436", "text": "charges in the 1869 robbery. Frank James was tried from August 20-September 6, 1883. Interest was so intense that the trial was moved to the Gallatin Opera House to accommodate the crowds. James was found not guilty of involvement in both crimes. Charges were made that the jury was filled with Southern sympathizers who refused to convict one of their own. The Daviess County Savings Association and the Gallatin Opera House have since been torn down although the Winston Rock Island Line train station still stands and is used by the historical society. Daviess County has one of only three", "title": "Daviess County, Missouri" }, { "id": "2928643", "score": "2.0237343", "text": "when they held up the Clay County Savings Association in Liberty, Missouri. The outlaws stole some $60,000 in cash and bonds and killed a bystander on the street outside the bank. State authorities suspected Archie Clement of leading the raid, and promptly issued a reward for his capture. In later years, the list of suspects grew to include Jesse and Frank James, Cole Younger, John Jarrett, Oliver Shepard, Bud and Donny Pence, Frank Greg, Bill and James Wilkerson, Joab Perry, Ben Cooper, Red Mankus, and Allen Parmer (who later married Susan James, Frank and Jesse's sister). Four months later, on", "title": "James–Younger Gang" }, { "id": "2928657", "score": "2.0093203", "text": "criminals was $300). He also persuaded the state legislature to provide $10,000 for a secret fund to track down the famous outlaws. The first agent, J.W. Ragsdale, was hired on April 9, 1874. On August 30, three of the gang held up a stagecoach across the Missouri River from Lexington, Missouri, in view of hundreds of onlookers on the bluffs of the town. A passenger identified two of the robbers as Frank and Jesse James. The acting governor, Charles P. Johnson, dispatched an agent selected from the St. Louis police department to investigate. The gang next robbed a train on", "title": "James–Younger Gang" }, { "id": "17283770", "score": "1.9897565", "text": "the robbers left with only $5 in fractional currency. The men were encountered near Kidder, Missouri where one of the men (believed to be Jesse) said that he was the brother of Bill Anderson and that he had avenged Anderson's murder by Cox. The Gallatin Bank Robbery marked the first time that Frank and Jesse were formally identified as bank robbers. A reward of $3,000 was raised for their capture. Jesse sent a letter to the Kansas City Times saying that he was innocent and could prove he was not in the area. He said he would surrender but was", "title": "Samuel P. Cox" }, { "id": "2928649", "score": "1.9733295", "text": "don't care what the degraded Radical party thinks about me,\" he wrote, \"I would just as soon they would think I was a robber as not.\" On April 29, 1872, the gang robbed a bank in Columbia, Kentucky. One of the outlaws shot the cashier, R.A.C. Martin, who had refused to open the safe. On September 23, 1872, three men (identified by former bushwhacker Jim Chiles as Jesse James and Cole and John Younger) robbed a ticket booth of the Second Annual Kansas City Industrial Exposition, amid thousands of people. They took some $900, and accidentally shot a little girl", "title": "James–Younger Gang" }, { "id": "1124986", "score": "1.9710848", "text": "to honor the cease fire finally decided to take advantage of the special Federal amnesty that was declared for such forces and turn themselves in at Lexington. While riding into town, reportedly under a white flag, they were fired upon by Union soldiers from the 2nd Wisconsin Cavalry, and Jesse James was severely wounded in the right lung. Some credit this event as a major contributing factor to his post-war career as a legendary bank robber. It is likely not a coincidence that the James-Younger Gang targeted the Alexander Mitchell bank in Lexington for the second daylight bank robbery in", "title": "Lexington, Missouri" }, { "id": "14438641", "score": "1.9679437", "text": "he scared away one man and some believe that he killed another gang member. In 1879, the James gang robbed two stores in far western Mississippi, at Washington in Adams County and Fayette in Jefferson County. The gang absconded with $2,000 cash in the second robbery and took shelter in abandoned cabins on the Kemp Plantation south of St. Joseph, Louisiana. A law enforcement posse attacked and killed two of the outlaws but failed to capture the entire gang. Among the deputies was Jefferson B. Snyder, later a long-serving district attorney in northeastern Louisiana. By 1881, with local Tennessee authorities", "title": "Jesse James" }, { "id": "2928646", "score": "1.9515827", "text": "followed on March 20, 1868, by a raid on the Nimrod Long bank in Russellville, Kentucky. In the aftermath of the two raids, however, the more senior bushwhackers were killed, captured or simply left the group. This set the stage for the emergence of the James and Younger brothers, and the transformation of the old crew into the James–Younger Gang. John Jarrett and Arthur McCoy were mentioned in numerous newspaper accounts, so they were likely active in gang activities up to 1875. On December 7, 1869, Frank and Jesse James are believed to have robbed the Daviess County Savings Association", "title": "James–Younger Gang" }, { "id": "17283772", "score": "1.9507029", "text": "their defenses and allowed Smoote to take possession of the horse used in the robbery. After Jesse James was killed in 1882, Frank James surrendered to the authorities. Frank was not tried for the bank murder however he was tried in 1883 in Gallatin for an 1881 murder of a Rock Island Railroad employee at nearby Winston, Missouri. A jury acquitted him. Cox was reported to have been in California in 1869 visiting his parents and did not return until 1870 when he continued to operate other business including a hotel, livery and a different mercantile until formally retiring in", "title": "Samuel P. Cox" }, { "id": "14438623", "score": "1.9452682", "text": "the crime, nor conclusively rules them out. On June 13, 1866, in Jackson County, Missouri, the gang freed two jailed members of Quantrill's gang, killing the jailer in the effort. Historians believe that the James brothers were indeed involved in this crime. Local violence continued to increase in the state; Governor Thomas Clement Fletcher had recently ordered a company of militia into Johnson County to suppress guerrilla activity. Archie Clement continued his career of crime and harassment of the Republican government, to the extent of occupying the town of Lexington, Missouri on election day in 1866. Shortly afterward, the state", "title": "Jesse James" } ]

[ "Amadeo Modigliani", "Amedeo Clemente Modigliani", "amadeo modigliani", "amedeo clemente modigliani", "amedeo modigliani", "Amedeo Modigliani" ]

[ { "id": "15047364", "score": "2.2049136", "text": "flush and basking in the afterglow\". In 1999 \"Nude Sitting on a Divan\" sold at Sotheby's for $16.7 million, a record price for a painting by the artist. The most recent sale far surpassed the pre-sale estimate of $40 million, as well as the previous record for one of Modigliani's works, $52.6 million for a sculpture. Nude Sitting on a Divan Nude Sitting on a Divan (The Beautiful Roman Woman) is an oil on canvas painting by Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani depicting a partially draped woman seated with crossed legs against a warm red background. The work was one of", "title": "Nude Sitting on a Divan" }, { "id": "15047360", "score": "2.1007276", "text": "Nude Sitting on a Divan Nude Sitting on a Divan (The Beautiful Roman Woman) is an oil on canvas painting by Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani depicting a partially draped woman seated with crossed legs against a warm red background. The work was one of a series of nudes painted by Modigliani in 1917 that created a sensation when exhibited in Paris that year. On November 2, 2010, the painting sold at a New York auction for $68.9 million, a record price for an artwork by Modigliani. The several dozen nudes Modigliani painted between 1916 and 1919 constitute many of his", "title": "Nude Sitting on a Divan" }, { "id": "15047363", "score": "1.877938", "text": "solo exhibition during his life, and is \"notorious\" in modern art history for its sensational public reception and the attendant issues of obscenity. The show was closed by police on its opening day, but continued thereafter, most likely after the removal of paintings from the gallery's streetfront window. According to the catalogue description from the 2010 sale at Sotheby's, seven nudes were exhibited in the 1917 show, four of them titled \"Nu\"; \"the present work may have been among these pictures... the models' permissiveness and the artist's accessibility to them implied that these oils were post coital-renderings, the women still", "title": "Nude Sitting on a Divan" }, { "id": "15047362", "score": "1.8559365", "text": "flesh\". This series of nudes was commissioned by Modigliani's dealer and friend Leopold Zborowski, who lent the artist use of his apartment, supplied models and painting materials, and paid him between fifteen and twenty francs each day for his work. The paintings from this arrangement were thus different from his previous depictions of friends and lovers in that they were funded by Zborowski either for his own collection, as a favor to his friend, or with an eye to their \"commercial potential\", rather than originating from the artist's personal circle of acquaintances. The Paris show of 1917 was Modigliani's only", "title": "Nude Sitting on a Divan" }, { "id": "1799363", "score": "1.7829063", "text": "as of 2018, represented by Annely Juda Fine Art, London; Pace Gallery, New York; L.A. Louver, Venice, CA; and Galerie Lelong, Paris. On 21 June 2006, Hockney's painting, \"The Splash\" sold for £2.6 million. His \"A Bigger Grand Canyon\", a series of 60 canvases that combined to produce one enormous picture, was bought by the National Gallery of Australia for $4.6 million. \"Beverly Hills Housewife\" (1966–67), a 12-foot-long acrylic that depicts the collector Betty Freeman standing by her pool in a long hot-pink dress, sold for $7.9 million at Christie's in New York in 2008, the top lot of the", "title": "David Hockney" }, { "id": "16516757", "score": "1.7792795", "text": "also uses a speech balloon. It was sold by collector Courtney Sale Ross for $43.2 million, double its estimate, at Christie's in New York City in November 2011; the seller's husband, Steve Ross had acquired it at auction in 1988 for $2.1 million. The painting originally sold for $550 in 1961. It surpassed the $42.6 million record set the previous November by \"Ohhh...Alright...\" The following May, it was surpassed by \"Sleeping Girl\", which sold for $44.8 million. The picture teases the viewer who is given the feeling that they are in a dark room being viewed by the main subject", "title": "I Can See the Whole Room...and There's Nobody in It!" }, { "id": "15047361", "score": "1.7697222", "text": "best-known works. Simultaneously abstracted and erotically detailed, they exhibit a formal grace referencing nude figures of the Italian Renaissance while at the same time objectifying their subjects' sexuality; they \"exemplify his position between tradition and modernism\". The nudes of this period are \"displayed boldly, with only the faintest suggestion of setting... neither demure nor provocative, they are depicted with a degree of objectivity. Yet the uniformly thick, rough application of paint— as if applied by a sculptor's hand— is more concerned with mass and the visceral perception of the female body than with titillation and the re-creation of translucent, tactile", "title": "Nude Sitting on a Divan" }, { "id": "391141", "score": "1.755759", "text": "to an undisclosed bidder at Sotheby's New York, a new record for the artist and a Victorian painting. On 5 May 2011 his \"The Meeting of Antony and Cleopatra: 41 BC\" was sold at the same auction house for $29.2 million. Alma-Tadema's \"The Tepidarium\" (1881) is included in the 2006 book \"1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die\". Julian Treuherz, Keeper of Art Galleries at National Museums Liverpool, describes it as an \"exquisitely painted picture...\" which \"carries a strong erotic charge, rare for a Victorian painting of the nude.\" A blue plaque unveiled in 1975 commemorates Alma-Tadema at 44", "title": "Lawrence Alma-Tadema" }, { "id": "19140719", "score": "1.7498587", "text": "Nu couché Nu couché (also known in English as Red Nude or \"Reclining Nude\") is a 1917 oil on canvas painting by the Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani. It is one of his most widely reproduced and exhibited paintings. The painting realized $170,405,000 at a Christie's New York sale on 9 November 2015, a record for a Modigliani painting and placing it high among the most expensive paintings ever sold. The purchaser was the Chinese businessman Liu Yiqian.. Liu is believed to have paid for the painting using his American Express card. The painting is one of a famous series of", "title": "Nu couché" }, { "id": "2262538", "score": "1.749852", "text": "Wales, now the Norman Lindsay Gallery and Museum, and many works reside in private and corporate collections. His art continues to climb in value today. In 2002, a record price was attained for his oil painting \"Spring's Innocence\", which sold to the National Gallery of Victoria for A$333,900. His frank and sumptuous nudes were highly controversial. In 1940, Lindsay took sixteen crates of paintings, drawings and etchings to the U.S. to protect them from the war. Unfortunately, they were discovered when the train they were on caught fire and were impounded and subsequently burned as pornography by American officials. The", "title": "Norman Lindsay" }, { "id": "6815936", "score": "1.7332225", "text": "the prices fetched reflect this view. In 2016 The International Art Gallery sold Goldie's last great artwork. The 1941 oil portrait of Wharekauri Tahuna was the first painting in New Zealand history to break the $1 million mark, reaching a top price of $1.175 million. In March 2008, NZ$400,000 (NZ$454,000 including buyer's premium) was paid at an International Art Centre auction in Auckland for the painting \"Hori Pokai - Sleep, 'tis a gentle thing. Earlier, NZ$530,000 ($589,625 including buyer's premium) was achieved for a Goldie work in an online auction conducted by Fisher Galleries. On 19 November 2010 opera diva", "title": "C. F. Goldie" }, { "id": "10192229", "score": "1.7325363", "text": "Ammann Fine Art to David Geffen for the remainder of the 16th century Persian manuscript, the Tahmasbi \"Shahnameh\". In November 2006, the painting was sold by Geffen to billionaire Steven A. Cohen for $137.5 million, making it the fourth most expensive painting ever sold. Woman III Woman III is a painting by abstract expressionist painter Willem de Kooning. Woman III is one of a series of six paintings by de Kooning done between 1951 and 1953 in which the central theme was a woman. It measures and was completed in 1953. From late 1970s to 1994 this painting was part", "title": "Woman III" }, { "id": "7902621", "score": "1.7306356", "text": "published 1500 signed copies in 1955 and the sister organization, Heritage Press, then reprinted unsigned volumes. The most significant collection of Galanis's work is held in the Teloglion Foundation at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, although examples can also be found in London's Tate Gallery. His famous \"Seated Nude\" sold at auction for $221,860 in May 2006. Sources 1.\"Galanis.\" \"EI\" Magazine of European Art Center (EUARCE) of Greece, 13st issue 1996, p. 14&30-31 \"(The strong ties of friendship that bound poet Yannis Koutsoheras are vividly described in an old text by the former, published in this issue for the first", "title": "Demetrios Galanis" }, { "id": "8076649", "score": "1.7159337", "text": "$500,000 to $800,000. In 2010, Grotjahn's oil on linen painting \"Untitled (Lavender Butterfly Jacaranda over Green)\" (2004) was sold for $1,5 million against its presale estimate of $500–700,000 at Christie's New York. At Sotheby's New York in May 2015, one bidder paid $6.5 million for Grotjahn’s abstracted face painting, \"Untitled (Into and Behind the Green Eyes of the Tiger Monkey Face 43.18)\" (2011), against a high estimate of $3 million. On May 17, 2017 a new price record was set for a Grotjahn work at auction when “Untitled (S III Released to France Face 43.14)” was sold for $16.8 million", "title": "Mark Grotjahn" }, { "id": "14536418", "score": "1.7067447", "text": "Including the buyer's premium, the price reached US$106.5 million. When inflation is ignored, the painting broke the record price for an art work sold at auction until it was surpassed by the selling of \"The Scream\" on May 2, 2012 for US$120 million. Nude, Green Leaves and Bust Nude, Green Leaves and Bust () is a 1932 painting by Pablo Picasso, featuring his mistress Marie-Thérèse Walter. The painting was in the personal collection of Los Angeles art collectors Sidney and Frances Brody for nearly six decades. It sold at auction for US$106.5 million, the third highest price for a piece", "title": "Nude, Green Leaves and Bust" }, { "id": "3424402", "score": "1.7057372", "text": "Safra paid $20.8 million only to donate it to the Israel Museum afterwards. Months later, a record $21.8 million was paid at Christie's for the 1993 painting \"Abstraktes Bild 798-3\". \"Abstraktes Bild (809-4)\", one of the artist's abstract canvases from 1994, was sold by Eric Clapton at Sotheby's to a telephone bidder for $34.2 million in late 2012. (It had been estimated to bring $14.1 million to $18.8 million.) When asked about amounts like that Richter said \"It's just as absurd as the banking crisis. It's impossible to understand and it's daft!\" In 2007, Corinna Belz made a short film", "title": "Gerhard Richter" }, { "id": "11701937", "score": "1.7012583", "text": "Hatvany's heirs in exchange for a USD 300,000 reward. It was shown to the public for the first time since the 1930s in a 2007 Courbet exposition at the Grand Palais in Paris. The painting was sold at auction on 9 November 2015 for 15.3 million U.S. dollars, four times the previous auction record for a Courbet painting. Femme nue couchée Femme nue couchée () is an 1862 painting by French Realist painter Gustave Courbet (1819–1877). It depicts a young dark-haired woman reclining on a couch, wearing only a pair of shoes and stockings. Behind her, partly drawn red curtains", "title": "Femme nue couchée" }, { "id": "19440006", "score": "1.6911019", "text": "work.\" In 2011, Philippe Meastracci, the heir of art dealer Oscar Stettiner, filed suit in United States district court against the Helly Nahmad Gallery in New York for title to the 1918 Modigliani painting \"Seated Man with a Cane\", which was estimated to have a value of $25 million. Maestracci claimed that the painting, which had been sold in 1996 through Christie's for $3.2 million, had been looted from Stettiner in Paris during World War II. The complaint was withdrawn in 2012. In November 2015, Stettiner's estate filed an amended complaint in the Supreme Court of the State of New", "title": "Helly Nahmad (New York)" }, { "id": "14181071", "score": "1.685468", "text": "Titled\" (Bald Manson Girls Sit-In Demonstration, 1993–1994), Noland changes both the image and the text. It is a wire photo capturing four of the young women from the Manson family kneeling on a sidewalk. Noland set the record for the highest price ever paid for an artwork by a living woman ($6.6 million), for her 1989 work \"Oozewald\" sold at Sotheby's. In the fall of 2012 the same auction house, Sotheby's, removed her aluminum print \"Cowboys Milking\" (1990) from a contemporary sale after the artist \"disavowed\" the work. Both Noland and the auction house were later sued by the piece's", "title": "Cady Noland" }, { "id": "18155632", "score": "1.6832356", "text": "2015, he paid US$14.7 million for a Southern Song-era vase. In November 2015, he bought Italian painter Amedeo Modigliani’s \"Nu couché (1917–18)\", a widely known painting of a reclining nude woman, for US$170.4 million, the second-highest price for an artwork at auction, in a volatile sale at Christie's in New York. He paid for the painting with his American Express credit card. The Long Museum () is a private art museum in Shanghai, founded by Liu Yiqian and his wife Wang Wei. The museum has two locations in Shanghai: Long Museum Pudong and Long Museum West Bund. In 2016, a", "title": "Liu Yiqian" } ]

[ "Oklahoma, United States", "oklahoma state", "The Sooner State", "Oklahoma (U.S. state)", "Okla", "oklahoma u s state", "transport in oklahoma", "list of oklahoma state symbols", "Education in Oklahoma", "state of oklahoma", "Transportation in Oklahoma", "Sports in Oklahoma", "oklahoma", "sooner state", "oaklahoma", "us ok", "46th State", "Oaklahoma", "oclahoma", "energy in oklahoma", "Sooner State", "education in oklahoma", "Okla.", "Religion in Oklahoma", "culture of oklahoma", "Forty-sixth State", "transportation in oklahoma", "Transport in Oklahoma", "Oklahoma", "oklaholma", "Oclahoma", "List of Oklahoma State Symbols", "Oklahoma, USA", "Culture of Oklahoma", "46th state", "Oklaholma", "sports in oklahoma", "Forty-Sixth State", "Energy in Oklahoma", "okla", "religion in oklahoma", "Oklahoman", "US-OK", "State of Oklahoma", "oklahoma united states", "Oklahoma (state)", "oklahoman", "forty sixth state", "oklahoma usa" ]

[ { "id": "9626891", "score": "1.8448011", "text": "Land Run of 1891 The Land Run of 1891 was a set of horse races to settle land acquired by the federal government through the opening of several small Indian reservations in Oklahoma Territory. The race involved approximately 20,000 homesteaders, who gathered to stake their claims on 6,097 plots, of each, of former reservation land. The settlement that took place in September 1891 included three land runs. On September 22, 1891, a land run was held to settle Iowa, Sac and Fox, Potawatomi, and Shawnee lands. A September 23, 1891, land run was held to settle Tecumseh, the predesignated location", "title": "Land Run of 1891" }, { "id": "2613352", "score": "1.8161932", "text": "of age. The Land Run of 1889, the first land run in the territory's history, opened Oklahoma Territory to settlement on April 22, 1889. Over 50,000 people entered the lands on the first day, among them thousands of freedmen and descendants of slaves. Couch and his Boomers, now numbering approximately 14,000, also entered the race. Those who entered Oklahoma before the official start of the race were called Sooners. The term referred to the \"sooner clause\" in the Indian Appropriations Act of March 2, 1889, which said that anyone who violated the official start would be denied a claim to", "title": "Oklahoma Territory" }, { "id": "9389762", "score": "1.8126175", "text": "The Land Run itself began at noon on September 16, 1893, with an estimated 100,000 participants hoping to stake claim to part of the 6 million acres and 40,000 homesteads on what had formerly been Cherokee grazing land. It would be Oklahoma's fourth and largest land run. Four land offices for the run were specially set up to handle the event – in Perry, Enid, Woodward, and Alva. Infantry troops were stationed at those sites in an attempt to maintain order, while Cavalry troops were stationed at encampments near Alva, Bluff Creek, Chilocco, Clear Creek, Hennessey, Pond Creek, South Wharton,", "title": "Land Run of 1893" }, { "id": "9626894", "score": "1.779479", "text": "opened until 1895. Before noon on September 22, 1891, a large number (\"thousands\") of would-be settlers lined up at various starting points along the western border of the Creek Nation. These points included Oklahoma City, Norman, and Guthrie. No land offices had been established inside the run area (a major change from the 1889 run), so claimants had to travel back to Guthrie or Oklahoma City in order to file their claims. Two new counties were formed in Oklahoma Territory from the newly-open area: County A (later named Lincoln County) and County B (later named Pottowatomie County). Lands within the", "title": "Land Run of 1891" }, { "id": "1993845", "score": "1.7625921", "text": "four times larger than the Land Rush of 1889. The Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage Center museum at the eastern edge of Enid, Oklahoma commemorates this event. The final land run in Oklahoma was the Land Run of 1895 to settle the Kickapoo lands. Each run had exhibited many problems and the Federal Government deemed the run to be an inefficient way to distribute land to would-be settlers. After 1895, the government distributed land by sealed-bid auctions. Major openings by this method included Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation (1901), the Wichita-Caddo Reservation (1901), and the Big Pasture (1906). There was one land run in", "title": "Land run" }, { "id": "1862250", "score": "1.7452589", "text": "signal, began a mad dash to stake their claims in the Land Run of 1889. A witness wrote, \"The horsemen had the best of it from the start. It was a fine race for a few minutes, but soon the riders began to spread out like a fan, and by the time they reached the horizon they were scattered about as far as the eye could see\". In a single day, the towns of Oklahoma City, Norman, and Guthrie came into existence. In the same manner, millions of acres of additional land was opened up and settled in the following", "title": "American frontier" }, { "id": "1993841", "score": "1.7445875", "text": "land runs while the Land Run of 1893 was the largest. The opening of the former Kickapoo area in 1895 was the last use of a land run in the present area of Oklahoma. After years of raids—led by the leaders of the Boomers activist movement such as David L. Payne—into the central area of what would become the U.S. state of Oklahoma, Congress finally agreed to open what was dubbed the Unassigned Lands. Seven land runs in all took place in Oklahoma, beginning with the initial and most famous Land Rush of April 22, 1889, which gave rise to", "title": "Land run" }, { "id": "9626895", "score": "1.7416284", "text": "boundaries of the two new county seats (Chandler and Tecumseh, respectively) were excluded from this run, allegedly because the towns had not been platted. Land Run of 1891 The Land Run of 1891 was a set of horse races to settle land acquired by the federal government through the opening of several small Indian reservations in Oklahoma Territory. The race involved approximately 20,000 homesteaders, who gathered to stake their claims on 6,097 plots, of each, of former reservation land. The settlement that took place in September 1891 included three land runs. On September 22, 1891, a land run was held", "title": "Land Run of 1891" }, { "id": "5283288", "score": "1.7267475", "text": "Land Rush of 1889 The Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889 was the first land rush into the Unassigned Lands. The area that was opened to settlement included all or part of the present-day Canadian, Cleveland, Kingfisher, Logan, Oklahoma, and Payne counties of the US state of Oklahoma. The land run started at high noon on April 22, 1889, with an estimated 50,000 people lined up for their piece of the available two million acres (8,000 km²). The Unassigned Lands were considered some of the best unoccupied public land in the United States. The Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 was passed", "title": "Land Rush of 1889" }, { "id": "1993840", "score": "1.6935546", "text": "Land run Land run (sometimes \"land rush\") usually refers to a historical event in which previously restricted land of the United States was opened to homestead on a first-arrival basis. Lands were opened and sold first-come or by bid, or won by lottery, or by means other than a run. The settlers, no matter how they acquired occupancy, purchased the land from the United States Land Office. For former Indian lands, the Land Office distributed the sales funds to the various tribal entities, according to previously negotiated terms. The Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889 was the most prominent of the", "title": "Land run" }, { "id": "14468311", "score": "1.6773045", "text": "Land Run of 1895 The Land Run of 1895 was the smallest and last land run in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It came about with an agreement between the Kickapoo Indians and the federal government that gave individual Kickapoos . The federal government purchased the remaining and opened them up to settlers. The land run took place on May 23, 1895. It was delayed since 1890, because of debate among tribal members over whether or not to accept allotment offers. Federal officials used \"unscrupulous methods\" to gain the signatures of tribal leaders and the Kickapoo Allotment Act was passed", "title": "Land Run of 1895" }, { "id": "1993847", "score": "1.6705382", "text": "bronze sculptures in the world. Land run Land run (sometimes \"land rush\") usually refers to a historical event in which previously restricted land of the United States was opened to homestead on a first-arrival basis. Lands were opened and sold first-come or by bid, or won by lottery, or by means other than a run. The settlers, no matter how they acquired occupancy, purchased the land from the United States Land Office. For former Indian lands, the Land Office distributed the sales funds to the various tribal entities, according to previously negotiated terms. The Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889 was", "title": "Land run" }, { "id": "1993842", "score": "1.6567854", "text": "the terms \"Eighty-Niner\" (a veteran of that run) and \"Sooner.\" That area led to today's Canadian, Cleveland, Kingfisher, Logan, Oklahoma, and Payne counties of Oklahoma. The nearly two million acres of land opened up to white settlement was located in Indian Territory, a large area that once encompassed much of modern-day Oklahoma. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 eventually led to the Trail of Tears. Creek and Seminole tribes were granted area known before the Land Run as the Unassigned Lands. Some American Indian tribes signed a treaty of alliance with the Confederacy in 1861. Initially considered unsuitable for white", "title": "Land run" }, { "id": "8398237", "score": "1.6448001", "text": "1976, the transferred land was minuscule (ranging in size from 1 acre to 646 acres) and uninhabited. Territorial evolution of the United States The United States of America was created on July 4, 1776, with the declaration of independence of thirteen British colonies. Their independence was recognized by Great Britain with the Treaty of Paris of 1783, following the American Revolutionary War. This effectively doubled the size of the colonies, now able to stretch west past the Proclamation Line to the Mississippi River. This land was organized into territories and then states, though there remained some conflict with the sea-to-sea", "title": "Territorial evolution of the United States" }, { "id": "14453435", "score": "1.6385164", "text": "Land Run of 1892 The Land Run of 1892 was the opening of the Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation to settlement in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. One of seven in Oklahoma, it occurred on April 19, 1892, and opened up land that would become Blaine, Custer, Dewey, Washita, and Roger Mills counties. The land run also opened up what would become part of Ellis County, but was designated County \"E\" and then Day County prior to statehood. The Creek and Seminole were originally relocated to the area in the 1820s and 1830s, but Reconstruction Treaties of 1866 took the land away from", "title": "Land Run of 1892" }, { "id": "1993844", "score": "1.6383479", "text": "the pre-designated location of the county seat of County B, later renamed as Pottawatomie County. On September 28, 1891, another land run was held to settle Chandler, the pre-designated location of the county seat of County A, later renamed as Lincoln County. The Land Run of April 19, 1892, opened the Cheyenne and Arapaho lands. The Land Run of September 16, 1893 was known as the Cherokee Strip Land Run. It opened 8,144,682.91 acres (12,726 square miles or about 3.3 million hectares) to settlement. The land was purchased from the Cherokees. It was the largest land run in U.S. history,", "title": "Land run" }, { "id": "1192468", "score": "1.6377996", "text": "to Purcell. The name was later changed to Guthrie, named for jurist John Guthrie of Topeka, Kansas. A post office was established on April 4, 1889. In 1889 some fifty thousand potential settlers gathered at the edges of the Unassigned Lands in hopes of staking a claim to a plot. At noon on April 22, 1889, cannons resounded at a 2-million acre (8,100 km²) section of Indian Territory, launching president Benjamin Harrison's \"Hoss Race\" or Land Run of 1889. People ran for both farmlands and towns. During the next six hours, about 10,000 people settled in what became the capital", "title": "Guthrie, Oklahoma" }, { "id": "8936270", "score": "1.6253668", "text": "Benjamin Harrison signed legislation which opened up the two million acres (8,000 km²) of the Unassigned Lands for settlement on April 22, 1889. It was to be the first of many land runs, but later land openings were conducted by means of a lottery because of widespread cheating—some of the settlers were called Sooners because they had already staked their land claims before the land was officially opened for settlement. Indian Territory (lands owned by the Five Civilized Tribes and other Indian tribes from east of the Mississippi River) and Oklahoma Territory (lands set aside to relocate Plains Indians and", "title": "History of Oklahoma" }, { "id": "9389759", "score": "1.6253638", "text": "Land Run of 1893 The Land Run of 1893, also known as the Cherokee Outlet Opening or the Cherokee Strip Land Run, marked the opening to settlement of the Cherokee Outlet in Oklahoma's fourth and largest land run. It was part of what would later become the U.S. state of Oklahoma in 1907. The Cherokee Outlet was one of three areas the Cherokee Nation had acquired after resettlement to lands in present-day eastern Oklahoma in 1835 as part of the Treaty of New Echota. Starting with the publication of a \"Chicago Tribune\" article in 1879, a growing movement of those", "title": "Land Run of 1893" }, { "id": "9144435", "score": "1.619925", "text": "from more than 90 foreign countries. It was almost as if they made “the run” to establish a college; it happened so fast. The Land Run of 1889, as every Oklahoman knows, refers to the event that took place on April 22, 1889. When the signaling shot was fired, more than 50,000 people with little money, high hopes and enormous courage descended in a mad competitive rush to stake claims on land that was later to become a part of the state of Oklahoma. Stillwater, the home of Oklahoma State University and the Spears School of Business, was included in", "title": "Spears School of Business" } ]

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[ { "id": "18556123", "score": "2.0192952", "text": "created the Committee on Public Information which was made up by the Secretaries of State, the Army, and the Navy. The committee would report directly to President Wilson and was essentially a massive generator of propaganda. The Committee on Public Information was responsible for producing films, commissioning posters, publishing numerous books and pamphlets, purchasing advertisements in major newspapers, and recruiting businessmen, preachers and professors to serve as public speakers in charge of altering public opinion at the communal level. The committee, headed by former investigative journalist George Creel, emphasized the message that America's involvement in the war was entirely necessary", "title": "Propaganda in World War I" }, { "id": "4082855", "score": "2.0069575", "text": "the crude propaganda efforts of \"patriotic organizations\" like the National Security League and the American Defense Society that preferred \"general thundering\" and wanted the CPI to \"preach a gospel of hate.\" The committee used newsprint, posters, radio, telegraph, and movies to broadcast its message. It recruited about 75,000 \"Four Minute Men,\" volunteers who spoke about the war at social events for an ideal length of four minutes. They covered the draft, rationing, war bond drives, victory gardens and why America was fighting. They were advised to keep their message positive, always use their own words and avoid \"hymns of hate.\"", "title": "Committee on Public Information" }, { "id": "11344108", "score": "1.9582515", "text": "the US propaganda agency, the Committee on Public Information (Creel Commission), as an alternative to demands for media censorship by the US army and navy. The CPI spread positive messages to present an upbeat image about the war and denied fraudulent atrocities made up to incite anger for the enemy. The CPI recruited about 75,000 \"Four Minute Men,\" volunteers who spoke about the war at social events for four minutes. As a result of World War I propaganda, there was a shift in PR theory from a focus on factual argumentation to one of emotional appeals and the psychology of", "title": "History of public relations" }, { "id": "9093988", "score": "1.9567508", "text": "This is an instance of \"viral marketing\" before its time. On April, 6th 1917 the US Congress declared war on Germany. President Wilson was determined to rouse the public. Wilson established the first modern propaganda office, the Committee on Public Information (CPI), headed by George Creel. Creel set out to systematically reach every person in the United States multiple times with patriotic information about how the individual could contribute to the war effort. It also worked with the post office to censor seditious counter-propaganda. Creel set up divisions in his new agency to produce and distribute innumerable copies of pamphlets,", "title": "Four Minute Men" }, { "id": "4082851", "score": "1.9549773", "text": "Committee on Public Information (CPI) through on April 13, 1917. The committee consisted of George Creel (chairman) and as \"ex officio\" members the Secretaries of: State (Robert Lansing), War (Newton D. Baker), and the Navy (Josephus Daniels). The CPI was the first state bureau covering propaganda in the history of the United States. Creel urged Wilson to create a government agency to coordinate \"not propaganda as the Germans defined it, but propaganda in the true sense of the word, meaning the 'propagation of faith.'\" He was a journalist with years of experience on the \"Denver Post\" and the \"Rocky Mountain", "title": "Committee on Public Information" }, { "id": "14138929", "score": "1.9541711", "text": "launched a massive campaign to teach Americans to economize on their food budgets and grow victory gardens in their backyards, where crops were produced for US soldiers. It managed the nation's food distribution and prices. Crucial to US participation was the sweeping domestic propaganda campaign executed by the Committee on Public Information, overseen by George Creel. The campaign consisted of tens of thousands of government-selected community leaders giving brief carefully scripted pro-war speeches at thousands of public gatherings. Along with other branches of government and private vigilante groups like the American Protective League, it also included the general repression and", "title": "United States in World War I" }, { "id": "4082850", "score": "1.9519951", "text": "Committee on Public Information The Committee on Public Information (1917-1919), also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence public opinion to support US participation in World War I. In just over 26 months, from April 14, 1917, to June 30, 1919, it used every medium available to create enthusiasm for the war effort and to enlist public support against the foreign and perceived domestic attempts to stop America's participation in the war. It used mainly propaganda to accomplish its goals. President Woodrow Wilson established the", "title": "Committee on Public Information" }, { "id": "2796036", "score": "1.9434632", "text": "war. Creel sent President Wilson a brief in which he argued for \"expression, not suppression\" of the press. Wilson approved Creel's proposal and appointed him as chairman of the Committee on Public Information. Seven days after the United States entered World War I, Woodrow Wilson created the Committee on Public Information, a propaganda agency acting to release government news, to sustain morale in the US, to administer voluntary press censorship, and to develop propaganda abroad. George Creel was named the head of the committee, and he created 37 distinct divisions, most notably the Division of Pictorial Publicity, the Four Minute", "title": "George Creel" }, { "id": "4082858", "score": "1.9167514", "text": "the world had ever seen\", producing a \"revolutionary change\" in public attitude toward U.S. participation in WWI: During its lifetime, the organization had over twenty bureaus and divisions, with commissioner's offices in nine foreign countries. Both a News Division and a Films Division were established to help get out the war message. The CPI's daily newspaper, called the \"Official Bulletin\", began at eight pages and grew to 32. It was distributed to every newspaper, post office, government office, and military base. Stories were designed to report positive news. For example, the CPI promoted an image of well-equipped U.S. troops preparing", "title": "Committee on Public Information" }, { "id": "16088594", "score": "1.899095", "text": "became increasingly popular and a part of the standard war propaganda policy with the DOI and its successor, the Ministry of Information. The U.S. developed its own propaganda organization, the Committee on Public Information (CPI), days after the declaration of war. Originally wary of film as a propaganda medium, it created the Division of Films on 25 September 1917 to handle films taken by army Signal Corps cameramen. It did not release commercial films. Urban’s Kineto Company of America edited, processed, and printed the CPI’s films, including \"Pershing’s Crusaders\", \"America’s Answer\", and \"Under Four Flags\". Similar to Britain, American interest", "title": "World War I film propaganda" }, { "id": "4082852", "score": "1.8956008", "text": "News\" before accepting Wilson's appointment to the CPI. He had a contentious relationship with Secretary Lansing. Wilson established the first modern propaganda office, the Committee on Public Information (CPI), headed by George Creel. Creel set out to systematically reach every person in the United States multiple times with patriotic information about how the individual could contribute to the war effort. It also worked with the post office to censor seditious counter-propaganda. Creel set up divisions in his new agency to produce and distribute innumerable copies of pamphlets, newspaper releases, magazine advertisements, films, school campaigns, and the speeches of the Four", "title": "Committee on Public Information" }, { "id": "18556125", "score": "1.8563342", "text": "for carrying the full message of American ideals to every corner of the civilized globe. Creel and his committee utilized every possible mode to get their message across, including; printed word, spoken word, the motion picture, the telegraph, the poster and the sign board. All forms of communication were put to use in order to justify the causes that compelled America to take arms. Creel set out to systematically reach every person in the United States multiple times with patriotic information about how the individual could contribute to the war effort. The CPI also worked with the post office to", "title": "Propaganda in World War I" }, { "id": "4082863", "score": "1.8510461", "text": "were led where possible by American journalists with experience in the region, because, said one organizer, \"it is essentially a newspaperman's job\" with the principal aim of keeping the public \"informed about war aims and activities.\" The Committee found the public bored with the battle pictures and stories of heroism supplied for years by the competing European powers. In Peru it found there was an audience for photos of shipyards and steel mills. In Chile it fielded requests for information about America's approach to public health, forest protection, and urban policing. In some countries it provided reading rooms and language", "title": "Committee on Public Information" }, { "id": "18668031", "score": "1.8496423", "text": "connotation. This was due in part to the 1920 book \"How We Advertised America: the First Telling of the Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information that Carried the Gospel of Americanism to Every Corner of the Globe\" in which the impact of the Creel Committee, and the power of propaganda, was over-emphasised. The Committee was so unpopular that after the war, Congress closed it down without providing funding to organise and archive its papers. The war propaganda campaign of the Creel Committee \"produced within six months such an intense anti-German hysteria as to permanently impress American business (and", "title": "History of propaganda" }, { "id": "18556124", "score": "1.8493631", "text": "in achieving the salvation of Europe from the German and enemy forces. In his book titled \"How we Advertised America\", Creel states that the committee was called into existence to make World War I a fight that would be a \"verdict for mankind.\" He called the committee a voice that was created to plead the justice of America's cause before the jury of public opinion. Creel also refers to the committee as a \"vast enterprise in salesmenship\" and \"the world's greatest adventure in advertising.\" The committee's message resonated deep within every American community and also served as an organization responsible", "title": "Propaganda in World War I" }, { "id": "13782208", "score": "1.8417542", "text": "Committee on Public Information (CPI), known as the Creel Committee, to control war information and provide pro-war propaganda. Employing talented writers and scholars, it issued anti-German pamphlets and films. It organized thousands of \"Four-Minute Men\" to deliver brief speeches at movie theaters, schools and churches to promote patriotism and participation in the war effort. In 1917 the administration decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower for World War I. The Selective Service Act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system and—by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential", "title": "United States home front during World War I" }, { "id": "11344107", "score": "1.8403208", "text": "war propaganda agency called the Wellington House in September 1914. Atrocity stories, both real and alleged, were used to incite hatred for the enemy, especially after the \"Rape of Belgium\" in 1915. France created a propaganda agency in 1914. Publicity in Australia led to a lift in the government's ban on military drafts. Austria-Hungary used propaganda tactics to attack the credibility of Italy's leadership and its motives for war. Italy in-turn created the Padua Commission in 1918, which led Allied propaganda against Austria-Hungary. One week after the United States declared war on Germany in 1917, US President Woodrow Wilson established", "title": "History of public relations" }, { "id": "7449196", "score": "1.8223069", "text": "cannons, steel, etc.), the U.S. government produced posters that encouraged people to reduce waste and grow their own vegetables in \"victory gardens\". The public skepticism that was generated by the heavy-handed tactics of the Committee on Public Information would lead the postwar government to officially abandon the use of propaganda. During World War II, the United States officially had no propaganda, but the Roosevelt government used means to circumvent this official line. One such propaganda tool was the publicly owned but government-funded Writers' War Board (WWB). The activities of the WWB were so extensive that it has been called the", "title": "Propaganda in the United States" }, { "id": "18668030", "score": "1.8210251", "text": "of the nurse Edith Cavell and the Sinking of the RMS Lusitania. These had a significant impact both in Britain and in America, making front-page headlines in major newspapers. Before the United States declared war in 1917, it established a propaganda department along similar lines. Propaganda experts Walter Lippmann and Edward Bernays participated in the Creel Commission, which was to sway popular opinion to support the government policies . The Creel Committee provided themes for speeches by \"four-minute men\" at public functions, and also encouraged censorship of the American press. Starting after World War I, propaganda had a growing negative", "title": "History of propaganda" }, { "id": "4082868", "score": "1.8094387", "text": "unmitigated gullibility, giving shell-shocked Europe to understand that a rich bumpkin had come to town with his pockets bulging and no desire except to please.\" The Office of Censorship in World War II did not follow the CPI precedent. It used a system of voluntary co-operation with a code of conduct, and it did not disseminate government propaganda. Among those who participated in the CPI's work were: Committee on Public Information The Committee on Public Information (1917-1919), also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence", "title": "Committee on Public Information" } ]

[ "Fingers", "finger disambiguation", "fingers film", "Fingers (film)", "fingers", "Finger (disambiguation)", "The Finger (disambiguation)" ]

[ { "id": "8256564", "score": "1.3392977", "text": "known for vitiating oaths. Wishing for luck is gestured by pressing thumbs. The same gesture is used in many Slavic countries such as Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Russia, Bulgaria and ex-Yugoslav republics. Crossed fingers To cross one's fingers is a hand gesture commonly used to wish for luck. Occasionally it is interpreted as an attempt to implore God for protection. The gesture is referred to by the common expressions \"cross your fingers\", \"keep your fingers crossed\", or just \"fingers crossed\". The act of crossing one's fingers mainly belongs to Christianity. The earliest use of the gesture had two people", "title": "Crossed fingers" }, { "id": "1385220", "score": "1.3113871", "text": "have less crossings than neighbouring European countries. Continental crossings do not have the refinements of British ones, as they are just designed to say to pedestrians the good place to cross, and to tell drivers where pedestrians should cross. In Switzerland zebra are marked in yellow color. In France, it is not mandatory that a crosswalk (Zebra crossing) exist but when it exists at less than 50 meters pedestrians have to use them according to the law. Some countries in Europe, have used the word \"pedestrian crossing\" in some treaties, for instance in the sentence \"A vehicle shall not overtake", "title": "Pedestrian crossing" }, { "id": "15281460", "score": "1.3031762", "text": "being tortured for their sins. According to Chinese beliefs, the dead must pass three tests before passing to the next life. First they must pass the 'Bridge of Helplessness'. This stone bridge was built during the Ming Dynasty and is a test for Good and Evil. It has three arches and only the middle one is used for testing people. There are different protocols for crossing the bridge depending on sex, age, marital status. At the bridge demons allow or forbid passage. The good are allowed to pass while the evil will be pushed to the water below. This is", "title": "Fengdu Ghost City" }, { "id": "11033226", "score": "1.2824888", "text": "all this together, A and B must cross first, since we know C and D cannot and we are minimizing crossings. Then, A must cross next, since we assume we should choose the fastest to make the solo-cross. Then we are at the second, or middle, pair-crossing so C and D must go. Then we choose to send the fastest back, which is B. A and B are now on the start side and must cross for the last pair-crossing. This gives us, B+A+D+B+B = 2+1+8+2+2 = 15. Several variations exist, with cosmetic variations such as differently named people, or", "title": "Bridge and torch problem" }, { "id": "1385203", "score": "1.2798729", "text": "installed in China, with a \"floating zebra crossing\" implemented in a village in Luoyuan County to boost tourism; a multicolored 3-D crossing installed in Changsha to catch drivers' attention; and another multicolored crossing in Sichuan that serves the same purpose as the colored Changsha crosswalk. Colored crosswalks might have themes that reflect the immediate area. For instance, Chengdu had a red-and-white zebra crossing with hearts painted on it, reflecting its location near a junction of two rivers. In Curitiba, a crosswalk with its bars irregularly painted like a barcode served as an advertisement for a nearby shopping center, but was", "title": "Pedestrian crossing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Crossed fingers\n\nTo cross one's fingers is a hand gesture commonly used to wish for luck. Occasionally it is interpreted as an attempt to implore God for protection. The gesture is referred to by the common expressions \"cross your fingers\", \"keep your fingers crossed\", or just \"fingers crossed\". The act of crossing one's fingers originates in pre-Christian Western Europe from the pagan belief that a cross symbolizes perfect unity. The earliest use of the gesture had two people crossing their index fingers to form a cross.\n\nThe use of the gesture is often considered by children as an excuse for telling a white lie. By extension, a similar belief is that crossing one's fingers invalidates a promise being made.", "title": "Crossed fingers" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Swastika\n\nThe swastika (卐 or 卍) is an ancient religious and cultural symbol, predominantly in various Eurasian, as well as some African and American cultures, now also widely recognized for its appropriation by the Nazi Party and by neo-Nazis.<ref name=\"p.97\" /><ref name=\"britswast\" /> It generally takes the form of a cross, the arms of which are of equal length and perpendicular to the adjacent arms, each bent midway at a right angle.<ref name=\"MigSym\" /><ref name=\"CambDict\" />\n\nThe word \"swastika\" comes from , meaning \"conducive to well-being\". In several major Indo-European religions, the swastika symbolises lightning bolts, representing the thunder god and the king of the gods, such as Indra in Vedic Hinduism, Zeus in the ancient Greek religion, Jupiter in the ancient Roman religion, and Thor in the ancient Germanic religion. The symbol is found in the archeological remains of the Indus Valley Civilisation and Samarra, as well as in early Byzantine and Christian artwork.<ref name=\"p.97\" />\n\nUsed for the first time by far-right Romanian politician A. C. Cuza as a symbol of international antisemitism prior to World War I, it was a symbol of auspiciousness and good luck for most of the Western world until the 1930s, or simply evil. As a consequence, its use in some countries, including Germany, is prohibited by law. However, the swastika remains a symbol of good luck and prosperity in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain countries such as Nepal, India, Thailand, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, China and Japan, and by some peoples, such as the Navajo people of the Southwest United States. It is also commonly used in Hindu marriage ceremonies and Dipavali celebrations.\n\nIn various European languages, it is known as the \"fylfot\", \"gammadion\", \"tetraskelion\", or \"cross cramponnée\" (a term in Anglo-Norman heraldry); German: ; French: ; Italian: ; Latvian: \"ugunskrusts\". In Mongolian it is called хас (\"khas\") and mainly used in seals. In Chinese it is called 卍字 (\"wànzì\"), pronounced \"manji\" in Japanese, \"manja\" (만자) in Korean and \"vạn tự / chữ vạn\" in Vietnamese. \n\nReverence for the swastika symbol in Asian cultures, in contrast to the stigma attached to it in the West, has led to misinterpretations and misunderstandings.<ref name=\"bbcmag\" /><ref name=\"Heller 2008\" />", "title": "Swastika" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "First-foot\n\nIn Scottish, Northern English, and Manx folklore, the first-foot (, ) is the first person to enter the home of a household on New Year's Day and is seen as a bringer of good fortune for the coming year. Similar practices are also found in Greek, Vietnamese, and Georgian new year traditions.", "title": "First-foot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sailors' superstitions\n\nSailors' superstitions are superstitions particular to sailors or mariners, and which traditionally have been common around the world. Some of these beliefs are popular superstitions, while others are actually better described as traditions, stories, folklore, tropes, myths, or legend.\n\nThe origins of many of these superstitions are based in the inherent risks of sailing, and luck, either good or bad, as well as portents and omens that would be given associative meaning in relation to the life of a mariner, sailor, fisherman or a crew in general. Even in the 21st century, \"fishers and related fishing workers\" in the U.S. have the second most dangerous occupation, trailing only loggers.", "title": "Sailors' superstitions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Knocking on wood\n\nKnocking on wood (also phrased touching wood) is an apotropaic tradition of literally touching, tapping, or knocking on wood, or merely stating that one is doing or intending to do so, in order to avoid \"tempting fate\" after making a favorable prediction or boast, or a declaration concerning one's own death or another unfavorable situation.", "title": "Knocking on wood" }, { "id": "2787797", "score": "1.2652543", "text": "it is safe to cross. If a pedestrian is crossing the road across a side street where a car is about to turn, vehicles should give way to the pedestrian. In UK schools children are taught to cross roads safely through the Green Cross Code. British children are taught to \"Stop, Look and Listen\" before crossing a road, as demonstrated in the \"Think!\" campaign. Zebra crossings can be seen in many roads in towns and cities. These are marked crossings where pedestrians have legal priority when crossing a road. Vehicular traffic must stop at zebra crossings for pedestrians who have", "title": "Jaywalking" }, { "id": "2787789", "score": "1.2539399", "text": "European countries, there is no defined extent to where crossings must be used, and the authorities regularly fine people at will. Pedestrians are allowed to cross a street without any recognised crossing point only if there are no zebra crossings within a range of 100 metres. If a pedestrian crosses a street at a crosswalk, drivers must yield. Pedestrians should cross carefully anyways. Jaywalking is an offence. One must cross only at recognized crossing points, if there is one within 100 m (incl. pedestrian tunnels and footbridges). If there is none, then crossing regular roads is allowed, with due care.", "title": "Jaywalking" }, { "id": "1382885", "score": "1.2478364", "text": "and leave. Their widely used nickname arose because of the warning sign they hold up as they stop traffic. It's a large round disc on a long pole and thus resembles a giant lollipop, although they were originally of a square design. In Germany, Scandinavia, and most other European countries, pedestrians have right of way if they are still on the curb but about to enter the zebra crossing. In North America, zebra crossings are almost exclusively called (marked) crosswalks and often do not incorporate stripes. In some areas, marked crosswalks are the only places where it is legal to", "title": "Zebra crossing" }, { "id": "12256252", "score": "1.2472112", "text": "extremely funny observations.\" Good Day to Cross a River Good Day to Cross a River is the debut album by comedian Greg Giraldo, released by Comedy Central Records on October 24, 2006. \"Good Day to Cross a River\" was met with highly positive reviews, such as Allmusic's David Jefferies who summarized the album's content saying, \"There are times during Good Day to Cross a River when the audience is laughing so hard you know they're wiping tears out of their eyes\". He also praised Giraldo, saying - \"He's a sleazy, disgruntled guy on burst mode, hammering his audience relentlessly with", "title": "Good Day to Cross a River" }, { "id": "8256562", "score": "1.246666", "text": "a cross. The one person makes the wish, the other empathizes and supports. Over centuries, the custom was simplified, so that a person could wish on his own, by crossing his index and middle fingers to form an X. But traces remain—two people hooking index fingers as a sign of greeting or agreement is still common in some circles today. Charles Panati believes that the act of crossing one's fingers as a sign of luck or making a wish traces back to pre-Christian times, speculating that the cross was a symbol of unity and benign spirits dwelt at the intersection", "title": "Crossed fingers" }, { "id": "8256559", "score": "1.2376993", "text": "Crossed fingers To cross one's fingers is a hand gesture commonly used to wish for luck. Occasionally it is interpreted as an attempt to implore God for protection. The gesture is referred to by the common expressions \"cross your fingers\", \"keep your fingers crossed\", or just \"fingers crossed\". The act of crossing one's fingers mainly belongs to Christianity. The earliest use of the gesture had two people crossing their index fingers to form a cross. To use the gesture is considered an excuse of telling of a white lie by children. By extension, a similar belief is that crossing one's", "title": "Crossed fingers" }, { "id": "15351103", "score": "1.2364407", "text": "attacker to probe for positional weaknesses, stretch out the defence and initiate aerial duels in front of the goal. However, by virtue of it being a medium-to-long-range pass into a (frequently) heavily defended area, crosses can be erratic and can result in loss of possession. Since the emergence of statistical analysis and strategic ideas like possession-based football and attacking fullbacks, crossing as a tactic has been slowly superseded, with questions on its inefficiency of possession and waning chance conversion ratio at the highest level. While still used occasionally at the highest level, tactics relying on crossing as a \"Plan A\"", "title": "Cross (football)" }, { "id": "12256251", "score": "1.2362365", "text": "Good Day to Cross a River Good Day to Cross a River is the debut album by comedian Greg Giraldo, released by Comedy Central Records on October 24, 2006. \"Good Day to Cross a River\" was met with highly positive reviews, such as Allmusic's David Jefferies who summarized the album's content saying, \"There are times during Good Day to Cross a River when the audience is laughing so hard you know they're wiping tears out of their eyes\". He also praised Giraldo, saying - \"He's a sleazy, disgruntled guy on burst mode, hammering his audience relentlessly with cynical, outrageous, and", "title": "Good Day to Cross a River" }, { "id": "5986163", "score": "1.2311032", "text": "decision-making after bad weather sets in, lack of equipment, and poor physical fitness. Local guides are available informally. There are currently no commercial guides, although such a venture has been planned in the past. Standard backpacking gear is required for a crossing, but also gear that accounts for alpine campsites exposed to high winds and severe weather elements. Ice axes and crampons are useful for traversing ice. Climbing rope, with or without harnesses, is suggested in case of exposure to crevasses. Baranof Cross-Island Trail The Baranof Cross-Island Trail is an informal route across Baranof Island, Alaska from the community of", "title": "Baranof Cross-Island Trail" }, { "id": "11033225", "score": "1.2308125", "text": "2 single crossings. Assume that C and D cross first. But then C or D must cross back to bring the torch to the other side, and so whoever solo-crossed must cross again. Hence, they will cross separately. Also, it is impossible for them to cross together last, since this implies that one of them must have crossed previously, otherwise there would be three persons total on the start side. So, since there are only three choices for the pair-crossings and C and D cannot cross first or last, they must cross together on the second, or middle, pair-crossing. Putting", "title": "Bridge and torch problem" }, { "id": "1382891", "score": "1.226969", "text": "cross in a central area of the road without dismounting, and obliged motorists to give way to both cyclists and pedestrians. Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire experimented with tiger crossings during 2006–2007, but replaced them with toucan crossings. A number of countries have experimented with \"three-dimensional\" zebra crossings based on an optical illusion. The white stripes of the crossing appear to hover above the ground as is a physical barrier. Although intended to improve pedestrian safety on the crossings, they have also been popular with tourists who like to be photographed crossing them, appearing to hover above the ground. Such crossings can be", "title": "Zebra crossing" }, { "id": "1385232", "score": "1.2248347", "text": "\"don't walk\", a depiction of a red man or hand indicating when not to cross, the drawing of the person crossing appears with an \"X\" drawn over it. Some countries around the Baltic Sea in Scandinavia duplicate the red light. Instead of one red light, there are two which both illuminate at the same time. In many parts of eastern Germany, particularly the former German Democratic Republic, the design of the crossing man (Ampelmännchen) has a hat. There are also female \"Ampelmännchen\" in western Germany and the Netherlands. Other countries also use unusual \"walk\" and \"don't walk\" pedestrian indicators. In", "title": "Pedestrian crossing" }, { "id": "11033223", "score": "1.2178383", "text": "people returns on the 2nd trip, and the other fastest person returns on the 4th trip. Assume that a solution minimizes the total number of crosses. This gives a total of five crosses - three pair crosses and two solo-crosses. Also, assume we always choose the fastest for the solo-cross. First, we show that if the two slowest persons (C and D) cross separately, they accumulate a total crossing time of 15. This is done by taking persons A, C, & D: C+A+B+A = 8+1+5+1=15. (Here we use A because we know that using A to cross both C and", "title": "Bridge and torch problem" }, { "id": "1385207", "score": "1.2142625", "text": "of crossing. These bars are typically wide and are set apart. Crosswalks can use a combination of two parallel white lines and continental stripes to create a \"ladder\" crosswalk, which is highly visible. Marked crosswalks are usually placed at traffic intersections or crossroads, but are occasionally used at mid-block locations where pedestrian generators are present such as at transit stops, schools, retail, or housing destinations. In the United States, these \"mid-block crossings\" may include additional regulatory signage such as \"PED XING\" (for \"pedestrian crossing\"), flashing yellow beacons, stop or yield signs, or by actuated or automatic signals. Some more innovative", "title": "Pedestrian crossing" }, { "id": "20584228", "score": "1.2138293", "text": "The Crossing Dead The Crossing Dead is an action video game created by Wizard Games Incorporated. The goal of the game is to travel as far as possible, while facing many obstacles. Some customers have described it as a cross between the games \"Crossy Road\" and \"the Walking Dead\". The player is able to move forwards, left, right, and backwards. A player's score is identical to how far they went before they died. For example, if a player goes forwards 56 blocks, backwards 3, and then forwards 102, that player would have a score of 155. The player faces many", "title": "The Crossing Dead" } ]

[ "Sikh", "gora sikh", "Punjabi Sikh", "gora sikhs", "sihk", "Sikhs", "Sihk", "punjabi sikh", "punjabi sikhs", "Sikhni", "sikhni", "mona sikhs", "Mona Sikhs", "list of prominent sikhs", "sikh", "Gora Sikh", "sikhs", "List of prominent Sikhs", "List of Prominent Sikhs", "Punjabi Sikhs", "Gora Sikhs" ]

[ { "id": "6594287", "score": "2.2033172", "text": "Monty Panesar Mudhsuden Singh Panesar (born 25 April 1982), known as Monty Panesar, is an English international cricketer who is currently unattached to any County. A left-arm spinner, Panesar made his Test cricket debut in 2006 against India in Nagpur and One Day International debut for England in 2007. In English County cricket, he last played for Northamptonshire in 2016, and has previously played for Northamptonshire until 2009, Sussex from 2010–2013 and Essex from 2013-2015, He has also played for the Lions in South Africa. Born in Luton to Indian parents, Panesar is a Sikh, and so he wears a", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594288", "score": "2.0908308", "text": "black \"patka\" (a smaller version of the full Sikh turban) while playing and training. Many of his fans have emulated him by wearing patkas and fake beards while watching him play. When first selected for England he was widely perceived as being a particularly inept batsman and fielder, which resulted in much ironic cheering; the TMS commentator Henry Blofeld once accidentally referred to him as Monty Python. Panesar lost his place in the England test team, being replaced by Graeme Swann and losing his central contract. However, his form improved with Sussex County Cricket Club, and so he was recalled", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594321", "score": "2.026947", "text": "against Haryana. However, he was not picked for the first Test, which England eventually lost by nine wickets. After the match, coach Andy Flower and captain Alastair Cook both said they had misjudged the pitch, and changes were made to the team ahead of the second Test. Panesar was selected for the second test replacing Tim Bresnan, and he took 5–129 in the first innings, and 6–81 in the second, career best match figures of 11–210, and only the second time he has taken ten wickets in a match. This was also the first time since Hedley Verity in 1934", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594325", "score": "2.017118", "text": "drink alcohol, combined with his poor form, the incident contributed to his leaving Sussex and being loaned to Essex. After he rejoined Northamptonshire in 2016, Panesar opened up about the mental illness that he had been suffering, speaking in the media about his acceptance to use medication to help him cope with feelings of paranoia and anxiety that came after a loss of confidence. Monty Panesar Mudhsuden Singh Panesar (born 25 April 1982), known as Monty Panesar, is an English international cricketer who is currently unattached to any County. A left-arm spinner, Panesar made his Test cricket debut in 2006", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594301", "score": "2.0051131", "text": "India's two best batsmen, Sachin Tendulkar and captain Rahul Dravid. The former, who Panesar states was his childhood hero and was the spinner's first international Test wicket, later signed the cricket ball that dismissed him and presented it to Panesar. Panesar went on to play in the second and third Test matches, in Mohali and Mumbai with thirty-five of his family members attending the Test at Mohali, Punjab. On 11 May 2006 Panesar made his maiden Test appearance in England against Sri Lanka at Lord's. He played a small role in the first and second Tests, taking only five wickets.", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Monty Panesar\n\nMudhsuden Singh \"Monty\" Panesar (born 25 April 1982) is a former English international cricketer. A left-arm spinner, Panesar made his Test cricket debut in 2006 against India in Nagpur and One Day International debut for England in 2007. In English county cricket, he last played for Northamptonshire in 2016, and has previously played for Northamptonshire until 2009, Sussex from 2010 to 2013 and Essex from 2013 to 2015. He has also played for the Lions in South Africa.\n\nBorn in Luton to Indian parents, Panesar is a Sikh, and so he wears a black \"patka\" (a smaller version of the full Sikh turban) while playing and training. Many of his fans have emulated him by wearing patkas and fake beards while watching him play.\n\nWhen first selected for England he was widely perceived as being a particularly inept batsman and fielder, which resulted in much ironic cheering; the TMS commentator Henry Blofeld once accidentally referred to him as Monty Python. Panesar lost his place in the England Test team, being replaced by Graeme Swann and losing his central contract. However, his form improved with Sussex County Cricket Club, and so he was recalled to the squad for the 2010–11 Ashes series, although he did not feature in any matches. After taking 69 wickets in the 2011 county season Panesar earned a recall for the series against Pakistan in the UAE; he played in the second Test – his first Test appearance in over two and a half years. Panesar also played in 3 Test matches in India in 2012, before deputising for the injured Graeme Swann as lead spinner in the England tour of New Zealand, where he managed just 5 wickets costing 70 runs each.\n\nHis last international series was against Australia in the 2013–14 Ashes though he has not announced retirement since. In January 2017, Panesar was recruited by Cricket Australia as a spin-bowling consultant for the tour of India, after spending his winter as a club cricketer in Sydney.", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Adil Rashid\n\nAdil Usman Rashid (born 17 February 1988) is an English cricketer who plays for England in One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket, and previously played for the Test team. In domestic cricket, he represents Yorkshire, and has played in multiple Twenty20 leagues, including for Punjab Kings in the Indian Premier League.\n\nRashid made his ODI and T20I debuts in 2009, and played for the Test team between 2015 and 2019. He was part of the England teams that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup and 2022 T20 World Cup.\n\nRashid plays as a right-arm leg break bowler. He is England's highest wicket-taker among spin bowlers in both ODIs and T20Is, and England second-highest wicket-taker in T20Is overall behind Chris Jordan. Along with Jos Buttler, he holds the world record for highest seventh-wicket stand in ODIs: 177 against New Zealand in 2015.", "title": "Adil Rashid" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "AB de Villiers\n\nAbraham Benjamin de Villiers (born 17 February 1984) is a former South African international cricketer. AB de Villiers was named as the ICC ODI Player of the Year three times during his 15-year international career and was one of the five Wisden cricketers of the decade at the end of 2019. He is regarded as one of the greatest cricketers in the history of the sport.\n\nAB de Villiers began his international career as a wicket-keeper-batsman, but he has played most often solely as a batsman. He batted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Regarded as one of the most innovative and destructive batsmen in the modern era, as well as one of the greatest of all time, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England in 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and is one of the very few batsmen to have a batting average of over fifty in both forms of the game. In limited overs cricket, he is an attacking player. He holds the record for the fastest ODI century in just 31 balls.\n\nDe Villiers captained South Africa in all three formats, although after a series of injuries, he stepped down from the Test captaincy. In 2017, he stepped down from captaining the national limited-overs games and in May 2018, he announced his retirement from all forms of international cricket. In January 2020, however, de Villiers expressed an interest in making an international comeback and play in the 2020 T20 World Cup, although later in the year it was confirmed that he would not do so. On 19 November 2021, De Villiers announced his retirement from all forms of cricket.", "title": "AB de Villiers" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Shane Warne\n\nShane Keith Warne (13 September 1969 – 4 March 2022) was an Australian international cricketer, whose career ran from 1991 to 2007. Warne played as a right-arm leg spin bowler and a right-handed batsman for Victoria, Hampshire and Australia. He is regarded as one of the greatest bowlers in the history of the sport; he made 145 Test appearances, taking 708 wickets, and set the record for the most wickets taken by any bowler in Test cricket, a record he held until 2007.\n\nWarne was a useful lower-order batsman who scored more than 3,000 Test runs, with a highest score of 99. He retired from international cricket at the end of Australia's 2006–07 Ashes series victory over England.\n\nIn the first four seasons of the Indian Premier League (IPL), Warne was a player-coach for Rajasthan Royals and also captained the team. During his career, Warne was involved in off-field scandals; his censures included a ban from cricket for testing positive for a prohibited substance, and charges of sexual indiscretions and bringing the game into disrepute.\n\nWarne revolutionised cricket thinking with his mastery of leg spin, then regarded as a dying art. After retirement, he regularly worked as a cricket commentator and for charities and endorsed commercial products. In recognition of his skill, a statue of Warne bowling was placed outside the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), where he was also honoured with a state memorial service, as well as having a grandstand named in his honour. Warne was posthumously appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for his service to cricket.", "title": "Shane Warne" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "England cricket team\n\nThe England cricket team represents England and Wales in international cricket. Since 1997, it has been governed by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), having been previously governed by Marylebone Cricket Club (the MCC) since 1903. England, as a founding nation, is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) with Test, One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) status. Until the 1990s, Scottish and Irish players also played for England as those countries were not yet ICC members in their own right.\n\nEngland and Australia were the first teams to play a Test match (15–19 March 1877), and along with South Africa, these nations formed the Imperial Cricket Conference (the predecessor to today's International Cricket Council) on 15 June 1909. England and Australia also played the first ODI on 5 January 1971. England's first T20I was played on 13 June 2005, once more against Australia.\n\n, England have played 1,058 Test matches, winning 387 and losing 317 (with 354 draws). In Test series against Australia, England play for The Ashes, one of the most famous trophies in all of sport, and they have won the urn on 32 occasions. England have also played 773 ODIs, winning 389. They have appeared in the final of the Cricket World Cup four times, winning once in 2019; they have also finished as runners-up in two ICC Champions Trophies (2004 and 2013). England have played 170 T20Is, winning 90. They won the ICC T20 World Cup in 2010 and 2022, and were runners-up in 2016.\n\n, England are ranked third in Tests, second in ODIs and second in T20Is by the ICC.<ref name=\"ICC Rankings\"/>", "title": "England cricket team" }, { "id": "6594318", "score": "2.0021768", "text": "warm-up match against the Pakistan Cricket Board XI and took 8–103 including a 5 wicket haul in the first innings. He was picked for the second Test starting on 25 January 2012 in Abu Dhabi, this was his first match in over two and a half years. He took 6–62 in the second innings his first 5 wicket haul in a Test match since May 2008, this was to be in vain as England lost the match and series to a humiliating defeat. He was picked to play in the Third Test in Dubai and again took seven wickets including", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594300", "score": "2.000168", "text": "in the English Test squad for the 2006 tour of India. For a place as back-up spinner to incumbent Ashley Giles he faced competition from left-armer Ian Blackwell and off-spinners Shaun Udal and Alex Loudon. It was suggested that his reputation for poor batting and fielding might hamper his chances of selection, but earlier in 2005 he had attended the Darren Lehmann Academy in Adelaide in order to address these issues. He was selected in January 2006 for the tour to India, and made his international debut in the first Test against India in Nagpur. He took three wickets, including", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "3341548", "score": "1.98159", "text": "a result, the team underwent an enforced period of transition. A 2–0 defeat in Pakistan was followed by two drawn away series with India and Sri Lanka. In the home Test series victory against Pakistan in July and August 2006, several promising new players emerged. Most notable were the left-arm orthodox spin bowler Monty Panesar, the first Sikh to play Test cricket for England, and left-handed opening batsman Alastair Cook. The 2006–07 Ashes series was keenly anticipated and was expected to provide a level of competition comparable to the 2005 series. In the event, England, captained by Flintoff who was", "title": "England cricket team" }, { "id": "6594317", "score": "1.9637446", "text": "his county Sussex, Panesar was announced as part of the England squad to tour Australia for the Ashes on 23 September 2010. Panesar was selected ahead of legspinner Adil Rashid and offspinner James Tredwell. He did not play in any of the Tests but played in two of the tour matches against Australia A and Victoria, taking 6 wickets. After a fruitful season for his county Sussex which proved to be his best claiming 69 wickets in the County Championship, Panesar was picked as the second spinner behind Graeme Swann for the tour of Pakistan. He played in the second", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594304", "score": "1.9466269", "text": "was given some credit for responding to criticism from England coach Duncan Fletcher. Despite his performances in the Test arena against Pakistan in the summer of 2006, Panesar was overlooked for the 30 man ODI squad for the 2006 ICC Champion's Trophy in India. The likelihood of Panesar playing against Australia in the 2006–07 Ashes series led to media commentary by some Australian players, who indicated that they would take an aggressive approach towards him. Australian captain Ricky Ponting said, \"We'll try to make some sort of impact on him early on, and we won't let him get on top.", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594316", "score": "1.9366231", "text": "2009 Ashes series, held at the SWALEC Stadium in Cardiff, as England opted to utilise two spinners. On a pitch which was expected to turn, his bowling appeared unthreatening, only taking one wicket in 35 overs. He did make a contribution with the bat as he and James Anderson blocked out the final 11½ overs of the match, denying Australia their final wicket and salvaging a draw for England. In view of his lack of penetration, Panesar was dropped for the remainder of the series, not appearing again in the Test team until 25 January 2012. After strong performances for", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594320", "score": "1.9353402", "text": "the match after a lower order batting collapse losing 6 wickets for only 31 runs which resulted in England losing by 75 runs. Panesar was not selected to play in the final test of the series, which England won by 8 wickets. Panesar was called up to the 16-man squad for the winter tour of India which started on 30 October. A three-day training camp was held from 26 October to 29 October with the first Test starting on 15 November. Panesar played in two of the three tour matches taking 3–64 against Mumbai 'A' and 2–70 for the match", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594293", "score": "1.934341", "text": "2007, Panesar became the first English spinner to take 10 wickets in a match since Phil Tufnell when he returned match figures of 10/187. This was achieved against the West Indies in the Third Test at Old Trafford. He took his 100th Test wicket on 25 May 2008, against New Zealand, also at Old Trafford. In an interview with the UK's \"Daily Mirror\" newspaper, Panesar stated his intention to develop a left-handed version of the doosra, the off-spinner's version of the googly: Panesar is not a confident batsman, averaging just under 9 runs per innings in first-class matches, and under", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594296", "score": "1.9340048", "text": "had fallen into the habit of stopping the ball with his boot in the field and throwing it back to the wicketkeeper underarm. Originally a medium-pace bowler, he shifted to spin at around sixteen following advice from the Northamptonshire coaching staff. Paul Taylor, the former Northamptonshire seamer, suggested he switch to spin during a school coaching session. As a schoolboy Panesar played cricket at Bedford Modern School for Stopsley High School, Dunstable Town CC and Luton Indian CC before being selected for the England Under-19 team. His first-class debut came in 2001 at the age of 19 against Leicestershire. He", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594306", "score": "1.9263146", "text": "Live, calling out for his inclusion. Panesar was eventually selected to play in the third Test at the WACA in Perth. He finished the first innings with figures of 5 for 92 off 24 overs, with Justin Langer, Andrew Symonds and Adam Gilchrist among his wickets, becoming the first English spin bowler to take five wickets in a Test match at the WACA in Perth, his other two wickets being Shane Warne and Brett Lee. He also performed respectably with the bat, finishing on 16 not out as part of England's best partnership in the innings. He remained in the", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594294", "score": "1.9150114", "text": "5 runs per innings in Test matches. However, he has had significant batting performances: he scored a quick-fire 26 against Sri Lanka including a six off Murali in 2006, and in the Ashes First Test in 2009, he and James Anderson stayed in for 40 minutes, jointly surviving 69 balls to secure an important draw. In domestic cricket, Panesar made his highest first-class score of 46* against Middlesex on 7 May 2010. Panesar's fielding has been criticised and at the start of his Test career, this led to loud sardonic cheers from the crowd for completing even the simplest fielding", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594323", "score": "1.9105103", "text": "By winning the series England became the first team since 2004 to beat India on their home soil, and the first England team since the 1984–85 tour to beat India in India. Panesar ended the series with 17 wickets. Panesar was called up to the 15-man squad for the winter tour of New Zealand with the first test starting on 6 March. Panesar was the leading spinner of the Test part of the tour as Graeme Swann had to pull out requiring surgery on an recurring elbow injury. Panesar took 5 wickets over the series. Panesar has been quoted as", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594309", "score": "1.9095496", "text": "West Indies in May and June 2007. He got his first six wicket haul in Tests during the first innings of the first Test at Lord's when he took 6/129. Five of his six victims were trapped LBW, all given out by the Nursery End umpire Asad Rauf. Panesar's first Test ten wicket haul came in the third Test at Old Trafford, in which he took four first innings wickets, and six in the second innings, for match figures of 10/187. He became the first English spin bowler to take ten wickets in a match for ten years, since Phil", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594289", "score": "1.9082525", "text": "to the squad for the 2010–11 Ashes series, although he did not feature in any matches. After taking 69 wickets in the 2011 county season Panesar earned a recall for the series against Pakistan In the UAE; he played in the second Test – his first Test appearance in over two and a half years. Panesar also played in 3 Test matches in India in 2012, before deputising for the injured Graeme Swann as lead spinner in the England tour of New Zealand, where he managed just 5 wickets costing 70 runs each. His last international series was against Australia", "title": "Monty Panesar" }, { "id": "6594324", "score": "1.9072114", "text": "saying, \"I follow Sikhism, and maybe I’ve channelled the discipline that religion creates into my cricket. There's discipline with any religion, and you can take it into a game or into anything else\". Panesar has uncut hair and a full length beard, which is a fundamental part of the Sikh identity and way of life. He won the 2006 Beard of the Year competition run by the Beard Liberation Front. In August 2013 Panesar was fined after he urinated on a doorman following his ejection from a Brighton club. Having admitted that he had broken the Sikh vow not to", "title": "Monty Panesar" } ]

[ "Race Of Champions", "roc nations cup 2006", "The Race of Champions", "ROC Nations Cup", "Race of champions", "ROC Nations Cup 2006", "Race of Champions", "race of champions", "roc nations cup" ]

[ { "id": "4270152", "score": "1.9370329", "text": "cited the end of the Group B era as the reason behind the decision, and stated that it was \"a good time to stop\". Later in the same month, Mouton crowned her career by winning the last event of the German championship, the Drei-Städte-Rallye (Three Cities Rally), ahead of Armin Schwarz's MG Metro 6R4. In 1988, Mouton co-founded the international motorsport event Race of Champions with Fredrik Johnsson, in memory of Toivonen and to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the world championship for rally drivers. The event originally included the world's top rally drivers, but now features stars also from", "title": "Michèle Mouton" }, { "id": "7114929", "score": "1.8514402", "text": "1971 the event was won by the first non-gasoline vehicle (propane), this was also the first overall victory from the stock car class (1970 Ford Mustang), the car was driven by the Danish-American Ak Miller. In 1984 the first European racers took part in the PPIHC with Norwegian Rallycrosser Martin Schanche (Ford Escort Mk3 4x4) and French Rally driver Michèle Mouton (Audi Sport quattro), thereby starting a new era for European teams in the almost unknown American hillclimb. While Schanche failed to set a new track record, due to a flat right front tire, Mouton (together with her World Rally", "title": "Pikes Peak International Hill Climb" }, { "id": "4270112", "score": "1.8000667", "text": "the following year resulted in fifth place. With the team having four top drivers for 1984, Mouton's participation on world championship level became part-time. In 1985, she won the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb in the United States, setting a record time in the process. In 1986, she moved to Peugeot and won the German Rally Championship as the first female driver to win a major championship in rallying. Soon after securing the title, Mouton retired from rallying due to the ban of Group B supercars. In 1988, she co-founded the international motorsport event Race of Champions in memory of", "title": "Michèle Mouton" }, { "id": "4089516", "score": "1.7765837", "text": "Salonen, Juha Kankkunen and Miki Biasion. The final was a battle between two \"Flying Finns\", in which Kankkunen beat Salonen to become the first \"Champion of Champions\". The cars used at the first event were Audi Quattro S1, BMW M3, Ford Sierra RS Cosworth, Lancia Delta Integrale, Opel Manta 400 and Peugeot 205 Turbo 16. The following years saw new events in addition to the main race. The \"International Rally Masters\", started in 1990, was designed to offer the season's best drivers, who were yet to win a championship title, the chance to win a spot in the main Race", "title": "Race of Champions" }, { "id": "7114930", "score": "1.7763773", "text": "Championship co-driver Fabrizia Pons from Italy) won the Open Rally category, but failed to win the event overall. Mouton achieved the overall victory and course record in the following year. In 1989, an award-winning short film about the 1988 event was released by French director Jean-Louis Mourey. The film, titled \"Climb Dance\", captured the efforts of Finnish former World Rally Champion Ari Vatanen, as he won the event in a record-breaking time with his turbocharged Peugeot 405 Turbo 16. The City of Colorado Springs began to pave the highway in 2002 after losing a lawsuit against the Sierra Club, which", "title": "Pikes Peak International Hill Climb" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Race of Champions\n\nThe Race of Champions (ROC) is an international motorsport event held at the end/start of each year, featuring some of the world's best racing and rally drivers. It is the only competition in the world where stars from Formula One, World Rally Championship, IndyCar, NASCAR, sportscars and touring cars compete against each other, going head-to-head in identical cars.\n\nThe race was first organised in 1988 by former rally driver Michèle Mouton and Fredrik Johnsson, IMP (International Media Productions) President. Originally the event was a competition between the world's best rally drivers but has since expanded to include top competitors from most of the world's premier motorsport disciplines, including motorcycle racing.\n\nThe top individual overall in The Race Of Champions is given the title \"Champion of Champions\", and receives the Henri Toivonen Memorial trophy. The ROC Nations' Cup was added in 1999 and now features teams of two drivers who compete for their country.\n\nThe event has taken place in several venues, including 12 years on Gran Canaria from 1992 to 2003. From 2004 to 2019, the event was held in major sporting stadiums, including the Stade de France in Paris, Wembley Stadium in London, the Beijing National Stadium, Düsseldorf's ESPRIT arena, the Rajamangala Stadium in Bangkok, Olympic Stadium, the Marlins Park in Miami, the King Fahd International Stadium in Riyadh, and the Foro Sol in Mexico City. However in 2014, the event was held at the Bushy Park circuit in Barbados, and the 2022 edition was held on a frozen Baltic Sea in northern Sweden.", "title": "Race of Champions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "World Rally Championship\n\nThe World Rally Championship (abbreviated as WRC) is the highest level of global competition in the motorsport discipline of rallying, owned and governed by the FIA. There are separate championships for drivers, co-drivers, manufacturers and teams. The series currently consists of 13 three to four-day rally events driven on surfaces ranging from gravel and tarmac to snow and ice. Each rally is usually split into 15–25 special stages which are run against the clock on up to 350 kilometres of closed roads. \n\nDrivers Sébastien Loeb, Sébastien Ogier, Juha Kankkunen, Tommi Mäkinen and Colin McRae all became WRC champions. Other drivers who became well known primarily through their WRC careers include Michèle Mouton, Henri Toivonen, Jari-Matti Latvala and Mikko Hirvonen. Rallies that have frequently appeared in the championship have included Monte Carlo Rally, Tour de Corse, Sanremo, Acropolis, Safari Rally, and national rallies of Great Britain, Finland, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina.\n\nHyundai, Toyota and M-Sport Ford are the current competing manufacturers. Amongst their leading drivers are Loeb, Ogier, Thierry Neuville, Ott Tänak, Dani Sordo, Elfyn Evans and Kalle Rovanperä.\n\nThe WRC also features two support championships, the World Rally Championship-2 and the World Rally Championship-3 which are contested on the same events and stages as the WRC, but with progressively lower performance and running costs of the cars permitted.", "title": "World Rally Championship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rallying\n\nRally is a wide-ranging form of motorsport with various competitive motoring elements such as speed tests (often called \"rally racing),\" navigation tests, or the ability to reach waypoints or a destination at a prescribed time or average speed. Rallies may be short in the form of trials at a single venue, or several thousand miles long in an extreme endurance rally.\n\nDepending on the format, rallies may be organised on private or public roads, open or closed to traffic, or off-road in the form of cross country or rally-raid. Competitors can use production vehicles which must be road-legal if being used on open roads or specially built competition vehicles suited to crossing specific terrain.\n\nRallying is typically distinguished from other forms of motorsport by not running directly against other competitors over laps of a circuit, but instead in a point-to-point format in which participants leave at regular intervals from one or more start points.", "title": "Rallying" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pikes Peak International Hill Climb\n\nThe Pikes Peak International Hill Climb (PPIHC), also known as The Race to the Clouds, is an annual automobile hillclimb to the summit of Pikes Peak in Colorado, USA. The track measures and has over 156 turns, climbing from the start at Mile 7 on Pikes Peak Highway, to the finish at , on grades averaging 7.2%. It used to consist of both gravel and paved sections, but as of August 2011, the highway is fully paved; as a result, all subsequent events will be run on asphalt from start to finish.\n\nThe race is self-sanctioned and has taken place since 1916.<ref name=\"PPIHC Rulebook\" /><ref name=\"overview\" /> It is currently contested by a variety of vehicle classes. The PPIHC operates as the Pikes Peak Auto Hill Climb Educational Museum to organize the annual motorsports event.<ref name=\"PPIHC Rulebook\" />", "title": "Pikes Peak International Hill Climb" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Carlos Sainz Sr.\n\nCarlos Sainz Cenamor (born 12 April 1962) is a Spanish rally driver. He won the World Rally Championship drivers' title with Toyota in and , and finished runner-up four times. Constructors' world champions to have benefited from Sainz are Subaru (), Toyota () and Citroën (, and ). In the 2018 season he was one of the official drivers of the Team Peugeot Total. He received the Princess of Asturias Sports Award in 2020. Sainz is currently competing in Extreme E for the Acciona | Sainz XE Team alongside teammate Laia Sanz.\n\nNicknamed \"El Matador\", Sainz previously held the WRC record for most career starts until Finnish co-driver Miikka Anttila broke the record. He was also the first non-Nordic driver to win the 1000 Lakes Rally in Finland. He came close to repeating the feat at the Swedish Rally finishing second four times and third twice. Besides WRC successes, he has won the Dakar Rally (2010, 2018, 2020), the Race of Champions (1997) and the Asia-Pacific Rally Championship (1990). His co-drivers were Antonio Boto, Luís Moya, Marc Martí and Lucas Cruz.\n\nHis son, Carlos Sainz Jr., born on 1 September 1994, is also a professional racing driver, currently competing for Scuderia Ferrari in Formula One. He also has an older brother named Antonio Sainz, born on 10 December 1957, who was also a rally driver.", "title": "Carlos Sainz Sr." }, { "id": "5964392", "score": "1.7545553", "text": "Shelby Cobras of Maurice Trintignant, Bob Bondurant and André Simon all retired. The 1980s saw the event incorporated into the European Rally Championship which saw an influx of new competitors. The last event was held in 1986. Also known as Tour Auto, it was revived in 1992 for historic cars, with both a competition and a regularity class. The format is a 5-day event combining about 2,500 km of roads, 4 or 5 circuit races and 6 to 8 hillclimbs. Patrick Peter of Agence Peter is the organiser. The start of the International event with some 300 entrants is in", "title": "Tour de France Automobile" }, { "id": "4270111", "score": "1.752887", "text": "finished runner-up to Bernard Darniche in the European Rally Championship. She went on to win the 1978 Tour de France Automobile and record consistent results in her home events in the WRC; the Tour de Corse and the Monte Carlo Rally. For 1981, Audi Sport signed Mouton to partner Hannu Mikkola. In her first year with the Audi Quattro, she took a surprise victory at the Rallye Sanremo. In the 1982 World Rally season, Mouton finished a close second overall to Walter Röhrl, after wins in Portugal, Brazil and Greece, and helped Audi to its first manufacturers' title. Her campaign", "title": "Michèle Mouton" }, { "id": "4089517", "score": "1.7500422", "text": "of Champions. The \"Classic Rally Masters\", first contested in 1994, was a \"historic\" Race of Champions competed with pre-1965 Porsche 911s. These two events have since been discontinued. There were an one-off appearances at the Nürburgring, Barcelona and Madrid, since 1989 till 1991. The event found a permanent home for the next 12 years at the Ciudad Deportiva Islas Canarias venue on Gran Canaria starting from 1992. It was during this period that the emphasis on rally champions faded, as evidenced by victories for Andrea Aghini and François Delecour, neither of whom had won a WRC title. The Nations' Cup", "title": "Race of Champions" }, { "id": "4270114", "score": "1.7499557", "text": "when she was 14 years old, she did not turn her interest to rallying until 1972, when her friend Jean Taibi asked her to practise the Tour de Corse with him. Mouton later co-drove for him in the 1973 Monte Carlo Rally, the first-ever World Rally Championship (WRC) event. After a few more rallies, Mouton's father suggested a switch to driving if she wanted to continue in rallying, and promised to buy her a car and give her one-year to prove herself. Driving an Alpine-Renault A110, she debuted at the Critérium Féminin Paris-Saint-Raphaël and then tackled the Tour de France", "title": "Michèle Mouton" }, { "id": "4089511", "score": "1.7480484", "text": "Race of Champions The Race of Champions (ROC) is an international motorsport event held at the end/start of each year, featuring some of the world's best racing and rally drivers. It is the only competition in the world where stars from Formula One, World Rally Championship, IndyCar, NASCAR, sportscars and touring cars compete against each other, going head-to-head in identical cars. The race was first organised in 1988 by former rally driver Michèle Mouton and Fredrik Johnsson, IMP (International Media Productions) President. Originally the event was a competition between the world's best rally drivers, but has since expanded to include", "title": "Race of Champions" }, { "id": "4089515", "score": "1.7473702", "text": "selected for the Race Of Champions included a ROC Car buggy, the KTM X-Bow, the Audi R8 LMS, the Lamborghini Gallardo SuperTrofeo, the VW Scirocco R-Cup and the NASCAR European Stock Car. The first-ever Race of Champions was held in 1988 at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry near Paris, in memory of Henri Toivonen, who died while leading the 1986 Tour de Corse, and to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the world championship for rally drivers. The inaugural cast included all the eight world rally champions from 1979 to 1988; Björn Waldegård, Walter Röhrl, Ari Vatanen, Hannu Mikkola, Stig Blomqvist, Timo", "title": "Race of Champions" }, { "id": "9418385", "score": "1.7428744", "text": "driver's title. Top Audi pilots Michèle Mouton and Hannu Mikkola took second and third in the drivers' race, but their combined efforts were enough to put Audi over the top for the work's cup. Mouton's finish is the best by a female driver to this day. As with previous seasons, while all 12 events were calculated for tallying the drivers' scores, only 10 of the events applied to the championship for manufacturers. The two events in 1982 which applied only to driver standings were Sweden and the Rallye Côte d'Ivoire. Röhrl's strong performance in both of these rallies would have", "title": "1982 World Rally Championship" }, { "id": "4270153", "score": "1.7390797", "text": "other disciplines, such as Formula One, NASCAR, Le Mans and MotoGP, competing against each other in identical cars. In 1988 and 1989, Mouton participated in rally raids as part of Peugeot's service team for Ari Vatanen and Jacky Ickx. At the 1988 Rally of Tunisia, Mouton drove a 205 T16 Grand Raid chase car and transported spare parts for Vatanen and Henri Pescarolo, but also classified sixth overall. She later took part in the Dakar Rally as a press driver in 2004 and 2009. In 2000, Mouton finished second in the London–Sydney Marathon driving a Porsche 911, behind former teammate", "title": "Michèle Mouton" }, { "id": "4270119", "score": "1.7376151", "text": "following year. At the Rallye d'Antibes, she finished third behind the Stratos drivers Darniche and Attilio Bettega. She placed fifth in the ERC standings and fourth in the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) Cup for Drivers, the predecessor to the drivers' world championship. In 1979, Mouton finished second in the French Rally Championship, behind Porsche 911 SC driver Bernard Béguin. In 1980, Audi Sport, Audi's new factory team, called Mouton and signed her for a World Rally Championship programme for the 1981 season. Mouton described Audi's call as \"a complete shock\". Audi's decision to nominate her instead of established male", "title": "Michèle Mouton" }, { "id": "622705", "score": "1.7190242", "text": "followed in 1974 by the London-Sahara-Munich World Cup Rally, and in 1977 by the Singapore Airlines London-Sydney Rally. In 1979, a young Frenchman, Thierry Sabine, founded an institution when he organised the first \"rallye-raid\" from Paris to Dakar, in Senegal, the event now called the Dakar Rally. From amateur beginnings it quickly became a massive commercial circus catering for cars, motorcycles and trucks, and spawned other similar events. Since 2008, it has been held in South America. The main change over that period has been in the cars, and in the professionalisation and commercialisation of the sport. Manufacturers had entered", "title": "Rallying" }, { "id": "4270144", "score": "1.7182367", "text": "driving an Audi Sport Quattro together with her usual co-driver Fabrizia Pons. After her main opponent Martin Schanche got hampered by a flat right front tyre she won the open rally category (now known as \"unlimited\") in a record time and placed second overall, leaving behind several specialised V8 single-seaters that had normally dominated the race. Audi's WRC programme was limited for the 1985 season due to the recent defeats to Peugeot Talbot Sport, Peugeot's factory team headed by Jean Todt. Mouton and Mikkola were assigned to testing and development duties. She drove both the Sport Quattro and its follower,", "title": "Michèle Mouton" }, { "id": "4270115", "score": "1.7111123", "text": "Automobile. In the Île de Beauté, a complementary event to the Tour de Corse at the end of 1973, Mouton finished eighth overall. In the World Rally Championship, Mouton made her driver debut in 1974, finishing 12th in the Tour de Corse in an Alpine A110. It was rumoured her good performances were the result of a special engine, however her car passed inspection by WRC scrutineers. At the end of the year, Mouton was crowned both French and European ladies' champion. Re-entering the Tour de Corse the following season, she took seventh place. Mouton successfully defended her ladies' titles,", "title": "Michèle Mouton" }, { "id": "622689", "score": "1.7071873", "text": "Championship (at first called the \"Touring Championship\") of eleven events; it was first won by Helmut Polensky of Germany. This was the premier international championship until 1973, when the FIA created the World Rally Championship for Manufacturers, won that first year by Alpine-Renault. Not until 1979 was there a World Rally Championship for Drivers, won that year by Björn Waldegård. Initially, most of the major postwar rallies were fairly gentlemanly, but the organisers of the French Alpine and the Liège (which moved its turning point from Rome into Yugoslavia in 1956) straight away set difficult time schedules: the \"Automobile Club", "title": "Rallying" }, { "id": "9533614", "score": "1.7030091", "text": "Swedish drivers until 1990. The Ivory Coast Rally, which was considered to be the most demanding, gruelling and certainly the most attrition-filled rally of the year (a rally where drivers had an unbelievable one in ten chance of finishing) was skipped by all of the Group B teams, and was won by Waldegård in his Celica, completing his World Championship African rally sweep. The season included more controversy when the organizers of the Rallye Sanremo disqualified the entire Peugeot team from the event due to illegal side skirts. However, the cars were proven legal by the FIA, and the Italian", "title": "1986 World Rally Championship" }, { "id": "4270140", "score": "1.7019758", "text": "stages. An Audi mechanic later accidentally refilled Mouton's fuel tank with pure water which resulted in time-consuming repairs. She eventually retired after crashing out, and placed fifth overall in the drivers' championship. Although Mikkola beat Lancia's Röhrl and Alén to the drivers' title, Audi had lost the manufacturers' title to Lancia after the latter's triple win in Sanremo. For the 1984 season, Audi added two-time world champion Walter Röhrl to their star line-up and Mouton now had a part-time role, competing in five WRC events. For the first time in nine years, she did not enter the Monte Carlo Rally.", "title": "Michèle Mouton" } ]

[ "platonic solid", "Regular solids", "pythagorean solid", "Regular solid", "regular solid", "convex regular polyhedron", "Pythagorean solid", "five regular solids", "Pythagorean solids", "platonic solids", "Platonic Solid", "Platonic polyhedron", "Platonic solid", "platonic polyhedron", "regular solids", "Platonic solids", "pythagorean solids", "Convex regular polyhedron", "Regular Solids", "platonic body", "Platonic body", "Platonic Solids", "Five regular solids" ]

[ { "id": "321047", "score": "1.8180711", "text": "or . Both tetrahedral positions make the compound stellated octahedron. The coordinates of the icosahedron are related to two alternated sets of coordinates of a nonuniform truncated octahedron, t{3,4} or , also called a \"snub octahedron\", as s{3,4} or , and seen in the compound of two icosahedra. Eight of the vertices of the dodecahedron are shared with the cube. Completing all orientations leads to the compound of five cubes. A convex polyhedron is a Platonic solid if and only if Each Platonic solid can therefore be denoted by a symbol {\"p\", \"q\"} where The symbol {\"p\", \"q\"}, called the", "title": "Platonic solid" }, { "id": "9471900", "score": "1.7682343", "text": "given different colors. In this form it is sometimes known as the tetratetrahedron. The remaining convex regular polyhedra have an odd number of faces at each vertex so cannot be colored in a way that preserves edge transitivity. It has \"Coxeter-Dynkin diagram\" Each of these forms the common core of a dual pair of regular polyhedra. The names of two of these give clues to the associated dual pair, respectively the cube + octahedron and the icosahedron + dodecahedron. The octahedron is the core of a dual pair of tetrahedra (an arrangement known as the stella octangula), and when derived", "title": "Quasiregular polyhedron" }, { "id": "321063", "score": "1.7468975", "text": "for each of the Platonic solids. The tetrahedron, cube, and octahedron all occur naturally in crystal structures. These by no means exhaust the numbers of possible forms of crystals. However, neither the regular icosahedron nor the regular dodecahedron are amongst them. One of the forms, called the pyritohedron (named for the group of minerals of which it is typical) has twelve pentagonal faces, arranged in the same pattern as the faces of the regular dodecahedron. The faces of the pyritohedron are, however, not regular, so the pyritohedron is also not regular. Allotropes of boron and many boron compounds, such as", "title": "Platonic solid" }, { "id": "9488360", "score": "1.7213894", "text": "the cube), the regular tetrahedron and dodecahedron, and, among the Archimedean solids, the truncated tetrahedron, truncated cube, truncated octahedron, truncated cuboctahedron, truncated dodecahedron, truncated icosahedron, and truncated icosidodecahedron. They also include the Goldberg polyhedron and Fullerenes, including the chamfered tetrahedron, chamfered cube, and chamfered dodecahedron. In general, any polyhedron can be made into a simple one by truncating its vertices of valence four or higher. For instance, truncated trapezohedrons are formed by truncating only the high-degree vertices of a trapezohedron; they are also simple. Four-dimensional simple polytopes include the regular 120-cell and tesseract. Simple uniform 4-polytope include the truncated 5-cell,", "title": "Simple polytope" }, { "id": "2174944", "score": "1.7081194", "text": "Cayley named them. By the end of the 19th century there were therefore nine regular polyhedra – five convex and four star. Each of the Platonic solids occurs naturally in one form or another. The tetrahedron, cube, and octahedron all occur as crystals. These by no means exhaust the numbers of possible forms of crystals (Smith, 1982, p212), of which there are 48. Neither the regular icosahedron nor the regular dodecahedron are amongst them, but crystals can have the shape of a pyritohedron, which is visually almost indistinguishable from a regular dodecahedron. Truly icosahedral crystals may be formed by quasicrystalline", "title": "Regular polyhedron" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Platonic solid\n\nIn geometry, a Platonic solid is a convex, regular polyhedron in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Being a regular polyhedron means that the faces are congruent (identical in shape and size) regular polygons (all angles congruent and all edges congruent), and the same number of faces meet at each vertex. There are only five such polyhedra:\n\nGeometers have studied the Platonic solids for thousands of years. They are named for the ancient Greek philosopher Plato who hypothesized in one of his dialogues, the \"Timaeus\", that the classical elements were made of these regular solids.", "title": "Platonic solid" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Archimedean solid\n\nIn geometry, an Archimedean solid is one of the 13 solids first enumerated by Archimedes. They are the convex uniform polyhedra composed of regular polygons meeting in identical vertices, excluding the five Platonic solids (which are composed of only one type of polygon), excluding the prisms and antiprisms, and excluding the pseudorhombicuboctahedron. They are a subset of the Johnson solids, whose regular polygonal faces do not need to meet in identical vertices.\n\n\"Identical vertices\" means that each two vertices are symmetric to each other: A global isometry of the entire solid takes one vertex to the other while laying the solid directly on its initial position. observed that a 14th polyhedron, the elongated square gyrobicupola (or pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron), meets a weaker definition of an Archimedean solid, in which \"identical vertices\" means merely that the faces surrounding each vertex are of the same types (i.e. each vertex looks the same from close up), so only a local isometry is required. Grünbaum pointed out a frequent error in which authors define Archimedean solids using this local definition but omit the 14th polyhedron. If only 13 polyhedra are to be listed, the definition must use global symmetries of the polyhedron rather than local neighborhoods.\n\nPrisms and antiprisms, whose symmetry groups are the dihedral groups, are generally not considered to be Archimedean solids, even though their faces are regular polygons and their symmetry groups act transitively on their vertices. Excluding these two infinite families, there are 13 Archimedean solids. All the Archimedean solids (but not the elongated square gyrobicupola) can be made via Wythoff constructions from the Platonic solids with tetrahedral, octahedral and icosahedral symmetry.", "title": "Archimedean solid" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dodecahedron\n\nIn geometry, a dodecahedron (Greek , from \"dōdeka\" \"twelve\" + \"hédra\" \"base\", \"seat\" or \"face\") or duodecahedron is any polyhedron with twelve flat faces. The most familiar dodecahedron is the regular dodecahedron with regular pentagons as faces, which is a Platonic solid. There are also three regular star dodecahedra, which are constructed as stellations of the convex form. All of these have icosahedral symmetry, order 120.\n\nSome dodecahedra have the same combinatorial structure as the regular dodecahedron (in terms of the graph formed by its vertices and edges), but their pentagonal faces are not regular:\nThe pyritohedron, a common crystal form in pyrite, has pyritohedral symmetry, while the tetartoid has tetrahedral symmetry.\n\nThe rhombic dodecahedron can be seen as a limiting case of the pyritohedron, and it has octahedral symmetry. The elongated dodecahedron and trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron variations, along with the rhombic dodecahedra, are space-filling. There are numerous other dodecahedra.\n\nWhile the regular dodecahedron shares many features with other Platonic solids, one unique property of it is that one can start at a corner of the surface and draw an infinite number of straight lines across the figure that return to the original point without crossing over any other corner.", "title": "Dodecahedron" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Regular polyhedron\n\nA regular polyhedron is a polyhedron whose symmetry group acts transitively on its flags. A regular polyhedron is highly symmetrical, being all of edge-transitive, vertex-transitive and face-transitive. In classical contexts, many different equivalent definitions are used; a common one is that the faces are congruent regular polygons which are assembled in the same way around each vertex.\n\nA regular polyhedron is identified by its Schläfli symbol of the form {\"n\", \"m\"}, where \"n\" is the number of sides of each face and \"m\" the number of faces meeting at each vertex. There are 5 finite convex regular polyhedra (the Platonic solids), and four regular star polyhedra (the Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra), making nine regular polyhedra in all. In addition, there are five regular compounds of the regular polyhedra.", "title": "Regular polyhedron" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Polyhedron\n\nIn geometry, a polyhedron (plural polyhedra or polyhedrons; ) is a three-dimensional shape with flat polygonal faces, straight edges and sharp corners or vertices.\n\nA convex polyhedron is the convex hull of finitely many points, not all on the same plane. Cubes and pyramids are examples of convex polyhedra.\n\nA polyhedron is a 3-dimensional example of a polytope, a more general concept in any number of dimensions.", "title": "Polyhedron" }, { "id": "3269310", "score": "1.7023072", "text": "\"I\" icosahedral symmetry, as shown in this image. Combining pairs of light and dark triangles define the fundamental domains of the nonreflective (\"I\") icosahedral symmetry. The edges of a compound of five octahedra also represent the 10 mirror planes of icosahedral symmetry. The disdyakis triacontahedron has three types of vertices which can be centered in orthogonally projection: The \"disdyakis triacontahedron\", as a regular dodecahedron with pentagons divided into 10 triangles each, is considered the \"holy grail\" for combination puzzles like the Rubik's cube. This unsolved problem, often called the \"big chop\" problem, currently has no satisfactory mechanism. It is the", "title": "Disdyakis triacontahedron" }, { "id": "321040", "score": "1.6989009", "text": "octahedron and icosahedron belong to Theaetetus, a contemporary of Plato. In any case, Theaetetus gave a mathematical description of all five and may have been responsible for the first known proof that no other convex regular polyhedra exist. The Platonic solids are prominent in the philosophy of Plato, their namesake. Plato wrote about them in the dialogue \"Timaeus\" 360 B.C. in which he associated each of the four classical elements (earth, air, water, and fire) with a regular solid. Earth was associated with the cube, air with the octahedron, water with the icosahedron, and fire with the tetrahedron. There was", "title": "Platonic solid" }, { "id": "18284536", "score": "1.6968381", "text": "each of the 20 face planes and so are also icosahedra. The great icosahedron is among them. Other stellations have more than one face in each plane or form compounds of simpler polyhedra. These are not strictly icosahedra, although they are often referred to as such. A \"regular icosahedron\" can be distorted or marked up as a lower pyritohedral symmetry, and is called a snub octahedron, snub tetratetrahedron, snub tetrahedron, and pseudo-icosahedron. This can be seen as an alternated truncated octahedron. If all the triangles are equilateral, the symmetry can also be distinguished by colouring the 8 and 12 triangle", "title": "Icosahedron" }, { "id": "18284538", "score": "1.6907852", "text": "truncated octahedron with alternated vertices deleted. This construction is called a \"snub tetrahedron\" in its regular icosahedron form, generated by the same operations carried out starting with the vector (\"ϕ\", 1, 0), where \"ϕ\" is the golden ratio. In Jessen's icosahedron, sometimes called \"Jessen's orthogonal icosahedron\", the 12 isosceles faces are arranged differently such that the figure is non-convex. It has right dihedral angles. It is scissors congruent to a cube, meaning that it can be sliced into smaller polyhedral pieces that can be rearranged to form a solid cube. The rhombic icosahedron is a zonohedron made up of 20", "title": "Icosahedron" }, { "id": "196775", "score": "1.685288", "text": "the icosahedron itself. One is a regular Kepler–Poinsot polyhedron. Three are regular compound polyhedra. The small stellated dodecahedron, great dodecahedron, and great icosahedron are three facetings of the regular icosahedron. They share the same vertex arrangement. They all have 30 edges. The regular icosahedron and great dodecahedron share the same edge arrangement but differ in faces (triangles vs pentagons), as do the small stellated dodecahedron and great icosahedron (pentagrams vs triangles). There are distortions of the icosahedron that, while no longer regular, are nevertheless vertex-uniform. These are invariant under the same rotations as the tetrahedron, and are somewhat analogous to", "title": "Regular icosahedron" }, { "id": "3264281", "score": "1.68271", "text": "Triakis octahedron In geometry, a triakis octahedron (or trigonal trisoctahedron or kisoctahedron) is an Archimedean dual solid, or a Catalan solid. Its dual is the truncated cube. It can be seen as an octahedron with triangular pyramids added to each face; that is, it is the Kleetope of the octahedron. It is also sometimes called a \"trisoctahedron\", or, more fully, \"trigonal trisoctahedron\". Both names reflect the fact that it has three triangular faces for every face of an octahedron. The \"tetragonal trisoctahedron\" is another name for the deltoidal icositetrahedron, a different polyhedron with three quadrilateral faces for every face of", "title": "Triakis octahedron" }, { "id": "196779", "score": "1.6784662", "text": "30 outer hull edges of 6D norm length . The inner vertices form an dodecahedron. <br>The 3D projection basis vectors [u,v,w] used are: There are 3 uniform colorings of the icosahedron. These colorings can be represented as 11213, 11212, 11111, naming the 5 triangular faces around each vertex by their color. The icosahedron can be considered a snub tetrahedron, as snubification of a regular tetrahedron gives a regular icosahedron having chiral tetrahedral symmetry. It can also be constructed as an alternated truncated octahedron, having pyritohedral symmetry. The pyritohedral symmetry version is sometimes called a pseudoicosahedron, and is dual to the", "title": "Regular icosahedron" }, { "id": "196785", "score": "1.6760191", "text": "icosahedron can be transformed by a truncation sequence into its dual, the dodecahedron: As a snub tetrahedron, and alternation of a truncated octahedron it also exists in the tetrahedral and octahedral symmetry families: This polyhedron is topologically related as a part of sequence of regular polyhedra with Schläfli symbols {3,\"n\"}, continuing into the hyperbolic plane. The regular icosahedron, seen as a \"snub tetrahedron\", is a member of a sequence of snubbed polyhedra and tilings with vertex figure (3.3.3.3.\"n\") and Coxeter–Dynkin diagram . These figures and their duals have (\"n\"32) rotational symmetry, being in the Euclidean plane for \"n\" = 6,", "title": "Regular icosahedron" }, { "id": "103674", "score": "1.6703607", "text": "pyritohedron, has octahedral symmetry. The elongated dodecahedron and trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron variations, along with the rhombic dodecahedra, are space-filling. There are a large number of other dodecahedra. The convex regular dodecahedron is one of the five regular Platonic solids and can be represented by its Schläfli symbol {5, 3}. The dual polyhedron is the regular icosahedron {3, 5}, having five equilateral triangles around each vertex. The convex regular dodecahedron also has three stellations, all of which are regular star dodecahedra. They form three of the four Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra. They are the small stellated dodecahedron {5/2, 5}, the great dodecahedron {5, 5/2},", "title": "Dodecahedron" }, { "id": "300249", "score": "1.6675394", "text": "tetrahedron. These symmetries can be emphasized by different colorings of the faces. It has eleven arrangements of nets. The octahedron is the dual polyhedron to the cube. The uniform tetrahemihexahedron is a tetrahedral symmetry faceting of the regular octahedron, sharing edge and vertex arrangement. It has four of the triangular faces, and 3 central squares. The following polyhedra are combinatorially equivalent to the regular polyhedron. They all have six vertices, eight triangular faces, and twelve edges that correspond one-for-one with the features of a regular octahedron. More generally, an octahedron can be any polyhedron with eight faces. The regular octahedron", "title": "Octahedron" }, { "id": "300246", "score": "1.6673265", "text": "octahedron's edges such that each face is bounded by a cycle, then similarly partitioning each edge into the golden mean along the direction of its vector. There are five octahedra that define any given icosahedron in this fashion, and together they define a \"regular compound\". Octahedra and tetrahedra can be alternated to form a vertex, edge, and face-uniform tessellation of space, called the octet truss by Buckminster Fuller. This is the only such tiling save the regular tessellation of cubes, and is one of the 28 convex uniform honeycombs. Another is a tessellation of octahedra and cuboctahedra. The octahedron is", "title": "Octahedron" }, { "id": "18284534", "score": "1.6662033", "text": "form is called a \"great icosahedron\". The convex regular icosahedron is usually referred to simply as the \"regular icosahedron\", one of the five regular Platonic solids, and is represented by its Schläfli symbol {3, 5}, containing 20 triangular faces, with 5 faces meeting around each vertex. Its dual polyhedron is the regular dodecahedron {5, 3} having three regular pentagonal faces around each vertex. The great icosahedron is one of the four regular star Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra. Its Schläfli symbol is {3, }. Like the convex form, it also has 20 equilateral triangle faces, but its vertex figure is a pentagram rather", "title": "Icosahedron" }, { "id": "9165231", "score": "1.6650254", "text": "Compound of dodecahedron and icosahedron In geometry, this polyhedron can be seen as either a polyhedral stellation or a compound. It can be seen as the compound of an icosahedron and dodecahedron. It is one of four compounds constructed from a Platonic solid or Kepler-Poinsot solid, and its dual. It has icosahedral symmetry (I) and the same vertex arrangement as a rhombic triacontahedron. This can be seen as the three-dimensional equivalent of the compound of two pentagons ({10/2} \"decagram\"); this series continues into the fourth dimension as the compound of 120-cell and 600-cell and into higher dimensions as compounds of", "title": "Compound of dodecahedron and icosahedron" }, { "id": "9165225", "score": "1.6634183", "text": "Compound of cube and octahedron This polyhedron can be seen as either a polyhedral stellation or a compound. The 14 Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of the compound are. It can be seen as the compound of an octahedron and a cube. It is one of four compounds constructed from a Platonic solid or Kepler-Poinsot polyhedron and its dual. It has octahedral symmetry (O) and shares the same vertices as a rhombic dodecahedron. This can be seen as the three-dimensional equivalent of the compound of two squares ({8/2} \"octagram\"); this series continues on to infinity, with the four-dimensional equivalent being", "title": "Compound of cube and octahedron" }, { "id": "13567186", "score": "1.6631238", "text": "understand its appeal, consider the \"regular solids\": the sphere and the 5-member set of Platonic Solids. The solid with the lowest number of sides is the tetrahedron (four equilateral triangles); progressing through the hexahedron or cube, the octahedron, the dodecahedron and the icosahedron (20 sides), the sphere can be considered to have an infinite number of sides. All six regular solids share many symmetries. Now, for each regular solid, we may relate its surface area and volume by the equation: where\" k\" is a characteristic of each solid, \"V\" its volume, and \"A\" its area. As we traverse the set", "title": "Tetrahedral hypothesis" } ]

[ "Môr Hafren", "Aber Henfelen", "môr hafren", "Bristol channel", "bristol channel", "aber henfelen", "Mor Hafren", "mor hafren", "Welsh Channel", "Bristol Channel", "welsh channel" ]

[ { "id": "12712446", "score": "1.5479817", "text": "the border between Wales and England, a border which has survived until today. It did not follow the old line of Offa's Dyke nor the eastern boundary of the Welsh dioceses; it excluded districts such as Oswestry and Ewias, where the Welsh language would continue to be spoken for centuries, districts which it would not be wholly fanciful to consider as \"Cambria irredenta\". Yet, as the purpose of the statute was to incorporate Wales into England, the location of the Welsh border was irrelevant to the purposes of its framers. An 1844 Act of Parliament later abolished several enclaves. One", "title": "England–Wales border" }, { "id": "12712457", "score": "1.5299921", "text": "his native Wallasey, addressed Cardiff university students with the words \"The border between England and Wales runs through this room\". England–Wales border The England–Wales border, sometimes the Wales–England border or the Anglo-Welsh border, is the border between England and Wales, two constituent countries of the United Kingdom. It runs for , from the Dee estuary, in the north, to the Severn estuary in the south. It has followed broadly the same line since the 8th century, and in part that of Offa's Dyke; the modern boundary was fixed in 1536, when the former marcher lordships which occupied the border area", "title": "England–Wales border" }, { "id": "12712417", "score": "1.5298522", "text": "England–Wales border The England–Wales border, sometimes the Wales–England border or the Anglo-Welsh border, is the border between England and Wales, two constituent countries of the United Kingdom. It runs for , from the Dee estuary, in the north, to the Severn estuary in the south. It has followed broadly the same line since the 8th century, and in part that of Offa's Dyke; the modern boundary was fixed in 1536, when the former marcher lordships which occupied the border area were abolished and new county boundaries were created. The administrative boundary of Wales was confirmed in the Local Government Act", "title": "England–Wales border" }, { "id": "106985", "score": "1.5032942", "text": "surfing in Britain. A geological dividing line cuts across Devon roughly along the line of the Bristol to Exeter Line and the M5 motorway east of Tiverton and Exeter. It is a part of the Tees-Exe line broadly dividing Britain into a southeastern lowland zone typified by gently dipping sedimentary rocks and a northwestern upland zone typified by igneous rocks and folded sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The principal geological components of Devon are the Devonian (in north Devon, south west Devon and extending into Cornwall); the Culm Measures (north western Devon also extending into north Cornwall); and the granite intrusion", "title": "Devon" }, { "id": "4701425", "score": "1.49899", "text": "England, a border which has survived until today. It did not follow the old line of Offa's Dyke nor the eastern boundary of the Welsh dioceses; it excluded districts such as Oswestry and Ewias, where the Welsh language would continue to be spoken for centuries, districts which it would not be wholly fanciful to consider as \"Cambria irredenta\". Yet, as the purpose of the statute was to incorporate Wales into England, the location of the Welsh border was irrelevant to the purposes of its framers. The boundary has never been confirmed by referendum or reviewed by a Boundary Commission. The", "title": "Geography of Wales" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Devon\n\nDevon ( , historically known as Devonshire , ) \n\nThe county is bordered by Somerset to the north east, Dorset to the east, and Cornwall to the west. \n\nThe county is split into the non-metropolitan districts of East Devon, Mid Devon, North Devon, South Hams, Teignbridge, Torridge, West Devon, Exeter, and the unitary authority areas of Plymouth, and Torbay. Combined as a ceremonial county, Devon's area is and its population is about 1.2 million. \n\nDevon derives its name from Dumnonia (the shift from \"m\" to \"v\" is a typical Celtic consonant shift). During the British Iron Age, Roman Britain and the early Middle Ages, this was the homeland of the Dumnonii Brittonic Celts. The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries. The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936. Devon was later constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England.\n\nThe economy of Devon is heavily based on tourism and agriculture. ", "title": "Devon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Devon\n\nDevon is a county in south west England, bordering Cornwall to the west with Dorset and Somerset to the east. There is evidence of occupation in the county from Stone Age times onward. Its recorded history starts in the Roman period when it was a civitas. It was then a separate kingdom for a number of centuries until it was incorporated into early England. It has remained a largely agriculture based region ever since though tourism is now very important.", "title": "History of Devon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bristol Channel\n\nThe Bristol Channel (, literal translation: \"Severn Sea\") is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain, separating South Wales from Devon and Somerset in South West England. It extends from the lower estuary of the River Severn () to the North Atlantic Ocean. It takes its name from the English city of Bristol, and is over 30 miles (50 km) wide at its western limit.\n\nLong stretches of both sides of the coastline are designated as Heritage Coast. These include Exmoor, Bideford Bay, the Hartland Point peninsula, Lundy Island, Glamorgan, Gower Peninsula, Carmarthenshire, South Pembrokeshire and Caldey Island.\n\nUntil Tudor times the Bristol Channel was known as the Severn Sea, and it is still known as this in both and .", "title": "Bristol Channel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Exeter\n\nExeter () is a city in Devon, South West England. It is situated on the River Exe, approximately northeast of Plymouth and southwest of Bristol.\n\nIn Roman Britain, Exeter was established as the base of Legio II Augusta under the personal command of Vespasian. Exeter became a religious centre in the Middle Ages. Exeter Cathedral, founded in the mid 11th century, became Anglican in the 16th-century English Reformation. Exeter became an affluent centre for the wool trade, although by the First World War the city was in decline. After the Second World War, much of the city centre was rebuilt and is now a centre for education, business and tourism in Devon and Cornwall. It is home to two of the constituent campuses of the University of Exeter: Streatham and St Luke's.\n\nThe administrative area of Exeter has the status of a non-metropolitan district under the administration of the County Council. It is the county town of Devon and home to the headquarters of Devon County Council. A plan to grant the city unitary authority status was scrapped by the 2010 coalition government.", "title": "Exeter" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "River Tamar\n\nThe Tamar (; ) is a river in south west England, that forms most of the border between Devon (to the east) and Cornwall (to the west). A part of the Tamar Valley is a World Heritage Site due to its historic mining activities.\n\nThe Tamar's source is less than from the north Cornish coast, but it flows southward and its course runs across the peninsula to the south coast. The total length of the river is . At its mouth, the Tamar flows into the Hamoaze before entering Plymouth Sound, a bay of the English Channel. Tributaries of the river include the rivers Inny, Ottery, Kensey and Lynher (or \"St Germans River\") on the Cornish side, and the Deer and Tavy on the Devon side.\n\nThe name Tamar (or Tamare) was mentioned by Ptolemy in the second century in his \"Geography\". The name is said to mean \"great water.\" The Tamar is one of several British rivers whose ancient name is assumed by some to be derived from a prehistoric river word apparently meaning \"dark flowing\" and which it shares with the River Thames.\n\nThe seventh century \"Ravenna Cosmography\" mentions a Roman settlement named Tamaris, but it is unclear to which of those towns along the Tamar this refers. Plymouth, Launceston, and the Roman fort at Calstock have been variously suggested.", "title": "River Tamar" }, { "id": "12712441", "score": "1.4980845", "text": "of both the English monarchy and the Principality of Wales, which remained based in Gwynedd in the north west of the country. By the early 12th century, they covered the areas which would later become Monmouthshire and much of Flintshire, Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Glamorgan, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire. Some of the lordships, such as Oswestry, Whittington, Clun, and Wigmore had been part of England at the time of Domesday, while others such as the Lordship of Powys were Welsh principalities that passed by marriage into the hands of Norman barons. In ecclesiastical terms, the ancient dioceses of Bangor and St. Asaph", "title": "England–Wales border" }, { "id": "12712419", "score": "1.4942532", "text": "an exclave of Flintshire, between Bangor-on-Dee (in Wales) and Whitchurch (in England). Returning to the River Dee as far as Chirk, the boundary then loops to the west, following Offa's Dyke itself for about , and including within England the town of Oswestry, before reaching the River Vyrnwy at Llanymynech. It follows the Vyrnwy to its confluence with the River Severn, and then continues southwards, rising over Long Mountain east of Welshpool. East of Montgomery, the boundary again follows the line of Offa's Dyke for about , before looping eastwards to include within Wales a large area near Churchstoke. It", "title": "England–Wales border" }, { "id": "12712420", "score": "1.490649", "text": "then runs westwards to the River Teme, and follows the river southeastwards through Knighton before turning south towards the River Lugg at Presteigne, which is within Wales. The boundary continues southwards across hills to the River Wye, and follows the river upstream for a short distance to Hay-on-Wye, on the Welsh side of the border. It continues southwards and rises through and across the Black Mountains, following the Hatterall Ridge past Llanthony on the Welsh side and Longtown on the English side, to reach the River Monnow near Pandy. It then generally follows the river, past Pontrilas (in England) and", "title": "England–Wales border" }, { "id": "12712418", "score": "1.4887013", "text": "1972. Whether Monmouthshire was part of Wales, or an English county treated for most purposes as though it were Welsh, was also settled by the 1972 Act, which included it in Wales. The modern boundary between Wales and England runs from the salt marshes of the Dee estuary adjoining the Wirral Peninsula, across reclaimed land to the River Dee at Saltney just west of Chester. It then loops south to include within England an area southwest of Chester, before rejoining the Dee, and then loops east of the river to include within Wales a large area known as Maelor, formerly", "title": "England–Wales border" }, { "id": "12712451", "score": "1.4818208", "text": "England and Wales therefore passes along Monmouthshire's eastern boundaries with Herefordshire and Gloucestershire, essentially along the River Monnow and River Wye. The first legislation applying solely to Wales since the 16th century was passed in 1881. Subsequently, the border between England and Wales has taken on increasing legal and political significance. In 1964 a separate department of state was established for Wales – the Welsh Office – which assumed an increasing range of administrative responsibilities from Whitehall. By 1992, the Welsh Office oversaw housing, local government, roads, historic buildings, health, education, economic development, agriculture, fisheries and urban regeneration, although the", "title": "England–Wales border" }, { "id": "4701426", "score": "1.4636257", "text": "boundary line very roughly follows Offa's Dyke from south to north as far as a point about from the northern coast, but then swings further east. It has a number of anomalies, but some were ironed out by the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844. For instance, it separates Knighton from its railway station, and divides the village of Llanymynech where a pub straddles the line. Wales is divided into 22 unitary authorities, which are responsible for the provision of all local government services, including education, social work, environmental and road services. Below these in some areas there are community councils,", "title": "Geography of Wales" }, { "id": "1401307", "score": "1.4619333", "text": "at Knighton, close to the modern border between England and Wales. In the centuries which followed, Offa's Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English. Athelstan, often seen as the first king of a united England, summoned the British kings to a meeting at Hereford in AD 926, and according to William of Malmesbury laid down the boundary between Wales and England, particularly the disputed southern stretch where he specified that the River Wye should form the boundary. By the mid-eleventh century, Wales was united under Gruffudd ap Llywelyn of Gwynedd, until his death in 1063. Immediately after", "title": "Welsh Marches" }, { "id": "4701424", "score": "1.455777", "text": "resource that Wales has in abundance. The Gwynt y Môr is one of several offshore wind farms off the coast of North Wales and Anglesey, and is the second largest such wind farm in the world. Other wind farms are found on inland, mostly upland sites, but there are none in the Snowdonia and Brecon Beacons national parks. The modern border between Wales and England was largely defined by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542, based on the boundaries of medieval Marcher lordships. According to the Welsh historian John Davies: Thus was created the border between Wales and", "title": "Geography of Wales" }, { "id": "4701410", "score": "1.4496579", "text": "particle size. The strata thus formed are called turbidites, and these are common in central Wales, being particularly obvious in the sea cliffs around Aberystwyth. By the beginning of the Devonian period (400 Mya) the sea was retreating from the Welsh Basin as the land was thrust up by the collision of land masses, forming a new range of mountains, the Welsh Caledonides. The strata were compressed and deformed, and in places, the clay minerals recrystallised, developing a grain that allowed parallel cleavage, making it easy to split the rocks into thin flat sheets of stone known as slate. In", "title": "Geography of Wales" }, { "id": "2029928", "score": "1.4449112", "text": "adopt synodical government. Parishes overlapping the border were allowed to vote either to accede to the Church in Wales or to continue in the Church of England; so the line of disestablishment is not the same as the border between the two countries. A few districts in the former counties of Monmouthshire, Radnorshire and Flintshire remain attached to parishes in the Dioceses of Hereford and Chester and consequently they are part of the Church of England. A complete English rural deanery with the generalised name March containing Oswestry and areas to the north-west of Shrewsbury, was transferred from its historic", "title": "Church in Wales" }, { "id": "4701404", "score": "1.4433675", "text": "Herefordshire and Gloucestershire lie to the east. Much of the border with England roughly follows the line of the ancient earthwork known as Offa's Dyke. The large island of Anglesey lies off the northwest coast, separated from mainland Wales by the Menai Strait, and there are a number of smaller islands. Most of Wales is mountainous. Snowdonia () in the northwest has the highest mountains, with Snowdon (\"Yr Wyddfa\") at being the highest peak. To the south of the main range lie the Arenig Group, Cadair Idris and the Berwyn Mountains. In the northeast of Wales, between the Clwyd Valley", "title": "Geography of Wales" }, { "id": "12712421", "score": "1.4392812", "text": "Skenfrith (in Wales), towards Monmouth, looping eastwards to include the town itself and a surrounding area within Wales. At Redbrook, the boundary again reaches the Wye, and follows the river southwards, past Tintern and Chepstow on the Welsh side, to its confluence with the Severn at the Severn Bridge. The boundary then continues down the Severn estuary towards the Bristol Channel, with the small island of Flat Holm being administered as part of Wales and the neighbouring island of Steep Holm as part of England. The boundary passes between Flintshire, Wrexham County Borough, Powys, and Monmouthshire in Wales and Cheshire", "title": "England–Wales border" }, { "id": "12712433", "score": "1.4365797", "text": "are themselves disputed. Offa's Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English in later centuries. By the 9th century, the expanding power of Mercia led to it gaining control over Ergyng and nearby Hereford. The system of shires which was later to form the basis of local administration throughout England and eventually Wales originated in Wessex, where it became established during the 8th century. Wessex and Mercia gradually established an occasionally unstable alliance, with Wessex gaining the upper hand. According to Asser, the southern Welsh kings, including Hywel ap Rhys of Glywysing, commended themselves to Alfred the Great", "title": "England–Wales border" }, { "id": "12712453", "score": "1.4348588", "text": "hospital parking and prescriptions. The modern border lies between the town of Knighton and its railway station, and divides the village of Llanymynech where a pub straddles the line. Knighton is the only town that can claim to be on the border as well as on Offa's Dyke. The postal and ecclesiastical borders are in places slightly different – for example the Shropshire village of Chirbury has Montgomery, as its post town, and the Welsh town of Presteigne is in the English Diocese of Hereford. A competition was launched in 2005 to design one or more new iconic images, along", "title": "England–Wales border" }, { "id": "6868914", "score": "1.434088", "text": "follows a serpentine course eastwards until it meets the River Taf north of Laugharne in Carmarthenshire. Traces of a boundary also persist across the Llansteffan peninsula and the country near Kidwelly, and it reappears strongly in the boundary between English and Welsh Gower. The area to the south of the line was referred to in the 16th century as \"Anglia Transwalliana\" (Little England beyond Wales). In 1603, George Owen provided a snapshot description of the language boundary and 'Little England beyond Wales', and provided an antiquarian account of the settlement of English speakers in southwest Wales. This provides the “traditional”", "title": "Landsker Line" } ]

[ "episode iv new hope episode v empire strikes back", "\"\"\"Episode IV: A New Hope\"\" & \"\"Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back\"\"\"" ]

[ { "id": "7380656", "score": "2.194055", "text": "in the films \"Star Wars\" and \"The Empire Strikes Back\". The player controls Luke Skywalker, commander of the elite X-wing pilots known as Rogue Squadron. As the game progresses, Skywalker and Rogue Squadron fight the Galactic Empire in sixteen missions across various planets. \"Rogue Squadron\" received generally positive reviews. Critics praised the game's technical achievements and flight controls, but its use of distance fog and the lack of a multiplayer mode drew criticism. The game's sales exceeded expectations; by August 1999, more than one million copies had sold worldwide. It spawned two sequels developed and released for the GameCube—\"\" and", "title": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron" }, { "id": "4616874", "score": "2.1057231", "text": "Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader (also known as Star Wars Rogue Leader: Rogue Squadron II) is an action game co-developed by Factor 5 and LucasArts and is the second of three games in the , it was published by LucasArts and released as a launch title for the GameCube in North America on November 9, 2001 and Europe on May 3, 2002. Set in the fictional \"Star Wars\" galaxy, the game spans all three original trilogy \"Star Wars\" films. The player controls either Luke Skywalker or Wedge Antilles. As the game", "title": "Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader" }, { "id": "4616822", "score": "2.0853028", "text": "Squadron\" game in one form or another. Both of the GameCube \"Rogue Squadron\" games featured \"making-of\" documentaries. \"Star Wars: Rogue Squadron\" was released for the Nintendo 64 video game console and the PC on December 7, 1998. It was one of the first Nintendo 64 games to support the console's Expansion Pak, which allowed higher-quality graphics to be displayed while playing. The story is set between \"A New Hope\" and \"The Empire Strikes Back\" (with the exception of the final level and secret levels) and shows the missions set during the formation of Rogue Squadron. Several unlockable vehicles appear in", "title": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron (series)" }, { "id": "7380655", "score": "2.0667877", "text": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron Star Wars: Rogue Squadron (known as Star Wars: Rogue Squadron 3D on the PC) is an arcade-style action game co-developed by Factor 5 and LucasArts. The first of three games in the , it was published by LucasArts and Nintendo and released for Microsoft Windows and Nintendo 64 in December 1998. \"Rogue Squadron\" was one of the first games to take advantage of the Nintendo 64's Expansion Pak, which allows gameplay at a higher display resolution. Set in the fictional \"Star Wars\" galaxy and inspired by the \"\" comics, the game takes place primarily between events", "title": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron" }, { "id": "4616828", "score": "2.0661678", "text": "2003 even though the game was 50 percent complete at the time. Factor 5 shifted to making an Xbox 360 launch title, \"Rogue Squadron: X-Wing vs Tie Fighter\". It title was designed to be the first multiplayer focused title in the series, but the game was cancelled by LucasArts before completion due to uncertainties in the console market. Factor 5 was approached by Sony to create a launch title for the upcoming PlayStation 3, but Sony declined on the \"Rogue Squadron\" series. The game engine and assets were then adapted into the PlayStation 3 game \"Lair\". After Factor 5's exclusivity", "title": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron (series)" }, { "id": "240478", "score": "2.0574586", "text": "develop a Rogue Squadron game titled Rogue Squadron: X-Wing vs Tie Fighter for the Xbox 360 but it was canceled by Lucasarts. After Factor 5's Exclusivity with Sony ended they decided to release Rogue Squadron Trilogy for the Wii, but it was eventually cancelled as well. In 2004, LucasArts released \"\", based on the same formula as the popular \"Battlefield\" series of games. It ended up becoming the best-selling \"Star Wars\" game of all time to that point, aided by a marketing tie-in with the original trilogy DVD release. Its sequel, \"\", was released November 1, 2005 and features new", "title": "LucasArts" }, { "id": "7380665", "score": "2.0330024", "text": "a group comprising twelve of the most skilled X-wing pilots from the Rebel Alliance. The sixteenth and final level of the game takes place during \"Dark Empire\", six years after \"\"'s Battle of Endor. The Rebel Alliance has established the New Republic, which now controls three quarters of the galaxy. After the deaths of Emperor Palpatine and Darth Vader, the Galactic Empire collapsed, but was reborn under a mysterious new leader (who is actually a clone of Palpatine). Rogue Squadron, now under the command of Wedge Antilles, continues to fight the Empire to protect the newly formed Republic. The story", "title": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron" }, { "id": "7380676", "score": "2.0324085", "text": "them less; advanced compression techniques were also employed. As a result, the game includes over 80 minutes of high-quality stereo sound. In November 1998, a month before the game's scheduled release, LucasArts signed a worldwide agreement with Nintendo concerning three new \"Star Wars\" video games. It granted Nintendo the rights to market the games and hold exclusive, worldwide distribution rights for five years following each release. \"Rogue Squadron\" was the first game released under this agreement. To promote the release of the game, Mark Hamill, the actor who played Luke Skywalker, visited the Mattel Children's Hospital in Los Angeles to", "title": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron" }, { "id": "4616827", "score": "2.030521", "text": "released on December 18, 2000 for the Nintendo 64 and on March 12, 2001, for PC, and was developed by Factor 5. \"Battle for Naboo\" is a spiritual successor to the original game in its design, with added land and water combat. It very loosely follows the plot of \"\", but focuses on minor film character Gavyn Sykes, a Nabooian security lieutenant, as he fights the Trade Federation. After \"Rogue Squadron III\", Factor 5 worked on releasing a \"Rogue Squadron\" trilogy with higher graphics and gameplay improvements for the Xbox console. It was cancelled when management in LucasArts changed in", "title": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron (series)" }, { "id": "4616824", "score": "2.0262947", "text": "R2-D2's beeps affirmed it, but the Naboo Starfighter required two consecutive codes, and R2-D2's sounds did not play after the first code. In 1999, \"Star Wars: Rogue Squadron\" won the Origins Award for \"Best Action Computer Game of 1998\". \"Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader\" was released as launch game in 2001 for the Nintendo GameCube. Developed by Factor 5 and published by LucasArts, \"Rogue Leader\" expanded on the original game with improved graphics and a new tactics menu that allows the player to form up their squadron or set a target for their squadron such as laser turrets or enemy", "title": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron (series)" }, { "id": "8117275", "score": "2.0186896", "text": "X-wing Rogue Squadron: Masquerade X-wing Rogue Squadron: Masquerade is a four-part story arc in the series of comic books written by Michael Stackpole. The first issue was published on 4 March 1998 by Dark Horse Comics. The story is set in the \"Star Wars\" galaxy approximately one year after the Battle of Endor in \"Return of the Jedi\", and five years after the Battle of Yavin in \"Episode IV: A New Hope\" Han Solo and Winter (disguised as Princess Leia) join the Rogues on a mission to Ciutric to make contact with Imperial Grand Vizier Sate Pestage, who wishes to", "title": "X-wing Rogue Squadron: Masquerade" }, { "id": "7380664", "score": "2.0136497", "text": "unlock the Naboo Starfighter as a playable craft. The code has been named the Nintendo 64's most well-hidden code because of the length of time before its discovery. \"Star Wars: Rogue Squadron\" is set in the fictional \"Star Wars\" galaxy, where a war is fought between the Galactic Empire and the Rebel Alliance. The game's first fifteen levels occur six months after the Battle of Yavin—as depicted in \"A New Hope\"—and before the events of \"The Empire Strikes Back\". As the Empire gathers strength for an all-out assault on the rebel forces, Luke Skywalker and Wedge Antilles form Rogue Squadron,", "title": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron" }, { "id": "5916763", "score": "2.012061", "text": "or continuity with the rest of the series. At Star Wars Celebration V in 2010 a tenth novel in the series, \"Mercy Kill\", was announced. It was released on August 7, 2012. Rogue Squadron (1996) is the first novel in the Star Wars: X-wing series. It was written by Michael A. Stackpole. It is set at the beginning of the New Republic era of the Star Wars universe and centers on the creation of a new Rogue Squadron by legendary Rebel Alliance pilot Wedge Antilles. As the first novel in the series, it introduces the primary character, Corran Horn, as", "title": "Star Wars: X-wing (book series)" }, { "id": "4616881", "score": "2.0066533", "text": "Wars\" galaxy, where a war is fought between the Galactic Empire and the Rebel Alliance. The game spans all three original trilogy \"Star Wars\" films: \"A New Hope\", \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"Return of the Jedi\". Luke Skywalker and Wedge Antilles have recently joined the Alliance to help defeat the Empire and restore freedom to the galaxy. The game opens with an opening crawl resembling those featured in the \"Star Wars\" films. Further story details are presented through the game's instruction manual, pre-mission briefings, character conversations during the game, in-game cut scenes and movie clips lifted directly from \"Star", "title": "Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader" }, { "id": "7380678", "score": "2.005146", "text": "the best games released in 1998. In a 2008 retrospective, IGN's Levi Buchanan stated that the game revived the \"Star Wars\" license on consoles through well-paced gameplay, a story tied into the \"Star Wars\" canon and visuals that made it \"one of the generation's top stunners\". The game's technical aspects were singled out for acclaim. Its visuals were called \"respectable\" in the standard resolution, but highly praised in high-resolution mode (achieved via the Nintendo 64's Expansion Pak). GameSpot remarked that in a higher resolution, \"[the] textures of the landscapes, the ships, the lighting effects—everything looks so much better,\" while IGN's", "title": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron" }, { "id": "8117276", "score": "2.0038676", "text": "defect. X-wing Rogue Squadron: Masquerade X-wing Rogue Squadron: Masquerade is a four-part story arc in the series of comic books written by Michael Stackpole. The first issue was published on 4 March 1998 by Dark Horse Comics. The story is set in the \"Star Wars\" galaxy approximately one year after the Battle of Endor in \"Return of the Jedi\", and five years after the Battle of Yavin in \"Episode IV: A New Hope\" Han Solo and Winter (disguised as Princess Leia) join the Rogues on a mission to Ciutric to make contact with Imperial Grand Vizier Sate Pestage, who wishes", "title": "X-wing Rogue Squadron: Masquerade" }, { "id": "5284027", "score": "2.0013657", "text": "game. After the success of \"Rogue Squadron\" in 1998, LucasArts and Factor 5 started initial testing for a follow-up in February 1999. The team discussed how they could build on that success and began planning the development of a new game engine. Possible plot ideas involving the film \"\" were also discussed. After it was released in May 1999, the team watched the movie several times in an attempt to find interesting characters, situations and craft for the game. Factor 5 stated that tying a movie plot into a vehicle combat game was \"hard\". They included all the characters and", "title": "Star Wars Episode I: Battle for Naboo" }, { "id": "7380673", "score": "1.9905655", "text": "include characters from the films participating in new, original missions using Factor 5's terrain map engine as the base. In May 1998, a demo of the game was displayed at E3, but the game was so incomplete at the time that Tosti considered it a tech demo. It rendered a basic heightmap and an immobile AT-AT model, while TIE fighters lacking artificial intelligence flew and fired in a predetermined path. When \"playing\" the demo for audiences, Tosti followed a very specific flight path of his own to give the illusion that he was actually battling with the TIEs. Despite the", "title": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron" }, { "id": "4616825", "score": "1.9890718", "text": "TIE fighters. The game also expanded on the unlockable levels of the original--\"Beggars Canyon\" is included in the tutorial, the opening level \"Battle of Yavin\" was included in both games, and \"Battle of Hoth\" was made more authentic with the GameCube's advanced power. \"Rogue Leader\" features short clips from the movie trilogy, during the menu screens and cut-scenes. \"Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike\" was released in 2003 for the Nintendo GameCube, and was developed by Factor 5 and published by LucasArts. It added to the game the ability for the player to depart their starfighter and join in on a", "title": "Star Wars: Rogue Squadron (series)" }, { "id": "3675195", "score": "1.9877162", "text": "Vader, Harrison Ford as Han Solo, the mechanized beeps of R2-D2, and the growls of Chewbacca. Assuming the role of Luke Skywalker (\"Red Five\"), the player pilots an X-wing fighter from a first-person perspective. The controls consist of a yoke control with four buttons — two trigger style and two in position to be pressed by the thumbs — each of which fired a laser positioned on the four leading edges of the X-Wings. The player does not have to destroy every enemy in order to advance through the game; instead, the player must survive for a set length of", "title": "Star Wars (1983 video game)" } ]

[ "Fractal geometry", "fractels", "Fractal Trees", "fractal tree", "fractal trees", "fractles", "factral", "Fractal math", "fractal curve", "fractal domain", "fractal curves", "fractal mathematics", "fractal geometry", "fractogeometry", "Fractal curve", "Fractal Curves", "fractal math", "Fractal sets", "Fractal set", "Fractal tree", "fractals", "Fractal domain", "Factral", "Fractal theory", "Fractal", "Fractogeometry", "fractal set", "Fractals", "Fractles", "fractal sets", "Fractal mathematics", "Fractels", "fractal", "fractal theory" ]

[ { "id": "47176", "score": "1.8254085", "text": "at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. He remained at IBM for 35 years, becoming an IBM Fellow, and later Fellow Emeritus. From 1951 onward, Mandelbrot worked on problems and published papers not only in mathematics but in applied fields such as information theory, economics, and fluid dynamics. Mandelbrot saw financial markets as an example of \"wild randomness\", characterized by concentration and long range dependence. He developed several original approaches for modelling financial fluctuations. In his early work, he found that the price changes in financial markets did not follow a Gaussian distribution, but", "title": "Benoit Mandelbrot" }, { "id": "47190", "score": "1.8101578", "text": "opinion \"The deepest and most realistic finance book ever published\". Benoit Mandelbrot Benoit B. Mandelbrot (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-born, French and American mathematician and polymath with broad interests in the practical sciences, especially regarding what he labeled as \"the art of roughness\" of physical phenomena and \"the uncontrolled element in life\". He referred to himself as a \"fractalist\" and is recognized for his contribution to the field of fractal geometry, which included coining the word \"fractal\", as well as developing a theory of \"roughness and self-similarity\" in nature. In 1936, while he was a", "title": "Benoit Mandelbrot" }, { "id": "47189", "score": "1.7386684", "text": "fifty years.\" Chris Anderson, TED conference curator, described Mandelbrot as \"an icon who changed how we see the world\". Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France at the time of Mandelbrot's death, said Mandelbrot had \"a powerful, original mind that never shied away from innovating and shattering preconceived notions [… h]is work, developed entirely outside mainstream research, led to modern information theory.\" Mandelbrot's obituary in \"The Economist\" points out his fame as \"celebrity beyond the academy\" and lauds him as the \"father of fractal geometry\". Best-selling essayist-author Nassim Nicholas Taleb, has remarked that Mandelbrot's book \"The (Mis)Behavior of Markets\" is in his", "title": "Benoit Mandelbrot" }, { "id": "47182", "score": "1.72295", "text": "12 days, when IBM decided to end pure research in his division. He joined the Department of Mathematics at Yale, and obtained his first tenured post in 1999, at the age of 75. At the time of his retirement in 2005, he was Sterling Professor of Mathematical Sciences. Mandelbrot created the first-ever \"theory of roughness\", and he saw \"roughness\" in the shapes of mountains, coastlines and river basins; the structures of plants, blood vessels and lungs; the clustering of galaxies. His personal quest was to create some mathematical formula to measure the overall \"roughness\" of such objects in nature. He", "title": "Benoit Mandelbrot" }, { "id": "3909314", "score": "1.7128265", "text": "Szolem Mandelbrojt Szolem Mandelbrojt (10 January 1899 – 23 September 1983) was a Polish-French mathematician who specialized in mathematical analysis. He was a Professor at the Collège de France from 1938 to 1972, where he held the Chair of Analytical Mechanics and Celestial Mechanics. Szolem Mandelbrojt was born on 10 January 1899 in Warsaw, Poland into a Jewish family of Lithuanian descent. He was initially educated in Warsaw, then in 1919 he moved to Kharkov, Ukraine and spent a year as a student of the Russian mathematician Sergei Bernstein. A year later, he emigrated to France and settled in Paris.", "title": "Szolem Mandelbrojt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "John von Neumann" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Benoit Mandelbrot\n\nBenoit B. He referred to himself as a \"fractalist\"\n\nIn 1936, at the age of 11, Mandelbrot and his family emigrated from Warsaw, Poland, to France. After World War II ended, Mandelbrot studied mathematics, graduating from universities in Paris and in the United States and receiving a master's degree in aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology. He spent most of his career in both the United States and France, having dual French and American citizenship. In 1958, he began a 35-year career at IBM, where he became an IBM Fellow, and periodically took leaves of absence to teach at Harvard University. At Harvard, following the publication of his study of U.S. commodity markets in relation to cotton futures, he taught economics and applied sciences.\n\nBecause of his access to IBM's computers, Mandelbrot was one of the first to use computer graphics to create and display fractal geometric images, leading to his discovery of the Mandelbrot set in 1980. He showed how visual complexity can be created from simple rules. He said that things typically considered to be \"rough\", a \"mess\", or \"chaotic\", such as clouds or shorelines, actually had a \"degree of order\".\n\nToward the end of his career, he was Sterling Professor of Mathematical Sciences at Yale University, where he was the oldest professor in Yale's history to receive tenure.<ref>\n</ref>\nMandelbrot also held positions at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Université Lille Nord de France, Institute for Advanced Study and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. During his career, he received over 15 honorary doctorates and served on many science journals, along with winning numerous awards. His autobiography, \"The Fractalist: Memoir of a Scientific Maverick\", was published posthumously in 2012.", "title": "Benoit Mandelbrot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mathematical finance\n\nMathematical finance, also known as quantitative finance and financial mathematics, is a field of applied mathematics, concerned with mathematical modeling of financial markets.\n\nIn general, there exist two separate branches of finance that require advanced quantitative techniques: derivatives pricing on the one hand, and risk and portfolio management on the other.\nMathematical finance overlaps heavily with the fields of computational finance and financial engineering. The latter focuses on applications and modeling, often by help of stochastic asset models, while the former focuses, in addition to analysis, on building tools of implementation for the models. \nAlso related is quantitative investing, which relies on statistical and numerical models (and lately machine learning) as opposed to traditional fundamental analysis when managing portfolios.\n\nFrench mathematician Louis Bachelier's doctoral thesis, defended in 1900, is considered the first scholarly work on mathematical finance. But mathematical finance emerged as a discipline in the 1970s, following the work of Fischer Black, Myron Scholes and Robert Merton on option pricing theory. Mathematical investing originated from the research of mathematician Edward Thorp who used statistical methods to first invent card counting in blackjack and then applied its principles to modern systematic investing.\n\nThe subject has a close relationship with the discipline of financial economics, which is concerned with much of the underlying theory that is involved in financial mathematics. While trained economists use complex economic models that are built on observed empirical relationships, in contrast, mathematical finance analysis will derive and extend the mathematical or numerical models without necessarily establishing a link to financial theory, taking observed market prices as input.\nSee: Valuation of options; Financial modeling; Asset pricing. \nThe fundamental theorem of arbitrage-free pricing is one of the key theorems in mathematical finance, while the Black–Scholes equation and formula are amongst the key results. \n\nToday many universities offer degree and research programs in mathematical finance.", "title": "Mathematical finance" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chaos theory\n\nChaos theory is an interdisciplinary area of scientific study and branch of mathematics focused on underlying patterns and deterministic laws of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions, and were once thought to have completely random states of disorder and irregularities. Chaos theory states that within the apparent randomness of chaotic complex systems, there are underlying patterns, interconnection, constant feedback loops, repetition, self-similarity, fractals, and self-organization. The butterfly effect, an underlying principle of chaos, describes how a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state (meaning that there is sensitive dependence on initial conditions). A metaphor for this behavior is that a butterfly flapping its wings in Brazil can cause a tornado in Texas.\n\nSmall differences in initial conditions, such as those due to errors in measurements or due to rounding errors in numerical computation, can yield widely diverging outcomes for such dynamical systems, rendering long-term prediction of their behavior impossible in general. This can happen even though these systems are deterministic, meaning that their future behavior follows a unique evolution and is fully determined by their initial conditions, with no random elements involved. In other words, the deterministic nature of these systems does not make them predictable. This behavior is known as deterministic chaos, or simply chaos. The theory was summarized by Edward Lorenz as:\n\nChaotic behavior exists in many natural systems, including fluid flow, heartbeat irregularities, weather, and climate. sociology, environmental science, computer science, engineering, economics, ecology, and pandemic crisis management. The theory formed the basis for such fields of study as complex dynamical systems, edge of chaos theory, and self-assembly processes.", "title": "Chaos theory" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Financial modeling\n\nFinancial modeling is the task of building an abstract representation (a model) of a real world financial situation. This is a mathematical model designed to represent (a simplified version of) the performance of a financial asset or portfolio of a business, project, or any other investment.\n\nTypically, then, financial modeling is understood to mean an exercise in either asset pricing or corporate finance, of a quantitative nature. It is about translating a set of hypotheses about the behavior of markets or agents into numerical predictions. At the same time, \"financial modeling\" is a general term that means different things to different users; the reference usually relates either to accounting and corporate finance applications or to quantitative finance applications.\n\nWhile there has been some debate in the industry as to the nature of financial modeling—whether it is a tradecraft, such as welding, or a science—the task of financial modeling has been gaining acceptance and rigor over the years.", "title": "Financial modeling" }, { "id": "47173", "score": "1.70332", "text": "His family was Jewish. Although his father made his living trading clothing, the family had a strong academic tradition and his mother was a dental surgeon. He was first introduced to mathematics by two of his uncles, one of whom, Szolem Mandelbrojt, was a mathematician who resided in Paris. According to Mandelbrot's autobiography, \"The Fractalist - Memoir of a Scientific Maverick\", \"[t]he love of his [Szolem's] mind was mathematics\". The family emigrated from Poland to France in 1936, when he was 11. \"The fact that my parents, as economic and political refugees, joined Szolem in France saved our lives,\" he", "title": "Benoit Mandelbrot" }, { "id": "47172", "score": "1.7023926", "text": "the social sciences. Toward the end of his career, he was Sterling Professor of Mathematical Sciences at Yale University, where he was the oldest professor in Yale's history to receive tenure. Mandelbrot also held positions at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Université Lille Nord de France, Institute for Advanced Study and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. During his career, he received over 15 honorary doctorates and served on many science journals, along with winning numerous awards. His autobiography, \"The Fractalist: Memoir of a Scientific Maverick\", was published in 2012. Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw during the Second Polish Republic.", "title": "Benoit Mandelbrot" }, { "id": "3909319", "score": "1.6760063", "text": "as a follower of G. H. Hardy. Together with Norbert Wiener and Torsten Carleman, he can be viewed as a moderate modernizer of classical Fourier analysis. Shmuel Agmon, Jean-Pierre Kahane, Yitzhak Katznelson, and Paul Malliavin are among his students. Szolem Mandelbrojt Szolem Mandelbrojt (10 January 1899 – 23 September 1983) was a Polish-French mathematician who specialized in mathematical analysis. He was a Professor at the Collège de France from 1938 to 1972, where he held the Chair of Analytical Mechanics and Celestial Mechanics. Szolem Mandelbrojt was born on 10 January 1899 in Warsaw, Poland into a Jewish family of Lithuanian", "title": "Szolem Mandelbrojt" }, { "id": "261844", "score": "1.6570644", "text": "visualization of the set. Mandelbrot studied the parameter space of quadratic polynomials in an article that appeared in 1980. The mathematical study of the Mandelbrot set really began with work by the mathematicians Adrien Douady and John H. Hubbard, who established many of its fundamental properties and named the set in honor of Mandelbrot for his influential work in fractal geometry. The mathematicians Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Peter Richter became well known for promoting the set with photographs, books, and an internationally touring exhibit of the German Goethe-Institut. The cover article of the August 1985 \"Scientific American\" introduced a wide audience", "title": "Mandelbrot set" }, { "id": "47169", "score": "1.6554346", "text": "Benoit Mandelbrot Benoit B. Mandelbrot (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-born, French and American mathematician and polymath with broad interests in the practical sciences, especially regarding what he labeled as \"the art of roughness\" of physical phenomena and \"the uncontrolled element in life\". He referred to himself as a \"fractalist\" and is recognized for his contribution to the field of fractal geometry, which included coining the word \"fractal\", as well as developing a theory of \"roughness and self-similarity\" in nature. In 1936, while he was a child, Mandelbrot's family emigrated to France from Warsaw, Poland. After", "title": "Benoit Mandelbrot" }, { "id": "47181", "score": "1.6520349", "text": "was inventing a new idea. He describes his feelings in a documentary with science writer Arthur C. Clarke: According to Clarke, \"the Mandelbrot set is indeed one of the most astonishing discoveries in the entire history of mathematics. Who could have dreamed that such an incredibly simple equation could have generated images of literally \"infinite\" complexity?\" Clarke also notes an \"odd coincidencethe name Mandelbrot, and the word \"mandala\"—for a religious symbol—which I'm sure is a pure coincidence, but indeed the Mandelbrot set does seem to contain an enormous number of mandalas. Mandelbrot left IBM in 1987, after 35 years and", "title": "Benoit Mandelbrot" }, { "id": "47171", "score": "1.6394252", "text": "access to IBM's computers, Mandelbrot was one of the first to use computer graphics to create and display fractal geometric images, leading to his discovering the Mandelbrot set in 1980. He showed how visual complexity can be created from simple rules. He said that things typically considered to be \"rough\", a \"mess\" or \"chaotic\", like clouds or shorelines, actually had a \"degree of order\". His math and geometry-centered research career included contributions to such fields as statistical physics, meteorology, hydrology, geomorphology, anatomy, taxonomy, neurology, linguistics, information technology, computer graphics, economics, geology, medicine, physical cosmology, engineering, chaos theory, econophysics, metallurgy and", "title": "Benoit Mandelbrot" }, { "id": "3909315", "score": "1.6297529", "text": "In subsequent years, he attended the seminars of Jacques Hadamard, Henri Lebesgue, Émile Picard, and others. In 1923, he received a doctorate from Paris-Sorbonne University on the analytic continuation of the Taylor series. Hadamard was his Ph.D. advisor. In 1924 Mandelbrojt was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship in the United States. Gladys Manuelle Grunwald, born June, 28th 1904, 4 rue Berlioz, Paris XVIe, married Cholim Mandelbrojt in May 1926 in Neuilly. (She died in Saint-Cloud in June 1971). From 1926 to 1927, he spent a year as an assistant professor at the Rice Institute (now Rice University) in Houston, Texas. In", "title": "Szolem Mandelbrojt" }, { "id": "3909317", "score": "1.6295637", "text": "to discover the Mandelbrot set and coin the word fractal in the 1970s. In 1939 he fought for France when the country was invaded by the Nazis, then in 1940, along with many scientists helped by Louis Rapkine and the Rockefeller Foundation, Mandelbrojt relocated to the United States, taking up a position at the Rice Institute. In 1944 he joined the scientific committee of the Free French Forces in London, England. In 1945 Mandelbrojt moved back to France and resumed his professional activities at Collège de France, where he remained until his retirement in 1972. In his retirement year he", "title": "Szolem Mandelbrojt" }, { "id": "47170", "score": "1.616813", "text": "World War II ended, Mandelbrot studied mathematics, graduating from universities in Paris and the United States and receiving a master's degree in aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology. He spent most of his career in both the United States and France, having dual French and American citizenship. In 1958, he began a 35-year career at IBM, where he became an IBM Fellow, and periodically took leaves of absence to teach at Harvard University. At Harvard, following the publication of his study of U.S. commodity markets in relation to cotton futures, he taught economics and applied sciences. Because of his", "title": "Benoit Mandelbrot" }, { "id": "261843", "score": "1.6019254", "text": "an example of a complex structure arising from the application of simple rules. It is one of the best-known examples of mathematical visualization and mathematical beauty. The Mandelbrot set has its place in complex dynamics, a field first investigated by the French mathematicians Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia at the beginning of the 20th century. This fractal was first defined and drawn in 1978 by Robert W. Brooks and Peter Matelski as part of a study of Kleinian groups. On 1 March 1980, at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, Benoit Mandelbrot first saw a", "title": "Mandelbrot set" }, { "id": "4218439", "score": "1.6001768", "text": "Mandelbrot Competition Named in honor of Benoit Mandelbrot, the Mandelbrot Competition is a mathematics competition founded by Sam Vandervelde, Richard Rusczyk and Sandor Lehoczky that allows high school students to compete individually and in four-person teams. The Mandelbrot is a \"correspondence competition,\" meaning that the competition is sent to a school's coach and students compete at their own school on a predetermined date. Individual results and team answers are then sent back to the contest coordinators. The most notable aspects of the Mandelbrot competition are the difficulty of the problems (much like the American Mathematics Competition and harder American Invitational", "title": "Mandelbrot Competition" }, { "id": "3909318", "score": "1.5979626", "text": "was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences. Szolem Mandelbrojt died at the age of 84 in Paris, France on 23 September 1983. Even though Mandelbrojt was an early member of the Bourbaki group, and he did take part in a number of Bourbaki gatherings until the breakout of the war, his main research interests were actually quite remote from abstract algebra. As evidenced by his publications (see next), he focused on complex analysis and harmonic analysis, with an emphasis on Dirichlet series, lacunary series, and entire functions. Rather than a Bourbakist, he is perhaps more accurately described", "title": "Szolem Mandelbrojt" }, { "id": "47175", "score": "1.5959052", "text": "a master's degree in aeronautics. Returning to France, he obtained his PhD degree in Mathematical Sciences at the University of Paris in 1952. From 1949 to 1958, Mandelbrot was a staff member at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. During this time he spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, where he was sponsored by John von Neumann. In 1955 he married Aliette Kagan and moved to Geneva, Switzerland, and later to the Université Lille Nord de France. In 1958 the couple moved to the United States where Mandelbrot joined the research staff", "title": "Benoit Mandelbrot" }, { "id": "12820153", "score": "1.5880375", "text": "on harmonic analysis, held in Nancy (France was an important geographical locus of early cybernetics together with the US and UK); the event was organized by the Bourbaki, a French scientific society, and mathematician Szolem Mandelbrojt (1899–1983), uncle of the world-famous mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot. During this stay in France, Wiener received the offer to write a manuscript on the unifying character of this part of applied mathematics, which is found in the study of Brownian motion and in telecommunication engineering. The following summer, back in the United States, Wiener decided to introduce the neologism \"cybernetics\", coined to denote the study", "title": "Cybernetics" } ]

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[ { "id": "4157648", "score": "1.6400164", "text": "Devonport) and twenty-three municipalities. The largest council (by number of enrolled electors) is City of Launceston and the smallest council is Municipality of Flinders (which serves the Flinders Island and surrounding islands, and has just over 800 electors) Government of Tasmania The Government of Tasmania, also referred to as the Tasmanian Government, is the executive authority of the state of Tasmania, Australia. The leader of the party or coalition with the confidence of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, the lower house of the Parliament of Tasmania, is invited by the Governor of Tasmania to form the Government of Tasmania. The", "title": "Government of Tasmania" }, { "id": "3887733", "score": "1.6079398", "text": "of Australia, and the Constitution of Australia regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth. Under the Australian Constitution, Tasmania ceded certain legislative and judicial powers to the Commonwealth, but retained complete independence in all other areas. In practice, however, the independence of the Australian states has been greatly eroded by the increasing financial domination of the Commonwealth. The leader of the party or coalition with the confidence of the House of Assembly is invited by the Governor to form the Government and become Premier of Tasmania. The island of Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania) was claimed and subsequently settled", "title": "Parliament of Tasmania" }, { "id": "408926", "score": "1.583683", "text": "a separate city but is generally regarded as part of the Greater Hobart Area. The form of the government of Tasmania is prescribed in its constitution, which dates from 1856, although it has been amended many times since then. Since 1901, Tasmania has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Australian Constitution regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth and prescribes which powers each level of government is allowed. Tasmania is a State in the Australian federation. Its relationship with the Federal Government and Parliament are regulated by the Australian Constitution. Tasmania is represented in the Senate by", "title": "Tasmania" }, { "id": "4157644", "score": "1.5810935", "text": "ministry of Tasmania is the Second Hodgman Ministry, formed on 21 March 2018 and comprising nine of the 14 Liberal members in both Houses of Parliament. Tasmania is governed according to the principles of the Westminster System, a form of parliamentary government based on the model of the United Kingdom. Legislative power rests with the bicameral Parliament of Tasmania, which consists of the Queen of Australia, represented by the Governor of Tasmania, and the two Houses, the Tasmanian Legislative Council and the Tasmanian House of Assembly. Executive power rests formally with the Executive Council, which consists of the Governor and", "title": "Government of Tasmania" }, { "id": "4157643", "score": "1.5744689", "text": "Government of Tasmania The Government of Tasmania, also referred to as the Tasmanian Government, is the executive authority of the state of Tasmania, Australia. The leader of the party or coalition with the confidence of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, the lower house of the Parliament of Tasmania, is invited by the Governor of Tasmania to form the Government of Tasmania. The head of the Government is the Premier of Tasmania. Since the 2014 election, the Premier of Tasmania has been Will Hodgman, leader of the Liberal Party, who was re-elected at the 2018 election. Since that election, the current", "title": "Government of Tasmania" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tasmania\n\nTasmania (; Palawa kani: lutruwita) is an island state of Australia. It is located 240 kilometres (150 miles) to the south of the Australian mainland, separated from it by the Bass Strait, with the archipelago containing the southernmost point of the country. The state encompasses the main island of Tasmania, the 26th-largest island in the world, and the surrounding 1000 islands. It is Australia's least populous state, with 569,825 residents . The state capital and largest city is Hobart, with around 40 percent of the population living in the Greater Hobart area.\n\nTasmania's main island was inhabited by Aboriginal peoples for up to 40,000 years before British colonization. It is thought that Aboriginal Tasmanians became separated from the mainland Aboriginal groups about 11,700 years ago, after rising sea levels formed Bass Strait. The island was permanently settled by Europeans in 1803 as a penal settlement of the British Empire to prevent claims to the land by the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. The Aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 3,000 and 7,000 at the time of British settlement, but was almost wiped out within 30 years during a period of conflicts with settlers known as the \"Black War\" and the spread of infectious diseases. The conflict, which peaked between 1825 and 1831 and led to more than three years of martial law, cost the lives of almost 1,100 Aboriginal people and settlers.\n\nUnder British rule the island was initially part of the Colony of New South Wales but became a separate colony under the name Van Diemen's Land (named after Anthony van Diemen) in 1825. Approximately 80,000 convicts were sent to Van Diemen's Land before this practice, known as transportation, ceased in 1853. In 1855 the present Constitution of Tasmania was enacted, and the following year the colony formally changed its name to Tasmania. In 1901 it became a state of Australia through the process of the federation of Australia.\n\nToday, Tasmania has the second smallest economy of the Australian states and territories, which is significantly formed of tourism, agriculture and aquaculture, education and healthcare. Tasmania is a significant agricultural exporter, as well as a significant destination for eco-tourism. About 42 percent of its land area, including national parks and World Heritage Sites (21%) is protected in some form of reserve. The first environmental political party in the world was founded in Tasmania.", "title": "Tasmania" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Norfolk Island\n\nNorfolk Island (, ; Norfuk: \"Norf'k Ailen\") is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, directly east of Australia's Evans Head and about from Lord Howe Island. Together with the neighbouring Phillip Island and Nepean Island, the three islands collectively form the Territory of Norfolk Island. At the 2021 census, it had inhabitants living on a total area of about . Its capital is Kingston.\n\nThe first known settlers in Norfolk Island were East Polynesians but they had already departed when Great Britain settled it as part of its 1788 settlement of Australia. The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825, when it lay abandoned. On 8 June 1856, permanent civilian residence on the island began when descendants of the \"Bounty\" mutineers were relocated from Pitcairn Island. In 1914 the UK handed Norfolk Island over to Australia to administer as an external territory.<ref name=Roberts-Wray />\n\nNative to the island, the evergreen Norfolk Island pine is a symbol of the island and is pictured on its flag. The pine is a key export for Norfolk Island, being a popular ornamental tree in Australia (where two related species grow), and also worldwide.", "title": "Norfolk Island" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Australia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "States and territories of Australia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "King Island (Tasmania)\n\nKing Island is an island in the Bass Strait, belonging to the Australian state of Tasmania. It is the largest of three islands known as the New Year Group, and the second-largest island in Bass Strait (after Flinders Island). The island's population at the was 1,585 people, The local government area of the island is the King Island Council.\n\nThe island forms part of the official land divide between the Great Australian Bight and Bass Strait, off the north-western tip of Tasmania and about halfway to the mainland state of Victoria. The southernmost point is Stokes Point and the northernmost point is Cape Wickham. There are three small islands immediately offshore: New Year Island and Christmas Island situated to the northwest, and a smaller island Councillor Island to the east, opposite Sea Elephant Beach.\n\nKing Island was first visited by Europeans in the late 18th century. It was named after Philip Gidley King, Colonial Governor of New South Wales, whose territory at the time included what is now Tasmania. Sealers established temporary settlements on the island in the early 19th century, but it was not until the 1880s that permanent settlements were established. The largest of these is Currie, situated on the island's west coast. Today, the island's economy is largely based on agriculture and tourism. It is also home to the Huxley Hill Wind Farm.", "title": "King Island (Tasmania)" }, { "id": "408882", "score": "1.5656401", "text": "Tasmania Tasmania (; abbreviated as TAS and known colloquially as Tassie) is an island state of Australia. It is located to the south of the Australian mainland, separated by the Bass Strait. The state encompasses the main island of Tasmania, the 26th-largest island in the world, and the surrounding 334 islands. The state has a population of around 526,700 . Just over forty percent of the population resides in the Greater Hobart precinct, which forms the metropolitan area of the state capital and largest city, Hobart. Tasmania's area is , of which the main island covers . It is promoted", "title": "Tasmania" }, { "id": "13655566", "score": "1.5378959", "text": "long and difficult campaign. The Tasmanian Constitution had been ratified by Queen Victoria on 1 May 1855, laying out the framework through which Tasmania was to be governed. As with the modern Australian state of Tasmania, the Colony of Tasmania was governed according to the principles of the Westminster System, a form of parliamentary government based on the model of the United Kingdom. Legislative power rested with the Parliament of Tasmania, which consisted of the Crown, represented by the Governor of Tasmania, and the two Houses, the Tasmanian Legislative Council and the Tasmanian House of Assembly. Colony of Tasmania The", "title": "Colony of Tasmania" }, { "id": "408884", "score": "1.5225374", "text": "Island, are the southernmost terrestrial point of the state of Tasmania, and the southernmost internationally recognised land in Australia. About south of Tasmania island lies Antarctica. Antarctica is nearer to Tasmania than areas in the northern Australian mainland. The island is believed to have been occupied by indigenous peoples for 30,000 years before British colonisation. It is thought Aboriginal Tasmanians were separated from the mainland Aboriginal groups about 10,000 years ago when the sea rose to form the Bass Strait. The Aboriginal population was estimated to have been between 3,000 and 7,000 at the time of colonisation, but was almost", "title": "Tasmania" }, { "id": "4157646", "score": "1.5170059", "text": "formed on 21 March 2018 and comprising nine Liberal members, all of whom sit in the House of Assembly: The Tasmanian Government delivers services, determines policy and regulations, including legal interpretation, by a number of agencies grouped under areas of portfolio responsibility. Each portfolio is led by a Secretary, who reports to one or more government ministers who is a member of the Parliament. there were eight government departments: A range of other agencies support the functions of these departments. The Government of Tasmania also owns and operates a number of state-owned companies: As a state of Australia, Tasmania is", "title": "Government of Tasmania" }, { "id": "408886", "score": "1.507066", "text": "Empire to prevent claims to the land by the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars; around 75,000 convicts were sent to Van Diemen's Land before transportation ceased in 1853. The island was initially part of the Colony of New South Wales but became a separate, self-governing colony under the name Van Diemen's Land (named after Anthony van Diemen) in 1825. In 1854 the present Constitution of Tasmania was passed and the following year the colony received permission to change its name to Tasmania. In 1901 it became a state through the process of the Federation of Australia. The state", "title": "Tasmania" }, { "id": "7502968", "score": "1.5069675", "text": "Parliament House, Hobart Parliament House, Hobart, located on Salamanca Place in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, is the meeting place of the Parliament of Tasmania. The building was originally designed as a customs house but changed use in 1841 when Tasmania achieved self-government. The building served both purposes from 1841 to 1904, when the customs offices were relocated. The island of Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) was claimed and subsequently settled by Great Britain in 1803. Initially, it was administered by the Governor of New South Wales, as part of that British Colony. In 1825 Tasmania became an independent British", "title": "Parliament House, Hobart" }, { "id": "19642529", "score": "1.499814", "text": "relationship between Tasmania and the other Australian states, in that people not from Tasmania are referred to as mainlanders. Tasmania has been omitted on a number of occasions from maps of Australia, reinforcing the divide between Tasmania and the mainland. The 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane left Tasmania off the map of Australia during the opening ceremony, as did the designs of the Australian Swim Team uniform for the 2014 Commonwealth Games. The land mass covers , about 98.7% of the area of the country of Australia and covering 1.5% of the Earth's surface. Its population is about 24.5 million,", "title": "Mainland Australia" }, { "id": "408904", "score": "1.4964288", "text": "island's convict past. The Legislative Council of Van Diemen's Land drafted a new constitution which it passed in 1854. The following year the Privy Council approved the colony changing its name from \"Van Diemen's Land\" to \"Tasmania\", and in 1856 the newly elected bicameral parliament sat for the first time, establishing Tasmania as a self-governing colony of the British Empire. The colony suffered from economic fluctuations, but for the most part was prosperous, experiencing steady growth. With few external threats and strong trade links with the Empire, Tasmania enjoyed many fruitful periods in the late 19th century, becoming a world-centre", "title": "Tasmania" }, { "id": "302081", "score": "1.4902817", "text": "Despite the island's status as a self-governing territory of Australia, some Islanders claim that it was actually granted independence at the time Queen Victoria granted permission to Pitcairn Islanders to re-settle on the island. These views have been repeatedly rejected by the Australian parliament's joint committee on territories, most recently in 2004, and were also rejected by the High Court of Australia in \"Berwick Ltd v Gray\". Disagreements over the island's relationship with Australia have been put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government. Under the more radical of two proposed models proposed as a", "title": "Politics of Norfolk Island" }, { "id": "4157645", "score": "1.4878519", "text": "senior ministers, and informally called the Cabinet. In practice, executive power is exercised by the Premier of Tasmania and the Cabinet, who are appointed by the Governor, but who hold office by virtue of their ability to command the support of a majority of members of the House of Assembly. Judicial power is exercised by the Supreme Court of Tasmania and a system of subordinate courts, but the High Court of Australia and other federal courts have overriding jurisdiction on matters which fall under the ambit of the Australian Constitution. The current ministry of Tasmania is the Second Hodgman Ministry,", "title": "Government of Tasmania" }, { "id": "408883", "score": "1.4829891", "text": "as a natural state, and protected areas of Tasmania cover about 42% of its land area, which includes national parks and World Heritage Sites. Tasmania was the founding place of the first environmental political party in the world. Due to an administrative quirk caused by an early mapping error, the state of Tasmania shares a tiny land border with the state of Victoria. This line bisects Boundary Islet, a nature reserve in the Bass Strait, separating the northernmost land governed by Tasmania from the southernmost land governed by Victoria. The Bishop and Clerk Islets, about 37 km south of Macquarie", "title": "Tasmania" }, { "id": "7555216", "score": "1.4802096", "text": "integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales. Over recent decades, Australia's foreign relations have been driven by a close association with the United States through the ANZUS pact, and by a desire to develop relationships with Asia and the Pacific, particularly through ASEAN and the Pacific Islands Forum. In 2005 Australia secured an inaugural seat at the East Asia Summit following its accession to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, and in", "title": "Australia" }, { "id": "408909", "score": "1.4676093", "text": "Strait. Tasmania is the only Australian state that is not located on the Australian mainland. Depending on which borders of the oceans are used, the island can be said to be either surrounded by the Southern Ocean, or to have the Pacific on its east and the Indian to its west. Still other definitions of the ocean boundaries would have Tasmania with the Great Australian Bight to the west, and the Tasman Sea to the east. It lies at similar latitudes to the South Island of New Zealand, and parts of Patagonia in South America. Tasmania has been volcanically inactive", "title": "Tasmania" }, { "id": "13655531", "score": "1.4664779", "text": "Colony of Tasmania The Colony of Tasmania (more commonly referred to simply as \"Tasmania\") was a British colony that existed on the island of Tasmania from 1856 until 1901, when it federated together with the five other Australian colonies to form the Commonwealth of Australia. The possibility of the colony was established when the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the \"Australian Constitutions Act\" in 1850, granting the right of legislative power to each of the six Australian colonies. The Legislative Council of Van Diemen's Land drafted a new constitution which they passed in 1854, and it was given Royal", "title": "Colony of Tasmania" }, { "id": "2675462", "score": "1.4540586", "text": "die was Peter Underwood (2008–14), who died in office on 7 July 2014. Governor of Tasmania The Governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as the Governor-General of Australia does at the national level. In accordance with the conventions of the Westminster system of parliamentary government, the Governor nearly always acts solely on the advice of the head of the elected government, the Premier of Tasmania. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown,", "title": "Governor of Tasmania" } ]

[ "education in illinois", "rockford academy", "Ill.", "Illinois", "Illinois Ironmen", "The Prairie State", "Twenty-First State", "Illinoid", "illinois u s state", "US-IL", "il state", "us il", "Twenty-first State", "illinoisan", "Illinios", "21st state", "IL (state)", "illinois united states", "Transportation in Illinois", "state of illinois", "illinios", "transportation in illinois", "illinoy", "Prairie State", "Religion in Illinois", "Demographics of Illinois", "Illinoisan", "Illinois (state)", "State of Illinois", "ill", "Illinois (U.S. state)", "21st State", "Illinoy", "Sports in Illinois", "twenty first state", "religion in illinois", "sports in illinois", "demographics of illinois", "Transport in Illinois", "energy in illinois", "land of lincoln", "The Land of Lincoln", "illinois ironmen", "illionis", "Illionis", "illinois state", "illinois", "Land of Lincoln", "Illinois, United States", "prairie state", "Education in Illinois", "Energy in Illinois", "illinoid", "Rockford Academy", "transport in illinois" ]

[ { "id": "10919611", "score": "2.110298", "text": "Although one-third of all federal troops from the United States Army were eventually involved in the conflict, the 9,000 soldiers from the Illinois Militia provided the majority of U.S. combatants. The first named confrontation of the Black Hawk War occurred on 14 May 1832 and resulted in an unexpected victory for Black Hawk's band of Sauk and Fox warriors over the disorganized militia under the command of Isaiah Stillman. Soon after the Battle of Stillman's Run, at present-day Stillman Valley, the exaggerated claim that 2,000 \"bloodthirsty warriors ... sweeping all northern Illinois with the bosom of destruction\" sent shock waves", "title": "British Band" }, { "id": "6483561", "score": "2.0947442", "text": "the Illinois State Library) indicated that large numbers of Indians were on the move throughout the region, and it appeared that widespread frontier warfare was underway. The engagement was the first battle of the Black Hawk War (1832), which developed after Black Hawk crossed the Mississippi River from Iowa into Illinois with his band of Sauk and Fox warriors along with women, children, and elders to try to resettle in Illinois. The militia had pursued a small group of Sauk scouts to the main British Band camp following a failed attempt by Black Hawk's emissaries to negotiate a truce. During", "title": "Battle of Stillman's Run" }, { "id": "10919599", "score": "2.0502973", "text": "in violation of several treaties. Subsequently, both the Illinois and Michigan Territory militia were called up and the Black Hawk War ensued. The British Band was victorious at the Battle of Stillman's Run and the military engagements that followed were insignificant until the final two encounters: the Wisconsin Heights and the Bad Axe River. Band members who survived the war were either imprisoned or returned home. All the prisoners taken following the conflict were released by Winfield Scott at the end of August 1832, except Black Hawk who was taken east. In 1833 he dictated his autobiography, the first Native", "title": "British Band" }, { "id": "6483563", "score": "2.0429626", "text": "a number of incursions across the Mississippi River from Iowa to Illinois beginning in 1830. Each time, he was persuaded to return west without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliances with other tribes and the British, he again moved his \"British Band\" into Illinois. Finding no allies, he attempted to return to Iowa, but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed, and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War. On April 5,", "title": "Battle of Stillman's Run" }, { "id": "4890589", "score": "2.0374942", "text": "undisciplined Illinois militia provoked open attack at the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other violent engagements followed. The governors of Michigan Territory and Illinois mobilized their militias to hunt down Black Hawk's Band. These actions led to the last Native American War fought on the east side of the Mississippi River. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War. When Black Hawk entered Illinois in April, his British Band was composed of about 500 warriors and 1,000 old men, women, and children. The group included members of the Sauk, Fox and Kickapoo tribes. They crossed the river", "title": "Black Hawk (Sauk leader)" }, { "id": "10652911", "score": "2.0159068", "text": "persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other Great Lakes tribes and the British in Canada, he again moved his so-called \"British Band\" of around 1000 warriors and non-combatants into Illinois. Finding no allies, he attempted to return to Iowa, but the undisciplined Illinois militia's actions led to the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed, and the militias of Michigan Territory and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's Band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War. The period between Stillman's Run and", "title": "Battle of Apple River Fort" }, { "id": "10673509", "score": "2.015172", "text": "Illinois. Finding no allies, he attempted to return to Iowa, but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed, and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War. Following the first confrontation of the war Stillman's Run, the exaggerated claim that 2,000 \"bloodthirsty warriors were sweeping all northern Illinois with the bosom of destruction\" sent shock waves of terror through the region. Several small massacres and skirmishes ensued and until the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, fought two", "title": "Battle of Waddams Grove" }, { "id": "9434559", "score": "2.0131817", "text": "a number of incursions across the Mississippi River, but was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the British, he again moved his so-called \"British Band\" of around 1000 warriors and non-combatants into Illinois. Finding no allies, he attempted to return to Iowa, but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed, and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War. When the Black", "title": "Buffalo Grove ambush" }, { "id": "6483568", "score": "2.0117352", "text": "miles (13 km) away, Black Hawk sent out peace envoys in order to negotiate a truce. They were told to wave a white flag at the militia. On May 14, 1832, a detachment of 275 militia under the command of Majors Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey, under orders from Illinois Governor Reynolds, were encamped near Old Man's Creek, not far from its confluence with the Rock River. The militia camp was located about three miles (5 km) east of the Rock River near present-day Stillman Valley, Illinois, and seven miles (11 km) south of the Sauk encampment. It is believed", "title": "Battle of Stillman's Run" }, { "id": "10738322", "score": "2.0090508", "text": "Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War. The period between Stillman's Run and the raid at Sinsinawa Mound was filled with war-related activity. A series of attacks at Buffalo Grove, the Plum River settlement, Fort Blue Mounds and the war's most famous incident, the Indian Creek massacre, all took place between mid-May and late June 1832. The week before the Battle of Apple River Fort (on June 24) was an important turning point for the settlers: between June 16 and 18 two key battles, one at Waddams Grove and the other at Horseshoe Bend, played a", "title": "Sinsinawa Mound raid" }, { "id": "10919615", "score": "2.0082202", "text": "helped restore public confidence in the Illinois Militia after the victory by the British Band at Stillman's Run. The British Band attacked the Apple River Fort, where a pitched battle was fought resulting in Black Hawk withdrawing his forces. Subsequent fighting at Kellogg's Grove has been called victory for both sides and the skirmishes resulted in 8 dead militia men and at least 15 dead British Band warriors. On 21 July 1832, Illinois and Wisconsin militia men under the command of Generals Henry Dodge and James D. Henry caught up with Black Hawk's British Band near present-day Sauk City, Wisconsin.", "title": "British Band" }, { "id": "9568880", "score": "2.0055358", "text": "Stillman's Run. The Battle of Stillman's Run occurred on May 14, 1832. The battle was named for Major Isaiah Stillman and his detachment of 275 Illinois militia which fled in a panic from a large number of Sauk warriors. According to witness statements, the militia may have been outnumbered two to one. The engagement was the first battle of the 1832 Black Hawk War which had ignited after Black Hawk crossed the Mississippi River into Illinois with his \"British Band\" of Sauk and Fox. During the engagement 12 militia men were killed while making a stand on a small hill.", "title": "Stillman's Run Battle Site" }, { "id": "10743690", "score": "1.9992669", "text": "to cede lands. Angered by the loss of his birthplace, between 1830–31 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River, but was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the British, he again moved his so-called \"British Band\" of around 1000 warriors and non-combatants into Illinois. Finding no allies, he attempted to return across the Mississippi (to modern Iowa), but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed and the militia of Michigan Territory and the state", "title": "Plum River raid" }, { "id": "9603822", "score": "1.9973489", "text": "Isaiah Stillman Isaiah Stillman (1793–15 April 1861) was an American Cavalry Major who led the Illinois militia in the first armed confrontation of the Black Hawk War against Black Hawk's Sauk Indian Band. The first armed confrontation would be named Battle of Old Man's Creek, but would later be named Stillman's Run after him. Isaiah Stillman was born and raised in the state of Massachusetts, but he left the east and traveled to Illinois to become a trader of pots, pans, and other items. For a time, he lived in Coopers Creek Landing in Fulton County, before deciding to join", "title": "Isaiah Stillman" }, { "id": "10668293", "score": "1.9967809", "text": "between 1830–1831 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River, but was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the British, he again moved his so-called \"British Band\" of around 1000 warriors and non-combatants into Illinois. Finding no allies, he attempted to return to Iowa but events overtook him and led to the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed, and the militias of Michigan Territory and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. After an inconclusive skirmish in", "title": "Battle of Wisconsin Heights" }, { "id": "10990731", "score": "1.990929", "text": "Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War After the outbreak of the Black Hawk War, at the Battle of Stillman's Run in May 1832, there were minor attacks and skirmishes throughout the duration of the conflict. The war was fought between white settlers in Illinois and present-day Wisconsin and Sauk Chief Black Hawk. The relatively minor attacks of the war were widely dispersed and often carried out by bands of Native Americans that were unaffiliated with Black Hawk's British Band. Sometime in May 1832 a Methodist minister and his wife disappeared and were subsequently tied to a tree and executed", "title": "Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War" }, { "id": "869630", "score": "1.9869174", "text": "the British Band was hostile, mobilized a frontier militia and opened fire on a delegation from the Native Americans on May 14, 1832. Black Hawk responded by successfully attacking the militia at the Battle of Stillman's Run. He led his band to a secure location in what is now southern Wisconsin and was pursued by U.S. forces. Meanwhile, other Native Americans conducted raids against forts and settlements largely unprotected with the absence of U.S. troops. Some Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi warriors with grievances against European-Americans took part in these raids, although most tribe members tried to avoid the conflict. The Menominee", "title": "Black Hawk War" }, { "id": "6551972", "score": "1.9868236", "text": "War. As a consequence of an 1804 treaty between the Governor of Indiana Territory and a group of Sauk and Fox leaders regarding land settlement, the Sauk and Fox tribes vacated their lands in Illinois and moved west of the Mississippi in 1828. However, Sauk Black Hawk and others disputed the treaty, claiming that the full tribal councils had not been consulted, nor did those representing the tribes have authorization to cede lands. Angered by the loss of his birthplace, from 1830 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River, but was persuaded to return west each", "title": "Battle of Kellogg's Grove" }, { "id": "6169297", "score": "1.9865763", "text": "with other tribes and the British, he again moved his so-called \"British Band\" of around 1,000 warriors and non-combatants into Illinois. Finding no allies, he attempted to return across the Mississippi to present-day Iowa, but the undisciplined Illinois Militia's actions led to Black Hawk's surprising victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed, and the militia of Michigan Territory and the state of Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War. The period between the Battle of Stillman's Run in May and the raid at", "title": "Battle of Bad Axe" }, { "id": "6483564", "score": "1.9857061", "text": "1832, Black Hawk and around 1,000 warriors and civilians recrossed the Mississippi River into Illinois. About half of Black Hawk's band were combatants and the rest were a combination of women, children, and elderly. The band consisted of Sauk, Fox, some Potawatomi, and some Kickapoo; in addition some members of the Ho-Chunk nation were sympathetic to Black Hawk. Black Hawk's reason for crossing into Illinois is disputed. It has long been believed that he wanted to reclaim lost territory and, perhaps, create a confederacy of Native Americans to stand against white settlement. However, modern historians have questioned this and indicated", "title": "Battle of Stillman's Run" } ]

[ "Gazza ladra", "Die diebische Elster", "The thievish magpie", "gazza ladra", "The theivish magpie", "theivish magpie", "la pie voleuse", "The Thieving Magpie", "thieving magpie", "La Gazza Ladra", "giannetto", "La pie voleuse", "La gazza ladra", "Giannetto", "La Gazza ladra", "thievish magpie", "die diebische elster", "la gazza ladra", "Thieving Magpie" ]

[ { "id": "3296301", "score": "1.919832", "text": "La gazza ladra La gazza ladra (, The Thieving Magpie) is a \"melodramma\" or opera semiseria in two acts by Gioachino Rossini, with a libretto by Giovanni Gherardini based on \"La pie voleuse\" by Théodore Baudouin d'Aubigny and Louis-Charles Caigniez. The composer Giaochino Rossini wrote quickly, and \"La gazza ladra\" was no exception. According to legend, before the first performance of the opera, the producer assured the composition of the overture by locking Rossini in a room, from the window of which the composer threw out the sheets of music to the copyists who then wrote the orchestral parts, to", "title": "La gazza ladra" }, { "id": "3296311", "score": "1.9049411", "text": "Bellini's \"I Puritani\" starts with exactly the same words) are two examples of Rossini's brilliant vocal writing. Notes Sources La gazza ladra La gazza ladra (, The Thieving Magpie) is a \"melodramma\" or opera semiseria in two acts by Gioachino Rossini, with a libretto by Giovanni Gherardini based on \"La pie voleuse\" by Théodore Baudouin d'Aubigny and Louis-Charles Caigniez. The composer Giaochino Rossini wrote quickly, and \"La gazza ladra\" was no exception. According to legend, before the first performance of the opera, the producer assured the composition of the overture by locking Rossini in a room, from the window of", "title": "La gazza ladra" }, { "id": "3296304", "score": "1.8008969", "text": "In 1979, Alberto Zedda edited Rossini's original composition of the opera for publication by the Fondazione Rossini. In 2013, the Bronx Opera of New York City performed an English-language version of \"La gazza ladra\". The overture has been featured in \"A Clockwork Orange\" (1971) and \"Immortal Beloved\" (1995). At the house of Fabrizio Vingradito and his wife Lucia there is joy for the imminent return of their son Giannetto from the war. One of the servants, Ninetta, is in love with Giannetto and all want the two to marry, except Lucia, who blames Ninetta for the recent loss of a", "title": "La gazza ladra" }, { "id": "5989153", "score": "1.7305535", "text": "La gazzetta La gazzetta, ossia Il matrimonio per concorso (The Newspaper, or The Marriage Contest) is an opera buffa by Gioachino Rossini. The libretto was by Giuseppe Palomba after Carlo Goldoni's play \"Il matrimonio per concorso\" of 1763. The opera satirizes the influence of newspapers on people's lives. There is critical disagreement as to its success, although the New England Conservatory's notes for their April 2013 production state that the opera \"was an immediate hit, and showed Rossini at his comic best.\" Following the success of his \"Il Barbiere di Siviglia\" in Rome, the composer arrived in Naples in February", "title": "La gazzetta" }, { "id": "160740", "score": "1.658774", "text": "Magpie\" (\"La gazza ladra\") features one of his most celebrated overtures. Rossini moved to Paris in 1824 where he began to set French librettos to music. His last opera was the epic \"William Tell\" (\"Guillaume Tell\"), featuring its iconic overture which helped to usher in grand opera in France. A tendency for inspired, song-like melodies is evident throughout his scores, which earned him the nickname \"the Italian Mozart.\" He was a rapid and prolific composer, quoted as joking, \"Give me the laundress' bill and I will even set that to music.\" He also earned the nickname \"Signor Crescendo\" for his", "title": "Gioachino Rossini" }, { "id": "9550917", "score": "1.6520512", "text": "to Naples in early June with no projects in the offing, except to become involved with overseeing a new production of his \"La gazza ladra\" there. Also, a commission from Milan's La Scala for an opera, which would become \"Bianca e Falliero\", had been offered and was planned for December of that year. Suddenly, the Italian composer Gaspare Spontini withdrew from a commitment to write two operas for the Naples house that season, thus leaving a huge gap. Rossini was quickly asked to write an opera for a September premiere; rather than use an existing libretto, the house insisted upon", "title": "La donna del lago" }, { "id": "9550916", "score": "1.6481254", "text": "the première on 24 September 1819 was not a success, there followed many performances throughout major European venues (as well as being presented in Cuba and by major South American houses) until about 1860, after which the opera disappeared until 1958. In modern times, performances have been given fairly frequently. The period between \"La gazza ladra\" (1817) and \"Semiramide\" (1823) was marked by the production of twelve operas of little significance, with the exception of \"La donna del lago\". After being obliged to leave Pesaro hurriedly in May 1819 (it turned out to be his last visit there), Rossini returned", "title": "La donna del lago" }, { "id": "3296302", "score": "1.6472795", "text": "complete the composition of the opera. As such, \"The Thieving Magpie\" is best known for the overture, which is musically notable for its use of snare drums. The unique inspiration in the melodies is extreme, famously used to bizarre and dramatic effect in Stanley Kubrick's \"A Clockwork Orange\". It was referenced by Haruki Murakami in his work \"The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle.\". This memorable section in Rossini's overture evokes the image of the opera's main subject: a devilishly clever, thieving magpie. The first performance of \"The Thieving Magpie\" was on 31 May 1817, at La Scala, Milan. In 1818, Rossini revised", "title": "La gazza ladra" }, { "id": "492498", "score": "1.6446095", "text": "revised version of the libretto to music, under the title of \"Almaviva ossia la inutil precauzione\" the fans of Paisiello stormed the stage. Rossini's opera, now known as \"Il barbiere di Siviglia\", is now acknowledged as Rossini's greatest work, while Paisiello's opera is only infrequently produced—a strange instance of poetical vengeance, since Paisiello himself had many years previously endeavoured to eclipse the fame of Giovanni Battista Pergolesi by resetting the libretto of his famous intermezzo, \"La serva padrona\". Paisiello left Russia in 1784, and, after producing \"Il Re Teodoro\" at Vienna, entered the service of Ferdinand IV of Naples, where", "title": "Giovanni Paisiello" }, { "id": "11947070", "score": "1.6282687", "text": "\"La gazza ladra\" for the grand inauguration of the newly built Teatro Nuovo in Pesaro. Rossini had grand ideas for the occasion and he wanted Isabella Colbran and Andrea Nozzari for a colossal production of his \"Armida\"; however budget constraints forced him to downsize his dreams, but when an attempt to secure his friend Rosa Morandi for \"La gazza ladra\" failed, he engaged Giuseppina Ronzi de Begnis and, at a reduced fee, her husband Giuseppe de Begnis as the Mayor. This move left him with enough money to engage a first class tenor like Alberico Curioni. In January 1819, Giuseppina", "title": "Giuseppina Ronzi de Begnis" }, { "id": "10180485", "score": "1.5855361", "text": "Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra (; Elizabeth, Queen of England) is a \"dramma per musica\" or opera in two acts by Gioachino Rossini to a libretto by Giovanni Schmidt, from the play \"Il paggio di Leicester\" (\"Leicester's Page\") by Carlo Federici, which itself \"was derived from a novel \"The Recess\" (1785) by Sophia Lee.\" It was premiered at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples on 4 October 1815 and was the first of nine operas which Rossini wrote for the San Carlo. Altogether, this was one of eighteen operas which he wrote during the time he spent in Naples.", "title": "Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra" }, { "id": "2260485", "score": "1.5804082", "text": "Rossini entrusted the composition of the recitatives as well as the aria \"Le femmine d'Italia\" to an unknown collaborator. The opera is notable for Rossini's mixing of opera seria style with opera buffa. The overture is widely recorded and performed today, known for its distinct opening of slow, quiet pizzicato basses, leading to a sudden loud burst of sound from the full orchestra. This \"surprise\" reflects Rossini's early admiration for Joseph Haydn, whose Symphony No. 94 in G major, \"The Surprise Symphony\", is so named for the same shocking and semi-comic effect. The work was first performed at the Teatro", "title": "L'italiana in Algeri" }, { "id": "9550953", "score": "1.5793555", "text": "ah sorgerai\" ( \"Dawn! Ah! Will you always / Arise inauspiciously for me?\"). Commons explains that this linking \"is evidence that Rossini was taking the first step towards a concept of an opera, not as a series of disparate items, but as an organized whole in which the parts refer back and forth to each other, adding extra resonances each time that material returns.\" The aria \"Oh! quante lacrime finor versai\", from Act I of the opera, is notable for being the basis for Rossini's \"Introduction, Theme, and Variations for Clarinet and Orchestra\", a staple work of the solo clarinet", "title": "La donna del lago" }, { "id": "8594645", "score": "1.5782733", "text": "opera seria and opera semiseria. Opera semiseria Opera semiseria ('semi-serious opera') is an Italian genre of opera, popular in the early and middle 19th century. Related to the opera buffa, opera semiseria contains elements of comedy but also of pathos, sometimes with a pastoral setting. It can usually be distinguished from tragic operas or melodramas by the presence of a basso buffo. One of the better-known examples is Gaetano Donizetti's \"Linda di Chamounix\". Another example is Gioacchino Rossini's \"La gazza ladra\". Vincenzo Bellini's \"La sonnambula\" has all the characteristics of the genre except the presence of the required basso buffo", "title": "Opera semiseria" }, { "id": "9550925", "score": "1.5768912", "text": "to write a new work. Rossini declined, because the company had never performed \"La donna\". Pillet therefore began collaborating with the composer Louis Niedermeyer and librettist Gustave Vaëz to change the story of \"La donna\" to a different time and incorporate elements from another Scott work; eventually, with Rossini's blessing, they also added music from \"Zelmira\" and \"Armida\". This \"pasticcio\", \"Robert Bruce\", was given on 30 December 1846 and “throughout the winter, to appreciative audiences\". \"La donna\" went unperformed for almost a century until 1958, when a revival took place in Florence, where it was also recorded in performance at", "title": "La donna del lago" }, { "id": "2260123", "score": "1.5738487", "text": "different aria for Alidoro, \"\"; this seems to have been added by an anonymous hand for an 1818 production. For an 1820 revival in Rome, Rossini wrote a bravura replacement, \"\". The genesis of this work - whose literary and musical aspects were both created with surprising speed – deserves to be told, according to the account given by librettist Jacopo Ferretti. In December 1816, Rossini was in Rome and tasked with writing a new opera for the Teatro Valle, to be staged on St. Stephen's Day. An existing libretto, \"Francesca di Foix,\" had unexpectedly been vetoed by the papal", "title": "La Cenerentola" }, { "id": "11509481", "score": "1.5704601", "text": "an Italian translation of Rossini's French revision of the score\". A version was presented by the Rossini Festival in Pesaro in 1985. The San Francisco Opera production on 17 September 1988 was regarded as being \"closer to the original Rossini version of the opera, but it too was highly problematic.\" No references to a production in the UK exist. In January 2004 a version of the opera was presented in Bilbao by the ABAO company. It featured Simone Alaimo and June Anderson in the major roles. The Venice version was given at La Fenice in February 2005, while performances using", "title": "Maometto II" }, { "id": "9550918", "score": "1.5604699", "text": "a wholly new opera and he accepted the challenge. It seems Rossini was initially attracted to Scott's poem when, in musicologist Philip Gossett's opinion, he was introduced to it in translation by the young French composer Désiré-Alexandre Batton, a student of his and Prix de Rome winner then in Italy. On hearing about the poem from Batton, Rossini asked for a copy and within a few days informed Batton he was so delighted with it he would compose an opera based on it. He then immediately called upon the Naples-based librettist Andrea Leone Tottola (who is described as \"a comparative", "title": "La donna del lago" }, { "id": "18331123", "score": "1.5588385", "text": "opera's Italian-language libretto for the composer Giuseppe Bonno in 1744. He revised the text for Gluck, including two new arias. The opera may have been reprised on 30 May 1755 at Laxenburg. There is no record of any further performance until 1987, when it appeared at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna. As the sun sets, the shepherd Tirsi says farewell to his beloved Nice, who is leaving to take part in a dance. Tirsi reveals he is jealous of Nice's other admirers. The lovers argue but in the end they swear to be true to one another. Apart from the", "title": "La danza (Gluck)" }, { "id": "11199793", "score": "1.5578972", "text": "a successful premiere in Vienna on 13 April 1822, as part of a three-month-long Rossini Festival for which Rossini wrote some additional music. Performances in several Italian cities were followed by the London premiere on 24 January 1824, with Rossini conducting and Isabella Colbran (now his wife) in the title role. It was seen in Paris in 1826. There was one presentation in the US in New Orleans \"around\" 1835. Over 100 years were to pass before the opera was presented in Naples in 1965, but \"to no great acclaim\". The work was given a production by the Rome Opera", "title": "Zelmira" } ]

[ "etruscan disambiguation", "Etruscan (disambiguation)", "Etruscan", "etruscan" ]

[ { "id": "874082", "score": "1.5446959", "text": "a madman determined to commit suicide taking them with him protected him to some extent, as did his taking refuge behind the pile of slain. He returned enemy missiles. Finally wounded all over and having received a spear in the buttocks he heard a shout from the other bank that the bridge was torn up. He \"leaped with his arms into the river and swimming across ... he emerged upon the shore without having lost any of his arms.\" Livy's version has him uttering this prayer: \"Tiberinus, holy father, I pray thee to receive into thy propitious stream these arms", "title": "Horatius Cocles" }, { "id": "10349703", "score": "1.5401905", "text": "All Rome sent forth a rapturous cry, And even the ranks of Tuscany Could scarce forbear to cheer.</poem> He reaches the Roman shore, is rewarded, and his act of bravery earns him mythic status: <poem> With weeping and with laughter Still is the story told, How well Horatius kept the bridge In the brave days of old.</poem> This poem celebrates the Roman victory over the Latin League, at the Battle of Lake Regillus. Several years after the retreat of Porsena, Rome was threatened by a Latin army led by the deposed Roman king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, together with his son,", "title": "Lays of Ancient Rome" }, { "id": "5153064", "score": "1.526478", "text": "surged towards the bridge. The Romans initially fell back. However, Horatius, with the assistance of Spurius Lartius and Titus Herminius Aquilinus, sought to buy time and halt the attack by defending the opposite end of the bridge while the Roman soldiers broke the bridge. In modern English literature, the story of Horatius at the bridge was re-told by Thomas Babington Macaulay in his poem \"\", published as part of his \"Lays of Ancient Rome\" (1842). The Pons Sublicius is also the bridge over which Gaius Gracchus directed his flight when he was overtaken by his opponents (Plutarch, \"Life of Gaius", "title": "Pons Sublicius" }, { "id": "874079", "score": "1.5119989", "text": "consul Marcus Horatius Pulvillus and had lost an eye in a previous battle (hence his agnomen \"\"Cocles\"\"). He was also said to have been a descendant of one of the Horatii who had fought the Curiatii of Alba Longa. Livy defines his station in the defense as \"on guard at the bridge when he saw the Janiculum taken by a sudden assault and the enemy rushing down from it to the river ...\" The three defenders of the bridge withstood sword and missile attacks until the troops had all crossed. In the abbreviated (one section) and skeptical version of Livy,", "title": "Horatius Cocles" }, { "id": "3676373", "score": "1.4901175", "text": "Civil War was established and carried out with conspicuous success. The son of a judge, Bridge was born at Augusta, Maine. He received his early education in private schools and at Hallowell Academy. Bridge was graduated from Bowdoin College in the class of 1825, which included among its members Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. According to a newspaper item of 1893, it was Horatio Bridge’s appreciation of Hawthorne’s early writings, and his faith in this man of genius, that, to use Hawthorne’s own words, \"was responsible for my being an author\". One of his later books, \"The Snow-Image, and", "title": "Horatio Bridge" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Horatius Cocles\n\nPublius Horatius Cocles was an officer in the army of the early Roman Republic who famously defended the Pons Sublicius from the invading army of Etruscan King Lars Porsena of Clusium in the late 6th century BC, during the war between Rome and Clusium. By defending the narrow end of the bridge, he and his companions were able to hold off the attacking army long enough to allow other Romans to destroy the bridge behind him, blocking the Etruscans' advance and saving the city.", "title": "Horatius Cocles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lays of Ancient Rome\n\nLays of Ancient Rome is an 1842 collection of narrative poems, or lays, by Thomas Babington Macaulay. Four of these recount heroic episodes from early Roman history with strong dramatic and tragic themes, giving the collection its name. Macaulay also included two poems inspired by recent history: \"Ivry\" (1824) and \"The Armada\" (1832).", "title": "Lays of Ancient Rome" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Horatia gens\n\nThe gens Horatia was a patrician family at ancient Rome. In legend, the gens dates back to the time of Tullus Hostilius, the third King of Rome. One of its members, Marcus Horatius Pulvillus, was consul \"suffectus\" in 509 BC, the first year of the Republic, and again in 507. The most famous of the Horatii was his nephew, Publius Horatius Cocles, who held the Sublician bridge against the army of Lars Porsena \"circa\" 508 BC.", "title": "Horatia gens" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus\n\nLucius Quinctius Cincinnatus ( – ) was a Roman patrician, statesman, and military leader of the early Roman Republic who became a legendary figure of Roman virtue—particularly civic virtue—by the time of the late Republic.\n\nCincinnatus was an opponent of the rights of the plebeians (the common citizens) who fell into poverty because of his son Caeso Quinctius's violent opposition to their desire for a written code of equally enforced laws. Despite his relatively old age, he worked his own small farm until an invasion prompted his fellow citizens to call for his leadership. He came from his plough to assume complete control over the state but, upon achieving a swift victory in only 16 days, relinquished his power and its perquisites and returned to his farm. His success and immediate resignation of his near-absolute authority with the end of this crisis (traditionally dated to 458 BC) has often been cited as an example of outstanding leadership, service to the greater good, civic virtue, humility, and modesty.\n\nModern historians question some particulars of the story recounted in Livy and elsewhere but usually accept Cincinnatus as a historical figure who served as suffect consul in 460BC and as dictator in 458BC and (possibly) again in 439BC, when the patricians called on him to suppress the feared uprising of the plebeians under Spurius Maelius, after which he is said to have once again ceded power.", "title": "Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus" }, { "id": "3676372", "score": "1.4883715", "text": "Horatio Bridge Horatio Bridge (April 8, 1806 – March 18, 1893) was an officer of the United States Navy who, as Chief of the Bureau of Provisions, served for many years as head of the Navy's supply organization. Appointed by his former college mate, President Franklin Pierce, Bridge held this post under various administrations, including the whole period of the Civil War. He also had the distinction of being the first man in the Navy to employ the idea of comprehensive fleet supply. Under his direction, the systematic supply of Navy vessels on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts during the", "title": "Horatio Bridge" }, { "id": "14248628", "score": "1.4861722", "text": "at the Sublician Bridge in 508 BC. is celebrated in Macaulay's \"Lays of Ancient Rome\", the most famous of which is \"Horatius\". Titus Herminius Aquilinus Titus Herminius, surnamed Aquilinus (died 498 BC), was one of the heroes of the Roman Republic. He participated in two of the most famous conflicts that attended the birth of the Republic, and was elected consul in 506 BC. However, his greatest fame was won as one of the defenders of the Sublician bridge against the army of Lars Porsena, the King of Clusium. The Herminii were a patrician family at Rome during the early", "title": "Titus Herminius Aquilinus" }, { "id": "10349702", "score": "1.4692446", "text": "demolish the bridge, leaving their enemies on the wrong side of the swollen Tiber. This poem contains the often-quoted lines: <poem>Then out spake brave Horatius, The Captain of the Gate: \"To every man upon this earth Death cometh soon or late. And how can man die better Than facing fearful odds, For the ashes of his fathers, And the temples of his Gods.\"</poem> Lartius and Herminius regain the Roman side before the bridge falls, but Horatius is stranded, and jumps into the river still wearing his full armor. Macaulay writes, <poem>And when above the surges They saw his crest appear,", "title": "Lays of Ancient Rome" }, { "id": "14210448", "score": "1.4674071", "text": "work of destroying the bridge's supports. Three Romans remained on the bridge to fend off the Etruscans: Publius Horatius Cocles, Titus Herminius Aquilinus, and Spurius Lartius. Niebuhr suggests a symbolic importance to these three men: each represented one of the three ancient \"tribes\" making up the Roman populace: the \"Ramnes\", or Latins, represented by Horatius; the \"Titienses\", or Sabines, represented by Herminius, and the \"Luceres\", or Etruscans, represented by Lartius. The bridge was too narrow for more than a few of the approaching army to advance upon its defenders at once, and according to the legend, they held their ground", "title": "Spurius Lartius" }, { "id": "20201257", "score": "1.4653199", "text": "Archedemus of Aetolia Archedemus or Archedamus ( or Άρχέδαμος -- he's called \"Archidamus\" by Livy) was an Aetolian who commanded the Aetolian troops which assisted the Romans in the Second Macedonian War with Philip V of Macedon. In 199 BCE he compelled Philip to raise the siege of the town of Thaumaci, and took an active part in the Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197, in which Philip was defeated. When the war broke out between the Romans and the Aetolians, he was sent as ambassador to the Achaeans to solicit their assistance in 192; and on the defeat of Antiochus", "title": "Archedemus of Aetolia" }, { "id": "874078", "score": "1.4644084", "text": "the army was struck by a panic and ran for the bridge. The enemy effected a slaughter at first among the troops milling around at the entrance to the bridge but then began to mingle with them in hope of crossing. Perceiving the danger, three officers (of noble rank) stood shoulder-to-shoulder to allow their own troops to pass and block the passage of the enemy: Spurius Lartius and Titus Herminius Aquilinus, commanders of the right wing (equivalent to colonels or lieutenant generals), and Publius Horatius, a more junior officer of unspecified rank. He was a patrician, and the nephew of", "title": "Horatius Cocles" }, { "id": "15026808", "score": "1.4620373", "text": "in the region of Tullus Hostilius. He is wounded and taken prisoner but escapes and hides in the hills. The king of Rome, believing Horatio to have been a coward, announces the engagement of his daughter Marcia to Horatio's brother Marcus, whom he names his heir. Both Alba and Rome are anxious to find a peace. After consulting an oracle, the two kings decide that three brothers from each side should compete in a fight to the death, the winning side to dominate in the unification of the two kingdoms. Horatio comes back to Rome, but finding his name dishonored", "title": "Duel of Champions" }, { "id": "14248623", "score": "1.4602072", "text": "bridge was too narrow for more than a few of the approaching army to advance upon its defenders at once, and according to the legend, they held their ground until the bridge was about to collapse. Horatius then urged his colleagues to retreat to safety, leaving him alone on the bridge. There he remained, fighting off one attacker after another, until the bridge at last gave way and plunged into the river. Horatius then jumped into the river. Accounts vary as to whether Horatius survived and swam to shore, or was drowned in the Tiber; in most accounts he survived,", "title": "Titus Herminius Aquilinus" }, { "id": "501450", "score": "1.4424081", "text": "across the river causing some Roman losses in the marshes of Essex. Whether the Romans made use of an existing bridge for this purpose or built a temporary one is uncertain. At least one division of auxiliary Batavian troops swam across the river as a separate force. Togodumnus died shortly after the battle on the Thames. Plautius halted and sent word for Claudius to join him for the final push. Cassius Dio presents this as Plautius needing the emperor's assistance to defeat the resurgent British, who were determined to avenge Togodumnus. However, Claudius was no military man. Claudius's arch says", "title": "Roman conquest of Britain" }, { "id": "3676379", "score": "1.4410303", "text": "where he spent the rest of his life. Here, according to \"The Athens News\", he was an exemplary Christian and for many years had been an earnest and devout member of the Episcopal Church. Following Bridge’s death in March 1893, he was buried in Athens. Two US Navy ships have been named in his honor: USS \"Bridge\" (AF-1) and USS \"Bridge\" (AOE-10). Horatio Bridge Horatio Bridge (April 8, 1806 – March 18, 1893) was an officer of the United States Navy who, as Chief of the Bureau of Provisions, served for many years as head of the Navy's supply organization.", "title": "Horatio Bridge" }, { "id": "16024540", "score": "1.4384993", "text": "diversionary tactic, ravaging the countryside as he marched. Rejoining Germanicus they pushed towards the Teutoburg Forest. Caecina was sent in advance to scout the route, as well as build bridges and causeways so that the army could cross the frequent marshlands. After fighting an indecisive battle with Arminius, Germanicus ordered Caecina to take his original forces and march back to the Rhine. Arriving at a spot referred to as the \"long causeways\" and finding it impassable, Caecina began repairs to the causeways so that he could continue his march towards the Rhine. However, he was attacked by Arminius, and just", "title": "Aulus Caecina Severus (consul 1 BC)" }, { "id": "14210449", "score": "1.437736", "text": "until the bridge was about to collapse. Horatius then urged his colleagues to retreat to safety, leaving him alone on the bridge. There he remained, fighting off one attacker after another, until the bridge at last gave way and plunged into the river. Horatius then jumped into the river. Accounts vary as to whether Horatius survived and swam to shore, or was drowned in the Tiber; in most accounts he survived, but according to Polybius, he defended the bridge alone, and perished in the river. Lartius and Herminius appear again in the war with Clusium, commanding troops as part of", "title": "Spurius Lartius" }, { "id": "7824815", "score": "1.4343488", "text": "the shore and under the water, and the far bank was defended. Second Century sources state that Caesar used a large war elephant, which was equipped with armour and carried archers and slingers in its tower, to put the defenders to flight. When this unknown creature entered the river, the Britons and their horses fled and the Roman army crossed over and entered Cassivellaunus' territory. The Trinovantes, whom Caesar describes as the most powerful tribe in the region, and who had recently suffered at Cassivellaunus' hands, sent ambassadors, promising him aid and provisions. Mandubracius, who had accompanied Caesar, was restored", "title": "Caesar's invasions of Britain" }, { "id": "7173806", "score": "1.4340136", "text": "the riverbank to oppose the crossing. Hanno launched his attack on the rear of the Gauls just as Hannibal's men reached the opposite bank, and completely routed the enemy after taking the Gauls by complete surprise. This Hanno is of noble birth, as Bomilcar had been one of the Suffets of Carthage. Hanno was a veteran officer who had served in the Punic armies in Spain. Hanno is the name of the commander who commanded the Numidian cavalry on the Carthaginian right wing at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. His troops held off the Italian allied cavalry successfully", "title": "Hanno the Elder" }, { "id": "6137415", "score": "1.433605", "text": "Salinator against Hannibal’s brother Hasdrubal, for which he was awarded an ovation. The Roman victory at Metaurus River in 207 BC is widely seen as a daring tactical masterstroke by Claudius who surreptitiously left the main force of his army, which was holding Hannibal at bay in the south of Italy, to lead a small contingent of troops north to bolster Livius' forces, taking Hasdrubal by surprise. Considered by the Roman historian Livy to be the turning point in the war, the Battle of the Metaurus is listed in Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy’s highly regarded \"The\" \"Fifteen Decisive Battles of", "title": "Gaius Claudius Nero" } ]

[ "zenyatta", "Zenyatta" ]

[ { "id": "12458483", "score": "1.969069", "text": "All-time North American record (set by two-time champion Bayakoa) for Grade I victories by a filly/mare. On October 2, Zenyatta broke the North American record for Grade I victories by a filly/mare with her 13th Grade I win, which came at Oak Tree at Hollywood Park. She won her 9th consecutive Grade I victory and ran her unbeaten streak to 19–0 . In addition, she broke the all-time North American female earnings record (formerly held by Ouija Board, which retired in 2006 with earnings in excess of $6,312,552). Zenyatta (carrying 123 lb) won her third Lady's Secret Stakes by a", "title": "Zenyatta" }, { "id": "19946061", "score": "1.7981553", "text": "the first North American-bred trotter to earn $1 million. During the four years O'Brien trained Fresh Yankee for owner Duncan MacDonald she was voted the U.S. Harness Horse of the Year in 1970, the U.S. Champion Trotting Mare of the Year four times and the Canadian Horse of the Year in 1970 plus the Canadian Champion Aged Trotter a record setting six times. While regularly racing against male trotters, Fresh Yankee broke track and World Records and in 1967 became the fastest trotting mare in history with a time trial clocking of 1:57.1. Her many wins included the American Trotting", "title": "Joe O'Brien (harness racing)" }, { "id": "8005184", "score": "1.7824457", "text": "128 times; she was in the money in 85 percent of her starts. She competed for relatively small purses that averaged $300 (the largest purse she ever earned amounted to $1,050). Her career earnings totalled $39,082. Pan Zareta's most important wins came in the Senoritas Stakes, the Rio Grande Stakes, the Chihuahua Stakes, the Chapultepec Handicap, the Juarez Handicap, and the Katonah Handicap. In 1914, Pan Zareta was the Champion Older Female. She equaled or set eleven track records during her racing career, most notably when at the age of five on February 10, 1915. She set the world record", "title": "Pan Zareta" }, { "id": "12458484", "score": "1.7612338", "text": "half-length over Grade I winner Switch. She finished the 1 1/16 miles in 1:42.97 and increased her career earnings to $6,404,580. On November 6, Zenyatta attempted to become the first North American horse to retire undefeated with 20 wins and the second horse to repeat in the Breeders' Cup Classic after Tiznow. She fell behind the leader by at least 18 lengths in the early going at Churchill Downs, but rallied in the stretch to close in on Stephen Foster Handicap and Whitney Handicap winner Blame. Zenyatta fell inches short and lost by a short head. Other horses in the", "title": "Zenyatta" }, { "id": "8674168", "score": "1.7592392", "text": "in the first race at Woodbine. Three days later by taking the fifth and sixth races at Woodbine, Emma-Jayne moved ahead of Villeneuve as Canada's all-time winningest female jockey, a distinction that Villeneuve had held for over 10 years. Wilson ranks first in career earnings among Canadian women, as she has earned well over $70,000,000 in purses for her mounts. In 2015, Wilson won the Shergar Cup alongside teammates Sammy Jo Bell and Hayley Turner, marking the first victory for an all-female side in this event. In 2018, she became just the second woman to win the Avelino Gomez Memorial", "title": "Emma-Jayne Wilson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Zenyatta\n\nZenyatta (foaled April 1, 2004) is a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the Breeders' Cup Classic and Breeders' Cup Distaff and 19 of her 20 starts. She was the 2010 American Horse of the Year, and Champion Older Female in 2008, 2009 and 2010. She was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2016.\n\nZenyatta was purchased as a yearling by record producer Jerry Moss and his wife Ann, who named her after the album \"Zenyatta Mondatta\", by the Police, who were signed to A&M Records by Moss. She went into training with John Shirreffs. A late-developing filly, she did not make her first start until late in her three-year-old year, winning a maiden race in November, 2007; this was followed by a win in an allowance race in December. From 2008 through 2010, she recorded seventeen consecutive graded stakes wins, 13 of them at the Grade I level. In 2009, she became the first mare to win the Breeders' Cup Classic. Her other major wins included the Breeders' Cup Ladies Classic in 2008, the Apple Blossom Handicap in 2008 and 2010, consecutive wins in the Vanity Stakes, the Clement L. Hirsch, and the Lady's Secret, all in 2008–2010. The Lady's Secret was subsequently renamed the Zenyatta Stakes in her honor.\n\nZenyatta developed a passionate following, attracted by a combination of her athletic prowess and her personality. She was known for the \"dance moves\" she made while in the walking ring and post parade prior to her races, and her taste for Guinness Stout contributed to her popularity. She was known for her closing finishes, often spotting large leads to early front runners, then overtaking her opponents in the final strides.", "title": "Zenyatta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses\n\nThe list of leading Thoroughbred racehorses contains the names of undefeated racehorses and other horses that had an outstanding race record in specific categories. Note though that many champions do not appear on the list as an unexpected defeat may be caused by many factors such as injury, illness, going, racing tactics and differences in weight carried, the latter being particularly significant in North America and Australia where handicaps are common even at the highest level of racing.\n\nIt is common to compare racehorses on multiple factors such as their overall race record, the quality of the horses they beat and the brilliance of their wins. Comparison of raw times is generally unreliable between horses of different eras or even over different racecourses due to a variety of factors such as the racing surface and the pace at which the race is run. Timeform ratings, introduced in 1948, and Beyer Speed Figures, introduced in the United States in 1992, are relatively recent attempts to compensate for such variables. Thoroughbred Winning Brew holds the Guinness world record for the fastest speed from the starting gate for a Thoroughbred racehorse, at 70.76 km/h (43.97 mph) over two furlongs, although Quarter Horses attain higher speeds over shorter distances than Thoroughbreds. Such speeds may also be achieved by elite racehorses during the stretch drive.\n\nThe two main forms of Thoroughbred horseracing are flat racing and hurdle or steeplechase (jumping) races over obstacles. Jumpers tend to be older than their flat racing counterparts and can have much longer careers, making it possible to earn a large number of wins. For example, champion hurdler Hurricane Fly won a then-record 22 Grade One races over his ten-year career.\n\nMost race horses and race winners are male horses (either intact males or geldings). While male and female horses do not exhibit sexual dimorphism as obviously as human athletes, male horses are considered more aggressive racers and generally have a significant competitive advantage. At the highest level of racing though, intact males have great economic value at stud, so they are often retired after only a few years of racing. In part because they may have longer racing careers, some of the most winning racehorses of all time are females, including Kincsem, Black Caviar, Winx, and Zenyatta.", "title": "List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Secretariat (horse)\n\nSecretariat (March 30, 1970 – October 4, 1989), also known as Big Red, was a champion American thoroughbred racehorse who is the ninth winner of the American Triple Crown, setting and still holding the fastest time record in all three races. He is regarded as one of the greatest racehorses of all time. He became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years and his record-breaking victory in the Belmont Stakes, which he won by 31 lengths, is widely regarded as one of the greatest races in history. During his racing career, he won five Eclipse Awards, including Horse of the Year honors at ages two and three. He was nominated to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974. In the List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century, Secretariat is second only to Man o' War.\n\nAt age two, Secretariat finished fourth in his 1972 debut in a maiden race, but then won seven of his remaining eight starts, including five stakes victories. His only loss during this period was in the Champagne Stakes, where he finished first but was disqualified to second for interference. He received the Eclipse Award for champion two-year-old colt, and also was the 1972 Horse of the Year, a rare honor for a horse so young.\n\nAt age three, Secretariat not only won the Triple Crown, but he also set speed records in all three races. His time in the Kentucky Derby still stands as the Churchill Downs track record for miles, and his time in the Belmont Stakes stands as the American record for miles on the dirt. His controversial time in the Preakness Stakes was eventually recognized as a stakes record in 2012. Secretariat's win in the Gotham Stakes tied the track record for 1 mile, he set a world record in the Marlboro Cup at miles and further proved his versatility by winning two major stakes races on turf. He lost three times that year: in the Wood Memorial, Whitney, and Woodward Stakes, but the brilliance of his nine wins made him an American icon. He won his second Horse of the Year title, plus Eclipse Awards for champion three-year-old colt and champion turf horse.\n\nAt the beginning of his three-year-old year, Secretariat was syndicated for a record-breaking $6.08 million (equivalent to $ million in ), on the condition that he be retired from racing by the end of the year. Although he sired several successful racehorses, he ultimately was most influential through his daughters' offspring, becoming the leading broodmare sire in North America in 1992. His daughters produced several notable sires, including Storm Cat, A.P. Indy, Gone West, Dehere and Chief's Crown, and through them Secretariat appears in the pedigree of many modern champions. Secretariat died in 1989 due to laminitis at age 19.", "title": "Secretariat (horse)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rachel Alexandra\n\nRachel Alexandra (foaled January 29, 2006) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse and the 2009 Horse of the Year. When she won the 2009 Preakness Stakes, the second leg of the Triple Crown, she became the first filly to win the race in 85 years (the last filly to win was Nellie Morse, in 1924). She also won races in six states (Kentucky, Louisiana, Arkansas, Maryland, New York, and New Jersey), on eight different tracks, against fillies and Grade 1 colts and older horses, achieving a long string of consecutive wins including numerous Grade 1 stakes. Rachel Alexandra neared or broke multiple stakes records, track records and winning margin records throughout her career. On September 28, 2010, owner Jess Jackson announced Rachel Alexandra's retirement. She was bred to 2007–2008 Horse of the Year Curlin and delivered a colt on January 22, 2012.\n\nRachel Alexandra is a bay mare with a distinctive upside-down exclamation-point-shaped white blaze. She stands an estimated 16 hands at the withers. Her preferred style of running is generally that of a front runner (running on the lead) or a stalker (running close to and just behind the lead), though she occasionally competed from off of the pace (Mother Goose Stakes).\n\nRachel Alexandra was bred and originally owned by Dolphus Morrison, who named her after his granddaughter. Before she became successful as a racehorse, Morrison sold part interest in her to Michael Lauffer. Her initial trainer was Hal Wiggins, Morrison's regular trainer, who trained her until the Kentucky Oaks 2009. After her Kentucky Oaks victory, Rachel Alexandra was sold for an undisclosed amount (rumored to be in excess of $10 million) to Stonestreet Stables and Harold T. McCormick, with billionaire Jess Jackson of Kendall Jackson Winery holding controlling interest. Her training was taken over by Steve Asmussen, and her regular jockey was Calvin Borel.", "title": "Rachel Alexandra" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mike E. Smith\n\nMichael Earl Smith (born August 10, 1965) is an American jockey who has been one of the leading riders in U.S. Thoroughbred racing since the early 1990s, was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2003, and has won the most Breeders' Cup races of any jockey with 27 Breeders' Cup wins. Smith is also the third leading jockey of all time in earnings with over $336 million. In 2018, Smith rode Justify to the Triple Crown, becoming the oldest jockey to win the title at age 52.", "title": "Mike E. Smith" }, { "id": "9252685", "score": "1.7488198", "text": "when she finished fourth in the $185,000 event. Graeme Lang and Scotch Notch stayed on and competed in six races for five seconds. Scotch Notch was then left with US trainer/driver Mike Gagliardi who managed her for the rest of her American racing. Her 1985 US record was 16 race starts for 5 wins and 7 placings with earnings of $USD116,050. On 14 February 1986 she defeated the champion mare Grades Singing in an Invitation event. Scotch Notch had her last start at Freehold Raceway on 6 November 1987, winning in 2:02.4 and was then retired. During 1986 and 1987", "title": "Scotch Notch" }, { "id": "16066027", "score": "1.7486796", "text": "her a fan favorite that would forever kick in the door of the historically male-dominated sport and help to clear a path for other great Canadian women like Chantal Sutherland and Emma-Jayne Wilson. It was Wilson that would eventually overtake her record for most career victories in mid-September 2012. Sutherland would not pass her until 2017. On October 31, 2011 in one of her final races, she rode Red Hot Doll to victory in the $30,000 Fan's Cup at Fort Erie Race Track for career win number 1,000. She retired as the all-time leading Canadian woman in \"wins\", \"places\" and", "title": "Francine Villeneuve" }, { "id": "11887251", "score": "1.7467794", "text": "she entered the record books as the only American race horse since 1900 to win 17 consecutive races, while tying the modern-day international mark of Hong Kong-based Silent Witness. On November 8, 2008, she eclipsed Silent Witness' record with 18 consecutive wins, then extended the mark to 19 on December 14, 2008. Several Thoroughbreds from other countries have won more consecutive races, the record being 56 by Camarero. Camarero raced in Puerto Rico in the 1950s. Also, several Standardbreds (harness racing) have won more consecutive races, led by Carty Nagle's 41 in 1937-1938. The owner/breeder of Peppers Pride, Joe Allen", "title": "Peppers Pride" }, { "id": "11887254", "score": "1.74001", "text": "record for consecutive wins. Bringing out a capacity crowd, her record over the Hobbs oval at Zia was then seven-for-seven. After this, Peppers Pride was pointed again to the New Mexico Cup Championship for Fillies and Mares. On the November 9, 2008, New Mexico Cup Day (with its $2 million in purses making that program the richest day for any state-bred racing program), she exceeded by 2 races the highest number of consecutive wins by any American Thoroughbred. Racing four wide, she made her move under Madeira in the final turn of the one-mile event, then was pressed by the", "title": "Peppers Pride" }, { "id": "12801394", "score": "1.7389894", "text": "and in 2013 Last to Fire's time was :21.09. The previous record of :21.13 had been established in the 2007 running won by World Champion Blues Girl Too, which broke Dash For Cash's 1976 track record of :21.17. 2007's victory by Blues Girl Too made her the sport's all-time leading female earner. 2005's renewal saw the first time the first four finishers of the Champion of Champions were three-year-olds. 1993 saw Refrigerator become the sport's all-time leading money earner with his victory. During the summer of 1986, eight-year-old Sgt Pepper Feature was claimed for $12,500 and immediately retired. The superstar", "title": "Champion of Champions (horse race)" }, { "id": "1731395", "score": "1.7348591", "text": "world record the same day. He was denied the Triple Crown when beaten in the Little Brown Jug by Nansemond. He broke his world record as a four-year-old with a race in 1:54.3 at Sportsman's Park in Chicago. Also in 1973 he won the Canadian Pacing Derby, National Pacing Derby, Realization Park and the American Classic for a second time. Albatross set the single-season harness horse earnings record of $558,009 in 1971. and was the sports richest horse at the time of his retirement. After his four-year-old racing season he retired to stud at Hanover Shoe Farms in Hanover, Pennsylvania.", "title": "Albatross (horse)" }, { "id": "12458482", "score": "1.7271881", "text": "paid $3.00 to win, $2.10 to place. There was no show wagering. On August 7, 2010, Zenyatta broke the world record set by Rock of Gibraltar for consecutive Grade/Group I victories. She won her eighth consecutive Grade I victory and increased her undefeated record to 18–0. Zenyatta carried 123 lb and won her third Clement L. Hirsch Handicap. She was ridden by Mike Smith and finished the 1 1/16 miles in 1:45.03, winning by a neck. Zenyatta's 18th win tied Eclipse for consecutive victories without a defeat. With the win, Zenyatta captured her 12th Grade I race and tied the", "title": "Zenyatta" }, { "id": "11337906", "score": "1.7247195", "text": "Thoroughbred Racing Association award. When Tosmah was three, she started in fourteen races, winning ten, vying all year with a splendid filly called Old Hat. 1964 saw her highest earnings, $305,283, and the title of American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly. She was also named American Champion Female Handicap Horse by \"Daily racing Form\". In 1965, at the age of four she won her second Maskette Handicap (now known as the Go For Wand Handicap) under 128 pounds, in the process beating the great filly Affectionately, no. 81 in the Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th", "title": "Tosmah" }, { "id": "5092893", "score": "1.715329", "text": "career that saw her become the first horse to win two different Breeders' Cup races, and the richest female racehorse with the earnings of $7,304,580. After capturing the Breeders' Cup Ladies Classic on Royal Delta in 2011, Smith became the all-time leader for most Breeders' Cup wins, with 17. By 2016, his record rose to 25 Breeders' Cup wins. Smith was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2003. Smith is one of the jockeys featured in Animal Planet's 2009 reality documentary, \"Jockeys\". Mike Smith earned the 5,000th victory of his Hall of Fame career", "title": "Mike E. Smith" }, { "id": "2786849", "score": "1.712049", "text": "8¾ lengths, then won the Washington, D.C. International Stakes at Laurel, Maryland. Four consecutive wins against the best horses in the world all occurred within 41 days. She was the first horse to win the three prestigious North American races in a row, netting a million-dollar bonus for her owners and Horse of the Year honors in both France and the United States. She was voted the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Female Turf Horse and became the first filly to win the Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year since the voting system had been implemented in the 1970s. In", "title": "All Along" }, { "id": "8886499", "score": "1.7104897", "text": "champion handicap mare by the \"Daily Racing Form\". Her career earnings of $334,035 broke Top Flight’s previous earnings record for fillies. After the Vanity, Busher developed swelling in a leg, and did not race throughout 1946. She started one last time in 1947, finishing unplaced. On February 27, 1947 as part of a divorce settlement, Mayer auctioned all his racing stock at Santa Anita track in an event that was broadcast over three radio networks. Busher went to Neil S. McCarthy, Mayer's advisor, for $135,000, meaning Mayer essentially sold the mare to himself. In a private sale in 1948, Busher", "title": "Busher (horse)" }, { "id": "5747078", "score": "1.7092822", "text": "$23,354,960 million in purses, a North American record that stood until broken in 2012 by Ramon Dominguez. Included in his 2003 victories were 26 wins in Grade 1 stakes races, a record that still stands. Fourteen of those Grade 1 victories were on horses trained by Frankel, including Empire Maker, Medaglia d'Oro, Sightseek and Aldebaran. Through his own words and actions, Bailey was most fond of riding in the summers at Saratoga Race Course – America's most prestigious race meeting. \"I am worn out at the end of (Saratoga),\" Bailey once said. \"I try to pace myself all year to", "title": "Jerry D. Bailey" }, { "id": "12436298", "score": "1.7087321", "text": "she broke the record set by Miesque for the most Group/Grade I wins ever by a European mare. She made history on 6 November 2010 when she became the first horse to win a Breeders' Cup race three times by winning the Breeders' Cup Mile at Churchill Downs, defeating Champion Turf Horse Gio Ponti by 1 3/4 lengths. On 16 November Goldikova was awarded with two Cartier Racing Awards, Horse of the Year and Champion Older Horse. She became the only horse to win the Champion Older Horse award twice. Goldikova made her six-year-old debut on 22 May by winning", "title": "Goldikova" }, { "id": "11232673", "score": "1.7076826", "text": "races, taking nine out of her thirteen starts and never finishing out of the money. That year she was the American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly when Secretariat took both the male honors as well as becoming Horse of the Year. At four, racing on both coasts, Susan's Girl won over $500,000. By the end of the racing season in 1973, Hooper's filly was second only to the filly Shuvee in career earnings. Hooper wanted to see his filly become the first distaffer to win a million dollars. But in February 1974, she chipped a bone in her left foreleg. Hooper sent", "title": "Susan's Girl" }, { "id": "12386409", "score": "1.706736", "text": "quickly became a top rider in Canada, but she realized that riding in Canada was never going to land her in the Kentucky Derby or the Breeders' Cup races. She then relocated to Southern California. In 2007, she returned to Canada to ride at Woodbine after a 2-year stint in the New York and Florida circuit. She finished seventh in the Woodbine standings with 69 victories out of 572 mounts with earnings of $3,246,387. She finished 77th in the national earnings title that same year with 79 victories out of 668 mounts with earnings of $3,480,229. From December 2007 to", "title": "Chantal Sutherland" } ]

[ "Calgary Stampede Parade", "Stampede Park", "greatest outdoor show on earth", "calgary stampede and exhibition", "calgary stampede parade", "Calgary Stampede Rodeo", "calgary stampede", "Calgary Stampede and Exhibition", "The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth", "rangeland derby", "stampede park", "Rangeland derby", "calgary exhibition and stampede", "calgary stampede rodeo", "Calgary Exhibition and Stampede", "Calgary Stampede", "The Calgary Stampede", "Calgary stampede" ]

[ { "id": "1266710", "score": "1.9287419", "text": "Calgary Stampede The Calgary Stampede is an annual rodeo, exhibition, and festival held every July in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The ten-day event, which bills itself as \"The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth\", attracts over one million visitors per year and features one of the world's largest rodeos, a parade, midway, stage shows, concerts, agricultural competitions, chuckwagon racing, and First Nations exhibitions. In 2008, the Calgary Stampede was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame. The event's roots are traced to 1886 when the Calgary and District Agricultural Society held its first fair. In 1912, American promoter Guy Weadick organized his", "title": "Calgary Stampede" }, { "id": "2051", "score": "1.8635523", "text": "events, including folk music festivals. The city's \"heritage days\" festival sees the participation of over 70 ethnic groups. Edmonton's Churchill Square is home to a large number of the festivals, including the large Taste of Edmonton & The Works Art & Design Festival throughout the summer months. The City of Calgary is also famous for its Stampede, dubbed \"The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth\". The Stampede is Canada's biggest rodeo festival and features various races and competitions, such as calf roping and bull riding. In line with the western tradition of rodeo are the cultural artisans that reside and create", "title": "Alberta" }, { "id": "11606875", "score": "1.8620895", "text": "Festival, Summerstock, Expo Latino, Calgary Pride, Calgary International Spoken Word Festival, and many other cultural and ethnic festivals. Calgary's best-known event is the Calgary Stampede, which has occurred each July since 1912. It is one of the largest festivals in Canada, with a 2005 attendance of 1,242,928 at the 10-day rodeo and exhibition. Several museums are located in the city. The Glenbow Museum is the largest in western Canada and includes an art gallery and First Nations gallery. Other major museums include the Chinese Cultural Centre (at , the largest stand-alone cultural centre in Canada), Canada's Sports Hall of Fame", "title": "Calgary" }, { "id": "1266772", "score": "1.8563862", "text": "two trains of Stampeder football fans descended on Toronto and launched an unprecedented series of celebrations before, during and after the game that included riding a horse into the lobby of the Royal York Hotel. The events helped turn the Grey Cup into a national festival and the largest single-day sporting event in the country. Calgary Stampede The Calgary Stampede is an annual rodeo, exhibition, and festival held every July in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The ten-day event, which bills itself as \"The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth\", attracts over one million visitors per year and features one of the world's", "title": "Calgary Stampede" }, { "id": "2157537", "score": "1.813377", "text": "of St. Albert. After the parade, the rodeo begins, with exciting rodeo events, midway, and musical performances. The Outdoor Farmers' Market, held in downtown St. Albert, is Western Canada’s largest outdoor farmers' market, attracting 10,000 to 15,000 people every Saturday from June to October. You can find locally grown fresh produce, handmade products and crafts and listen to the music of the buskers. As many as 6,000 participants come to St. Albert to enjoy Rock'n August, a five-day festival held to celebrate the rumbles of chrome pipes and the rim shots of classic Rock and Roll music. Hotrodders come from", "title": "St. Albert, Alberta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Calgary Stampede\n\nThe Calgary Stampede is an annual rodeo, exhibition, and festival held every July in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The ten-day event, which bills itself as \"The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth\", attracts over one million visitors per year and features one of the world's largest rodeos, a parade, midway, stage shows, concerts, agricultural competitions, chuckwagon racing, and First Nations exhibitions. In 2008, the Calgary Stampede was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame.\n\nThe event's roots are traced to 1886 when the Calgary and District Agricultural Society held its first fair. In 1912, American promoter Guy Weadick organized his first rodeo and festival, known as the Stampede. He returned to Calgary in 1919 to organize the Victory Stampede in honour of soldiers returning from World War I. Weadick's festival became an annual event in 1923 when it merged with the Calgary Industrial Exhibition to create the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede.\n\nOrganized by thousands of volunteers and supported by civic leaders, the Calgary Stampede has grown into one of the world's richest rodeos, one of Canada's largest festivals, and a significant tourist attraction for the city. Rodeo and chuckwagon racing events are televised across Canada. However, both have been the target of increasing international criticism by animal welfare groups and politicians concerned about particular events as well as animal rights organizations seeking to ban rodeo in general.\n\nCalgary's national and international identity is tied to the event. It is known as the \"Stampede City\", carries the informal nickname of \"Cowtown\", and the local Canadian Football League team is called the Stampeders. The city takes on a party atmosphere during Stampede: office buildings and storefronts are painted in cowboy themes, residents don western wear, and events held across the city include hundreds of pancake breakfasts and barbecues.", "title": "Calgary Stampede" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Calgary\n\nCalgary ( ) is the largest city in the western Canadian province of Alberta and the largest metro area of the three Prairie Provinces. As of 2021, the city proper had a population of 1,306,784 and a metropolitan population of 1,481,806, making it the third-largest city and fifth-largest metropolitan area in Canada.\n\nCalgary is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province, in the transitional area between the Rocky Mountain Foothills and the Canadian Prairies, about east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies, roughly south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately north of the Canada–United States border. The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area, the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor.\n\nCalgary's economy includes activity in the energy, financial services, film and television, transportation and logistics, technology, manufacturing, aerospace, health and wellness, retail, and tourism sectors. The Calgary Metropolitan Region is home to Canada's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country's 800 largest corporations. In 2015, Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city. In 2022, Calgary was ranked alongside Zürich as the third most livable city in the world, ranking first in Canada and in North America. In 1988, it became the first Canadian city to host the Olympic Winter Games.", "title": "Calgary" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Alberta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Edmonton\n\nEdmonton ( ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is situated on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Alberta's central region. The city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the \"Calgary–Edmonton Corridor\".<ref name=CRBGeoProfile/>\n\nAs of 2021, Edmonton had a city population of 1,010,899 and a metropolitan population of 1,418,118, making it the fifth-largest city and sixth-largest metropolitan area (CMA) in Canada. Edmonton is North America's northernmost large city and metropolitan area comprising over one million people each. A resident of Edmonton is known as an \"Edmontonian\".\n\nEdmonton's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities (Strathcona, North Edmonton, West Edmonton, Beverly and Jasper Place) in addition to a series of annexations through 1982, and the annexation of of land from Leduc County and the City of Beaumont on January 1, 2019. Known as the \"Gateway to the North\", the city is a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories.\n\nEdmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre. It hosts a year-round slate of festivals, reflected in the nickname \"Canada's Festival City\". and Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum.", "title": "Edmonton" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dawson Creek\n\nDawson Creek is a city in northeastern British Columbia, Canada. The municipality of had a population of 12,978 in 2016. Dawson Creek derives its name from the creek of the same name that runs through the community. The creek was named after George Mercer Dawson by a member of his land survey team when they passed through the area in August 1879. Once a small farming community, Dawson Creek became a regional centre after the western terminus of the Northern Alberta Railways was extended there in 1932. The community grew rapidly in 1942 as the US Army used the rail terminus as a transshipment point during construction of the Alaska Highway. In the 1950s, the city was connected to the interior of British Columbia via a highway and a railway through the Rocky Mountains. Since the 1960s, growth has slowed, but the area population has increased.\n\nDawson Creek is located in the dry and windy prairie land of the Peace River Country. As the seat of the Peace River Regional District and a service centre for the rural areas south of the Peace River, the city has been called the \"Capital of the Peace\". It is also known as the \"Mile 0 City\", referring to its location at the southern end of the Alaska Highway. It also has a heritage interpretation village, an art gallery, and a museum. Annual events include a fall fair and rodeo.", "title": "Dawson Creek" }, { "id": "8759330", "score": "1.7947665", "text": "was moved to its current location east of Henderson Park. Whoop-Up Days Whoop-Up Days is an annual non-profit festival, exhibition and rodeo held in Lethbridge, Alberta, for five days in the last full week of August. The event includes a 4-km parade through downtown, daily concerts, bull riding, a rodeo, an indoor and outdoor trade show, entertainment on the free stage, a midway, HobbyWorld and citywide pancake breakfasts. In 2007, a record-breaking attendance at the event numbered 69,964. The previous record was set in 2006 when 67,590 visitors attended. Economic impact from the fair amounts to roughly $2.5 million spent", "title": "Whoop-Up Days" }, { "id": "937189", "score": "1.7590265", "text": "in 2018 due to the closure of the Coliseum. The Edmonton International Fringe Festival, held in mid-August, is the largest fringe theatre festival in North America and second only to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival worldwide. In August, Edmonton is also host to the Edmonton Folk Music Festival, one of the most successful and popular folk music festivals in North America. Another major summer festival is the Edmonton Heritage Festival, which is an ethnocultural festival that takes place in Hawrelak Park on the Heritage Day long weekend. Many other festivals exist, such as Interstellar Rodeo, the Free Will Shakespeare Festival, the", "title": "Edmonton" }, { "id": "11606841", "score": "1.7488034", "text": "Victoria, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg. Between 1896 and 1914 settlers from all over the world poured into the area in response to the offer of free \"homestead\" land. Agriculture and ranching became key components of the local economy, shaping the future of Calgary for years to come. The world-famous Calgary Stampede, still held annually in July, was started by four wealthy ranchers as a small agricultural show in 1912. It is now known as the \"greatest outdoor show on earth\". Calgary experienced Alberta's first oil boom when Calgary Petroleum Products Co found oil just southwest of the city at Turner Valley", "title": "Calgary" }, { "id": "6751156", "score": "1.7376322", "text": "which is partially due to the town population's high rate of tithes given to the LDS Church. In 1902, one year after it was founded, Raymond held an outdoor rodeo and called it a \"stampede\"; this was Canada's first organized rodeo event. Since the inaugural event, the Raymond Stampede has been held on June 30 or July 1 every summer. Raymond Heritage Days is held annually during the first week of July to celebrate the founding of Raymond. Events and activities include family softball, fireworks, midnight golfing, downtown games with bounce houses, a pancake breakfast, and a Canada Day parade,", "title": "Raymond, Alberta" }, { "id": "5855100", "score": "1.7282089", "text": "Each July, the Valley Agricultural Society hosts the Manitoba Stampede and Exhibition, known as the Big \"M\". For four days, thousands of spectators and participants from across North America come to watch the competition. The Fair and Exhibition offers something for everyone. One of the largest dairy shows in the province, light and heavy horse shows, school work and home-craft competitions, commercial and craft displays, Loule's famous petting zoo, midway rides, free family entertainment, indoor cabaret Friday and Saturday evening featuring top country bands, community Church service and the popular kids pedal tractorpull on Sunday. The Manitoba Stampede and Exhibition", "title": "Morris, Manitoba" }, { "id": "10663764", "score": "1.7120916", "text": "Canadian Western Agribition Canadian Western Agribition is the largest agricultural and livestock show in Canada. The show is a large agricultural marketplace, trade show and rodeo held annually in Regina, Saskatchewan. Agribition usually takes place in late November at Evraz Place (formerly known as Regina Exhibition Park). The show won the 2013 and 2015 Saskatchewan Tourism Award of Excellence for Event of the Year. There are diverse breeds of cattle, sheep, bison and horses on exhibit at the show, followed by sales of animals to both Canadian and international customers. A yearly grain exposition highlights the latest in Canadian and", "title": "Canadian Western Agribition" }, { "id": "20663646", "score": "1.7017498", "text": "held annually in Red Deer, Alberta. The CFR's top award amount is one of the largest in Canadian rodeo, totaling $1.65 million. The top 12 competitors from the sanctioned events are selected for the CFR each year. The CFR runs for six days each season. FloRodeo will, beginning in 2018, capture top athletes competing in those six rounds of the 7 events. FloRodeo will also capture the 7 event champions, a high-point, and an all-around cowboy champion. “We’re excited about broadening our reach through our new partnership with FloSports,” said Canadian Professional Rodeo Association General Manager Jeff Robson. “The opportunity", "title": "Canadian Professional Rodeo Association" }, { "id": "4318562", "score": "1.696579", "text": "As well, sand and gravel are mined here. To a smaller extent, there is also a significant oil and gas component to the economy. Cornfest is an annual summer festival held on the last full weekend in August, and includes a midway (rides, booths, and tests of skill) and a stage with performers. It is the largest free family festival in Western Canada, and is organized by the Taber and District Chamber of Commerce. There are a number of corn-based activities, such as corn tasting and stuffing. Corn stuffing involves two people, one wearing an over-sized coverall. One of the", "title": "Taber, Alberta" }, { "id": "8759328", "score": "1.6936129", "text": "Whoop-Up Days Whoop-Up Days is an annual non-profit festival, exhibition and rodeo held in Lethbridge, Alberta, for five days in the last full week of August. The event includes a 4-km parade through downtown, daily concerts, bull riding, a rodeo, an indoor and outdoor trade show, entertainment on the free stage, a midway, HobbyWorld and citywide pancake breakfasts. In 2007, a record-breaking attendance at the event numbered 69,964. The previous record was set in 2006 when 67,590 visitors attended. Economic impact from the fair amounts to roughly $2.5 million spent by event operations, locals and 13,000 visitors. Whoop-Up Days takes", "title": "Whoop-Up Days" }, { "id": "937187", "score": "1.6903999", "text": "of Edmonton, helps preserve the Ukrainian musical culture within the parameters of the Canadian multicultural identity in Edmonton. Edmonton plays host to several large festivals each year, contributing to its nickname, \"Canada's Festival City\". Downtown Edmonton's Churchill Square host numerous festivals each summer. The Works Art & Design Festival, which takes place from late June to early July, showcases Canadian and international art and design from well-known award-winning artists as well as emerging and student artists. The Edmonton International Street Performer's Festival takes place in mid-July and showcases street performance artists from around the world. Edmonton's main summer festival is", "title": "Edmonton" }, { "id": "1266769", "score": "1.6859367", "text": "work to promote the event across the globe. As such, the Calgary Stampede is known around the world. The Stampede draws foreign visitors primarily from the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, and is experiencing growing attendance by tourists from Asia and South America. Stampede officials estimated in 2009 that the city of Calgary had a gross economic impact of $172.4 million from the ten-day event alone, with a wider provincial total of $226.7 million. In terms of economic impact, the Stampede is the highest grossing festival in Canada, ahead of Ottawa's Winterlude, the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto,", "title": "Calgary Stampede" }, { "id": "2117059", "score": "1.6857753", "text": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo The Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, also called RodeoHouston or abbreviated HLSR, is the largest livestock exhibitions and rodeo in the world. It includes one of the richest regular-season professional rodeo events. It has been held at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas, since 2003. It was previously held in the Astrodome. It is considered to be the city's \"signature event\", much like New Orleans's Mardi Gras, Dallas's Texas State Fair, San Diego's Comic-Con and New York City's New Year's Eve at Times Square. In 2017, attendance reached a record high of 2,611,176 people and 33,000", "title": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo" }, { "id": "4557277", "score": "1.6847451", "text": "K-Days K-Days, formerly known as Klondike Days and Edmonton's Capital Ex, is an annual 10-day exhibition held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, usually near the end of July. In recent years it has attracted between 700,000 and 800,000 visitors each year. It runs in conjunction with A Taste of Edmonton and – from 2006 through 2012 – the Edmonton Indy. The exhibition is held at Northlands (formerly Northlands Park), south of Northlands Coliseum. The Edmonton Agricultural Society organized the first local exhibition on the original Fort Edmonton site on October 15, 1879. This was the first event of its kind held", "title": "K-Days" }, { "id": "1266711", "score": "1.6838064", "text": "first rodeo and festival, known as the Stampede. He returned to Calgary in 1919 to organize the Victory Stampede in honour of soldiers returning from World War I. Weadick's festival became an annual event in 1923 when it merged with the Calgary Industrial Exhibition to create the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede. Organized by thousands of volunteers and supported by civic leaders, the Calgary Stampede has grown into one of the world's richest rodeos, one of Canada's largest festivals, and a significant tourist attraction for the city. Rodeo and chuckwagon racing events are televised across Canada. However, both have been the", "title": "Calgary Stampede" }, { "id": "8759329", "score": "1.6825037", "text": "place at the Exhibition Park, which is on the eastern edge of the city. Permanent structures at the site include a 10,664 m² (114,787 ft²) pavilion complex (main, north, west and south pavilions, and Saddle Room), Heritage Hall, Pioneer Park, a grandstand, and a racetrack. The first fair was held on 5 October 1897 at the agricultural grounds in Queen Victoria Park (renamed in 1955 to Gyro Park). It included stage presentations, traveling shows and horse racing. In 1904, eight years before the Calgary Stampede, the first large-scale rodeo was staged as part of Whoop-Up Days. In 1912, the festival", "title": "Whoop-Up Days" } ]

[ "", "2010", "two thousand and ten" ]

[ { "id": "699492", "score": "1.8213232", "text": "Sagrada Família The (; ; ) is a large unfinished Roman Catholic church in Barcelona, designed by Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926). Gaudí's work on the building is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and in November 2010 Pope Benedict XVI consecrated and proclaimed it a minor basilica, as distinct from a cathedral, which must be the seat of a bishop. In 1882, construction of Sagrada Família started under architect Francisco de Paula del Villar. In 1883, when Villar resigned, Gaudí took over as chief architect, transforming the project with his architectural and engineering style, combining Gothic and curvilinear", "title": "Sagrada Família" }, { "id": "15188645", "score": "1.7664005", "text": "ceremony presided by the Bishop of Barcelona, Salvador Casañas i Pagès. The crypt was built between 1903 and 1911, and the main church was built between 1915 and 1951. The church was consecrated by Bishop Gregorio Modrego Casaus during the 35th Eucharistic Congress held in Barcelona in 1952. The towers were completed afterward, with work officially ending in 1961. On 29 October 1961 the church received the title of minor basilica from Pope John XXIII. The external appearance of the church is of a Romanesque fortress of stone from Montjuïc (the crypt), topped by a monumental neo-Gothic church accessed by", "title": "Temple Expiatori del Sagrat Cor" }, { "id": "699503", "score": "1.749723", "text": "used for religious services. The church was consecrated by Pope Benedict XVI on 7 November 2010 in front of a congregation of 6,500 people. A further 50,000 people followed the consecration Mass from outside the basilica, where more than 100 bishops and 300 priests were on hand to offer Holy Communion. Starting on 9 July 2017, there is an international mass celebrated at the basilica on every Sunday and holy day of obligation, at 9 a.m, open to the public (until the church is full). Occasionally, Mass is celebrated at other times, where attendance requires an invitation. When masses are", "title": "Sagrada Família" }, { "id": "15545153", "score": "1.7317936", "text": "to build a Barcelona church called Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família (Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family, or Sagrada Família). Gaudí completely changed the initial design and imbued it with his own distinctive style. From 1915 until his death he devoted himself entirely to this project. Given the number of commissions he began receiving, he had to rely on his team to work on multiple projects simultaneously. His team consisted of professionals from all fields of construction. Several of the architects who worked under him became prominent in the field later on, such as Josep", "title": "Antoni Gaudí" }, { "id": "699494", "score": "1.7266763", "text": "midpoint in 2010. However, some of the project's greatest challenges remain, including the construction of ten more spires, each symbolising an important Biblical figure in the New Testament. It is anticipated that the building can be completed by 2026—the centenary of Gaudí's death. The basilica has a long history of dividing the citizens of Barcelona: over the initial possibility it might compete with Barcelona's cathedral, over Gaudí's design itself, over the possibility that work after Gaudí's death disregarded his design, and the 2007 proposal to build an underground tunnel of Spain's high-speed rail link to France which could disturb its", "title": "Sagrada Família" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Sagrada Família" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "File:Sagrada Familia nave roof detail.jpg" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of largest church buildings\n\nChurches can be measured and compared in several different ways. These include area, volume, length, width, height, or capacity. Several churches individually claim to be \"the largest church\", which may be due to any one of these criteria.\n\n\n", "title": "List of largest church buildings" }, { "id": "699496", "score": "1.677067", "text": "Loreto. The apse crypt of the church, funded by donations, was begun 19 March 1882, on the festival of St. Joseph, to the design of the architect Francisco de Paula del Villar, whose plan was for a Gothic revival church of a standard form. The apse crypt was completed before Villar's resignation on 18 March 1883, when Gaudí assumed responsibility for its design, which he changed radically. Antoni Gaudí began work on the church in 1883 but was not appointed Architect Director until 1884. On the subject of the extremely long construction period, Gaudí is said to have remarked: \"My", "title": "Sagrada Família" }, { "id": "18651438", "score": "1.6643927", "text": "was slow, taking about 12 years. Basilica of Saint Joseph Oriol The Basilica of Saint Joseph Oriol is a basilica in Barcelona, Catalonia. Construction of the church began in 1915, under the architect Enric Sagnier. The church was officially opened in 1926 although the works of the clock tower and facade were not completed until 1930. On 15 May 1936 it received the title of minor basilica granted by Pope Pius XI. It was the fifth church of Barcelona to receive this title. The church was burned in July 1936, and was rebuilt after the end of the Spanish Civil", "title": "Basilica of Saint Joseph Oriol" }, { "id": "8485434", "score": "1.6583712", "text": "Spain, has been under construction for around 120 years, having started in the 1880s. Work was delayed by the Spanish Civil War, during which the original models and parts of the building itself were destroyed. Today, even with portions of the basilica incomplete, it is still the most popular tourist destination in Barcelona with 1.5 million visitors every year. Gaudí spent 40 years of his life overseeing the project and is buried in the crypt. Germany's Cologne Cathedral took even longer to complete; construction started in 1248 and finished in 1880, a total of 632 years. Buildings that were never", "title": "Unfinished building" }, { "id": "10744147", "score": "1.6521102", "text": "work was fruit of the patronage of Dorotea de Chopitea, who along with other promoters donated land to Saint John Bosco during his visit to Barcelona in 1886, for the construction of a church dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, after the one built in Rome by Bosco himself (Sacro Cuore di Gesù), as well as the famous Sacré-Cœur in Paris. The foundation stone was laid on 28 December 1902 in a ceremony led by the bishop of Barcelona, Salvador Casañas i Pagès. The basilica is made up of a crypt below and the upper church, with a central", "title": "Enric Sagnier" }, { "id": "699497", "score": "1.6493657", "text": "client is not in a hurry.\" When Gaudí died in 1926, the basilica was between 15 and 25 percent complete. After Gaudí's death, work continued under the direction of Domènec Sugrañes i Gras until interrupted by the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Parts of the unfinished basilica and Gaudí's models and workshop were destroyed during the war by Catalan anarchists. The present design is based on reconstructed versions of the plans that were burned in a fire as well as on modern adaptations. Since 1940 the architects Francesc Quintana, Isidre Puig Boada, Lluís Bonet i Gari and Francesc Cardoner have", "title": "Sagrada Família" }, { "id": "18651441", "score": "1.645922", "text": "the nave and the vaults of the 19th century were eliminated. In 1946 it was restored to the orders of the architect Jeroni Martorell i Terrats. In 1948 received the title of minor basilica, granted by the Pope Pius XII. Basilica of Saints Justus and Pastor The Basilica of Saints Justus and Pastor () is a basilica in Barcelona. In 1948 this church became the sixth in Barcelona to receive the rank of minor basilica, a title that was granted by Pope Pius XII. The construction of the Gothic church that we can see today began on February 1 of", "title": "Basilica of Saints Justus and Pastor" }, { "id": "18651439", "score": "1.6453836", "text": "Basilica of Saints Justus and Pastor The Basilica of Saints Justus and Pastor () is a basilica in Barcelona. In 1948 this church became the sixth in Barcelona to receive the rank of minor basilica, a title that was granted by Pope Pius XII. The construction of the Gothic church that we can see today began on February 1 of 1342 and lasted until 1574. It was built on the old Romanesque church and the site of the former chapel of Sant Celoni. In 1363 the first three sections of the nave were finished, the vault of the feet would", "title": "Basilica of Saints Justus and Pastor" }, { "id": "18651437", "score": "1.640013", "text": "Basilica of Saint Joseph Oriol The Basilica of Saint Joseph Oriol is a basilica in Barcelona, Catalonia. Construction of the church began in 1915, under the architect Enric Sagnier. The church was officially opened in 1926 although the works of the clock tower and facade were not completed until 1930. On 15 May 1936 it received the title of minor basilica granted by Pope Pius XI. It was the fifth church of Barcelona to receive this title. The church was burned in July 1936, and was rebuilt after the end of the Spanish Civil War. The reconstruction of the temple", "title": "Basilica of Saint Joseph Oriol" }, { "id": "8450250", "score": "1.6381917", "text": "prevision is that the building will be finished in 2026. Today, even with portions of the basilica incomplete, it is still the most popular tourist destination in Barcelona with 1.5 million visitors every year. Gaudí spent 40 years of his life overseeing the project and is buried in the crypt. Also in Barcelona, construction on the Barcelona Cathedral started in 1298, but its dome and central tower only was finished in 1913, 615 years later. Germany's Cologne Cathedral took even longer to complete, from 1248 to 1880, a total of 632 years. It is not only buildings that have failed", "title": "Unfinished creative work" }, { "id": "699511", "score": "1.6315739", "text": "on which construction began in 2002, will be the largest and most monumental of the three and will represent one's ascension to God. It will also depict various scenes such as Hell, Purgatory, and will include elements such as the Seven deadly sins and the Seven heavenly virtues. Constructed between 1894 and 1930, the Nativity façade was the first façade to be completed. Dedicated to the birth of Jesus, it is decorated with scenes reminiscent of elements of life. Characteristic of Gaudí's naturalistic style, the sculptures are ornately arranged and decorated with scenes and images from nature, each a symbol", "title": "Sagrada Família" }, { "id": "699495", "score": "1.627703", "text": "stability. Describing Sagrada Família, art critic Rainer Zerbst said \"it is probably impossible to find a church building anything like it in the entire history of art\", and Paul Goldberger describes it as \"the most extraordinary personal interpretation of Gothic architecture since the Middle Ages\". The Basilica of the Sagrada Família was the inspiration of a bookseller, Josep Maria Bocabella, founder of Asociación Espiritual de Devotos de San José (Spiritual Association of Devotees of St. Joseph). After a visit to the Vatican in 1872, Bocabella returned from Italy with the intention of building a church inspired by the basilica at", "title": "Sagrada Família" }, { "id": "699493", "score": "1.61306", "text": "Art Nouveau forms. Gaudí devoted the remainder of his life to the project, and he is buried in the crypt. At the time of his death at age 73 in 1926, when he was run down by a streetcar, less than a quarter of the project was complete. Relying solely on private donations, Sagrada Familia's construction progressed slowly and was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War, only to resume intermittent progress in the 1950s. Since commencing construction in 1882, advancements in technologies such as computer aided design and computerised numerical control (CNC) have enabled faster progress and construction passed the", "title": "Sagrada Família" }, { "id": "50991", "score": "1.6121517", "text": "\"modernista\" architecture (related to the movement known as Art Nouveau in the rest of Europe) developed between 1885 and 1950 and left an important legacy in Barcelona. Several of these buildings are World Heritage Sites. Especially remarkable is the work of architect Antoni Gaudí, which can be seen throughout the city. His best-known work is the immense but still unfinished church of the Sagrada Família, which has been under construction since 1882 and is still financed by private donations. , completion is planned for 2026. Barcelona was also home to Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona Pavilion. Designed in 1929 for", "title": "Barcelona" }, { "id": "699504", "score": "1.6033196", "text": "scheduled, instructions to obtain an invitation are posted on the basilica's website. In addition, visitors may pray in the chapel of the Blessed Sacrament and Penitence. On 19 April 2011, an arsonist started a small fire in the sacristy which forced the evacuation of tourists and construction workers; the sacristy was damaged, and the fire took 45 minutes to contain. The style of la Sagrada Família is variously likened to Spanish Late Gothic, Catalan Modernism and to Art Nouveau or Catalan Noucentisme. While the Sagrada Família falls within the Art Nouveau period, Nikolaus Pevsner points out that, along with Charles", "title": "Sagrada Família" }, { "id": "18651436", "score": "1.5973711", "text": "apparition of the Virgin to St. Peter Nolasco, founder of the Order of Mercy. Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy The Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy (, ) is a Baroque-style basilica in Barcelona, Catalonia. It was built between 1765 and 1775, being the work of Catalan architect Josep Mas i Dordal. The dome of the church is crowned with the iconic statue of Our Lady that is visible from the seaside promenade near the drassanes. This church was the second in Barcelona to receive the title of minor basilica, preceded only by the Barcelona Cathedral. The title was", "title": "Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy" } ]

[ "androphobia", "Androphobia" ]

[ { "id": "6442547", "score": "1.4719381", "text": "existential psychotherapy designed the first empirical research into the male fear of the feminine with the results published in 2007 and presented to the public at the 2007 annual conference of the American Men's Studies Association (AMSA) and at the 2007 research conference of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). According to the various sources, the male fear of the feminine is connected to influences from their mothers and to cultural norms that prescribe how men must behave in order to feel accepted as men. When men experience vulnerable feelings and other feelings that are associated with women,", "title": "Masculine psychology" }, { "id": "18084287", "score": "1.4692945", "text": "Fear of Men (band) Fear of Men is a Brighton-based band that formed in early 2011 and consists of Jess Weiss (vocals/guitar), Daniel Falvey (guitars/keyboards) and Michael Miles (drums). On 12 February 2013 the band released a reverse chronological compilation of their early singles through Kanine Records called \"Early Fragments\". The band released their debut album \"Loom\" on April 2014 through Kanine Records. A limited edition Record Store Day Vinyl was released on 19 April 2014. In 2016 they released their second album \"Fall Forever\". Fear of Men was formed in early 2011 by Jessica Weiss and Daniel Falvey. For", "title": "Fear of Men (band)" }, { "id": "18084292", "score": "1.4167926", "text": "in manipulating sounds and building songs with computers, but we had to learn how to combine that with our live performance\". Fear of Men (band) Fear of Men is a Brighton-based band that formed in early 2011 and consists of Jess Weiss (vocals/guitar), Daniel Falvey (guitars/keyboards) and Michael Miles (drums). On 12 February 2013 the band released a reverse chronological compilation of their early singles through Kanine Records called \"Early Fragments\". The band released their debut album \"Loom\" on April 2014 through Kanine Records. A limited edition Record Store Day Vinyl was released on 19 April 2014. In 2016 they", "title": "Fear of Men (band)" }, { "id": "11167826", "score": "1.4004453", "text": "The Psychology of Hatred and Cruelty\", Wilhelm Stekel discusses \"horror feminae\" of a male masochist. In \"The Dread of Woman\" (1932), Karen Horney traced the male dread of woman to the boy's fear that his genital is inadequate in relation to the mother. Professor Eva Keuls argues that violent Amazons are the evidence of the obsessive fear of women in Classical Athens. Gynophobia Gynophobia or gynephobia is an abnormal fear of women, a type of specific social phobia. In the past, the Latin term horror feminae was used. Gynophobia should not be confused with misogyny, the hatred, contempt for and", "title": "Gynophobia" }, { "id": "6442549", "score": "1.3785945", "text": "research claimed that men do acknowledge that male fear of the feminine can have a strong influence on both hetero- and homosexual men. The research has also indicated that there appears to be a link between fear of the feminine and men's negative views about counseling and psychotherapy. In addition, this research has identified four possible groups of experiences that lead to male fear of the feminine, which relate to internal and external triggers. These are: Experiencing vulnerability and uncertainty; women who are strong and competent; women who are angry or aggressive; women who are like their mothers. Constructions of", "title": "Masculine psychology" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gynophobia\n\nGynophobia or gynephobia is a morbid fear of women, a type of specific social phobia. In the past, the Latin term horror feminae was used.\n\nGynophobia should not be confused with misogyny, the hatred, contempt for and prejudice against women, although some may use the terms interchangeably, in reference to the social, rather than pathological aspect of negative attitudes towards women. The antonym of misogyny is philogyny, the love, respect for and admiration of women.\n\nGynophobia is analogous with androphobia, the extreme and/or irrational fear of men. A subset of gynophobia is caligynephobia, or the fear of beautiful women.", "title": "Gynophobia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Homophobia\n\nHomophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who are identified or perceived as being lesbian, gay or bisexual. It has been defined as contempt, prejudice, aversion, hatred or antipathy, may be based on irrational fear and may also be related to religious beliefs. Negative attitudes towards transgender and transsexual people are known as transphobia.<ref name=\"Homophobia bundle\">*\n\nHomophobia is observable in critical and hostile behavior such as discrimination and violence on the basis of sexual orientations that are non-heterosexual. Recognized types of homophobia include \"institutionalized\" homophobia, e.g. religious homophobia and state-sponsored homophobia, and \"internalized\" homophobia, experienced by people who have same-sex attractions, regardless of how they identify.\n\nNegative attitudes toward identifiable LGBT groups have similar yet specific names: lesbophobia is the intersection of homophobia and sexism directed against lesbians, gayphobia is the dislike or hatred of gay men, biphobia targets bisexuality and bisexual people, and transphobia targets transgender and transsexual people and gender variance or gender role nonconformity. According to 2010 Hate Crimes Statistics released by the FBI National Press Office, 19.3 percent of hate crimes across the United States \"were motivated by a sexual orientation bias.\" Moreover, in a Southern Poverty Law Center 2010 \"Intelligence Report\" extrapolating data from fourteen years (1995–2008), which had complete data available at the time, of the FBI's national hate crime statistics found that LGBT people were \"far more likely than any other minority group in the United States to be victimized by violent hate crime.\"", "title": "Homophobia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Acrophobia\n\nAcrophobia is an extreme or irrational fear or phobia of heights, especially when one is not particularly high up. It belongs to a category of specific phobias, called space and motion discomfort, that share both similar causes and options for treatment.\n\nMost people experience a degree of natural fear when exposed to heights, known as the fear of falling. On the other hand, those who have little fear of such exposure are said to have a head for heights. A head for heights is advantageous for those hiking or climbing in mountainous terrain and also in certain jobs such as steeplejacks or wind turbine mechanics.\n\nPeople with acrophobia can experience a panic attack in high places and become too agitated to get themselves down safely. Approximately 2–5% of the general population has acrophobia, with twice as many women affected as men. The term is from the , , meaning \"peak, summit, edge\" and , , \"fear\".", "title": "Acrophobia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fear\n\nFear is an intensely unpleasant emotion in response to perceiving or recognizing a danger or threat. Fear causes physiological changes that may produce behavioral reactions such as mounting an aggressive response or fleeing the threat. Fear in human beings may occur in response to a certain stimulus occurring in the present, or in anticipation or expectation of a future threat perceived as a risk to oneself. The fear response arises from the perception of danger leading to confrontation with or escape from/avoiding the threat (also known as the fight-or-flight response), which in extreme cases of fear (horror and terror) can be a freeze response or paralysis.\n\nIn humans and other animals, fear is modulated by the process of cognition and learning. Thus, fear is judged as rational or appropriate and irrational or inappropriate. An irrational fear is called a phobia.\n\nFear is closely related to the emotion anxiety, which occurs as the result of threats that are perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable. The fear response serves survival by engendering appropriate behavioral responses, so it has been preserved throughout evolution. Sociological and organizational research also suggests that individuals' fears are not solely dependent on their nature but are also shaped by their social relations and culture, which guide their understanding of when and how much fear to feel.\n\nFear is sometimes incorrectly considered the opposite of courage. Because courage is a willingness to face adversity, fear is an example of a condition that makes the exercise of courage possible.", "title": "Fear" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ophidiophobia\n\nOphidiophobia (or ophiophobia) is a particular type of specific phobia, the irrational fear of snakes. It is sometimes called by a more general term, herpetophobia, fear of reptiles. The word comes from the Greek words \"ophis\" (), snake, and \"phobia\" () meaning fear.", "title": "Ophidiophobia" }, { "id": "6442545", "score": "1.3739976", "text": "are not tied to a compliance with heteronormative lifestyles. The male fear of the feminine is a phenomenon that has been discussed since the 1930s. It was first introduced by the German psychoanalyst and critic of Freudian theory, Karen Horney (1932) in her paper titled \"The Dread of Woman.\" Erich Neumann (1954), a German-born Jungian analyst, dedicated one essay to the discussion, titled \"The fear of the feminine\" (Orig: \"Die Angst vor dem Weiblichen\", 1959). Neumann regards \"patriarchal normality as a form of fear of the feminine\" (p. 261). A later contributor is Chris Blazina, a psychodynamic psychologist and professor", "title": "Masculine psychology" }, { "id": "135267", "score": "1.3583009", "text": "which in extreme cases of fear (horror and terror) can be a freeze response or paralysis. In humans and animals, fear is modulated by the process of cognition and learning. Thus fear is judged as rational or appropriate and irrational or inappropriate. An irrational fear is called a phobia. Psychologists such as John B. Watson, Robert Plutchik, and Paul Ekman have suggested that there is only a small set of basic or innate emotions and that fear is one of them. This hypothesized set includes such emotions as acute stress reaction, anger, angst, anxiety, fright, horror, joy, panic, and sadness.", "title": "Fear" }, { "id": "19437016", "score": "1.3507894", "text": "fearful about crime than men, but that dominant cultural ideas about masculinity may make men reluctant to talk about their fear or report it in surveys. Feminist discourse on fear of crime tends to explain women's higher levels of fear with the unequal gender structure in most societies, which places women beneath men within the power structure and thus puts them especially at risk for victimization by men. This theory refers to the oppressive social control of women, arguing that some crimes against women (such as rape) and the socialization that women receive to feel vulnerable and fear male violence", "title": "Women's fear of crime" }, { "id": "1868784", "score": "1.3482141", "text": "Fear and Trembling Fear and Trembling (original Danish title: \"Frygt og Bæven\") is a philosophical work by Søren Kierkegaard, published in 1843 under the pseudonym \"Johannes de silentio\" (\"John of the Silence\"). The title is a reference to a line from Philippians 2:12, \"...continue to work out your salvation with fear and trembling.\" — itself a probable reference to Psalms 55:5, \"Fear and trembling came upon me...\" (the Greek is identical). Kierkegaard wanted to understand the anxiety that must have been present in Abraham when \"God tested [him] and said to him, take Isaac, your only son, whom you love,", "title": "Fear and Trembling" }, { "id": "14289995", "score": "1.3439236", "text": "is left much like a dangerous animal, wary of human kindness. Dwight brings her flowers and is told that she's chewed through her restraints and escaped. Ten months later, posing as a prostitute, Diana lures a man and kills him, stepping out of his car and walking away. A news report attributes the resulting dozens of killings of sex offenders to a Vigilante dubbed \"The Southwest Slayer.\" This story has loosely based characteristics apparent in the real-life modus operandi of Alaskan serial killer Robert Hansen. Like Hansen, Colin Mandle is a successful, well-known business owner in the food industry, is", "title": "Naked Fear" }, { "id": "2505545", "score": "1.3394284", "text": "caused the fear. (The widely accepted scientific theory regarding inherent qualities is that of mutation). In some religions since ancient times, the birth of abnormal offspring has been associated with astrological or supernatural events. Karma is also believed in some eastern religions to be a cause of abnormalities. In other faiths, the cause is attributed to direct intervention by the will of God. In ancient Roman religion, for instance, biological abnormalities of animals and humans were \"monstra\" (\"monsters\"), and regarded as evidence of divine displeasure or discord in the cosmos. In the United States of the 1960s, especially during the", "title": "Freak" }, { "id": "6442548", "score": "1.3309529", "text": "men can become frightened. According to Kierski (2007), the fear of the feminine then acts in two ways: a) Like an internal monitor to ensure that men stay within the boundaries of what is regarded as masculine, i.e. being action orientated, self-reliant, guarded, and seemingly independent; b) if a man fails to experience this and feels out of control, vulnerable or dependent, the fear of the feminine can act like a defense, leading to splitting off, repressing, or projecting those feelings. Figure 1: Male fear of the feminine as an internal monitor and as a defense. Source: Werner Kierski. Kierski's", "title": "Masculine psychology" }, { "id": "18077671", "score": "1.3259722", "text": "they swim towards the ship: On hearing his companions' voices the captured spirit breaks free of his bonds and jumps overboard as he answers: Sailors thus believed that all blue men have names by which they address each other. Mackenzie's explanation of the legend of the blue men was based partly on research into the Annals of Ireland and goes back to the times of Harald Fairhair, the first Norse king, and his battles against the Vikings. The Scottish Gaelic term \"fear gorm\", meaning \"blue men\", is the descriptor for a black man according to Dwelly. Thus \"sruth nam fear", "title": "Blue men of the Minch" }, { "id": "7540267", "score": "1.3178395", "text": "Fear (Hubbard novella) Fear is a psychological thriller-horror novella by L. Ron Hubbard first appearing in \"Unknown Fantasy Fiction\" in July 1940. While previous editions followed the magazine text, the 1991 Bridge edition reportedly restores the author's original manuscript text. The novella is ranked 10th on Modern Library 100 Best Novels - The Reader's List. University professor James Lowry is a disbeliever in spirits or witches, or demons, so much so that he publishes an article in a newspaper denying the existence of them. He is warned of the possible repercussions by his friend Tommy Williams. That same afternoon his", "title": "Fear (Hubbard novella)" }, { "id": "4390796", "score": "1.316549", "text": "the man will call his wife or his girlfriend is uncertain, but perhaps he is just trying to build a fire and create hope and life for himself. There is also thought that the story's structural basis of domestic and wild, or unnatural and natural, is intended to be broken down, suggesting that structuring life via the unnatural (such as taking a second life partner or attending alcohol rehabilitation) suppresses the natural, recreating the subject, I. It is hinted in the story that submission to the unnatural structure is a natural process, and that, as is made particularly evident in", "title": "Where I'm Calling From" }, { "id": "7233355", "score": "1.3115988", "text": "the time. Some of them are good men, but in the name of goodness, they cause most of the suffering in the world. They're the judges, the meddlers. And, son, never trust a man who drinks but refuses to get drunk. They're usually afraid of something deep down inside, either that they're a coward or a fool or mean and violent. You can't trust a man who's afraid of himself. But sometimes, son, you can trust a man who occasionally kneels before a toilet. The chances are that he is learning something about humility and his natural human foolishness, about", "title": "James Crumley" }, { "id": "18896842", "score": "1.3080161", "text": "left and feel vulnerable, a phenomenon largely experienced by women and less universally by men. In an informal survey mentioned by Mary Dickson in her article, \"A Woman's Worst Nightmare\", many men reported that they do not feel fear when walking down the street. A man stated \"as a man, I'm afraid of very little.\" However, in that same survey, women listed numerous things they feared. One female responded, \"I'm always afraid in a situation where there's somebody that could overpower me easily. I lock my doors, park in lighted areas, don't run in dark areas.\" This informal survey suggests", "title": "Rape schedule" }, { "id": "11167823", "score": "1.3060985", "text": "Gynophobia Gynophobia or gynephobia is an abnormal fear of women, a type of specific social phobia. In the past, the Latin term horror feminae was used. Gynophobia should not be confused with misogyny, the hatred, contempt for and prejudice against women, although some may use the terms interchangeably, in reference to the social, rather than pathological aspect of negative attitudes towards women. The antonym of misogyny is philogyny, the love, respect for and admiration of women. This term is analogous with androphobia, the abnormal or irrational fear of men. The term \"gynophobia\" comes from the Greek γυνή - \"gunē\", meaning", "title": "Gynophobia" }, { "id": "2604122", "score": "1.3049133", "text": "Astraphobia Astraphobia, also known as astrapophobia, brontophobia, keraunophobia, or tonitrophobia is an abnormal fear of thunder and lightning, a type of specific phobia. It is a treatable phobia that both humans and animals can develop. The term astraphobia is composed of the words ἀστραπή (astrape; lightning) and φόβος (phobos; fear). A person with astraphobia will often feel anxious during a thunderstorm even when they understand that the threat to them is minimal. Some symptoms are those accompanied with many phobias, such as trembling, crying, sweating, panicked reactions, the sudden feeling of using the bathroom, nausea, the feeling of dread, insertion", "title": "Astraphobia" }, { "id": "13083610", "score": "1.2986155", "text": "is described using the Greek word φόβος (\"phobos\", \"fear/horror\"), except in 1 Timothy 2:10, where Paul describes γυναιξὶν ἐπαγγελλομέναις θεοσέβειαν (\"gynaixin epangellomenais theosebeian\"), \"women professing the fear of God\", using the word θεοσέβεια (\"theosebeia\"). Roman Catholicism counts this fear as one of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. In , the fear of the Lord is described as the \"discipline\" or \"instruction\" of wisdom. Writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, Jacques Forget explains that this gift \"fills us with a sovereign respect for God, and makes us dread, above all things, to offend Him.\" In an April 2006 article published", "title": "Fear of God" } ]

[ "cimarron county", "cimarron county ok", "cimarron county oklahoma", "Cimarron County, Oklahoma", "Cimarron County, OK", "Cimarron County" ]

[ { "id": "917783", "score": "1.7200825", "text": "is the only place in the US less than from five different states: from Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas and from Colorado. The Boise City Airport is located approximately four miles north of Boise City. Cimarron County is the only county in the United States that borders four states: Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas. As a result, Cimarron County is the only county in the United States to border at least five counties from five different states (one from each of the four aforementioned states, plus one in Oklahoma and a second county in Texas). As of the 2010", "title": "Cimarron County, Oklahoma" }, { "id": "300960", "score": "1.6920416", "text": "was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd meridian. Cimarron County in Oklahoma's panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states: New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, and Kansas. Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed, generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "id": "924638", "score": "1.6099808", "text": "County is one of the few counties in the U.S. to border counties from four different states. One of its neighbors is Cimarron County, Oklahoma, the only US county to border counties from five different states. As of the 2000 census, there were 4,174 people, 1,733 households, and 1,176 families residing in the county. The population density was 1.1 people per square mile (0.4/km²). There were 2,225 housing units at an average density of 1 per square mile (0/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 80.38% White, 0.96% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 16.00% from other races,", "title": "Union County, New Mexico" }, { "id": "6727261", "score": "1.5588803", "text": "Pontotoc, Hughes, McIntosh, and Okmulgee counties, and smaller parts of Logan, Garvin, Murray, Pawnee, Tulsa, Wagoner, and Washington counties. The towns of Sand Springs, Sapulpa, Ada, and Shawnee, Oklahoma fall within this large area; Bartlesville and Okmulgee lie on the eastern edge. In Oklahoma, this belt of woodland covers all of Marshall County and parts of Love, Carter, Johnston, and Bryan counties, but in Texas, this region exists as a long, very narrow strip of dense forest stretching from the Red River to just north of Waco, Texas. It passes through northwestern Grayson County, eastern Cooke, Denton and Tarrant counties,", "title": "Cross Timbers" }, { "id": "917839", "score": "1.5285523", "text": "1931 bloodless boundary conflict between the U.S. states of Oklahoma and Texas over an existing toll bridge and a new free bridge crossing the Red River between Grayson County, Texas and Bryan County, Oklahoma. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (4.2%) is water. The county is in the Coastal Plains physiographic region, and is mostly drained by the Blue River. The Washita River originally drained much of the western part of the county, but now empties into Lake Texoma, which forms much of the southern boundary of", "title": "Bryan County, Oklahoma" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cimarron County, Oklahoma\n\nCimarron County is the westernmost county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Its county seat is Boise City. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,296, making it the least-populous county in Oklahoma; and indeed, throughout most of its history, it has had both the smallest population and the lowest population density of any county in Oklahoma. Located in the Oklahoma Panhandle, Cimarron County contains the only community in the state (Kenton) that observes the Mountain Time Zone. Black Mesa, the highest point in the state, is in the northwest corner of the county. The Cimarron County community of Regnier has the distinction of being the driest spot in Oklahoma ranked by lowest annual average precipitation, at just 15.62 inches; but at the same time, Boise City is the snowiest location in Oklahoma ranked by highest annual average snowfall, at 31.6 inches.", "title": "Cimarron County, Oklahoma" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of counties by U.S. state and territory\n\nThe following is a list of the 3,143 counties and county-equivalents in the 50 states and District of Columbia sorted by U.S. state, plus an additional 100 county-equivalents in the U.S. territories sorted by territory. ", "title": "List of counties by U.S. state and territory" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of United States tornadoes in June 2023" }, { "id": "917167", "score": "1.5245664", "text": "Beaver River and Coldwater Creek, is north of Hardesty. Texas County is one of four counties in the United States to border the state with which it shares its name (the other three are Nevada County, California, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, and Ohio County, West Virginia). As of the 2010 census, there were 20,640 people, 7,212 households, and 5,147 families residing in the county. The population density was 4/km² (10/mi²). There were 8,208 housing units at an average density of 2/km² (4/mi²). The racial makeup of the county was 75.7% White, 1.6% Black or African American, 1.3% Native American, 1.6% Asian,", "title": "Texas County, Oklahoma" }, { "id": "939128", "score": "1.5129302", "text": "along with the current towns of Farwell, Texline, and part of Glenrio, appear to be within the State of Texas. New Mexico's short border with Oklahoma, in contrast, was surveyed on the correct meridian. New Mexico's draft constitution in 1910 stated that the border is on the 103rd meridian as intended. The disputed strip, hundreds of miles long, includes parts of valuable oilfields of the Permian Basin. A bill was passed in the New Mexico Senate to fund and file a lawsuit in the U.S. Supreme Court to recover the strip from Texas, but the bill did not become law.", "title": "Andrews County, Texas" }, { "id": "7998560", "score": "1.5100298", "text": "affirmed that the earlier demarcation was the official boundary. The borders of Colorado are now officially defined by 697 boundary markers connected by straight boundary lines. Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah are the only states that have their borders defined solely by straight boundary lines with no natural features. The southwest corner of Colorado is the Four Corners Monument at 36°59'56\"N, 109°2'43\"W. This is the only place in the United States where four states meet: Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. The summit of Mount Elbert at elevation in Lake County is the state's highest point and the highest point in", "title": "Geography of Colorado" }, { "id": "955687", "score": "1.5073783", "text": "Mexico, and Utah). The \"border\" with San Juan County, Colorado, is, however, only a point of zero length. As of the census of 2000, there were 23,830 people, 9,201 households, and 6,514 families residing in the county. The population density was 12 people per square mile (5/km²). There were 10,497 housing units at an average density of 5 per square mile (2/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 81.72% White, 0.14% Black or African American, 11.23% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 4.26% from other races, and 2.38% from two or more races. 9.50% of the population were", "title": "Montezuma County, Colorado" }, { "id": "938968", "score": "1.4949515", "text": "an estimated 116,957 guardsmen were stationed along the border from California to Texas. As the mines and wax factories played out after World War I, raiders from across the border abated. During the 1918 influenza epidemic, an African American nurse, Viola Pettus, living in the border area of Brewster County became legendary for her courageous and selfless treatment of anyone with the disease – including raiders and refugees from Mexico, and local members of the Ku Klux Klan. Big Bend National Park was established as a state park in 1933 by the state legislature, and expanded the same year by", "title": "Brewster County, Texas" }, { "id": "6140352", "score": "1.4929104", "text": "crossing at Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, and El Paso, Texas. Westward from El Paso–Juárez, it crosses vast tracts of the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts to the Colorado River Delta and San Diego–Tijuana, before reaching the Pacific Ocean. Along this border are 23 U.S. counties and 39 Mexican municipalities. Following the Boundary Treaty of 1970 between Mexico and the United States that settled all the pending boundary disputes and uncertainties related to the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) border, the national continental border extends , excluding the maritime boundaries of in the Pacific Ocean and in the Gulf of Mexico. According", "title": "Mexico–United States border" }, { "id": "912924", "score": "1.4899433", "text": "Rio Conchos. Berroterán crossed the southern border, where at a spring near Dryden, legend has it that he placed a large wooden cross. Six years later, another Spaniard, Blas María de la Garza Falcón, found the cross while conducting an expedition in the area and named the spot Santa Cruz de Maya. Captain Samuel Highsmith, under the command of John Coffee Hays, crossed the county in 1848 in an ill-fated expedition to open a road from San Antonio to El Paso. In 1851 Army officer and geographer Lt. Nathaniel Michler, working under Major William H. Emory, mapped this portion of", "title": "Terrell County, Texas" }, { "id": "944497", "score": "1.487839", "text": "Natrona, Pratt. In 1888, this main line was extended to Liberal. Later, this line was extended to Tucumcari, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas. This line is called the \"Golden State Limited\". According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.09%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,647 people, 3,963 households, and 2,639 families residing in the county. The population density was 13 people per square mile (5/km²). There were 4,633 housing units at an average density of 6 per square mile (2/km²). The racial", "title": "Pratt County, Kansas" }, { "id": "955963", "score": "1.4875524", "text": "Republican. The last Democrat to carry the county was Lyndon Johnson in his 1964 landslide – when he carried all bar three Colorado counties – and since the \"Reagan Revolution\" only Michael Dukakis had exceeded thirty percent of the county's vote for the Democratic Party, whilst in 2016 Hillary Clinton received a mere thirteen percent. Baca County, Colorado Baca County is the southeasternmost of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,788. The county seat is Springfield. Baca County was created by the Colorado legislature on April 16, 1889, out", "title": "Baca County, Colorado" }, { "id": "13740510", "score": "1.4831126", "text": "Sustainable Development, \"the Texas Triangle has three sides measuring 271, 198, and 241 miles in ground distance.\" There are 66 counties within the Texas Triangle. They are as follows: Atascosa, Austin, Bandera, Bastrop, Bell, Bexar, Brazoria, Brazos, Burleson, Caldwell, Chambers, Collin, Colorado, Comal, Cooke, Coryell, Dallas, Delta, Denton, Ellis, Falls, Fayette, Fort Bend, Freestone, Galveston, Gonzales, Grayson, Grimes, Guadalupe, Hardin, Harris, Hays, Henderson, Hill, Hood, Houston, Hunt, Jefferson, Johnson, Kaufman, Kendall, Lavaca, Lee, Leon, Liberty, Limestone, Madison, McLennan, Medina, Milam, Montgomery, Navarro, Orange, Parker, Rockwall, San Jacinto, Somervell, Tarrant, Travis, Walker, Waller, Washington, Wharton, Williamson, Wilson, and Wise The term", "title": "Texas Triangle" }, { "id": "1227576", "score": "1.4827257", "text": "In 1924, Morton became the county seat over a town called Ligon. The Slaughters had founded Ligon and were hoping that it would become county seat. Cochran County's western boundary is along the Texas - New Mexico border. Ranches continued to be sold as farmland throughout the 1920s. According to the \"Handbook of Texas\", a family named Winder was so large that it doubled the population of Morton. Mrs. Mary Winder served as Morton's first postmistress (1924–1943). Since Cochran County was one of the last in the state to be broken out into farmland and settled, the motto for Morton", "title": "Morton, Texas" }, { "id": "3037411", "score": "1.480361", "text": "“redbed country” of the Rolling Plains and to the south of the Llano Estacado lies the Edwards Plateau. The Rolling Plains and the Edwards Plateau subregions act as transitional zones between eastern and western Texas. The counties included in the West Texas region vary depending on the organization. The \"Texas Counties.net\" website acknowledges the variations, and includes 70 counties in its definition, based on the five principal metropolitan areas it contains: El Paso, Lubbock, Abilene, Midland/Odessa, and San Angelo. The counties included are Andrews, Bailey, Borden, Brewster, Brown, Callahan, Castro, Cochran, Coke, Coleman, Comanche, Concho, Crane, Crockett, Crosby, Culberson, Dawson,", "title": "West Texas" }, { "id": "2457217", "score": "1.478384", "text": "the last areas to submit to law enforcement—by the governments of New Spain, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, state of Texas, or the United States). Renegade clans controlled local governments, especially in Shelby County, well into the first quarter of the 20th century. The area contains two of the oldest towns in Texas; Nacogdoches, the oldest town in Texas, dating from 18th century, and San Augustine, the oldest \"Anglo\" settlement in Texas, dating from the 1820s. People of English, Scottish, Scots-Irish, and to a lesser extent Welsh ancestry predominate in the region, which is in contrast to South Central Texas", "title": "East Texas" }, { "id": "939127", "score": "1.4750919", "text": "and other federal waste. The company employs 130 people or about 1% of the total labor force in Andrews and Andrews County. For years there has been a simmering dispute over which state these waste sites are lawfully a part of: Texas or New Mexico? The straight north-south border between the two states was originally defined as the 103rd meridian, but the 1859 survey that was supposed to mark that boundary mistakenly set the border between 2.29 and 3.77 miles too far west of that line, making the Waste Control Specialists waste sites, which are west of the 103rd meridian,", "title": "Andrews County, Texas" }, { "id": "913430", "score": "1.4735217", "text": "of that line, making the current towns of Farwell, Texline and the east part of Glenrio appear to be within the State of Texas. New Mexico's short border with Oklahoma, in contrast, was surveyed on the correct meridian. New Mexico's draft constitution in 1910 stated that the border is on the 103rd meridian as intended. The disputed strip, hundreds of miles long, includes parts of valuable oilfields of the Permian Basin. A bill was passed in the New Mexico Senate to fund and file a lawsuit in the U.S. Supreme Court to recover the strip from Texas, but the bill", "title": "Oldham County, Texas" } ]

[ "kingdom of swaziland", "ISO 3166-1:SZ", "capital of swaziland", "swazi kingdom", "umbuso weswatini", "Umbuso waseSwatini", "Kingdom of Swaziland", "Health in Swaziland", "health care in swaziland", "Capital of Swaziland", "iso 3166 1 sz", "Swaziland", "People of Swaziland", "Swazi kingdom", "swasiland", "administrative divisions of swaziland", "health in swaziland", "Swazi Kingdom", "Health care in Swaziland", "Umbuso weSwatini", "umbuso waseswatini", "Government of Swaziland", "government of swaziland", "swaziland", "Swasiland", "people of swaziland", "Administrative divisions of Swaziland" ]

[ { "id": "11357351", "score": "1.5555229", "text": "are 58 such countries mentioned throughout the book. In his book \"Wars, Guns, and Votes\", Collier lists the Bottom Billion, to \"focus international effort\": Afghanistan, Angola, Azerbaijan, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao PDR, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Moldova, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Martin", "title": "The Bottom Billion" }, { "id": "17635997", "score": "1.5414346", "text": "A second season is currently in pre-production. Audition venues and dates for cycle 2 have yet to be revealed. In 2008, a similar adaptation titled \"West Africa's Next Top Model\" was planned and would have featured contestants originating from the West African countries of Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Liberia and Nigeria. The competition was also supposed to be hosted by Oluchi Onweagba. Auditions began in March 2009, but due to unknown reasons, the series was left without a station and never aired, and no contestants were selected. On 12 February 2016, a federal high court in Abuja dismissed", "title": "Africa's Next Top Model" }, { "id": "11636014", "score": "1.524719", "text": "2013, Japan dispatched a Public and Private Sector Joint Mission for Promoting Trade and Investment for Africa to the Republic of the Congo, the Gabonese Republic, and Côte d'Ivoire. Thus, Japan hopes to further develop its relations with Africa through such follow-up measures to TICAD V. Furthermore, Prime Minister Abe visited three African countries in January 2014, fulfilling his promise at TICAD V to visit Africa in the near future. TICAD VI will be the first TICAD to be held in Africa. Kenya and Gambia had bid for the chance to hold it, but Gambia withdrew to allow Kenya to", "title": "Tokyo International Conference on African Development" }, { "id": "19461988", "score": "1.5202203", "text": "the continent and enabling participants to develop multinational and cross-industry contacts and partnerships, as well as to build up their expertise and abilities. The conference series was inaugurated at the United Nations Conference Centre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2006 and has since visited Kenya, Ghana, Senegal, Zambia, Tanzania, Benin, Namibia, Uganda, Ethiopia, Egypt and Mauritius. Some of the Keynote speakers at the 2016 conference included Ismail Serageldin, Thierry Zomahoun, Günter Nooke, Toyosi Akerele-Ogunsiji and Toby Shapshak. eLearning Africa 2018 will be held from 26 - 28 September at the Kigali Convention Centre located in Kigali, Rwanda. Delegates are decision-makers", "title": "ELearning Africa" }, { "id": "18115043", "score": "1.5166129", "text": "a satellite campus at the Administrative Staff College of Nigeria (ASCON), near Lagos, Nigeria. The one at Dakar, Senegal is for French speaking West Africans. There is a YALI Regional Leadership Center for East Africans, it is located at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya it serves citizens of the following countries: Burundi, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. The Southern African Regional Leadership Center is at University of South Africa (UNISA) School of Business Leadership (SBL), near Pretoria, South Africa with a satellite campus", "title": "Young African Leaders Initiative" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of African Union member states by political system\n\nAfrican Union (AU) member states have various forms of government. The Constitutive Act of the African Union makes no provision for what type of government a member state may or must have, but states:\nThis clause has only been applied to Mauritania after its 2005 coup d'état, to Madagascar as a result of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis and to Togo during its political crisis in April 2005.\n\nSeveral political systems of governance are represented in the AU, including stable, competitive democracies (Botswana, Cape Verde), systems dominated by single parties, and even a failed state that exists in a \"de jure\" capacity (Somalia) and a government in exile (Western Sahara's Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.)", "title": "List of African Union member states by political system" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Organisation of African Unity\n\nThe Organisation of African Unity (OAU; , OUA) was an intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 32 signatory governments. One of the main heads for OAU's establishment was Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairman, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and replaced by the African Union (AU). Some of the key aims of the OAU were to encourage political and economic integration among member states, and to eradicate colonialism and neo-colonialism from the African continent.\n\nThe absence of an armed force like that of the United Nations left the organization with no means to enforce its decisions. It was also not willing to become involved in the internal affairs of member nations prompting some critics to claim the OAU as a forum for rhetoric, not action. Recognizing this, the OAU in September 1999 issued the Declaration, calling for a new body to take its place. On 9 July 2002, this happened with the creation of the African Union. The African Union continues to this day to uphold many of the founding principles of the OAU.", "title": "Organisation of African Unity" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Judicial Committee of the Privy Council\n\nThe Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) is the highest court of appeal for the Crown Dependencies, the British Overseas Territories, some Commonwealth countries and a few institutions in the United Kingdom. Established on 14 August 1833 to hear appeals formerly heard by the King-in-Council, the Privy Council formerly acted as the court of last resort for the entire British Empire, other than for the United Kingdom itself.\n\nFormally a statutory committee of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, the Judicial Committee consists of senior judges who are Privy Councillors; they are predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and senior judges from the Commonwealth of Nations. Although it is often simply referred to as the 'Privy Council', the Judicial Committee is only one constituent part of the Council. In Commonwealth realms, appeals are nominally made to \"His Majesty in Council\" (i.e. the British monarch as formally advised by his Privy Counsellors), who then refers the case to the Judicial Committee for \"advice\", while in republics in the Commonwealth of Nations retaining the JCPC as their final court of appeal, appeals are made directly to the Judicial Committee itself. The panel of judges (typically five in number) hearing a particular case is known as \"the Board\". The report of the Board is, by convention, always accepted by the King-in-Council as judgment.", "title": "Judicial Committee of the Privy Council" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of bar associations in Africa\n\nThis List of bar associations in Africa includes bar associations in countries in Africa, many of which were members of the International Bar Association .\nThe East Africa Law Society includes many individual members plus six national Bar associations: Law Society of Kenya, Tanganyika Law Society, Uganda Law Society, Zanzibar Law Society, Kigali Bar Association and Burundi Bar Association.\nNational Bar Council of South Africa \nwww.nationalbarcouncil.co.za\n", "title": "List of bar associations in Africa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Decolonisation of Africa\n\nThe decolonisation of Africa was a process that took place in the mid-to-late 1950s to 1975 during the Cold War, with radical government changes on the continent as colonial governments made the transition to independent states. The process was often marred with violence, political turmoil, widespread unrest, and organised revolts in both northern and sub-Saharan countries including the Algerian War in French Algeria, the Angolan War of Independence in Portuguese Angola, the Congo Crisis in the Belgian Congo, the Mau Mau Uprising in British Kenya, the Zanzibar Revolution in the Sultanate of Zanzibar, and the Nigerian Civil War in the secessionist state of Biafra.", "title": "Decolonisation of Africa" }, { "id": "141138", "score": "1.5038748", "text": "Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe And", "title": "FIDE" }, { "id": "3165236", "score": "1.5020516", "text": "Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sénégal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, México, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela Bahrain, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Republic of China (Taiwan), East Timor, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan,", "title": "Apostolic Nunciature" }, { "id": "20245318", "score": "1.4950926", "text": "platform for African countries to discuss how to realize the digital migration in Africa. At the forum held in May 2017, over 400 delegates from 46 African and Asian countries were present at the seminar, including more than 30 ministers of information and communication from African countries, like Nigeria, Central Africa Republic, Chad, Guinea, Liberia, Malawi, Zambia, DR Congo and Ethiopia. The 8th edition of the Seminar held in Beijing in June 2018 recorded a landmark in attendance with over 400 delegates, dignitaries, heads of broadcasting corporations and guests from 48 African and Asian countries, with a focus on reviewing", "title": "StarTimes" }, { "id": "19163132", "score": "1.4949565", "text": "October 17, 2013 The ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani, a Swahili trading city, are toured. Also: big-game fishing in the Indian Ocean. The Man-eaters of Tsavo \"Season 1, Episode 8\" October 24, 2013 The mane-less lions of Kenya's Tsavo region are observed. Mombasa: The Center of It All \"Season 1, Episode 9\" October 31, 2013 The Portuguese and Arab roles in the slave trade are explored during a visit to the East Coast of Africa. Also: a snorkeling expedition. Arusha-Manyara Hidden Wonders of the North \"Season 1, Episode 10\" November 7, 2013 The Great Rift Valley in Africa is visited. The", "title": "Journeys In Africa" }, { "id": "14331692", "score": "1.4947203", "text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo; Equatorial Guinea (including the island of Bioko); Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gabon; the Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mozambique; Namibia; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa (Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Transvaal; and Swaziland); Sudan; Tanzania (including the Zanzibar Archipelago); Togo; Uganda; Zambia; and Zimbabwe); Asia (in most of the Arabian Peninsula; Bhutan; Burma; China, in the provinces of Fujian, southern Guangdong, western Guangxi, southwestern Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan; India; Indonesia; southern Japan in Kyushu prefecture and the Ryukyu Islands; Malaysia; Nepal; Papua New Guinea; the Philippines; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Thailand; and Vietnam); and", "title": "Trema orientalis" }, { "id": "19163134", "score": "1.4908943", "text": "Southern Circuit \"Season 1, Episode 13\" November 28, 2013 Season 1 concludes at Mikumi National Park in Tanzania. Included: the salt works at the edge of the park. Masai Mara: Where Lion Is King \"Season 2, Episode 1\" January 7, 2015 Part 1 of 2. The Season 2 premiere features a wildebeest migration in Kenya's Masai Mara wildlife reserve. Masai Mara: Land of the Leopard \"Season 2, Episode 2\" January 14, 2015 Conclusion. In Kenya's Masai Mara wildlife reserve, host Bill Ball goes in search of leopards. Along the way, he spots a newborn gazelle trying to walk for the", "title": "Journeys In Africa" }, { "id": "12738662", "score": "1.4856247", "text": "Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Ireland, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Swaziland, Sweden,", "title": "Durban Review Conference" }, { "id": "19163130", "score": "1.4834479", "text": "Journeys In Africa Journeys in Africa is a thirteen part series hosted by Bill Ball featuring Africa's wildlife and culture. A travelogue that explores the African continent, including big cities and small villages. The first season premiered September 5, 2013 and the second season premiered January 7, 2015. Serengeti: The Great Migration \"Season 1, Episode 1\" September 5, 2013 Africa's Serengeti region is visited in the first episode of the travel series. Zanzibar: The Original Spice Island \"Season 1, Episode 2\" September 12, 2013 A tour of Zanzibar, which is located off the coast of Tanzania. Safari 101 \"Season 1,", "title": "Journeys In Africa" }, { "id": "11276044", "score": "1.4818687", "text": "Idols (East African TV series) Idols East Africa was a singing competition, serving as the second season of the pan-African franchise of the Idol series after Idols West Africa. It premiered on April 6, 2008 and ended on July 27, 2008. Participating countries are located on the eastern and southern parts of Africa such as Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Audition venues will be held in each of these countries. The competition is also open to citizens of Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Réunion, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, and Swaziland, but would have", "title": "Idols (East African TV series)" }, { "id": "19163135", "score": "1.4773612", "text": "first time. Cape Town: Africa's Malibu \"Season 2, Episode 3\" January 21, 2015 Cape Town, South Africa, is toured. Included: the city's architecture; nearby vineyards; Africa's only penguin species; and the fabled Cape of Good Hope. Amboseli: Land of Extremes \"Season 2, Episode 4\" January 28, 2015 Amboseli National Park in Kenya is toured. Included: elephants; African buffalo; hippos; and birds. Host Bill Ball also visits with the local Maasai to see how they are adjusting to encroaching civilization. Nakuru: Wonderland of Africa \"Season 2, Episode 5\" February 4, 2015 Parks in western Kenya are toured. Victoria Falls: The Land", "title": "Journeys In Africa" }, { "id": "10406891", "score": "1.476841", "text": "Mission Africa (TV series) Mission Africa is a 12-part prime time television series produced by Diverse Bristol for BBC One and BBC Worldwide which follows fifteen trainees from the building trade, selected from hundreds of applicants across the UK, as they undertake various building and conservation projects. The 12 part series ran beginning of January 2007. The project follows the 15 apprentices into the hostile frontier lands of Northern Kenya, with their expedition leader Ken Hames \"(Beyond Boundaries)\" and new foreman Nick Knowles \"(DIY SOS)\". The team find themselves in the Sera Conservancy, marooned by a dry river bed with", "title": "Mission Africa (TV series)" }, { "id": "20562955", "score": "1.4765344", "text": "for 10,000 African Villages”. The 25 countries are: Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique, Côte d'Ivoire, Malawi, Uganda, Zambia, D.R.C., Guinea, Ghana, Senegal, Cameroon, Rwanda, Burundi, Benin, Eritrea, Chad, Central Africa, Congo Brazzaville, Guinea-Bissau, Namibia and Gabon. Chinese government will aid each village with two Projector TVs, one 32 inch Digital TV set and 20 DTH decoders and satellite dishes. Projector TVs and Digital TV set will be equipped with solar power systems and DTH access units. The Projector TV can project more than 120 inches picture screen in the wall and use DLP technology and LED light source", "title": "Access to Satellite TV for 10,000 African Villages" }, { "id": "15242891", "score": "1.4763117", "text": "Coast; Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika; Lagos; Mauritius; Natal; Niger Coast Protectorate (now part of Southern Nigeria); Nigeria; Northern Nigeria; Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia); Nyasaland; Orange Free State; Rhodesia; St. Helena; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Union of South Africa; Southern Nigeria; Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe); South-West Africa; Transvaal; Uganda Protectorate; Zanzibar; Zululand. Of particular note for quality and completeness are the collections of Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius, Orange Free State, and Rhodesia. Mosely spared no efforts to try to make his collection as complete as possible, and included all known varieties, as well as essays, proofs, 'specimens', and stamps on original", "title": "Mosely Collection" }, { "id": "20709479", "score": "1.4754882", "text": "African countries – Botswana, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Seychelles, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. In total, there were fourteen (14) females and thirteen (13) males. The Forum was also attended by various dignitaries including the Minister of Tourism of South Africa, Mr. Derek Hanekom who delivered a keynote address at the Opening Ceremony while the Closing Ceremony featured the Deputy Director General of Institutional Governance, who was representing the Deputy Minister of Arts and Culture, Ms. Rejoice Thizwilondi Mabudafhasi. Representatives from the Kenyan High Commission, Robben", "title": "African World Heritage Day" }, { "id": "19444021", "score": "1.4726613", "text": "Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali Morocco, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Chad, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. In the American continent, Presse Africaine on satellite broadcasts its programs in 25 countries, including Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Dominican, Cuba, Ecuador, United States, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. While seeking to introduce more prospects through the rest of the", "title": "Presse Africaine" } ]

[ "leander boat club", "leander club", "The Leander Club", "Leander Rowing Club", "Leander Boat Club", "Leander Club", "leander rowing club" ]

[ { "id": "3440639", "score": "1.8603754", "text": "Leander Club Leander Club, founded in 1818, is one of the oldest rowing clubs in the world, and the oldest non-academic club. It is based in Remenham in Berkshire, England and adjoins Henley-on-Thames. Only three other surviving clubs were founded prior to Leander: Brasenose College Boat Club and Jesus College Boat Club (the two competing in a Head race in 1815) and Westminster School Boat Club, founded in 1813. Leander was founded on the Tideway in 1818 or 1819 by members of the old \"Star\" and \"Arrow\" Clubs and membership was at first limited to sixteen. \"The Star\" and \"the", "title": "Leander Club" }, { "id": "3440645", "score": "1.8581216", "text": "hippopotamus motifs). Leander Club Leander Club, founded in 1818, is one of the oldest rowing clubs in the world, and the oldest non-academic club. It is based in Remenham in Berkshire, England and adjoins Henley-on-Thames. Only three other surviving clubs were founded prior to Leander: Brasenose College Boat Club and Jesus College Boat Club (the two competing in a Head race in 1815) and Westminster School Boat Club, founded in 1813. Leander was founded on the Tideway in 1818 or 1819 by members of the old \"Star\" and \"Arrow\" Clubs and membership was at first limited to sixteen. \"The Star\"", "title": "Leander Club" }, { "id": "5516954", "score": "1.8515887", "text": "1879 at a cost of over £3000. Thames, under its captain James Hastie, was now established as a mainstay of amateur rowing in London, and as a rival to its Putney neighbour London Rowing Club. In 1879 Thames, like London, was one of the founder clubs of the Metropolitan Rowing Association which later became the (defunct) Amateur Rowing Association (ARA). This early period was the time of the great Victorian amateur. Many Thames members were keen on all sports and the club itself also had an influence beyond rowing: In December 1867, Thames organised a two and a half mile", "title": "Thames Rowing Club" }, { "id": "10097018", "score": "1.8486469", "text": "and Glynne Davies in the early 1970s. A number of renowned oarsmen have passed through the club membership, including many World and Olympic medalists. In 2014 two crews won the club's first trophies at Henley. They were: The Wyfold Challenge Cup The Britannia Challenge Cup Upper Thames Rowing Club Upper Thames Rowing Club is an English rowing club. It is based at Remenham in Berkshire, on the River Thames near the town of Henley-on-Thames, with a clubhouse and frontage on the course of the Henley Royal Regatta. The club was established in 1963. In 1964 the club entered its first", "title": "Upper Thames Rowing Club" }, { "id": "10097017", "score": "1.8255271", "text": "Upper Thames Rowing Club Upper Thames Rowing Club is an English rowing club. It is based at Remenham in Berkshire, on the River Thames near the town of Henley-on-Thames, with a clubhouse and frontage on the course of the Henley Royal Regatta. The club was established in 1963. In 1964 the club entered its first crew for Henley Royal Regatta in the Thames Cup. The crew was composed of: One of the earliest crews to enter for the World Veteran Rowing Championships (the World Masters Regatta) was a coxless four from Upper Thames comprising Peter Sutherland, Sid Rand, Derek Thurgood", "title": "Upper Thames Rowing Club" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rowing (sport)\n\nRowing, sometimes called crew in the United States, is the sport of racing boats using oars. It differs from paddling sports in that rowing oars are attached to the boat using oarlocks, while paddles are not connected to the boat. Rowing is divided into two disciplines: sculling and sweep rowing. In sculling, each rower holds two oars—one in each hand, while in sweep rowing each rower holds one oar with both hands. There are several boat classes in which athletes may compete, ranging from single sculls, occupied by one person, to shells with eight rowers and a coxswain, called eights. There are a wide variety of course types and formats of racing, but most elite and championship level racing is conducted on calm water courses long with several lanes marked using buoys.\n\nModern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 17th century when professional watermen held races (regattas) on the River Thames in London, England. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies. Amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of \"boat clubs\" at British public schools. Similarly, clubs were formed at colleges within Oxford and Cambridge in the early nineteenth century. Public rowing clubs were beginning at the same time in England, Germany, the United States. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale College.\n\nRowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take place due to bad weather. Male rowers have competed since the 1900 Summer Olympics. Women's rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976. Today, there are fourteen boat classes which race at the Olympics.<ref name=\"Tokyo 2020\" /> \nIn addition, the sport's governing body, the World Rowing Federation, holds the annual World Rowing Championships with twenty-two boat classes.\n\nAcross six continents, 150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport. Major domestic competitions take place in dominant rowing nations and include The Boat Race and Henley Royal Regatta in the United Kingdom, the Australian Rowing Championships in Australia, the Harvard–Yale Regatta and Head of the Charles Regatta in the United States, and the Royal Canadian Henley Regatta in Canada. Many other competitions often exist for racing between clubs, schools, and universities in each nation.", "title": "Rowing (sport)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Regency era\n\nThe Regency era of British history officially spanned the years 1811 to 1820, though the term is commonly applied to the longer period between and 1837. King George III succumbed to mental illness in late 1810 and, by the Regency Act 1811, his eldest son George, Prince of Wales, was appointed prince regent to discharge royal functions. When George III died in 1820, the Prince Regent succeeded him as George IV. In terms of periodisation, the longer timespan is roughly the final third of the Georgian era (1714–1837), encompassing the last 25 years or so of George III's reign, including the official Regency, and the complete reigns of both George IV and his brother William IV. It ends with the accession of Queen Victoria in June 1837 and is followed by the Victorian era (1837–1901).\n\nAlthough the Regency era is remembered as a time of refinement and culture, that was the preserve of the wealthy few, especially those in the Prince Regent's own social circle. For the masses, poverty was rampant as population began to concentrate due to industrial labour migration. City dwellers lived in increasingly larger slums, a state of affairs severely aggravated by the combined impact of war, economic collapse, mass unemployment, a bad harvest in 1816 (the \"Year Without a Summer\"), and an ongoing population boom. Political response to the crisis included the Corn Laws, the Peterloo Massacre, and the Representation of the People Act 1832. Led by William Wilberforce, there was increasing support for the abolitionist cause during the Regency era, culminating in passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.\n\nThe longer timespan recognises the wider social and cultural aspects of the Regency era, characterised by the distinctive fashions, architecture, and style of the period. The first 20 years to 1815 were overshadowed by the Napoleonic Wars. Throughout the whole period, the Industrial Revolution gathered pace and achieved significant progress by the coming of the railways and the growth of the factory system. The Regency era overlapped with Romanticism and many of the major artists, musicians, novelists, and poets of the Romantic movement were prominent Regency figures such as Jane Austen, William Blake, Lord Byron, John Constable, John Keats, John Nash, Ann Radcliffe, Walter Scott, Mary Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, J. M. W. Turner, and William Wordsworth.", "title": "Regency era" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Boat racing\n\nBoat racing is a sport in which boats, or other types of watercraft, race on water. Boat racing powered by oars is recorded as having occurred in ancient Egypt, and it is likely that people have engaged in races involving boats and other water-borne craft for as long as such watercraft have existed.\n\nA regatta is a series of boat races. The term comes from the Venetian language, with \"regata\" meaning \"contest\" and typically describes racing events of rowed or sailed water craft, although some powerboat race series are also called regattas. A regatta often includes social and promotional activities which surround the racing event, and except in the case of boat type (or \"class\") championships, is usually named for the town or venue where the event takes place.\n\nAlthough regattas are typically amateur competitions, they are usually formally structured events, with comprehensive rules describing the schedule and procedures of the event. Regattas may be organized as championships for a particular area or type of boat, but are often held just for the joy of competition, camaraderie, and general promotion of the sport.\n\nOne of the largest and most popular rowing regattas is the Henley Royal Regatta held on the River Thames, England. One of the largest and oldest yachting regattas in the world is Cowes Week, which is held annually by the Royal Yacht Squadron in Cowes, England, and usually attracts over 900 sailing boats. Cowes Week is predated by the Cumberland Cup (1775), Port of Dartmouth Royal Regatta (1822) and Port of Plymouth Regatta (1823). North America's oldest regatta is the Royal St. John's Regatta held on Quidi Vidi Lake in St. John's, Newfoundland every year since 1818.\n\nThe term \"regatta\" is from Venetian \"regata\" (\"contention for mastery\"), from \"regatare\" (\"compete, haggle, sell at retail\"), possibly from \"recatare\".\n\nThere exist other traditional and centuries old boat races like Vallam kali of Kerala, India and Dragon Boat Race from China.\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Boat racing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of Oxford\n\nThe following is a timeline of the history of the city, University and colleges of Oxford, England.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Timeline of Oxford" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Surrey\n\nSurrey () is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in South East England, bordering Greater London to the south west. Surrey has a large rural area, and several significant urban areas which form part of the Greater London Built-up Area. With a population of approximately 1.2 million people, Surrey is the 12th-most populous county in England. The most populated town in Surrey is Woking, followed by Guildford.\n\nThe county is divided into eleven districts with borough status. Between 1893 and 2020, Surrey County Council was headquartered at County Hall, Kingston-upon-Thames (now part of Greater London) but is now based at Woodhatch Place, Reigate. In the 20th century several alterations were made to Surrey's borders, with territory ceded to Greater London upon its creation and some gained from the abolition of Middlesex.\n\nSurrey is bordered by Greater London to the north east, Kent to the east, Berkshire to the north west, West Sussex to the south, East Sussex to the south east, and Hampshire to the west.", "title": "Surrey" }, { "id": "9424982", "score": "1.8251727", "text": "1715 and is still held annually from London Bridge to Chelsea. Amateur competition in England began towards the end of the 18th century. Documentary evidence from this period is sparse, but it is known that the Monarch Boat Club of Eton College and the Isis Club of Westminster School were both in existence in the 1790s. The Star Club and Arrow Club in London for gentlemen amateurs were also in existence before 1800. At the University of Oxford bumping races were first organised in 1815 while at Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. The Boat Race between Oxford", "title": "History of rowing sports" }, { "id": "347783", "score": "1.8106145", "text": "two clubs claim to be the oldest established boat clubs in the world. The Boat Race between Oxford University and Cambridge University first took place in 1829, and was the second intercollegiate sporting event (following the first Varsity Cricket Match by 2 years). The interest in the first Boat Race and subsequent matches led the town of Henley-on-Thames to begin hosting an annual regatta in 1839. Founded in 1818, Leander Club is the world's oldest public rowing club. The second oldest club which still exists is the Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club which was founded 1836 and marked the", "title": "Rowing (sport)" }, { "id": "347763", "score": "1.8098216", "text": "were in 1827. Public rowing clubs were beginning at the same time; in England Leander Club was founded in 1818, in Germany Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club was founded in 1836 and in the United States Narragansett Boat Club was founded in 1838 and Detroit Boat Club was founded in 1839. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University. The International Rowing Federation (, abbreviated FISA), responsible for international governance of rowing, was founded in 1892 to provide regulation at a time when the sport was gaining popularity. Across six continents, 150 countries now", "title": "Rowing (sport)" }, { "id": "7092473", "score": "1.8038082", "text": "London Rowing Club London Rowing Club (LRC, or colloquially, 'London') is the second-oldest of the non-academic active rowing clubs on the Thames in London, United Kingdom. It was founded in 1856 by members of the long-disbanded Argonauts Club wishing to compete at Henley Royal Regatta. It is regarded as one of the most high-performance and successful rowing clubs in Britain and its Patron is HRH Prince Philip, The Duke of Edinburgh. The club was founded in 1856 at the instigation of Herbert Playford, A. A. Casamajor and Josias Nottidge for the purpose of promoting rowing on the river Thames and", "title": "London Rowing Club" }, { "id": "3686238", "score": "1.8020484", "text": "Club. Molesey Boat Club joined soon afterward. In 1882 the Metropolitan Rowing Association changed its name to the Amateur Rowing Association, having gained additional member clubs from outside London, and began its evolution into the governing body of rowing. In 1886 the ARA issued General Rules for Regattas. The ARA adopted Henley Royal Regatta's restrictive definition of \"amateur\" which not only excluded those who made their living as profession oarsmen but also anyone \"who is or has been by trade or employment for wages a mechanic, artisan or labourer.\" Moreover, the new rules stated that only clubs affiliated to the", "title": "British Rowing" }, { "id": "14101230", "score": "1.785253", "text": "Bedford Rowing Club Bedford Rowing Club is an amateur rowing club in Bedford, United Kingdom founded in 1886. Despite Bedford Regatta having been founded in 1853, there is no record of any rowing clubs in Bedford until 1886. Bedford Rowing Club was founded on 15 March 1886 at a meeting chaired by the Mayor. It was minuted that: The original minutes are held in the Bedfordshire archives; a copy is on display in the Club. The club regularly competes across the UK at all levels and has a broad membership base, from complete novices and juniors through to senior oarsmen", "title": "Bedford Rowing Club" }, { "id": "14324808", "score": "1.7811645", "text": "and Cambridge crews at Henley in the four and eight. To achieve this, the London Rowing Club was formed. In 1862, the City of London Boat Club decided to rename itself \"Thames Rowing Club\" and sought and gained the permission of Frank Playford, the only traceable member of \"The Thames Club\" at the time. Thames Club The Thames Club was an English rowing club based on the Tideway of the River Thames that competed in the middle of the 19th century. The Thames Club was active in the 1840s and 1850s and its first major success was winning the Grand", "title": "Thames Club" }, { "id": "2701723", "score": "1.7715756", "text": "were refused entry in 1879 as were Hillsdale Boat Club of Michigan in 1882. The Germania Ruder Club of Frankfurt became the first entry from continental Europe in 1880, losing in a heat of the Grand to London Rowing Club. Foreign entries grew over the next twenty years, to the consternation of some who felt that the regatta should be restricted to domestic entries only. There were also a number of disputes over amateurism and the two issues were often bound up together, as in this letter to The Times from Edmond Warre, headmaster of Eton College in 1901: W.H.", "title": "Henley Royal Regatta" }, { "id": "5516950", "score": "1.7703447", "text": "or exercise rowing'. The earliest surviving minutes of a club meeting are dated January 1861 but are headed 'City of London Rowing Club. Founded 1860', and 1860 is commonly accepted as the year of foundation, the same year as Twickenham Rowing Club. Three academic institutions aside, this makes it the third oldest rowing club on the Thames. The initial members were chiefly clerks and salesmen working in London's textiles trade around Fore Street and St Paul's Churchyard. At least one of the early meetings is known to have taken place in the Lord Raglan public house in St Martin's-le-Grand. The", "title": "Thames Rowing Club" }, { "id": "14324806", "score": "1.769021", "text": "Thames Club The Thames Club was an English rowing club based on the Tideway of the River Thames that competed in the middle of the 19th century. The Thames Club was active in the 1840s and 1850s and its first major success was winning the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta in 1846 with the crew including E. Webb, J. S. Robinson, Francis Playford, L. D. Strutton, and John Walmisley (stroke) with G. Walmisley (cox). Thames Club were runners up in the event in 1848. The club had a succession of wins in the Wingfield Sculls with John Walmisley", "title": "Thames Club" }, { "id": "13636216", "score": "1.7659432", "text": "was the Wyfold Challenge Cup in 1904. A dearth of further successes was ended with successes in the late 1940s and 1950s with Ken Tinegate, Graham Beech and George Justicz. Birmingham Rowing Club Birmingham Rowing Club is an amateur rowing club, based at Birmingham in England. It is situated on Edgbaston Reservoir in the centre of Birmingham. The club was founded in 1873 although there is reference to a 'Birmingham Soho Club' using the reservoir earlier in 1859. The club, which serves Birmingham is an open rowing club for men, women, adults, juniors and veterans. It is affiliated to British", "title": "Birmingham Rowing Club" }, { "id": "7092478", "score": "1.7657087", "text": "as: The current chief coach is Australian silver medallist Paul Reedy. London Rowing Club London Rowing Club (LRC, or colloquially, 'London') is the second-oldest of the non-academic active rowing clubs on the Thames in London, United Kingdom. It was founded in 1856 by members of the long-disbanded Argonauts Club wishing to compete at Henley Royal Regatta. It is regarded as one of the most high-performance and successful rowing clubs in Britain and its Patron is HRH Prince Philip, The Duke of Edinburgh. The club was founded in 1856 at the instigation of Herbert Playford, A. A. Casamajor and Josias Nottidge", "title": "London Rowing Club" }, { "id": "7502841", "score": "1.7643666", "text": "(formerly Kingston Amateur Regatta) since the club's founding – the regatta predates it by a year. The club has a regular social calendar and Remenham Club rules entitle all established members to join to the social club which is at Henley on Thames, having one of its course-side venues, in the past having contributed to its funds in this case as a founder member. There's a tradition which involves members dipping their club tie into a pint of Guinness. Members aren't allowed to clean their tie after this as it marks their first race at Henley Royal Regatta. Kingston Rowing", "title": "Kingston Rowing Club" }, { "id": "347782", "score": "1.7643111", "text": "18th century. Documentary evidence from this period is sparse, but it is known that the Monarch Boat Club of Eton College and the Isis Club of Westminster School were both in existence in the 1790s. The Star Club and Arrow Club in London for gentlemen amateurs were also in existence before 1800. At the University of Oxford bumping races were first organised in 1815 when Brasenose College and Jesus College boat clubs had the first annual race while at Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. Brasenose beat Jesus to win Oxford University's first Head of the River; the", "title": "Rowing (sport)" }, { "id": "13636215", "score": "1.7626827", "text": "Birmingham Rowing Club Birmingham Rowing Club is an amateur rowing club, based at Birmingham in England. It is situated on Edgbaston Reservoir in the centre of Birmingham. The club was founded in 1873 although there is reference to a 'Birmingham Soho Club' using the reservoir earlier in 1859. The club, which serves Birmingham is an open rowing club for men, women, adults, juniors and veterans. It is affiliated to British Rowing. The club's president is Peter Veitch who was elected at the AGM in 2015 after the death of Sir Adrian Cadbury. The club's earliest win at Henley Royal Regatta", "title": "Birmingham Rowing Club" } ]

[ "beach football", "Beach Soccer", "Beasal", "Beach soccer", "Beach football", "Beach Football", "beasal", "beach soccer" ]

[ { "id": "18200746", "score": "1.6953809", "text": "can also be used. Players score by driving a small soft baseball into the opposing team's goal using a long-handled croquet mallet. A full match takes six 6-minute-long \"chukkas\" (periods) and each team may consist of six persons (depending of the size of the field and amount of interest). The minimum size of the field is long and wide. A 'last man' rule applies, as any player may act as goalkeeper. As players need some protection against possible injuries, cleated shoes and shin guards are recommended. The mallets should be stable and are often taped to reduce the risk of", "title": "Hobby horse polo" }, { "id": "5085900", "score": "1.6828277", "text": "of each upright. Each team consists of five players, including the goalkeeper and an unlimited number of substitutions, from a selection of three to five players. Throw-ins and kick-ins mean the pace and flow of the game are much faster than regular football. Shoes are not allowed; players must play in bare feet, although ankle guards are permitted. Goal clearances (the equivalent of a goal kick) are taken by the goalkeeper using their hands to throw the ball and a goal cannot be scored directly from these. A game lasts thirty-six minutes, and is split up into three twelve-minute periods.", "title": "Beach soccer" }, { "id": "9840919", "score": "1.6667356", "text": "the usual three) to move the ball forward 10 yards. The one-yard neutral zone is the same as in regular Canadian football. Instead of 12 players per side, MWFL teams play with 11 per team according to the league's 2012 rules. As of 2012, the four timed quarters are each 12 minutes long ordinarily, but 15 minutes long in the final two weeks of the regular season. The league's former rules in 2007 stipulated that games were played with 10 players per team, in four quarters of 10 minutes each. The league championship is known as the SupHer Bowl, while", "title": "Maritime Women's Football League" }, { "id": "9564072", "score": "1.6665583", "text": "feet for girls' games and eight feet when boys were playing. The revised rules allowed six to twelve players on each side and required both teams to agree on the number of participants at least a week prior to the game. The rules permitted up to twenty players in recreational and playground teams. A 30-minute time limit, consisting of 15-minute halves, was prescribed for a Newcomb ball match, which could be altered with agreement between the teams before the game began. The rules were also changed so that a point was scored for each foul and the ball awarded to", "title": "Newcomb ball" }, { "id": "12363110", "score": "1.658675", "text": "inches, and a short circumference of 21 to inches, while in college and high school play the ball has a long axis of to inches, a long circumference of to inches, and a short circumference of to inches. Football games last for a total of 60 minutes in professional and college play and are divided into two-halves of 30 minutes and four-quarters of 15 minutes. High school football games are 48 minutes in length with two-halves of 24 minutes and four-quarters of 12 minutes. The two-halves are separated by a halftime period, and the first and third quarters are also", "title": "American football" }, { "id": "7333678", "score": "1.657955", "text": "can take a maximum of three steps forward (players may go in any other direction any number of steps within 5 seconds) and can either pass or shoot to end the possession. The field length is not standard but the width is usually 1/3 to 1/2 the size of the length and length is about 50 yards for standard size teams. The game begins with players split on each side as is the custom. Players meet at midfield where a jump ball begins the game. Whenever the ball hits the ground the team to touch it last loses possession. The", "title": "Flickerball" }, { "id": "9125996", "score": "1.6577514", "text": "each team has maximum 8 players of which 3 simultaneously in the field. The ball in this case cannot be made of rubber, because too fast, and then using the tennis ball type depressurized. This is the tamburello's form more prevalent among the world: they play at least in 20 nations. Beach is played on sand then obviously players hit the ball always at flight. Players stand on a field which is 24x12 metres split in half by a net high 2.15 m. They play in this manner: one player versus other one or two players versus other two like", "title": "Tamburello" }, { "id": "5255578", "score": "1.6404517", "text": "field, 150 meters by 100 meters officially, unofficially whatever field is big enough. Moreover, official dimensions can vary between 120 and 150 meters in length on 80 to 100 meters in width. The ball used approximately 2.5 inches in diameter and the mallet is of length 1 meter. There are 6 members (7 in France) on a team of which 4 (5 in France) are on field at a time. The other two are used as substitutes. International matches are played for a duration of 30 minutes divided into periods of 7.5 minutes each called as a \"chukkar\". Extra time", "title": "Cycle polo" }, { "id": "13386419", "score": "1.6238282", "text": "Beach polo Beach polo is a team sport and close variant of arena polo. A game of beach polo consists of two three-player teams as opposed to the usual four-player teams in field polo. A game consists of four seven-minute periods of play, called chukkers. The game is played in an enclosed sand arena with sideboards of approximately four feet in height, designed to keep the ball in play. Depending on playing areas available, some of the playing arenas have enclosed ends while others allow for 20 yards of run out room for the horses, past the end line, and", "title": "Beach polo" }, { "id": "3094596", "score": "1.6228864", "text": "and 2 safeties (strong safety and free safety). The field is 50 yards between end zones, 30 yards wide, and the end zones are 8 yards deep, roughly the same as other indoor leagues. A game consists of four ten-minute quarters and a 12-minute halftime (30-minute halftime in championship). In the event of a tie, an extra 8 minute sudden death period is played; whoever scores first wins it. If still tied, the game ends drawn, and each team receives a one in the tie column in the standings; however, in postseason, multiple 10-minute sudden death periods are played until", "title": "Legends Football League" }, { "id": "436023", "score": "1.6213955", "text": "outdoor game is played 7 7, with substitutions allowed between points and for injuries. Games are typically played to a points limit of 13/15/17 and/or a time limit of 75/90/100 minutes. There is usually a halftime break and an allowance of a 2 timeouts per team each half. A WFDF regulation field is 100 meters by 37 meters, including end zones each 18 meters deep. As of 2016, a USA Ultimate regulation field for all divisions has been changed to match that of the WFDF by way of an \"experimental rule\". Competitive ultimate is played in gender divisions using gender", "title": "Ultimate (sport)" }, { "id": "9540821", "score": "1.6198826", "text": "m long and 20 m wide for men (15 m at the \"service\" end). The endings of this rectangle are the \"service\" and the \"receive\" lines. In the \"service\" field there is an 8 x 8 m area, that's the \"service box\". For women, the rectangular is 60 m long and 15 m wide with a service box 6 x 6 m. Every ball game is played with a different ball, and when writing the rules of this new sport a ball everybody could feel comfortable with was searched. Not as small and tough as the Valencian \"badana\" or as", "title": "International game" }, { "id": "3943511", "score": "1.6129935", "text": "which allow tactics such as head-butting, punching, elbowing, and choking. However due to often fatal injuries, sucker punches and kicks to the head are currently banned. It is also prohibited for more than one player to attack an opponent. Any violation leads to being expelled from the game. Matches last 50 minutes and are played on a field covered in sand, twice as long as it is wide (approximately 80x40 meters). A white line divides the field into two identical squares, and a goal net runs the width of each end. Each team has 27 players and no substitutions are", "title": "Calcio Fiorentino" }, { "id": "7619440", "score": "1.6104059", "text": "ZFOOTBALL ZFOOTBALL is a national 4-on-4 flag football tour which holds events across the United States. ZFOOTBALL tournaments include men's divisions and youth divisions, which are separated by skill and age respectively. The official field is 25 yards wide and 64 yards long. Each end zone is seven yards deep. Games consist of two fourteen-minute halves. Teams have one time-out per game, which stops the clock. In the last minute of the game, if the difference in score is less than 10 points, a pro clock is used (stoppage on out of bounds, incomplete passes, defensive penalties, and scores). Teams", "title": "ZFOOTBALL" }, { "id": "7333680", "score": "1.5964456", "text": "through the middle. A missed shot is automatically out of bounds and the other team is given possession unless the shot was tipped by the other team. Normal game times will run about 40 minutes and may or may not have a break at the 20 minute mark. An alternate version of the game, which is commonly played in Wisconsin, follows a different set of rules. After a coin toss and sides are chosen the defending team must send the ball, a throw off of sorts, down to the opposite end of the playing field in which the other team", "title": "Flickerball" }, { "id": "6331069", "score": "1.5948992", "text": "8. Unlike Australian Rules Football, unlimited number of interchange players are allowed. The field is also much smaller than an Australian Rules Football oval, consisting of a rectangular surface with a maximum length of 100 metres by 50 metres wide. Games are much shorter and do not consist of quarters, with only two 20 minute halves. The game encourages female participation, with a minimum of 3 female players per mixed side. In addition, teams are encouraged to play females in the forward line, with a goal kicked by a female worth 3 more points (9) than a goal kicked by", "title": "Rec footy" }, { "id": "6752731", "score": "1.5907476", "text": "goal. Each team has 13 players, but only five players are on the court at same time. The player with the ball can swim with it or pass the ball to his team players. Meanwhile, the opponents will try to take the ball from the other player or intercept a pass.And at last the team which has the maximum scores will win. The court is 10 metres wide (32 ft), long, and deep. A match has two 20-minute rounds, and a half-time of 5 minutes. The governing body is the Manitoba Underwater Council (MUC). The MUC also supports competition by", "title": "Underwater football" }, { "id": "20274328", "score": "1.5892259", "text": "yards from the goal. An experimental rule has a second semicircular line on the field with a 17-yard radius. Generally, a field for gridiron football or soccer can be used. The match length is variable, but sanctioned matches are divided into two halves of 20 minutes. If matches are tied, an extra half is played. If the score remains tied at the end of a tournament match, the game is decided by throws from the penalty mark (13 yards from the goal), but players are allowed to run anywhere between the midfield line and penalty mark before throwing the ball", "title": "Tennis polo" }, { "id": "5654493", "score": "1.5887713", "text": "yards long while reducing the width to 40 yards, some even play on a full-sized playing field (with the 53 1/3 yard-wide field). In games played on 80-yard fields, kickoffs take place from the 20-yard line rather than from the 40-yard line. A similar nine-man modification of Canadian football is played on the Canadian standard 110-yard field by small schools in the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta and for small community associations in British Columbia. It is the standard format of play for eight- and nine-year-olds. The format is similar for five-, six-, and seven-year-old flag football, where the field", "title": "Nine-man football" }, { "id": "9185552", "score": "1.5879612", "text": "in the future. The sport is played in on a standard-sized basketball court. Each team is allowed 4 players on the court at one time including the goalkeeper. A match consists of two 20-minute periods. Because of the two-dimensional aspect of this game (players are typically unable to kick the ball into the air), artificial space has to be created around the players. The two distinct differences in the laws from the able bodied game are: 1) the \"two-on-one\" rule, and 2) the 3-in-the-goal-area violation. In the case of either of these infractions (2-on-1 and 3-in-the-area), the referee may refrain", "title": "Powerchair Football" } ]

[ "harrit tubman", "harriet taubman", "hariet tubman", "harriet tubman", "Hariet Tubman", "Harriet (Araminta) Ross Tubman", "nelson davis", "Araminta Ross", "Harriet Tubman", "araminta ross", "Hariet tubman", "moses of her people", "Harrit tubman", "Harriet Taubman", "harriet ross tubman", "Harriet Ross Tubman", "harriet araminta ross tubman", "Moses of her people", "Nelson Davis" ]

[ { "id": "262172", "score": "1.8111987", "text": "in 1865 after the passage of the amendment to the Constitution outlawing slavery, Black Americans said they had lost \"their Moses\". Lincoln biographer Charles Carleton Coffin writes, \"The millions whom Abraham Lincoln delivered from slavery will ever liken him to Moses, the deliverer of Israel.\" Similarly, Harriet Tubman, who rescued approximately seventy enslaved family and friends, was also described as the \"Moses\" of her people. In the 1960s, a leading figure in the civil rights movement was Martin Luther King Jr., who was called \"a modern Moses,\" and often referred to Moses in his speeches: \"The struggle of Moses, the", "title": "Moses" }, { "id": "6984163", "score": "1.7094915", "text": "Moses Roper Moses Roper (c. 1815 – April 15, 1891) was a mulatto slave who wrote one of the major early books about life as a slave in the United States, \"Narrative of the Adventures and Escape of Moses Roper from American Slavery\". Moses was born around 1815 in Caswell County, North Carolina. His father, Henry Roper, a farmer of English ancestry, was also his master. Nancy, his mother, was a slave of African-American and American Indian descent whose mistress was Henry Roper's new wife. Mrs. Roper sent a relative of Nancy’s to discover if her husband had been unfaithful", "title": "Moses Roper" }, { "id": "20034437", "score": "1.6892067", "text": "based on episodes in the life of Harriet Tubman. Born into slavery in Dorchester County, Maryland, Tubman escaped in 1849. She subsequently returned to Maryland on multiple missions to rescue other enslaved families and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. The abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison named her \"Moses\", alluding to the Biblical Moses who led the Hebrews to freedom from Egypt. According to Musgrave, she first had the idea of composing an opera for black singers in 1980 when her husband, Peter Mark, the general director of Virginia Opera, was auditioning", "title": "Harriet, the Woman Called Moses" }, { "id": "20034445", "score": "1.6873987", "text": "were left behind in Maryland calling, \"Moses! Moses! Lead us out of bondage!\" She is transported back in time and relives the experiences on the plantation which led to her escape, including the attempt by Preston, the plantation owner's son, to seduce her, and her love for fellow slave Josiah. When she awakens, she vows to return to the South and help free her people. Act 2 As the act opens Harriet is now an experienced conductor on the Underground Railroad and has led numerous slaves to freedom. In Maryland she is suspected of being the man named \"Moses\" who", "title": "Harriet, the Woman Called Moses" }, { "id": "13004472", "score": "1.6795201", "text": "A Woman Called Moses A Woman Called Moses is a television miniseries based on the life of Harriet Tubman, the escaped African American slave who helped to organize the Underground Railroad, and who led dozens of African Americans from enslavement in the Southern United States to freedom in the Northern states and Canada. Narrated by Orson Welles, the production was broadcast on the NBC television network on December 11 and 12, 1978. Tubman was portrayed by Cicely Tyson. The soundtrack music was by Coleridge-Taylor Perkinson and soul music composer/arranger/singer Van McCoy contributed some music to the series, which was featured", "title": "A Woman Called Moses" }, { "id": "3310482", "score": "1.6629701", "text": "from her master’s plantation in 1849. Between 1850 and 1860, she returned to the South numerous times to help parties of other slaves to freedom, guiding them through the lands she knew well. She aided an estimated 300 persons to escape from slavery, including her parents. During this time, there were numerous bounties on her head throughout the south, payable to anyone who could capture her and bring her back to slavery. Many people called her the \"Moses of her people.\" During the American Civil War, Harriet Tubman also worked as a spy and as a nurse at Port Royal,", "title": "Fugitive slaves in the United States" }, { "id": "19365609", "score": "1.6537441", "text": "Moses Dickson Moses Dickson (1824-1901) was an American abolitionist, soldier, minister and founder of the secret organization The Knights of Liberty which planned a slave uprising in the United States and helped African-American enslaved people to freedom through the Underground Railroad. He also founded the black self-help organization The International Order of Twelve Knights and Daughters of Tabor and was a co-founder of Lincoln University. Moses Dickson was born free in Cincinnati, Ohio, on April 5, 1824. His father, Robert, died when he was eight, and his mother, Hannah, died when he was fourteen. He had five sisters and three", "title": "Moses Dickson" }, { "id": "19365616", "score": "1.6456776", "text": "mother and daughter being sold on the auction block in New Orleans and then arranging for their escape by having them \"stolen\", dressing them as boys, and getting them hired onto a steamer upriver and finally to freedom in Canada. Another man was helped to escape by putting him into a wooden box and shipping him out of Charleston, SC. After his escape to the north, the man called himself Henry \"Box\" Brown, attended Harvard University, and published a memoir, A Life in Slavery and Freedom. During the Civil War, the Knights disbanded and many of their members, including Dickson,", "title": "Moses Dickson" }, { "id": "17981461", "score": "1.6394476", "text": "as the neighborhood of Benning Hills in Columbus, Georgia. He owned fifty slaves in 1850 and sixty slaves by 1860. He pioneered the commercial growing of peaches on his plantation, becoming of the first merchants to ship them to the North (New York City) in 1851. To preserve the peaches during shipping, he used champagne baskets instead of pulverized charcoals. In the late 1850s, he became an outspoken proponent of secession. During the American Civil War of 1861-1865, he served as the chief commissary officer for Generals Robert Toombs (1810-1885) and James Longstreet (1821-1904) in the Confederate States Army (CSA).", "title": "Raphael J. Moses" }, { "id": "17225962", "score": "1.6364961", "text": "obtained his freedom, he worked to make the money to free his wife and children. He was able to secure the release of his wife and 15-year-old son. He dictated a narrative of his life, \"Narrative of the Life of Moses Grandy, Late a Slave in the United States of America\", with the intention of buying the freedom of additional family members. His slave narrative, and others, read in the United States and overseas, helped to bring awareness of slavery and fuel the abolitionist movement. In the late 1700s, Moses Grandy was born in Camden County, North Carolina, into slavery.", "title": "Moses Grandy" }, { "id": "11464762", "score": "1.6336061", "text": "Moses Wilkinson Moses \"Daddy\" Wilkinson or \"Old Moses\" (c. 1746/47 – ?) was an African-American slave and Wesleyan Methodist preacher in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone. Moses Wilkinson was a blind and lame slave from Nansemond County, Virginia; his master was Mills Wilkinson. After Dunmore's Proclamation promised slaves of American rebels their freedom if they would join the British forces fighting in the American Revolutionary War, Wilkinson led a band of runaway slaves to freedom in 1776. In New York, the self-appointed, illiterate, fiery Wesleyan Methodist preacher gathered together a congregation. When the British were defeated in 1783, Wilkinson and", "title": "Moses Wilkinson" }, { "id": "477959", "score": "1.588778", "text": "relatives with her out of the state, and eventually guided dozens of other slaves to freedom. Traveling by night and in extreme secrecy, Tubman (or \"Moses\", as she was called) \"never lost a passenger\". After the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed, she helped guide fugitives farther north into British North America, and helped newly freed slaves find work. Tubman met the abolitionist John Brown in 1858, and helped him plan and recruit supporters for the raid on Harpers Ferry. When the Civil War began, Tubman worked for the Union Army, first as a cook and nurse, and then", "title": "Harriet Tubman" }, { "id": "17225974", "score": "1.5713273", "text": "and Grandy returned to the safer north to earn the money for their freedom. While there, he earned the affection of people who found \"his benevolence, affection, kindness of heart, and elasticity of spirit are truly remarkable,\" according to white abolitionist George Thompson. To earn the money for their freedom, he recounted his life story, including the emotional and physical torment, which was published and sold. To fellow African Americans he stated his beliefs that the whites who had harmed his family and other slaves would face judgment of God in the afterlife. The family members that Grandy wanted to", "title": "Moses Grandy" }, { "id": "477980", "score": "1.5696807", "text": "to the next friendly house. Given her familiarity with the woods and marshes of the region, Tubman during the day likely hid in these locales. Tubman only later described her routes because other fugitive slaves used them. Particulars of her first journey remain shrouded in secrecy. She crossed into Pennsylvania with a feeling of relief and awe, and recalled the experience years later: In honor of her courageous efforts to rescue family and friends from slavery, abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison named her \"Moses\", alluding to the prophet in the Book of Exodus who led the Hebrews to freedom from Egypt.", "title": "Harriet Tubman" }, { "id": "6984178", "score": "1.5687249", "text": "was suffering from \"a complication of diseases of the heart and kidneys and also from eczema\" which caused his death on April 15, 1891. His dog had to be dragged away from his bedside. Moses Roper Moses Roper (c. 1815 – April 15, 1891) was a mulatto slave who wrote one of the major early books about life as a slave in the United States, \"Narrative of the Adventures and Escape of Moses Roper from American Slavery\". Moses was born around 1815 in Caswell County, North Carolina. His father, Henry Roper, a farmer of English ancestry, was also his master.", "title": "Moses Roper" }, { "id": "395481", "score": "1.5672214", "text": "helped researchers document the history of slavery in the District of Columbia. Solomon Northup Solomon Northup (July 10, 1807 or 1808 – ) was an American abolitionist and the primary author of the memoir \"Twelve Years a Slave\". A free-born African American from New York, he was the son of a freed slave and a free woman of color. A farmer and a professional violinist, Northup had been a landowner in Hebron, New York. In 1841, he was offered a traveling musician's job and went to Washington, D.C. (where slavery was legal); there he was drugged, kidnapped, and sold as", "title": "Solomon Northup" }, { "id": "17981463", "score": "1.5630889", "text": "Confederate soldiers. His three sons served in the CSA as well. After the war, he returned to law practice in Columbus, Georgia. He was, however, greatly impoverished by the Confederate defeat, as his wealth plummeted from $55,000 in 1860 to $35,000 in 1870. Moreover, fifty-nine of his sixty slaves left his plantation. He had a dispute with William Hugh Young (1838–1901) and lobbied against Eagle & Phenix, Young's business vehicle. Additionally, he became an outspoken critic of the Republican-led Reconstruction efforts in Georgia and the South. He was later elected to the Georgia House of Representatives and served as Chair", "title": "Raphael J. Moses" }, { "id": "13004473", "score": "1.5610485", "text": "on a soundtrack album released by MCA Records. The miniseries was first released on VHS on September 29, 1992, followed by a DVD release on February 3, 2001. A Woman Called Moses A Woman Called Moses is a television miniseries based on the life of Harriet Tubman, the escaped African American slave who helped to organize the Underground Railroad, and who led dozens of African Americans from enslavement in the Southern United States to freedom in the Northern states and Canada. Narrated by Orson Welles, the production was broadcast on the NBC television network on December 11 and 12, 1978.", "title": "A Woman Called Moses" }, { "id": "6394467", "score": "1.558922", "text": "African Americans had long used the biblical Exodus narrative to encode their right and desire for freedom, as the well-known spiritual \"Go down, Moses\" still testifies. David Walker's \"Appeal\" (1829) places this biblical story of liberation in tension with the assertion that the Pharaohs were black as well. The prominent black abolitionists James McCune Smith and Frederick Douglass countered white ethnography directly, as for example in Douglass' \"Claims of the Negro Ethnologically Considered\" (1854), drawing from findings of earlier European ethnologists such as James Prichard. At the turn of the 20th century, W. E. B. Du Bois shaped the concept", "title": "Egyptomania" }, { "id": "16650124", "score": "1.552163", "text": "Moses Wright Hannon Moses Wright Hannon (December 14, 1827 – June 3, 1897) was a Confederate States Army colonel during the American Civil War. In August 1864, he was assigned to duty as an acting brigadier general by General John Bell Hood, subject to appointment by Confederate President Jefferson Davis and confirmation by the Confederate Senate. Although Hannon commanded a brigade in the cavalry corps of the Army of Tennessee and in Major General Joseph Wheeler's cavalry corps from June 1864 until the end of the war, he never was officially appointed by Jefferson Davis and confirmed by the Confederate", "title": "Moses Wright Hannon" } ]

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[ { "id": "1150055", "score": "1.6757269", "text": "of the Americas by Europeans. Christopher Columbus, the explorer who first reached the Americas in 1492–1504, was Italian. Another notable Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, who explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502, is the source of the name America. England's claims in North America were based on the voyages of the Italian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his son Sebastian Cabot (Sebastiano Caboto) in the early 16th century. In 1524 the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to map the Atlantic coast of today's United States, and to enter New York Bay.", "title": "Italian Americans" }, { "id": "68356", "score": "1.646529", "text": "was made in 1492 just before Columbus's return to Europe. As such it contains no sign of the Americas and yet demonstrates the common belief in a spherical Earth. The scholar Amerigo Vespucci, who sailed to America in the years following Columbus's first voyage, was the first to speculate that the land was not part of Asia but in fact constituted some wholly new continent previously unknown to Eurasians. His travel journals, published 1502–04, convinced German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller to reach the same conclusion, and in 1507—a year after Columbus's death—Waldseemüller published a world map calling the new continent \"America\"", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": "68353", "score": "1.6375363", "text": "America was discovered and populated by its indigenous population. Columbus was not even the first European to reach its shores, having been preceded by Erik the Red in 10th-century Greenland and Leif Erikson in 11th-century Vinland at L'Anse aux Meadows. However, Columbus's efforts brought the Americas to the attention of Europe at a time ripe for Europe to act upon. Thus, Columbus was able to initiate the enduring association between the Earth's two major landmasses and their inhabitants. \"Columbus's claim to fame isn't that he got there first,\" explains historian Martin Dugard, \"it's that he stayed.\" Historians have traditionally argued", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": "13837540", "score": "1.6279507", "text": "Queen Isabella I of Castille. Columbus's Letter on the First Voyage of his discovery of the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola spread the news across Europe quickly. Columbus rediscovered and explored much of the Lesser Antilles in his second voyage then discovered both Trinidad and Tobago on his third voyage whilst skirting the northern South American coast. His fourth voyage was spent scanning the Central American coast. The Voyages of Christopher Columbus opened the New World. Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497,", "title": "Exploration of North America" }, { "id": "68304", "score": "1.6235855", "text": "are thus of enormous significance in Western history. Columbus always insisted, in the face of mounting evidence to the contrary, that the lands that he visited during those voyages were part of the Asian continent, as previously described by Marco Polo and other European travelers. Columbus's refusal to accept that the lands he had visited and claimed for Spain were not part of Asia might explain, in part, why the American continent was named after the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci and not after Columbus. On the evening of 3 August 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Frontera with three", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories\n\nPre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories are speculative theories which propose that possible visits to the Americas, possible interactions with the indigenous peoples of the Americas, or both, were made by people from Africa, Asia, Europe, or Oceania prior to Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Caribbean in 1492 (i.e., during any part of the pre-Columbian era). Studies between 2004 and 2009 suggest the possibility that the earliest human migrations to the Americas may have been made by boat from Beringia and travel down the Pacific coast, contemporary with and possibly predating land migrations over the Beringia land bridge, which during the glacial period joined what today are Siberia and Alaska. Whether transoceanic travel occurred during the historic period, resulting in pre-Columbian contact between the settled American peoples and voyagers from other continents, is vigorously debated.\n\nOnly a few cases of pre-Columbian contact are widely accepted by mainstream scientists and scholars. Yup'ik and Aleut peoples residing on both sides of the Bering Strait had frequent contact with each other, and Eurasian trade goods have been discovered in archaeological sites in Alaska. Maritime explorations by Norse peoples from Scandinavia during the late 10th century led to the Norse colonization of Greenland and a base camp L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, which preceded Columbus's arrival in the Americas by some 500 years. Recent genetic studies have also suggested that some eastern Polynesian populations have admixture from coastal western South American peoples, with an estimated date of contact around 1200 CE.\n\nScientific and scholarly responses to other claims of post-prehistory, pre-Columbian transoceanic contact have varied. Some of these claims are examined in reputable peer-reviewed sources. Many others are based only on circumstantial or ambiguous interpretations of archaeological evidence, the discovery of alleged out-of-place artifacts, superficial cultural comparisons, comments in historical documents, or narrative accounts. They have been dismissed as fringe science, pseudoarchaeology, or pseudohistory.", "title": "Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New World\n\nThe term New World is often used to mean the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas. The term gained prominence in the early 16th century, during Europe's Age of Discovery, shortly after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci concluded that America (now often called \"the Americas\") represented a new continent, and subsequently published his findings in a pamphlet he titled . This realization expanded the geographical horizon of classical European geographers, who had thought the world consisted of Africa, Europe, and Asia, collectively now referred to as the Old World, or Afro-Eurasia. The Americas were thus also referred to as \"the fourth part of the world\".", "title": "New World" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus\n\nBetween 1492 and 1504, Italian explorer Christopher Columbus led four Spanish transatlantic maritime expeditions of discovery to the Americas. These voyages led to the widespread knowledge of the New World. This breakthrough inaugurated the period known as the Age of Discovery, which saw the colonization of the Americas, a related biological exchange, and trans-Atlantic trade. These events, the effects and consequences of which persist to the present, are often cited as the beginning of the modern era.\n\nBorn in the Republic of Genoa, Columbus was a navigator who sailed for the Crown of Castile (a predecessor to the modern Kingdom of Spain) in search of a westward route to the Indies, thought to be the East Asian source of spices and other precious oriental goods obtainable only through arduous overland routes. Columbus was partly inspired by 13th-century Italian explorer Marco Polo in his ambition to explore Asia and never admitted his failure in this, incessantly claiming and pointing to supposed evidence that he had reached the East Indies. Ever since, the Bahamas as well as the islands of the Caribbean have been referred to as the West Indies.\n\nAt the time of Columbus's voyages, the Americas were inhabited by Indigenous Americans. Soon after first contact, Eurasian diseases such as smallpox began to devastate the indigenous populations. Columbus participated in the beginning of the Spanish conquest of the Americas, which involved brutally treating and enslaving the natives in the range of thousands.\n\nColumbus died in 1506, and the next year, the New World was named \"America\" after Amerigo Vespucci, who realized that it was a unique landmass. The search for a westward route to Asia was completed in 1521, when another Spanish voyage, the Magellan-Elcano expedition sailed across the Pacific Ocean and reached Southeast Asia, before returning to Europe and completing the first circumnavigation of the world.", "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Age of Discovery\n\nThe Age of Discovery (or the Age of Exploration), also known as the early modern period, was a period largely overlapping with the Age of Sail, approximately from the 15th century to the 17th century in European history, during which seafaring Europeans explored and colonized regions across the globe.\n\nThe extensive overseas exploration, with the Portuguese and Spanish at the forefront, later joined by the Dutch, English, and French, emerged as a powerful factor in European culture, most notably the European encounter and colonization of the Americas. It also marks an increased adoption of colonialism as a government policy in several European states. As such, it is sometimes synonymous with the first wave of European colonization.\n\nEuropean exploration outside the Mediterranean started with the maritime expeditions of Portugal to the Canary Islands in 1336, and later with the Portuguese discoveries of the Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira and Azores, the coast of West Africa in 1434 and the establishment of the sea route to India in 1498 by Vasco da Gama, which is often considered a very remarkable voyage, as it initiated the Portuguese maritime and trade presence in Kerala and the Indian Ocean.\n\nA main event in the Age of Discovery took place when Spain sponsored the transatlantic voyages of Christopher Columbus between 1492 and 1504, which saw the beginning of the colonization of the Americas. Years later, the Spanish expedition of Magellan–Elcano expedition made the first circumnavigation of the globe between 1519 and 1522, which was regarded as a major achievement in seamanship, and had a significant impact on the European understanding of the world. These discoveries led to numerous naval expeditions across the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, and land expeditions in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia that continued into the late 19th century, followed by the exploration of the polar regions in the 20th century.\n\nEuropean overseas exploration led to the rise of international trade and the European colonial empires, with the contact between the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) and the New World (the Americas), as well as Australia, producing the Columbian exchange, a wide transfer of plants, animals, food, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The Age of Discovery and later European exploration allowed the mapping of the world, resulting in a new worldview and distant civilizations coming into contact. At the same time, new diseases were propagated, decimating populations not previously in contact with the Old World, particularly concerning Native Americans. The era saw the widespread enslavement, exploitation and military conquest of native populations concurrent with the growing economic influence and spread of European culture and technology.", "title": "Age of Discovery" }, { "id": "8912896", "score": "1.6180581", "text": "the Americas, ultimately leading to the Columbian Exchange. At the time of the Columbus voyages, the Americas were inhabited by the Indigenous Americans, the descendants of Paleo-Indians who crossed Beringia from Asia to North America beginning around 20,000 years ago. Columbus's voyages led to the widespread knowledge that a new continent existed west of Europe and east of Asia. This breakthrough in geographical science led to the exploration and colonization of the New World by Spain and other European sea powers, and is sometimes cited as the start of the modern era. Spain, Portugal, and other European kingdoms sent expeditions", "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": "628174", "score": "1.616976", "text": "original attempt was to find a new route to India and China, known as \"the Indies\". He was followed by other explorers such as John Cabot, who was sponsored by England and reached Newfoundland. Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil and claimed it for Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci, working for Portugal in voyages from 1497 to 1513, established that Columbus had reached a new set of continents. Cartographers still use a Latinized version of his first name, \"America\", for the two continents. Other explorers included Giovanni da Verrazzano, sponsored by France in 1524; the Portuguese João Vaz Corte-Real in Newfoundland; João Fernandes", "title": "European colonization of the Americas" }, { "id": "8912894", "score": "1.6142589", "text": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus In 1492, a Spanish-based transatlantic maritime expedition led by Italian explorer Christopher Columbus encountered the Americas, continents which were largely unknown in Europe and were outside the Old World political and economic system. The four voyages of Columbus began the Spanish colonization of the Americas. For a long time it was generally believed that Columbus and his crew had been the first Europeans to make landfall in the Americas. In fact they were not the first explorers from Europe to reach the Americas, having been preceded by the Viking expedition led by Leif Erikson in the", "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": "3204277", "score": "1.612798", "text": "It was soon understood that Columbus had not reached Asia but had found a new continent, the Americas. The Americas were named in 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann, probably after Amerigo Vespucci. In 1501–1502, one of these Portuguese expeditions, led by Gonçalo Coelho (and/or André Gonçalves or Gaspar de Lemos), sailed south along the coast of South America to the bay of present-day Rio de Janeiro. Amerigo Vespucci's account states that the expedition reached the latitude \"South Pole elevation 52° S\", in the \"cold\" latitudes of what is now southern Patagonia (possibly near the Strait), before turning", "title": "Age of Discovery" }, { "id": "13837542", "score": "1.6125112", "text": "in the name of England. Nearly at the same time, between 1499 and 1502 the brothers Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real explored and named the coasts of Greenland, Labrador and also Newfoundland, naming \"\"Terra Verde\"\" the explored North American coasts. Both explorations were signaled in 1502 Cantino planisphere. It was soon understood that Columbus had not reached Asia, but rather found what was to Europeans a New World, which in 1507 was named \"America\", probably after Amerigo Vespucci, on the Waldseemüller map. In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral was sent by Portugal to explore South America. He is considered to be", "title": "Exploration of North America" }, { "id": "68273", "score": "1.599777", "text": "Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus (; before 31 October 145120 May 1506) was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonist who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. He led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America, initiating the permanent European colonization of the Americas. Columbus discovered the viable sailing route to the Americas, a continent which was not then known to the Old World. While what he thought he had discovered was a route to the Far East, he is credited with the opening of the Americas", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": "190054", "score": "1.595748", "text": "of the North American continent in 1497; Amerigo Vespucci, who first demonstrated in about 1502 that the New World was not Asia as initially conjectured, but a fourth continent previously unknown to people of the Old World (America is named after him); and Giovanni da Verrazzano, renowned as the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between Florida and New Brunswick in 1524. Furthermore, the Papal States was involved in resolving disputes between competing colonial powers. The only attempt by an Italian state to colonise the Americas was taken into consideration by Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand", "title": "Italy" }, { "id": "619043", "score": "1.5865035", "text": "for both North and South America. Columbus' \"discovery\" of America is a contested idea because the Americas were already heavily populated by the indigenous Native American peoples, who had developed distinctive civilizations in their own right. After Columbus, influxes of Europeans soon followed and overwhelmed the native population. North America became a staging ground for ongoing European rivalries. The continent was divided by three prominent European powers: England, France, and Spain. The influences of colonization by these states on North American cultures are still apparent today. Conflict over resources on North America ensued in various wars between these powers, but,", "title": "History of North America" }, { "id": "8912959", "score": "1.5746851", "text": "continents of Africa and Asia, but none of the New World. The Spanish received everything west of this line, territory that was still almost completely unknown, and proved to be primarily the vast majority of the continents of the Americas and the Islands of the Pacific Ocean. This arrangement was somewhat subverted in 1500, when the Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral arrived at a point on the eastern coast of South America, and realized that it was on the Portuguese side of the dividing line between the two empires. This would lead to the Portuguese colonization of what is now", "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": "68372", "score": "1.5737638", "text": "shown differs from other images, including that of the \"Virgin of the Navigators.\" Footnotes Citations Bibliography Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus (; before 31 October 145120 May 1506) was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonist who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. He led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America, initiating the permanent European colonization of the Americas. Columbus discovered the viable sailing route to the Americas, a continent which was not then known to the Old World. While what he thought he had discovered", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": "20812238", "score": "1.5736232", "text": "and then further annotated by Verrazzano himself. It was sent via a series of letters to colleagues of Verrazzano in France and then to Italy, where it then remained undiscovered in a Viterbo library until the early twentieth century. Until its discovery there had been some doubt as to whether Verrazzano had ever made the voyage at all. Verrazzano's fellow Italian, Christopher Columbus, in the service of the Catholic Monarchs, had reached the New World in 1492, and over the next thirty years, the three major European powers—the British, Portuguese and Spanish—investigated the new continent, claiming land for their respective", "title": "Cèllere Codex" }, { "id": "2779701", "score": "1.5657425", "text": "of North America (published in Antwerp, 1544) claiming to have discovered North America with his father in 1494, three years before his father's voyage. Sancho Gutierrez repeated this text in Castilian on his 1551 map. Placed next to the border of North America, the text reads: This land was discovered by Johannes Caboto, venetian and Sebastian Caboto, his son, in the year of the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ MCCCCXCIV, 24th of June in the morning. They put to it the name 'prima terra vista' and [...] This big island was named Saint John, as it was discovered on", "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)" }, { "id": "628163", "score": "1.5626092", "text": "the 7th century; the site became the first permanent European settlement in the Americas. Western European conquest, large-scale exploration and colonization soon followed. Columbus's first two voyages (1492–93) reached the Bahamas and various Caribbean islands, including Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. In 1497, Italian explorer John Cabot, on behalf of England, landed on the North American coast, and a year later, Columbus's third voyage reached the South American coast. As the sponsor of Christopher Columbus's voyages, Spain was the first European power to settle and colonize the largest areas, from North America and the Caribbean to the southern tip of", "title": "European colonization of the Americas" }, { "id": "68276", "score": "1.5622542", "text": "subsequently visited Cuba and Hispaniola, establishing a colony in what is now Haiti—the first European settlement in the Americas since the Norse colonies almost 500 years earlier. He arrived back in Spain in early 1493, bringing a number of captive natives with him. Word of his discoveries soon spread throughout Europe. Columbus would make three further voyages to the New World, exploring the Lesser Antilles in 1493, Trinidad and the northern coast of South America in 1498, and the eastern coast of Central America in 1502. Many of the names he gave to geographical features—particularly islands—are still in use. He", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": "619042", "score": "1.5587523", "text": "was limited in comparison to the extensive trade and conflict of civilizations across the Atlantic in Europe and Asia. Records of European travel to North America begin with the Norse in the tenth century CE. In 985, they founded a settlement on Greenland (an often-overlooked part of North America) that persisted until the early 1400s. They also explored the east coast of Canada, but their settlements there were much smaller and shorter-lived. With the Age of Exploration and the voyages of Christopher Columbus (starting 1492), Europeans began to arrive in the Americas in large numbers and to develop colonial ambitions", "title": "History of North America" } ]

[ "clown", "therapeutic clown", "List of famous clowns", "Clownish", "clowning", "Therapeutic clown", "Auguste clown", "Clown blanc", "laystan", "clownish", "List of fictional clowns", "Clowning", "auguste clown", "party clown", "Laystan", "clown shoe", "hobo clown", "Hobo Clown", "Clown Shoe", "clowns in fiction", "Clown", "Clowns", "Clowns in fiction", "Clown suit", "laytsan", "clown blanc", "Laytsan", "clowns", "list of famous clowns", "Clown shoe", "list of fictional clowns", "clown suit", "Party clown" ]

[ { "id": "9723038", "score": "1.909693", "text": "Touchstone (As You Like It) Touchstone is a fictional character in Shakespeare's play \"As You Like It\". Touchstone is the court jester of Duke Frederick, the usurper's court. Throughout the play he comments on the other characters and thus contributes to a better understanding of the play. Touchstone falls in love with a dull-witted goat girl named Audrey. William, an oafish country boy, makes clumsy attempts to woo her as well, but is driven off by Touchstone, who threatens to kill him \"a hundred and fifty ways\". Eventually Touchstone marries Audrey, but a prediction is made that the relationship will", "title": "Touchstone (As You Like It)" }, { "id": "9723041", "score": "1.8890206", "text": "of \"As You Like It\" (p. 145). The addition of Armin to the Chamberlain's Men in 1599 and the character of Touchstone marked the beginning of a series of court fool characters; these characters differed greatly from earlier Shakespearean fools, typically played by William Kempe, because their humour is mainly derived from the fool's wit and intellect. The earlier fools of this period were often nothing but stooges. Touchstone (As You Like It) Touchstone is a fictional character in Shakespeare's play \"As You Like It\". Touchstone is the court jester of Duke Frederick, the usurper's court. Throughout the play he", "title": "Touchstone (As You Like It)" }, { "id": "9723040", "score": "1.7548376", "text": "natural for our whetstone\"). Often he tries to show off his wit and intelligence by making some wise comments and references. Touchstone compares himself to Ovid and Jaques likens him to Jove in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". The word \"touchstone\" appears in Book II of the second 1575 edition of Arthur Golding's translation of this work. in which Mercury tricks Battus into revealing the whereabouts of the cattle of Apollo which Mercury himself has stolen and punishes Battus by turning him into a touchstone. In \"Shakespeare's Clown,\" David Wiles suggests that Robert Armin played the part of Touchstone in the first productions", "title": "Touchstone (As You Like It)" }, { "id": "12625357", "score": "1.7362974", "text": "if at the end of a performance. A statue was created for Logan Circle, Philadelphia in 1926, designed by Alexander Stirling Calder. It does not depict Shakespeare himself, but rather the figures of Touchstone the jester from \"As You Like It\", representing comedy, and Hamlet, representing tragedy. Touchstone is lounging with his head tilted laughing, his feet hanging over the top of the tall stone pedestal and his left arm resting on Hamlet's legs. Hamlet is seated, brooding, his knife dangling over Touchstone's body. The opening lines of the famous All the world's a stage speech from \"As You Like", "title": "Memorials to William Shakespeare" }, { "id": "1913644", "score": "1.6764075", "text": "he may also have played with the company at the Curtain, while Kempe was still a member. Armin is generally credited with all the \"licensed fools\" in the repertory of the Chamberlain's and King's Men: Touchstone in \"As You Like It\", Feste in \"Twelfth Night\", the Fool in \"King Lear\", Lavatch in \"All's Well That Ends Well\", and perhaps Thersites in \"Troilus and Cressida\", the Porter in \"Macbeth\", the Fool in \"Timon of Athens\", and Autolycus in \"The Winter's Tale\". Of these eight, Touchstone is the fool about which there is the most critical discussion. Harold Bloom describes him as", "title": "Robert Armin" }, { "id": "13215994", "score": "1.6218107", "text": "compared to them. Arnold proposed this method of evaluation as a corrective for what he called the \"fallacious\" estimates of poems according to their \"historic\" importance in the development of literature, or else according to their \"personal\" appeal to an individual critic. A touchstone is a small tablet of dark stone such as fieldstone, slate, or lydite, used for assaying precious metal alloys. It has a finely grained surface on which soft metals leave a visible trace. An example in literature is the character of Touchstone in Shakespeare's \"As You Like It\", described as \"a wise fool who acts as", "title": "Touchstone (metaphor)" }, { "id": "454291", "score": "1.6171426", "text": "thunderbolt. The ghosts fall on their knees.\" The actors in Shakespeare's company included the famous Richard Burbage, William Kempe, Henry Condell and John Heminges. Burbage played the leading role in the first performances of many of Shakespeare's plays, including \"Richard III\", \"Hamlet\", \"Othello\", and \"King Lear\". The popular comic actor Will Kempe played the servant Peter in \"Romeo and Juliet\" and Dogberry in \"Much Ado About Nothing\", among other characters. He was replaced around 1600 by Robert Armin, who played roles such as Touchstone in \"As You Like It\" and the fool in \"King Lear\". In 1613, Sir Henry Wotton", "title": "William Shakespeare" }, { "id": "9723039", "score": "1.6014618", "text": "not last. Audrey doesn't love Touchstone in the real sense of the feeling but only to become a courtly lady. She is a rustic countrywoman. Touchstone is not a self-centered and selfish man, as is shown when he is willing to follow Celia into the forest of Arden for the simple reason as to be a comfort on the journey and as a security too. Touchstone is thought to be a witty or clever fool, although Rosalind and Celia jokingly say that he is a \"natural\" fool (\"Fortune makes Nature's natural the cutter-off of Nature's wit\" and \"hath sent this", "title": "Touchstone (As You Like It)" }, { "id": "10711586", "score": "1.5810914", "text": "and Dogberry in \"Much Ado About Nothing\", among other parts. He was replaced around the turn of the 16th century by Robert Armin, who played roles such as Touchstone in \"As You Like It\" and the fool in \"King Lear\". Little is certainly known about acting styles. Critics praised the best actors for their naturalness. Scorn was heaped on ranters and on those who \"tore a passion to tatters\", as Hamlet has it. Also with Hamlet, playwrights complain of clowns who improvise on stage (modern critics often blame Kemp in particular in this regard). In the older tradition of comedy", "title": "Shakespeare in performance" }, { "id": "13533217", "score": "1.5736779", "text": "Wood's \"In Search of Shakespeare\" that the words of Touchstone, \"When a man's verses cannot be understood, nor a man's good wit seconded with the forward child understanding, it strikes a man more dead than a great reckoning in a little room\", allude to Marlowe's assassination. According to the inquest into his death, Marlowe had been killed in a brawl following an argument over the \"reckoning\" of a bill in a room in a house in Deptford, owned by the widow Eleanor Bull in 1593. The 1598 posthumous publication of \"Hero and Leander\" would have revived interest in his work", "title": "As You Like It" }, { "id": "13533239", "score": "1.571742", "text": "band Johnny Flynn and The Sussex Wit. The production included Pippa Nixon as Rosalind, Luke Norris as Orlando, Adrian Scarborough as Touchstone, William Houston as Jaques, Ellie Kendrick as Celia and Jude Akuwudike as Corin. \"As You Like It\" was Laurence Olivier's first Shakespeare film. Olivier, however, served only in an acting capacity (performing the role of Orlando), rather than producing or directing the film. Made in England and released in 1936, \"As You Like It\" also starred director Paul Czinner's wife Elizabeth Bergner, who played Rosalind with a thick German accent. Although it is much less \"Hollywoody\" than the", "title": "As You Like It" }, { "id": "12558757", "score": "1.5676091", "text": "sister, Aliena), and Duke Frederick's fool Touchstone. Eventually, Rosalind is reunited with her father and married to her faithful lover, Orlando. Rosalind is one of Shakespeare's most recognized heroines. Generally noted for her resilience, quick wit, and beauty, Rosalind is a vital character in \"As You Like It.\" Most commonly seen next to her beloved cousin Celia, Rosalind is also a faithful friend, leader, and schemer. She stays true to her family and friends throughout the entire story, no matter how dangerous the consequences. Rosalind dominates the stage. Her true decision-making skills can be seen in the last scene of", "title": "Rosalind (As You Like It)" }, { "id": "15956122", "score": "1.5510683", "text": "of his feelings. He appears to be a coward. When he is threatened that he would be beaten and killed if he does not give up Audrey, he does not challenge Touchstone, his rival in love. Audrey's silence and her request that William should go away shows that the love between William and Audrey is superficial. Sir Oliver Martext is a vicar who is called to perform the marriage of Touchstone and Audrey. Lords and ladies in Duke Frederick's court Lords in Duke Senior's forest court Pages and musicians Hymen, the God of Marriage Characters in As You Like It", "title": "Characters in As You Like It" }, { "id": "6888466", "score": "1.5484908", "text": "opened the new, indoor Touchstone Theatre. With 200 seats, the Touchstone provides an intimate, complementary space to the outdoor amphitheater, and allows for new genres to grace an APT stage. APT's repertoire consists primarily of plays by Shakespeare and other noted (usually Western) playwrights, such as George Bernard Shaw, Anton Chekhov, and Molière. Three of the plays at \"the hill theatre\" are typically Shakespeares, with some 20th-century productions performed in the Touchstone. A significant part of APT's mission is its education program. APT works with schools and educators to teach students both about Shakespeare and other classic dramatic works, and", "title": "American Players Theatre" }, { "id": "13215995", "score": "1.5394702", "text": "a kind of guide or point of reference throughout the play, putting everyone, including himself, to the comic test\". A touchstone can be a short passage from recognized masters' works used in assaying the relative merit of poetry and literature. This sense was coined by Matthew Arnold in his essay \"The Study of Poetry\", where he gives Hamlet's dying words to Horatio as an example of a touchstone. In Germany, various interest groups sometimes send questionnaires to the campaigning political parties before federal parliament elections. These questionnaires, consisting of political survey questions the interest groups are interested in, are often", "title": "Touchstone (metaphor)" }, { "id": "13533220", "score": "1.5221574", "text": "opinion of the work by calling it \"As You Like It\" – as if the playwright did not agree. Tolstoy objected to the immorality of the characters and Touchstone's constant clowning. Other critics have found great literary value in the work. Harold Bloom has written that Rosalind is among Shakespeare's greatest and most fully realised female characters. The elaborate gender reversals in the story are of particular interest to modern critics interested in gender studies. Through four acts of the play, Rosalind, who in Shakespeare's day would have been played by a boy, finds it necessary to disguise herself as", "title": "As You Like It" }, { "id": "17930675", "score": "1.5186841", "text": "company, Touchstone Shakespeare Theatre, to work with children, some with autism, who had little if any access to the Arts. Through this work she created and developed The Hunter Heartbeat Method, a distinctive methodology which uses Shakespeare's rhythmic language and physical gesture to release communicative blocks within children with all levels of autism, including children who are non-verbal. The methodology is being studied as a long-term research project at Ohio State University. A DVD \"Dreams and Voices\" (2007), documents the early games of the methodology and is available from the National Autistic Society. In June 2014 Hunter directed a production", "title": "Kelly Hunter" }, { "id": "1643012", "score": "1.5048653", "text": "is muddy, her breath “reeks”, and she is ungainly when she walks. The relationship has a strong parallel with Touchstone’s pursuit of Audrey in \"As You Like It\". The Dark Lady presents an adequate receptor for male desire. She is celebrated in cocky terms that would be offensive to her, not that she would be able to read or understand what’s said. Soon the speaker rebukes her for enslaving his fair friend (sonnet 130). He can’t abide the triangular relationship, and it ends with him rejecting her. As with the Fair Youth, there have been many attempts to identify her", "title": "Shakespeare's sonnets" }, { "id": "15956119", "score": "1.4956346", "text": "him to acquire the love of Ganymede whom she loves. She constantly rebukes and insults Silvius, yet he longs for her love. Rosalind feels sympathy for him and scolds him for having become a 'tame snake' because of his passion for Phoebe. Finally, he marries Phoebe with the clever manipulation of Rosalind. Audrey is a homely, ugly and ignorant shepherd girl. Touchstone introduces her to the Duke as 'a poor virgin, sir, an ill-favoured thing, sir, but mine own'. She is attracted by the courtly manners and wit of Touchstone and Touchstone probably discovers in her rich honesty. Touchstone falls", "title": "Characters in As You Like It" }, { "id": "15956108", "score": "1.4910089", "text": "Characters in As You Like It The following is a list of characters in William Shakespeare's \"As You Like It\". Duke Frederick is the younger brother of Duke Senior. Prior to the play he usurps power from his older brother. His hatefulness and paranoia are displayed when he banishes Rosalind, the daughter Duke Senior. However, at the end of the play, as Duke Frederick brings his army towards the forest to kill his brother, he happens upon a old priest who convinces him to take up the monastic life of peace and simplicity. Celia is the daughter of Duke Frederick.", "title": "Characters in As You Like It" } ]

[ "Burgh of Aberdeen", "kingsford primary school", "Scotland Aberdeen", "Obar Dheathain", "UN/LOCODE:GBABD", "Aberdeen city", "Aberdeen (district)", "skene square primary school", "City of Aberdeen", "Kingsford Primary School", "Aberdeen City Police", "City of Aberdeen (council area)", "Aiberdeen", "aiberdeen", "Aberdeen Scotland", "Retail in Aberdeen", "Aberdeen City", "Aberdeen (Scottish city)", "city of aberdeen council area", "Aberdeen, Scotland", "aberdeen city police", "obar dheathain", "mile end school", "Aberdeen City council area", "aberdeen scottish city", "aberdonian", "Mile-End School", "Aberdeen City (council area)", "un locode gbabd", "aberdeen", "City of Aberdeen council area", "city of aberdeen local government district grampian region", "ABERDEEN", "Aberdonian", "City of Aberdeen, Scotland", "city of aberdeen", "retail in aberdeen", "aberdeen district", "Aberdeen (Scotland)", "aberdeen scotland", "scotland aberdeen", "city of aberdeen scotland", "City of Aberdeen (local government district, Grampian region)", "aberdeen city council area", "Skene Square Primary School", "burgh of aberdeen", "aberdeen city", "Aberdeen" ]

[ { "id": "2469752", "score": "1.6269927", "text": "neighbour to the north, the River Don. The River Dee rises from a spring on the Braeriach plateau in the Cairngorm Mountains at a height of at about 1,220 m, the highest source of any major river in the British Isles. Emerging in a number of pools called the Wells of Dee the young Dee then flows across the plateau to the cliff edge from where the Falls of Dee plunge into An Garbh Choire (\"burn of the rough corrie\"). The river is then joined by a tributary coming from the Pools of Dee in the Lairig Ghru, and flows", "title": "River Dee, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": "1438122", "score": "1.6163263", "text": "and Donside in Aberdeen where a number of residential care homes were evacuated as a precaution. Strathdon attracts visitors for salmon and trout fishing as well as its castles and scenery. River Don, Aberdeenshire The River Don () is a river in north-east Scotland. It rises in the Grampians and flows eastwards, through Aberdeenshire, to the North Sea at Aberdeen. The Don passes through Alford, Kemnay, Inverurie, Kintore, and Dyce. Its main tributary, the River Ury, joins at Inverurie. The Don rises in the peat flat beneath \"Druim na Feithe\", and in the shadow of Glen Avon, before flowing quietly", "title": "River Don, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": "2469756", "score": "1.5817189", "text": "is within the Mar Lodge Estate, which is owned by the National Trust for Scotland and has been classified as a National Nature Reserve since May 2017. The Cairngorms National Park, established in 2003 covers the whole of the catchment of the Dee, including tributaries, down to as far as Dinnet. As well being included as part of the Cairngorms National Park the Deeside area, along with the mountains surrounding Lochnagar as far south as the head of Glen Doll, are together classified as the \"Deeside and Lochnagar National Scenic Area\", one of 40 such areas in Scotland. The designated", "title": "River Dee, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": "1438120", "score": "1.5766336", "text": "The river was recorded by the 2nd century AD cosmographer Ptolemy of Alexandria (d. \"c\" 168) as Δηουανα \"Devona\", meaning 'goddess', an indication the river was once a sacred one. Near Kintore, not distant from the Don, is the Deers Den Roman Camp. In 1750 the Don's lower reaches were channelled towards the sea, moving its confluence with the sea northwards. River levels and flows have been measured along the course of the Don at a number of gauging stations since 1969. The lowest of these is the gauge at Parkhill near Dyce, with a mean flow of . The", "title": "River Don, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": "2469754", "score": "1.5684366", "text": "the growing River Dee. The River Clunie enters the Dee at Braemar. Through Deeside the river passes Braemar, Balmoral Castle, Ballater, Dinnet, Aboyne and Banchory to reach the sea at Aberdeen. Near Ballater two rivers are tributaries: the River Gairn flowing from the north and the River Muick, flowing out of Loch Muick, from the south. The river remains within the Cairngorms National Park until it reaches Dinnett. Water of Tanar flows through Glen Tanar before joining at Aboyne. The Falls of Feugh has its confluence with the Dee at Banchory and Coy Burn enters at Milton of Crathes. The", "title": "River Dee, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Etymology of Aberdeen\n\nThe etymology of \"Aberdeen\" is that of the name first used for the city of Aberdeen, Scotland, which then bestowed its name to other Aberdeens around the world, as Aberdonians left Scotland to settle in the New World and other colonies.\n\nAberdeen is pronounced in Received Pronunciation, and (with a short \"a\" sound) in Scottish Standard English. The local Doric pronunciation, (with a long \"ay\" sound), is frequently rendered .", "title": "Etymology of Aberdeen" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "River Dee, Aberdeenshire\n\nThe River Dee () is a river in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It rises in the Cairngorms and flows through southern Aberdeenshire to reach the North Sea at Aberdeen. The area it passes through is known as Deeside, or Royal Deeside in the region between Braemar and Banchory because Queen Victoria came for a visit there in 1848 and greatly enjoyed herself. She and her husband, Prince Albert, built Balmoral Castle there which replaced an older castle.\n\nDeeside is a popular area for tourists, due to the combination of scenic beauty and historic and royal associations.\n\nThe New Statistical Account of Scotland attributed the name Dee as having been used as early as the second century AD in the work of the Alexandrian geographer Claudius Ptolemy, as \"Δηοῦα\" (=Deva), meaning 'goddess'. This indicated the river had divine status in the beliefs of the ancient inhabitants of the area. There are several other rivers with the same name in Great Britain, and they are believed to have similar derivations, as may the Dee's near neighbour to the north which is the River Don.", "title": "River Dee, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of rivers of Scotland\n\nThis list of rivers in Scotland is organised geographically, taken anti-clockwise, from Berwick-upon-Tweed. Tributaries are listed down the page in an upstream direction. (L) indicates a left-bank tributary and (R) indicates a right-bank tributary whilst (Ls) and (Rs) indicate left and right forks where a named river is formed from two differently named rivers.\n\nFor simplicity, they are divided here by the coastal section in which the mouth of the river can be found. Those on Scottish islands can be found in a section at the end. For Scottish estuaries, please see under firths and sea lochs.\n\nThe Scots have many words for watercourses. ", "title": "List of rivers of Scotland" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "River Don, Aberdeenshire\n\nThe River Don () is a river in north-east Scotland. It rises in the Grampians and flows eastwards, through Aberdeenshire, to the North Sea at Aberdeen. The Don passes through Alford, Kemnay, Inverurie, Kintore, and Dyce. Its main tributary, the River Ury, joins at Inverurie.", "title": "River Don, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of rivers of England\n\nThis is a list of rivers of England, organised geographically and taken anti-clockwise around the English coast where the various rivers discharge into the surrounding seas, from the Solway Firth on the Scottish border to the Welsh Dee on the Welsh border, and again from the Wye on the Welsh border anti-clockwise to the Tweed on the Scottish border.\n\nTributaries are listed down the page in an upstream direction, i.e. the first tributary listed is closest to the sea, and tributaries of tributaries are treated similarly. Thus, in the first catchment below, the River Sark is the lowermost tributary of the Border Esk and the Hether Burn is the lowermost tributary of the River Lyne. The main stem (or principal) river of a catchment is labelled as (MS), left-bank tributaries are indicated by (L), right-bank tributaries by (R). Note that in general usage, the 'left (or right) bank of a river' refers to the left (or right) hand bank, as seen when looking downstream. Where a named river derives from the confluence of two differently named rivers these are labelled as (Ls) and (Rs) for the left and right forks (the rivers on the left and right, relative to an observer facing downstream). A prime example is the River Tyne (MS), the confluence of the South Tyne (Rs) and the North Tyne (Ls) near Hexham. Those few watercourses (mainly in the Thames catchment) which branch off a major channel and then rejoin it or another watercourse further downstream are known as distributaries or anabranches and are labelled (d).\n\nThe list will encompass most of the main rivers of England (as defined by the Environment Agency) and which includes those named watercourses for which the Environment Agency has a flood defence function. Many rivers and streams which are not classed as 'main rivers' also appear. Some minor watercourses are included in the list, especially if they are named as 'river'- such examples may be labelled (m).\n\nFor simplicity, they are divided here by the coastal sections within which each river system discharges to the sea. In the case of the rivers which straddle the borders with Scotland and Wales, such as the Border Esk, Tweed, Dee, Severn and Wye, only those tributaries which lie at least partly in England are included.", "title": "List of rivers of England" }, { "id": "1438118", "score": "1.5680578", "text": "River Don, Aberdeenshire The River Don () is a river in north-east Scotland. It rises in the Grampians and flows eastwards, through Aberdeenshire, to the North Sea at Aberdeen. The Don passes through Alford, Kemnay, Inverurie, Kintore, and Dyce. Its main tributary, the River Ury, joins at Inverurie. The Don rises in the peat flat beneath \"Druim na Feithe\", and in the shadow of Glen Avon, before flowing quietly past the ice-age moraine and down to Cock Bridge, below the picturesque site of the recently demolished Delnadamph Lodge. Several streams, the Dhiver, Feith Bhait, Meoir Veannaich, Cock Burn and the", "title": "River Don, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": "1438121", "score": "1.5627308", "text": "station measures 97% of the total catchment of the river. Prior to 2016 the maximum levels and flows were recorded during the floods of November 2002, with peak levels on the 22nd of that month reaching at Haughton near Inverurie, and at Parkhill. These were exceeded in January 2016 during the 2015–16 floods, when levels at Haughton reached , whilst those at Parkhill were over a metre higher than previously at . The resultant flooding forced residents along the river to evacuate their homes, in some cases with the help of local rescue teams. Areas affected included Port Elphinstone, Kintore,", "title": "River Don, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": "2469750", "score": "1.5281814", "text": "River Dee, Aberdeenshire The River Dee () is a river in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It rises in the Cairngorms and flows through southern Aberdeenshire to reach the North Sea at Aberdeen. The area it passes through is known as Deeside, or Royal Deeside in the region between Braemar and Banchory because Queen Victoria came to love the place and built Balmoral Castle there. Deeside is a popular area for tourists, due to the combination of scenic beauty and historic and royal associations. The scenic beauty of Deeside is recognised by its inclusion in the Cairngorms National Park and the Deeside and", "title": "River Dee, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": "2469753", "score": "1.5271597", "text": "south down the Lairig Ghru between Ben Macdui and Cairn Toul, tumbling over falls in the Chest of Dee on its way to White Bridge and the confluence with the Geldie Burn, at which point it turns east. At Linn of Dee the river passes east through a 300 metre natural rock gorge, a spot much favoured by Queen Victoria during her stays at Balmoral. The queen opened the bridge that spans the Dee at this point in 1857. Between Linn of Dee and Braemar the Lui Water (formed by the Luibeg and Derry burns) and the Quoich Water join", "title": "River Dee, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": "9719963", "score": "1.5208776", "text": "and Don are currently crossed by a variety of bridges, varying from modern structures to older stone bridges dating back hundreds of years. The River Dee is crossed by a number of bridges, from east to west: \"Maryculter Bridge\" links the North and South Deeside roads near the village of Maryculter close to the boundary of the council area, the bridge is earmarked for expansion as part of the proposed Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route to bypass the city. \"Victoria Bridge\" was completed in 1887, following a ferry disaster in 1876 which claimed the lives of 32 people returning from a", "title": "Transport in Aberdeen" }, { "id": "2469758", "score": "1.5191197", "text": "birch woods and heather moors with associated wildlife. On the valley floor there are deciduous alder and mixed broadleaved woods, and meadow grasslands. The Dee is a popular salmon river, having a succession of varied pools, intersected by sharp rapids. In 1995 it was estimated that salmon fishing on the river contributed between £5 and £6 million a year to the Grampian Region economy. The A93 road runs west along the north bank of the river from Aberdeen to Braemar before it turns south, leaving Deeside, to climb to the Glenshee Ski Centre at Cairnwell Pass and then onwards to", "title": "River Dee, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": "2469811", "score": "1.5157688", "text": "River Dee, Galloway The River Dee (), in south-west Scotland, flows from its source in Loch Dee amongst the Galloway Hills, firstly to Clatteringshaws Loch, then into Loch Ken, where it joins the Water of Ken. From there, the Dee flows southwards to Kirkcudbright, and into Kirkcudbright Bay to reach the Solway Firth. The distance is just over in total. Together with its tributaries, the Dee's total catchment area is over . The river is dammed at Tongland, two miles (3 km) upriver from Kirkcudbright. This was constructed as part of the Galloway hydro-electric power scheme in the 1930s. Also", "title": "River Dee, Galloway" }, { "id": "2469751", "score": "1.5137026", "text": "Lochnagar National Scenic Area. The Dee is popular with anglers, and is one of the most famous salmon fishing rivers in the world. The New Statistical Account of Scotland attributed the name Dee as having been used as early as the second century AD in the work of the Alexandrian geographer Claudius Ptolemy, as \"Δηοῦα\" (=Deva), meaning 'Goddess', indicating a divine status for the river in the beliefs of the ancient inhabitants of the area. There are several other rivers of the same name in Great Britain, and these are believed to have similar derivations, as may the Dee's near", "title": "River Dee, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": "2469814", "score": "1.5125567", "text": "in form but is likely to derive in turn from an earlier Cumbric cognate. River Dee, Galloway The River Dee (), in south-west Scotland, flows from its source in Loch Dee amongst the Galloway Hills, firstly to Clatteringshaws Loch, then into Loch Ken, where it joins the Water of Ken. From there, the Dee flows southwards to Kirkcudbright, and into Kirkcudbright Bay to reach the Solway Firth. The distance is just over in total. Together with its tributaries, the Dee's total catchment area is over . The river is dammed at Tongland, two miles (3 km) upriver from Kirkcudbright. This", "title": "River Dee, Galloway" }, { "id": "14420", "score": "1.5090697", "text": "became Gaelic-speaking at some time in the medieval period. Old Aberdeen is the approximate location of \"Aberdon\", the first settlement of Aberdeen; this literally means \"the mouth of the Don\". The Celtic word ' means \"river mouth\", as in modern Welsh (Aberystwyth, Aberdare, Aberbeeg etc). The Scottish Gaelic name is ' (variation: '; *' presumably being a loan from the earlier Pictish; the Gaelic term is ), and in Latin, the Romans referred to the river as \"Devana\". Mediaeval (or Ecclesiastical) Latin has it as \"\". Aberdeen is locally governed by Aberdeen City Council, which comprises forty-five councillors who represent", "title": "Aberdeen" }, { "id": "2469755", "score": "1.5053971", "text": "tidal limit is just above Bridge of Dee, built about 1720, which carries the main A90 trunk road from Aberdeen to the south. Before reaching the North Sea, the river passes through Aberdeen Harbour, the principal marine centre for the energy industry in Europe, servicing the offshore oil and gas industry. An artificial channel was constructed in 1872 to straighten the river's flow into the sea. Footdee (\"Fittie\") is an old fishing village at the east end of Aberdeen Harbour. The Dee is important for nature conservation and the area has many designated sites. The upper catchment down to Inverey", "title": "River Dee, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": "1438119", "score": "1.4968376", "text": "Allt nan Aighean merge to form the embryonic Don. Water from the north of Brown Cow Hill () drains into the Don, while water from the west side runs into the River Spey and that from the south side into the Dee. The Don follows a circuitous route eastwards past Corgarff Castle, through Strathdon and the Howe of Alford before entering the North Sea just north of Old Aberdeen. The chief tributaries are Conrie Water, Ernan Water, Water of Carvie, Water of Nochty, Deskry Water, Water of Buchat, Kindy Burn, Bucks Burn, Mossat Burn, Leochel Burn and the River Ury.", "title": "River Don, Aberdeenshire" }, { "id": "4572423", "score": "1.49676", "text": "River Dee ferryboat disaster The River Dee Ferry Boat Disaster occurred on 5 April 1876. Thirty two people drowned in the mouth of the River Dee, Aberdeenshire, Scotland when their ferry boat capsized. Overcrowding, fast flowing current and a poorly spliced wire rope were blamed. The city of Aberdeen lies at the mouth of the River Dee in North East Scotland. This is a tidal part of the river and can be subject to powerful currents. In 1876 the Royal Burgh of Torry was distinct from Aberdeen and was found on the south bank of the river. Aberdeen lay on", "title": "River Dee ferryboat disaster" }, { "id": "14454", "score": "1.4944406", "text": "reports, Aberdeen has never been banned from the Britain in Bloom competition. The city won the 2006 Scotland in Bloom \"Best City\" award along with the International Cities in Bloom award. The suburb of Dyce also won the Small Towns award. Duthie Park opened in 1899 on the north bank of the River Dee. It was named after and given to the city by Miss Elizabeth Crombie Duthie of Ruthrieston in 1881. It has extensive gardens, a rose hill, boating pond, bandstand, and play area as well as Europe's second largest enclosed gardens the David Welch Winter Gardens. Hazlehead Park,", "title": "Aberdeen" }, { "id": "14415", "score": "1.4883428", "text": "UK's economy, marking it as the only city in Scotland to receive this accolade. In 2018, Aberdeen was found to be the best city in the UK to start a business in a study released by card payment firm Paymentsense. The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years. The city began as two separate burghs: Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don; and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, where the Denburn waterway entered the river Dee estuary. The earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate", "title": "Aberdeen" } ]

[ "Fiddle and violin", "violina", "Violins", "violino", "violin", "Violinist", "FiddleandViolin", "Viollon", "Violina", "Carnatic Violin", "violin tuning", "violins", "violin player", "Violon", "violinist", "violon", "🎻", "Violin (instrument)", "Violin tuning", "The Violinist", "fiddleandviolin", "geige", "carnatic violin", "Violino", "Geige", "violin instrument", "Violinist (disambiguation)", "violinist disambiguation", "Violin player", "Violin", "fiddle and violin", "viollon" ]

[ { "id": "4266657", "score": "1.9441106", "text": "maintained an active full-time work schedule. He died at the age of 78 in 1981 in New York City. Following his passing, his wife took on an active role in managing the Meadowmount school. Galamian's most notable teaching assistants — later distinguished teachers in their own right — were Margaret Pardee, Dorothy DeLay, Sally Thomas, Pauline Scott, Robert Lipsett, Lewis Kaplan, David Cerone, and Elaine Richey. Galamian held honorary degrees from the Curtis Institute of Music, Oberlin College, and the Cleveland Institute of Music. He was an honorary member of the Royal Academy of Music, London. The book principles of", "title": "Ivan Galamian" }, { "id": "4266658", "score": "1.8714303", "text": "violin playing and teaching is translated to several languages in the world. Chinese version is done by Professor Peter Shi-xiang Zhang, Spanish by renato Zanettovich, Persian by Dr. Mohsen Kazemian. Ivan Galamian Ivan Alexander Galamian (; April 14, 1981) was an Iranian-born Armenian violin teacher of the twentieth century. Galamian was born in Tabriz, Iran to an Armenian family. Soon after his birth the family emigrated to Moscow, Russia. Galamian studied violin at the School of the Philharmonic Society with Konstantin Mostras (a student of Leopold Auer) and graduated in 1919. He was jailed at age fifteen by the Bolshevik", "title": "Ivan Galamian" }, { "id": "4266654", "score": "1.8641319", "text": "Ivan Galamian Ivan Alexander Galamian (; April 14, 1981) was an Iranian-born Armenian violin teacher of the twentieth century. Galamian was born in Tabriz, Iran to an Armenian family. Soon after his birth the family emigrated to Moscow, Russia. Galamian studied violin at the School of the Philharmonic Society with Konstantin Mostras (a student of Leopold Auer) and graduated in 1919. He was jailed at age fifteen by the Bolshevik government. The opera manager at the Bolshoi Theatre rescued Galamian; the manager argued that Galamian was a necessary part of the opera orchestra, and subsequently the government released him. Soon", "title": "Ivan Galamian" }, { "id": "4266656", "score": "1.7616074", "text": "at the Curtis Institute of Music beginning in 1944, and became the head of the violin department at the Juilliard School in 1946. He wrote two violin method books, \"Principles of Violin Playing and Teaching\" (1962) and \"Contemporary Violin Technique\" (1962). Galamian incorporated aspects of both the Russian and French schools of violin technique in his approach. In 1944 he founded the Meadowmount School of Music, a summer program in Westport, New York. The school has remained operational and has trained thousands of world class musicians. Galamian taught concurrently at Curtis, Juilliard, and Meadowmount schools. He did not retire and", "title": "Ivan Galamian" }, { "id": "4266655", "score": "1.6492451", "text": "thereafter he moved to Paris and studied under Lucien Capet in 1922 and 1923. In 1924 he debuted in Paris. Due to a combination of nerves, health, and a fondness for teaching, Galamian eventually gave up the stage in order to teach full-time. He became a faculty member at the Conservatoire Rachmaninoff where he taught from 1925 to 1929. His earliest pupils in Paris include Vida Reynolds, the first woman in Philadelphia Orchestra's first-violin section, and Paul Makanowitzky. In 1937 Galamian moved permanently to the United States. In 1941 he married Judith Johnson in New York City. He taught violin", "title": "Ivan Galamian" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Itzhak Perlman\n\nItzhak Perlman (; born August 31, 1945) is an Israeli-American violinist widely considered one of the greatest violinists in the world. Perlman has performed worldwide and throughout the United States, in venues that have included a State Dinner at the White House honoring Queen Elizabeth II, and at President Barack Obama's inauguration. He has conducted the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Westchester Philharmonic. In 2015, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.<ref name=\"AmMstrs\"/> Perlman has won 16 Grammy Awards, including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and four Emmy Awards.<ref name=\"AmMstrs\"/>", "title": "Itzhak Perlman" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lucien Capet\n\nLucien Louis Capet (8 January 1873 – 18 December 1928) was a French violinist, pedagogue and composer.", "title": "Lucien Capet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Zubin Mehta\n\nZubin Mehta (born 29 April 1936) is an Indian conductor of Western classical music. He is music director emeritus of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (IPO) and conductor emeritus of the Los Angeles Philharmonic.\n\nMehta's father was the founder of the Bombay Symphony Orchestra, and Mehta received his early musical education from him. When he was 18, he enrolled in the Vienna state music academy, from which he graduated after three years with a diploma as a conductor. He began winning international competitions and conducted the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic at age 21. Beginning in the 1960s, Mehta gained experience by substituting for celebrated maestros throughout the world.\n\nMehta was music director of the Montreal Symphony Orchestra from 1961 to 1967 and of the Los Angeles Philharmonic from 1962 to 1978, the youngest music director ever for any major North American orchestra. In 1969, he was appointed Music Adviser to the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra and in 1981 he became its Music Director for Life. From 1978 to 1991, Mehta was music director of the New York Philharmonic. He was chief conductor of the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino in Florence from 1985 to 2017.\n\nHe is an honorary citizen of both Florence and Tel Aviv and was made an honorary member of the Vienna State Opera in 1997 and of the Bavarian State Opera in 2006. The title of Honorary Conductor was bestowed on him by numerous orchestras throughout the world. More recently, Mehta made several tours with the Bavarian State Opera and kept up a busy schedule of guest conducting appearances. In December 2006, he received the Kennedy Center Honor and in October 2008 he was honored by the Japanese Imperial Family with the Praemium Imperiale.\nIn 2016, Mehta was appointed Honorary Conductor of the Teatro San Carlo, Naples.", "title": "Zubin Mehta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Joseph Genualdi\n\nJoseph Genualdi is an American violinist.", "title": "Joseph Genualdi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Armenian Americans\n\nThis is a list of notable Armenian Americans, including both original immigrants who obtained American citizenship and their American descendants. Armenian Americans are people born or raised in the United States, or who reside there, with origins in the country known as Armenia, which ranges from the Caucasian mountain range to the Armenian plateau. \n\nThere has been sporadic emigration from Armenia to the U.S. since the late 19th century, with the biggest influx coming after the Armenian genocide of the early 20th century. The largest community in the United States is based in Los Angeles; however, other sizable communities exist in Boston, Detroit and the New York metropolitan area. Statistics from the United States 2000 Census, there are 385,488 Americans indicated either full or partial Armenian ancestry.\n\n", "title": "List of Armenian Americans" }, { "id": "10286544", "score": "1.6268806", "text": "on, his career focus changed as he decided he'd rather touch people's lives through music. Upon returning to civilian life, he became a student of Ivan Galamian at Juilliard. Galamian had misgivings about accepting a 24-year-old student, but wanted to help a war veteran. From there, his life as a musician started to blossom, even drawing the attention of Igor Stravinsky with his performance of Stravinsky's \"L'Histoire du Soldat\". He became well known for his attention given to modern composers, and notably worked closely on many pieces with John Cage. As of the 1950s, Cohen was serving as the concertmaster", "title": "Isidore Cohen" }, { "id": "20195463", "score": "1.5717783", "text": "number of international organizations and educational initiatives, including serving as co-chair of the “Transformation of the Humanities Program,” funded by philanthropist George Soros, in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. The project produced over 400 new textbooks in the humanities and social sciences for use in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus between 1992 and 1995. Davidson is the co-founder and chair (2006–present) of the Center for Education, Assessment and Teaching Methods (CEATM) in Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan), the first independent, merit-based university admissions testing program in the former Soviet space. He also served as Vice President of the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language", "title": "Dan E. Davidson" }, { "id": "8370502", "score": "1.5597992", "text": "teaching courses in psychology and psychotherapy in 1996 and is now director with Joe Griffin of Human Givens College. The Griffin/Tyrrell collaboration contributed to psychotherapy and consciousness studies and publications. Their human givens approach is now endorsed by peer-reviewed papers. Ivan Tyrrell Ivan Tyrrell (; born 18 October 1943) is a British educator, writer, and artist. He lives with his wife Véronique in the Cotswolds, England. Tyrrell left Wallington County Grammar School to study art as an apprentice at F.G. Marshal in 1959. In 1962 he began a fine arts course at Croydon Art College and was taught painting by", "title": "Ivan Tyrrell" }, { "id": "18134698", "score": "1.5575678", "text": "learning disabled children. Cohen introduced her to the work of Alexander Luria. According to Arrowsmith Young, Luria's 1971 book \"The Man with the Shattered World\" which documented the recovery under his treatment of the brain-injured soldier Lev Zasetsky was profoundly influential on her, as was the work of Mark Rosenzweig on neuroplasticity. Using the ideas of Luria and Rosenzweig, she began developing a series of exercises in 1978 which she says finally helped to overcome her learning disabilities. Arrowsmith Young and Cohen married in 1980 and opened the Arrowswmith School for learning disabled children in Toronto that same year. Its", "title": "Barbara Arrowsmith Young" }, { "id": "19115373", "score": "1.5462992", "text": "Vaklush Tolev Vaklush Tolev (Vaklush Tolev Zapryanov, Bulgarian: Ваклуш Толев Запрянов), also known as \"Vaklush, The Teacher of Wisdom\", is a theologist by education, a public figure, a university lecturer and an author of works of broad religious, philosophical, cultural and historical thematics. Some of his writing includes \"History and Theory of the Religions\" (in three volumes), \"The Spiritual Gifts of Bulgaria\" (in two volumes), \"The Seven Rays of the Evolution\", \"Uncovenanted Testament\", etc., as well as the author's \"Nur\" journal. His original vision, historical analysis and interpretation have merged into a new teaching, which he has called \"Way of", "title": "Vaklush Tolev" }, { "id": "16043106", "score": "1.5429069", "text": "impact not only on the practice and policy of education but also on the intellectual discourse on education in Cyprus. He was a proponent of interdisciplinary and holistic teaching. In 1954, he said: Francis Bacon’s essay “Of Studies” best captured Erduran’s passion for pedagogy and English literature: “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability” influenced his teaching philosophy in differentiating the purposes of education. He believed in everyone’s potential to learn, and took it upon himself as a teacher and an administrator to find creative ways of facilitating learning. He had a rare talent for transforming complex ideas", "title": "Erol Erduran" }, { "id": "11328792", "score": "1.5341911", "text": "many requests, he declined to place himself in the role of a teacher until he made the conscious decision to give his full time to teaching in February 2008. Since 2012 he has offered online webinars and in-person gatherings and retreats worldwide. Many of his video-podcasts and recorded gatherings are freely available on his YouTube channel. Although his initial spiritual training occurred in the Transcendental Meditation program, Igor now teaches mainly using the methodologies of Tantric Kashmir Shaivism, stating that the doctrines of Kashmir Shaivism most closely match his direct experience of spiritual transformation and the nature of reality. However,", "title": "Igor Kufayev" }, { "id": "10165289", "score": "1.5334162", "text": "he arrived in St. Petersburg and joined a major artillery school there. With limited prospects of pursuing a military career, he spent eight years in his native haunts, teaching history and geography, first in Bobrov and then in Voronezh. No one could have predicted that within two or three decades, the provincial teacher would rise to become one of the most influential men in the empire. A major step forward in his career was in 1861, when, electrified by the Emancipation Manifesto, he relocated to Moscow, where he found himself at the periphery of a burgeoning literary scene. At first", "title": "Aleksey Suvorin" }, { "id": "8520704", "score": "1.5254289", "text": "of Learning (Hicksville, New York) for many years. During the 1990s, Laurence Galian was a frequent presenter at the Starwood Festival, as well as many other Neo-Pagan gatherings across the United States. While visiting Baku, Azerbaijan, he was invited to give a presentation to a metaphysical study group in that city. Laurence Galian began his classical piano studies at the age of six with James Gerard DeMartini (Music Professor at the Brooklyn College of Music and noted Abstract Artist). He continued his musical studies at Hofstra University, the University of South Florida, and IRCAM in Paris. Galian served for 21", "title": "Laurence Galian" }, { "id": "12510952", "score": "1.5208406", "text": "Ivan Yakovlev (educator) Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev () (, a village of Koshki-Novotimbaeyvo, today's Tatarstan - October 23, 1930, Moscow) was a Chuvash enlightener, educator, and writer. In 1875, Ivan Yakovlev was graduated from the Kazan University. While he was still a gymnasium student, he invested his own capital and private donations into the establishment of Simbirsk Chuvash School in 1868. Thanks to the efforts of Ilya Ulyanov (Vladimir Lenin's father), this school would be funded by the government starting 1871. In 1877, the school was transformed into Simbirsk Central Chuvash School. After his graduation from the university, Ivan Yakovlev worked", "title": "Ivan Yakovlev (educator)" }, { "id": "10102290", "score": "1.5204983", "text": "Zolotov, an active adherent of the \"sound method\" of teaching reading and writing and an author of a lot of textbooks for public colleges. K. D. Ushinsky's pedagogical ideas rendered immense influence on restructuring the departments of the foundling house. Thanks to the work of Mariininsky department and its foundling house, the pace of pedagogical education in Saint Petersburg in the beginning of the 20th century took an unusual course. A whole system of establishments dealing with a range of questions concerning birth, pre-school, elementary, high-school, higher education, and correctional pedagogics was set, giving rise to a prototype of the", "title": "Herzen University" }, { "id": "12510953", "score": "1.5174059", "text": "as an inspector of Chuvash schools in the Kazan School District (until 1903) and headed the Chuvash School for Teachers (until October 1919). Ivan Yakovlev contributed to the establishing of Chuvash and other national schools in the Volga region. He was the one to create special instruction methods based on Konstantin Ushinsky’s pedagogical legacy. In the early 1870s, Ivan Yakovlev put together a new Chuvash alphabet, wrote several primers and textbooks based on the Russian alphabet. He is also known for having translated some of the Russian writers into the Chuvash language (Alexander Pushkin, Ivan Krylov, Leo Tolstoy, Nikolai Nekrasov", "title": "Ivan Yakovlev (educator)" }, { "id": "12661841", "score": "1.5153711", "text": "He has also held visiting professorships at Justus-Liebig University (Germany), the University of Auckland, and the Bosphorus University, Istanbul. His philosophical interests include continental philosophy - especially German philosophy, Friedrich Nietzsche, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, and existentialism generally. He also focused on the intersections of philosophy and literature, the history of philosophy, aesthetics, philosophical psychology, and philosophy of life. He has published widely in aesthetics, and complements his academic knowledge with expert proficiency in the manufacture of fine art books. Ivan has exhibited his hand-crafted art books in many galleries around the world, and", "title": "Ivan Soll" }, { "id": "15696605", "score": "1.5135362", "text": "University of Toronto. He is also involved with first-year undergraduate education at Victoria College, including the Vic One Program, where he holds the title of Hon. Newton W. Rowell Professor. In his recent research, the focus has been on western Christian views of Jews and Muslims. Currently, Kalmar is working on attitudes and policies towards Islam and Muslims in the eastern, formerly communist-ruled areas of the European Union. Some of the following texts are available online via the University of Toronto Library https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca T-Space site. Ivan Kalmar Ivan Kalmar (born February 13, 1948) is a Canadian professor. Soon after he", "title": "Ivan Kalmar" }, { "id": "15775563", "score": "1.5091959", "text": "of person-oriented education, an original concept of rules-driven subject-subject interaction and an act concept. Bekh is author of more than 460 scientific papers. He has 10 individual monographs, is co-author of 9 monographs and author of 17 tracts. Ivan Bekh Ivan Bekh (born October 9, 1940) is a professor who currently holds the position of Director of the Institute for Educational Problems. He was born in Vilchya, a village in the Polissya district of the Kiev Oblast province, and he is a respected member of the science and technology fields in Ukraine. Bekh is also a doctor of psychology (Doktor", "title": "Ivan Bekh" } ]

[ "Medea (Seneca)", "Medea", "medeia", "medea seneca", "Medeia", "Medea (painting)", "medea painting", "medea" ]

[ { "id": "107320", "score": "1.8446668", "text": "the hero Jason that the Golden Fleece he is seeking is in a copse guarded by a dragon, \"which surpassed in breadth and length a fifty-oared ship\". Jason slays the dragon and makes off with the Golden Fleece together with his co-conspirator, Aeëtes's daughter, Medea. The earliest artistic representation of this story is an Attic red-figure \"kylix\" dated to 480–470 BC, showing a bedraggled Jason being disgorged from the dragon's open mouth as the Golden Fleece hangs in a tree behind him and Athena, the goddess of wisdom, stands watch. A fragment from Pherecydes of Leros states that Jason killed", "title": "Dragon" }, { "id": "14357961", "score": "1.8097878", "text": "of Ano Volos. According to ancient Greek mythology, Aeson was the rightful king of Iolcus, but his half-brother Pelias usurped the throne. It was Pelias who sent Aeson's son Jason and his Argonauts to look for the Golden Fleece. The ship Argo set sail from Iolcus with a crew of fifty demigods and princes under Jason's leadership. Their mission was to reach Colchis in Aea at the eastern seaboard of the Black Sea and reclaim and bring back the Golden Fleece. Along with the Golden Fleece, Jason brought a wife, the sorceress Medea—king Aeetes' daughter, granddaughter of the Sun, niece", "title": "Iolcus" }, { "id": "515733", "score": "1.7820305", "text": "of marriages between mortals and divine, suggesting that she is predominantly divine. She also has connections with the Hecate, who was the goddess of magic, which could be one of the main sources of which she draws her magical ties. Medea's role began after Jason came from Iolcus to Colchis, to claim his inheritance and throne by retrieving the Golden Fleece. In the most complete surviving account, the \"Argonautica\" of Apollonius of Rhodes, Medea fell in love with him and promised to help him, but only on the condition that if he succeeded, he would take her with him and", "title": "Medea" }, { "id": "853388", "score": "1.7697306", "text": "a man wearing one sandal. Suspicious, Pelias asked him what he (Jason) would do if confronted with the man who would be his downfall. Jason responded that he would send that man after the Golden Fleece. Pelias took that advice and sent Jason to retrieve the Golden Fleece. During Jason's absence, Pelias intended to kill Aeson. However, Aeson committed suicide by drinking bull's blood. His wife killed herself as well, and Pelias murdered their infant son Promachus. Alternatively, he survived until Jason and his new wife, Medea, came back to Iolcus. She slit Aeson's throat, then put his corpse in", "title": "Aeson" }, { "id": "834074", "score": "1.7677474", "text": "BCE). It survives in various forms, among which the details vary. Athamas the Minyan, a founder of Halos in Thessaly but also king of the city of Orchomenus in Boeotia (a region of southeastern Greece), took the goddess Nephele as his first wife. They had two children, the boy Phrixus (whose name means \"curly\"—as in ram's fleece) and the girl Helle. Later Athamas became enamored of and married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus. When Nephele left in anger, drought came upon the land. Ino was jealous of her stepchildren and plotted their deaths: in some versions, she persuaded Athamas that", "title": "Golden Fleece" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jason\n\nJason ( ; ) was an ancient Greek mythological hero and leader of the Argonauts, whose quest for the Golden Fleece featured in Greek literature. He was the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos. He was married to the sorceress Medea. He was also the great-grandson of the messenger god Hermes, through his mother's side.\n\nJason appeared in various literary works in the classical world of Greece and Rome, including the epic poem \"Argonautica\" and the tragedy \"Medea\". In the modern world, Jason has emerged as a character in various adaptations of his myths, such as the 1963 film \"Jason and the Argonauts\" and the 2000 TV miniseries of the same name.", "title": "Jason" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "In Greek mythology, Medea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Golden Fleece\n\nIn Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece (, \"Chrysómallon déras\") is the fleece of the golden-woolled, winged ram, Chrysomallos, that rescued Phrixus and brought him to Colchis, where Phrixus then sacrificed it to Zeus. Phrixus gave the fleece to King Aeëtes who kept it in a sacred grove, whence Jason and the Argonauts stole it with the help of Medea, Aeëtes' daughter. The fleece is a symbol of authority and kingship.\n\nIn the historical account, the hero Jason and his crew of Argonauts set out on a quest for the fleece by order of King Pelias in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly. Through the help of Medea, they acquire the Golden Fleece. The story is of great antiquity and was current in the time of Homer (eighth century BC). It survives in various forms, among which the details vary.\n\nNowadays, the heraldic variations of the Golden Fleece are featured frequently in Georgia, especially for Coats of Arms and Flags associated with Western Georgian (Historical Colchis) municipalities and cities, including the Coats of Arms of City of Kutaisi, the ancient capital city of Colchis.", "title": "Golden Fleece" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Argonautica\n\nThe Argonautica () is a Greek epic poem written by Apollonius Rhodius in the 3rd century BC. The only surviving Hellenistic epic, the \"Argonautica\" tells the myth of the voyage of Jason and the Argonauts to retrieve the Golden Fleece from remote Colchis. Their heroic adventures and Jason's relationship with the dangerous Colchian princess/sorceress Medea were already well known to Hellenistic audiences, which enabled Apollonius to go beyond a simple narrative, giving it a scholarly emphasis suitable to the times. It was the age of the great Library of Alexandria, and his epic incorporates his research in geography, ethnography, comparative religion, and Homeric literature. However, his main contribution to the epic tradition lies in his development of the love between hero and heroine – he seems to have been the first narrative poet to study \"the pathology of love\". His \"Argonautica\" had a profound impact on Latin poetry: it was translated by Varro Atacinus and imitated by Valerius Flaccus, it influenced Catullus and Ovid, and it provided Virgil with a model for his Roman epic, the \"Aeneid\".", "title": "Argonautica" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Circe\n\nCirce (; , ) is an enchantress and a minor goddess in ancient Greek mythology and religion. She is either a daughter of the Titan Helios and the Oceanid nymph Perse or the goddess Hecate and Aeëtes. Circe was renowned for her vast knowledge of potions and herbs. Through the use of these and a magic wand or staff, she would transform her enemies, or those who offended her, into animals.\n\nThe best known of her legends is told in Homer's \"Odyssey\" when Odysseus visits her island of Aeaea on the way back from the Trojan War and she changes most of his crew into swine. He manages to persuade her to return them to human shape, lives with her for a year and has sons by her, including Latinus and Telegonus. Her ability to change others into animals is further highlighted by the story of Picus, an Italian king whom she turns into a woodpecker for resisting her advances. Another story tells of her falling in love with the sea-god Glaucus, who prefers the nymph Scylla to her. In revenge, Circe poisoned the water where her rival bathed and turned her into a dreadful monster.\n\nDepictions, even in Classical times, diverged from the detail in Homer's narrative, which was later to be reinterpreted morally as a cautionary story against drunkenness. Early philosophical questions were also raised about whether the change from being a human endowed with reason to being an unreasoning beast might not be preferable after all, and the resulting debate was to have a powerful impact during the Renaissance. Circe was also taken as the archetype of the predatory female. In the eyes of those from a later age, this behaviour made her notorious both as a magician and as a type of sexually-free woman. She has been frequently depicted as such in all the arts from the Renaissance down to modern times.\n\nWestern paintings established a visual iconography for the figure, but also went for inspiration to other stories concerning Circe that appear in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". The episodes of Scylla and Picus added the vice of violent jealousy to her bad qualities and made her a figure of fear as well as of desire.", "title": "Circe" }, { "id": "7863260", "score": "1.751394", "text": "by magic as she hurries barefoot though the palace, and the moon laughs at her outdoors, recalling the many times that she was captured and brought to earth by Medea’s cruel love spells (a reference to the moon’s passion for Endymion). Arriving at the camp, Medea warns the others about her father’s treachery and offers to help steal the Golden Fleece from its guardian serpent. Jason solemnly pledges to marry her, she puts the snake to sleep with a spell and then the hero takes the Fleece back to the Argo, exulting in its sheen like a young girl who", "title": "Argonautica" }, { "id": "834080", "score": "1.731811", "text": "hangs from an apple tree. Jason's helper in the Athenian vase-paintings is not Medea— who had a history in Athens as the opponent of Theseus— but Athena. The very early origin of the myth in preliterate times means that during the more than a millennium when it was to some degree part of the fabric of culture, its perceived significance likely passed through numerous developments. Several euhemeristic attempts to interpret the Golden Fleece \"realistically\" as reflecting some physical cultural object or alleged historical practice have been made. For example, in the 20th century, some scholars suggested that the story of", "title": "Golden Fleece" }, { "id": "13556888", "score": "1.7195798", "text": "based on the myth of Jason and the Argonauts, and the hero's encounter with the sorceress Medea. Jason, in order to regain his throne from his usurper-uncle Creon, ventures forth with his companion Argonauts to find the Golden Fleece. The precious object becomes his when a powerful sorceress named Medea helps him conquer the dragon guarding it. Jason has two children by Medea, but he abandons her for the nymph Creusa. Medea sends the nymph a poisoned mantle whose fire consumes her and then, in a jealous rage, kills her own children. Medea was portrayed by the English ballerina Mlle.", "title": "Jason et Médée" }, { "id": "515734", "score": "1.7183816", "text": "marry her. Jason agreed. In a familiar mythic motif, Aeëtes promised to give him the fleece, but only if he could perform certain tasks. First, Jason had to plough a field with fire-breathing oxen that he had to yoke himself; Medea gave him an unguent with which to anoint himself and his weapons, to protect them from the bulls' fiery breath. Next, Jason had to sow the teeth of a dragon in the ploughed field (compare the myth of Cadmus), and the teeth sprouted into an army of warriors; Jason was forewarned by Medea, however, and knew to throw a", "title": "Medea" }, { "id": "986008", "score": "1.7138131", "text": "Helios. Following her failed marriage to Jason while in Corinth, for one of several reasons depending on the version, she marries King Aegeus of Athens and bears a son Medus. After failing to make Aegeus kill his older son Theseus, she and her son fled to \"Aria\", where the Medes take their name from her, according to several Greek and later Roman accounts, including in Pausanias' \"Description of Greece\" (1st-century AD). According to other versions, such as in Strabo's \"Geographica\" (1st-century AD) and Justin's \"Epitoma Historiarum Philippicarum\" (2nd or 3rd century AD), she returned home to conquer neighboring lands with", "title": "Medes" }, { "id": "7863237", "score": "1.708843", "text": "saying that he fetched Medeia at the command of his uncle Pelias, and that she bore him a son, Medeius, who was educated by Cheiron. The first trace of the common tradition that Jason was sent to fetch the golden fleece from Aea, the city of Aeetes, in the eastern boundaries of the earth, occurs in Mimnermus (ap. Strab. i. p. 46, &c.), a contemporary of Solon; but the most ancient detailed account of the expedition of the Argonauts which is extant, is that of Pindar (\"Pythian Odes\" iv.) The poem begins with an invocation to Apollo and briefly recounts", "title": "Argonautica" }, { "id": "208521", "score": "1.7066617", "text": "crowd. Unable to discover where the rock had come from, the soldiers attacked and defeated one another. His last task was to overcome the sleepless dragon which guarded the Golden Fleece. Jason sprayed the dragon with a potion, given by Medea, distilled from herbs. The dragon fell asleep, and Jason was able to seize the Golden Fleece. He then sailed away with Medea. Medea distracted her father, who chased them as they fled, by killing her brother Apsyrtus and throwing pieces of his body into the sea; Aeetes stopped to gather them. In another version, Medea lured Apsyrtus into a", "title": "Jason" }, { "id": "515735", "score": "1.7030038", "text": "rock into the crowd. Unable to determine where the rock had come from, the soldiers attacked and killed each other. Finally, Aeëtes made Jason fight and kill the sleepless dragon that guarded the fleece; Medea put the beast to sleep with her narcotic herbs. Jason then took the fleece and sailed away with Medea, as he had promised. Apollonius says that Medea only helped Jason in the first place because Hera had convinced Aphrodite or Eros to cause Medea to fall in love with him. Medea distracted her father as they fled by killing her brother Absyrtus. In some versions,", "title": "Medea" }, { "id": "833720", "score": "1.6974263", "text": "the man who would be his downfall. Jason responded that he would send that man after the Golden Fleece. Pelias took Jason's advice and sent him to retrieve the Golden Fleece. It would be found at Colchis, in a grove sacred to Ares, the god of war. Though the Golden Fleece simply hung on an oak tree, this was a seemingly impossible task, as an ever-watchful dragon guarded it. Jason made preparations by commanding the shipwright Argus to build a ship large enough for fifty men, which he would eventually call the \"Argo\". These heroes who would join his quest", "title": "Pelias" }, { "id": "833721", "score": "1.696975", "text": "were known as the Argonauts. Upon their arrival, Jason requested the Golden Fleece from the king of Colchis, Aeëtes. Aeëtes demanded that Jason must first yoke a pair of fire-breathing bulls to a plough and sow dragon's teeth into the earth. Medea, daughter of Aeëtes, fell in love with Jason, and being endowed with magical powers, aided him in his completion of the difficult task. She cast a spell to put the dragon to sleep, enabling Jason to obtain the Golden Fleece from the oak tree. Jason, Medea, and the Argonauts fled Colchis and began their journey home to Thessaly.", "title": "Pelias" }, { "id": "14757424", "score": "1.6875815", "text": "to punish Jason for his sins. Another theme is her powerful voice that cannot be silenced, even King Creon could not silence her. Medea falls in love with Jason while he is on his quest for the Golden Fleece and uses her supernatural powers to aid him in completing the tasks that King Aeëtes, her father, had set. The three tasks were: yoke the fiery bulls, compete with the giants, and slay the dragon that was guarding the fleece. After Jason is successful, Medea kills her own brother to distract her father and enable their escape. After their return to", "title": "Medea (Seneca)" }, { "id": "20101237", "score": "1.6676775", "text": "Corinth, gave his younger daughter Glauce as wife. When Medea saw that she, who had been Jason’s benefactress, was treated with scorn, with the help of poisonous drugs she made a golden crown, and she bade her sons give it as a gift to their stepmother. Creusa took the gift, and was burned to death along with Jason and Creon.\" \"\"They [Jason and Medea] went to Corinth, and lived there happily for ten years, till Creon, king of Corinth, betrothed his daughter Glauce to Jason, who married her and divorced Medea. But she invoked the gods by whom Jason had", "title": "Creusa of Corinth" }, { "id": "208508", "score": "1.66763", "text": "Jason Jason (; Ancient Greek: Ἰάσων \"Iásōn\" ) was an ancient Greek mythological hero who was the leader of the Argonauts whose quest for the Golden Fleece featured in Greek literature. He was the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos. He was married to the sorceress Medea. He was also the great-grandson of the messenger god Hermes, through his mother's side. Jason appeared in various literary works in the classical world of Greece and Rome, including the epic poem \"Argonautica\" and the tragedy \"Medea\". In the modern world, Jason has emerged as a character in various adaptations of", "title": "Jason" }, { "id": "208532", "score": "1.6599495", "text": "there was a reference to the mythical Jason when Jason Grace and his friends encounter Medea. Jason Jason (; Ancient Greek: Ἰάσων \"Iásōn\" ) was an ancient Greek mythological hero who was the leader of the Argonauts whose quest for the Golden Fleece featured in Greek literature. He was the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos. He was married to the sorceress Medea. He was also the great-grandson of the messenger god Hermes, through his mother's side. Jason appeared in various literary works in the classical world of Greece and Rome, including the epic poem \"Argonautica\" and the", "title": "Jason" }, { "id": "14792520", "score": "1.6583308", "text": "to kill their men, due to the men's cheating with the mainland Thracian women. In anger, the women slaughtered the men in their sleep and lived without men for many years, until Jason and the Argonauts arrived during The Quest for the Golden Fleece. They mingled with the women and created a new race: the Minyae. Michael Stewart relates the story of Herodotus thus: The historian, Herodotus, relates the story that when the Pelasgians were driven from Attika (Attica) they kidnapped a number of Athenian women and took them to Lemnos; the women were defiant and taught their children to", "title": "Lemnian deeds" } ]

[ "nuclear test series carried out in usa", "Nuclear test series carried out in the USA" ]

[ { "id": "3115579", "score": "1.9118156", "text": "Operation Upshot–Knothole Operation Upshot–Knothole was a series of eleven nuclear test shots conducted in 1953 at the Nevada Test Site. It followed \"Operation Ivy\" and preceded \"Operation Castle\". Over 21,000 soldiers took part in the ground exercise Desert Rock V in conjunction with the \"Grable\" shot. \"Grable\" was a 280mm shell fired from the \"Atomic Cannon\" and was viewed by a number of high-ranking military officials. The test series was notable as containing the first time an atomic artillery shell was fired (shot \"Grable\"), the first two shots (both fizzles) by University of California Radiation Laboratory—Livermore (now Lawrence Livermore National", "title": "Operation Upshot–Knothole" }, { "id": "3682824", "score": "1.8767691", "text": "Operation Buster–Jangle Operation Buster–Jangle was a series of seven (six atmospheric, one cratering) nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States in late 1951 at the Nevada Test Site. \"Buster-Jangle\" was the first joint test program between the DOD (Operation \"Buster\") and Los Alamos National Laboratories (Operation \"Jangle\"). As part of Operation \"Buster\", 6,500 troops were involved in the Operation Desert Rock I, II, and III exercises in conjunction with the tests. The last two tests, Operation \"Jangle\", evaluated the cratering effects of low-yield nuclear devices. This series preceded \"Operation Tumbler-Snapper\" and followed \"Operation Greenhouse\". Four U.S. Army units took", "title": "Operation Buster–Jangle" }, { "id": "8463245", "score": "1.8687605", "text": "Operation Tumbler–Snapper Operation Tumbler–Snapper was a series of atomic tests conducted by the United States in early 1952 at the Nevada Test Site. The \"Tumbler-Snapper\" series of tests followed \"Operation Buster-Jangle\", and preceded \"Operation Ivy\". The \"Tumbler\" phase, sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission consisted of three airdrops which were intended to help explain discrepancies in the actual and estimated blast shock wave damage noted on previous detonations, and to establish more accurately the optimum height of burst. The \"Snapper\" phase, sponsored by the Department of Defense consisted of one airdrop and four tower shots intended to test various new", "title": "Operation Tumbler–Snapper" }, { "id": "8463246", "score": "1.8251278", "text": "weapons developments. The military exercise \"Desert Rock IV\", involving 7350 soldiers, took place during the test series. They trained during the \"Charlie\", \"Dog\", and \"George\" shots and observed shot \"Fox\". Operation Tumbler–Snapper Operation Tumbler–Snapper was a series of atomic tests conducted by the United States in early 1952 at the Nevada Test Site. The \"Tumbler-Snapper\" series of tests followed \"Operation Buster-Jangle\", and preceded \"Operation Ivy\". The \"Tumbler\" phase, sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission consisted of three airdrops which were intended to help explain discrepancies in the actual and estimated blast shock wave damage noted on previous detonations, and to", "title": "Operation Tumbler–Snapper" }, { "id": "3115581", "score": "1.8241136", "text": "the Simon test) was employed as primary for the ZOMBIE, RAMROD and MORGENSTERN devices. Operation Upshot–Knothole Operation Upshot–Knothole was a series of eleven nuclear test shots conducted in 1953 at the Nevada Test Site. It followed \"Operation Ivy\" and preceded \"Operation Castle\". Over 21,000 soldiers took part in the ground exercise Desert Rock V in conjunction with the \"Grable\" shot. \"Grable\" was a 280mm shell fired from the \"Atomic Cannon\" and was viewed by a number of high-ranking military officials. The test series was notable as containing the first time an atomic artillery shell was fired (shot \"Grable\"), the first", "title": "Operation Upshot–Knothole" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Template:Infobox nuclear weapons test" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Category:Nevada Test Site nuclear explosive tests" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nevada Test Site\n\nThe Nevada National Security Site (N2S2 or NNSS), known as the Nevada Test Site (NTS) until 2010, is a United States Department of Energy (DOE) reservation located in southeastern Nye County, Nevada, about 65 miles (105 km) northwest of the city of Las Vegas. Formerly known as the Nevada Proving Grounds, the site was established in 1951 for the testing of nuclear devices. It covers approximately 1,360 square miles (3,500 km) of desert and mountainous terrain. Nuclear weapons testing at the site began with a 1-kiloton-of-TNT (4.2 TJ) bomb dropped on Frenchman Flat on January 27, 1951. Over the subsequent four decades, over 1,000 nuclear explosions were detonated at the site. Many of the iconic images of the nuclear era come from the site.\n\nDuring the 1950s, the mushroom clouds from the 100 atmospheric tests could be seen from almost away. The city of Las Vegas experienced noticeable seismic effects, and the mushroom clouds, which could be seen from the downtown hotels, became tourist attractions. Westerly winds routinely carried the fallout from above-ground nuclear testing directly through St. George, Utah and southern Utah. Increases in cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, bone cancer, brain tumors, and gastrointestinal tract cancers, were reported from the mid-1950s onward. A further 828 nuclear tests were carried out underground.\n\nFrom 1986 through 1994, two years after the United States put a hold on full-scale nuclear weapons testing, 536 anti-nuclear protests were held at the site, involving 37,488 participants and 15,740 arrests, according to government records.\n\nThe site contains 28 areas, 1,100 buildings, 400 miles (640 km) of paved roads, 300 miles of unpaved roads, 10 heliports, and two airstrips.\n\nCurrently, Mission Support and Test Services (MSTS) is the civilian contractor for the site's management and oversees overall operations. MSTS manages and operates the site for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). Security is provided by SOC LLC.", "title": "Nevada Test Site" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of United States nuclear weapons tests\n\nThe nuclear weapons tests of the United States were performed from 1945 to 1992 as part of the nuclear arms race. The United States conducted around 1,054 nuclear tests by official count, including 216 atmospheric, underwater, and space tests. Most of the tests took place at the Nevada Test Site (NNSS/NTS) and the Pacific Proving Grounds in the Marshall Islands and off Kiritimati Island in the Pacific, plus three in the Atlantic Ocean. Ten other tests took place at various locations in the United States, including Alaska, Nevada other than the NNSS/NTS, Colorado, Mississippi, and New Mexico.", "title": "List of United States nuclear weapons tests" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:Operation Plumbbob" }, { "id": "7953017", "score": "1.7966497", "text": "the \"Priscilla\" shot from Operation Plumbbob in 1957. As a consequence many publications including official government documents have the photo mislabeled. Admiral Arthur W. Radford, at the time the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson were present for the test. Upshot-Knothole Grable Upshot–Knothole \"Grable\" was a nuclear weapons test conducted by the United States as part of Operation Upshot–Knothole. Detonation of the associated nuclear weapon occurred 19 seconds after its deployment at 8:30am PDT (1530 UTC) on May 25, 1953, in Area 5 of the Nevada Test Site. The codename \"Grable\" was", "title": "Upshot-Knothole Grable" }, { "id": "3682827", "score": "1.7113256", "text": "differing data provided by the Department of Defense over the years. Operation Buster–Jangle Operation Buster–Jangle was a series of seven (six atmospheric, one cratering) nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States in late 1951 at the Nevada Test Site. \"Buster-Jangle\" was the first joint test program between the DOD (Operation \"Buster\") and Los Alamos National Laboratories (Operation \"Jangle\"). As part of Operation \"Buster\", 6,500 troops were involved in the Operation Desert Rock I, II, and III exercises in conjunction with the tests. The last two tests, Operation \"Jangle\", evaluated the cratering effects of low-yield nuclear devices. This series preceded", "title": "Operation Buster–Jangle" }, { "id": "7953013", "score": "1.6957762", "text": "Upshot-Knothole Grable Upshot–Knothole \"Grable\" was a nuclear weapons test conducted by the United States as part of Operation Upshot–Knothole. Detonation of the associated nuclear weapon occurred 19 seconds after its deployment at 8:30am PDT (1530 UTC) on May 25, 1953, in Area 5 of the Nevada Test Site. The codename \"Grable\" was chosen because the letter \"Grable\" is phonetic for G, as in \"gun\", since the warhead was a gun-type fission weapon. As a shell, or artillery-fired atomic projectile (AFAP), the device was the first of its kind. The test remains the only nuclear artillery shell ever actually fired in", "title": "Upshot-Knothole Grable" }, { "id": "15481325", "score": "1.6763818", "text": "construction. Upshot-Knothole Annie Upshot–Knothole \"Annie\" was a nuclear weapons test conducted by the United States as part of Operation Upshot–Knothole. It took place at the Nevada Test Site on 17 March 1953, and was nationally televised. The live TV coverage was recorded on a kinescope, so it is a rare record of the sound an actual atomic bomb makes. Operation Doorstep was a civil defense study conducted by the Federal Civil Defense Administration in conjunction with \"Annie\". It studied the effect of the nuclear blast on two wooden frame houses, fifty automobiles and eight bomb shelters designed for residential use.", "title": "Upshot-Knothole Annie" }, { "id": "17337404", "score": "1.671484", "text": "were aimed to \"indoctrinate troops in atomic weapons in order that they will know how to protect themselves and their equipment in event of an enemy atomic attack in combat situations\". Upshot-Knothole Encore Upshot–Knothole Encore was a nuclear weapons test conducted by the United States as part of Operation Upshot–Knothole. It took place on May 8, 1953 in Yucca Flat, in the Nevada Test Site.<ref name=\"DOE/NV-209\">U.S. Department of Energy / Nevada Operations Office, \"United States Nuclear Tests - July 1945 through September 1992\", December 2000, DOE/NV-209 Rev 15 </ref> The test device, codenamed \"Encore\", was detonated at 8:30 local time", "title": "Upshot-Knothole Encore" }, { "id": "3682825", "score": "1.6699834", "text": "part in the Operation Buster–Jangle \"Dog\" test for combat maneuvers after the detonation of a nuclear weapon took place. These units consisted of: Personnel were instructed to create foxholes, construct gun emplacements and bunkers in a defensive position 11 km south of the detonation area. After the nuclear bomb was detonated, the troops were ordered to move forward towards the affected area. While traveling closer to ground zero, troops witnessed the nuclear weapon's effects on the fortifications that were placed in the location in preparation for the tests. The ground troops got as close as 900 meters from ground zero", "title": "Operation Buster–Jangle" }, { "id": "15481323", "score": "1.6555207", "text": "Upshot-Knothole Annie Upshot–Knothole \"Annie\" was a nuclear weapons test conducted by the United States as part of Operation Upshot–Knothole. It took place at the Nevada Test Site on 17 March 1953, and was nationally televised. The live TV coverage was recorded on a kinescope, so it is a rare record of the sound an actual atomic bomb makes. Operation Doorstep was a civil defense study conducted by the Federal Civil Defense Administration in conjunction with \"Annie\". It studied the effect of the nuclear blast on two wooden frame houses, fifty automobiles and eight bomb shelters designed for residential use. The", "title": "Upshot-Knothole Annie" }, { "id": "14971046", "score": "1.6256402", "text": "tests, but it had limited participation in the tests themselves, where the bomb assembly function was usually undertaken by scientists. During Operation Buster-Jangle, AFSWP personnel showed films and gave lectures to 2,800 military personnel who had been selected to witness the test, explaining what would occur and the procedures to be followed. This was expanded to cater for the more than 7,000 personnel who were involved in Operation Upshot–Knothole in 1953. When the AEC was formed in 1947 it acquired custody of nuclear components from the Manhattan Project on the understanding that the matter would be reviewed. In November 1947,", "title": "Armed Forces Special Weapons Project" }, { "id": "2799516", "score": "1.6174059", "text": "Operation Castle Operation Castle was a United States series of high-yield (high-energy) nuclear tests by Joint Task Force 7 (JTF-7) at Bikini Atoll beginning in March 1954. It followed \"Operation Upshot–Knothole\" and preceded \"Operation Teapot\". Conducted as a joint venture between the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Department of Defense (DoD), the ultimate objective of the operation was to test designs for an aircraft-deliverable thermonuclear weapon. Operation Castle was considered by government officials to be a success as it proved the feasibility of deployable \"dry\" fuel designs for thermonuclear weapons. There were technical difficulties with some of the tests:", "title": "Operation Castle" }, { "id": "5035973", "score": "1.6120597", "text": "was suppressed for decades until exposed by a local Congressman, Gerald Solomon. Upshot-Knothole Simon Upshot–Knothole Simon was a nuclear detonation conducted as part of the U.S. Operation Upshot–Knothole nuclear testing program. Simon was conducted on 25 April 1953 at the Nevada Test Site, and tested the TX-17/24 thermonuclear weapon design which had a yield of 43 kilotons. The mass of radioactive material in the mushroom cloud did not disperse as expected, but stayed in a small volume of atmosphere as it traveled eastward. Finally, a couple of days later it became entrained in a severe thunderstorm over New York's Capital", "title": "Upshot-Knothole Simon" }, { "id": "2799533", "score": "1.6037421", "text": "the Radiation Laboratory had hoped it would lead to a promising new field of weapons, it was eventually determined that the design allowed premature heating of the lithium fuel, thereby disrupting the delicate fusion conditions. Operation Castle Operation Castle was a United States series of high-yield (high-energy) nuclear tests by Joint Task Force 7 (JTF-7) at Bikini Atoll beginning in March 1954. It followed \"Operation Upshot–Knothole\" and preceded \"Operation Teapot\". Conducted as a joint venture between the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Department of Defense (DoD), the ultimate objective of the operation was to test designs for an aircraft-deliverable", "title": "Operation Castle" }, { "id": "5035971", "score": "1.5899677", "text": "Upshot-Knothole Simon Upshot–Knothole Simon was a nuclear detonation conducted as part of the U.S. Operation Upshot–Knothole nuclear testing program. Simon was conducted on 25 April 1953 at the Nevada Test Site, and tested the TX-17/24 thermonuclear weapon design which had a yield of 43 kilotons. The mass of radioactive material in the mushroom cloud did not disperse as expected, but stayed in a small volume of atmosphere as it traveled eastward. Finally, a couple of days later it became entrained in a severe thunderstorm over New York's Capital District, and most of the radioactive material washed out over a fairly", "title": "Upshot-Knothole Simon" }, { "id": "3682826", "score": "1.5824962", "text": "before they were instructed to move out of the area. The Human Resources Research Office was tasked with gathering data on the psychological experiences of the troops after witnessing such a detonation and moving closer towards the affected area. For the Operation Buster–Jangle series of tests, the Atomic Energy Commission created a set of criteria that must be followed if exposing armed forces, or civilians to the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. A majority of the personnel that took part in the exercise received around 3 R, with pilots receiving an average of 3.9 R. These estimates vary given the", "title": "Operation Buster–Jangle" }, { "id": "20824543", "score": "1.5769584", "text": "four motors by the time set for the Rangers' crossing. Unable to obtain boat operators and mechanics in time for the operation, Colonel Harris hastily recruited from his own regiment men who had had some experience with motorboats. The Ranger company commander, Capt. Dorsey Anderson, embarked two platoons, artillery and mortar observers, and a machine gun section in the first lift. Concealed by darkness and paddling the boats to maintain silence, the first-wave forces reached the eastern peninsula undetected but were stopped by small arms and machine gun fire when they moved onto high ground above the landing point after", "title": "Operation Rugged" }, { "id": "3111162", "score": "1.5737786", "text": "Operation Teapot Operation Teapot was a series of fourteen nuclear test explosions conducted at the Nevada Test Site in the first half of 1955. It was preceded by \"Operation Castle\", and followed by \"Operation Wigwam\". \"Wigwam\" was, administratively, a part of \"Teapot\", but it is usually treated as a class of its own. The aims of the operation were to establish military tactics for ground forces on a nuclear battlefield and to improve the nuclear weapons used for strategic delivery. The United States test series summary table is here: United States' nuclear testing series. Table notes: During shot \"Wasp\", ground", "title": "Operation Teapot" } ]

[ "Ronald William Fordham Searle", "Ronald William Searle", "Ronald Searle", "Searle, Ronald William Fordham", "ronald fordham searle", "Ronald Fordham Searle", "ronald william searle", "ronald william fordham searle", "searle ronald william fordham", "ronald searle" ]

[ { "id": "1938808", "score": "1.9643075", "text": "on their way to and from school; they originally inspired his cartoons and characters. The Perse School for Girls' Archive area holds several original St Trinian's books, given to the school by Ronald Searle. He also based the school partly on the former Cambridgeshire High School for Girls (now Long Road Sixth Form College). In the 1950s, a series of \"St Trinian\"s comedy films was made, featuring well-known British actors, including Alastair Sim (in drag as the headmistress, and also playing her brother); George Cole as spiv \"Flash Harry\", Joyce Grenfell as Sgt Ruby Gates, a beleaguered policewoman; and Richard", "title": "St Trinian's School" }, { "id": "4413390", "score": "1.9638134", "text": "The Belles of St. Trinian's The Belles of St Trinian's is a British comedy film set in the fictional St Trinian's school, released in 1954. It and its sequels were inspired by British cartoonist Ronald Searle. Directed by Frank Launder and written by Launder and Sidney Gilliat, it was the first of a series of four films. Alastair Sim stars in a dual role as the headmistress Miss Millicent Fritton and her twin brother Clarence Fritton. The Sultan of Makyad (Eric Pohlmann) wants to send his daughter Fatima to a school in England, and asks her governess Miss Anderson to", "title": "The Belles of St. Trinian's" }, { "id": "10122187", "score": "1.9417113", "text": "on the adults, this film gives the school pupils greater prominence. St Trinian's is an anarchic school for uncontrollable girls run by eccentric headmistress Camilla Dagey Fritton (the reboot continues the tradition, established by Alastair Sim in the original film, of casting a male actor to play the female headmistress, with Rupert Everett inheriting the role). \"St Trinian's\" received mixed reviews but remains one of the highest grossing British independent films of the last thirty years. Annabelle Fritton, an uptight daddy’s girl, unwillingly transfers to St Trinian's from the distinguished Cheltenham Ladies’ College at the request of her father, Carnaby", "title": "St Trinian's (film)" }, { "id": "10122186", "score": "1.935513", "text": "St Trinian's (film) St Trinian's is a 2007 British comedy film and the sixth in a long-running series of British films based on the works of cartoonist Ronald Searle set in St Trinian's School. The first five films form a series, starting with \"The Belles of St Trinian's\" in 1954, with sequels in 1957, 1960, 1966 and 1980. The release of 2007, 27 years after the last entry, and 53 years after the first film, is a rebooting of the franchise, rather than a direct sequel, with certain plot elements borrowed from the first film. Whereas the earlier films concentrated", "title": "St Trinian's (film)" }, { "id": "1938806", "score": "1.9306889", "text": "of dress worn by the girls was closely modelled on the school uniform of James Allen's Girls' School (JAGS) in Dulwich, which Searle's daughter Kate attended. In the 1950s, films were developed that were based on the cartoon series. These comedies implied that the girls at the school were the daughters of dubious characters, such as gangsters, crooks, and shady bookmakers. The institution is often referred to as a \"female borstal\", as if it were a reform school. During 1941 Searle had gone to the artists' community in the village of Kirkcudbright. Whilst visiting the family Johnston, he made a", "title": "St Trinian's School" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "St Trinian's School\n\nSt Trinian's is a British gag cartoon comic strip series, created and drawn by Ronald Searle from 1946 until 1952. The cartoons all centre on a boarding school for girls, where the teachers are sadists and the girls are juvenile delinquents. The series was Searle's most famous work and inspired a popular series of comedy films.", "title": "St Trinian's School" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "St Trinian's (film)\n\nSt Trinian's is a 2007 British comedy film and the sixth in a long-running series of British films based on the works of cartoonist Ronald Searle set in St Trinian's School. The first five films form a series, starting with \"The Belles of St. Trinian's\" in 1954, with sequels in 1957, 1960, 1966 and a reboot in 1980. The release of 2007, 27 years after the last entry, and 53 years after the first film, is a rebooting of the franchise, rather than a direct sequel, with certain plot elements borrowed from the first film.\n\nWhereas the earlier films concentrated on the adults, this film gives the school pupils greater prominence. St Trinian's is an anarchic school for uncontrollable girls run by eccentric headmistress Camilla Dagey Fritton (the reboot continues the tradition, established by Alastair Sim in the original film, of casting a male actor to play the female headmistress, with Rupert Everett inheriting the role).\n\n\"St Trinian's\" received mixed reviews but remains one of the highest-grossing British independent films of the last thirty years.", "title": "St Trinian's (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Terry-Thomas\n\nTerry-Thomas (born Thomas Terry Hoar Stevens; 10 July 19118 January 1990) was an English character actor and comedian who became internationally known through his films during the 1950s and 1960s. He often portrayed disreputable members of the upper classes, especially cads, toffs and bounders, using his distinctive voice; his costume and props tended to include a monocle, waistcoat and cigarette holder. His striking dress sense was set off by a gap between his two upper front teeth.\n\nBorn in London, Terry-Thomas made his film debut, uncredited, in \"The Private Life of Henry VIII\" (1933). He spent several years appearing in smaller roles, before wartime service with Entertainments National Service Association (ENSA) and Stars in Battledress. The experience helped sharpen his cabaret and revue act, increased his public profile and proved instrumental in the development of his successful comic stage routine. On his demobilisation, he starred in \"Piccadilly Hayride\" on the London stage and was the star of the first comedy series on British television, \"How Do You View?\" (1949). He appeared on various BBC Radio shows, and made a successful transition into British films. His most creative period was the 1950s when he appeared in \"Private's Progress\" (1956), \"The Green Man\" (1956), \"Blue Murder at St Trinian's\" (1957), \"I'm All Right Jack\" (1959) and \"Carlton-Browne of the F.O.\" (1959).\n\nFrom the early 1960s Terry-Thomas began appearing in American films, coarsening his already unsubtle screen character in films such as \"Bachelor Flat\" (1962), \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" (1963) and \"How to Murder Your Wife\" (1965). From the mid-1960s on he also frequently starred in European films, in roles such as Sir Reginald in the successful French film \"La Grande Vadrouille\". In 1971 Terry-Thomas was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, which slowly brought his career to a conclusion; his last film role was in 1980. He spent much of his fortune on medical treatment and, shortly before his death, was living in poverty, existing on charity from the Actors' Benevolent Fund. In 1989 a charity gala was held in his honour, which raised sufficient funds for him to live his remaining time in a nursing home.", "title": "Terry-Thomas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alastair Sim\n\nAlastair George Bell Sim, CBE (9 October 1900 – 19 August 1976) was a Scottish character actor who began his theatrical career at the age of thirty and quickly became established as a popular West End performer, remaining so until his death in 1976. Starting in 1935, he also appeared in more than fifty British films, including an iconic adaptation of Charles Dickens’ novella \"A Christmas Carol\", released in 1951 as \"Scrooge\" in Great Britain and as \"A Christmas Carol\" in the United States. Though an accomplished dramatic actor, he is often remembered for his comically sinister performances.\n\nAfter a series of false starts, including a spell as a jobbing labourer and another as a clerk in a local government office, Sim's love of and talent for poetry reading won him several prizes and led to his appointment as a lecturer in elocution at the University of Edinburgh in 1925. He also ran his own private elocution and drama school, from which, with the help of the playwright John Drinkwater, he made the transition to the professional stage in 1930.\n\nDespite his late start, Sim soon became well known on the London stage. A period of more than a year as a member of the Old Vic company brought him wide experience of playing Shakespeare and other classics, to which he returned throughout his career. In the modern repertoire, he formed a close professional association with the author James Bridie, which lasted from 1939 until the dramatist's death in 1951. Sim not only acted in Bridie's works but also directed them.\n\nIn the later 1940s and for most of the 1950s, Sim was a leading star of British cinema. They included \"Green for Danger\" (1946), \"Hue and Cry\" (1947), \"The Happiest Days of Your Life\" (1950), \"Scrooge\" (1951), \"The Belles of St. Trinian's\" (1954) and \"An Inspector Calls\" (1954). Later, he made fewer films and generally concentrated on stage work, including successful productions at the Chichester Festival and regular appearances in new and old works in the West End.", "title": "Alastair Sim" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Peter Sellers" }, { "id": "1938804", "score": "1.9289255", "text": "St Trinian's School St Trinian's was a British gag cartoon comic strip series, created and drawn by Ronald Searle from 1946 until 1952. The cartoons all centre on a boarding school for girls, where the teachers are sadists and the girls are juvenile delinquents. The series was Searle's most famous work and inspired a popular series of comedy films. Searle published his first St. Trinian's School cartoon in 1941 in the magazine \"Lilliput\". Shortly afterward he entered the military as World War II raged on. He was captured at Singapore and spent the rest of the war as a prisoner", "title": "St Trinian's School" }, { "id": "10122190", "score": "1.9232609", "text": "for St Trinian's, which is followed by a brawl between the two schools. As the match is being played, Thwaites inspects the school, finding the illegal vodka-making business and the chatline being run by the Posh Totty clique. The following morning, a banker arrives at the school and serves Camilla with a foreclosure notice, as the school owes the bank in excess of £500,000 and has ignored six previous final demands. A subsequent meeting between Camilla and Carnaby is watched by the girls using hidden cameras, in which Carnaby confesses his distaste towards his daughter. Annabelle is clearly upset, despite", "title": "St Trinian's (film)" }, { "id": "1938805", "score": "1.919466", "text": "of the Japanese. After the war, in 1946 Searle started making new cartoons about the girls, but the content was much darker compared to the earlier years. The school is the antithesis of the type of posh girls' boarding school depicted by Enid Blyton or Angela Brazil; its female pupils are bad and often well armed, and mayhem is rife. The schoolmistresses are also disreputable. Cartoons often showed dead bodies of girls who had been murdered with pitchforks or succumbed to violent team sports, sometimes with vultures circling; girls drank, gambled and smoked. It is reputed that the gymslip style", "title": "St Trinian's School" }, { "id": "5196724", "score": "1.9169965", "text": "his St Trinian's School books (published 1946 to 1952), which portrayed the girls at a boarding school as juvenile delinquents. Searle donated original manuscripts and diaries to the school, which are held in the school archive. This material includes a letter, dated 1993, which confirms the link. Around the turn of the 20th century, the school accepted boys into its kindergarten, including a young John Maynard Keynes. In September 2013, Dame Bradbury's School in Saffron Walden joined the Foundation, as a non-selective school for boys and girls aged 3-11. At the same time, announcements were made of major development plans", "title": "Stephen Perse Foundation" }, { "id": "10122199", "score": "1.89674", "text": "for the third instalment. It has been assumed the film is cancelled. St Trinian's (film) St Trinian's is a 2007 British comedy film and the sixth in a long-running series of British films based on the works of cartoonist Ronald Searle set in St Trinian's School. The first five films form a series, starting with \"The Belles of St Trinian's\" in 1954, with sequels in 1957, 1960, 1966 and 1980. The release of 2007, 27 years after the last entry, and 53 years after the first film, is a rebooting of the franchise, rather than a direct sequel, with certain", "title": "St Trinian's (film)" }, { "id": "4413405", "score": "1.890259", "text": "does a few delightful turns as the conniving Cockney go-between and last, but not least, the \"Belles of St. Trinian's\" rate a vote of confidence for the whacky freedom of expression they exhibit. They all help make St. Trinian's a wonderfully improbable and often funny place to visit.\" The Belles of St. Trinian's The Belles of St Trinian's is a British comedy film set in the fictional St Trinian's school, released in 1954. It and its sequels were inspired by British cartoonist Ronald Searle. Directed by Frank Launder and written by Launder and Sidney Gilliat, it was the first of", "title": "The Belles of St. Trinian's" }, { "id": "1938815", "score": "1.8775418", "text": "\"Floreat St. Trinian's\" (\"May St. Trinian's Bloom/Flourish\"), a sly reference to the motto of Eton (\"Floreat Etona\"—\"May Eton Flourish\"). The musical score for the St. Trinian films was written by Malcolm Arnold and included the school song, with words accredited to Sidney Gilliat (1954). St Trinian's School St Trinian's was a British gag cartoon comic strip series, created and drawn by Ronald Searle from 1946 until 1952. The cartoons all centre on a boarding school for girls, where the teachers are sadists and the girls are juvenile delinquents. The series was Searle's most famous work and inspired a popular series", "title": "St Trinian's School" }, { "id": "4413406", "score": "1.8718853", "text": "Blue Murder at St Trinian's Blue Murder at St Trinian's (1957) is British comedy film set in the fictional St Trinian's School. Directed by Frank Launder and written by him and Sidney Gilliat, it was the second of the series of four films. and stars Terry-Thomas, George Cole, Joyce Grenfell, Lionel Jeffries and Richard Wattis. The plot is based around a secret marriage agency for the sixth-form girls, that has caught the attention of an Italian prince, based in Rome. The girls break into the Ministry of Education and replace the official (disastrous) school record with a glowing version that", "title": "Blue Murder at St Trinian's" }, { "id": "1938811", "score": "1.8363225", "text": "depicted as an unorthodox girls' school where the younger girls wreak havoc and the older girls express their femininity overtly, turning their shapeless schoolgirl dress into something sexy and risqué by the standards of the times. St Trinian's is often invoked in discussions about groups of schoolgirls running amok. The St Trinian's girls themselves come in two categories: the Fourth Form, most closely resembling Searle's original drawings of ink-stained, ungovernable pranksters, and the much older Sixth Form, sexually precocious to a degree that may have seemed alarming to some in 1954. In the films, the Fourth Form includes a number", "title": "St Trinian's School" }, { "id": "11478588", "score": "1.8098439", "text": "kidnapping girls from other rather more respectable colleges and substituting their own \"agents\". Thus begins a hilarious, often bloody, battle of wits as the girls meet resistance not only from Olga Vandermeer, their Headmistress, but from the Minister of Education, a private detective, and an oil sheikh. Despite all his desperate efforts to foil the conspiracy, the Minister has to face a growing realisation that the girls' demands will have to be met—for him this will mean a very great and very personal sacrifice. The Wildcats of St Trinian's The Wildcats of St. Trinian's is the fifth British comedy film", "title": "The Wildcats of St Trinian's" }, { "id": "13315383", "score": "1.8006217", "text": "for being a sexist after AD1 is revealed to the media. Principal photography started in July 2009, at Ealing Studios and on location in various places in London, including the Globe Theatre and on (and in) the River Thames. The 'Old Boys School' was filmed at Charterhouse School in Godalming, Surrey and the boys choir was the Guildford Cathedral Choir. On 16 August 2009, hundreds of extras, along with the main characters, filmed a mass dance scene in the style of a flash mob at London's Liverpool Street Station. The manor house used as the girls school is Knebworth House", "title": "St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold" }, { "id": "1938813", "score": "1.7996697", "text": "has to be prepared.\" Later other headmistresses included Dora Bryan in \"The Great St Trinian's Train Robbery\". In December 2007, a new film, \"St Trinian's\", was released. The cast included Rupert Everett, Colin Firth, Russell Brand, Lily Cole, Talulah Riley, Stephen Fry, and Gemma Arterton. Reviews were mixed. A second new St. Trinian's film, \"\", was released in 2009. The school's coat of arms was originally shown as a black skull-and-crossbones on a field of white. This was later changed to a white tau cross (symbolizing the \"T\" in Trinian's) on a black field bordered white. The school has no", "title": "St Trinian's School" }, { "id": "4413375", "score": "1.7810111", "text": "The Pure Hell of St Trinian's The Pure Hell of St Trinian's is a 1960 British comedy film set in the fictional St Trinian's School. Directed by Frank Launder and written by him and Sidney Gilliat, it was the third in a series of four films. The St. Trinian's Girls burn down the school building and are, subsequently, put on trial at the Old Bailey in London, found guilty, and await sentencing the next day by Judge Slender (Raymond Huntley). This leads to rejoicing at the Ministry of Education, and in Barset, the school's village home, where Sergeant Ruby Gates", "title": "The Pure Hell of St Trinian's" }, { "id": "4413389", "score": "1.7790394", "text": "school, and Kemp-Bird runs off, even as Gates is walking down the aisle. As the film ends, the staff at the Ministry and the officers at the East Arabian army camp are all doing a pastoral dance to calm themselves. \"Variety\" called it \"well up to standard\"; whereas \"Time Out\" regretted that \"inspiration seems to have deserted the St Trinian's scriptwriters,\" but noted \"Some bright moments.\" The Pure Hell of St Trinian's The Pure Hell of St Trinian's is a 1960 British comedy film set in the fictional St Trinian's School. Directed by Frank Launder and written by him and", "title": "The Pure Hell of St Trinian's" }, { "id": "1938807", "score": "1.7782772", "text": "drawing to please their two schoolgirl daughters, Cécilé and Pat, (their school had been evacuated to New Gala House in Galashiels in the Scottish Borders owing to the war). Searle was puzzled as to why two schoolgirls should seem so keen to return to their school, an Academy for Young Ladies in Dalkeith Road known as St Trinnean's. Searle's St. Trinian's was based on two independent girls' school in Cambridge —Perse School for Girls, now known as the co-educational Stephen Perse Foundation, and St Mary's School for girls, formally a convent. Growing up in Cambridge, Searle regularly saw the girls", "title": "St Trinian's School" } ]

[ "horizontal desire", "A horizontal desire" ]

[ { "id": "3016409", "score": "1.5739026", "text": "Kidd believed that dance needed to derive from life, saying that his \"dancing is based on naturalistic movement that is abstracted and enlarged\", and that \"all my movements relate to some kind of real activity\". He always wanted dance to serve the story, and when beginning a new work he would write a scenario, explaining how the plot drove the characters to dance. His biggest influences were Charlie Chaplin, \"because he expressed through movement the aspirations of the little man\", and the dancer and choreographer Léonide Massine, \"because he expressed more than just balletic ability—he was always a character on", "title": "Michael Kidd" }, { "id": "16494225", "score": "1.5436044", "text": "not sexuality, of the dance floor (e.g., Saturday Night Fever [1977], Flashdance [1983], and Dirty Dancing [1987]), and its opposite number, the ballroom dance picture, which highlights the restraint, elegance, and stylization— the structure — to be found in ballroom dancing, a tradition untarnished by displays of cheap emotion and obvious sensuality. The one dance relieves the protagonist of his inhibitions and thus frees him from the numbing routine of daily (working) life, the other restores those inhibitions at the same time that it replaces the routine of everyday life with another, far more pleasurable, even less deviating one. <br>", "title": "Maria Novaro" }, { "id": "6187465", "score": "1.5199714", "text": "Aerial dance Aerial modern dance is a subgenre of modern dance first recognized in the United States in the 1970s. The choreography incorporates an apparatus that is often attached to the ceiling, allowing performers to explore space in three dimensions. The ability to incorporate vertical, as well as horizontal movement paths, allows for innovations in choreography and movement. There are two types of aerial dance. In vertical dance a dancer is suspended in a harness from a rope or cable and explores the difference in gravity, weightlessness and varied movement possibilities offered by the suspended state. In the second type", "title": "Aerial dance" }, { "id": "18369044", "score": "1.5044026", "text": "of World War II, Londoners were \"keeping calm and carrying on,\" as they were advised to do by the British Ministry of Information. In July, the Production Club of the Royal Academy of Dancing arranged a matinee performance of Sadler's Wells students in \"Suite of Dances\", set by resident choreographer Andrée Howard to Handel's jauntily life-affirming \"Water Music\". Among the talented students dancing that afternoon were Philip Chatfield and Brian Earnshaw, both of whom were destined to have distinguished careers with the Sadler's Wells Ballet, later known as the Royal Ballet. With a truncated surname, Brian Shaw joined the Sadler's", "title": "Brian Shaw (dancer)" }, { "id": "6187468", "score": "1.5025234", "text": "members have started a new company called Cuerda Producciones that continues to create aerial dance theater pieces. Wanda Moretti of Italy is creating a vertical dance network aimed at collecting knowledge for artists and professionals in the field. Moretti says, “From its beginning 30 years ago, vertical dance evolved from the multiple practices and influences of its initial instigators. It was born from the desire to explore space, environment and become a place where everything was possible.” Aerial modern pieces, whether solo or ensemble, often involve partnering. The apparatus used has its own motion, which changes the way a dancer", "title": "Aerial dance" }, { "id": "3214308", "score": "1.5003448", "text": "jumping and a lot of falling. In addition to his unique new way of moving, Weidman brought a personal element to the dance world: his dramatic abilities. \"Arguably, no one has dramatic skill equal to Weidman\". His choreography was very expressive and usually very emotional. His range of emotion went from comedy to seriousness—yet the expression is always important and always present in his choreography. Weidman was also well known for the range of choreographic styles in which he worked. He worked in several different elements including religious, comedic, tributary and serious work. Arguably his most famous work \"Flickers\" was", "title": "Charles Weidman" }, { "id": "3234455", "score": "1.4992619", "text": "be an expression of human's desires, passions, and inspirations. She was deeply interested in the relationship between humans and the cosmos, and she wanted to give life to the individual forces surrounding humans. She wanted to create a technique that did not need codification, but rather, it arose out of visual interpretations of the desires of human being. In her mind, any movement could be considered dance if it is expressing a true feeling. Her technique and choreography often consisted of \"sliding, bouncing, vibrating, falling/dropping, and tensions.\" In 1918, she suffered a nervous breakdown. Two years later, in 1920, she", "title": "Mary Wigman" }, { "id": "6187466", "score": "1.4950166", "text": "a dancer or acrobat intertwines the use of the floor or a wall with their aerial apparatus. The first utilizes the strength and expression of dance with an altered state to communicate contemporary ideas. In the second, the dancer uses dance as a way to indicate that their work is less trick-based than circus arts, and in some cases hopes that disassociating with the circus makes their work appear more contemporary and artistic. One of the first choreographers to utilize what we now think of as aerial dance was Trisha Brown. She called her dances (1968–1971) \"equipment pieces\". Please see", "title": "Aerial dance" }, { "id": "18338444", "score": "1.494887", "text": "Friday's at 11:15, \"tracing dancing from its most primitive forms down through the ages to the present\". Gertrude Mittelmann loves to dance. One night, while listening to some ballet music at the Metropolitan Opera House, she was so carried away by the melody that she sprang to her feet and executed some dance steps which, she said, \"must have looked awfully queer. But everyone should dance when they hear music they like,\" she said today in her duplex apartment at 829 Park Ave. \"Dancing is the finest possible outlet for emotions. You can feel it. You know something's happening.\"<br><br> Miss", "title": "Gertrude Lightstone Mittelmann" }, { "id": "99763", "score": "1.4931248", "text": "as the basis for Eurhythmics, devised by Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, which was influential to the development of Modern dance and modern ballet through artists such as Marie Rambert. Eurythmy, developed by Rudolf Steiner and Marie Steiner-von Sivers, combines formal elements reminiscent of traditional dance with the new freer style, and introduced a complex new vocabulary to dance. In the 1920s, important founders of the new style such as Martha Graham and Doris Humphrey began their work. Since this time, a wide variety of dance styles have been developed; see Modern dance. African American dance developed in everyday spaces, rather than in", "title": "Dance" }, { "id": "18652046", "score": "1.4890897", "text": "variation between Graham teachers' use of \"port de bras\" (carriage of the arms). Graham technique is designed to make its dancers expressive and dramatic. Its movement vocabulary draws connections between the physical and emotional meanings of \"power\", \"control\", and \"vulnerability\". Movement initiates from the core, incorporating large back movements and dancing on the floor. The technique highlights weight and effort; according to Marian Horosko, \"the body had to appear to be pushing through a heavy mass, much like the pressure confronted when walking through water.\" The technique's \"earthbound\" and \"assertive\" character initially drew strong criticism. In a \"vehement\" 1934 review,", "title": "Graham technique" }, { "id": "6327767", "score": "1.4890047", "text": "with the musical \"Bye Bye Birdie\", did the permanent notation of a show's complete choreography exist. In the late 1920s, the importance of dance in a musical changed. Seymour Felix realized dance needed to aid in plot and character development as well as enhance the spirit of the show. Having convinced Florenz Ziegfeld, the producer of \"Whoopee!\", that it is the story that counts, Felix set about to devise dances that unfolded gradually and consisted of plot development and climax as if they were dramatic units themselves instead of \"a mere pounding of the feet and kicking to music.\" The", "title": "Choreography on Broadway" }, { "id": "99745", "score": "1.4850047", "text": "by the common use of the term \"foot\" to describe the fundamental rhythmic units of poetry. Scholes, not a dancer but a musician, offers support for this view, stating that the steady measures of music, of two, three or four beats to the bar, its equal and balanced phrases, regular cadences, contrasts and repetitions, may all be attributed to the \"incalculable\" influence of dance upon music. Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, primarily a musician and teacher, relates how a study of the physical movements of pianists led him \"to the discovery that musical sensations of a rhythmic nature call for the muscular and", "title": "Dance" }, { "id": "8310268", "score": "1.4833741", "text": "is known for its vivid imagery, lush language, and captivating depiction of gay men searching for love and acceptance in a harsh, dreamlike urban landscape. The novel was one of the first among gay fiction to portray the party atmosphere of Fire Island, a summer community on Long Island where many urban homosexuals celebrated drugs, parties, tea dances, and sexual exploration. The title of the novel is from the last line of William Butler Yeats's poem \"Among School Children\", which ends, \"O chestnut-tree, great-rooted blossomer,/ Are you the leaf, the blossom or the bole?/ O body swayed to music, O", "title": "Dancer from the Dance" }, { "id": "3214304", "score": "1.481827", "text": "and thriving. Jazz music began to flourish, dancing became a popular activity, technology flourished, and the US enjoyed a general sense of economic development. According to Weidman, \"It was a positive time, one that said yes to human values, a time full of vitality, there was that urgent need to express oneself but also to express the time in which one lived. There was a belief in the future\". In a time when change was coming rapidly, where innovations were popular, Weidman brought this to the dance world and changed dance forever. While Weidman began his choreography during this immense", "title": "Charles Weidman" }, { "id": "2453941", "score": "1.4806273", "text": "to another by shifting through to the position without any sort of gliding or sliding movement. (; literally 'turn in the air.') A jump, typically done by males, with a full rotation in the air. The landing can be on both feet, on one leg with the other extended in \"attitude\" or \"arabesque\", or down on one knee as at the end of a variation. A single \"tour\" is a 360° rotation, a double is 720°. Vaslav Nijinsky was known to perform triple \"tours en l'air\". (; iterally 'fallen.') The action of falling, typically used as a lead-in movement to", "title": "Glossary of ballet" }, { "id": "6458669", "score": "1.4754388", "text": "of dance poses. This may be the first attempt at a comprehensive systemization of dance. Blasis radicalized dance theory by relying heavily upon mathematical geometry and physics. He introduced the idea of a “movement axis” - a vertical line through the pose, perpendicular to the floor, that delineates the center of balance of the body. Blasis also contributed to dance pedagogy. He suggested that instructors first describe the bodily figures outlined in his index of poses, then have students memorize them before attempting to physically embody them. “The most diligent [student] might take copies of those figure on small slates,", "title": "Carlo Blasis" }, { "id": "10155377", "score": "1.4743018", "text": "or emotion within their works. In October 1916, she published an article of the same name in \"Montjoie!.\" In it, she wrote: I write my dance graphically as an orchestral score. And if wanting to create a dance really essential, I expressed the general spirit of my poems by a natural geometric stylization is that geometry is the science of lines, that is to say, the essence of all visual arts, like arithmetic is the science of numbers, that is to say the very essence of rhythmic arts: music and poetry. ... in the Métachorie, is the idea which is", "title": "Valentine de Saint-Point" }, { "id": "3210290", "score": "1.473933", "text": "was marked by the passage of modernism, vitalism, expressionism, avant-garde and a general protest against artistic stagnation and the old society. Ballet was perceived to have been superficial entertainment. The new dance would be art, both individual and artistic creation. The dance was described as the art of movement. It was a revolution. It would be more expressive, and show more spirit and emotion and less virtuosity. The dance would be improvisational, uninhibited and provocative. Future spiritual and bodily reform movements expressed themselves in a new “natural” naked dance. The women took centre stage. A key protagonist was Isadora Duncan,", "title": "Expressionist dance" }, { "id": "11869993", "score": "1.4737592", "text": "of what they will reveal when expressing their own feelings through dance. In this book she includes her web of principles of composition: Climax, Transition, Balance, Sequence, Repetition, Harmony, Variety and Contrast. In 1918 H’Doubler developed a group of dancers called , which is Greek for expressive gesture. The University of Wisconsin opened Lathrop Hall in 1921, which was a studio devoted to dance. This was also the first university to develop dance courses. In 1926, her collaboration with Dean Sellery and the faculty of the School of Education they developed the first curriculum to establish dance as a major.", "title": "Margaret H'Doubler" } ]

[ "Curling", "chess on ice", "curling rock", "Curling shoes", "curling broom", "curling sheet", "Curling rock", "Roaring game", "Curling rink", "sweeping sport", "Curling (sport)", "Curling stone", "Hammer (curling)", "hammer curling", "curling", "Sweeping (sport)", "curling shoes", "curling stone", "curling rink", "The roaring game", "curling sport", "History of curling", "roaring game", "Button (curling)", "free guard zone", "Curling sheet", "Chess on ice", "Free guard zone", "history of curling", "Curling broom", "button curling" ]

[ { "id": "80711", "score": "1.5395494", "text": "stone were touched, or removal of the touched stone from play. In non-officiated league play, the skip of the non-offending team has the final say on where the stones are placed after the infraction. Many different types of shots are used to carefully place stones for strategic or tactical reasons; they fall into three fundamental categories as follows: Guards are thrown in front of the house in the \"free guard zone\", usually to protect the \"shot-rock\" (the stone closest to the button at the time) or to make the opposing team's shot difficult. Guard shots include the \"centre-guard\", on the", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": "80731", "score": "1.4581146", "text": "team with the stone closest to the button wins that end; the winning team is then awarded one point for each of its own stones lying closer to the button than the opponent's closest stone. Only stones that are \"in the house\" are considered in the scoring. A stone is in the house if it lies within the zone or any portion of its edge lies over the edge of the ring. Since the bottom of the stone is rounded, a stone just barely in the house will not have any actual contact with the ring, which will pass under", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": "18713084", "score": "1.4504542", "text": "of rock-throwing football hooliganism. Rock-throwing can be used by thieves, as demonstrated by a 2015 case in India in which Ratan Marwadi (45) was charged with throwing rocks at a random passer-by, Darshana Pawar, for the purpose of disabling and robbing her. Pawar was killed. Her murderer, Ratan Marwadi, had previously served time in jail for pelting rail commuters with stones with the intent of robbing them. In the 19th century, \"stone throwing\" was defined as a \"nuisance\", one of a number of offenses such as \"kite-flying\" and \"doorbell ringing\" to be handled by bylaws which differed from town to", "title": "Stone throwing" }, { "id": "80713", "score": "1.4388528", "text": "the house) may not be removed by an opponent's stone, although they can be moved as long as they are not taken out of play. These are known as \"guard rocks\". If a guard rock is removed under this rule, it is placed back in the positions it was in before the shot was thrown, and the opponent's stone is removed from play and cannot be replayed. This rule is known as the \"five-rock rule\" or the \"free guard zone rule\" (previous versions of the free guard zone rule only limited removing guards from play in the first three or", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": "80699", "score": "1.4200319", "text": "of the stone is wiped clean and the path across the ice swept with the broom if necessary, because any dirt on the bottom of a stone or in its path can alter the trajectory and ruin the shot. Intrusion by a foreign object is called a \"pick-up\" or \"pick\". The thrower throws from the \"hack\". Another player, usually the skip, is stationed behind the \"button\" to determine the tactics, \"weight\", \"turn\", and \"line\", and the other two may sweep in front of the stone to influence the trajectory (see Sweeping, below). The players, with the exception of the skip,", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": "80677", "score": "1.4121854", "text": "in the same arena, allowing multiple games to be played simultaneously. A target, the \"house\", is centred on the intersection of the \"centre line\", drawn lengthwise down the centre of the sheet and the \"tee line\", drawn from, and parallel to, the backboard. These lines divide the house into quarters. The house consists of a centre circle (the \"button\") and three concentric rings, of diameters 4, 8 and 12 feet, formed by painting or laying coloured vinyl sheet under the ice and are usually distinguished by colour. A stone must at least touch the outer ring in order to score", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": "80665", "score": "1.4121559", "text": "Curling Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice towards a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles. It is related to bowls, boules and shuffleboard. Two teams, each with four players, take turns sliding heavy, polished granite stones, also called \"rocks\", across the ice \"curling sheet\" towards the \"house\", a circular target marked on the ice. Each team has eight stones, with each player throwing two. The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a \"game\"; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": "319129", "score": "1.4061614", "text": "respectively. As specialized phutball boards are hard to come by, the game is usually played on a 19×19 Go board, with a white stone representing the football and black stones representing the men. The objective is to score goals by using the men (the black stones) to move the football (the white stone) onto or over the opponent's goal line. Ohs tries to move the football to rows 19 or 20 and Eks to rows 1 or 0. At the start of the game the football is placed on the central point, unless one player gives the other a handicap,", "title": "Phutball" }, { "id": "80698", "score": "1.405738", "text": "shot. The process of sliding a stone down the sheet is known as the \"delivery\". The \"skip\", or the captain of the team, will usually determine the required \"weight\", \"turn\", and \"line\" of the stone. These will be influenced by the tactics at this point in the game, which may involve taking out, blocking or tapping another stone. The skip may communicate the \"weight\", \"turn\", \"line,\" and other tactics by calling or tapping a broom on the ice. In the case of a takeout, guard, or a tap, the skip will indicate the stones involved. Before delivery, the running surface", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": "18713075", "score": "1.3917242", "text": "Stone throwing Stone throwing or rock throwing is the act of throwing a stone. When it is directed at another person (called stone pelting in India), it is a form of criminal assault. Throwing of rocks or stones is one of the most ancient forms of ranged-weapon combat, with slings used to increase the range of such projectiles having been found among other weapons in the tomb of Tutankhamen, who died about 1325 BC. In many places, rocks are readily available as weapons, more so than more sophisticated weapons. Because rocks are dense, hard objects, a forcefully thrown rock can", "title": "Stone throwing" }, { "id": "7490797", "score": "1.3907943", "text": "played per team, with scoring performed as normal. One thrower must throw the first and last stones of each end, while the other thrower must throw the three in between. No stone, including those in the house, can be removed from play prior to the delivery of the fourth stone of an end. If there is a violation, the delivered stone shall be removed from play, and any displaced stone(s) shall be replaced to their original position by the non-offending team. Originally, the non-throwing team member must be behind the house-end hogline until the rock is released. This rule was", "title": "Mixed curling" }, { "id": "1599883", "score": "1.3817577", "text": "at the Olympic Games. The genesis of the shot put can be traced to pre-historic competitions with rocks: in the Middle ages the stone put was known in Scotland and the steinstossen was recorded in Switzerland. In the 17th century, cannonball throwing competitions within the English military provided a precursor to the modern sport. The term \"shot\" originates from the use of round shot-style ammunition for the sport. The modern rules were first laid out in 1860 and required that competitors take legal throws within a square throwing area of seven feet (2.13 m) on each side. This was amended", "title": "Track and field" }, { "id": "7442024", "score": "1.3786864", "text": "more competitors carry the stones the entire length of the field, heavier stones are then used. At the New Hampshire Highland Games, the record carry () is a pair of stones weighing 508 pounds (230 kg) carried just under 100 feet (30 m). The game probably originated as an outgrowth of the need to clear stones from agricultural fields to create clearance cairns. A similar Basque sport is the \"ontzi eramatea\", where the weights were originally milk canisters. Lifting stone Lifting stones are heavy natural stones which people are challenged to lift, proving their strength. They are common throughout northern", "title": "Lifting stone" }, { "id": "17894407", "score": "1.372806", "text": "the winners. The traditional games have six components: The goal is to climb an wooden pole (shilor) and touch the top as soon as possible, without any climbing aids. The one who reaches the top in the shortest period of time is declared the winner. The participants throw a stone which weighs about . The one who throws the stone the furthest is the winner. This discipline originated in antiquity and it was played by the Illyrians. The game called rrasa, which means \"shoot by hand\" and is played only by shepherds, also comes from antiquity. The symbolism of this", "title": "Rugova (region)" }, { "id": "80712", "score": "1.372397", "text": "centreline and the \"corner-guards\" to the left or right sides of the centre line. See \"Free Guard Zone\" below. Draws are thrown only to reach the house. Draw shots include \"raise\" and \"angle-raise\", \"come-around\", and \"freeze\" shots. Takeouts are intended to remove stones from play and include the \"peel\", \"hit-and-roll\" and \"double\" shots. For a more complete listing, see Glossary of curling terms. Until five stones have been played (three from the side without hammer, and two from the side with hammer), stones in the \"free guard zone\" (stones left in the area between the hog and tee lines, excluding", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": "879568", "score": "1.368593", "text": "a medieval game in which a person guards a large drake stone from opposing players, who try to knock it down by throwing smaller stones at it. To play \"duck on a rock\" most effectively, Naismith soon found that a soft lobbing shot was far more effective than a straight hard throw, a thought that later proved essential for the invention of basketball. Orphaned early in his life, Naismith lived with his aunt and uncle for many years and attended grade school at Bennies Corners near Almonte. Then he enrolled in Almonte High School, in Almonte, Ontario, from which he", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "id": "80727", "score": "1.3683054", "text": "\"steal\" the end by scoring one or more points of their own. Generally, the larger the lead a team will have in a game, the more defensively they should play. By hitting all of the opponent's stones, it removes opportunities for their getting multiple points, therefore defending the lead. If the leading team is quite comfortable, leaving their own stones in play can also be dangerous. Guards can be drawn around by the other team, and stones in the house can be tapped back (if they are in front of the tee line) or frozen onto (if they are behind", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": "44020", "score": "1.3643804", "text": "biography of Thomas Becket, gives a graphic sketch of the London of his day and, writing of the summer amusements of the young men, says that on holidays they were \"exercised in Leaping, Shooting, Wrestling, Casting of Stones [in jactu lapidum], and Throwing of Javelins fitted with Loops for the Purpose, which they strive to fling before the Mark; they also use Bucklers, like fighting Men.\" It is commonly supposed that by jactus lapidum, Fitzstephen meant the game of bowls, but though it is possible that round stones may sometimes have been employed in an early variety of the game", "title": "Bowls" }, { "id": "6311653", "score": "1.3585509", "text": "stones each, while tournament finals are three thirds of 150 stones. Historically kept by throwing stones against a gong, now other methods such as drums or speakers are used. Stone beats are now 1.5 seconds apart, when previously they had been 2.5 seconds apart for matches of 100 stones per half. Stone penalties for hits vary between countries from three to five for the Spar/Pompfen and five and eight for the chain. Australia played three and five until 2017 when they adopted five and eight. Strike locations are from the neck down (excluding hands on cored weapons or the entire", "title": "Jugger" }, { "id": "4457514", "score": "1.3581139", "text": "golf is a game in which even the most skilled players cannot avoid hitting shots off target on some occasion, and a player would be liable for a mis-hit ball only if the player had \"aimed so inaccurately as to unreasonably increase the risk of harm.\" Bolton v Stone Bolton v. Stone [1951] AC 850, [1951] 1 All ER 1078 is a leading House of Lords case in the tort of negligence, establishing that a defendant is not negligent if the damage to the plaintiff was not a reasonably foreseeable consequence of his conduct. The plaintiff was hit by a", "title": "Bolton v Stone" } ]

[ "Seal", "sealed", "seal album", "Seal (disambiguation)", "Sealed", "seal disambiguation", "seal", "Seal (album)" ]

[ { "id": "1957263", "score": "1.8055941", "text": "for the German newspaper \"Die Zeit\". In November 2006, Klum released her debut single \"Wonderland\", written for a series of television advertisements for the German retailer \"Douglas\". Proceeds were given to a children's charity in her hometown of Bergisch Gladbach. She contributed to her husband Seal's 2007 album \"System\", singing the duet \"Wedding Day\", a song that Seal wrote for their wedding. In 1997, Klum married stylist Ric Pipino. The couple divorced in 2002. In March 2003, Klum began a relationship with Flavio Briatore, the Italian managing director of Renault's Formula One team. In December she announced her pregnancy. Soon", "title": "Heidi Klum" }, { "id": "1957264", "score": "1.7001011", "text": "after, the two split and Klum began dating the musician Seal. Klum gave birth to Helene (Leni) Klum in May 2004 in New York City. Seal was present for Leni's birth, and according to Klum, Briatore is not involved in Leni's life; she has stated emphatically that \"Seal is Leni's father.\" Klum and Seal got engaged in December 2004 on a glacier in Whistler, British Columbia and married on 10 May 2005 on a beach in Mexico. They have three biological children together: sons Henry Günther Ademola Dashtu Samuel (born 2005) and Johan Riley Fyodor Taiwo Samuel (born 2006), and", "title": "Heidi Klum" }, { "id": "1957266", "score": "1.6953561", "text": "to her birth name of Heidi Klum. Their divorce was finalized on 14 October 2014. , Klum has made public her relationship with Tokio Hotel guitarist Tom Kaulitz through Instagram posts and appearances at Cannes Film Festival. The two were first romantically linked in March of the same year. During the live finale of the 10th season of \"Germany's Next Top Model\" in the Mannheim SAP Arena on 14 May 2015, a telephone call by a woman came in at 9:07 pm, threatening that a bomb would go off during the live show. The organizer decided to have the hall", "title": "Heidi Klum" }, { "id": "3028237", "score": "1.6885331", "text": "2003. Campbell now considers Briatore her \"mentor\". In March 2003, Briatore began dating supermodel Heidi Klum. In December she announced her pregnancy. Soon after, the two split and Klum began dating the musician Seal. Klum gave birth to Helene (Leni) Klum in May 2004 in New York City. According to Klum, Briatore is not involved in Leni's life; she has stated emphatically that \"Seal is Leni's father\". In 2009 Briatore allowed Seal to adopt his daughter and change her name to Helene Samuel. Briatore married the 'Wonderbra' model Elisabetta Gregoraci on 14 June 2008. The driver of the bridal car", "title": "Flavio Briatore" }, { "id": "491222", "score": "1.6502745", "text": "end of relationship with Italian Formula One team manager Flavio Briatore. Seal proposed to Klum on 23 December 2004 in a quinzee he had built on a glacier in Whistler, British Columbia. On 10 May 2005, the couple married on a beach in Mexico near Seal's home on Costa Careyes. Every year during their marriage, Seal and Klum renewed their vows on their anniversary with close friends and family. About these renewals, Seal said in 2010, \"Each year, Heidi and I get remarried. It's a great party, but for about an hour, we go off on our own down to", "title": "Seal (musician)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Heidi Klum\n\nHeidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German-American model, television host, producer, and businesswoman. She appeared on the cover of the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\" in 1998 and was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel.\n\nFollowing a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge of \"Germany's Next Topmodel\" and the reality show \"Project Runway\", which earned her an Emmy nomination in 2008 and a win in 2013 for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program (shared with co-host Tim Gunn). Klum has been nominated for six Emmy Awards. She has worked as a spokesmodel for Dannon and H&M and has appeared in numerous commercials for McDonald's, Volkswagen and others. In 2009, Klum became Barbie's official ambassador on Barbie's 50th anniversary. As an occasional actress, she had supporting roles in movies including \"Blow Dry\" (2001), \"Ella Enchanted\" (2004), and made cameo appearances in \"The Devil Wears Prada\" (2006), \"Perfect Stranger\" (2007) and \"Ocean's 8\" (2018). She has also made guest appearances on TV shows including \"Sex and the City\", \"How I Met Your Mother\", \"Desperate Housewives\" and \"Parks and Recreation.\" From 2013, with the exception of 2019, Klum has been a judge on NBC reality show \"America's Got Talent\".\n\nIn May 2011, \"Forbes\" magazine estimated Klum's total earnings for that year as US$20 million. She was ranked second on \"Forbes\" list of the \"World's Top-Earning Models\". \"Forbes\" noted that since ending her 13-year run as a Victoria's Secret Angel, Klum has become more of a businesswoman than a model. In 2008, she became an American citizen while maintaining her native German citizenship.", "title": "Heidi Klum" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Seal (musician)\n\nSeal Henry Olusegun Olumide Adeola Samuel (born 19 February 1963), known professionally as Seal, is a British singer. He has sold over 20 million records worldwide. These include hit songs \"Crazy\" and \"Killer\", the latter of which went to number one in the UK, and his most celebrated song, \"Kiss from a Rose\", which was released in 1994. Seal is renowned for his distinctive soulful singing voice. \n\nSeal has won multiple awards throughout his career, including three Brit Awards; he won Best British Male in 1992. He has also won four Grammy Awards and an MTV Video Music Award. As a songwriter, Seal received two Ivor Novello Awards for Best Song Musically and Lyrically from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors for \"Killer\" (1990) and \"Crazy\" (1991).\n\nHe was a coach on \"The Voice Australia\" in 2012 and 2013, and returned to Australia to work as a coach in 2017.", "title": "Seal (musician)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Harvey Weinstein\n\nHarvey Weinstein (; born March 19, 1952) is an American former film producer and convicted sex offender. He and his brother, Bob Weinstein, co-founded the entertainment company Miramax, which produced several successful independent films including \"Sex, Lies, and Videotape\" (1989); \"The Crying Game\" (1992); \"Pulp Fiction\" (1994); \"Heavenly Creatures\" (1994); \"Flirting with Disaster\" (1996); and \"Shakespeare in Love\" (1998). Weinstein won an Academy Award for producing \"Shakespeare in Love\" and also won seven Tony Awards for plays and musicals including \"The Producers\", \"Billy Elliot the Musical\", and \"\". After leaving Miramax, Weinstein and his brother Bob founded The Weinstein Company, a mini-major film studio. He was co-chairman, alongside Bob, from 2005 to 2017.\n\nIn October 2017, following sexual abuse allegations dating back to the late 1970s, Weinstein was dismissed from his company and expelled from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. More than 80 women made allegations of sexual harassment and/or rape against Weinstein by October 31. The allegations sparked the #MeToo social media campaign and subsequent sexual abuse allegations against many powerful men around the world; this phenomenon is referred to as the \"Weinstein effect\". Weinstein was arrested and charged with rape in New York in May 2018, and was found guilty of two of five felonies in February 2020. Weinstein was sentenced to 23 years in prison, and began serving his sentence at Wende Correctional Facility. His earliest possible release date is November 9, 2039, when he will be 87 years old. On July 20, 2021, he was extradited to Los Angeles to face further charges at a subsequent trial, where he was found guilty of three of seven charges on December 19, 2022.", "title": "Harvey Weinstein" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mel B\n\nMelanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), commonly known as Melanie B or Mel B, is an English singer, songwriter, and television personality. She rose to fame in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Scary Spice. With over 100 million records sold worldwide, the group became the best-selling female group of all time.\nDuring the Spice Girls hiatus, Mel B released her debut solo album, \"Hot\" (2000). The album's lead single, \"I Want You Back\", reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, and was included on the soundtrack for the 1998 film \"Why Do Fools Fall in Love\". Other singles from the album, such as \"Tell Me\" and \"Feels So Good\", both reached the top 5 in the UK charts. After signing with the independent label Amber Café, she released her second solo album, \"L.A. State of Mind\" (2005), which spawned the single, \"Today\". Mel B released \"For Once in My Life\" in 2013, her first single in eight years; it peaked at No. 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Songs chart.\n\nSince 2007, Mel B has established herself as a television personality and talent-show judge. She participated in the fifth season of the American dance-competition series \"Dancing with the Stars\" (2007), finishing in second place with her professional partner, Maksim Chmerkovskiy. Between 2011 and 2016, Mel B served as a guest and main judge on the Australian and British versions of \"The X Factor\". She also co-presented the Australian version of \"Dancing with the Stars\" for one season (2012). Mel B judged on the NBC reality show \"America's Got Talent\" (2013–2018), served as a coach and mentor on \"The Voice Kids Australia\" (2014) and judged on \"The Masked Singer Australia\" (2022). From 2016 to 2018, she presented \"Lip Sync Battle UK\" alongside rapper Professor Green. In 2022, she co-presented BBC documentary series \"Trailblazers: A Rocky Mountain Road Trip\" alongside Ruby Wax and Emily Atack.\n\nMel B has also appeared in various films, including \"Spice World\" (1997), \"LD 50 Lethal Dose\" (2003), \"The Seat Filler\" (2005), \"Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast\" (2014), \"\" (2017), \"Killing Hasselhoff\" (2017), \"Love Should Not Hurt\" (2021) and \"A New Diva's Christmas Carol\" (2022).", "title": "Mel B" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Project Runway\n\nProject Runway is an American reality television series that premiered on Bravo on December 1, 2004. The series focuses on fashion design.\n\nThe contestants compete with each other to create the best clothes and are restricted by time, materials and theme. Their designs are judged by a panel, and one or more designers are typically eliminated from the show each week. During each season, contestants are progressively eliminated until only a few contestants remain. These finalists prepare complete fashion collections for New York Fashion Week. After the runway shows, the judges choose the winner.\n\n\"Project Runway\" was created by Eli Holzman and was hosted by Heidi Klum from 2004 to 2017. It has a varied airing history, with Bravo originating the first five seasons, followed by Lifetime for eleven more.\n\nIn 2018, during the wake of The Weinstein Company's bankruptcy, the show then returned to Bravo. American model Karlie Kloss followed Klum as the new host, with season four winner Christian Siriano replacing Gunn as mentor.\n\nIn 2008, the show won a Peabody Award \"for using the 'television reality contest' genre to engage, inform, enlighten and entertain.\"\n\nThe show has had over 30 international adaptations.", "title": "Project Runway" }, { "id": "1957249", "score": "1.6087253", "text": "husband Seal's song \"Secret\" off his 2010 album \"Seal 6: Commitment\". The latter video depicts the married couple sharing intimate moments while naked in bed; the concept was Klum's idea. In July 2007, having earned in the previous 16months, Klum was named by \"Forbes\" as third on the list of the World's 15 Top-Earning Supermodels. In 2008, \"Forbes\" estimated her income at , putting Klum in first place. For 2007, \"Forbes\" estimated her income at . Klum is signed to IMG Models in New York City. In 2008, Klum was a featured guest on an American Volkswagen commercial, where she", "title": "Heidi Klum" }, { "id": "1957268", "score": "1.6082404", "text": "Children's Hospital Los Angeles community awareness efforts. In May 2014, Klum was honoured with the Crystal Cross Award by the American Red Cross for her charity work, most notably for her contributions to the Red Cross after Hurricane Sandy. Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German model, television personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, singer, television producer, author, and actress. She appeared on the cover of the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\" and in 1999 was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel. Following a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge", "title": "Heidi Klum" }, { "id": "1957259", "score": "1.6058394", "text": "anniversary in 2009, even having made a Barbie doll out of herself. On 1 April that same year, she appeared on the CBS television special, \"I Get That a Lot\", as a girl working at a pizza shop. That same year, she appeared in advertising for Dannon's Light & Fit brand. Klum and husband Seal announced in June 2010 that they would be making a reality series on Lifetime titled \"Love's Divine\" (after Seal's song of the same name.) In January 2010, Klum launched two lines of maternity wear: Lavish by Heidi Klum for A Pea in the Pod, and", "title": "Heidi Klum" }, { "id": "1957265", "score": "1.5969225", "text": "daughter Lou Sulola Samuel (born 2009). On 21 November 2009, Klum officially adopted Seal's surname and became legally known as Heidi Samuel. Soon after, in December 2009, Seal officially adopted Leni, and her last name was changed to Samuel. During their marriage, Klum and Seal renewed their vows to one another each year on their anniversary in front of family and friends. On 22 January 2012, the couple announced that they were separating after almost seven years of marriage. She filed for divorce from Seal three months later on 6 April 2012. She also requested that her name be restored", "title": "Heidi Klum" }, { "id": "2863867", "score": "1.5863473", "text": "alcohol-related illness. He was married to Marina Anderson from 1998 to 2001. By this time, Carradine had proclaimed himself to be a \"serial monogamist.\" On December 26, 2004, Carradine married the widowed Annie Bierman (née Anne Kirstie Fraser, born December 21, 1960) at the seaside Malibu home of his friend Michael Madsen. Vicki Roberts, his attorney and a longtime friend of his wife's, performed the ceremony. With this marriage he acquired three stepdaughters, Amanda Eckelberry (born 1989), Madeleine Rose (born 1995), and Olivia Juliette (born 1998) as well as a stepson, actor Max Richard Carradine (born 1998). In one of", "title": "David Carradine" }, { "id": "19048998", "score": "1.5776434", "text": "Cruz made joint appearances with her. Ted Cruz dropped out of the primary after a loss in Indiana to Donald Trump on May 3. A week later, on May 10, Cruz urged supporters to be optimistic about the future. Heidi Nelson met Ted Cruz while the two were working together on George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign. The couple married on May 27, 2001. Subsequent to getting married in 2001, Cruz moved from Washington D.C. to Texas in 2004, and experienced a period of depression as a result of the transition to Texas. Cruz and her husband have two daughters,", "title": "Heidi Cruz" }, { "id": "17195844", "score": "1.5704714", "text": "July 1997. Lauer proposed to Roque after five months of dating and the two wed in Water Mill, New York, on 3 October 1998. They have three children together, Jack (b. 2001), Romy (b. 2004), and Thijs (b. 2006). In September 2006, while pregnant with Thijs, Roque filed for divorce, citing cruel and inhumane treatment from Lauer; she and Lauer later reconciled. However in 2018, she filed for divorce a second time following a series of sexual assault allegations against Lauer. Annette Roque Annette Roque is a model and equestrian who was born in the Netherlands in December 1966. Her", "title": "Annette Roque" }, { "id": "491223", "score": "1.5684482", "text": "a private beach. We sit there with the kids and read vows to each other as the sun sets. It's a very special moment to us.\" In November 2009, Klum officially adopted Seal's surname and became legally known as Heidi Samuel. On 11 June 2009, Seal, on tour with his new album \"Soul\", revealed, \"It is nice to be in newspapers and magazines for something other than my marriage\". He said his marriage to Klum may take away the attention, but does not detract from what he loves doing: making music. In February 2011, Klum praised Seal for his good", "title": "Seal (musician)" }, { "id": "1957243", "score": "1.5587394", "text": "been nominated for six Emmy Awards. She has worked as a spokesmodel for Dannon and H&M, and has appeared in numerous commercials for McDonald's, Volkswagen and others. In 2009, Klum became Barbie's official ambassador on Barbie's 50th anniversary. As an occasional actress, she had supporting roles in movies including \"Blow Dry\" (2001), \"Ella Enchanted\" (2004), and made cameo appearances in \"The Devil Wears Prada\" (2006) and \"Perfect Stranger\" (2007). She has also appeared on TV shows including \"Sex and the City\", \"How I Met Your Mother\", \"Desperate Housewives\" and \"Parks and Recreation.\" Since 2013, Klum has been a judge on", "title": "Heidi Klum" }, { "id": "19442115", "score": "1.5269", "text": "Brigitte Klump married firstly in 1958 to Johannes Zirwas who later became a sociology professor. Her second marriage, in 1960, was to Wolf Heckmann (1929-2006), a journalist-writer who in 1969 became editor in chief of the Hamburger Morgenpost, a mass circulation daily newspaper. This marriage resulted in two recorded children, including the singer-composer Inga Heckmann. Klump's second marriage ended in 1988. Brigitte Klump Brigitte Klump (born 23 January 1935) is a German author and campaigner. She was born into a relatively poor farming family, originally of Huguenot provenance. She grew up, between 1949 and 1957, in the German Democratic Republic", "title": "Brigitte Klump" }, { "id": "1957242", "score": "1.5238934", "text": "Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German model, television personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, singer, television producer, author, and actress. She appeared on the cover of the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\" and in 1999 was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel. Following a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge of \"Germany's Next Topmodel\" and the reality show \"Project Runway\" which earned her an Emmy nomination in 2008 and a win in 2013 for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program (shared with co-host Tim Gunn); Klum has", "title": "Heidi Klum" }, { "id": "1957246", "score": "1.5201437", "text": "as \"Elle\", \"InStyle\", \"Marie Claire\", \"Glamour\" and Russian \"Harper's Bazaar\" magazines. She became widely known after appearing on the cover of the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\" and for her work with Victoria's Secret as an \"Angel\". Klum hosted the 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows. On 1 October 2010, the \"New York Post\" reported in its \"Page Six\" gossip column that Klum would be leaving Victoria's Secret, which was later confirmed by Klum. In addition to working with well-known photographers on her first husband's \"Sports Illustrated\" shoots, she was the object and subject of Joanne Gair", "title": "Heidi Klum" }, { "id": "491225", "score": "1.5191349", "text": "Henry Günther Adeola Dashtu Samuel (born 12 September 2005), Johan Riley Fyodor Taiwo Samuel (born 22 November 2006) and daughter Lou Sulola Samuel (born 9 October 2009). On 22 January 2012, Seal and Klum announced that they were separating after nearly seven years of marriage. Klum filed for divorce from Seal on 6 April 2012, but they remain close friends. Their divorce was finalised on 14 October 2014. In April 1992 Seal performed with the surviving members of the rock band Queen at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held at Wembley Stadium. Seal performed on his own singing the 1986", "title": "Seal (musician)" }, { "id": "7922908", "score": "1.516449", "text": "In May 1964, Blackmore married Margit Volkmar (b. 1945) from Germany. They lived in Hamburg during the late 1960s. Their son, Jürgen (b. 1964), played guitar in touring tribute band Over the Rainbow. Following their divorce, Blackmore married Bärbel, a former dancer from Germany, in September 1969 until their divorce in early 1970s. As a result, he is a fluent German speaker. For tax reasons, he moved to the United States in 1974. Initially he lived in Oxnard, California, with opera singer Shoshana Feinstein for one year. She provided backing vocals on two songs in Rainbow's first album. During this", "title": "Ritchie Blackmore" }, { "id": "3772372", "score": "1.5052187", "text": "December 15, 1985 at the Beverly Hills, California home of producer Irwin Winkler. Stallone and Nielsen's marriage lasted 19 months, with their divorce finalized in July 1987. Her second child, Killian Marcus Gastineau (born on December 15, 1989), she had with ex-fiancé Mark Gastineau. Between 1990 and 1992, she was married to director and photographer Sebastian Copeland (Orlando Bloom's cousin). Nielsen has two sons with fourth husband Raoul Meyer, Douglas Aaron (born on April 19, 1993) and Raoul, Jr. (born on 21 May 21, 1995). Her current husband, Mattia Dessì (born on October 22, 1978), lived with her in Italy", "title": "Brigitte Nielsen" } ]

[ "Mole", "mole disambiguation", "Mole (disambiguation)", "mole river", "The Mole", "Mole River", "mole" ]

[ { "id": "16692227", "score": "1.4182084", "text": "Insider threat An insider threat is a malicious threat to an organization that comes from people within the organization, such as employees, former employees, contractors or business associates, who have inside information concerning the organization's security practices, data and computer systems. The threat may involve fraud, the theft of confidential or commercially valuable information, the theft of intellectual property, or the sabotage of computer systems. Insiders may have accounts giving them legitimate access to computer systems, with this access originally having been given to them to serve in the performance of their duties; these permissions could be abused to harm", "title": "Insider threat" }, { "id": "3778889", "score": "1.412573", "text": "was used to describe hackers who support the ethical reporting of vulnerabilities directly to the software vendor in contrast to the full disclosure practices that were prevalent in the white hat community that vulnerabilities not be disclosed outside of their group. In 2002, however, the Anti-Sec community published use of the term to refer to people who work in the security industry by day, but engage in black hat activities by night. The irony was that for black hats, this interpretation was seen as a derogatory term; whereas amongst white hats it was a term that lent a sense of", "title": "Grey hat" }, { "id": "456868", "score": "1.4054492", "text": "Whistleblower A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public. The information of alleged wrongdoing can be classified in many ways: violation of company policy/rules, law, regulation, or threat to public interest/national security, as well as fraud, and corruption. Those who become whistleblowers can choose to bring information or allegations to surface either internally or externally. Internally, a whistleblower can bring his/her accusations to the attention of other people within the accused", "title": "Whistleblower" }, { "id": "207229", "score": "1.403826", "text": "maintenance man, a cleaner, an insurance salesman, or an inspector: anyone who has legitimate access to the premises. A spy may break into the premises to steal data and may search through waste paper and refuse, known as \"dumpster diving\". Information may be compromised via unsolicited requests for information, marketing surveys or use of technical support or research or software facilities. Outsourced industrial producers may ask for information outside the agreed-upon contract. Computers have facilitated the process of collecting information because of the ease of access to large amounts of information through physical contact or the Internet. Computers have become", "title": "Industrial espionage" }, { "id": "756237", "score": "1.403265", "text": "(OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public. The information of alleged wrongdoing can be classified in many ways: violation of company policy/rules, law, regulation, or threat to public interest/national security, as well as fraud, and corruption. Those who become whistleblowers can choose to bring information or allegations to", "title": "Political corruption" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Canary trap\n\nA canary trap is a method for exposing an information leak by giving different versions of a sensitive document to each of several suspects and seeing which version gets leaked. It could be one false statement, to see whether sensitive information gets out to other people as well. Special attention is paid to the quality of the prose of the unique language, in the hopes that the suspect will repeat it verbatim in the leak, thereby identifying the version of the document.\n\nThe term was coined by Tom Clancy in his novel \"Patriot Games\", although Clancy did not invent the technique. The actual method (usually referred to as a barium meal test in espionage circles) has been used by intelligence agencies for many years. The fictional character Jack Ryan describes the technique he devised for identifying the sources of leaked classified documents:\n\nEach summary paragraph has six different versions, and the mixture of those paragraphs is unique to each numbered copy of the paper. There are over a thousand possible permutations, but only ninety-six numbered copies of the actual document. The reason the summary paragraphs are so lurid is to entice a reporter to quote them verbatim in the public media. If he quotes something from two or three of those paragraphs, we know which copy he saw and, therefore, who leaked it.\n\nA refinement of this technique uses a thesaurus program to shuffle through synonyms, thus making every copy of the document unique.", "title": "Canary trap" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Whistleblower\n\nA whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person, often an employee, who reveals information about activity within a private or public organization that is deemed illegal, immoral, illicit, unsafe or fraudulent. Whistleblowers can use a variety of internal or external channels to communicate information or allegations. Over 83% of whistleblowers report internally to a supervisor, human resources, compliance, or a neutral third party within the company, hoping that the company will address and correct the issues. A whistleblower can also bring allegations to light by communicating with external entities, such as the media, government, or law enforcement. Whistleblowing can occur in either the private sector or the public sector.\n\nRetaliation is a real risk for whistleblowers, who often pay a heavy price for blowing the whistle. The most common form of retaliation is abrupt termination of employment. However, several other actions may also be considered retaliatory, including extreme increases in workloads, having hours cut drastically, preventing task completion, or bullying. Laws in many countries attempt to protect whistleblowers and to regulate the whistleblowing activities. These laws tend to adopt different approaches to public and private sector whistleblowing.\n\nWhistleblowers do not always achieve their aims. For their claims to be credible and successful, they must have compelling evidence to support their claims that the government or regulating body can use or investigate to \"prove\" such claims and hold corrupt companies and/or government agencies to account.", "title": "Whistleblower" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "WikiLeaks" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Edward Snowden\n\nEdward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American and naturalized Russian former computer intelligence consultant who leaked highly classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013, when he was an employee and subcontractor. His disclosures revealed numerous global surveillance programs, many run by the NSA and the Five Eyes intelligence alliance with the cooperation of telecommunication companies and European governments and prompted a cultural discussion about national security and individual privacy.\n\nIn 2013, Snowden was hired by an NSA contractor, Booz Allen Hamilton, after previous employment with Dell and the CIA. Snowden says he gradually became disillusioned with the programs with which he was involved, and that he tried to raise his ethical concerns through internal channels but was ignored. On May 20, 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong after leaving his job at an NSA facility in Hawaii, and in early June he revealed thousands of classified NSA documents to journalists Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras, Barton Gellman, and Ewen MacAskill. Snowden came to international attention after stories based on the material appeared in \"The Guardian\", \"The Washington Post\", and other publications. Snowden also made extensive allegations against the GCSB, blowing the whistle of their domestic surveillance of New Zealanders and acts of espionage under John Key's government. \n\nOn June 21, 2013, the United States Department of Justice unsealed charges against Snowden of two counts of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 and theft of government property, In September 2022, Snowden was granted Russian citizenship by President Vladimir Putin, and on 2 December 2022 he swore the oath of allegiance.\n\nA subject of controversy, Snowden has been variously called a traitor, a hero, a whistleblower, a dissident, a coward, and a patriot. U.S. officials condemned his actions as having done \"grave damage\" to the U.S. intelligence capabilities. Snowden has defended his leaks as an effort \"to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them.\"\n\nIn early 2016, Snowden became the president of the Freedom of the Press Foundation, a San Francisco–based nonprofit organization that aims to protect journalists from hacking and government surveillance. He also has a job at an unnamed Russian IT company. In 2017, he married Lindsay Mills. \"I have to lay my head down in Moscow on a pillow at night,\" he told an Israeli audience in November 2018, \"but I live on the internet and every other city in the world.\" On September 17, 2019, his memoir \"Permanent Record\" was published. On September 2, 2020, a U.S. federal court ruled in \"United States v. Moalin\" that the U.S. intelligence's mass surveillance program exposed by Snowden was illegal and possibly unconstitutional.", "title": "Edward Snowden" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Data breach\n\nA data breach is a security violation, in which sensitive, protected or confidential data is copied, transmitted, viewed, stolen or used by an individual unauthorized to do so. Other terms are unintentional information disclosure, data leak, information leakage and data spill. Incidents range from concerted attacks by individuals who hack for personal gain or malice (black hats), organized crime, political activists or national governments, to poorly configured system security or careless disposal of used computer equipment or data storage media. Leaked information can range from matters compromising national security, to information on actions which a government or official considers embarrassing and wants to conceal. A deliberate data breach by a person privy to the information, typically for political purposes, is more often described as a \"leak\".\n\nData breaches may involve financial information such as credit card and debit card details, bank details, personal health information (PHI), Personally identifiable information (PII), trade secrets of corporations or intellectual property. Data breaches may involve overexposed and vulnerable unstructured data – files, documents, and sensitive information.\n\nData breaches can be quite costly to organizations with direct costs (remediation, investigation, etc) and indirect costs (reputational damages, providing cyber security to victims of compromised data, etc.).\n\nAccording to the nonprofit consumer organization Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, a total of 227,052,199 individual records containing sensitive personal information were involved in security breaches in the United States between January 2005 and May 2008, excluding incidents where sensitive data was apparently not actually exposed.<ref name=\"pri\"/>\n\nMany jurisdictions have passed data breach notification laws, which requires a company that has been subject to a data breach to inform customers and take other steps to remediate possible injuries.\n\nIn what can be touted as one of the biggest Twitter data breaches, the data of 400 million Twitter users have been put up for sale on the dark web. The revelation comes a day after The Irish Data Protection Commission (DPC) announced an investigation into an earlier Twitter data leak that had affected over 5.4 million users. The earlier breach was discovered in late November.\n\nAccording to Alon Gal, co-Founder and CTO of Israeli cybercrime intelligence company, Hudson Rock, the data was probably obtained from an API vulnerability enabling the threat actor to query any email or phone and retrieve a Twitter profile.", "title": "Data breach" }, { "id": "19256176", "score": "1.401083", "text": "he was unable to accomplish. This has been attributed indirectly to the influence of a deep state. President Donald Trump supporters use the term to refer to allegations that intelligence officers and executive branch officials guide policy through leaking or other internal means. According to a July 2017 report by the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, \"the Trump administration was being hit by national security leaks 'on a nearly daily basis' and at a far higher rate than its predecessors encountered\". The term has also been used in comments on the \"deep state\"-like influence allegedly", "title": "Deep state in the United States" }, { "id": "8887403", "score": "1.400563", "text": "Stovepipe (organisation) A stovepipe organization has a structure which largely or entirely restricts the flow of information within the organisation to up-down through lines of control, inhibiting or preventing cross-organisational communication. Many traditional, large (especially governmental or transnational) organisations have, or risk falling into having, a stovepipe pattern. Intelligence organisations may deliberately adopt a stovepipe pattern so that a breach or compromise in one area cannot easily spread to others. A famous example of this is Bletchley Park (an allied forces Second World War codebreaking centre where messages encrypted by the Enigma machine were decrypted) where people working in one", "title": "Stovepipe (organisation)" }, { "id": "19498612", "score": "1.3997892", "text": "and temporary employees, vendors, contractors, suppliers, or ex-employees. Most common insiders are those that have elevated access where they can utilize sensitive information without drawing suspicion. However, anyone can be an insider threat to an organization if they do not dispose, secure, utilize sensitive information described in an agency's regulations. There have been cases where individuals are compromised by an opposing agency and exploited by the individual's financial status, threats on their life, or other factors in order to force the individual to comply with the opposing agencies demands. An insider may attempt to steal property or information for personal", "title": "Insider threat management" }, { "id": "19498610", "score": "1.3910809", "text": "Insider threat management Insider threat management is the process of preventing, combating, detecting, and monitoring employees, remote vendors and contractors, to fortify an organization's data from theft, fraud and damage. An insider is an individual who is employed by an agency and has access to facilities, sensitive information, organizational data, information systems, and other equipment. They may have accounts giving them legitimate access to computer systems, with this access originally having been given to them to serve in the performance of their duties; these permissions could be abused to harm the organization. Insiders are often familiar with the organization's data", "title": "Insider threat management" }, { "id": "14071938", "score": "1.3854719", "text": "outside scrutiny on to the organization. This is typically done by leaking the ethical concerns to the general media. Such an act is known as \"whistleblowing\". Whistleblowing: After using all available means for working within the system, an employee of a governmental agency reports a problem to other governmental agencies or to the general public directly. The problem for whistleblowing on all levels of government (federal, state, and local) is that there are very few protections for these individuals. There are several factors of a person’s private life that are often viewed as something that is not made available to", "title": "Public sector ethics" }, { "id": "456874", "score": "1.3685067", "text": "in the \"Janesville Gazette\" called a policeman who used his whistle to alert citizens about a riot a \"whistle blower\", without the hyphen. By the year 1963, the phrase had become a hyphenated word, \"whistle-blower\". The word began to be used by journalists in the 1960s for people who revealed wrongdoing, such as Nader. It eventually evolved into the compound word \"whistleblower\". Most whistleblowers are internal whistleblowers, who report misconduct on a fellow employee or superior within their company through anonymous reporting mechanisms often called hotlines. One of the most interesting questions with respect to internal whistleblowers is why and", "title": "Whistleblower" }, { "id": "5024370", "score": "1.3659246", "text": "time to prepare more extensive coverage, which can then be published immediately after the official release. This technique is designed to maximize the impact of the announcement. It might be considered an element of political 'spin', or news management. Some people who leak information to the media are seeking to manipulate coverage. Cloaking information in secrecy may make it seem more valuable to journalists, and anonymity reduces the ability of others to cross-check or discredit the information. Some leaks are made in the open; for example, politicians who (whether inadvertently or otherwise) disclose classified or confidential information while speaking to", "title": "News leak" }, { "id": "16234459", "score": "1.3620999", "text": "people may be like Assange, and say, OK, we'll publish and fight and whatever,' says Pietrosanti. 'But lots of people want to fight corruption without taking that much responsibility. If the risk profile of everyone who runs a leak node is reduced, there will be a lot more leak nodes. WikiLeaks taught us something. And it brought the word whistleblower back into the awareness of the public (...) But GlobaLeaks is the next logical step.\" Filastò added. In October 2013, Tessel Renzenbrink wrote in her article \"Building an Infrastructure for Whistleblowing\" that \"there are very few protection mechanisms in place", "title": "GlobaLeaks" }, { "id": "20407091", "score": "1.361874", "text": "a former FBI special agent with a counter-terrorism specialty, as the new government-wide National Counterintelligence Executive. \"Instead of getting carried away with the concept of leakers as heroes,\" Evanina said in August, \"we need to get back to the basics of what it means to be loyal. Undifferentiated, unauthorized leaking is a criminal act.\" While dealing with insider threats had been an intelligence community priority since WikiLeaks published Chelsea Manning's disclosures in 2010, Evanina said that in the aftermath of Snowden's June 2013 revelations, the process \"sped up from a regional railway to the Acela train.\" A year later, 100,000", "title": "Snowden effect" }, { "id": "11155202", "score": "1.3589152", "text": "has some interesting insights that might well be useful to the West. For example, rather than use the term \"defector\", which has a negative connotation, they use the Russian word \"dobrozhelatel\", \"well-wisher,\" as used here virtually the equivalent of \"walk-in.\" This term has a positive connotation, and may reflect how the service views such people, as described by Ivan Serov, former chief of GRU (Soviet military intelligence) While the term \"well-wisher\" may be positive, in Serov's view, he does not assume a well-wisher has value to offer. The majority actually turn out to be offering material of no significant value.", "title": "Clandestine human intelligence" }, { "id": "20142978", "score": "1.3576443", "text": "seducer in a honey trap operation is known as a raven (Вороны). A female seductress is known as a swallow (ласточка). Discrimination and cultural attitudes toward homosexuals have pressured them into spying or not spying for a certain entity, sometimes with drastic consequences. For example, Admiral Bobby Ray Inman, former director of the NSA, decided to not fire openly gay employees in exchange for each employee's written promise not to give in to blackmail and that each gay employee would inform his family, eliminating any further potential for blackmail. This was a serious issue, as two NSA analysts defected to", "title": "Sexpionage" }, { "id": "4103756", "score": "1.3555597", "text": "Insider An insider is a member of any group of people of limited number and generally restricted access. The term is used in the context of secret, privileged, hidden or otherwise esoteric information or knowledge: an insider is a \"member of the gang\" hence knows things outsiders don't, including insider jargon. In our complicated and information-rich world, the concept of insider knowledge is popular and pervasive, as a source of direct and useful guidance. In a given situation, an insider is contrasted with an outside expert: the expert can provide an in-depth theoretical analysis that should lead to a practical", "title": "Insider" }, { "id": "16692233", "score": "1.352601", "text": "the time. The US Department of Defense Personnel Security Research Center published a report that describes approaches for detecting insider threats. Earlier it published ten case studies of insider attacks by information technology professionals. Forensically investigating insider data theft is notoriously difficult, and requires novel techniques such as stochastic forensics. Insider threat An insider threat is a malicious threat to an organization that comes from people within the organization, such as employees, former employees, contractors or business associates, who have inside information concerning the organization's security practices, data and computer systems. The threat may involve fraud, the theft of confidential", "title": "Insider threat" }, { "id": "15115270", "score": "1.3521228", "text": "However, \"The Washington Post\" reported that at CIA headquarters it is identified by its \"all-too-apt acronym\" W.T.F. which refers to the popular internet slang, \"\"What the fuck?\"\". The main focus of the task force is the immediate impact of the most recently released files. One issue is whether the agency's ability to recruit informants could be damaged by declining confidence in the US government's ability to keep secrets. Scott Gilmore wrote in \"The Globe and Mail\" that based on his experience as a Canadian diplomat in Indonesia the leak \"is not a real victory for a more open world. It", "title": "Reactions to the United States diplomatic cables leak" }, { "id": "16692228", "score": "1.3479314", "text": "the organization. Insiders are often familiar with the organization's data and intellectual property as well as the methods that are in place to protect them. This makes it easier for the insider to circumvent any security controls of which they are aware. Physical proximity to data means that the insider does not need to hack into the organizational network through the outer perimeter by traversing firewalls; rather they are in the building already, often with direct access to the organization's internal network. Insider threats are harder to defend against than attacks from outsiders, since the insider already has legitimate access", "title": "Insider threat" } ]

[ "balletomanes", "Balletto", "ballet lessons", "Ballet", "ballet competitions", "ballet schools", "classical dance", "1939 ballet premieres", "Ballets", "Ballet lessons", "Ballet dancing", "Balletomane", "1940 ballet premieres", "Balet, India", "balet india", "balletti", "1915 ballet premieres", "Classical dance", "Balet", "Balletti", "balletto", "Ballet competitions", "2011 ballet premieres", "Classical Dance", "ballett", "1914 ballet premieres", "Ballet teachers", "Ballet characters", "ballet dancing", "Ballet dance", "UN/LOCODE:INBLT", "balletomane", "un locode inblt", "Ballett", "ballet", "1916 ballet premieres", "balet", "ballet teachers", "1938 ballet premieres", "Balletomanes", "ballets", "ballet characters", "ballet dance", "Ballet schools" ]

[ { "id": "1587310", "score": "1.6699972", "text": "Ninette de Valois Dame Ninette de Valois (6 June 18988 March 2001) was an Irish-born British dancer, teacher, choreographer, and director of classical ballet, who began life in Co. Wicklow, Ireland, as Edris Stannus. Most notably, she danced professionally with Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, later establishing the Royal Ballet, one of the foremost ballet companies of the 20th century and one of the leading ballet companies in the world. She also established the Royal Ballet School and the touring company which became the Birmingham Royal Ballet. She is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history", "title": "Ninette de Valois" }, { "id": "1587317", "score": "1.6393116", "text": "and 7 of the 16 final students continued in active dancing, with 2 founding the next national ballet project, the \"Abbey School of Ballet.\" During these years de Valois produced a number of ballets each year, mostly to her own choreography. She also worked with music especially commissioned from Irish contemporary composers such as Harold R. White's \"The Faun\" (April 1928), Arthur Duff's \"The Drinking Horn\" and John F. Larchet's \"Bluebeard\" (both in July 1933). At its formation, the Vic-Wells ballet had only six female dancers, with de Valois herself working as lead dancer and choreographer. The company performed its", "title": "Ninette de Valois" }, { "id": "5033387", "score": "1.6330669", "text": "a self-proclaimed holy man of whom the Cardinal was a patron, and whom Jeanne accused of being the one who persuaded the Cardinal to purchase the necklace. \"Comte\" Nicholas de la Motte stayed in London. While they were not directly implicated and could have tried the swindlers without publicity, the King and the Queen insisted on a public trial to defend their honor. Nevertheless, the trial actually had the opposite effect and destroyed the reputation of the Queen, because the public saw her as the guilty party. The Cardinal was found not guilty and acquitted. King Louis XVI promptly had", "title": "Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy" }, { "id": "10083955", "score": "1.6141696", "text": "for sums of money greater than what was owed for his services. In addition to these nefarious activities, Villette occasionally resorted to blackmailing his clients. Through an intimate relationship with Jeanne de Saint-Rémy de Valois, the pair staged a scandal involving a diamond necklace. This famous \"Affair of the Diamond Necklace\" made history in France. Villette played the role of forger, writing letters to Jeanne in the hand of Queen Marie Antoinette, making it seem as if the Queen desired the necklace, but was unable to purchase it due to reluctance on the part of the King, Louis XVI. These", "title": "Rétaux de Villette" }, { "id": "1587332", "score": "1.6085508", "text": "July 1981. Ninette de Valois received Doctor of Music (DMus) degrees from the University of London in 1947, the University of Sheffield on 29 June 1955, Trinity College, Dublin in 1957 and Durham University in 1982. She received DLitt from the University of Reading in 1951, the University of Oxford in 1955 and the University of Ulster in 1979. In 1958 she received an LLD from the University of Aberdeen and on 5 July 1975 Doctor of Letters from the University of Sussex. Ninette de Valois Dame Ninette de Valois (6 June 18988 March 2001) was an Irish-born British dancer,", "title": "Ninette de Valois" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Phyllis Spira\n\nPhyllis Spira (18 October 1943 – 11 March 2008) was a South African ballet dancer who began her career with the Royal Ballet in England. Upon returning to South Africa, she spent twenty-eight years as \"prima ballerina\" of CAPAB Ballet, a professional company in Cape Town named for the Cape Performing Arts Board. In 1984 she was named the first (and currently only) South African \"Prima Ballerina Assoluta\".", "title": "Phyllis Spira" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Merle Park\n\nDame Merle Park (born 8 October 1937) is a British ballet dancer and teacher, now retired. As a prima ballerina with the Royal Ballet during the 1960s and 1970s, she was known for \"brilliance of execution and virtuoso technique\" as well as for her ebullience and charm. Also admired for her dramatic abilities, she was praised as an actress who \"textured her vivacity with emotional details.\"", "title": "Merle Park" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Protestant Ascendancy\n\nThe Protestant Ascendancy, known simply as the Ascendancy, was the political, economic, and social domination of Ireland between the 17th century and the early 20th century by a minority of landowners, Protestant clergy, and members of the professions, all members of the Established Church (Anglican; Church of Ireland or the Church of England). The Ascendancy excluded other groups from politics and the elite, most numerous among them Roman Catholics but also members of the Presbyterian and other Protestant denominations, along with non-Christians such as Jews, until the Reform Acts (1832–1928).\n\nThe gradual dispossession of large holdings belonging to several hundred native Catholic nobility and other landowners in Ireland took place in various stages from the reigns of the Catholic Mary I (1553–1558) and her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth I (1558–1603) onwards. Unsuccessful revolts against English rule in 1595–1603 and 1641–53 and then the 1689–91 Williamite Wars resulted in much Irish land confiscated by the Crown, and then sold to people who were thought loyal, most of whom were English and Protestant. English soldiers and traders became the new ruling class, as its richer members were elevated to the Irish House of Lords and eventually controlled the Irish House of Commons (see Plantations of Ireland). This class became collectively known as the \"Anglo-Irish\".\n\nFrom the 1790s the phrase became used by the main two identities in Ireland: nationalists, who were mostly Catholics, used the phrase as a \"focus of resentment\", while for unionists, who were mostly Protestants, it gave a \"compensating image of lost greatness\".", "title": "Protestant Ascendancy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Margaret Scott (dancer)\n\nDame Catherine Margaret Mary Scott, (26 April 1922 – 24 February 2019) was a South African-born pioneering ballet dancer who found fame as a teacher, choreographer, and school administrator in Australia. As the first director of the Australian Ballet School, she is recognised as one of the founders of the strong ballet tradition of her adopted country.", "title": "Margaret Scott (dancer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Society of London Theatre\n\nThe Society of London Theatre (SOLT) is an umbrella organisation for West End theatre in London. Founded in 1908, as Society of West End Theatre Managers, then Society of West End Theatre in 1975, changing to its current name in 1994, the (SOLT) is a not-for-profit organisation which provides a collective voice for the theatre owners, producers and managers of all the major commercial and grant-aided theatres across London. As well as protecting the interests of all its member theatres, SOLT promotes theatregoing through activities including the Laurence Olivier Awards, the TKTS ticket booth, Theatre Tokens, the Official London Theatre fortnightly printed listings guide and the associated OfficialLondonTheatre website. The organisation administers the audience development initiatives Kids Week and Official London Theatre's New Year Sale, and runs events including the 'behind-the-scenes' career fair, TheatreCraft, and West End LIVE, alongside Westminster City Council. SOLT also supports a number of theatrical charities including Stage One and Mousetrap Theatre Projects.", "title": "Society of London Theatre" }, { "id": "1587326", "score": "1.6082053", "text": "death in London at the age of 102. Among her earliest choreography was a production of the Greek tragedy \"Oresteia\", which opened Terence Gray's Cambridge Festival Theatre in November 1926. Valois first established herself as a choreographer producing several short ballets for the Old Vic Theatre, London. She also provided choreography for plays and operas at the theatre, all of which were performed by her own pupils. After forming the Vic-Wells ballet, her first major production, \"Job\" (1931), was the first ballet to define the future of the British ballet repertoire. Later, after employing Frederick Ashton as the company's first", "title": "Ninette de Valois" }, { "id": "1587324", "score": "1.5904828", "text": "feature music composed by a Turkish Composer, Ferit Tuzun, and its choreography incorporated elements of Turkish folk dance. Further ballets followed, and the ballet company continued to develop. Today, ballet continues to be a thriving art form in Turkey, with the ballet school that Valois established now forming part of the State Conservatory for Music and Drama at the Ankara State Conservatory. In 1935, at Windsor, she married Dr Arthur Blackall Connell (1902–1987), a physicians and surgeon from Wandsworth, who worked as a general practitioner in Barnes, London, where they lived, and later Sunningdale, Berkshire. She was his second wife;", "title": "Ninette de Valois" }, { "id": "5033386", "score": "1.5753281", "text": "she was her trusted agent due to a secret liaison. A late night rendezvous was arranged, where the Cardinal met 'the Queen' (in reality a prostitute who resembled her, called Nicole le Guay d'Oliva) and received forgiveness. The jeweler was contacted and asked to bring the necklace. The necklace was given to Jeanne de la Motte to pass on to the Queen. Her husband promptly began selling the diamonds in Paris and London. The affair came to light only when the Cardinal was arrested. Also soon arrested were Jeanne de la Motte, Rétaux de Villette, Nicole d'Oliva, and Count Cagliostro,", "title": "Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy" }, { "id": "1587325", "score": "1.5677892", "text": "the union was childless, but Valois had two step-sons, including Dr David Blackall Connell (born 1930), who, in 1955, married Susan Jean Carnegie, a daughter of John Carnegie, 12th Earl of Northesk; they had two sons and a daughter. de Valois kept her private life very distinct from her professional, making only the briefest of references to her marriage in her autobiographical writings. In April 1964 she was the subject of \"This Is Your Life\", when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the home of the dancer Frederick Ashton in London. She continued to make public appearances until her", "title": "Ninette de Valois" }, { "id": "1587312", "score": "1.5649765", "text": "At the age of thirteen Stannus began her professional training at the Lila Field Academy for Children. It was at this time that she changed her name to Ninette de Valois and made her professional debut as a principal dancer in pantomime at the Lyceum Theatre in the West End. In 1919, at the age of 21, she was appointed principal dancer of the Beecham Opera, which was then the resident opera company at the Royal Opera House. She continued to study ballet with notable teachers, including Edouard Espinosa, Enrico Cecchetti and Nicholas Legat. In 1923, de Valois joined the", "title": "Ninette de Valois" }, { "id": "1587314", "score": "1.5627394", "text": "how to run a ballet company she learned from working with Diaghilev. She stepped back from regular intense dancing in 1924, after doctors detected damage from a previously undiagnosed case of childhood polio. After leaving the Ballets Russes, in 1927, de Valois established the Academy of Choreographic Art, a dance school for girls in London and the Abbey Theatre School of Ballet, Dublin. In London, her ultimate goal was to form a repertory ballet company, with dancers drawn from the school and trained in a uniquely British style of ballet. Students of the school were given professional stage experience performing", "title": "Ninette de Valois" }, { "id": "1587313", "score": "1.5425996", "text": "Ballets Russes, a renowned ballet company founded by the Russian impresario Sergei Diaghilev. She remained with the company for three years, performing around Europe and being promoted to the rank of \"Soloist\", and creating roles in some of the company's most famous ballets, including \"Les biches\" and \"Le Train Bleu\". During this time, she was also mentor to Alicia Markova who was only a child at the time, but would eventually be recognised as a Prima Ballerina Assoluta and one of the most famous English dancers of all time. Later in her life, Valois said that everything she knew about", "title": "Ninette de Valois" }, { "id": "1587321", "score": "1.5327368", "text": "sensationally, Rudolf Nureyev. She also invited choreographers like Sir Kenneth MacMillan and George Balanchine to work with her company. She formally retired from the Royal Ballet directorship in 1963, but her presence continued to loom large in the company, and the same was true with the School, from which she formally retired in 1970. de Valois acted as patron or supporter to a number of other projects, including the Cork Ballet Company and Irish National Ballet Company in Ireland. As with ballet in the British Isles, de Valois exerted a great deal of influence on the development of ballet in", "title": "Ninette de Valois" }, { "id": "1587330", "score": "1.528488", "text": "(CH) on 31 December 1981 and was honoured by HM The Queen with the Order of Merit (OM) on 2 January 1992. She was appointed Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur on 1 May 1950 and received the Order of Merit of the Republic of Turkey on 2 January 1998. Ninette de Valois received the Bronze award presented for services to Ballet from the Irish Catholic Stage Guild in 1949. She was the first recipient of the Royal Academy of Dance Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Award in 1953–1954. She was made Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Dance on 19", "title": "Ninette de Valois" }, { "id": "8123496", "score": "1.518922", "text": "on-site in an apartment, and had an affair with a naval lieutenant, who failed to return from the war. While she was brought before the courts on the matter of \"living off the proceeds of prostitution\", this resulted in a hung jury twice, and she was not convicted thereafter. According to one witness, she was also solicitous about the spiritual welfare of her clients. When Flora died in 1982, her funeral was well-attended, for she had become a cherished civic figure, despite her occupational sideline. Ninette Gowns was a New Zealand clothing retailer that operated between the early 1920s and", "title": "Flora MacKenzie" }, { "id": "17822522", "score": "1.5185034", "text": "was arrested in a great raid against the occultists of Paris in October 1702. This raid had been made after general lieutenant Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721), had warned that the religion in the capital was endangered because of a growing professional class of occultists. Professional occultism and fortune telling had in fact been banned since the famous Poison Affair of 1679-82. Already in 1696, six years before, a professional female fortune teller had been arrested of black magic, although the case was never brought to trial since it was discovered that the Duke of Chartres and the", "title": "Marie-Anne de La Ville" }, { "id": "5033388", "score": "1.504737", "text": "him exiled to one of the Cardinal's own properties in southern France. Rétaux de Villette was found guilty of forgery and exiled. Nicole d'Oliva was acquitted. Count Cagliostro, though acquitted, was exiled from France by order of the King. Jeanne de la Motte was found guilty and sentenced to be whipped, branded and imprisoned. The public sympathized with her. She was condemned to prison for life in the Salpêtrière, but soon escaped disguised as a boy and made her way to London where, in 1789, she published her memoirs entitled \"Memoires Justificatifs de La Comtesse de Valois de La Motte\",", "title": "Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy" }, { "id": "16517733", "score": "1.5023279", "text": "have participated in the black masses arranged by Etienne Guibourg for Madame de Montespan. She was to have participated together with La Pelletier. Delaporte belonged to the group consisting of 14 individuals to have had direct contact with de Montespan, alongside Monvoisin, Guibourg, Adam Lesage, Romani, Bertrand, Monsieur and Madame Vautier, Magdelaine Chapelain, Philippe Galet, Latour, La Pelletier, Lafrasse and La Belliere, and who were therefore not put on trial, but imprisoned for life without trial by a lettre de cachet. Marguerite Delaporte Marguerite Delaporte (1610 – after 1682) was a professional French poisoner and fortune teller. She was one", "title": "Marguerite Delaporte" }, { "id": "5033376", "score": "1.4950085", "text": "Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy, \"soi-disant\" \"Comtesse de la Motte\" (22 July 1756 – 23 August 1791) was a notorious French adventuress and thief; she was married to Nicholas de la Motte whose family's claim to nobility is dubious. She herself was an impoverished descendant of the Valois royal family through an illegitimate son of King Henry II. She is known for her prominent role in the \"Affair of the Diamond Necklace\", one of many scandals that led to the French Revolution and helped to destroy the monarchy of France. Jeanne de Valois was born on 22 July 1756", "title": "Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy" }, { "id": "5033385", "score": "1.4914397", "text": "and wrote letters from 'the Queen' to the \"comtesse\". In the fake letters, the Queen stated that she wanted the necklace, but was aware of the reluctance of the King to buy it due to the current dismal financial situation of the country. She hoped that the Cardinal could lend her the money as a secret favor. Jeanne de la Motte was named as the Queen's agent. The Cardinal believed these letters to be authentic and agreed to buy the necklace for the Queen. The Cardinal knew very well that the Queen never met Jeanne in public, but believed that", "title": "Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy" } ]

[ "Cytherocentric orbit", "second planet", "Venus (planet)", "Venus the planet", "Sol 2", "venerian year", "venus", "structure of venus", "sun c", "sol 2", "venus planet", "Venus", "Venerian year", "Structure of Venus", "venus astronomy", "The planet Venus", "Venis", "Kleinchen", "Second planet", "Metal Star", "astronomy venus", "Astronomy Venus", "Sol c", "2nd planet", "cytherocentric orbit", "Studies of Venus", "Sol II", "Sol-2", "Venus (Planet)", "sol ii", "kleinchen", "Venus (astronomy)", "sol c", "aitorma", "venis", "Aitorma", "studies of venus", "Planet Venus", "metal star", "Sun c", "planet venus" ]

[ { "id": "5322846", "score": "2.12809", "text": "Maxwell Montes Maxwell Montes is a mountain massif on the planet Venus, of which a peak (Skadi Mons) is the highest point on the planet's surface. Located on Ishtar Terra, the more northern of the planet's two major highlands, Maxwell Montes is high. It rises about 6.4 kilometers above and to the east (21,000 ft above, and 4 miles to the east) of Lakshmi Planum, and is about long by wide. The western slopes are very steep, whereas the eastern slopes descend gradually into Fortuna Tessera. Due to its elevation it is the coolest (about ) and least pressurised (about", "title": "Maxwell Montes" }, { "id": "5322850", "score": "1.9042382", "text": "Venus, possible. Maxwell Montes, Alpha Regio, and Beta Regio are the three exceptions to the rule that the surface features of Venus are to be named for females. The name, originally given by Ray Jurgens in 1970 on the urging of Tommy Gold, was approved by the International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (IAU/WGPSN) between 1976 and 1979. Maxwell Montes Maxwell Montes is a mountain massif on the planet Venus, of which a peak (Skadi Mons) is the highest point on the planet's surface. Located on Ishtar Terra, the more northern of the planet's two major highlands,", "title": "Maxwell Montes" }, { "id": "5322849", "score": "1.8199325", "text": "highland on Venus that came to be called Maxwell Montes in 1967. In 1978, the space probe Pioneer Venus 1 went into orbit around Venus for the purpose of making radar observations of the Venusian surface. These observations made possible the creation of the first topographic map of the surface of Venus, and confirmed that a point within Maxwell Montes is the highest point above the average level of the planet's surface. Maxwell Montes is named for James Clerk Maxwell whose work in mathematical physics predicted the existence of radio waves, which made radar, and thus the surface observations of", "title": "Maxwell Montes" }, { "id": "5322848", "score": "1.7991796", "text": "in relation to other compressional mountain ranges around Lakshmi Planum suggests that its origin is more complex. Most of Maxwell Montes has a bright radar return which is common on Venus at high altitudes. This phenomenon is thought to result from the presence of a mineral, possibly a metallic snow. Early suggestions included pyrite and tellurium; more recently, lead sulfide and bismuth sulfide have been proposed. By using radar to probe through the permanent and thick clouds in the Venusian atmosphere and make observations of the surface, scientists at the American Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico discovered the extensive", "title": "Maxwell Montes" }, { "id": "5322847", "score": "1.7957454", "text": ") location on the surface of Venus. The origin of the Lakshmi Planum and the mountain belts such as Maxwell Montes is controversial. One theory suggests they formed over a hot plume of material rising from the interior of the planet, while another says the region is being compressed (pushed together) from all sides, resulting in material descending into the interior of the planet. The broad ridges and valleys making up Maxwell Montes and Fortuna Tessera suggest that the topography resulted from compression. The parallel ridges and valleys were cut by later extensional faults. The extreme height of Maxwell Montes", "title": "Maxwell Montes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Maxwell Montes\n\nMaxwell Montes is a mountain massif on the planet Venus, of which a peak (Skadi Mons) is the highest point on the planet's surface.", "title": "Maxwell Montes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of tallest mountains in the Solar System\n\nThis is a list of the tallest mountains in the Solar System. This list includes peaks on all celestial bodies where significant mountains have been detected. For some celestial bodies, different peaks are given across different types of measurement. The solar system's tallest mountain is the central peak of Rheasilvia on the asteroid Vesta, estimated at up to 25 km from peak to base. Among the terrestrial planets the tallest mountain is Olympus Mons on Mars, at 21.9 km.", "title": "List of tallest mountains in the Solar System" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mountain range\n\nA mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills arranged in a line and connected by high ground. A mountain system or mountain belt is a group of mountain ranges with similarity in form, structure, and alignment that have arisen from the same cause, usually an orogeny. Mountain ranges are formed by a variety of geological processes, but most of the significant ones on Earth are the result of plate tectonics. Mountain ranges are also found on many planetary mass objects in the Solar System and are likely a feature of most terrestrial planets.\n\nMountain ranges are usually segmented by highlands or mountain passes and valleys. Individual mountains within the same mountain range do not necessarily have the same geologic structure or petrology. They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and terranes, for example thrust sheets, uplifted blocks, fold mountains, and volcanic landforms resulting in a variety of rock types.", "title": "Mountain range" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Vital articles/List of all articles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Good articles/all" }, { "id": "449535", "score": "1.6501056", "text": "Ishtar Terra after Ishtar, the Babylonian goddess of love, and is about the size of Australia. Maxwell Montes, the highest mountain on Venus, lies on Ishtar Terra. Its peak is above the Venusian average surface elevation. The southern continent is called Aphrodite Terra, after the Greek goddess of love, and is the larger of the two highland regions at roughly the size of South America. A network of fractures and faults covers much of this area. The absence of evidence of lava flow accompanying any of the visible calderas remains an enigma. The planet has few impact craters, demonstrating that", "title": "Venus" }, { "id": "19240973", "score": "1.6396859", "text": "Boösaule Montes South Boösaule () — the highest mountain of Jupiter's moon Io, is one of the tallest mountains in the Solar System. It is located in the north-west from the volcano Pele, in the mountain range Boösaule. The official name of the mountain range was given in honor of the cave in Egypt where Io gave birth to Epaphus, and approved by the IAU in 1985. South Boösaule has a relative height of 18.2 km (17.5 km from the foot), dimensions of 145 × 159 km (the diameter of the mountain range is 540 km), and it covers an", "title": "Boösaule Montes" }, { "id": "19240974", "score": "1.6381755", "text": "area of 17,900 km. On the south-east side of the mountain there is a steep cliff up to 15 km high. Boösaule Montes South Boösaule () — the highest mountain of Jupiter's moon Io, is one of the tallest mountains in the Solar System. It is located in the north-west from the volcano Pele, in the mountain range Boösaule. The official name of the mountain range was given in honor of the cave in Egypt where Io gave birth to Epaphus, and approved by the IAU in 1985. South Boösaule has a relative height of 18.2 km (17.5 km from", "title": "Boösaule Montes" }, { "id": "5504356", "score": "1.6311094", "text": "Montes (7 km, 4.3 mi). Despite the relatively flat landscape of Venus, the altimetry data also found large inclined plains. Such is the case on the southwest side of Maxwell Montes, which in some parts seems to be inclined some 45°. Inclinations of 30° were registered in Danu Montes and Themis Regio. About 75% of the surface is composed of bare rock. Based on altimeter data from the \"Pioneer Venus\" probe, supported by 'Magellan' data, the topography of the planet is divided into three provinces: lowlands, deposition plains, and highlands. This unit covers about 10% of the planet's surface, with", "title": "Geology of Venus" }, { "id": "3438975", "score": "1.6107316", "text": "is about across and stands above the ocean floor. The Tharsis Montes volcanoes lie near the equator, along the crest of a vast volcanic plateau called the Tharsis region or Tharsis bulge. The Tharsis region is thousands of kilometers across and averages nearly above the mean elevation of the planet. Olympus Mons, the tallest known mountain in the Solar System, is located about northwest of the Tharsis Montes, at the edge of the Tharsis region. The Tharsis Montes were discovered by the Mariner 9 spacecraft in 1971. They were among the few surface features visible as the spacecraft entered orbit", "title": "Tharsis Montes" }, { "id": "19745719", "score": "1.6012938", "text": "mountain belts unit is the only real mountain range on Venus in the area surrounding Lakshmi Planum, which covers only 1.3 x 10 km of the Venusian global surface, while involves structural deformation of different materials in their formation. There are in total four major mountain belts mapped on Venus, including the belts of Danu Montes, Akna Montes, Freyje Montes and Maxwell Montes (the highest mountain on Venus with elevation of around 12 km). When looking at the cross-cutting relationship, the inner ridges of the belts seems to be embayed by the material of regional plains (pr), which covered the", "title": "Mapping of Venus" }, { "id": "20756127", "score": "1.5883659", "text": "Hellespontus Montes The Hellespontus Montes is a mountain range on Mars. It stretches 711 km and nearly runs north to south. It is in the Noachis quadrangle and the southeasternmost area of Noachis Terra, and is located midway between the highland area of Noachis and Hellas Planitia, an impact basin which has the planet's lowest point, that basin is east of the ranges. The mountains are named after a Classical albedo feature. Its name was approved in 1973, by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature. Its highest point is located around the middle at an", "title": "Hellespontus Montes" }, { "id": "6205387", "score": "1.5792718", "text": "Moon further north, which was visited by Apollo 15. The tallest mountain known in the Solar System is in Rheasilvia crater on the asteroid Vesta, which contains a central mound that rises high; Olympus Mons on Mars is nearly the same height, at high. In comparison, Mount Everest rises to altitude above sea level (asl), but is only (base-to-peak) (btp). Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro is about altitude above sea level to the Uhuru peak; also 4.6 km base-to-peak. America's Denali, also known as \"Mount McKinley\", has a base-to-peak of . The Franco-Italian \"Mont Blanc/Monte Bianco\" is in altitude above sea level,", "title": "Mons Huygens" }, { "id": "16903664", "score": "1.578131", "text": "convention that Titanean mountains are named after mountains in Tolkien's work. The name was formally announced on November 13, 2012. Mithrim Montes The Mithrim Montes are a range of mountains on Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn. The range is located near Titan's equator, between 1-3° south and 126-8° west and consists of three parallel ridges that are oriented east-west, spaced about 25 km apart. They are located within the region Xanadu. The highest peak is about high and is located on the southernmost of the ridges; it is the highest known peak on Titan. The Mithrim Montes", "title": "Mithrim Montes" }, { "id": "16748884", "score": "1.5777247", "text": "Tartarus Montes The Tartarus Montes are a mountain range on the planet Mars, stretching over 1070 km and located around the coordinates 15.46º N, 167.54º E, between Orcus Patera and the Elysium volcanic region. Albedo was first identified from the contrast of bright and dark signals photographed by Eugène Antoniadi. The mountain range was named in 1885. It has been named after Greek deity of the underworld, Tartarus, by the standard planetary nomenclature for Martian landforms. According to Greek myth, Tartarus is the lowest part of Hades. Zeus imprisoned the Titans in Tartarus. The second part of the name \"Montes\"", "title": "Tartarus Montes" }, { "id": "13260213", "score": "1.5771279", "text": "Phlegra Montes Phlegra Montes is a system of eroded Hesperian-Amazonian-aged massifs and knobby terrain in the mid-latitudes of the northern lowlands of Mars, extending northwards from the Elysium Rise towards Vastitas Borealis for nearly . The mountain ranges separate the large plains provinces of Utopia Planitia (west) and Amazonis Planitia (east), and were named in the 1970s after a classical albedo feature. The massif terrains are flanked by numerous parallel wrinkle ridges across Phlegra Dorsa. The mountain range was first mapped against imagery taken during NASA's Viking program in the 1970s, and are thought to have been uplifted due to", "title": "Phlegra Montes" }, { "id": "9007538", "score": "1.5730898", "text": "of Montes Alpes with proper name and the only extraterrestrial mountain, whose international name contains French word \"Mont\" instead of Latin \"Mons\". Despite statements that lunar Mont Blanc, like terrestrial one, is a highest mountain of its Alps, measurements of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter show that it is only third, being 600 meters lower than the highest one and about 100 m lower than the second. Mont Blanc (Moon) Mont Blanc is a mountain in the Montes Alpes range on the Moon. It is located on the western edge of the range, near the shore of Mare Imbrium, at . Its", "title": "Mont Blanc (Moon)" }, { "id": "16915577", "score": "1.5713786", "text": "Chalce Montes Chalce Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. The name \"Chalce Montes\" is a classical albedo name. It has a diameter of . This was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1991. The range is in the southernmost area of Argyre Planitia and is north of the longer and larger Charitum Montes. Close to the mountain to the north and southeast is Nia Vallis. Northwest is Chalce Fossa, another feature named after the classical albedo name, north is Horarum Mons, northeast is the large Galle crater, east are the smaller craters of Oodnadatta and Kamloops, southwest", "title": "Chalce Montes" }, { "id": "1654417", "score": "1.5674379", "text": "as high as 2.4 km. This range is named after Haemus Mons, an old Thracian name of the Balkan mountains. It appeared on the map of Moon due to Johannes Hevelius. But he assigned this name (in the form \"Mons Æmus\") to an other feature – remains of the rim of crater Alexander, located on the other side of Mare Serenitatis. Later the name moved to the subject of this article. The same name, but with reversed order of words – \"Haemus Montes\" – belongs to one of mountain systems on Io. Several rille systems lie along the eastern side", "title": "Montes Haemus" }, { "id": "4197570", "score": "1.566877", "text": "coordinates of this range is 25.3° N, 4.6° W. The peaks of Montes Archimedes occupy an area with a maximum diameter of 163 km, although the most rugged portion of the terrain is concentrated within the central 70 km. The remainder of the peaks are scattered across the plateau, with no particular structure or pattern. Some of the peaks in this range achieve heights of up to 2.0 km, much less than those in the Montes Apenninus, for example, and none have received specific designations. Montes Archimedes Montes Archimedes is a mountain range on the Moon. It is named after", "title": "Montes Archimedes" } ]

[ "White-washer", "Whitewashers", "white washed", "White-washed", "White washed", "White washer", "Calsomines", "white wash", "kalsomine", "Limewash", "Kalsomines", "White-wash", "White-washing", "White-washes", "white washing", "Whitewash", "White-washers", "white washers", "Kalsomine", "Whitewashed", "whitewashes", "calsomine", "lime wash", "limewash", "Calcimines", "white washer", "White washers", "Lime paint", "whitewashers", "Calsomine", "Whitewashes", "Whitewashing", "calcimine", "Whitewasher", "White washing", "calcimines", "whitewashing", "White wash", "lime paint", "whitewasher", "kalsomines", "calsomines", "white washes", "Lime wash", "whitewashed", "whitewash", "Calcimine", "White washes" ]

[ { "id": "1738706", "score": "1.3752644", "text": "or thrown. During a hit, a player may only make contact with the ball one time. When two players from the same team contact the ball simultaneously, it is counted as two hits, and either player may make the next contact. When two players from opposing teams contact the ball simultaneously over the net, in what is known as a joust, the team whose side the ball ends up on is entitled to another three contacts. When receiving a ball from a hit that is not hard driven, the ball must be contacted \"cleanly\". If a player receives the ball", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "3182920", "score": "1.3749", "text": "of one round determines their opponent in the next round. As a result, by losing a match, a team can face an easier opponent in the next round, making them more likely to win. Although aligned with tanking, this action is generally viewed as acceptable in American sports. In the National Basketball Association, there have also been allegations of teams tanking games to finish in sixth rather than fifth place in the conference standings, thus enabling the team in question to evade a possible playoff match with the conference's top seed until the final round of playoffs in that conference", "title": "Match fixing" }, { "id": "2092764", "score": "1.3736658", "text": "\"thirteen–nil.\" Generally, a team that is well-disciplined defensively, as well as behaviorally (not giving away penalty kicks), is most likely to not concede scores. This may also occur if there is a significant difference in class between the two teams, for example, when Scotland beat Spain (who were playing in their only Rugby World Cup) 48–0 in the 1999 Rugby World Cup, or when Australia beat Namibia 142–0 in the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Shutout In team sports, a shutout (US) or whitewash (UK) is a game in which one team prevents the other from scoring any points. While possible", "title": "Shutout" }, { "id": "7029503", "score": "1.3734844", "text": "as at Wimbledon and other championships in tennis, or a mixed format with a group stage followed by knockout rounds, such as used in the European Football Championships. A variation of the knockout format is the \"best-of-X\" or series format where two teams face each other for a specified number of times until one team wins the majority of specified games, most of the time the remaining games are not played anymore; only then is the losing team eliminated from contention and the winning team advances to the next level. This format is predominant in American sports such as baseball,", "title": "Championship" }, { "id": "14154145", "score": "1.371906", "text": "the match, which would otherwise be drawn. If the team batting last is all out having scored fewer runs than their opponents, they are said to have \"lost by \"n\" runs\" (where \"n\" is the difference between the aggregate number of runs scored by the teams). If the team that bats last scores enough runs to win, it is said to have \"won by \"n\" wickets\", where \"n\" is the number of wickets left to fall. For example, a team that passes its opponents' total having lost six wickets (i.e., six of their batsmen have been dismissed) have won the", "title": "Cricket" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Running up the score\n\nRunning up the score occurs when a competitor continues to play in such a way as to score additional points after the outcome of the game is no longer in significant question and the team is all but assured of winning. Sporting alternatives include pulling out most of the team's first-string players, or calling plays designed to run out the clock (\"e.g.\", in American football, kneeling or running the ball up the middle). Mercy rules are used in many amateur sports, which end the game when the score reaches a certain point.\n\nThe most common negative consequences of running up the score are injuries to a game's starting players, lack of experience for the non-starting players on the team (in those cases where starters are left in a game well after the outcome is certain), and motivating future opposing teams. Players on the losing side who feel disrespected may decide to vent their frustration through violent or unsporting play, which can lead to injuries and fights, and even post-game punishment such as fines or suspension from future play.\n\nSome have advocated in favor of running up the score using arguments which include catering to polls, getting additional experience, and to prevent comebacks. In many sports, teams are incentivized to run up the score owing to the use of goal difference (or equivalents such as net run rate) as a tiebreaker in competitions, and as a result there is less of a stigma around large defeats.\n\nRunning up the score may be considered poor sportsmanship by fans, players, and coaches, but with different opinions of how big an insult it is. Allegations of poor sportsmanship are often brought up soon after a team scores multiple times near the end of a one-sided match.", "title": "Running up the score" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "MIT Blackjack Team\n\nThe MIT Blackjack Team was a group of students and ex-students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, and other leading colleges who used card counting techniques and more sophisticated strategies to beat casinos at blackjack worldwide. The team and its successors operated successfully from 1979 through the beginning of the 21st century. Many other blackjack teams have been formed around the world with the goal of beating the casinos.", "title": "MIT Blackjack Team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Baseball" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Domestic violence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "America's Cup" }, { "id": "9479289", "score": "1.3715677", "text": "do not concede a goal. In cricket, a whitewash is when a team wins all the matches played in a series of at least 3 matches. Examples include; The term whitewash is also used in rugby union when one team loses every match in a particular series. The team that comes last in the Six Nations Championship has the ignominy of being awarded the wooden spoon, even if they have not suffered a complete whitewash. In ATP and WTA tennis, the term \"whitewash\" is used when a player fails to win a game in a match (6–0, 6–0, 6–0; or", "title": "Whitewash (sport)" }, { "id": "12878446", "score": "1.3690562", "text": "Blowout (sports) In sports, a blowout is an easy or one-sided victory. It occurs when one athletic team or individual performer outscores another by a large margin or in such a fashion that allows the second team or individual little chance of a victory from a point early in a competition, game, contest or event, e.g. \"Team A defeats Team B 75–10\". The term is often used in reference to athletic competition, but it is used in other contexts such as electoral politics (see also the synonym \"landslide\"). During blowouts, sports play-by-play announcers are challenged to maintain viewing and listening", "title": "Blowout (sports)" }, { "id": "19121449", "score": "1.3607963", "text": "than one competitor defeating the other without giving up any points. Fans are likely to feel better about a team that loses after staging a \"comeback that fell just short\" than a team that lost by the same score after having played evenly throughout the match and then allowed the other team the winning score at the end. In some sports, particularly those regulated by a game clock, the time that it takes to score points makes a comeback impossible when there is too great a point disadvantage to overcome in the time remaining. It has been noted, however, that", "title": "Comeback (sports)" }, { "id": "2092759", "score": "1.3546445", "text": "allow a goal, then that team's \"details of goals conceded\" page would appear blank, leaving a clean sheet. In Major League Baseball, a shutout (denoted statistically as ShO or SHO) refers to the act by which a single pitcher pitches a complete game and does not allow the opposing team to score a run. If two or more pitchers combine to complete this act, no pitcher will be awarded a shutout, although the team itself can be said to have \"shut out\" the opposing team. The only exception to this is when a pitcher enters a game before the opposing", "title": "Shutout" }, { "id": "3553671", "score": "1.3539262", "text": "his/her shoulders is the \"attacker\" and may use any means possible of separating the other team or knocking them to the ground. If a team is separated or knocked down in any way, they are required to resign from the game and the last team to remain together is considered the winner. It is not uncommon for this game to be banned in swimming pools due to safety concerns. A similar Japanese game called is commonly played as part of an annual sports day event at elementary and junior high schools. It is a field event rather than a swimming", "title": "Chicken fight" }, { "id": "14863767", "score": "1.3530766", "text": "Two-Player games, lay-offs can be used to exact a shot that reaches the net before the CPU releases control of the goalkeeper to the defending human player. In some cases this is impossible to defend and may therefore be considered unsporting. A knock-down is a volley used as a pass towards a team mate. It can be used to wrong-foot a defense. Knock-downs are difficult to execute because of the Additive Vector Rule and because they rely on team mates being in open space far enough from the ball to avoid a smack down. It is reported by some players", "title": "Tehkan World Cup" }, { "id": "19886063", "score": "1.350611", "text": "then scores to make it 2-1, the leading team can panic and concede further, resulting in a draw, or even a win for the other team. In contrast, a team which is leading 1-0 will tend to concentrate and play with intensity to protect or extend their narrow lead, whilst teams leading by three or more goals have a sufficiently large buffer that comebacks are unlikely. The cliché may be invoked by coaches to encourage their players to maintain effort levels after obtaining a two-goal lead. It can also be used in broadcasting, such as by a commentator or studio", "title": "2–0 lead is the worst lead" }, { "id": "3285490", "score": "1.3502445", "text": "play is needed. When a free kick is awarded, members of the defending team will often pick up the ball and drop it back behind them as they retreat. Whilst not throwing the ball away, which would be an infringement, the purpose is to prevent a swiftly taken free kick. The term \"gamesmanship\" is also used for similar techniques used in non-game situations, such as negotiations and elections. Each form is frequently used as a means of describing dubious methods of winning and/or psychological tricks used to intimidate or confuse one's opponent. Technically speaking, these tactics are one-upmanship, defined in", "title": "Gamesmanship" }, { "id": "15363786", "score": "1.3483863", "text": "therefore not to disappoint a large number of people who had assembled to witness the play, a scratch team was chosen to represent the missing team.\" The match was lost 11-0, with each of the opposing team scoring a goal..\" The term is listed in the 1913 Nelson's Encyclopedia, among slang terms. Scratch team A scratch team is a team, usually in sport, brought together on a temporary basis, composed of players who normally play for different sides. A game played between two scratch teams may be called a scratch match. The earliest instance of the term \"scratch team\" recorded", "title": "Scratch team" }, { "id": "2092758", "score": "1.346884", "text": "a single point can be scored simply by punting the ball from any point on the field into the end zone. In football a team's defense or goalkeeper may be said to \"keep a clean sheet\" if they prevent their opponents from scoring any goals during an entire match. Because soccer is a relatively low-scoring game, it is common for one team, or even both teams, to score no goals. A theory as to the term's origin is that sports reporters used separate pieces of paper to record the different statistical details of a game. If one team did not", "title": "Shutout" }, { "id": "1953671", "score": "1.3441838", "text": "the other team loses unless they can make all of their remaining cups; this is called a rebuttal or redemption. If the losing team can hit their redemption shots, then the game is forced into overtime where three cups are used instead of the normal ten cups. Another 'house rule' can be stated before or during the game in the midst of a shutout. A shutout in beer pong occurs if one team makes all ten of their cups and the opposite team makes none of their cups. If the shutout does occur, the losing team must do whatever the", "title": "Beer pong" }, { "id": "10842582", "score": "1.3438659", "text": "is no such thing as an \"own try\". If you touch the ball down in your own in-goal area, it results in a twenty-two metre drop out or a five-metre \"scrum\". Tunnel When a \"scrum\" is formed, the gap between the legs of the three players from each team who form the 'front row' is called the 'tunnel'. Turnover When a team concedes possession of the ball, particularly at the breakdown, they are said to have turned the ball over to the other team. This can happen due to defending players stealing the ball from an isolated attacker, \"counter rucking\",", "title": "Glossary of rugby union terms" }, { "id": "2959819", "score": "1.3389765", "text": "get in a tip at the can to prevent the other tipper from freeing any more captured players. Another variation was to have two teams at either end of the road with an upright can in a chalk circle in the middle. In turn each team would roll a soft rubber or tennis ball and attempt to knock over the can. If your team (Team A) managed to knock over the can they would then run off and to win the game they had to return to the can and stand it up using only their feet. The opposing team", "title": "Kick the can" }, { "id": "2905003", "score": "1.3350862", "text": "tossing the ball in the air, while the players on the outside attempt to gain possession when it comes down. A similar technique, known as a bully-off, is used in field hockey. The two opposing players alternately touch their sticks on the ground and against each other before attempting to strike the ball. Its use as the method of starting play was discontinued in 1981. A face-off is also similar to a jump ball in basketball, a ball-up in Australian rules football, and a dropped-ball (if contested) in association football. All of these also involve two opposing players attempting to", "title": "Face-off" }, { "id": "10842512", "score": "1.3339896", "text": "the opposition to allow his own team to chase through and regain the ball in undefended territory . Breakdown The breakdown is a colloquial term for the short period of open play immediately after a tackle and before and during the ensuing ruck. During this time teams compete for possession of the ball, initially with their hands and then using feet in the \"ruck\". Most referees will call \"ruck\" or \"hands away\" as soon as the ruck is formed. Most infringements take place at the breakdown, owing to the greater variety of possible offences at a breakdown, for example handling", "title": "Glossary of rugby union terms" } ]

[ "australocentrist", "pax australiana", "iso 3166 1 au", "australian s", "australian", "ostralia", "austraila", "Imperial Australia", "australia commonwealth", "straya", "austrlaia", "Australia (nation state)", "Australian Commonwealth", "Technology in Australia", "Australian geopolitics", "orstraya", "Australia (federation)", "technology in australia", "philosophy in australia", "science in australia", "australia federation", "Australia (state)", "australia constitutional monarchy", "Federal Australia", "australia nation", "ISO 3166-1:AU", "Austalia", "Etymology of Australia", "australian country life", "Australian city life", "Empire of Australia", "Australocentrist", "Science in Australia", "mainland australia", "Austraila", "empire of australia", "Austrlaia", "australia monarchy", "Geopolitics of Australia", "Commonwealth of Australia", "Peace of Australia", "Ausrtalia", "modern australia", "Mainland Australia", "Asutralia", "aussieland", "continental australia", "peace of australia", "australian commonwealth", "austrailia", "The Commonwealth of Australia", "federal australia", "australia state", "geopolitics of australia", "Australia (Commonwealth)", "New Australian", "austalia", "australias", "Australia's", "Australia.", "Ostralia", "Austraya", "Australia (empire)", "AustraliA", "dominion of australia", "country life in australia", "australian woman s day", "australia commonwealth realm", "Aussieland", "Philosophy in Australia", "AUSTRALIA", "Modern Australia", "australia", "australian geopolitics", "australia dominion", "australia country", "Australia (commonwealth realm)", "Dominion of Australia", "Australlia", "commonwealth australia", "commonwealth of australia", "Australo", "Australia (nation-state)", "ausrtalia", "Orstraya", "Australija", "austrlia", "Austrlia", "australie", "asutralia", "new australian", "Straya", "Commonwealth of australia", "united states of australia", "australian city life", "Australiia", "australia s", "australo", "Country life in Australia", "Australia (dominion)", "United States of Australia", "Austrailia", "australia realm", "Australian country life", "imperial australia", "australiia", "etymology of australia", "australia nation state", "australien", "city life in australia", "Australocentric", "Australia (country)", "Australai", "australai", "Australie", "Australian's", "australlia", "Australian Woman's Day", "Australia", "austraya", "Australien", "City life in Australia", "Australia (Commonwealth realm)", "australija", "Pax Australiana", "AUSTRALIAN", "Australian mainland", "Australia (constitutional monarchy)", "Australocentrism", "australian mainland", "australocentric", "Australia (nation)", "australia empire", "Australia (commonwealth)", "Australo-", "Australia (realm)", "Commonwealth Australia", "Continental Australia", "australocentrism", "Australias", "Australia (monarchy)" ]

[ { "id": "13024141", "score": "1.4942468", "text": "old Antarctic flora to retreat to the humid corners of the continent in favor of new drought and fire tolerant flora, dominated by the \"Eucalyptus, Casuarina,\" and \"Acacia\" trees, and by grasses and scrub where the rainfall was too scarce to support trees. Presently Australia is the smallest continent, and also the driest continent and the flattest (lowest in elevation) continent. Australasia Australasia, a region of Oceania, comprises Australia, New Zealand, neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean and, sometimes, the island of New Guinea (which is usually considered to be part of Melanesia). Charles de Brosses coined the term (as", "title": "Australasia" }, { "id": "12539124", "score": "1.4520754", "text": "are Zealandia, emerging from the sea primarily in New Zealand and New Caledonia, and the almost completely submerged Kerguelen Plateau in the southern Indian Ocean. Some islands lie on sections of continental crust that have rifted and drifted apart from a main continental landmass. While not considered continents because of their relatively small size, they may be considered microcontinents. Madagascar, the largest example, is usually considered an island of Africa but has been referred to as \"the eighth continent\" from a . \"Continents\" may be defined differently for specific purposes. The Biodiversity Information Standards organization has developed the World Geographical", "title": "Continent" }, { "id": "12539113", "score": "1.4448006", "text": "smallest continent. Earth's major landmasses all have coasts on a single, continuous World Ocean, which is divided into a number of principal oceanic components by the continents and various geographic criteria. The most restricted meaning of \"continent\" is that of a continuous area of land or mainland, with the coastline and any land boundaries forming the edge of the continent. In this sense the term \"continental Europe\" (sometimes referred to in Britain as \"the Continent\") is used to refer to mainland Europe, excluding islands such as Great Britain, Ireland, Malta and Iceland, and the term \"continent of Australia\" may refer", "title": "Continent" }, { "id": "12539112", "score": "1.3932209", "text": "a neighbouring continent to divide all the world's land into geopolitical regions. Under this scheme, most of the island countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean are grouped together with the continent of Australia to form a geopolitical region called \"Oceania\". By convention, \"continents are understood to be large, continuous, discrete masses of land, ideally separated by expanses of water.\" Several of the seven conventionally recognized continents are not discrete landmasses separated completely by water. The criterion \"large\" leads to arbitrary classification: Greenland, with a surface area of is considered the world's largest island, while Australia, at is deemed the", "title": "Continent" }, { "id": "12539111", "score": "1.3854136", "text": "Continent A continent is one of several very large landmasses of the world. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in area to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Geologically, the continents largely correspond to areas of continental crust that are found on the continental plates. However, some areas of continental crust are regions covered with water not usually included in the list of continents. Zealandia is one such area (see submerged continents below). Islands are frequently grouped with", "title": "Continent" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Continent\n\nA continent is any of several large landmasses. Continents are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria. Due to this, the number of continents varies; up to seven or as few as four geographical regions are commonly regarded as continents. Most English-speaking countries recognize seven regions as continents. In order from largest to smallest in area, these seven regions are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Different variations with fewer continents may merge some of these regions, examples of this are North America and South America as the single continent America, Europe and Asia as the single continent Eurasia, and Europe, Asia, and Africa as the single continent Afro-Eurasia.\n\nOceanic islands are frequently grouped with a nearby continent to divide all the world's land into geographical regions. Under this scheme, most of the island countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean are grouped together with the continent of Australia to form a geographical region called \"Oceania\".\n\nIn geology, a continent is defined as \"one of Earth's major landmasses, including both dry land and continental shelves\". The geological continents correspond to six large areas of continental crust that are found on the tectonic plates, but exclude small continental fragments such as Madagascar that are generally referred to as microcontinents. Continental crust is only known to exist on Earth.\n\nThe idea of continental drift gained recognition in the 20th century. It postulates that the current continents formed from the breaking up of a supercontinent Pangaea that formed hundreds of millions of years ago.", "title": "Continent" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Australia (continent)\n\nThe continent of Australia, sometimes known in technical contexts by the names Sahul (), Australia-New Guinea, Australinea, Meganesia, or Papualand to distinguish it from the country of Australia, is located within the Southern and Eastern hemispheres. The name \"Sahul\" takes its name from the Sahul Shelf, which is a part of the continental shelf of the Australian continent. The continent includes mainland Australia, Tasmania, the island of New Guinea (Papua New Guinea and Indonesian Western New Guinea), the Aru Islands, the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, most of the Coral Sea Islands, and some other nearby islands. Situated in the geographical region of Oceania, Australia is the smallest of the seven traditional continents.\n\nThe continent includes a continental shelf overlain by shallow seas which divide it into several landmasses—the Arafura Sea and Torres Strait between mainland Australia and New Guinea, and Bass Strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania. When sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene ice age, including the Last Glacial Maximum about 18,000 BC, they were connected by dry land. During the past 18,000 to 10,000 years, rising sea levels overflowed the lowlands and separated the continent into today's low-lying arid to semi-arid mainland and the two mountainous islands of New Guinea and Tasmania.\n\nWith a total land area of , the Australian continent is the smallest, lowest, flattest, and second-driest continent (after Antarctica) on Earth. As the country of Australia is mostly on a single landmass, and comprises most of the continent, it is sometimes informally referred to as an island continent, surrounded by oceans.\n\nPapua New Guinea, a country within the continent, is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse countries in the world. It is also one of the most rural, as only 18 percent of its people live in urban centres. West Papua, a province of Indonesia, is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups. Australia, the largest landmass in the continent, is highly urbanised, and has the world's 14th-largest economy with the second-highest human development index globally. Australia also has the world's 9th largest immigrant population.<ref>United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, (2019). 'International Migration' in International migrant stock\n2019. Accessed from International migrant stock 2015: maps on 24 May 2017.</ref>", "title": "Australia (continent)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of countries and dependencies by area\n\nThis is a list of the world's countries and their dependent territories by land, water and total area, ranked by total area.\n\nEntries in this list include, but are not limited to, those in the ISO 3166-1 standard, which includes sovereign states and dependent territories. All 193 member states of the United Nations plus the two observer states are given a rank number. Largely unrecognised states not in ISO 3166-1 are included in the list in ranked order. The areas of such largely unrecognised states are in most cases also included in the areas of the more widely recognised states that claim the same territory; see the notes in the \"notes\" column for each country for clarification.\n\nNot included in the list are individual country claims to parts of the continent of Antarctica or entities such as the European Union that have some degree of sovereignty but do not consider themselves to be sovereign countries or dependent territories.\n\nThis list includes three measurements of area:\n\n\nData is taken from the United Nations Statistics Division unless otherwise noted.<ref name=\"unstats08\"/>", "title": "List of countries and dependencies by area" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of African countries by area\n\nBelow is a list of all countries in Africa, in order of geographical area. Algeria has been the largest country in Africa and the Arab world since the division of Sudan in 2011. Seychelles is the smallest country in Africa overall, with The Gambia being the smallest country on continental Africa.\n\n", "title": "List of African countries by area" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of islands by area\n\nThis list of islands by area includes all islands in the world larger than and most of the islands over , sorted in descending order by area. For comparison, four very large continental landmasses are also shown.", "title": "List of islands by area" }, { "id": "191043", "score": "1.380411", "text": "\"ieg\" is actually a cognate of Swedish \"ö\" and German \"Aue\", and related to Latin \"aqua\" (water). Greenland is the world's largest island, with an area of over 2.1 million km, while Australia, the world's smallest continent, has an area of 7.6 million km, but there is no standard of size that distinguishes islands from continents, or from islets. There is a difference between islands and continents in terms of geology. Continents sit on continental lithosphere, which is part of tectonic plates floating high on Earth's mantle. Oceanic crust is also part of tectonic plates, but it is denser than", "title": "Island" }, { "id": "12539116", "score": "1.3753247", "text": "with other islands in the Pacific into one continent called Oceania. This divides the entire land surface of Earth into continents or quasi-continents. The ideal criterion that each continent is a discrete landmass is commonly relaxed due to historical conventions. Of the seven most globally recognized continents, only Antarctica and Australia are completely separated from other continents by the ocean. Several continents are defined not as absolutely distinct bodies but as \"\"more or less\" discrete masses of land\". Asia and Africa are joined by the Isthmus of Suez, and North and South America by the Isthmus of Panama. In both", "title": "Continent" }, { "id": "1628346", "score": "1.3749647", "text": "Oceanian realm The Oceanian realm is one of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) biogeographic realms, and is unique in not including any continental land mass. It is the smallest in land of an area of the WWF realms. This realm includes the islands of the Pacific Ocean in: Micronesia, the Fijian Islands, the Hawaiian islands, and Polynesia (with the exception of New Zealand). New Zealand, Australia, and most of Melanesia including New Guinea, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and New Caledonia are included within the Australasian realm. Oceania is geologically the youngest realm. While other realms include old continental land masses", "title": "Oceanian realm" }, { "id": "572589", "score": "1.3696609", "text": "of the objects was to obtain knowledge of \"all the totally unknown provinces of Beach\". Antarctica was finally sighted in the hypothetical area of Terra Australis in 1820. The extent of Terra Australis was finally determined, also proving the Southern Hemisphere has much less land than the Northern. Terra Australis proved to consist of only two small continents: Antarctica and Australia. The unexplored southern continent was a frequent subject of fantastic fiction in the 17th and 18th centuries in the Imaginary voyages genre. Among the works which dealt with imaginary visits to the continent (which at the time was still", "title": "Terra Australis" }, { "id": "12539148", "score": "1.3607566", "text": "exposed points are given for North America and Antarctica. The lowest non-submarine bedrock elevations in these continents are the trough beneath Jakobshavn Glacier () and Bentley Subglacial Trench (), but these are covered by kilometers of ice. Some sources list the Kuma–Manych Depression (a remnant of the Paratethys) as the geological border between Europe and Asia. This would place the Caucasus outside of Europe, thus making Mont Blanc (elevation 4810 m) in the Graian Alps the highest point in Europe – the lowest point would still be the shore of the Caspian Sea. Continent A continent is one of several", "title": "Continent" }, { "id": "7555191", "score": "1.3495629", "text": "Rim nations, while maintaining close ties with Australia's traditional allies and trading partners. Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans, Australia is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas, with the Coral Sea lying off the Queensland coast, and the Tasman Sea lying between Australia and New Zealand. The world's smallest continent and sixth largest country by total area, Australia—owing to its size and isolation—is often dubbed the \"island continent\", and is sometimes considered the world's largest island. Australia has of coastline (excluding all offshore islands), and claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of . This exclusive economic", "title": "Australia" }, { "id": "12546001", "score": "1.3485136", "text": "Three cratons in East Antarctica are of similar age but not well known. These cratons share similar geological histories and are therefore assumed to have formed the continent Vaalbara. Three small areas in the Indian Ocean coast of Antarctica are also about 3 Gya old: western Dronning Maud Land, the Napier complex, and the Vestfold Hills. Within Gondwana, these areas were in a belt of Grenville-age deformation, and because there is no evidence of ocean closure in this belt (except in Africa), the 1 Ga orogen can be assumed to be intra-continental. Consequently, the southern margin of Ur is now", "title": "Ur (continent)" }, { "id": "259052", "score": "1.3382981", "text": "The islands are composed of low coral limestone and sand. The average elevation is only about above low tide level. Nauru is an oval-shaped island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, south of the Equator, listed as the world's smallest republic, covering just . With residents, it is the second least-populated country, after Vatican City. The island is surrounded by a coral reef, which is exposed at low tide and dotted with pinnacles. The presence of the reef has prevented the establishment of a seaport, although channels in the reef allow small boats access to the island. A fertile coastal", "title": "Micronesia" }, { "id": "4300348", "score": "1.3284571", "text": "Mesoamerica. The island continent of Fourecks, the smallest of the four, resembles Australia. It is also known as \"Terror Incognita\" (a play on \"terra incognita\"). On these continents, a large number of countries, kingdoms, cities and towns can be found; the most widely mentioned in the books being Ankh-Morpork, Lancre, the Klatchian Empire and Überwald. In \"The Discworld Companion\", Pratchett writes \"there have been other continents, which have sunk, blown up, or simply disappeared. This sort of thing happens all the time, even on the best-regulated planets.\" Of all the regions in the Disc, Ankh-Morpork has been shown in the", "title": "Discworld (world)" }, { "id": "299320", "score": "1.3278244", "text": "Oceania Oceania (, , ) is a geographic region comprising Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Spanning the eastern and western hemispheres, Oceania covers an area of and has a population of /1e6 round 0 million. Situated in the southeast of the Asia-Pacific region, Oceania is the smallest continental grouping in land area and the second smallest in population after Antarctica. The islands at the geographic extremes of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, a politically integral part of Japan; Hawaii, a state of the United States; Clipperton Island, a possession of France; the Juan Fernández Islands, belonging to Chile; and the", "title": "Oceania" }, { "id": "12539147", "score": "1.326895", "text": "a period of 2.0–1.8 billion years ago and broke up about 1.5–1.3 billion years ago. The supercontinent Rodinia is thought to have formed about 1 billion years ago and to have embodied most or all of Earth's continents, and broken up into eight continents around 600 million years ago. The eight continents later re-assembled into another supercontinent called Pangaea; Pangaea broke up into Laurasia (which became North America and Eurasia) and Gondwana (which became the remaining continents). The following table lists the seven continents with their highest and lowest points on land, sorted in decreasing highest points. † The lowest", "title": "Continent" }, { "id": "12539144", "score": "1.326056", "text": "other ancient cratonic continents: Zealandia, which includes New Zealand and New Caledonia; Madagascar; the northern Mascarene Plateau, which includes the Seychelles. Other islands, such as several in the Caribbean Sea, are composed largely of granitic rock as well, but all continents contain both granitic and basaltic crust, and there is no clear boundary as to which islands would be considered microcontinents under such a definition. The Kerguelen Plateau, for example, is largely volcanic, but is associated with the breakup of Gondwanaland and is considered a microcontinent, whereas volcanic Iceland and Hawaii are not. The British Isles, Sri Lanka, Borneo, and", "title": "Continent" }, { "id": "572572", "score": "1.3239536", "text": "might be expected for a concept based on such abundant conjecture and minimal data, varied wildly from map to map; in general, the continent shrank as potential locations were reinterpreted. At its largest, the continent included Tierra del Fuego, separated from South America by a small strait; New Guinea; and what would come to be called Australia. In Ortelius's atlas \"Theatrum Orbis Terrarum\", published in 1570, Terra Australis extends north of the Tropic of Capricorn in the Pacific Ocean. As long as it appeared on maps at all, the continent minimally included the unexplored lands around the South Pole, but", "title": "Terra Australis" }, { "id": "12545948", "score": "1.3227617", "text": "been recognized as such long ago. The land mass may have been completely submerged about 23 million years ago, and most of it (93%) remains submerged beneath the Pacific Ocean. With a total area of approximately , it is the world's largest current microcontinent, more than twice the size of the next-largest microcontinent and more than half the size of the Australian continent. As such, and due to other geological considerations, such as crustal thickness and density, it is arguably a continent in its own right. This was the argument which made news in 2017, when geologists from New Zealand,", "title": "Zealandia" }, { "id": "12539120", "score": "1.3192441", "text": "sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene ice ages, greater areas of continental shelf were exposed as dry land, forming land bridges. At those times Australia–New Guinea was a single, continuous continent. Likewise, the Americas and Afro-Eurasia were joined by the Bering land bridge. Other islands such as Great Britain were joined to the mainlands of their continents. At that time there were just three discrete continents: Afro-Eurasia-America, Antarctica, and Australia-New Guinea. There are several ways of distinguishing the continents: The term \"Oceania\" refers to a group of island countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean, together with the continent", "title": "Continent" } ]

[ "Sotto voce", "Sotto Voce", "sotto voce" ]

[ { "id": "8074856", "score": "1.5680504", "text": "Afflatus Cicero's usage was a literalising of \"inspiration\", which had already become figurative. As \"inspiration\" had come to mean simply the gathering of a new idea, Cicero reiterated the idea of a rush of unexpected breath, a powerful force that would render the poet helpless and unaware of its origin. Literally, the Latin means \"to blow upon/toward\". It was originally spelt , made up of (to) and (blowing/breathing), the noun form of (to blow). It can be taken to mean \"to be blown upon\" by a divine wind, like its English equivalent \"inspiration\", which comes from \"inspire\", meaning \"to breathe/blow", "title": "Afflatus" }, { "id": "4923055", "score": "1.4964395", "text": "the Greek \"theopneustos\" as \"divinitus inspirata\" (\"divinely breathed into\"). The word \"inspiration\" comes from the Latin noun \"inspiratio\" and from the verb \"inspirare\". \"Inspirare\" is a compound term resulting from the Latin prefix \"in\" (inside, into) and the verb \"spirare\" (to breathe). \"Inspirare\" meant originally \"to blow into\", as for example in the sentence of the Roman poet Ovid: \"\"conchae [...] sonanti inspirare iubet\"\" (\"he orders to blow into the resonant [...] shell\"). In classic Roman times, \"inspirare\" had already come to mean \"to breathe deeply\" and assumed also the figurative sense of \"to instill [something] in the heart or", "title": "Biblical inspiration" }, { "id": "11863973", "score": "1.4485558", "text": "Favete linguis! “Favete linguis!” is a Latin phrase, which translated means “\"Facilitate [the ritual acts] with your tongues\"” (\"tongues\" as the organ of speech). In other words, \"hold your tongue\" or “\"Facilitate the ritual acts by being silent\"”. The phrase is used by Cicero, Ovid, Horace, Pliny the Elder and Seneca. Northrop Frye used the term in reference to the way that the philosophy of \"new criticism\" proscribes a limitation on the use of interdisciplinary criticism, suggesting that, for those who wish to dabble with a text by using tools from outside the literary tradition (i.e. using the critical techniques", "title": "Favete linguis!" }, { "id": "11863974", "score": "1.4073815", "text": "of other artistic disciplines on literature), they would do well to 'hold their tongues.' 'favour me with your tongues'. During official ritual acts a herald ordered the others to be silent by saying this phrase. It was done in order to avert an interruption by a careless, maybe also an ominous, word. Favete linguis! “Favete linguis!” is a Latin phrase, which translated means “\"Facilitate [the ritual acts] with your tongues\"” (\"tongues\" as the organ of speech). In other words, \"hold your tongue\" or “\"Facilitate the ritual acts by being silent\"”. The phrase is used by Cicero, Ovid, Horace, Pliny the", "title": "Favete linguis!" }, { "id": "1814752", "score": "1.3953559", "text": "muttito\", that nobody shall make utterances, murmur. Silence is essential in augural practises, \"nep arsir andersistu\" VIa 6: \"ne divis intersistito\", that nobody shall come in between, barge in, between the divine (signs) and the augur. \"disleralinsust\" VIa 7: \"alteravit\" (\"eṛali, erali\"=\"alter\") render irritual, impair the auspice; \"attero\" VII a 11, 27: bad, unlucky. \"verfale\" VIa 8: \"formula\" of the templum. According to a new etymology de Vaan connects this noun to Latin cognate \"urbs\", both having the meaning of defined space for augural observation, from a PIE root \"*u(o)rb(h)\" plus /d(h)-h(2) enclosure, enclosed area. \"stahmito\" VIa 8: \"statutum\", designed.", "title": "Iguvine Tablets" }, { "id": "14275954", "score": "1.3884213", "text": "\"be favourable with your tongues,\" meant \"keep silent.\" In particular, silence assured the ritual correctness and the absence of \"vitia\", \"faults,\" in the taking of the auspices. It was also required in the nomination (\"dictio\") of the \"dictator\". In ancient times, augurs (augures ex caelo) faced south, so the happy orient, where the sun rose, lay at their left. Consequently, the word \"sinister\" (Latin for left) meant well-fated. When, under Greek influence, it became customary for augurs to face north, sinister came to indicate the ill-fated west, where light turned into darkness. It is this latter and later meaning that", "title": "Glossary of ancient Roman religion" }, { "id": "69125", "score": "1.3769026", "text": "many occurrences in Latin writings of the phrase \"conscius sibi\", which translates literally as \"knowing with oneself\", or in other words \"sharing knowledge with oneself about something\". This phrase had the figurative meaning of \"knowing that one knows\", as the modern English word \"conscious\" does. In its earliest uses in the 1500s, the English word \"conscious\" retained the meaning of the Latin \"conscius\". For example, Thomas Hobbes in \"Leviathan\" wrote: \"Where two, or more men, know of one and the same fact, they are said to be Conscious of it one to another.\" The Latin phrase \"conscius sibi\", whose meaning", "title": "Consciousness" }, { "id": "3825348", "score": "1.3732731", "text": "education. With increasing public familiarity with the term, several radio and television programs have been named \"vox pop\" in allusion to this practice. The Latin phrase (), 'The voice of the people [is] the voice of God', is an old proverb. An early reference to the expression is in a letter from Alcuin to Charlemagne in 798. The full quotation from Alcuin reads: English translation: This passage indicates that already by the end of the eighth century the phrase had become an aphorism of political common wisdom. Writing in the early 12th century, William of Malmesbury refers to the saying", "title": "Vox populi" }, { "id": "14275912", "score": "1.3706688", "text": "preces\" are silent or \"sotto voce\" prayers as might be used in private ritual or magic; \"preces\" with a negative intent are described with adjectives such as \"Thyesteae\" (\"Thyestean\"), \"funestae\" (\"deadly\"), \"infelices\" (aimed at causing unhappiness), \"nefariae\", or \"dirae\". In general usage, \"preces\" could refer to any request or entreaty. The verbal form is \"precor, precari\", \"pray, entreat.\" The Umbrian cognate is \"persklu\", \"supplication.\" The meaning may be \"I try and obtain by uttering appropriate words what is my right to obtain.\" It is used often in association with \"quaeso\" in expressions such as \"te precor quaesoque\", \"I pray and", "title": "Glossary of ancient Roman religion" }, { "id": "864064", "score": "1.3631307", "text": "was usually depicted with wings and a trumpet. In Roman mythology, Fama (\"rumor\") was described as having multiple tongues, eyes, ears and feathers by Virgil (in \"Aeneid\" IV line 180 and following) and other authors. Virgil wrote that she \"had her feet on the ground, and her head in the clouds, making the small seem great and the great seem greater\". The Greek word \"pheme\" is related to ϕάναι \"to speak\" and can mean \"fame\", \"report\", or \"rumor\". The Latin word \"fama\", with the same range of meanings, is related to the Latin \"fari\" (\"to speak\"), and is, through French,", "title": "Pheme" }, { "id": "3560808", "score": "1.3619282", "text": "follows: The Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius expressed this principle in his first book of (\"On the Nature of Things\") He then continues on discussing how matter is required to make matter and that objects cannot spring forth without reasonable cause. Literally translated, this Latin phrase means \"out of nothing, nothing [be]comes\". The Latin preposition \"\", which the reader may recognize from many English derivatives such as \"exit\", means \"out of\". \"\" is the ablative form of the Latin noun \"\" meaning \"nothing\". \"\" is the present indicative form of the Latin verb \"\" meaning \"to become\". Note that the", "title": "Nothing comes from nothing" }, { "id": "8000219", "score": "1.3595666", "text": "sources, which severely undermines the credibility of the argument. Another common etymology suggests that the word meant \"not breathing\", which appears to be attempting to read a derivative of the Latin verb \"spirare\" (\"to breathe\") as a second morpheme in \"nosferatu\". Skal notes that this is \"without basis in lexicography\", viewing all these etymologies (including the widely repeated nosophoros etymology) with skepticism. A final possibility is that the form given by Gerard and the German folklorists is a well-known Romanian term without the benefit of normalized spelling, or possibly a misinterpretation of the sounds of the word due to Gerard's", "title": "Nosferatu (word)" }, { "id": "343850", "score": "1.3577696", "text": "from Latin and is literally translated \"the thing itself speaks\", but the sense is well conveyed in the more common translation, \"the thing speaks for itself.\" The earliest known use of the phrase was by Cicero in his defence speech \"Pro Milone\". The circumstances of the genesis of the phrase and application by Cicero in Roman legal trials has led to questions whether it reflects on the quality of \"res ipsa loquitur\" as a legal doctrine subsequent to 52 BC, some 1915 years before the English case \"Byrne v Boadle\" and the question whether Charles Edward Pollock might have taken", "title": "Res ipsa loquitur" }, { "id": "14275966", "score": "1.3564055", "text": "that could be \"conceived\" flexibly to suit the circumstances. With their emphasis on exact adherence, the archaic \"verba certa\" are a magico-religious form of prayer. In a ritual context, prayer (\"prex\") was not a form of personal spontaneous expression, but a demonstration that the speaker knew the correct thing to say. Words were regarded as having power; in order to be efficacious, the formula had to be recited accurately, in full, and with the correct pronunciation. To reduce the risk of error (\"vitium\"), the magistrate or priest who spoke was prompted from the text by an assistant. In both religious", "title": "Glossary of ancient Roman religion" }, { "id": "2042889", "score": "1.3558086", "text": "voice from heaven was heard, so this deity was called \"Vaticanus\", because he presided over the principles of the human voice; for infants, as soon as they are born, make the sound which forms the first syllable in \"Vaticanus\", and are therefore said \"vagire\" (to cry) which word expresses the noise which an infant first makes\". St. Augustine, who was familiar with Varro's works on ancient Roman theology, mentions this deity three times in \"The City of God\". \"Vaticanus\" is more likely to derive in fact from the name of an Etruscan settlement, possibly called \"Vatica\" or \"Vaticum\", located in", "title": "Vatican Hill" }, { "id": "20164035", "score": "1.3555937", "text": "example is the following extract from Terence's \"Andria\" (35-39) spoken by the old man Simo to his freedman Sosia: Very frequently in a senarius, there will be a \"caesura\" (word-break) after the 5th element. Because Latin words are accented on the penultimate syllable if this is long, this will automatically put a stress on the 4th element. Occasionally, however, a non-monosyllabic word with unstressed final syllable will end a metron, like \"amans\" in the line below. If so, by a rule called \"Meyer's Law\", the preceding \"anceps\" will usually be a short syllable. The effect of this rule is that", "title": "Metres of Roman comedy" }, { "id": "7441755", "score": "1.354569", "text": "used in a metaphorical sense, as at Martial 3.17, speaking of a tart which had been blown on by a man with impure breath (caused no doubt by oral sex) to cool it down: The politer terms for \"merda\" in Classical Latin were \"stercus\" (gen. \"stercoris\"), \"manure\" and \"fimum\" or \"fimus\", \"filth.\" \"Stercus\" was used frequently in the Vulgate, as in its well-known translation of Psalm 112:7: (Psalm 113:7 in the KJV.) In Classical Latin, \"faex\", plural \"faecēs\", meant the dregs, such as are found in a bottle of wine; the word did not acquire the sense of feces until", "title": "Latin obscenity" }, { "id": "19653336", "score": "1.3527756", "text": "pronunciation, and also from Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation (which is based on Italian, and has, for example, \"c\" before \"i\" or \"e\" pronounced as \"ch\"). Every vowel is pronounced, except diphthongs, which are treated as single long vowels. In classical Latin words of several syllables the stress falls on the syllable next to the last one (the penultimate) when this syllable is long ... e.g., \"for-mō'-sus\", or when two consonants separate the two last vowels, e.g., \"cru-ěn'-tus\" ... on the last syllable but two (the antepenultimate) when the last but one is short, e.g. \"flō-ri-dus\". \"These rules cannot satisfactorily be applied", "title": "Botanical Latin" }, { "id": "1389336", "score": "1.3506072", "text": "to what lies before you\". Others are the sibilation of consonantal \"i\" and the assibilation of \"-di-\" to some sound like that of English \"j\" (denoted by \"l-\" in the local variety of Latin alphabet), as in \"vidadu\", \"\"viamdö\",\" i.e. \"\"ad-viam\"\"; \"Musesa\" = Lat. \"Mussedia\"; and the loss of \"d\" (in pronunciation) in the ablative, as in \"aetatu firata fertlid\" (i.e. \"aetate fertili finita\"), where the contrast of the last with the other two forms shows that the \"-d\" was an archaism still occasionally used in writing. The last sentence of the interesting epitaph from which this phrase is taken", "title": "Paeligni" }, { "id": "3870944", "score": "1.3479034", "text": "still are, in use, although the Italian model is increasingly advocated and usually followed even for speakers of English, sometimes with slight variations. The official version is that given in the \"Liber Usualis\". This book prescribes a silent \"h\", except in the two words \"mihi\" and \"nihil\", which are pronounced and (this is not universally followed). Some English singers choose to pronounce \"h\" as for extra clarity. Latin regional pronunciation Latin pronunciation, both in the classical and post-classical age, has varied across different regions and different eras. As the respective languages have undergone sound changes, the changes have often applied", "title": "Latin regional pronunciation" } ]

[ "Diamond ring effect", "Baily's Beads", "bailey s beads", "Bailey's Beads", "Diamond Ring effect (Solar Eclipse)", "diamond ring effect solar eclipse", "Diamond ring effect (solar eclipse)", "baily s beads", "Bailey's beads", "Baily's beads", "Diamond-ring effect", "diamond ring effect" ]

[ { "id": "7745044", "score": "1.6372931", "text": "depending on how much of the Sun's disk is obscured, some darkening may be noticeable. If three-quarters or more of the sun is obscured, then an effect can be observed by which the daylight appears to be dim, as if the sky were overcast, yet objects still cast sharp shadows. When the shrinking visible part of the photosphere becomes very small, Baily's beads will occur. These are caused by the sunlight still being able to reach the Earth through lunar valleys. Totality then begins with the diamond ring effect, the last bright flash of sunlight. It is safe to observe", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "7745045", "score": "1.6051983", "text": "the total phase of a solar eclipse directly only when the Sun's photosphere is completely covered by the Moon, and not before or after totality. During this period, the Sun is too dim to be seen through filters. The Sun's faint corona will be visible, and the chromosphere, solar prominences, and possibly even a solar flare may be seen. At the end of totality, the same effects will occur in reverse order, and on the opposite side of the Moon. Photographing an eclipse is possible with fairly common camera equipment. In order for the disk of the Sun/Moon to be", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "3110582", "score": "1.5912867", "text": "and totality phase are safe to view without the solar filters used during the partial phases. By then, less than 0.001% of the Sun's photosphere is visible. Observers in the path of totality of a solar eclipse see first a gradual covering of the Sun by the lunar silhouette for over an hour, followed by the diamond ring effect (visible without filters) as the last bit of photosphere disappears. As the burst of light from the ring fades, Bailey's beads appear as the last bits of the bright photosphere shine through valleys aligned at the edge of the Moon. As", "title": "Baily's beads" }, { "id": "7745048", "score": "1.5714858", "text": "the photosphere is much brighter than the corona. According to the point reached in the solar cycle, the corona may appear small and symmetric, or large and fuzzy. It is very hard to predict this in advance. As the light filters through leaves of trees during a partial eclipse, the overlapping leaves create natural pinholes, displaying mini eclipses on the ground. Phenomena associated with eclipses include shadow bands (also known as \"flying shadows\"), which are similar to shadows on the bottom of a swimming pool. They only occur just prior to and after totality, when a narrow solar crescent acts", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "7745017", "score": "1.5677445", "text": "observed during a total eclipse are called: The diagrams to the right show the alignment of the Sun, Moon, and Earth during a solar eclipse. The dark gray region between the Moon and Earth is the umbra, where the Sun is completely obscured by the Moon. The small area where the umbra touches Earth's surface is where a total eclipse can be seen. The larger light gray area is the penumbra, in which a partial eclipse can be seen. An observer in the antumbra, the area of shadow beyond the umbra, will see an annular eclipse. The Moon's orbit around", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Solar eclipse\n\nA solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of the Earth, totally or partially. Such an alignment occurs approximately every six months, during the eclipse season in its new moon phase, when the Moon's orbital plane is closest to the plane of the Earth's orbit. In a total eclipse, the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by the Moon. In partial and annular eclipses, only part of the Sun is obscured. Unlike a lunar eclipse, which may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth, a solar eclipse can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world. As such, although total solar eclipses occur somewhere on Earth every 18 months on average, they recur at any given place only once every 360 to 410 years.\n\nIf the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit and in the same orbital plane as Earth, there would be total solar eclipses once a month, at every new moon. Instead, because the Moon's orbit is tilted at about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit, its shadow usually misses Earth. Solar (and lunar) eclipses therefore happen only during eclipse seasons, resulting in at least two, and up to five, solar eclipses each year, no more than two of which can be total. Total eclipses are more rare because they require a more precise alignment between the centers of the Sun and Moon, and because the Moon's apparent size in the sky is sometimes too small to fully cover the Sun.\n\nAn eclipse is a natural phenomenon. In some ancient and modern cultures, solar eclipses were attributed to supernatural causes or regarded as bad omens. Astronomers' predictions of eclipses began in China as early as the 4th century BC; eclipses hundreds of years into the future may now be predicted with high accuracy. \n\nLooking directly at the Sun can lead to permanent eye damage, so special eye protection or indirect viewing techniques are used when viewing a solar eclipse. Only the total phase of a total solar eclipse is safe to view without protection. Enthusiasts known as eclipse chasers or umbraphiles travel to remote locations to see solar eclipses.\n\nThe symbol for an occultation, and especially a solar eclipse, is (U+1F775 🝵).", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Baily's beads\n\nThe Baily's beads effect or diamond ring effect is a feature of total and annular solar eclipses. As the Moon covers the Sun during a solar eclipse, the rugged topography of the lunar limb allows beads of sunlight to shine through in some places while not in others. The effect is named after Francis Baily, who explained the phenomenon in 1836. The diamond ring effect is seen when only one bead is left, appearing as a shining \"diamond\" set in a bright ring around the lunar silhouette.\n\nLunar topography has considerable relief because of the presence of mountains, craters, valleys, and other topographical features. The irregularities of the lunar limb profile (the \"edge\" of the Moon, as seen from a distance) are known accurately from observations of grazing occultations of stars. Astronomers thus have a fairly good idea which mountains and valleys will cause the beads to appear in advance of the eclipse. While Baily's beads are seen briefly for a few seconds at the center of the eclipse path, their duration is maximized near the edges of the path of the umbra, lasting 1–2 minutes.\n\nAfter the diamond ring effect has diminished, the subsequent Baily's beads effect and totality phase are safe to view without the solar filters used during the partial phases. By then, less than 0.001% of the Sun's photosphere is visible.\n\nObservers in the path of totality of a solar eclipse see first a gradual covering of the Sun by the lunar silhouette for just a small duration of time from around one minute to four minutes, followed by the diamond ring effect (visible without filters) as the last bit of photosphere disappears. As the burst of light from the ring fades, Baily's beads appear as the last bits of the bright photosphere shine through valleys aligned at the edge of the Moon. As the Baily's beads disappear behind the advancing lunar edge (the beads also reappear at the end of totality), a thin reddish edge called the chromosphere (the Greek \"chrōma\" meaning \"color\") appears. Though the reddish hydrogen radiation is most visible to the unaided eye, the chromosphere also emits thousands of additional spectral lines.", "title": "Baily's beads" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017\n\nThe solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, dubbed the \"Great American Eclipse\" by the media, was a total solar eclipse visible within a band that spanned the contiguous United States from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. It was also visible as a partial solar eclipse from as far north as Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America. In northwestern Europe and Africa, it was partially visible in the late evening. In northeastern Asia, it was partially visible at sunrise.\nPrior to this event, no solar eclipse had been visible across the entirety of the United States since June 8, 1918; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States. The path of totality touched 14 states, and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse. with most of this area over the ocean, not land. The event's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4:05 p.m. UTC (9:05 a.m. PDT), with the total eclipse beginning there at 5:16 p.m. UTC (10:16 a.m. PDT); the total eclipse's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6:44 p.m. UTC (2:44 p.m. EDT).\n\nThis total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America. Information, personal communication, and photography were widely available as never before, capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience.\nThe event was received with much enthusiasm across the nation; people gathered outside their homes to watch it, and many parties were set up in the path of the eclipse. Many people left their homes and traveled hundreds of miles just to get a glimpse of totality, which few ever get to experience. Marriage proposals were timed to coincide with the eclipse, as was at least one wedding. Logistical problems arose with the influx of visitors, especially for smaller communities.<ref name=\"Illegal Camping in the American West\"/> The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries.<ref name=\"cbc-amazonrecall\"/>\n\nFuture total solar eclipses will cross the United States on April 8, 2024 (12 states), and in August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses—wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun—will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states).", "title": "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lunar eclipse\n\nA lunar eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the moon to be darkened. Such alignment occurs during an eclipse season, approximately every six months, during the full moon phase, when the Moon's orbital plane is closest to the plane of the Earth's orbit.\n\nThis can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned (in syzygy) with Earth between the other two, which can happen only on the night of a full moon when the Moon is near either lunar node. The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon's proximity to the lunar node.\n\nWhen the moon is totally eclipsed by the Earth, it takes on a reddish color that is caused by the planet when it completely blocks direct sunlight from reaching the Moon surface, as only the light reflected from the lunar surface has been refracted by Earth's atmosphere. This light appears reddish due to the Rayleigh scattering of blue light, the same reason sunrise and sunsets are more orange than during the day. \n\nUnlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly 2 hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only up to a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's shadow is smaller. Also unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions.\n\nThe symbol for a lunar eclipse (or indeed any body in the shadow of another) is (U+1F776 🝶).", "title": "Lunar eclipse" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Moon" }, { "id": "7745040", "score": "1.5612822", "text": "at it. Looking at the Sun during an eclipse is as dangerous as looking at it outside an eclipse, except during the brief period of totality, when the Sun's disk is completely covered (totality occurs only during a total eclipse and only very briefly; it does not occur during a partial or annular eclipse). Viewing the Sun's disk through any kind of optical aid (binoculars, a telescope, or even an optical camera viewfinder) is extremely hazardous and can cause irreversible eye damage within a fraction of a second. Viewing the Sun during partial and annular eclipses (and during total eclipses", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "361717", "score": "1.5503048", "text": "by the brightest object in the field. During partial eclipses most sunlight is blocked by the Moon passing in front of the Sun, but the uncovered parts of the photosphere have the same surface brightness as during a normal day. In the overall gloom, the pupil expands from ~2 mm to ~6 mm, and each retinal cell exposed to the solar image receives up to ten times more light than it would looking at the non-eclipsed Sun. This can damage or kill those cells, resulting in small permanent blind spots for the viewer. The hazard is insidious for inexperienced observers", "title": "Sun" }, { "id": "7745054", "score": "1.5486543", "text": "be essentially the same as the earthshine which can frequently be seen when the Moon's phase is a narrow crescent. In reality, the corona, though much less brilliant than the Sun's photosphere, is much brighter than the Moon illuminated by earthlight. Therefore, by contrast, the Moon during a total solar eclipse appears to be black, with the corona surrounding it. Artificial satellites can also pass in front of the Sun as seen from the Earth, but none is large enough to cause an eclipse. At the altitude of the International Space Station, for example, an object would need to be", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "7745053", "score": "1.5443056", "text": "shadow covers only a small fraction of the Earth. The Earth continues to receive at least 92 percent of the amount of sunlight it receives without an eclipse – more if the penumbra of the Moon's shadow partly misses the Earth. Seen from the Moon, the Earth during a total solar eclipse is mostly brilliantly illuminated, with only a small dark patch showing the Moon's shadow. The brilliantly-lit Earth reflects a lot of light to the Moon. If the corona of the eclipsed Sun were not present, the Moon, illuminated by earthlight, would be easily visible from Earth. This would", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "14135258", "score": "1.5190779", "text": "science due to the various phenomena that can be observed when they occur. The corona is normally invisible due to the brightness of the solar disc, but becomes visible from earth during a total eclipse. Until the twentieth century, solar eclipses provided the only opportunity for scientists to observe and study the sun's corona. With the development of photography during the first half of the nineteenth century, it became theoretically possible to record a still image of the sun during a total eclipse. A variety of processes were used for early photographs, of which the most successful was the Daguerreotype.", "title": "Solar eclipse of July 28, 1851" }, { "id": "7745009", "score": "1.5167794", "text": "eclipses are rare at any particular location because totality exists only along a narrow path on the Earth's surface traced by the Moon's full shadow or umbra. An eclipse is a natural phenomenon. However, in some ancient and modern cultures, solar eclipses were attributed to supernatural causes or regarded as bad omens. A total solar eclipse can be frightening to people who are unaware of its astronomical explanation, as the Sun seems to disappear during the day and the sky darkens in a matter of minutes. Since looking directly at the Sun can lead to permanent eye damage or blindness,", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "123343", "score": "1.50805", "text": "advance eastward at a rate of 1,700 km/h, until it no longer intersects the Earth's surface. During a solar eclipse, the Moon can sometimes perfectly cover the Sun because its apparent size is nearly the same as the Sun's when viewed from the Earth. A total solar eclipse is in fact an occultation while an annular solar eclipse is a transit. When observed at points in space other than from the Earth's surface, the Sun can be eclipsed by bodies other than the Moon. Two examples include when the crew of Apollo 12 observed the in 1969 and when the", "title": "Eclipse" }, { "id": "255746", "score": "1.5016437", "text": "both total (with the Moon appearing larger than the Sun) and annular (with the Moon appearing smaller than the Sun) solar eclipses. In a total eclipse, the Moon completely covers the disc of the Sun and the solar corona becomes visible to the naked eye. Because the distance between the Moon and Earth is very slowly increasing over time, the angular diameter of the Moon is decreasing. Also, as it evolves toward becoming a red giant, the size of the Sun, and its apparent diameter in the sky, are slowly increasing. The combination of these two changes means that hundreds", "title": "Moon" }, { "id": "7557227", "score": "1.4895012", "text": "the two disks are sufficiently aligned, a ring of sunlight remains visible around the Moon. This is called an annular eclipse, from Latin \"annulus\", meaning \"ring\". For a total solar eclipse to happen, the ratio of the apparent diameters of the Moon and of the Sun must be 1.0 or more, and the three celestial bodies (Sun, Earth and Moon) must be aligned centrally enough. When that is the case, the Moon's disk covers the Sun's disk in the sky completely. The path of totality (i.e. of the travelling shadow of the Moon cutting off all direct sunlight from reaching", "title": "Magnitude of eclipse" }, { "id": "7032471", "score": "1.4794981", "text": "Sungazing Sungazing is the act of looking directly into the sun. It is sometimes done as part of a spiritual or religious practice. The human eye is very sensitive, and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight can lead to solar retinopathy, pterygium, cataracts, and often blindness. Studies have shown that even when viewing a solar eclipse the eye can still be exposed to harmful levels of ultraviolet radiation. Referred to as \"sunning\" by William Horatio Bates as one of a series of exercises included in his Bates method, it became a popular form of alternative therapy in the early 20th century.", "title": "Sungazing" }, { "id": "361654", "score": "1.4770145", "text": "on Earth. During a total solar eclipse, when the disk of the Sun is covered by that of the Moon, parts of the Sun's surrounding atmosphere can be seen. It is composed of four distinct parts: the chromosphere, the transition region, the corona and the heliosphere. The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about above the photosphere, and has a temperature of about . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which can be detected via their absorption spectra. The", "title": "Sun" }, { "id": "16578518", "score": "1.4730372", "text": "the surface appears not just black but red and brown (according to the Danjon scale) because the only sunlight available is refracted through the Earth's atmosphere on the edges of the Earth forming an atmospheric ring as it is shown in the sky in a painting by Lucien Rudaux. During eclipses with long totality, temperatures plunges but not in many parts of its mares especially Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Tranquillitatis, and mid to large craters (especially with basalt floor) mostly in the middle portion of the Moon, some young craters and a few distant large craters, notably Tycho (being located", "title": "Solar eclipses on the Moon" }, { "id": "7745043", "score": "1.4690001", "text": "Sun's disk on a video display screen (provided by a video camera or digital camera) is safe, although the camera itself may be damaged by direct exposure to the Sun. The optical viewfinders provided with some video and digital cameras are not safe. Securely mounting #14 welder's glass in front of the lens and viewfinder protects the equipment and makes viewing possible. Professional workmanship is essential because of the dire consequences any gaps or detaching mountings will have. In the partial eclipse path, one will not be able to see the corona or nearly complete darkening of the sky. However,", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "7745006", "score": "1.4669256", "text": "Solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when an observer (on Earth) passes through the shadow cast by the Moon which fully or partially blocks (\"occults\") the Sun. This can only happen when the Sun, Moon and Earth are nearly aligned on a straight line in three dimensions (syzygy) during a new moon when the Moon is close to the ecliptic plane. In a total eclipse, the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by the Moon. In partial and annular eclipses, only part of the Sun is obscured. If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit, a little closer", "title": "Solar eclipse" }, { "id": "14135257", "score": "1.4632888", "text": "obscured, are relatively common due to the width of the moon's outer shadow, or penumbra, which may be several hundred miles wide. Total eclipses occur when the moon's inner shadow, or umbra, reaches the surface of the earth, completely obscuring the sun over a much narrower portion of the ground. If the moon is too far away at the time of an eclipse, its umbra may not reach the Earth's surface, and only a partial eclipse will be visible. Before the advent of modern science, solar eclipses were often viewed with superstitious dread. However, eclipses are also of interest to", "title": "Solar eclipse of July 28, 1851" } ]