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[ "catherine archipelago", "Aleutine", "aleutine", "Aleutian Islands", "aleutian islands", "Aleutian Island Chain", "Alution Islands", "Aluetion Islands", "aleutian chain", "Catherine Archipelago", "aleutian islands alaska", "aleutian island chain", "Aleutian islands", "aleutians", "Aleutians", "Aleutian Islands, Alaska", "aleutian islands national wildlife refuge", "alution islands", "aleutian island", "Aluetian Islands", "aluetion islands", "Aleutian Chain", "Aleutian Island", "Aleutian Archipelago", "Aleutian Islands National Wildlife Refuge", "Aleutian chain", "Aleutian Islands tundra", "aleutian islands tundra", "aleutian archipelago", "Aleutian Islands (Alaska)", "aluetian islands" ]

[ { "id": "6309430", "score": "1.6322715", "text": "into the Asian theater of war following the surrender of Germany. The official Instrument of Surrender was signed on September 2, and the United States subsequently occupied Japan in its entirety. Historian Akira Iriye argues that World War II and the Occupation decisively shaped bilateral relations after 1945. He presents the oil crisis of 1941 as the confrontation of two diametrically opposed concepts of Asian Pacific order. Japan was militaristic, and sought to create and control a self-sufficient economic region in Southeast Asia. Franklin D Roosevelt and his successors were internationalists seeking an open international economic order. The war reflected", "title": "Japan–United States relations" }, { "id": "20552477", "score": "1.6169286", "text": "and Nagasaki and the declaration of war by the Soviet Union. In a national radio address on August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender to the Japanese people by \"Gyokuon-hōsō\". A period known as Occupied Japan followed after the war, largely spearheaded by United States General of the Army Douglas MacArthur to revise the Japanese constitution and de-militarize Japan. The Allied occupation, with economic and political assistance, continued well into the 1950s. Allied forces ordered Japan to abolish the Meiji Constitution and enforce the Constitution of Japan, then rename the Empire of Japan as Japan on May 3, 1947. Japan", "title": "Japan during World War II" }, { "id": "739849", "score": "1.6054294", "text": "and achieving hard-fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945. Bloodied at Okinawa, the U.S. prepared to invade Japan's home islands when B-29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, forcing the empire's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II. The U.S. occupied Japan (and part of Germany), sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines. During the war, Roosevelt coined the term \"Four Powers\" to refer four major Allies of World War II, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and", "title": "History of the United States" }, { "id": "1480570", "score": "1.601726", "text": "in 1938, as part of the Stalin-era policy of \"unbundling\". Primorsky Krai, as defined in 1938, corresponds to the northeastern part of the historical region of Outer Manchuria. On April 18, 1942, the region became accidentally involved in World War II, which the United States had entered after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Primorsky Krai was the location where one of 16 United States Army Air Corps B-25 Mitchell medium bombers landed. The group had been launched from USS \"Hornet\" to carry out the Doolittle Raid on Japan. Japan and the Soviet Union were not then at war.", "title": "Primorsky Krai" }, { "id": "893656", "score": "1.5984654", "text": "Occupation of Japan The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, with support from the British Commonwealth. Unlike in the occupation of Germany, the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan. This foreign presence marks the only time in Japan's history that it has been occupied by a foreign power. The country became a parliamentary democracy that recalled \"New Deal\" priorities of the 1930s by Roosevelt. The occupation, codenamed Operation \"Blacklist\", was ended by the San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed", "title": "Occupation of Japan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan\n\nThis is a list of regions occupied or annexed by the Empire of Japan until 1945, the year of the end of World War II in Asia, after the surrender of Japan. Control over all territories except most of the Japanese mainland (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and some 6,000 small surrounding islands) was renounced by Japan in the unconditional surrender after World War II and the Treaty of San Francisco. A number of territories occupied by the United States after 1945 were returned to Japan, but there are still a number of disputed territories between Japan and Russia (the Kuril Islands dispute), South Korea and North Korea (the Liancourt Rocks dispute), the People's Republic of China and Taiwan (the Senkaku Islands dispute).\n\n", "title": "List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Occupation of Japan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "World War II" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Second Sino-Japanese War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Korea under Japanese rule\n\nBetween 1910 and 1945, Korea was ruled as a part of the Empire of Japan. Joseon Korea had come into the Japanese sphere of influence with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876; a complex coalition of the Meiji government, military, and business officials\nbegan a process of integrating Korea's politics and economy with Japan. The Korean Empire, proclaimed in 1897, became a protectorate of Japan with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905; thereafter Japan ruled the country indirectly through the Japanese Resident-General of Korea. Japan formally annexed the Korean Empire with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910,\nwithout the consent of the former Korean Emperor Gojong, the regent of the Emperor Sunjong. Upon its annexation, Japan declared that Korea would henceforth be officially named Chōsen. This name was recognized internationally until the end of Japanese colonial rule. The territory was administered by the Governor-General of Chōsen based in Keijō (Seoul).\n\nJapanese rule prioritized Korea's Japanization, accelerated the industrialization started during the Gwangmu Reform era of 1897 to 1907, built public works, and suppressed the Korean independence movement. The public works included developing railroads (Gyeongbu Line, Gyeongui Line, Gyeongwon Line, etc.) and improving major roads and ports that supported economic development. Averages for the annual GNP growth-rate of Chōsen were comparable to those in the Japanese \"naichi\", ranging from 2.3% to 4.2% during the 25 years preceding the Second Sino-Japanese War. By the time of the Pacific War, industrial growth and output in Chōsen approached that of the \"naichi\".\n\nJapanese rule over Korea ended on 15 August 1945 with the surrender of Japan in World War II. The armed forces of the United States and the Soviet Union subsequently occupied this region. Their division of Korea separated the Korean Peninsula into two different governments and economic systems: the northern Soviet Civil Administration and the southern United States Army Military Government in Korea. These post-war administrative areas were succeeded respectively by the modern independent states of North Korea and South Korea. Japan officially relinquished the claims of Korea in the signing of Treaty of San Francisco on 28 April 1952.\n\nIn 1965 the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and South Korea declared that previous unequal treaties between both countries, especially those of 1905 and 1910, were \"already null and void\"\nat the time of their promulgation.<ref name=\"AnnexTreaty\"/>\n\nInterpretations of Japanese rule over Korea remain controversial in Japan and both North and South Korea.", "title": "Korea under Japanese rule" }, { "id": "1989375", "score": "1.5976934", "text": "as a \"casus belli\". The United States objected to the Second Sino-Japanese War and the occupation of part of China by Japanese troops. In protest, the United States sent support to the Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek. In July 1941, Japanese military units occupied southern French Indochina, violating a gentlemen's agreement. Japanese bombers quickly moved into bases in Saigon and Cambodia, from which they could attack British Malaya. As a result, immediately after the Japanese military occupation, the US government imposed trade sanctions on Japan, including the freezing of Japanese assets in the United States and an embargo of oil", "title": "Hull note" }, { "id": "6309428", "score": "1.5892227", "text": "between the Japan's commitment to conquer China, and America's commitment to defend China. Japan's civilian government fell and the Army under General Tojo took full control, bent on war. Japan attacked the American navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. In response, the United States declared war on Japan. Japan's Axis allies, including Nazi Germany, declared war on the United States days after the attack, bringing the United States into World War II. The conflict was a bitter one, marked by atrocities such as the executions and torture of American prisoners of war by the Imperial Japanese", "title": "Japan–United States relations" }, { "id": "1919374", "score": "1.5873557", "text": "military decisions, but he continued most of Roosevelt's wartime policies. Truman moved sharply to the right in replacing FDR's liberal cabinet. With its merchant fleet sunk by American submarines, Japan ran short of aviation gasoline and fuel oil. The U.S. Navy in June 1944 captured islands within bombing range of Tokyo. Strategic bombing using the B-29 destroyed all the major cities in 1945, as the U.S. captured Iwo Jima and Okinawa after heavy losses. With conventional and atomic bombs falling, an Allied invasion imminent, and an unexpected Soviet attack sweeping through Manchuria, the Emperor of Japan surrendered. Japan was occupied", "title": "History of the United States (1918–1945)" }, { "id": "11195165", "score": "1.5864407", "text": "the legality of the curfews and relocations during the war. In the 1980s, new information was used to vacate the conviction of Yasui. On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded neighboring Poland, starting World War II. After two years of combat neutrality, the United States was drawn into the war as an active participant after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to fears of a fifth column composed of Japanese-Americans by issuing Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942. This executive order authorized the military to create zones of exclusion,", "title": "Yasui v. United States" }, { "id": "14214755", "score": "1.584449", "text": "country, further increasing tension in the Pacific. In late 1941, Japan's government, led by Prime Minister and General Hideki Tojo, decided to break the US-led embargo through force of arms. On December 7, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This brought the US into World War II on the side of the Allies. Japan then successfully invaded the Asian colonies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, including the Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong, Singapore, Burma, and the Dutch East Indies. In the early stages of the", "title": "History of Japan" }, { "id": "893662", "score": "1.5793608", "text": "for the Allied Powers (SCAP), to supervise the occupation of Japan. During the war, the Allied Powers had planned to divide Japan amongst themselves for the purposes of occupation, as was done for the occupation of Germany. Under the final plan, however, SCAP was given direct control over the main islands of Japan (Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu) and the immediately surrounding islands, while outlying possessions were divided between the Allied Powers as follows: It is unclear why the occupation plan was changed. Common theories include the increased power of the United States following development of the atomic bomb, Truman's", "title": "Occupation of Japan" }, { "id": "784621", "score": "1.5786788", "text": "atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Japanese-held Manchuria. The remaining Japanese occupation forces (excluding Manchuria) formally surrendered on September 9, 1945, with the following International Military Tribunal for the Far East convened on April 29, 1946. At the outcome of the Cairo Conference of November 22–26, 1943, the Allies of World War II decided to restrain and punish the aggression of Japan by restoring all the territories that Japan annexed from China, including Manchuria, Taiwan/Formosa, and the Pescadores, to China, and to expel Japan from the Korean Peninsula. China was recognized as one of the", "title": "Second Sino-Japanese War" }, { "id": "6074766", "score": "1.5786122", "text": "sent to Japan, where 16 of the Aleuts died and Etta survived the war. She passed away in December 1965 in Bradenton, Florida. The invasion was the second time that American soil had been occupied by a foreign enemy, the first being the British during the War of 1812. A year after Japan's invasion and occupation of Attu and Kiska, 34,000 U.S. troops landed on these islands and fought there throughout the summer, driving the Japanese out altogether. Several ships were torpedoed within sight of West Coast Californian cities such as Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, San Diego, and Santa Monica.", "title": "American Theater (World War II)" }, { "id": "2041020", "score": "1.5741445", "text": "1931–1945 war with Japan. In December 1941, the Japanese Empire joined World War II by invading the European and US colonies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, including French Indochina, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Burma, Malaya, Indonesia, Portuguese Timor, and others. Following its surrender to the Allies in 1945, Japan was deprived of all its colonies. The Soviet Union declared war on Japan in August 1945, and shortly after occupied and annexed the southern Kuril Islands, which Japan still claims. The Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian empires collapsed at the end of World War I, and were replaced by republics. Finland,", "title": "Decolonization" }, { "id": "5333013", "score": "1.5706595", "text": "height of its military power. After the invasion of Poland and fall of France, German forces had overrun much of Western Europe and were racing towards Moscow. Although still officially neutral, the United States was actively supporting Britain, the British Commonwealth and the Soviet Union in their war against Germany through Lend-Lease and other programs. The United States also supported China in its fight against Imperial Japan's invasion. It imposed a 100% embargo on the sale of oil to Japan after less aggressive forms of economic sanctions failed to halt Japanese advances. On 7 December 1941 (Honolulu time), Japan suddenly", "title": "Japanese occupation of Hong Kong" }, { "id": "19903681", "score": "1.5690798", "text": "of Fisheries. The United States entered World War II with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Early in the war, concerns arose in the United States that Japanese-Americans might sympathize with Japan, leading to a program of internment of Japanese-Americans which involved \"evacuating\" them involuntarily from the United States West Coast and incarcerating them in inland concentration camps. This interrupted Shimada′s studies when he was \"evacuated\" on April 27, 1942. He was incarcerated at Minidoka in Idaho on April 29, 1942. In May 1943, Shimada was permitted to leave the camp and enlist in the United States", "title": "Bell M. Shimada" }, { "id": "6309429", "score": "1.5689206", "text": "Army and the desecration of dead Japanese bodies. Both sides interred enemy aliens. Superior American military production supported a campaign of island-hopping in the Pacific and heavy bombardment of cities in Okinawa and the Japanese mainland. The strategy was broadly successful as the Allies gradually occupied territories and moved toward the home islands, intending massive invasions beginning in fall 1945. Japanese resistance remained fierce. The Pacific War lasted until September 1, 1945, when Japan surrendered in response to the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – among the most controversial acts in military history – and the Soviet entry", "title": "Japan–United States relations" }, { "id": "1651318", "score": "1.5673301", "text": "ballistic missiles. The United States is forced into the war when the entire Pacific Fleet is wiped out at Pearl Harbor. Japanese forces occupy the U.S. states of Hawaii, the Philippines and the Panama Canal Zone. Additionally, Japan occupies northern Australia, raids California, and the Imperial Japanese Navy shells Acapulco. Consequently, the United States cannot open a second front in Europe. Alliance with the Nazis against the Draka is also impossible, due to the influence of the Jewish lobby and a Draka threat to supply Japan with nuclear weapons-related materials in the event of U.S.-German peace. In 1943, the Alliance", "title": "The Domination" }, { "id": "1549619", "score": "1.5645661", "text": "to establish its long-planned Southeast Asian empire and defensible buffer zones. The American public saw the attack as a treacherous act and rallied against the Japanese. Four days later, Adolf Hitler of Germany, and Benito Mussolini of Italy declared war on the United States, merging the separate conflicts. The United States entered the European Theatre and Pacific Theater in full force, thereby bringing the United States to World War II on the side of the Allies. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched offensives against Allied forces in East and Southeast Asia, with simultaneous attacks in British Hong", "title": "Empire of Japan" }, { "id": "7666480", "score": "1.5625062", "text": "well planned and enabled the Soviet Union to enter the Pacific Theater on the side of the Allies, as previously agreed, before the war's end. The second largest Japanese island of Hokkaido, originally planned by the Soviets to be part of the territory taken, was held off due to apprehension of the United States' new position as an atomic power. At 11 pm Trans-Baikal time on August 8, 1945, Soviet foreign minister Molotov informed Japanese ambassador Satō that the Soviet Union had declared war on Japan, and that from August 9 the Soviet Government would consider itself to be at", "title": "Soviet–Japanese War" } ]

[ "saccharum japonicum", "eulalia grass", "Maiden Grass", "miscanthus sinensis", "m sinensis", "Japanese pampas grass", "Susuki grass", "eulalia japonica", "Chinese Silver Grass", "Eulalia grass", "Eulalia japonica", "Chinese silver grass", "Zebra grass", "Zebra Grass", "susuki grass", "zebra grass", "Susuki", "Eulalia Grass", "maiden grass", "japanese pampas grass", "M. sinensis", "Maiden grass", "Chinese silvergrass", "chinese silver grass", "susuki", "Saccharum japonicum", "chinese silvergrass", "Miscanthus sinensis" ]

[ { "id": "16167094", "score": "1.7278616", "text": "Hesperostipa spartea Hesperostipa spartea, formerly Stipa spartea, is a species of grass known by the common names porcupine grass, western porcupine grass, short-awn porcupine grass, porcupine needlegrass, and big needlegrass. It is native to North America, where it is widespread from British Columbia to Ontario in Canada and through the central and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It is a bunchgrass species in the genus \"Hesperostipa\". \"Hesperostipa spartea\" is native to the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies of North America. It is also found in grasslands of the Rocky Mountains in Western Canada and the Western United States.", "title": "Hesperostipa spartea" }, { "id": "16167099", "score": "1.688024", "text": "this plant by tying the awns together and burning off the sharp seeds at the ends. Hesperostipa spartea Hesperostipa spartea, formerly Stipa spartea, is a species of grass known by the common names porcupine grass, western porcupine grass, short-awn porcupine grass, porcupine needlegrass, and big needlegrass. It is native to North America, where it is widespread from British Columbia to Ontario in Canada and through the central and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It is a bunchgrass species in the genus \"Hesperostipa\". \"Hesperostipa spartea\" is native to the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies of North America. It is", "title": "Hesperostipa spartea" }, { "id": "21003460", "score": "1.5605501", "text": "(which protects the Porcupine Gorge created by Porcupine Creek, entirely within the southen part of the locality), White Mountains National Park (extending south-east into Torrens Creek) and Blackbraes National Park (extending north into Lyndhurst). The locality was named and bounded on 23 February 2001. The name is believed to derive from the appearance of the spiky leaves of the spinifex bushes in the area. In particular the Triodia scariosa is commonly known in Australia as \"porcupine grass\". There are no schools in Porcupine, but neighbouring Hughenden has both primary and secondary schools. Porcupine, Queensland Porcupine is a locality in the", "title": "Porcupine, Queensland" }, { "id": "8678691", "score": "1.4605169", "text": "Bouteloua dactyloides Bouteloua dactyloides, commonly known as buffalograss or buffalo grass, is a North American prairie grass native to Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It is a shortgrass found mainly on the High Plains and is co-dominant with blue grama (\"B. gracilis\") over most of the shortgrass prairie. Buffalo grass in North America is not the same species of grass commonly known as \"buffalo\" in Australia. It should not be confused with \"Stenotaphrum secundatum\" varieties such as 'Sir Walter' or 'Palmetto'. Buffalograss is a warm-season perennial shortgrass. It is drought-, heat-, and cold-resistant. Foliage is usually high, though in", "title": "Bouteloua dactyloides" }, { "id": "19083512", "score": "1.4261372", "text": "Porcupine (Cheyenne) Porcupine (c. 1848–1929) was a Cheyenne chief and medicine man. He is best known for bringing the Ghost Dance religion to the Cheyenne. Raised with the Sioux of a Cheyenne mother, he married a Cheyenne himself and became a warrior in the Cheyenne Dog Soldiers. Porcupine fought against the U.S. in Hancock's War in 1867 in which the Cheyenne resisted moving to a reservation. Porcupine's group was pursued by the 7th Cavalry from Kansas to Nebraska. In Nebraska he succeeded in derailing and wrecking a train, the first time this had been done by Indians. At the conclusion", "title": "Porcupine (Cheyenne)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hesperostipa spartea\n\nHesperostipa spartea, formerly Stipa spartea, is a species of grass known by the common names porcupine grass, western porcupine grass, short-awn porcupine grass, porcupine needlegrass, and big needlegrass. It is native to North America, where it is widespread from British Columbia to Ontario in Canada and through the central and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It is a bunchgrass species in the genus \"Hesperostipa\".", "title": "Hesperostipa spartea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Porcupine grass\n\nPorcupine grass is a common name for several grasses and may refer to:\n\n", "title": "Porcupine grass" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Triodia scariosa\n\nTriodia scariosa, is more commonly known as porcupine grass or spinifex (not to be confused with \"Spinifex spp.\"), and belongs to the endemic Australian grass genus\"Triodia.\" The species is perennial and evergreen and individuals grow in mounds, called hummocks, that reach up to ~1m in height. The leaves are ~30 cm long, 1mm in diameter, needlepointed and rigid, and its inflorescence is a narrow, loose panicle that forms a flowering stalk up to ~2m in height. The name is derived from latin; \"Triodia\" refers to the three-toothed lobes of the lemma, and \"scariosa\" is in reference to the thin, dry glume. The species is common to Mallee (MVG14) and Hummock grassland (MVG20) communities, in arid and semi-arid regions of Australia.", "title": "Triodia scariosa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ctenotus atlas\n\nThe Southern Mallee ctenotus (\"Ctenotus atlas\") is a medium sized lizard in the family scincidae (skink) found in the central and southern interior regions of South Australia and Western Australia; the Mallee regions of NSW and Victoria, in Australia.", "title": "Ctenotus atlas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Triodia (plant)\n\nTriodia is a large genus of tussock grass endemic to Australia. The species of this genus are known by the common name spinifex, although they are not a part of the coastal genus \"Spinifex\". \"Triodia\" is known as tjanpi (grass) in central Australia, and have several traditional uses amongst the Aboriginal Australian peoples of the region.\n\nA multiaccess key (SpiKey) is available as a free application for identifying the \"Triodia\" of the Pilbara (28 species and one hybrid).", "title": "Triodia (plant)" }, { "id": "14087481", "score": "1.4234245", "text": "branches lined with rounded spikelets. Paspalum urvillei Paspalum urvillei is a species of grass known by the common name Vasey's grass, or Vaseygrass. It is native to South America, and it is known in parts of North America as an introduced species. It is a noxious weed where it has been introduced in Hawaii and New Caledonia. It grows well in disturbed habitat, often in moist areas. This is a rhizomatous perennial grass which may reach 2 meters tall. The leaves are up to 2.5 centimeters wide and have a large, noticeable ligule. The inflorescence is a spreading or drooping", "title": "Paspalum urvillei" }, { "id": "14087480", "score": "1.419904", "text": "Paspalum urvillei Paspalum urvillei is a species of grass known by the common name Vasey's grass, or Vaseygrass. It is native to South America, and it is known in parts of North America as an introduced species. It is a noxious weed where it has been introduced in Hawaii and New Caledonia. It grows well in disturbed habitat, often in moist areas. This is a rhizomatous perennial grass which may reach 2 meters tall. The leaves are up to 2.5 centimeters wide and have a large, noticeable ligule. The inflorescence is a spreading or drooping array of up to 20", "title": "Paspalum urvillei" }, { "id": "7060125", "score": "1.4195707", "text": "Schizachyrium scoparium Schizachyrium scoparium, commonly known as little bluestem or beard grass, is a North American prairie grass native to most of the United States, except California, Nevada, and Oregon, and a small area north of the Canada–US border. It is most common in the Midwestern prairies. Little bluestem is a perennial bunchgrass and is prominent in tallgrass prairie, along with big bluestem (\"Andropogon gerardi\"), indiangrass (\"Sorghastrum nutans\") and switchgrass (\"Panicum virgatum\"). It is a warm-season species, meaning it employs the C photosynthetic pathway. Little bluestem grows to become an upright, roundish mound of soft, bluish-green or grayish-green blades in", "title": "Schizachyrium scoparium" }, { "id": "3835513", "score": "1.4175203", "text": "Cynodon dactylon Cynodon dactylon, also known as Vilfa stellata, Bermuda grass, Dhoob, dūrvā\" grass, dubo, dog's tooth grass, Bahama grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian \"doab, arugampul, grama, wiregrass and scutch grass, is a grass that originated in Africa. Although it is not native to Bermuda, it is an abundant invasive species there. It is presumed to have arrived in North America from Bermuda, resulting in its common name. In Bermuda it has been known as \"crab grass\" (also a name for \"Digitaria sanguinalis\"). The blades are a grey-green colour and are short, usually long with rough edges. The erect", "title": "Cynodon dactylon" }, { "id": "14332549", "score": "1.4133971", "text": "Poa glauca Poa glauca is a species of grass known by the common names glaucous bluegrass, glaucous meadow-grass and white bluegrass. It has a circumboreal distribution, occurring throughout the northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is also known from Patagonia. It is a common grass, occurring in Arctic and alpine climates and other areas. It can be found throughout the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in many types of habitat, including disturbed and barren areas. This is a perennial bunchgrass growing small, dense clumps of waxy leaves and stems up to about 80 centimeters in maximum height, but often remaining dwarfed,", "title": "Poa glauca" }, { "id": "19083537", "score": "1.4133503", "text": "However, after Wounded Knee Porcupine and sixty others were temporarily moved to the Northern Cheyenne Reservation; many Cheyenne were in the army as scouts and it was felt they would not be safe at Pine Ridge. They became caught in a bureaucratic trap there. Porcupine believed that they should have been paid their share of the money from the enforced sale of reservation land in South Dakota to the government in 1889. They did not get it because they were no longer on the roll at Pine Ridge, even though their move was only supposed to be temporary (\"a visit\"", "title": "Porcupine (Cheyenne)" }, { "id": "17720240", "score": "1.4090707", "text": "Festuca porcii Festuca porcii is a species of grass which can be found in Central, Eastern, and southeastern parts of Europe. The plant is perennial and caespitose with culms. The ligule is going around the eciliate membrane. Leaf-blades are flat and are broad, while their venation have 13 vascular bundles. The panicle is open, ovate, inflorescenced and is with pilosed branches. Spikelets are oblong, solitary, long, and carry pedicelled fertile spikelets whose florets have a diminished apex. The glumes are chartaceous, lanceolate and keelless. Their size and apexes are different though; the upper one is obovate and is long with", "title": "Festuca porcii" }, { "id": "10698756", "score": "1.4038846", "text": "The porcupine ray is plain light to dark gray or brown above, darkening to blackish towards the tail tip, and white below. This large species grows to at least across and long, and may reach across. The porcupine ray can sometimes be observed lying still on the bottom in the open or inside caves. It is known to form groups at Ningaloo Reef. Its diet consists primarily of sipunculids, polychaete worms, crustaceans, and bony fishes. When feeding, it plows deeply into the bottom, expelling excess sediment from its spiracles in a plume visible from a long distance away. Parasites documented", "title": "Porcupine ray" }, { "id": "17352435", "score": "1.3993773", "text": "Chrysopogon aciculatus Chrysopogon aciculatus (syn. \"Andropogon aciculatus\") is a species of grass native to the tropics of Asia, Polynesia, and Australia at low elevations. Common names include amorseco (Spanish, \"dry love\") (not to be confused with the \"amor seco\" tree, \"Alchornea glandulosa\"), lesser spear grass, Mackie's pest, pilipiliula, and grama-amorosa (Brazilian Portuguese). The grass is widely considered an invasive species, but some cultures use it for medicinal purposes. Its flowering stems are about 20 to 60 centimeters high and its leaves are linear-lanceolate and about 3 to 10 centimeters long by 4 to 6 centimeters wide. The panicles are purplish,", "title": "Chrysopogon aciculatus" }, { "id": "14140540", "score": "1.3979489", "text": "The Porcupine's Quill The Porcupine's Quill is an independent publishing company in Erin, Ontario, Canada. The Porcupine's Quill publishes contemporary Canadian literature, including poetry, fiction, art and literary criticism. It is owned and operated by Tim and Elke Inkster. In 1974, The Porcupine’s Quill (PQL) was originally incorporated as the production arm of Press Porcépic in Toronto, Ontario. It is owned and operated by husband-and-wife team Tim and Elke Inkster. The press is known for publishing fiction by new writers who go on to become established figures in the Canadian literary landscape, such as Jane Urquhart, Steven Heighton, Andrew Pyper,", "title": "The Porcupine's Quill" }, { "id": "4886077", "score": "1.3973703", "text": "Porcupine Mountains The Porcupine Mountains, or Porkies, are a group of small mountains spanning the northwestern Upper Peninsula of Michigan in Ontonagon and Gogebic counties, near the shore of Lake Superior. The Porcupine Mountains were named by the native Ojibwa people, supposedly because their silhouette had the shape of a crouching porcupine. They are home to the most extensive stand of old growth northern hardwood forest in North America west of the Adirondack Mountains, spanning at least . In these virgin forests, sugar maple, American basswood, eastern hemlock, and yellow birch are the most abundant tree species. The area is", "title": "Porcupine Mountains" }, { "id": "5680203", "score": "1.3965005", "text": "Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum purpureum, also known as Napier grass, elephant grass or Uganda grass, is a species of perennial tropical grass native to the African grasslands. It has low water and nutrient requirements, and therefore can make use of otherwise uncultivated lands. Historically, this wild species has been used primarily for grazing; recently, however, it has been incorporated into a pest management strategy. This technique involves the desired crop being planted alongside a 'push' plant, which repels pests, in combination with a 'pull' crop around the perimeter of the plot, which draw insects out of the plot. Napier grass has", "title": "Pennisetum purpureum" }, { "id": "10698758", "score": "1.3949528", "text": "of leather called shagreen, had many historical uses. In particular, it was used to cover the hilts of various melee weapons, as its extremely rough texture prevented slippage during battle. For example, the Japanese deemed it the only species whose skin was acceptable for covering sword grips. The Malayans used it to cover shields. The skin was also used ornamentally, such as by the Chinese, who dyed it and ground down the thorns to yield a mottled pattern. The native inhabitants of Funafuti Atoll used dried portions of the ray's tail as a rasp-like tool. Presently, the porcupine ray is", "title": "Porcupine ray" }, { "id": "20822999", "score": "1.3915248", "text": "Porcupine Peak (Washington) Porcupine Peak is a 7,762 ft mountain located in Okanogan County in Washington state. It is part of the Okanogan Range which is a sub-range of the North Cascades Range. Porcupine Peak is situated north of Rainy Pass and south of Mount Hardy on land administered by Okanogan National Forest. The nearest higher peak is Cutthroat Peak, to the southeast.Porcupine Peak can be seen from the North Cascades Highway which follows below the southwest slopes of the mountain. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into the Porcupine Creek, Swamp Creek, and Granite Creek. These three creeks, which", "title": "Porcupine Peak (Washington)" }, { "id": "12253105", "score": "1.3888166", "text": "Stipa speciosa Stipa speciosa (syn. \"Achnatherum speciosum\" is a species of grass known by the common name desert needlegrass. It is native to much of the south-western United States from California to Colorado, where it grows in dry areas, especially sagebrush habitat. It is also known from Mexico and parts of South America. This is a short perennial bunchgrass reaching a maximum height of 1–2 ft. The leaf blades are less than a millimeter wide and rolled along the edges. The bases are stiff and remain as the dense grass clump dries. The inflorescence is up to about 2 inches", "title": "Stipa speciosa" } ]

[ "nouvelle zelande", "New Zealand", "Maoriland", "staaten land", "Enzed", "new zeeland", "N. Zealand", "New zeland", "new z", "aotearoa", "NZ", "New-Zealand", "name of new zealand", "new zelanad", "N z", "Neo Zealand", "Its got that new zeal", "Kiwistan", "aotearoa new zealand", "Staten Landt", "new zealand", "NEW ZEALAND", "n zealand", "N Z", "N Zealand", "NewZealand", "New Zealand.", "New Zaeland", "nova zeelandia", "māoria", "new zealend", "New+Zealand", "mew zealand", "its got that new zeal", "NEW Z", "Kiwiland", "new zeland", "Newzealand", "new xealand", "newzealand", "New zeeland", "sheepland", "New.Zealand", "New Zealnd", "new zaeland", "Niu Tireni", "administrative divisions of new zealand", "new zealnd", "New Xealand", "etymology of new zealand", "Mew Zealand", "Staten Land", "Name of New Zealand", "New zelanad", "kiwistan", "New Zeland", "New zealand", "nz", "Nouvelle-Zelande", "maoriland", "New Zealand's", "n z", "New Zealend", "AoTeAroa", "nzl", "Etymology of New Zealand", "Administrative divisions of New Zealand", "kiwiland", "staten landt", "enzed", "New Zealnad", "new zealand s", "Aotearoa / New Zealand", "Nu Tirani", "New Zeeland", "Sheepland", "niu tireni", "NZL", "New Zealand,", "iso 3166 1 nz", "Nz", "Subdivisions of New Zealand", "Administrative divisions of new zealand", "Nova Zeelandia", "Staaten land", "Māoria", "staten land", "new zealnad", "nu tirani", "neo zealand", "ISO 3166-1:NZ", "subdivisions of new zealand", "N.Z." ]

[ { "id": "1911867", "score": "2.630022", "text": "Colin Meads Sir Colin Earl Meads (3 June 1936 – 20 August 2017) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played 55 test matches (133 games), most frequently in the lock forward position, for New Zealand's national team, the All Blacks, from 1957 until 1971. Meads is widely considered one of the greatest players in history. Nicknamed 'Pinetree' due to his physical presence, he was an icon within New Zealand rugby, and was named the country's Player of the Century at the NZRFU Awards in 1999. Colin Earl Meads was born to Vere Meads and Ida Meads (née Gray)", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": "1911884", "score": "2.5581684", "text": "Rugby writer Lindsay Knight wrote that \"As a sporting legend Meads is New Zealand's equivalent of Australia's Sir Donald Bradman or the United States of America's Babe Ruth.\" Colin Meads Sir Colin Earl Meads (3 June 1936 – 20 August 2017) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played 55 test matches (133 games), most frequently in the lock forward position, for New Zealand's national team, the All Blacks, from 1957 until 1971. Meads is widely considered one of the greatest players in history. Nicknamed 'Pinetree' due to his physical presence, he was an icon within New Zealand rugby,", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": "1911872", "score": "2.4095922", "text": "(from where he scored a try), as the All Black team was strong on locks. From 1957 until 1971 Meads was effectively an automatic pick for the All Blacks, missing selection for just two series; the British and Irish Lions in 1959 and Australia in 1962. There are differing accounts of how he acquired his nickname \"Pinetree\". Roger Boon believes he was the first to come up with the name in 1955. Alternatively, when he toured Japan in the New Zealand Under-23 team in 1958 teammate Ken Briscoe gave him the nickname and it stuck. He was named captain of", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": "1362562", "score": "2.3312979", "text": "He played prop and also number 8 between 1957 and 1965. New Zealand lost only four of their 30 tests with Whineray as captain. On 21 October 2007, Whineray became the first New Zealander to earn induction to the World Rugby Hall of Fame. In Sir Colin Meads' New Zealand Rugby Museum profile, he is described as \"New Zealand's equivalent of Australia's Sir Donald Bradman or the United States of America's Babe Ruth.\" Meads, nicknamed \"Pinetree\", played 133 games for New Zealand, including 55 tests. In 1999 the New Zealand Rugby Monthly magazine named Meads the New Zealand player of", "title": "New Zealand national rugby union team" }, { "id": "1911873", "score": "2.1032267", "text": "the All Blacks 11 times, his first in a 23–9 victory over the Combined Services during the 1963–64 tour of Britain. His captaincy debut for the All Blacks in a test match came in his final series against the Lions in 1971. His final international game ended in a 14–14 draw, giving the Lions a 2–1 series victory, their only series win over the All Blacks. He seriously injured his back in a Land Rover accident at the end of the year and never played for the All Blacks again. Meads recovered enough to continue playing for King Country for", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Colin Meads\n\nSir Colin Earl Meads (3 June 1936 – 20 August 2017) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played 55 test matches (133 games), most frequently in the lock forward position, for New Zealand's national team, the All Blacks, from 1957 until 1971.\n\nMeads is widely considered one of the greatest players in history. Nicknamed 'Pinetree' due to his physical presence, he was an\nicon within New Zealand rugby, and was named the country's Player of the Century at the NZRFU Awards in 1999.", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\nThe New Zealand national rugby union team, commonly known as the All Blacks (), represents New Zealand in men's international rugby union, which is considered the country's national sport. The team won the Rugby World Cup in 1987, 2011 and 2015. They were the first country to win the Rugby World Cup 3 times and the first country to retain the Rugby World Cup.\n\nNew Zealand has a 76 per-cent winning record in test-match rugby, and has secured more wins than losses against every test opponent. Since their international debut in 1903, New Zealand teams have played test matches against 19 nations, of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks. The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams, losing only eight of 45 matches. Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003, New Zealand has held the number-one ranking longer than all other teams combined. They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier-one ranked nation, along with England.\n\nThe All Blacks compete with Argentina, Australia and South Africa in the Rugby Championship, and have won the trophy nineteen times in the competition's 27-year history. The team has completed a Grand Slam tour against the four Home Nations four times (1978, 2005, 2008 and 2010). World Rugby has named New Zealand the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was initiated in 2001,<ref name=\"PastIRBawards\">\n</ref>\nand an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period. Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame.\n\nThe team's first match took place in 1884 in New South Wales and their first international test match in 1903 against Australia in Sydney. The following year New Zealand hosted their first home test, a match against a British Isles side in Wellington. There followed a 34-game tour of Europe and North America in 1905 (which included five test matches), where New Zealand suffered only one defeat: their first test loss, against Wales.\n\nNew Zealand's early uniforms consisted of a black jersey with a silver fern and white shorts. By the 1905 tour they were wearing all black, except for the silver fern, and the name \"All Blacks\" dates from this time.\n\nThe team perform a haka before every match; this is a Māori challenge or posture dance. Traditionally the All Blacks use Te Rauparaha's haka \"Ka Mate\", although players have also performed \"Kapa o Pango\" since 2005.", "title": "New Zealand national rugby union team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cardiff\n\nCardiff (; ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff (), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingdom. Located in the south-east of Wales and in the Cardiff Capital Region, Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan and in 1974–1996 of South Glamorgan. It belongs to the Eurocities network of the largest European cities. A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a port for coal when mining began in the region helped its expansion. In 1905, it was ranked as a city and in 1955 proclaimed capital of Wales. Cardiff Built-up Area covers a larger area outside the county boundary, including the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth.\n\nCardiff is the main commercial centre of Wales as well as the base for the Senedd. At the 2021 census, the unitary authority area population was put at 362,400. In 2011, it ranked sixth in the world in a \"National Geographic\" magazine list of alternative tourist destinations. It is the most popular destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017.\n\nCardiff is a major centre for television and film production (such as \"Doctor Who\", \"Torchwood\" and \"Sherlock\") and is the Welsh base for the main national broadcasters.\n\nCardiff Bay contains the Senedd building (home to the Senedd, the Welsh Parliament) and the Wales Millennium Centre arts complex. Work continues at Cardiff Bay and in the centre, on projects such as Cardiff International Sports Village, BBC drama village, and a new business district.", "title": "Cardiff" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Upload log archive/May 2004 (1)" }, { "id": "1911870", "score": "2.062149", "text": "farm on the outskirts of Te Kuiti and continued to live in the area until his death in 2017. Meads played his club rugby throughout his career for Waitete R.F.C in Te Kuiti. He played his first game for King Country in 1955 against Counties, at the age of 19. He had a memorable game, scoring a try, and even a drop-goal (an unusual feat for a lock). He would play a further 138 games for the province. In 1955 Meads was also selected for the New Zealand under 21 side which toured Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). He \"played all", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": "1911881", "score": "2.0616298", "text": "as a result of cancer. As a mark of respect many New Zealanders placed rugby balls outside the front door of their homes. Meads is regarded by many as New Zealand's greatest ever rugby player, and was named Player of the Century at the NZRFU Awards dinner in 1999. He is a member of both the World Rugby Hall of Fame and the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame, and was a member of the International Rugby Hall of Fame before its merger with the World Rugby Hall in 2014. The International Rugby Hall of Fame considers him to have", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": "1911874", "score": "2.0534143", "text": "two more years before retiring, amassing a total of 361 first class matches, a record that stood for 42 years. His strength and high threshold for pain became legendary — best illustrated when in a game against Eastern Transvaal in South Africa, in which he emerged from a particularly vicious ruck with his arm dangling horribly, with an obvious fracture, yet completed the match. When the doctor cut away his shirt and confirmed the break, Meads muttered, \"At least we won the bloody game.\" He missed the first two Tests, but returned for the third with his still broken arm", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": "7829220", "score": "2.0069451", "text": "against the All Blacks. In the first of those Tests in 1968 he suffered a career-ending injury when Colin \"Pinetree\" Meads grabbed and wrenched Catchpole's leg while he was pinned under other players in a ruck, tearing his hamstring off the bone, and severely rupturing his groin muscles. He was aged twenty-eight and his rugby career was finished. In January 2001 Catchpole was awarded the Centenary Medal, \"For service to Australian society through the sport of rugby union\" and the Australian Sports Medal \"For services to rugby union\". In the Australia Day Honours 2001 he was awarded the Medal of", "title": "Ken Catchpole" }, { "id": "1911878", "score": "2.0065734", "text": "as more of a reason why he should attend and did so without receiving any boos. After retiring as a player in 1973, Meads became chairman of the King Country union, and spent time selecting and coaching the now-defunct North Island rugby team. In 1986 he was elected to the national selection panel, but was fired later in the year for acting as coach to the unauthorised New Zealand Cavaliers tour of apartheid South Africa, where the All Blacks were no longer allowed to tour. In 1992 he was elected to the New Zealand Rugby Union council and remained there", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": "1911871", "score": "2.000588", "text": "eight matches, scored three tries and was recognised by the Rugby Almanack as one of the 1955 season's most promising players.\" In 1956 Meads played in national trials and was selected for the North Island team as a loose forward, but was considered too young to play for the All Blacks against the Springboks. Meads was selected for the 1957 tour of Australia. He played in ten matches and made his test debut, against the Wallabies. He played both tests, scoring a try in the second. Although normally a lock, he played at flanker and number 8, and even wing", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": "1911882", "score": "1.9840122", "text": "been 'the most famous forward in world rugby throughout the 1960s'. Meads was considered by many to be a tough, uncompromising, loyal and humble person. At tall and weighing , he was a similar size to many other players of the era. He had a large physical presence though, being very strong and having a high level of fitness. Meads credited this to growing up and working on a farm. In the 1971 New Year Honours, Meads was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for services to rugby. He was appointed a Distinguished Companion of the", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": "9795282", "score": "1.981996", "text": "and the third Australian national representative to come from the Eastwood Rugby Club when he debuted against the All Blacks in Sydney in June 1968. Ballesty had replaced Wallaby great Phil Hawthorne who had switched to rugby league and the St.George Dragons. That test All Black great Coin Meads tore the hamstring of Wallaby great Ken Catchpole. The injury so severe it prematurely retired Catchpole from the game and he never played again. That same year he kicked the match winning field goal in a Test match against the France. He played in 9 tests between 1968 and 1969 for", "title": "John Ballesty" }, { "id": "1911879", "score": "1.9486872", "text": "for four years. In 1994 and 1995 he was All Blacks manager, which included the 1995 Rugby World Cup. He was uncompromising in this role, not afraid to let loose at his players when they played poorly. Despite his retirement from rugby, Meads remained a familiar face to many New Zealanders. He was a frequent public speaker at events, donating money raised to buy a farm for people with intellectual disabilities. He also appeared on television advertising products ranging from tanalised fence posts to finance companies. He was seen by many as the public face of Provincial Finance, he described", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": "13769100", "score": "1.9485798", "text": "door might open up.\" So he accepted the opportunity to play for Durban High School Old Boys RFC, home to quite a number of overseas players at the time. These included Murray Mexted, Mike Teague, Chris Butcher, Martin Whitcombe and Peter Winterbottom. In 1988 Plumtree was selected by the then coach, Ian McIntosh. MacIntosh would later coach South Africa's national rugby union team, the Springboks. From 1988 to 1997 Plumtree played 80 matches for the Sharks, winning two Currie Cup medals (1990, 1996). In 1992, he briefly returned to New Zealand to play 14 games for Hawke's Bay. In 1994", "title": "John Plumtree" }, { "id": "1911876", "score": "1.9023838", "text": "grip that was \"like being held in a band of steel\" and simply said \"Don't bother, son.\" Meads considered the Welsh player Rhys Williams and Irishman Willie John McBride just as hard as himself. However, he considered the \"one-eyed Springbok\" Martin Pelser as his toughest opponent. Meads was involved in some controversial incidents. In 1967, he was sent off by Irish referee Kevin D. Kelleher for dangerous play against at Murrayfield, becoming only the second All Black suspended in a test match at the time. The British \"Daily Telegraph\" newspaper said of the incident that 'For one with Meads' worldwide", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": "1911869", "score": "1.8978504", "text": "Meads credits the farming lifestyle for his strong physique and high level of fitness. Meads' brother Stanley Meads was also a noted rugby player, playing 30 matches as an All Black. In 11 matches Stanley and Colin locked the All Black scrum. Meads and his wife Verna had five children: Karen Stockman, Kelvin Meads, Rhonda Wilcox (who represented New Zealand in the Silver Ferns netball team), Glynn 'Pinecone' Meads (who also played and managed rugby for provincial side King Country) and youngest daughter Shelley Mitchell (who played for the New Zealand women's basketball team). Meads raised his family on a", "title": "Colin Meads" }, { "id": "11116569", "score": "1.8855358", "text": "against the touring British and Irish Lions. After touring with the New Zealand team to Australia and South Africa in 1960, Tremain was generally regarded as an automatic selection for the team, and he gained a status alongside his contemporary, Colin Meads, as one of the greats of New Zealand rugby. He continued playing for New Zealand until 1968, captaining the side in three matches in his final year. He was controversially omitted from the team in 1969. In all, Tremain played 86 matches for the All Blacks—38 of them full internationals—and scored 108 points (36 tries), including nine Test", "title": "Kel Tremain" }, { "id": "13769101", "score": "1.8792717", "text": "Plumtree was selected for South Africa's Sevens side, and played two tournaments in Hong Kong. According to the BBC, Plumtree was an assistant coach with the Crusaders Rugby Club in North Durban, helping them win \"three successive Natal titles and the South African club championship in 1994-95\". After retiring as a player, Plumtree coached the Swansea Rugby Football Club in Wales for five seasons, winning the Welsh Cup (1999), the Welsh League (1998), and the Welsh-Scottish League (2001). He is credited with \"discovering\" Gavin Henson while he was with Swansea. In 2001 he returned to New Zealand, briefly acting as", "title": "John Plumtree" }, { "id": "15111163", "score": "1.8721976", "text": "1951–52 and 1955–56 and was allocated in Australia in 1952. Overall, he played in 71 games for the Kiwis, Pineapples, Oranges and pears including in 24 tests and was the vice captain of the squad in the inaugural World Cup. 23 of his test appearances were consecutive, until he missed the third test against Great Britain in the 1955 series. Atkinson was also a sprinter, being fast enough to compete on the cash sprinting circuit which existed at that time. Atkinson was a member of the Canterbury board of control between 1968 and 1976 and served as a provincial selector", "title": "Alister Atkinson" } ]

[ "Septacemia", "sepsis", "blood poisoning", "Septicaemia", "sepsis induced hypotension", "septicemia", "septicaemia affecting skin", "Septicemia", "Septecemia", "Septicaemia affecting skin", "Gonococcal septicaemia affecting skin", "Sepsis", "severe sepsis", "septicaemia", "Candida septicaemia", "septacemia", "Septicimia", "Septasemia", "streptococcal septicaemia", "Severe sepsis", "septecemia", "septicimia", "gonococcal septicaemia affecting skin", "Sepsis-induced hypotension", "candida septicaemia", "Streptococcal septicaemia", "septasemia", "Blood poisoning" ]

[ { "id": "15901372", "score": "1.5034814", "text": "asthma, and cystic fibrosis. In humans, \"S. aureus\" is part of the normal microbiota present in the upper respiratory tract, and on skin and in the gut mucosa. \"S. aureus\", along with similar species that can colonize and act symbiotically but can cause disease if they begin to take over the tissues they have colonized or invade other tissues, have been called \"pathobionts\". MRSA can similarly colonize people without making them sick. The presence of such genera as \"Mycoplasma\", \"Pseudomonas\", and \"Staphylococcus\" is correlated with stable COPD state. On the other hand, \"Prevotella\", \"Mesorhizobium\", \"Microbacterium\", \"Micrococcus\", \"Veillonela\", \"Rhizobium\", \"Stenotrophomonas\", and", "title": "Lung microbiota" }, { "id": "7572307", "score": "1.4733026", "text": "Skin infection Infection of the skin is distinguished from dermatitis, which is inflammation of the skin, but a skin infection can result in skin inflammation. Skin inflammation due to skin infection is called \"infective dermatitis.\" Bacterial skin infections affected about 155 million people and cellulitis occurred in about 600 million people in 2013. Bacterial skin infections include: Fungal skin infections may present as either a superficial or deep infection of the skin, hair, and/or nails. As of 2010, they affect about one billion people globally. Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites in humans are caused by several groups of organisms belonging", "title": "Skin infection" }, { "id": "1101972", "score": "1.4653654", "text": "gut mucosa. \"S. aureus\", along with similar species that can colonize and act symbiotically but can cause disease if they begin to take over the tissues they have colonized or invade other tissues, have been called \"pathobionts\". While \"S. aureus\" usually acts as a commensal bacterium, asymptomatically colonizing about 30% of the human population, it can sometimes cause disease. In particular, \"S. aureus\" is one of the most common causes of bacteremia and infective endocarditis. Additionally, it can cause various skin and soft-tissue infections, particularly when skin or mucosal barriers have been breached. \"S. aureus\" infections can spread through contact", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus" }, { "id": "7572308", "score": "1.451652", "text": "to the following phyla: Annelida, Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Chordata, Cnidaria, Cyanobacteria, Echinodermata, Nemathelminthes, Platyhelminthes, and Protozoa. Virus-related cutaneous conditions are caused by two main groups of viruses–DNA and RNA types–both of which are obligatory intracellular parasites. Dempster-Shafer Theory is used for detecting skin infection and displaying the result of the detection process. Skin infection Infection of the skin is distinguished from dermatitis, which is inflammation of the skin, but a skin infection can result in skin inflammation. Skin inflammation due to skin infection is called \"infective dermatitis.\" Bacterial skin infections affected about 155 million people and cellulitis occurred in about 600", "title": "Skin infection" }, { "id": "477685", "score": "1.4506296", "text": "Infection Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce. Infectious disease, also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease, is illness resulting from an infection. Infections are caused by infectious agents including viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes such as parasitic roundworms and pinworms, arthropods such as ticks, mites, fleas, and lice, fungi such as ringworm, and other macroparasites such as tapeworms and other helminths. Hosts can fight infections using their immune system. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an", "title": "Infection" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Human microbiome\n\nThe human microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside, however, the term \"human metagenome\" has the same meaning.\n\nHumans are colonized by many microorganisms, with approximately the same order of magnitude of non-human cells as human cells. Some microorganisms that colonize humans are commensal, meaning they co-exist without harming humans; others have a mutualistic relationship with their human hosts. Conversely, some non-pathogenic microorganisms can harm human hosts via the metabolites they produce, like trimethylamine, which the human body converts to trimethylamine N-oxide via FMO3-mediated oxidation. Certain microorganisms perform tasks that are known to be useful to the human host, but the role of most of them is not well understood. Those that are expected to be present, and that under normal circumstances do not cause disease, are sometimes deemed \"normal flora\" or \"normal microbiota\".<ref name=\"Prescotts\" />\n\nThe Human Microbiome Project (HMP) took on the project of sequencing the genome of the human microbiota, focusing particularly on the microbiota that normally inhabit the skin, mouth, nose, digestive tract, and vagina.", "title": "Human microbiome" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Staphylococcus aureus\n\nStaphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive spherically shaped bacterium, a member of the Bacillota, and is a usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin. It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is a facultative anaerobe that can grow without the need for oxygen. Although \"S. aureus\" usually acts as a commensal of the human microbiota, it can also become an opportunistic pathogen, being a common cause of skin infections including abscesses, respiratory infections such as sinusitis, and food poisoning. Pathogenic strains often promote infections by producing virulence factors such as potent protein toxins, and the expression of a cell-surface protein that binds and inactivates antibodies. \"S. aureus\" is one of the leading pathogens for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant \"S. aureus\" (MRSA), is a worldwide problem in clinical medicine. Despite much research and development, no vaccine for \"S. aureus\" has been approved.\n\nAn estimated 20% to 30% of the human population are long-term carriers of \"S. aureus\", and as a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract of women. \"S. aureus\" can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. It is still one of the five most common causes of hospital-acquired infections and is often the cause of wound infections following surgery. Each year, around 500,000 hospital patients in the United States contract a staphylococcal infection, chiefly by \"S. aureus\". Up to 50,000 deaths each year in the U.S. are linked to \"S. aureus\" infections.", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gangrene\n\nGangrene is a type of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply. Symptoms may include a change in skin color to red or black, numbness, swelling, pain, skin breakdown, and coolness. If the gangrene is caused by an infectious agent, it may present with a fever or sepsis.<ref name=NHS2015Sym/>\nRisk factors include diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, smoking, major trauma, alcoholism, HIV/AIDS, frostbite, influenza, dengue fever, malaria, chickenpox, plague, hypernatremia, radiation injuries, meningococcal disease, Group B streptococcal infection and Raynaud's syndrome.\nTreatment may involve surgery to remove the dead tissue, antibiotics to treat any infection, and efforts to address the underlying cause. In certain cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be useful.", "title": "Gangrene" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bloodstream infections\n\nBloodstream infections (BSIs), which include bacteremias when the infections are bacterial and fungemias when the infections are fungal, are infections present in the blood. Blood is normally a sterile environment, so the detection of microbes in the blood (most commonly accomplished by blood cultures) is always abnormal. A bloodstream infection is different from sepsis, which is the host response to bacteria.\n\nBacteria can enter the bloodstream as a severe complication of infections (like pneumonia or meningitis), during surgery (especially when involving mucous membranes such as the gastrointestinal tract), or due to catheters and other foreign bodies entering the arteries or veins (including during intravenous drug abuse). Transient bacteremia can result after dental procedures or brushing of teeth.\n\nBacteremia can have several important health consequences. The immune response to the bacteria can cause sepsis and septic shock, which has a high mortality rate. Bacteria can also spread via the blood to other parts of the body (which is called hematogenous spread), causing infections away from the original site of infection, such as endocarditis or osteomyelitis. Treatment for bacteremia is with antibiotics, and prevention with antibiotic prophylaxis can be given in high risk situations.", "title": "Bloodstream infections" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of parasites of humans", "title": "List of parasites of humans" }, { "id": "9564112", "score": "1.4408967", "text": "number exist in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, though many are beneficial, particularly in the gut flora. However several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming,", "title": "Bacteria" }, { "id": "13982219", "score": "1.4381342", "text": "antibiotic resistance is most evident in methicillin-resistant \"Staphylococcus aureus\" (MRSA). This species is commonly involved in cSSSIs, worsening their prognosis, and limiting the treatments available to physicians. Drug development in infectious disease seeks to produce new agents that can treat MRSA. Since 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has changed the terminology to \"acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections\" (ABSSSI). The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has retained the term \"skin and soft tissue infection\". Skin and skin structure infection A skin and skin structure infection (SSSI), also referred to as skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI)", "title": "Skin and skin structure infection" }, { "id": "15901363", "score": "1.4210525", "text": "Lung microbiota The lung microbiota, is the pulmonary microbial community consisting of a complex variety of microorganisms found in the lower respiratory tract particularly on the mucous layer and the epithelial surfaces. These microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, viruses and bacteriophages. The bacterial part of the microbiota has been more closely studied. It consists of a core of nine genera: \"Prevotella\", \"Sphingomonas\", \"Pseudomonas\", \"Acinetobacter\", \"Fusobacterium\", \"Megasphaera\", \"Veillonella\", \"Staphylococcus\", and \"Streptococcus\". They are aerobes as well as anaerobes and aerotolerant bacteria. The microbial communities are highly variable in particular individuals and compose of about 140 distinct families. The bronchial tree for instance", "title": "Lung microbiota" }, { "id": "8748396", "score": "1.4195552", "text": "150 cases have been reported in literature since then. To date, cases have been reported from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Cuba, India, Japan, Nigeria, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, United States and Vietnam. The commonest mode of entry of the bacteria into the body is through the injured skin coming in contact with soil or water containing the bacteria. The disease usually starts as a limited infection of the skin at the point of entry of the bacteria, which progresses to necrotizing metastatic lesions, then multiple abscesses of the liver, lung, spleen, skin, lymph nodes or brain, leading to severe septicaemia, culminating", "title": "Chromobacterium violaceum" }, { "id": "3539491", "score": "1.410538", "text": "the environment, and the bacteria in it are capable of surviving on the human skin and sometimes to grow. The second group is represented by the permanent micro-organisms living on the skin surface (on the stratum corneum or immediately under it). They are capable of surviving on the human skin and to grow freely on it. They have low pathogenicity and infection rate, and they create a kind of protection from the colonization from other more pathogenic bacteria. The skin of workers is colonized by 3.9 x 10 – 4.6 x 10 cfu/cm. The microbes comprising the resident flora are:", "title": "Hospital-acquired infection" }, { "id": "7924408", "score": "1.409508", "text": "Aeromonas Aeromonas is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that morphologically resemble members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Most of the 14 described species have been associated with human diseases. The most important pathogens are \"A. hydrophila\", \"A. caviae\", and \"A. veronii\" biovar \"sobria\". The organisms are ubiquitous in fresh and brackish water. They group with the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria. Two major diseases associated with \"Aeromonas\" are gastroenteritis and wound infections, with or without bacteremia. Gastroenteritis typically occurs after the ingestion of contaminated water or food, whereas wound infections result from exposure to contaminated water. In its", "title": "Aeromonas" }, { "id": "15310673", "score": "1.4062262", "text": "These can involve the fascia as well as the muscle surrounded by the fascia, and may also induce myositis and myonecrosis. The isolates found in soft-tissue infections can vary depending on the type of infection. The infection's location and the circumstances causing the infection can also influence the nature of the microorganisms recovered. Bacteria that are members of the 'normal flora' of the region of the infection are often also isolated from lesions involving anaerobic bacteria. Specimens obtained from wounds and subcutaneous tissue infections and abscesses in the rectal area (perirectal abscess, decubitus ulcer) or that are of gut flora", "title": "Anaerobic infection" }, { "id": "4627279", "score": "1.4048584", "text": "and also include invasive hair and nail diseases. These diseases are restricted to the keratinized layers of the skin, hair, and nails. Unlike the superficial mycoses, host immune responses may be evoked resulting in pathologic changes expressed in the deeper layers of the skin. The organisms that cause these diseases are called dermatophytes, the resulting diseases are often called ringworm, dermatophytosis or tinea. Dermatophytes only cause infections of the skin, hair, and nails, and are unable to induce systemic, generalized mycoses, even in immunocompromised hosts. Subcutaneous mycoses involve the dermis, subcutaneous tissues, muscle and fascia. These infections are chronic and", "title": "Mycosis" }, { "id": "6235698", "score": "1.403412", "text": "typically live in the large intestine; contamination of food and water by these bacteria can result in outbreaks of pneumonia. \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\", an uncommon cause of CAP, is a difficult bacteria to treat. Bacteria and fungi typically enter the lungs through the inhalation of water droplets, although they can reach the lung through the bloodstream if an infection is present and often live in the respiratory tract. In the alveoli, bacteria and fungi travel into the spaces between cells and adjacent alveoli through connecting pores. The immune system responds by releasing neutrophil granulocytes, white blood cells responsible for attacking microorganisms,", "title": "Community-acquired pneumonia" }, { "id": "13982216", "score": "1.402307", "text": "Skin and skin structure infection A skin and skin structure infection (SSSI), also referred to as skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) or acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (ABSSSI), is an infection of skin and associated soft tissues (such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes). The pathogen involved is usually a bacterial species. Such infections often requires treatment by antibiotics. Until 2008, two types were recognized, complicated skin and skin structure infection (cSSSI) and uncomplicated skin and skin structure infection (uSSSI). \"Uncomplicated\" SSSIs included simple abscesses, impetiginous lesions, furuncles, and cellulitis. \"Complicated\" SSSIs included infections either involving", "title": "Skin and skin structure infection" }, { "id": "694502", "score": "1.4017527", "text": "able to infect areas where bacteria are not usually found, such as blood and organs. The diseases that may be caused as a result of this include streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), necrotizing fasciitis (NF), pneumonia, and bacteremia. In addition, infection of GAS may lead to further complications and health conditions, namely acute rheumatic fever and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Most Common: Less Common: Some strains of group A streptococci (GAS) cause severe infection. Severe infections are usually invasive, meaning that the bacteria has entered parts of the body where bacteria are not usually found, such as the blood, lungs, deep muscle", "title": "Group A streptococcal infection" }, { "id": "9356547", "score": "1.401296", "text": "of endothelial cells separating the blood from the tissues and organs. Without this lining, viruses and bacteria could easily infect vital human organs such as the brain, lungs, and placenta. Inflammation is one of the first immune responses to pathogenic infection that many host organisms possess. Inflammation involves an elevated temperature surrounding the site of infection, accumulation of CO and organic acids, and a decrease in the infected tissue's oxygen tension in response to pathogen-induced cell damage. Coagulation of blood (clotting) also occurs in an inflamed area, providing a physical barrier against pathogenic infection. These changes ultimately create unfavorable living", "title": "Host tropism" }, { "id": "6035739", "score": "1.4002907", "text": "Gas gangrene Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis and myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene. This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by \"Clostridium perfringens\" bacteria. About 1,000 cases of gas gangrene are reported yearly in the United States. Myonecrosis is a condition of necrotic damage, specific to muscle tissue. It is often seen in infections with \"C. perfringens\" or any of myriad soil-borne anaerobic bacteria. Bacteria cause myonecrosis by specific exotoxins. These microorganisms are opportunistic and, in general, enter the body through significant skin breakage. Gangrenous infection by soil-borne bacteria was", "title": "Gas gangrene" }, { "id": "15310675", "score": "1.3980272", "text": "infections are often polymicrobial in nature, and sometimes (i.e. decubitus ulcers, diabetic foot ulcer) they are complicated by bacteremia and or osteomyelitis . Infections which are in the deep tissues ( necrotizing cellulitis, fasciitis and myositis) often include \"Clostridium\" spp., \"S. pyogenes\" or polymicrobic combinations of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Gas in the tissues and putrid-like pus with a gray thin quality are often found in these infections, and they are frequently associated with a bacteremia and high mortality rate. Treatment of deep-seated soft-tissue infections includes: vigorous surgical management that includes surgical debridement and drainage. Even though there are", "title": "Anaerobic infection" }, { "id": "11497413", "score": "1.3940694", "text": "are more susceptible to pathogenic bacteria. Some pathogenic bacteria cause disease under certain conditions, such as entry through the skin via a cut, through sexual activity or through a compromised immune function. \"Streptococcus\" and \"Staphylococcus\" are part of the normal skin microbiota and typically reside on healthy skin or in the nasopharangeal region. Yet these species can potentially initiate skin infections. They are also able to cause sepsis, pneumonia or meningitis. These infections can become quite serious creating a systemic inflammatory response resulting in massive vasodilation, shock, and death. Other bacteria are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people", "title": "Pathogenic bacteria" } ]

[ "pt barnum", "The Greatest Showman on Earth (book)", "p t barnum", "P. T. Barnum", "philo f barnum", "Pt barnum", "barnum", "P T Barnum", "P.T. Barnum", "P Barnum", "greatest showman on earth book", "P.t. barnum", "P.T. Barnum's", "phineas t barnum", "p barnum", "PT Barnum", "p t barnum s", "Phineas Barnum", "Phineas Taylor Barnum", "Phineas T. Barnum", "phineas barnum", "Philo F. Barnum", "Barnum", "phineas taylor barnum" ]

[ { "id": "1395985", "score": "1.8106813", "text": "Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome\", a traveling circus, menagerie, and museum of \"freaks\". It went through various names: \"P.T. Barnum's Travelling World's Fair, Great Roman Hippodrome and Greatest Show On Earth\", and after an 1881 merger with James Bailey and James L. Hutchinson, \"P.T. Barnum's Greatest Show On Earth, And The Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and The Grand International Allied Shows United\", soon shortened to \"Barnum & Bailey's\". This entertainment phenomenon was the first circus to display three rings, which made it the largest circus the world had ever seen. The show's first primary attraction was", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "id": "2818605", "score": "1.7168753", "text": "in 1868, and Barnum opted to retire from the museum business. In 1871, Dan Castello and William Cameron Coup persuaded Barnum to come out of retirement as to lend his name, know-how and financial backing to the circus they had already created in Delavan, Wisconsin. The combined show was named \"P.T. Barnum's Great Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan, and Hippodrome\". As described by Barnum, Castello and Coup \"had a show that was truly immense, and combined all the elements of museum, menagerie, variety performance, concert hall, and circus\", and considered it to potentially be \"the Greatest Show on Earth\", which subsequently", "title": "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus" }, { "id": "1395986", "score": "1.6742635", "text": "Jumbo, an African elephant he purchased in 1882 from the London Zoo. The Barnum and Bailey Circus still contained acts similar to his Traveling Menagerie: acrobats, freak shows, and the world-famous General Tom Thumb. Despite more fires, train disasters, and other setbacks, Barnum plowed ahead, aided by circus professionals who ran the daily operations. He and Bailey split up again in 1885, but came back together in 1888 with the \"Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth\", later \"Barnum & Bailey Circus\", which toured the world. Barnum became known as the Shakespeare of Advertising, due to his innovative and impressive", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "id": "1374149", "score": "1.6430528", "text": "and James L. Hutchinson's circus and Barnum's death in 1891, his circus travelled to Europe as the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth, where it toured from 1897 to 1902, impressing other circus owners with its large scale, its touring techniques (including the tent and circus train), and its combination of circus acts, a zoological exhibition and a freak show. This format was adopted by European circuses at the turn of the 20th century. The influence of the American circus brought about a considerable change in the character of the modern circus. In arenas too large for speech to", "title": "Circus" }, { "id": "12992055", "score": "1.6397594", "text": "behind his business as he said, \"I don't believe in duping the public, but I believe in first attracting and then pleasing them.\" During the 1840s Barnum began his museum, which had a constantly rotating acts schedule, which included The Fat Lady, midgets, giants, and other people deemed to be freaks. The museum drew in about 400,000 visitors a year. P.T. Barnum’s American Museum was one of the most popular museums in New York City to exhibit freaks. In 1841 Barnum purchased The American Museum, which made freaks the major attraction, following mainstream America at the mid-19th century. Barnum was", "title": "Freak show" }, { "id": "12992058", "score": "1.638746", "text": "When Stratton retired, he lived in the most esteemed neighborhood of New York, he owned a yacht, and dressed in the nicest clothing he could buy. In 1860, The American Museum had listed and archived thirteen human curiosities in the museum, including an albino family, The Living Aztecs, three dwarfs, a black mother with two albino children, The Swiss Bearded Lady, The Highland Fat Boys, and What Is It? (Henry Johnson, a mentally disabled black man). Barnum introduced the \"man-monkey\" William Henry Johnson, a microcephalic black dwarf who spoke a mysterious language created by Barnum. In 1862, he discovered the", "title": "Freak show" }, { "id": "15883166", "score": "1.6354637", "text": "their collections. Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus advertised their shows as the \"World's Greatest Menagerie\". Travelling menagerie A travelling menagerie was a touring group of showmen and animal handlers who visited towns and cities with common and exotic animals. The term \"menagerie\", first used in seventeenth century France, was primarily used to refer to aristocratic or royal animal collections. Most visitors to travelling menageries would never have the opportunity to see such animals under other circumstances and their arrival in a town would cause great excitement. The shows were both entertaining and educational; in 1872 \"The Scotsman\" described", "title": "Travelling menagerie" }, { "id": "9777220", "score": "1.6277008", "text": "theater and freak show, in what was, at the same time, a central site in the development of American popular culture. Barnum filled the American Museum with dioramas, panoramas, \"cosmoramas\", scientific instruments, modern appliances, a flea circus, a loom powered by a dog, the trunk of a tree under which Jesus’ disciples sat, an oyster bar, a rifle range, waxworks, glass blowers, taxidermists, phrenologists, pretty baby contests, Ned the learned seal, the Feejee Mermaid (a mummified monkey's torso with a fish's tail), midgets, Chang and Eng the Siamese twins, a menagerie of exotic animals that included beluga whales in an", "title": "Barnum's American Museum" }, { "id": "11074207", "score": "1.6176221", "text": "from America. The two soon went on to be exhibited at states fairs across the United States. At the time of the 1860 census they were living in Somerville, Massachusetts in the household of Henry Harvey, a showman. At some point in the next few years management of the pair was transferred to a relative of Doctor Warner, Hanford A. Warner. In 1874 they were valued at $50,000. In January 1877 they were performing at the New American Museum located in Manhattan. In June 1880 at the time of the federal census, they were touring with William C. Coup's circus", "title": "Wild Men of Borneo" }, { "id": "14577994", "score": "1.6050735", "text": "time. After viewing an exhibition called \"Electric Lady\" next door to his place of work, he went into business with the exhibition's manager and began his career as a showman of human oddities. He quickly became successful, for his patter as much as his exhibits, and was called the 'Silver King' by the American showman P. T. Barnum. In 1884, Norman took over the management of Joseph Merrick, otherwise known as the \"Elephant Man\", and exhibited him for a few weeks until police closed down the show. Merrick later went to live at the London Hospital under the care of", "title": "Tom Norman" }, { "id": "12709668", "score": "1.599999", "text": "or co-authored fourteen books on subjects as various as Russian conceptual art, early 20th Century circus life, and the Harvard Museum of Natural History. Several of Sloan's books document circus and sideshow history through photography and anecdote. Tome-length book titles reflect the hyperbole of the circus: \"Hoaxes, Humbugs, and Spectacles: Astonishing Photographs of Smelt Wrestlers, Human Projectiles, Giant Hailstones, Contortionists, Elephant Impersonators, and Much, Much, More!\"; \"Dear Mr. Ripley: A Compendium of Curioddities from the Believe It or Not Archives\"; and \"Wild, Weird, and Wonderful: The American Circus 1901–1927, as Seen by F.W. Glasier, Photographer\" are illustrative examples. With \"Dear", "title": "Mark Sloan (American curator)" }, { "id": "12992062", "score": "1.5978346", "text": "museum burnt to the ground. Though Barnum was and still is criticized for exploitation, he paid the performers fairly handsome sums of money. Some of the acts made the equivalent of what some sport stars make today. Barnum's English counterpart was Tom Norman, a renowned Victorian showman, whose traveling exhibitions featured Eliza Jenkins, the \"Skeleton Woman\", a \"Balloon Headed Baby\" and a woman who bit off the heads of live rats—the \"most gruesome\" act Norman claimed to have seen. Other acts included fleas, fat ladies, giants, dwarves and retired white seamen, painted black and speaking in an invented language, billed", "title": "Freak show" }, { "id": "4904322", "score": "1.5943459", "text": "Adams' \"California Menagerie,\" (possibly from Tanner). On April 30, 1860, Adams and Barnum opened the \"California Menagerie\" in a canvas tent on the corner of Broadway and Fourth Street in New York City The show ran for six weeks. Adams health was failing, and he sold the remaining interest in the menagerie to Barnum. Adams then went on a summer tour of Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Hampshire as part of Nixon & Company's Circus. He continued to perform with his bears and other trained animals until late October, 1860. John Adams was a member of the Adams family of New", "title": "John \"Grizzly\" Adams" }, { "id": "8863566", "score": "1.5900514", "text": "William C. Coup William Cameron Coup (August 4, 1836 – March 4, 1895) was a Wisconsin businessman who partnered with P. T. Barnum and Dan Castello in 1870 to form the \"P. T. Barnum's Museum, Menagerie and Circus\". Previously Barnum had a museum at a fixed location in New York City and the traveling circus allowed him to bring his curiosities to more paying customers. Coup's innovations were the circus train to transport the materials from town to town. He also came up with the concept of adding a second ring in 1872 and a third ring to the circus", "title": "William C. Coup" }, { "id": "15541454", "score": "1.5862353", "text": "there a-while,\" \"And when he pulls it out again, he greets you with a smile.\" chorus: \"The elephant now moves round, the music begins to play.\" \"Them boys around the monkey’s cage had better keep away” Isaac A. Van Amburgh Isaac A. Van Amburgh (1808–1865) was an American animal trainer who developed the first trained wild animal act in modern times. By introducing jungle acts into the circus, Van Amburgh paved the way for combining menageries with circuses. After that, menageries began using equestrian and clown performances in circus rings. Gradually the distinction between circus and menagerie faded. From the", "title": "Isaac A. Van Amburgh" }, { "id": "13594685", "score": "1.5848179", "text": "nearby North Salem, in 1823. They had become active in the new business of exhibiting exotic animals, and records show that they had taken a lion to the Carolinas three years earlier. They bought land from Hachaliah Bailey, whose exhibition of Old Bet at the building now known as the Elephant Hotel is considered the beginning of the circus in America, that they would later build on. They added to their menagerie, got partners, and exhibited as far as west as the Mississippi River. They were among the founders of an early trade organization called the Zoological Institute, which collapsed", "title": "Gerard Crane House" }, { "id": "6188464", "score": "1.5802011", "text": "enormous show, and on March 29, 1919, the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus debuted at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The posters declared, \"The Ringling Bros. World's Greatest Shows and the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth are now combined into one record-breaking giant of all exhibitions!!\" After the death of Alf T. Ringling in 1919, brothers John and Charles made the decision to move the Winter Quarters to Sarasota, Florida in 1927 where the brothers were having success in real estate speculation. Although a resident of Sarasota, Charles died in 1926 before the move", "title": "John Ringling" }, { "id": "15541447", "score": "1.5775859", "text": "interest. Van Amburgh, made an instant hero, discovered he now had the freedom to make his own decisions. By entering lions’ dens in and out of the country, he began earning real money. Featured in the “Flatfoot shows,” he was able to earn up to four hundred dollars per week. By age twenty-three, he had his own travelling menagerie, and by the mid-1840s his was the largest traveling show in England. In 1861, it was one of America’s eleven big traveling shows. Even after the 1868 fire that killed Van Amburgh’s animals and destroyed other circus artifacts, the potent name", "title": "Isaac A. Van Amburgh" }, { "id": "15541449", "score": "1.5713296", "text": "impressive honor for the time. In 1839, Queen Victoria traveled six times in as many months solely to watch Van Amburgh perform at Drury Lane. She even remained after one evening’s performance in order to watch his feeding the cats. Even before his 1838 European debut, Van Amburgh was one of America’s most celebrated characters. But after such special royal favor, Van Amburgh “became a figure that even the American upper crust could admit to appreciating.” He was the first major American wild animal trainer to achieve such an international celebrity status. Circuses were regularly under attack in the press", "title": "Isaac A. Van Amburgh" }, { "id": "18411198", "score": "1.5708814", "text": "ships as collateral. He uses this loan to buy Barnum's American Museum in downtown Manhattan, an attraction showcasing various wax models. Initially, sales are slow; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something \"alive\", Barnum searches for \"freaks\" to serve as performers for his museum (\"Come Alive\"). This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews, prompting Barnum to rename his venture \"Barnum's Circus.\" Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class, Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture (\"The Other Side\"). Carlyle is mesmerized by Anne Wheeler, an African-American", "title": "The Greatest Showman" } ]

[ "progrom", "pogrom", "List of events named pogrom", "Pogram", "pogroms", "Громить", "погром", "Settler progrom", "Pogromshchiki", "Погром", "Pogorom", "list of events named pogrom", "pogromchiki", "settler progrom", "Progrom", "Pogrom", "громить", "pogromshchiki", "pogorom", "pogram", "Pogromchiki", "Pogroms" ]

[ { "id": "6971979", "score": "1.5399877", "text": "hate crimes committed by extremist settler Jewish Israelis that usually involve the destruction of property or hateful graffiti, particularly targeting property associated with Arabs, Christians, secular Israelis, and Israeli soldiers. The name was derived from the words \"Price tag\" which may be scrawled on the site of the attack — with the allegation that the attack was a \"price\" for settlements the government forced them to give up and revenge for Palestinian attacks on settlers. They have been variously called terrorism, particularly when they result in death. Another modern phenomenon is \"revenge\" attacks, motivated by a desire for \"revenge\" against", "title": "Jewish religious terrorism" }, { "id": "6971984", "score": "1.4551454", "text": "administrative detention was approved for Jewish terror suspects. The following groups have been considered religious terrorist organizations in Israel: Several violent acts by Jews have been described as terrorism and attributed to religious motivations.The following are the most notable: Jewish religious terrorism Jewish religious terrorism is religious terrorism committed by extremists within Judaism motivated by religious rather than ethnic or nationalistic beliefs. According to a paper authored by then Center for Defense Information research analyst Mark Burgess, the 1st century Jewish political and religious movement called Zealotry was one of the first examples of the use of terrorism by Jews.", "title": "Jewish religious terrorism" }, { "id": "11646767", "score": "1.4436667", "text": "perpetrators of these attacks were the militant groups Lehi (also known as the Stern Gang) and Irgun. The two groups, which financed their campaigns through bank robberies, extortions, and private donations, attacked British military and police installations, government offices, and ships being used to deport illegal migrants, often with bombs. In at least one case, a police station was attacked with a large truck bomb. They also sabotaged infrastructure such as railroads, bridges, and oil installations. Some 90 economic targets were attacked, among them 20 trains which were damaged or derailed and five train stations which were attacked, and about", "title": "Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine" }, { "id": "6971976", "score": "1.437996", "text": "Jewish religious terrorism Jewish religious terrorism is religious terrorism committed by extremists within Judaism motivated by religious rather than ethnic or nationalistic beliefs. According to a paper authored by then Center for Defense Information research analyst Mark Burgess, the 1st century Jewish political and religious movement called Zealotry was one of the first examples of the use of terrorism by Jews. They sought to incite the people of Judaea Province to rebel against the Roman Empire and expel it from Israel by force of arms. The term Zealot, in Hebrew \"kanai\", means one who is zealous on behalf of God.", "title": "Jewish religious terrorism" }, { "id": "14040463", "score": "1.4354479", "text": "from which attacks against Jews were believed to have originated. The retaliations were more damaging than the provoking attack and included killing of armed and unarmed men, destruction of houses and sometimes expulsion of inhabitants. The Zionist groups of Irgun and Lehi reverted to their 1937–1939 strategy of indiscriminate attacks by placing bombs and throwing grenades into crowded places such as bus stops, shopping centres and markets. Their attacks on British forces reduced British troops' ability and willingness to protect Jewish traffic. General conditions deteriorated: the economic situation became unstable, and unemployment grew. Rumours spread that the Husaynis were planning", "title": "1948 Palestinian exodus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pogrom\n\nA pogrom () is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews. The term entered the English language from Russian to describe 19th- and 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire (mostly within the Pale of Settlement). Similar attacks against Jews which also occurred at other times and places retrospectively became known as pogroms. Sometimes the word is used to describe publicly sanctioned purgative attacks against non-Jewish groups. The characteristics of a pogrom vary widely, depending on the specific incident, at times leading to, or culminating in, massacres.\n\nSignificant pogroms in the Russian Empire included the Odessa pogroms, Warsaw pogrom (1881), Kishinev pogrom (1903), Kiev pogrom (1905), and Białystok pogrom (1906). After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, several pogroms occurred amidst the power struggles in Eastern Europe, including the Lwów pogrom (1918) and Kiev Pogroms (1919).\n\nThe most significant pogrom which occurred in Nazi Germany was the 1938 Kristallnacht. At least 91 Jews were killed, a further thirty thousand arrested and subsequently incarcerated in concentration camps,<ref name=Atlantic/> a thousand synagogues burned, and over seven thousand Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged.<ref name=Berenbaum2005p49/><ref name=Gilbert30/> Notorious pogroms of World War II included the 1941 Farhud in Iraq, the July 1941 Iași pogrom in Romania – in which over 13,200 Jews were killed – as well as the Jedwabne pogrom in German-occupied Poland. Post-World War II pogroms included the 1945 Tripoli pogrom, the 1946 Kielce pogrom and the 1947 Aleppo pogrom.", "title": "Pogrom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mandatory Palestine\n\nMandatory Palestine ( '; ', where \"E.Y.\" indicates \"’Eretz Yiśrā’ēl\", the Land of Israel) was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.\n\nDuring the First World War (1914–1918), an Arab uprising against Ottoman rule and the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force under General Edmund Allenby drove the Ottoman Turks out of the Levant during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The United Kingdom had agreed in the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence that it would honour Arab independence if the Arabs revolted against the Ottoman Turks, but the two sides had different interpretations of this agreement, and in the end, the United Kingdom and France divided the area under the Sykes–Picot Agreementan act of betrayal in the eyes of the Arabs.\n\nFurther complicating the issue was the Balfour Declaration of 1917, promising British support for a Jewish \"national home\" in Palestine. At the war's end the British and French formed a joint \"Occupied Enemy Territory Administration\" in what had been Ottoman Syria. The British achieved legitimacy by obtaining a mandate from the League of Nations in June 1922. One objective of the League of Nations mandate system was to administer areas of the defunct Ottoman Empire \"until such time as they are able to stand alone\".\n\nDuring the Mandate, the area saw the rise of nationalist movements in both the Jewish and Arab communities. Competing interests of the two populations led to the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine and the 1944–1948 Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, passed in November 1947, was met with Arab rejection. The 1947–1949 Palestine war ended with the territory of Mandatory Palestine divided among the State of Israel, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, which annexed territory on the West Bank of the Jordan River, and the Kingdom of Egypt, which established the \"All-Palestine Protectorate\" in the Gaza Strip.", "title": "Mandatory Palestine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Yemenite Jews\n\nYemenite Jews or Yemeni Jews or Teimanim (from \"Yehudei Teman\"; ) are those Jews who live, or once lived, in Yemen, and their descendants maintaining their customs. Between June 1949 and September 1950, the overwhelming majority of Yemen's Jewish population immigrated to Israel in Operation Magic Carpet. After several waves of persecution throughout Yemen, the vast majority of Yemenite Jews now live in Israel, while smaller communities live in the United States and elsewhere. Only a handful remain in Yemen. The few remaining Jews experience intense, and at times violent, anti-Semitism on a daily basis. \n\nYemenite Jews have a unique religious tradition that distinguishes them from Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews, and other Jewish groups. They have been described as \"the most Jewish of all Jews\" and \"the ones who have preserved the Hebrew language the best\". Yemenite Jews fall within the \"Mizrahi\" (eastern) category of Jews, though they differ from other Mizrahi Jews who have undergone a process of total or partial assimilation to Sephardic liturgy and custom. While the Shami sub-group of Yemenite Jews did adopt a Sephardic-influenced rite, this was mostly due to it being forced upon them, and did not reflect a demographic or general cultural shift among the vast majority of Yemenite Jews.", "title": "Yemenite Jews" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Antisemitism in Europe\n\nAntisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism)—prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews— has experienced a long history of expression since the days of ancient civilizations, with most of it having originated in the Christian and pre-Christian civilizations of Europe.\n\nWhile it has been cited as having been expressed in the intellectual and political centers of ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, the phenomenon received greater institutionalization within European Christianity following the dissolution of the ancient center of Jewish culture, Jerusalem, resulting in the forced segregation of Jewish populations and restrictions on their participation in the public life of European society at times.\n\nIn the 20th century, antisemitism , particularly during the reign of Nazi Germany, resulted in the Holocaust, a program of systematic murder and dislocation of the majority of Europe's Jewish population.", "title": "Antisemitism in Europe" }, { "id": "17008175", "score": "1.4271128", "text": "Palestinian militant Abu Nidal. The Synagogue was hit again during the 2003 Istanbul bombings alongside the Beth Israel Synagogue, killing 20 and injuring over 300 people, both Jews and Muslims alike. Even though a local Turkish militant group, the Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front, claimed responsibility for the attacks, police claimed the bombings were \"too sophisticated to have been carried out by that group\", with a senior Israeli government source saying: \"the attack must have been at least coordinated with international terror organizations\". In 2015, an Erdogan-affiliated news channel broadcast a two-hour documentary titled \"The Mastermind\" (a term which Erdogan", "title": "Racism in Turkey" }, { "id": "19065197", "score": "1.4230363", "text": "and fireworks at the police.\" This series of attacks against Israeli Jews is notable for consisting of what are being called \"grassroots\" attacks, often involving the throwing of Molotov cocktails and rocks, lone wolf terrorism, stabbings and vehicular assault as a terrorist tactic. This is taking place during a period when terror attacks sponsored by organizations have declined. This period has also seen the increasing prevalence of Jewish \"price tag\" operations, such as the arson attack that murdered three members of the Dawabsheh family in the West Bank village of Duma about two months ago. Opinions about underlying causes of", "title": "Lions' Gate stabbings" }, { "id": "4895803", "score": "1.4222708", "text": "Fish at Tabgha, in northern Israel. Sixteen yeshiva students were arrested over suspected involvement in the religiously motivated attack. Graffiti painted on the site declared: \"False idols will be smashed!\" A spokesperson for the Catholic Church in Israel told Haaretz this attack is seen as a continuation of aggression which the Israeli government has failed to address. Israeli government officials have repeated earlier promises to bring perpetrators to justice, but \"critics accuse security forces of dragging their feet on prosecuting Jewish suspects.\" A Jewish religious extremist, Meir Ettinger, explained the reason for targeting Christian holy sites like the Loaves and", "title": "Catholic Church and Judaism" }, { "id": "786983", "score": "1.412804", "text": "son. The bombing was eventually traced to Yaakov \"Jack\" Teitel, a serial killer who immigrated to Israel from the United States, and who was found to be responsible for several bombings, murders and attempted murders in Israel. This antagonism has led to harassment and some violence, especially in Israel, where there is a large and militant Orthodox community. Several Orthodox organizations, including Yad L'Achim, are dedicated to rooting out missionary activity in Israel, including the Messianic Jewish congregations. One tactic is to plaster posters asking Israelis to boycott shops where Messianic Jews are owners or employees; another is to report", "title": "Messianic Judaism" }, { "id": "18164883", "score": "1.4063511", "text": "the start of the Gaza conflict. In Toulouse, France, a man was arrested by local police for throwing fire-bombs at a Jewish community center. The fire-bombs failed to ignite. In Malmö, Sweden, a rabbi and a member of his congregation were assaulted at different times on the same day. Antisemitic attacks occurred in Sydney, Perth and Melbourne. Teenagers harassed Jewish schoolchildren on a Sydney bus, a Jewish school was vandalized in Perth and a Jewish man was beaten in a street attack in Melbourne. In South Africa, the South African Jewish Board of Deputies laid criminal charges of hate speech", "title": "Reactions to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict" }, { "id": "1496846", "score": "1.390863", "text": "attack of Jamaat on Bengali Hindu community. Persecution of Jews is a recurring phenomenon throughout Jewish history. It has occurred on numerous occasions and in widely different geographical locations. It may include pogroms, looting and demolition of private and public Jewish property (e.g., Kristallnacht), unwarranted arrest, imprisonment, torture, killing, or even mass execution (in World War II alone, approximately 6 million people were deliberately killed only for being Jewish). They have been expelled from their hometowns/countries, hoping to find havens in other polities. In recent times anti-Semitism has often been manifested as Anti-Zionism, despite the fact that there are various", "title": "Persecution" }, { "id": "18546472", "score": "1.3903375", "text": "Popular Resistance Committees responded by asserting that, \"Resistance attacks will not stop.\" Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu denounced the attack as a direct result of incitement by the Palestinian Authority of president Mahmoud Abbas, \"The attack in Tel Aviv is a direct result of poisonous incitement from the Palestinian Authority towards Jews and their state. This is the same terror which tried to harm us in Paris, Brussels and everywhere.\" The hashtag #JeSuisCouteau ('I am a knife') and an Arabic translated by the newspaper Haaretz as \"#TheKnivesRevolution\" instantly spread across the internet in support of the kniving attack on Israeli", "title": "2015 Tel Aviv bus stabbing attack" }, { "id": "11835754", "score": "1.3896959", "text": "in the city of Wuppertal upheld the 2015 decision of a lower court which deemed an attempt by three Muslim attackers (German Palestinians) to burn down a synagogue in 2014 (on the anniversary of Kristallnacht) to be a means of \"drawing attention to the Gaza conflict\" with Israel, despite the fact that attacks on Jews and Jewish institutions as a result of the actions of the state of Israel amounts to collective punishment and a form of antisemitism. The offenders were not sent to prison. The German regional court ruled that the actions of the three perpetrators were governed by", "title": "Antisemitism in Europe" }, { "id": "20163101", "score": "1.3854483", "text": "and to permit Jews to live in the Beit Hason and Beit Schneerson buildings adjacent to it. The Israeli community of Beit Hagai (House of Haggai) was established in 1982 by former classmates of boys murdered in this attack. In addition to being the name of a Biblical Prophet, Haggai, is an acronym of the given names Hanan Krauthammer, Gershon Klein, and Yaakov Zimmerman, the three Nir Yeshiva (Kiryat Arba) students killed in an attack on 2 May 1980. 1980 Hebron terrorist attack On May 2, 1980, three Israelis, two Americans, and one Canadian were killed, and another 20 Jews", "title": "1980 Hebron terrorist attack" }, { "id": "4895802", "score": "1.3806748", "text": "and the atmosphere of collaboration, calling the price tag attacks acts of \"terror.\" He said Israeli authorities were making an insufficient effort to bring the perpetrators to justice. \"This wave of extremist actions of terror is surely of grave concern to all reasonable persons,\" Twal said. \"The government of Israel must be concerned, because it is very bad for the State of Israel's image abroad. It is also a blight on the democracy that Israel ascribes to itself.\" In June 2015 an arson attack was made on a Catholic church, the historic Church of the Multiplication of the Loaves and", "title": "Catholic Church and Judaism" }, { "id": "11835742", "score": "1.3706646", "text": "killed three Jewish children and a rabbi at the Ozar Hatorah School in Toulouse, France. He was later killed during a raid by the French police on his house. Merah was also inspired by al-Qaeda. Following the murders, the Ozar Hatorah school was targeted by antisemitic hate mail and calls. In July 2012, a French Jewish teenager wearing a \"distinctive religious symbol\" was the victim of a violent antisemitic attack on a train travelling between Toulouse and Lyon. The teen was first verbally harassed and later beaten up by two assailants. The French Jewish umbrella group, CRIF, called the attack", "title": "Antisemitism in Europe" }, { "id": "2910505", "score": "1.3679957", "text": "in \"a succession of violent, high-profile attacks\" on Israeli targets. The Intifada which \"it eventually sparked\" was quickly taken over by the much larger Palestine Liberation Organization and Hamas. Beginning in September 2000, it started a campaign of suicide bombing attacks against Israeli civilians. The PIJ's armed wing, the Al-Quds brigades, has claimed responsibility for numerous terrorist attacks in Israel, including suicide bombings. The group has been designated as a terrorist organization by several Western countries. Popular Resistance Committees is a coalition of a number of armed Palestinian groups opposed to what they regard as the conciliatory approach of the", "title": "Islamic terrorism" }, { "id": "13043466", "score": "1.365539", "text": "Christians\", who were participating in Jewish festivals and taking part in other Jewish observances, such as observing the sabbath, submitting to circumcision and pilgrimage to Jewish holy places. In Greek, the sermons are called \"Kata Ioudaiōn\" (\"Κατὰ Ιουδαίων\"), which is translated as \"Adversus Judaeos\" in Latin and \"Against the Jews\" in English. The most recent scholarly translations, claiming that Chrysostom's primary targets were members of his own congregation who continued to observe the Jewish feasts and fasts, give the sermons the more sympathetic title \"Against Judaizing Christians\". Chrysostom claimed that on the shabbats and Jewish festivals synagogues were full of", "title": "Adversus Judaeos" }, { "id": "12004889", "score": "1.3650414", "text": "local hooligans intended to attack the talmudical academy, he had gone to ask for protection from District Officer Abdullah Kardus, but was denied an audience with him. Later on after being attacked in the street, he had approached the chief of police, but Cafferata refused to take any measures, telling him that \"the Jews deserve it, you are the cause of all troubles.\" The next morning, Slonim again urged the District Officer to take preventative measures, but he was told there was \"no ground for fear. A great number of police is available. Go and reassure the Jewish population.\" Two", "title": "1929 Hebron massacre" }, { "id": "16050108", "score": "1.3621244", "text": "and included hateful incites against Muhammad and threats of further attacks. A star of David had been graffitied alongside the name of Migron, an unauthorised Jewish settlement about to the south where Israeli police had dismantled three structures the previous day. The attack is believed to have been perpetrated by militant Jewish settlers in retaliation for the demolitions in Migron. These had been ordered by Israel's supreme court in August in response to a pleading from Peace Now on the grounds that they were built on privately owned land. Newspapers, as well as Rabbis for Human Rights, reported that the", "title": "Al-Nurayn Mosque" } ]

[ "Pyi-daung-zu Myan-ma Naing-ngan-daw", "Eastern Burma", "pyidaunzu thanmăda myăma nainngandaw", "Economic sanctions against Burma", "Myammar", "iso 3166 1 mm", "Myanmar/(Burma)", "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma", "myanmar burma", "republic of union of myanmar", "economic sanctions against myanmar", "union of burma", "myanmar formerly burma", "Myanmar (Burma)", "economic sanctions against burma", "Burma", "birmanie", "burma", "Union of Myanmar", "Myanmer", "Mayanmar", "Sanctions against Burma", "ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်", "pyi daung zu myan ma naing ngan daw", "birman empire", "Birmania", "eastern burma", "မြန်မာပြည်", "myanmar", "Myanmar", "ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော", "Republic of the Union of Myanmar", "burmese republic", "Republic of The Union of Myanmar", "borders of burma", "Myanmar/Burma", "Etymology of Burma", "ISO 3166-1:MM", "myammar", "Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw", "Birmanie", "Borders of Burma", "union of myanmar", "Union of burma", "myanmer", "Birman Empire", "Burma/Myanmar", "myanma", "birma", "sanctions against burma", "Birma", "burma myanmar", "etymology of burma", "Myanmar (formerly Burma)", "mayanmar", "birmania", "Economic sanctions against Myanmar", "Burma (Myanmar)", "mianmar", "Myanma", "Mianmar", "Burmese Republic", "Burma-Myanmar", "socialist republic of union of burma" ]

[ { "id": "13362363", "score": "1.9033357", "text": "On 11 August, Yettaw was sentenced on three counts totalling seven years, including four hard labour. Suu Kyi was sentenced to eighteen months of house arrest. On 14 August, US Senator Jim Webb arrived in Burma and successfully negotiated Yettaw's release and 16 August deportation. Burmese authorities asserted that Yettaw's visits were instigated by opposition groups as part of efforts to pressure and embarrass the Burmese government. The incident effectively meant that she was unable to participate in the 2010 elections. In May 2008, Yettaw and his teenage son took a lengthy trip to Asia. His son did not return", "title": "Suu Kyi trespasser incidents" }, { "id": "30904", "score": "1.8961942", "text": "his requests. On 11 August 2009 the trial concluded with Suu Kyi being sentenced to imprisonment for three years with hard labour. This sentence was commuted by the military rulers to further house arrest of 18 months. On 14 August, US Senator Jim Webb visited Burma, visiting with junta leader Gen. Than Shwe and later with Suu Kyi. During the visit, Webb negotiated Yettaw's release and deportation from Burma. Following the verdict of the trial, lawyers of Aung San Suu Kyi said they would appeal against the 18-month sentence. On 18 August, United States President Barack Obama asked the country's", "title": "Aung San Suu Kyi" }, { "id": "30887", "score": "1.8578149", "text": "San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest for a total of 15 years over a 21-year period, on numerous occasions, since she began her political career, during which time she was prevented from meeting her party supporters and international visitors. In an interview, she said that while under house arrest she spent her time reading philosophy, politics and biographies that her husband had sent her. She also passed the time playing the piano, and was occasionally allowed visits from foreign diplomats as well as from her personal physician. Although under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi was granted permission", "title": "Aung San Suu Kyi" }, { "id": "30900", "score": "1.8527812", "text": "arrested for violating the terms of her house arrest because the swimmer, who pleaded exhaustion, was allowed to stay in her house for two days before he attempted the swim back. Aung San Suu Kyi was later taken to Insein Prison, where she could have faced up to five years confinement for the intrusion. The trial of Aung San Suu Kyi and her two maids began on 18 May and a small number of protesters gathered outside. Diplomats and journalists were barred from attending the trial; however, on one occasion, several diplomats from Russia, Thailand and Singapore and journalists were", "title": "Aung San Suu Kyi" }, { "id": "30891", "score": "1.8495146", "text": "release and that of 2,100 other political prisoners in the country. On 12 November 2010, days after the junta-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) won elections conducted after a gap of 20 years, the junta finally agreed to sign orders allowing SAung San uu Kyi's release, and Suu Kyi's house arrest term came to an end on 13 November 2010. The United Nations (UN) has attempted to facilitate dialogue between the junta and Aung San Suu Kyi. On 6 May 2002, following secret confidence-building negotiations led by the UN, the government released her; a government spokesman said that she", "title": "Aung San Suu Kyi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Aung San Suu Kyi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Political prisoner\n\nA political prisoner is someone imprisoned for their political activity. The political offense is not always the official reason for the prisoner's detention.\n\nThere is no internationally recognized legal definition of the concept, although numerous similar definitions have been proposed by various organizations and scholars, and there is a general consensus among scholars that \"individuals have been sanctioned by legal systems and imprisoned by political regimes not for their violation of codified laws but for their thoughts and ideas that have fundamentally challenged existing power relations\".<ref name=\":2\" /> The status of a political prisoner is generally awarded to individuals based on declarations of non-governmental organizations like Amnesty International, on a case-by-case basis. While such status are often widely recognized by the international public opinion, they are often rejected by individual governments accused of holding political prisoners, which tend to deny any bias in their judicial systems.<ref name=\":2\" /><ref name=\":1\" />\n\nA related term is prisoner of conscience, popularized by Amnesty International. It describes someone who was prosecuted because of their personal beliefs.\n\nSome prisons, known as political prisons, are focused or even dedicated solely to hosting political prisoners.<ref name=\":0\" />", "title": "Political prisoner" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Liu Xiaobo\n\nLiu Xiaobo (; 28 December 1955 – 13 July 2017) was a Chinese writer, literary critic, human rights activist, philosopher and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who called for political reforms and was involved in campaigns to end communist one-party rule in China. On 26 June 2017, he was granted medical parole after being diagnosed with liver cancer; he died a few weeks later on 13 July 2017.\n\nLiu rose to fame in 1980s Chinese literary circles with his exemplary literary critiques. He eventually became a visiting scholar at several international universities. He returned to China to support the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and was imprisoned for the first time from 1989 to 1991, again from 1995 to 1996 and yet again from 1996 to 1999 for his involvement on suspicion of inciting subversion of state power. He served as the President of the Independent Chinese PEN Center, from 2003 to 2007. He was also the president of \"Minzhu Zhongguo\" (\"Democratic China\") magazine starting in the mid-1990s. On 8 December 2008, Liu was detained due to his participation with the \"Charter 08\" manifesto. He was formally arrested on 23 June 2009 on suspicion of \"inciting subversion of state power\".<ref name=\"AutoLH-4\" /><ref name=\"chnrev\" /> He was tried on the same charges on 23 December 2009 and sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights on 25 December 2009.<ref name=\"judg\" />\n\nDuring his fourth prison term, Liu was awarded the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize for \"his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China.\"<ref name=\"20101210jurist\" /><ref name=\"nobel-announcement\" /><ref name=\"rthk-nobel\" /><ref name=\"AutoLH-5\" />\n\nLiu was the first Chinese citizen to be awarded a Nobel Prize of any kind while residing in China.<ref name=\"independent2101812\" /> He was the third person to have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize while in prison or detention, after Germany's Carl von Ossietzky (1935) and Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi (1991).<ref name=\"wachter\" /> He was the second person to have been denied the right to have a representative collect the Nobel Prize for him as well as the second to die in custody, with the first being Ossietzky, who died in Westend hospital in Berlin-Charlottenburg after being detained in a Nazi concentration camp.<ref name=\"paysages1\" /> Berit Reiss-Andersen, chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, blamed the Chinese communist regime for his death and said that \"Liu Xiaobo had contributed to the fraternity of peoples through his non-violent resistance against the oppressive actions of the Communist regime in China.\"<ref name=\"nobelcommittee\" />", "title": "Liu Xiaobo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of heads of government who were later imprisoned\n\nThis is a list of heads of government who were later imprisoned. There have been several individuals throughout history who served as Head of State or Head of Government (such as President, Prime Minister or Monarch) of their respective nation states, who later became prisoners. Any serving or former Head of State or Head of Government who was placed under house arrest or became a prisoner of war is also included. Leaders who were kidnapped by insurgents or those who received an international arrest warrant that was not consummated are not included.\n\n", "title": "List of heads of government who were later imprisoned" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Theresa May" }, { "id": "10952509", "score": "1.842536", "text": "During the 1988 uprising, Zarganar was arrested for being an \"instigator\" and sent to the notorious Insein Prison for a year. After his release he was arrested again during the 1990 elections for giving political speeches and sentenced to another four years in prison. (His father, also a political activist, at one point gave a speech at the home of Aung San Suu Kyi, leading to a ban by the state censors. His mother Kyi Oo was also elected as an independent candidate.) In 1991, the Fund for Free Expression, part of the Human Rights Watch organization, awarded him a", "title": "Zarganar" }, { "id": "17967861", "score": "1.8182666", "text": "July 1989 to December 1991, while his friend and colleague Min Ko Naing remained in detention. He was arrested again on 11 December 1991 for his involvement in a student protest at Yangon University, held to honor Aung San Suu Kyi, who was under house arrest, for her receiving the Nobel Peace Prize. He was initially sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment with hard labor but the sentence was later reduced to 10 years. When he completed his prison term, the authorities continued to detain him under section 10(A) of the State Protection Act. He was eventually released in March 2005,", "title": "Ko Ko Gyi" }, { "id": "13362376", "score": "1.8137641", "text": "Subversive Elements, which carried a three-to-five-year jail term. She and her two caretakers, Khin Khin Win and Win Ma Ma, were removed to the Insein prison, where they stayed for the duration of the trial. According to Police Brigadier General Myint Thein, prior to the Yettaw visit, authorities had considered letting Aung San Suu Kyi go free, but the incident \"infringed on existing law and we unavoidably and regretfully had to take legal action against her.\" Aung San Suu Kyi’s followers insisted that the government used this incident to continue her detention until after the 2010 general elections. Other supporters", "title": "Suu Kyi trespasser incidents" }, { "id": "278402", "score": "1.8103405", "text": "reported to be in league with the military. The regime extended her house arrest for yet another year in late November 2005. Despite a direct appeal by Kofi Annan to Than Shwe and pressure from ASEAN, the Burmese government extended Aung San Suu Kyi's house arrest another year on 27 May 2006. She was released in 2010. The United Nations urged the country to move towards inclusive national reconciliation, the restoration of democracy, and full respect for human rights. In December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the human rights situation in Burma and calling for", "title": "Politics of Myanmar" }, { "id": "15550121", "score": "1.8078928", "text": "multi-party elections since 1960, with Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy winning 392 of 492 available seats. However, the military annulled the results and soon arrested a number of opposition figures, among them Htay Kywe, who was arrested at his home in Yangon on July 1991. On December 30, 1991, he received a fifteen-year prison term, and he remained jailed until 2004. After his release, he remained active in the pro-democracy movement, co-founding the 88 Generation Students Group. In September 2006, he was detained along with fellow 88 Generation Students Group members Min Ko Naing, Ko Ko Gyi,", "title": "Htay Kywe" }, { "id": "9715087", "score": "1.8072808", "text": "he was put under house arrest and from 22 December 1989, he was imprisoned for three years. On 30 May 2003, Tin Oo, travelling with the caravan of Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of the NLD, was attacked in the northern village of Depayin by a government-sponsored mob, murdering and wounding many of his supporters. Tin Oo was taken into detention along with Aung San Suu Kyi and was initially held in prison in Kalay in northwestern Myanmar. In February 2004 he was brought back to his home in Yangon, where he is actually held under house arrest. The junta", "title": "Tin Oo" }, { "id": "30868", "score": "1.8061569", "text": "won 81% of the seats in Parliament, but the results were nullified, as the military refused to hand over power, resulting in an international outcry. She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest for almost 15 of the 21 years from 1989 to 2010, becoming one of the world's most prominent political prisoners. Her party boycotted the 2010 elections, resulting in a decisive victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party. Aung San Suu Kyi became a Pyithu Hluttaw MP while her party won 43 of the 45 vacant seats", "title": "Aung San Suu Kyi" }, { "id": "13968150", "score": "1.8036852", "text": "Htun Oo's opposition to the government eventually led to his arrest. On 7 February 2005—Shan National Day—Htun Oo met several other politicians for a meal, over which they discussed the SPDC's plans for the coming national transition. He was arrested two days later on charges of \"high treason\" and \"inciting disaffection towards the Government\". The other leaders present at the meeting were arrested as well. In November of that year, the group was tried in a closed trial at Insein Prison. Htun Oo was found guilty on all charges and sentenced to 93 years' imprisonment. Amnesty International criticized the trial", "title": "Khun Htun Oo" }, { "id": "11348318", "score": "1.8007271", "text": "leaders of 88 generation students group led by Min Ko Naing. He was first arrested in 1989 and sentenced for 8 years imprisonment because of his role as a prominent student leader in 1988 uprising. He was released in 1996 and still continued campaigning for democracy in Burma. He strongly believes in human rights and freedom. He was arrested again 2007 with fellow students leaders and sentenced for 65 years and 6 months imprisonment. His daughter Wai Hnin Pwint Thon has followed his footsteps to bring change in Burma. She has campaigned for the release of political prisoners in Burma", "title": "Mya Aye (activist)" }, { "id": "30914", "score": "1.7988753", "text": "the date her detention had been set to expire according to a court ruling in August 2009 and came six days after a widely criticised general election. She appeared in front of a crowd of her supporters, who rushed to her house in Rangoon when nearby barricades were removed by the security forces. Aung San Suu Kyi had been detained for 15 of the past 21 years. The government newspaper \"New Light of Myanmar\" reported the release positively, saying she had been granted a pardon after serving her sentence \"in good conduct\". The New York Times suggested that the military", "title": "Aung San Suu Kyi" }, { "id": "13362396", "score": "1.7921997", "text": "trespassing. Aung San Suu Kyi was initially sentenced to three years of hard labour, but after a five-minute recess, Than Shwe reduced it to eighteen months of house arrest. Khin Khin Win and Win Ma Ma were also sentenced to eighteen months. On 8 May, Yettaw began to decline food, claiming religious reasons, and accepted only water. On 9 July, he was removed to Insein Prison hospital because he was still refusing food. There authorities began feeding him intravenously. On 3 August, Yettaw was taken from Insein prison and admitted to Yangon General Hospital after having seizures. He was isolated", "title": "Suu Kyi trespasser incidents" }, { "id": "19573832", "score": "1.7901658", "text": "than a year until August 2008. On 11 November, he was sentenced to 65 years in prison. On 13 January 2012, he was released as part of a mass presidential pardon of political prisoners with nearly 600 other political prisoners. He spent 20 years of his adult life in prison and was considered a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International. Pyone Cho was elected for a parliamentary seat in the lower house (Pyithu Hluttaw)'s Dawbon constituency in the 2015 general election, representing the National League for Democracy. He is the first student leader of the 88 Generation Students Group to", "title": "Pyone Cho" }, { "id": "11549467", "score": "1.7839105", "text": "in the poll, including changes to the constitution to reduce the army's influence, international supervision for free and fair polls, and freeing all political prisoners including Suu Kyi. Senior General Than Shwe, leader of the ruling military junta, has pledged to release political prisoners in an amnesty before the election, though he has not stated when this would occur. On 2009, Suu Kyi was sentenced to imprisonment for three years with hard labour over a trespass incident. This sentence was commuted by the military rulers to further house arrest of eighteen months. The NLD later announced they would not take", "title": "2010 Myanmar general election" }, { "id": "19498413", "score": "1.7746603", "text": "and religions in the house during 1988 uprisings. She remained under house arrest for almost 15 of the 21 years from 1989 to 2010 in the house. On 22 September 2007, although still under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi made a brief public appearance at the gate of the house to accept the blessings of Buddhist monks during the Saffron revolution. On 2 May 2008, after the Cyclone Nargis, the roof of the house was damaged and Aung San Suu Kyi lived in virtual darkness after losing electricity. She used candles at night as she was not provided any", "title": "54 University Avenue" }, { "id": "30890", "score": "1.7691278", "text": "result was hospitalized. The Burmese government detained and kept Aung San Suu Kyi imprisoned because it viewed her as someone \"likely to undermine the community peace and stability\" of the country, and used both Article 10(a) and 10(b) of the 1975 State Protection Act (granting the government the power to imprison people for up to five years without a trial), and Section 22 of the \"Law to Safeguard the State Against the Dangers of Those Desiring to Cause Subversive Acts\" as legal tools against her. She continuously appealed her detention, and many nations and figures continued to call for her", "title": "Aung San Suu Kyi" } ]

[ "Belgium Ghent", "un locode begne", "ghent", "Ghent", "gent belgium", "UN/LOCODE:BEGNE", "Ghent, Belgium", "ghent belgium", "Gent, Belgium", "belgium ghent" ]

[ { "id": "7279899", "score": "1.9491706", "text": "of a new lock at Terneuzen, scheduled for completion in 2021 and costing €920M. The new lock is about the same size as those of the contemporaneous expansion project of the Panama Canal. Port of Ghent The port of Ghent is the third biggest port in Belgium. The first port of Ghent was situated at the Scheldt river and later on at the river Leie. Since the Middle Ages Ghent has sought for a connection to the sea. In the 13th century via the Lieve canal to the Zwin near Damme, in the 16th century via the Sassevaart, in the", "title": "Port of Ghent" }, { "id": "766930", "score": "1.8930292", "text": "million day tourists visit the city and in 2007 there were about 1.4 million overnight stays. The port of Ghent, in the north of the city, is the third largest port of Belgium. It is accessed by the Ghent–Terneuzen Canal, which ends near the Dutch port of Terneuzen on the Western Scheldt. The port houses, among others, big companies like ArcelorMittal, Volvo Cars, Volvo Trucks, Volvo Parts, Honda, and Stora Enso. The Ghent University, the second largest university of Belgium by number of students, and a number of research oriented companies are situated in the central and southern part of", "title": "Economy of Belgium" }, { "id": "1662375", "score": "1.8488759", "text": "the Netherlands signed a treaty for the construction of a new lock at Terneuzen, scheduled for completion in 2021 and costing €920M. The new lock is about the same size as those of the contemporaneous expansion project of the Panama Canal. Today the Ghent-Terneuzen canal is 200 meters wide and long, capable of accommodating ships of up to 125 000 gross tonnage. The largest permitted vessel size has increased, correspondingly, to 265 meters long x 34 meters wide, with a draft up to 12.5 meters. Ghent–Terneuzen Canal The Ghent–Terneuzen Canal (Dutch: Kanaal van Gent naar Terneuzen), also known as the", "title": "Ghent–Terneuzen Canal" }, { "id": "1662374", "score": "1.8332195", "text": "Dutch until 1841. Between 1870 and 1885 the canal was enlarged to a depth of six and a half meters at its centre, and to a width of 17 meters at its base and 68 meters at the surface level: bridges were rebuilt accordingly along the Belgian sector. The famous Cluysen - Ter Donck Regatta was organised here for many decades (1888-1954) and during the 1913 Expo of Ghent the European Rowing Championships took place on the canal. Further development and major enlargement took place during the subsequent century, most notably during the early 1960s. In February 2015 Flanders and", "title": "Ghent–Terneuzen Canal" }, { "id": "7279895", "score": "1.7901886", "text": "the Panamax size, and in February 2015 the construction of a new lock at Terneuzen was announced, which will maintain near-parity with those of the Panama Canal expansion project. In 1251, the Lieve Canal was constructed in order to attempt to connect Ghent to Damme, which was at that time was situated at the Zwin. However, the Zwin sanded up and the Lieve canal lost all relevance by the end of the fifteenth century. In 1547, a second attempt was made by digging the Sassevaart (Sasse Canal), which became a busy trade route. In the sixteenth century however, the Wars", "title": "Port of Ghent" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "British logistics in the Siegfried Line campaign\n\nBritish logistics supported the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group operations in the World War II Siegfried Line campaign, which ran from the end of the pursuit of the German armies from Normandy in mid-September 1944 until the end of January 1945. Operation Overlord, the Allied landings in Normandy, commenced on D-Day, 6 June 1944. German resistance was stubborn, and the British and Canadian advance much slower than planned until the German defences were finally breached in July. What followed was a far more rapid advance than anticipated. The British Second Army liberated Brussels on 3 September, but the subsequent effort to cross the Rhine with the aid of airborne forces in Operation Market Garden was unsuccessful. The Canadian First Army had the task of clearing the Channel Coast. Although the port of Antwerp had been captured virtually intact on 4 September, major operations were required to clear the German defenders from the Scheldt estuary, and it was not opened for shipping until 26 November. Antwerp had sufficient capacity to support both the British and American forces, but its use was hampered by German V-weapon attacks.\n\nA new base was developed around Brussels, and an advanced base area around Antwerp. It was decided to shut down the Rear Maintenance Area (RMA) in Normandy, where some of supplies were still held. This included 15,000,000 rations, which were gradually eaten by the troops in the RMA. Stores still required by the 21st Army Group were moved forward to the new advanced base, and the rest returned to the War Office for disposal. To get the railway system in operation again required the reconstruction of bridges and the importation of additional locomotives. Petrol was brought in tankers and over the Operation Pluto pipeline. Civilian labour was utilised at the bases in a variety of tasks to enable military personnel to be released for service in forward areas. By the end of 1944, some 90,000 civilians were employed by the 21st Army Group, of whom half were employed in workshops in the advanced base, and 14,000 at the port of Antwerp.\n\nBritish logistics in this campaign had access to enormous resources. The problem the administrative staffs faced was not whether something could be accomplished, but how soon it could be done. Procedures had already been developed and honed in earlier campaigns, and were improved upon as administrative staffs steadily became more experienced. The maintenance system had both capacity and flexibility, and was capable of supporting both fast-moving and slow-tempo operations.", "title": "British logistics in the Siegfried Line campaign" }, { "id": "7755199", "score": "1.7550787", "text": "and one or two locks which had been part of the former canal. The was opened to boats with a displacement of 1,350 tonnes in September 2002. Between 2000 and 2004 the annual ship transits increased from 1,531 to 4,041 while the tonnage carried increased from 282,000 to 1,513,000. The lifts on the old parallel canal remain in position, having in 1998 been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Canal du Centre (Belgium) The is a canal in Belgium, which, with other canals, links the waterways of the and rivers. It has a total length of . It connects the", "title": "Canal du Centre (Belgium)" }, { "id": "6772320", "score": "1.7527106", "text": "obtained. With a length of 500 m between the lock gates and a width of 68 m, the Berendrecht lock is the largest lock in the world. This lock has a depth of 13.50 m, which makes the sill depth at mean high water equal to 17.75 m. Apart from the Lock, still further development of the right bank has been undertaken on the banks of the Scheldt outside the dock complex. Two large container terminals have been opened here. In 1990, the Europe terminal was operative, while secondly, the North Sea terminal became operative in 1997. The older areas", "title": "Port of Antwerp" }, { "id": "1662373", "score": "1.7481441", "text": "Ghent–Terneuzen Canal The Ghent–Terneuzen Canal (Dutch: Kanaal van Gent naar Terneuzen), also known as the \"Sea Canal\" (Zeekanaal) is a canal linking Ghent in Belgium to the port of Terneuzen on the Westerschelde (Scheldt) estuary in the Netherlands, thereby providing the former with better access to the sea. The canal was constructed between 1823 and 1827 on the initiative of the Dutch King: Belgium (as it subsequently became) and the Netherlands had become a united country under the terms agreed at the Congress of Vienna. After Belgium broke away in 1830, traffic to and from Belgium was blocked by the", "title": "Ghent–Terneuzen Canal" }, { "id": "3653174", "score": "1.724794", "text": "Albert Canal The Albert Canal (, ) is a canal located in northeastern Belgium, which was named for King Albert I of Belgium. The Albert Canal connects Antwerp with Liège, and also the Meuse River with the Scheldt River. It also connects with the Canal Dessel-Turnhout-Schoten, and its total length is . The Albert Canal has a standard depth of and an overhead clearance of . To allow four-stacked container traffic, bridges over the canal are currently being heightened to allow for a overhead. The largest vessels that can use this canal are barges of just 1500-2,000 tons - much", "title": "Albert Canal" }, { "id": "7755195", "score": "1.721075", "text": "Canal du Centre (Belgium) The is a canal in Belgium, which, with other canals, links the waterways of the and rivers. It has a total length of . It connects the artificial lake near , with the Brussels–Charleroi Canal near . The canal begins in the west at , and passes through the towns of , , , and . This section is long, and has a relief of . The canal climbs by means of six locks. There are five locks with a relief of , and a final lock with a relief of at . The next section", "title": "Canal du Centre (Belgium)" }, { "id": "12181305", "score": "1.7153937", "text": "Brussels and Liege, via the Leie. Following the canal from Roeselare City, one passes first the town of Izegem where the food company Vandemoortele Groep is located, then Ingelmunster and Oostrozebeke, and finally Ooigem, a municipality of Wielsbeke where the canal joins the Leie. There is a lock to overcome a height of 7.50 meters. The Kortrijk-Bruges railway line runs a few kilometers parallel to the canal that can handle barges up to 1350 tonnes. There is a proposal to build a container terminal for temporary container storage alongside the canal. The Leiestreek tourist office and the municipality are working", "title": "Roeselare–Leie Canal" }, { "id": "8905958", "score": "1.7077345", "text": "older Zuid-Willemsvaart, which runs from 's-Hertogenbosch to Maastricht, partly through Belgium. The Juliana Canal runs parallel to the Meuse, at maximum 3 km east of the river. Between Maasbracht and Maastricht, the canal gains approximately 25 m of elevation. There are locks at Limmel (near Maastricht), Born, and Maasbracht. Until 1965, there used to be another lock near Roosteren. When the locks of Born and Maasbracht were modernized, these became unnecessary and were destroyed. There are ports at Maastricht, Stein, Born and Maasbracht. The port at Stein used to be the second large inland port in Europe, after Duisburg in", "title": "Juliana Canal" }, { "id": "12115215", "score": "1.7076931", "text": "Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal The Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal (commonly named in various ways including Willebroek Canal and Brussels-Willebroek canal), is a canal in Belgium linking Brussels with the Scheldt river and ultimately the sea. The 28 km long canal has a width of 30 m. and a draught of 2 m., and connects the cities of Brussels and Willebroek, where it joins the Rupel river in the hamlet of Klein-Willebroek. Hence previously the canal was officially known as the Brussels-Rupel Maritime Canal prior to the establishment of a direct link with the Scheldt in 1997. The canal is one of the", "title": "Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal" }, { "id": "44834", "score": "1.7073814", "text": "had its own harbour, the port of Brussels. It has been enlarged throughout the centuries to become the second Belgian inland port. Historically situated near the / square, it lies today in the northwest of the region, on the Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal (commonly called Willebroek Canal), which connects Brussels to Antwerp via the Scheldt. Ships and large barges up to 4,500 tons can penetrate deep into the country, avoiding break-ups and load transfers between Antwerp and the centre of Brussels, hence reducing the cost for companies using the canal, and thus offering a competitive advantage. Moreover, the connection of the", "title": "Brussels" }, { "id": "44835", "score": "1.7062252", "text": "Willebroek Canal with the Brussels–Charleroi Canal, in the very heart of the capital, creates a north-south link, by means of waterways, between the Netherlands, Flanders and the industrial zone of Hainaut (Wallonia). There, navigation can access the network of French canals, thanks to the important inclined plane of Ronquières and the lifts of Strépy-Bracquegnies. The importance of river traffic in Brussels makes it possible to avoid the road equivalent of 740,000 trucks per year – almost 2,000 per day – which, in addition to easing traffic problems, represents an estimated carbon dioxide saving of 51,545 tonnes per year. The Brussels-Capital", "title": "Brussels" }, { "id": "12115219", "score": "1.7058318", "text": "construction of two new locks (205 x 25 m) at Zemst (opened in 1975) and Hingene (opened in 1997) allowed the canal to lead directly into the Scheldt. The Port of Brussels is now accessible to ships of 4500 tons and pushed convoys of 9000 tons. The canal is of paramount importance for the supply of oil to Brussels, which typically represents 30 - 50% of annual traffic. In 1974 the annual traffic rose to 14 million tonnes. After a relapse, the volume transported has been rising again in recent years. With 7 million tons carried by the canal, the", "title": "Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal" }, { "id": "37214", "score": "1.7038479", "text": "which in regular commercial use. The main waterways are the Albert Canal connecting Antwerp to Liège, the Ghent–Terneuzen Canal through the port of Ghent connecting Ghent with the Westerschelde, the Boudewijn Canal through the port of Bruges-Zeebrugge connecting Bruges with the North Sea, the Brussels-Charleroi Canal, Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal and Scheldt connecting Charleroi to Antwerp, the Nimy-Blaton-Péronnes Canal and Scheldt connecting the Borinage to Antwerp, the connection between the North Sea and Antwerp and the connection between Dunkerque and Liège via the Nimy-Blaton-Péronnes Canal, the Canal du Centre, the lower Sambre and the Meuse. Waterways are managed on a regional", "title": "Transport in Belgium" }, { "id": "10983612", "score": "1.7034149", "text": "which was completed in 1857. Ambitious enlargements began again with the lock at Flanders' Gate (Porte de Flandre) in Brussels, which was expanded to a gauge of 600–800 t (590–790 L/T/660–880 S/T). By 1933, all locks downstream of Clabecq were modified to a capacity of . The last major improvement to the canal was the addition of the Class IV, 1350 tonne inclined plane at Ronquières, just uphill of Lock #5 at Ittre. The inclined plane is considered a masterpiece of civil engineering, while the lock has a rise of , one of the highest in Belgium. On 17 December", "title": "Brussels–Charleroi Canal" }, { "id": "10983607", "score": "1.7017395", "text": "Brussels–Charleroi Canal The Brussels–Charleroi Canal, also known as the Charleroi Canal amongst other similar names, (, ) is an important canal in Belgium. The canal is quite large, with a Class IV Freycinet gauge, and its Wallonian portion is long. It runs from Charleroi in the south to Brussels in the north. It is part of a north-south axis of water transport in Belgium, whereby the north of France (via the Canal du Centre) including Lille and Dunkirk and important waterways in the south of Belgium including the Sambre valley and sillon industriel are linked to the port of Antwerp", "title": "Brussels–Charleroi Canal" }, { "id": "12181304", "score": "1.6998492", "text": "manufacturer, also has an establishment there. The Roeselare port covers an area of 40 hectares and is easily accessible by road. Nearby is the A17/E403 highway Bruges-Kortrijk with many opportunities to explore the coast, the inland or the Belgian-French and Belgian-Dutch border regions. The disclosure in Roeselare is also good with the Mandel Avenue that can be used to access the industrial zone in Beveren. It is also easy to choose driving through the King Albert I Avenue until the inner ring road to the outer ring road N36/R32. The canal connects Roeselare with the ports of Dunkirk, Ghent, Antwerp,", "title": "Roeselare–Leie Canal" } ]

[ "east and west berlin", "East and West Berlin" ]

[ { "id": "1627352", "score": "1.7901255", "text": "Alpha at and its counterpart Checkpoint Bravo at Dreilinden, Wannsee in the south-west corner of Berlin. The Soviets simply called it the \" Crossing Point\" (, ). The East Germans referred officially to Checkpoint Charlie as the (\"Border Crossing Point\") . As the most visible Berlin Wall checkpoint, Checkpoint Charlie was featured in movies and books. A famous cafe and viewing place for Allied officials, armed forces and visitors alike, (\"Eagle Café\"), is situated right on the checkpoint. It was an excellent viewing point to look into East Berlin while having something to eat and drink. The checkpoint was curiously", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie" }, { "id": "1627346", "score": "1.7650738", "text": "Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Charlie (or \"Checkpoint C\") was the name given by the Western Allies to the best-known Berlin Wall crossing point between East Berlin and West Berlin during the Cold War (1947–1991). East German leader Walter Ulbricht agitated and maneuvered to get the Soviet Union's permission to construct the Berlin Wall in 1961 to stop Eastern Bloc emigration and defection westward through the Soviet border system, preventing escape across the city sector border from communist East Berlin into West Berlin. Checkpoint Charlie became a symbol of the Cold War, representing the separation of East and West. Soviet and American", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie" }, { "id": "1627359", "score": "1.7617797", "text": "that once marked the border crossing was later built where Checkpoint Charlie once was. It resembles the first guard house erected during 1961, behind a sandbag barrier toward the border. Over the years it was replaced several times by guard houses of different sizes and layouts (see photographs). The one removed during 1990 was considerably larger than the first one and did not have sandbags. Near the location of the guard house is the \"Haus am Checkpoint Charlie\". The \"Mauermuseum - Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie\" was opened on June 14, 1963, in the immediate vicinity of the Berlin Wall.", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie" }, { "id": "9491756", "score": "1.7584383", "text": "Allied side of the checkpoint for entry into West Berlin was named \"Checkpoint Bravo\", and \"Checkpoint Charlie\" was the Allied checkpoint for entry into (and exit from) East Berlin. The nomenclature of \"checkpoint\", as opposed to the East German \"\"Grenzübergangsstelle\"\" (which literally means \"border-crossing-place\") was a result of the Western Allies not recognising the legitimacy of East Germany as a state. That changed in 1973, when the GDR was admitted to the United Nations, but the term remained in use. On the grounds of the former East German border control buildings, the \"Gedenkstätte Deutsche Teilung Marienborn\" was opened on August", "title": "Helmstedt–Marienborn border crossing" }, { "id": "1627351", "score": "1.7410772", "text": "a crossing point in the Berlin Wall located at the junction of with and (which for older historical reasons coincidentally means 'Wall Street'). It is in the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. Checkpoint Charlie was designated as the single crossing point (by foot or by car) for foreigners and members of the Allied forces. (Members of the Allied forces were not allowed to use the other sector crossing point designated for use by foreigners, the Friedrichstraße railway station). The name Charlie came from the letter C in the NATO phonetic alphabet; similarly for other Allied checkpoints on the \"Autobahn\" from the West: Checkpoint", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie" }, { "id": "1627358", "score": "1.6956733", "text": "the middle of the night in early September with live armaments and vehicles, in order to enforce the ban. Although the wall was opened in November 1989 and the checkpoint booth removed on June 22, 1990, the checkpoint remained an official crossing for foreigners and diplomats until German reunification during October 1990 when the guard house was removed; it is now on display in the open-air museum of the Allied Museum in Berlin-Zehlendorf. The course of the former wall and border is now marked in the street with a line of cobblestones. A copy of the guard house and sign", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie" }, { "id": "11123058", "score": "1.6719093", "text": "Checkpoint Charlie Museum The Checkpoint Charlie Museum () is a private museum in Berlin. It is named after the famous crossing point on the Berlin Wall, and was created to document the so-called \"best border security system in the world\" (in the words of East German general Heinz Hoffmann). On display are the photos and related documents of successful escape attempts from East Germany, together with the escape apparatus: hot-air balloons, getaway cars, chairlifts, and a mini-U-Boat. The museum researches and maintains a list of deaths at the Berlin Wall. It is operated by the \"Arbeitsgemeinschaft 13. August\" (August 13th", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie Museum" }, { "id": "1627347", "score": "1.6686339", "text": "tanks briefly faced each other at the location during the Berlin Crisis of 1961. After the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc and the reunification of Germany, the building at Checkpoint Charlie became a tourist attraction. It is now located in the Allied Museum in the Dahlem neighborhood of Berlin. By the early 1950s, the Soviet method of restricting emigration was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc, including East Germany. However, in occupied Germany, until 1952, the lines between East Germany and the western occupied zones remained easily crossed in most places. Consequently, the inner German border", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie" }, { "id": "3679224", "score": "1.657567", "text": "the \"Stasi\"). When would-be escapees were killed, strict regulations were imposed on the family regarding the funeral; for instance, no obituaries were to be printed in the local newspapers. East German law only allowed crossing the border at so called \"Grenzübergangsstellen\" (\"checkpoints\"), such as the famous Checkpoint Charlie. Checkpoint Charlie was special, since this was one of the few border crossing points in Berlin where foreigners could enter East Berlin. Elsewhere, warning signs were posted telling people not to enter the border zone. Any violation was considered a criminal act. However, these are only the formal aspects of the law.", "title": "Schießbefehl" }, { "id": "1627353", "score": "1.6545898", "text": "asymmetrical. During its 28-year active life, the infrastructure on the Eastern side was expanded to include not only the wall, watchtower and zig-zag barriers, but a multi-lane shed where cars and their occupants were checked. However, the Allied authority never erected any permanent buildings, and made do with the well-known wooden shed, which was replaced during the 1980s by a larger metal structure, now displayed at the Allied Museum in western Berlin. Their reason was that they did not consider the inner Berlin sector boundary an international border and did not treat it as such. Soon after the construction of", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie" }, { "id": "13925562", "score": "1.644471", "text": "the first of three Allied checkpoints on the road to Berlin. The others were Checkpoint Bravo, where the autobahn crossed from East Germany into West Berlin, and most famous of all, Checkpoint Charlie, the only place where non-Germans could cross by road or foot from West to East Berlin. On the other side of the border at Marienborn, over 1,000 East German officials worked around the clock to process travellers. A large proportion of the staff were officers of the Stasi, the much-feared secret police, although they wore the uniforms of the regular \"Grenztruppen\". The real \"Grenztruppen\" were also present", "title": "Crossing the inner German border" }, { "id": "1627363", "score": "1.6394575", "text": "stands with fake military items and stores proliferate as well. British spy James Bond (played by Roger Moore) passed through Checkpoint Charlie in the film \"Octopussy\" (1983) from West Berlin to East. Checkpoint Charlie is featured in the opening scene of the 1965 Martin Ritt film \"The Spy Who Came in from the Cold\" (starring Richard Burton and Claire Bloom), based on the John le Carré novel of the same name. Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Charlie (or \"Checkpoint C\") was the name given by the Western Allies to the best-known Berlin Wall crossing point between East Berlin and West Berlin during", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie" }, { "id": "11123060", "score": "1.6389399", "text": "divided along its whole length; the buildings in the east had been vacated and their windows were bricked up. We suggested that tourists be thankful to those border guards who do not shoot to kill\". On 14th June 1963, the museum opened in its permanent location on Friedrichstraße, known as \"Haus am Checkpoint Charlie\". The \"Arbeitsgemeinschaft 13. August e. V.\" was formally registered with the city as a \"Verein\" (association) on 16 July 1963. The museum in its early days was known for its jumbled and chaotic exhibition style, with many objects and relics displayed without the usual organization of", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie Museum" }, { "id": "3459635", "score": "1.6345246", "text": "At the time, David Cairncross was a student at King's College, Cambridge and Sandy Cairncross, a postgraduate research student (now a distinguished epidemiologist). The repainting did not involve anyone from Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology. The Cairncrosses confirmed that the name \"Reality Checkpoint\" had previously been inscribed in marker pen on the pillar \"a year or two earlier\" and that their painting of the name was initially a placeholder for more sophisticated lettering. On how the lamppost got its name, David Cairncross acknowledged the influence of Checkpoint Charlie during the Cold War, and the popularity of Carlos Castaneda’s 1971", "title": "Reality Checkpoint" }, { "id": "45026", "score": "1.6319158", "text": "of other socialist countries into West Berlin, provided that they held the necessary permits. These crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it (East Germans, West Germans, West Berliners, other countries). The most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of Friedrichstraße and Zimmerstraße, also known as Checkpoint Charlie, which was restricted to Allied personnel and foreigners. Several other border crossings existed between West Berlin and surrounding East Germany. These could be used for transit between West Germany and West Berlin, for visits by West Berliners into East Germany, for transit into countries", "title": "Berlin Wall" }, { "id": "1627350", "score": "1.5929072", "text": "The East German economy suffered accordingly. On August 13, 1961, a barbed-wire barrier that would become the Berlin Wall separating East and West Berlin was erected by the East Germans. Two days later, police and army engineers began to construct a more permanent concrete wall. Along with the wall, the 830 mile zonal border became 3.5 miles wide on its East German side in some parts of Germany with a tall steel-mesh fence running along a \"death strip\" bordered by mines, as well as channels of ploughed earth, to slow escapees and more easily reveal their footprints. Checkpoint Charlie was", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie" }, { "id": "1627360", "score": "1.5926663", "text": "It shows photographs and fragments of the separation of Germany. The border fortifications and the \"assistance of the protecting powers\" are illustrated. In addition to photos and documentation of successful escape attempts, the exhibition also showcases escape devices including a hot-air balloon, escape cars, chair lifts, and a mini-submarine. From October 2004 until July 2005, the Freedom Memorial, consisting of original wall segments and 1,067 commemorative crosses, stood on a leased site. The museum is operated by the \"Arbeitsgemeinschaft 13. August e. V.\", a registered association founded by Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt. The director is Alexandra Hildebrandt, the founder's widow. The", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie" }, { "id": "13925561", "score": "1.5920444", "text": "Road crossing (East/West checkpoints, from north to south) Railway crossing Water crossing The largest crossing point or \"Grenzübergangsstelle\" (GÜSt) between East and West Germany was at Marienborn on the Hanover–Berlin autobahn. It was originally a set of simple huts straddling the border, where British and Soviet military police checked travellers between the eastern and western zones. In 1971–72 the East German government expanded it into a complex through which 34.6 million travellers passed between 1985–89. The British, French and Americans worked alongside the West German \"Bundesgrenzschutz\" and Customs to maintain a corresponding checkpoint near Helmstedt. Codenamed Checkpoint Alpha, this was", "title": "Crossing the inner German border" }, { "id": "5245647", "score": "1.5910139", "text": "turn green so drivers can turn off engines, visit the park, and use public restrooms. Between the two border stations sits the Peace Arch Park, where visitors are free to cross the border within the confines of the park. Border inspection services at this crossing long predated the 1921 construction of the Peace Arch. The Canada border station is known as \"Douglas\", although it has been known over the years as \"White Rock\" and \"Surrey\". The US border station is known as \"Blaine - Peace Arch\". The crossing is less than a mile west of the Pacific Highway Border Crossing;", "title": "Peace Arch Border Crossing" }, { "id": "11123063", "score": "1.578043", "text": "its removal were the subjects of some criticism and controversy. An exhibition of photographs, writing, and objects, documenting the Berlin Wall and escapes across it, during the time it stood. A history of divided Berlin, following World War II to its reunification. The many historical events that took place at Checkpoint Charlie are presented. A focus on various contraptions and ingenious vehicles, used to successfully evade the East German border security. Portrayals of non-violent protest around the world, and how similar methods were used in Germany. A new permanent exhibition focusing on international and diplomatic contexts opened in March, 2012.", "title": "Checkpoint Charlie Museum" } ]

[ "rusting", "rusts", "Rust (iron oxide)", "Rusted", "Rust removal", "Rust", "rust", "Chemistry rust", "feo3", "FEO3", "Rusting", "chemistry rust", "rusted", "Rusts", "rust iron oxide", "rust removal" ]

[ { "id": "6541966", "score": "1.700798", "text": "Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide A number of chemicals are dubbed iron(III) oxide-hydroxide. These chemicals are oxide-hydroxides of iron, and may occur in anhydrous (()) or hydrated (()·\"n\"HO) forms. The monohydrate (()·HO) might otherwise be described as iron(III) hydroxide (()), and is also known as hydrated iron oxide or yellow iron oxide. Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide occurs naturally as four minerals, the polymorphs denoted by the Greek letters α, β, γ and δ. Goethite, α-FeO(OH), has been used as a pigment since prehistoric times. Akaganéite is the β polymorph, formed by weathering and noted for its presence in some meteorites and the lunar surface. The", "title": "Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide" }, { "id": "5644229", "score": "1.6320751", "text": "Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(II) hydroxide or ferrous hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Fe(OH). It is produced when iron(II) salts, from a compound such as iron(II) sulfate, are treated with hydroxide ions. Iron(II) hydroxide is a white solid, but even traces of oxygen impart a greenish tinge. The air-oxidized solid is sometimes known as \"green rust\". Iron(II) hydroxide is poorly soluble in water (1.43 × 10 g/L), or 1.59 × 10 mol/L. It precipitates from the reaction of iron(II) and hydroxide salts: If the solution is not deoxygenated and the iron reduced, the precipitate can vary in color starting", "title": "Iron(II) hydroxide" }, { "id": "6541969", "score": "1.6270194", "text": "oxidized to iron(III) by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid: Overall equation: The risk and safety phrases for iron oxides are , , , , and . Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide A number of chemicals are dubbed iron(III) oxide-hydroxide. These chemicals are oxide-hydroxides of iron, and may occur in anhydrous (()) or hydrated (()·\"n\"HO) forms. The monohydrate (()·HO) might otherwise be described as iron(III) hydroxide (()), and is also known as hydrated iron oxide or yellow iron oxide. Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide occurs naturally as four minerals, the polymorphs denoted by the Greek letters α, β, γ and δ. Goethite, α-FeO(OH), has", "title": "Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide" }, { "id": "1701771", "score": "1.6254196", "text": "metastable, transforming to the alpha phase at between . Can also be prepared by oxidation of iron in an electric arc or by sol-gel precipitation from iron(III) nitrate. Additionally at high pressure an amorphous form is claimed. Recent research has revealed epsilon iron(III) oxide in ancient Chinese Jian ceramic glazes, which may provide insight into ways to produce that form in the lab. Several hydrates of Iron(III) oxide exists. When alkali is added to solutions of soluble Fe(III) salts, a red-brown gelatinous precipitate forms. This is \"not\" Fe(OH), but FeO·HO (also written as Fe(O)OH). Several forms of the hydrated oxide", "title": "Iron(III) oxide" }, { "id": "1701774", "score": "1.6183432", "text": "Iron(III) oxide is a product of the oxidation of iron. It can be prepared in the laboratory by electrolyzing a solution of sodium bicarbonate, an inert electrolyte, with an iron anode: The resulting hydrated iron(III) oxide, written here as Fe(O)OH, dehydrates around 200 °C. The overwhelming application of iron(III) oxide is as the feedstock of the steel and iron industries, e.g. the production of iron, steel, and many alloys. A very fine powder of ferric oxide is known as \"jeweler's rouge\", \"red rouge\", or simply rouge. It is used to put the final polish on metallic jewelry and lenses, and", "title": "Iron(III) oxide" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rust\n\nRust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (FeO·nHO) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH)), and is typically associated with the corrosion of refined iron.\n\nGiven sufficient time, any iron mass, in the presence of water and oxygen, could eventually convert entirely to rust. Surface rust is commonly flaky and friable, and provides no passivational protection to the underlying iron, unlike the formation of patina on copper surfaces. \"Rusting\" is the common term for corrosion of elemental iron and its alloys such as steel. Many other metals undergo similar corrosion, but the resulting oxides are not commonly called \"rust\".\n\nSeveral forms of rust are distinguishable both visually and by spectroscopy, and form under different circumstances. Other forms of rust include the result of reactions between iron and chloride in an environment deprived of oxygen. Rebar used in underwater concrete pillars, which generates green rust, is an example. Although rusting is generally a negative aspect of iron, a particular form of rusting, known as \"stable rust\", causes the object to have a thin coating of rust over the top. If kept in low relative humidity, it makes the \"stable\" layer protective to the iron below, but not to the extent of other oxides such as aluminium oxide on aluminium.", "title": "Rust" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Iron(III) oxide\n\nIron(III) oxide or ferric oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO. It is one of the three main oxides of iron, the other two being iron(II) oxide (FeO), which is rare; and iron(II,III) oxide (FeO), which also occurs naturally as the mineral magnetite. As the mineral known as hematite, FeO is the main source of iron for the steel industry. FeO is readily attacked by acids. Iron(III) oxide is often called rust, and to some extent this label is useful, because rust shares several properties and has a similar composition; however, in chemistry, rust is considered an ill-defined material, described as Hydrous ferric oxide.", "title": "Iron(III) oxide" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Limonite\n\nLimonite () is an iron ore consisting of a mixture of hydrated iron(III) oxide-hydroxides in varying composition. The generic formula is frequently written as FeO(OH)·HO, although this is not entirely accurate as the ratio of oxide to hydroxide can vary quite widely. Limonite is one of the three principal iron ores, the others being hematite and magnetite, and has been mined for the production of iron since at least 2500 BP.", "title": "Limonite" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide\n\nIron(III) oxide-hydroxide or ferric oxyhydroxide is the chemical compound of iron, oxygen, and hydrogen with formula .\n\nThe compound is often encountered as one of its hydrates, ·\"n\" [rust]. The monohydrate · is often referred to as iron(III) hydroxide , hydrated iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, or Pigment Yellow 42.<ref name=\":0\" />", "title": "Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Iron oxide\n\nIron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen. Several iron oxides are recognized. All are black magnetic solids. Often they are non-stoichiometric. Oxyhydroxides are a related class of compounds, perhaps the best known of which is rust.\n\nIron oxides and oxyhydroxides are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes. They are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, and in thermite, and occur in hemoglobin. Iron oxides are inexpensive and durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes. Colors commonly available are in the \"earthy\" end of the yellow/orange/red/brown/black range. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E172.", "title": "Iron oxide" }, { "id": "5644230", "score": "1.6032327", "text": "from green to reddish brown depending on the iron(III) content. Iron(II) ions are easily substituted by iron(III) ions produced by its progressive oxidation. It is also easily formed as a by-product of other reactions, a.o., in the synthesis of siderite, an iron carbonate (FeCO), if the crystal growth conditions are imperfectly controlled. Fe(OH) is a layer double hydroxide (LDH). Green rust is a recently discovered mineralogical form. All forms of green rust (including fougerite) are more complex and variable than the ideal iron(II) hydroxide compound. The natural analogue of iron(II) hydroxide compound is a very rare mineral amakinite, (Fe,Mg)(OH). Under", "title": "Iron(II) hydroxide" }, { "id": "1962915", "score": "1.6028297", "text": "Iron oxide Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen. All together, there are sixteen known iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. Iron oxides and oxide-hydroxides are widespread in nature, play an important role in many geological and biological processes, and are widely used by humans, e.g., as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, in thermite (see the diagram) and hemoglobin. Common rust is a form of iron(III) oxide. Iron oxides are widely used as inexpensive, durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes. Colors commonly available are in the \"earthy\" end of the yellow/orange/red/brown/black range. When used as a food coloring,", "title": "Iron oxide" }, { "id": "1384752", "score": "1.5755641", "text": "Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) sulfate (British English: iron(II) sulphate) or ferrous sulfate denotes a range of salts with the formula FeSO·\"x\"HO. These compounds exist most commonly as the heptahydrate (\"x\" = 7) but are known for several values of \"x\". The hydrated form is used medically to treat iron deficiency, and also for industrial applications. Known since ancient times as copperas and as green vitriol (vitriol is an archaic name for sulfate), the blue-green heptahydrate (hydrate with 7 molecules of water) is the most common form of this material. All the iron(II) sulfates dissolve in water to give the same aquo", "title": "Iron(II) sulfate" }, { "id": "6371503", "score": "1.5751238", "text": "Iron(II) acetate Iron(II) acetate is a coordination complex with formula Fe(CHO). It is a white solid, although impure samples can be slightly colored. A light green tetrahydrate is also known, which is highly soluble in water. Iron powder reacts with hot acetic acid to give the product: It adopts a polymeric structure with octahedral Fe(II) centers bridged by acetate ligands. It is not a ionic compound. The hydrate can be made by the reaction of ferrous oxide or ferrous hydroxide with acetic acid. Reaction of scrap iron with acetic acid affords a brown mixture of various iron(II) and iron(III) acetates", "title": "Iron(II) acetate" }, { "id": "5754558", "score": "1.573838", "text": "particles with carbon monoxide. The compound was described in a journal by Mond and Langer in 1891 as \"a somewhat viscous liquid of a pale-yellow colour.\" Samples were prepared by treatment of finely divided, oxide-free iron powder with carbon monoxide at room temperature. Industrial synthesis of the compound requires relatively high temperatures and pressures (e.g. 175 atm at 150 °C) as well as special, chemically resistant equipment (e.g. composed of copper-silver alloys). Preparation of the compound at the laboratory scale avoids these complications by using an iodide intermediate: Fe(CO) is sensitive to light. Photodissociation of Fe(CO) produces Fe(CO), a yellow-orange", "title": "Iron pentacarbonyl" }, { "id": "5644232", "score": "1.5722525", "text": "in water and precipitates out. In a basic solution iron(II) hydroxide is the electrochemically active material of the negative electrode of the nickel-iron battery. Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(II) hydroxide or ferrous hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Fe(OH). It is produced when iron(II) salts, from a compound such as iron(II) sulfate, are treated with hydroxide ions. Iron(II) hydroxide is a white solid, but even traces of oxygen impart a greenish tinge. The air-oxidized solid is sometimes known as \"green rust\". Iron(II) hydroxide is poorly soluble in water (1.43 × 10 g/L), or 1.59 × 10 mol/L. It precipitates from", "title": "Iron(II) hydroxide" }, { "id": "1701768", "score": "1.5618169", "text": "an ill-defined material, described as \"hydrated\" ferric oxide. FeO can be obtained in various polymorphs. In the main ones, α and γ, iron adopts octahedral coordination geometry. That is, each Fe center is bound to six oxygen ligands. α-FeO has the rhombohedral, corundum (α-AlO) structure and is the most common form. It occurs naturally as the mineral hematite which is mined as the main ore of iron. It is antiferromagnetic below ~260 K (Morin transition temperature), and exhibits weak ferromagnetism between 260 K and the Néel temperature, 950 K. It is easy to prepare using both thermal decomposition and precipitation", "title": "Iron(III) oxide" }, { "id": "1384761", "score": "1.5617931", "text": "into a brown colored anhydrous solid. When further heated, the anhydrous material releases sulfur dioxide and white fumes of sulfur trioxide, leaving a reddish-brown iron(III) oxide. Decomposition of iron(II) sulfate begins at about . Like all iron(II) salts, iron(II) sulfate is a reducing agent. For example, it reduces nitric acid to nitrogen monoxide and chlorine to chloride: Upon exposure to air, it oxidizes to form a corrosive brown-yellow coating of \"basic ferric sulfate\", which is an adduct of iron(III) oxide and iron(III) sulfate: Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) sulfate (British English: iron(II) sulphate) or ferrous sulfate denotes a range of salts with", "title": "Iron(II) sulfate" }, { "id": "193617", "score": "1.5593805", "text": "quickly in air to form iron(III) oxide that accounts for the brown deposits present in a sizeable number of streams. Many coordination compounds of iron are known. A typical six-coordinate anion is hexachloroferrate(III), [FeCl], found in the mixed salt tetrakis(methylammonium) hexachloroferrate(III) chloride. Complexes with multiple bidentate ligands have geometric isomers. For example, the \"trans\"-chlorohydridobis(bis-1,2-(diphenylphosphino)ethane)iron(II) complex is used as a starting material for compounds with the Fe(dppe) moiety. The ferrioxalate ion with three oxalate ligands (shown at right) displays helical chirality with its two non-superposable geometries labelled \"Λ\" (lambda) for the left-handed screw axis and \"Δ\" (delta) for the right-handed screw", "title": "Iron" }, { "id": "1701776", "score": "1.5577166", "text": "sold as \"stropping compound\" are often applied to a leather strop to assist in getting a razor edge on knives, straight razors, or any other edged tool. Iron(III) oxide is also used as a pigment, under names \"Pigment Brown 6\", \"Pigment Brown 7\", and \"Pigment Red 101\". Some of them, e.g. Pigment Red 101 and Pigment Brown 6, are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in cosmetics. Iron oxides are used as pigments in dental composites alongside titanium oxides. Hematite is the characteristic component of the Swedish paint color Falu red. Iron(III) oxide was the", "title": "Iron(III) oxide" }, { "id": "368233", "score": "1.5535271", "text": "Rust Rust is an iron oxide, a usually red oxide formed by the redox reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture. Several forms of rust are distinguishable both visually and by spectroscopy, and form under different circumstances. Rust consists of hydrated iron(III) oxides FeO·\"n\"HO and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH)). Given sufficient time, oxygen, and water, any iron mass will eventually convert entirely to rust and disintegrate. Surface rust is flaky and friable, and it provides no protection to the underlying iron, unlike the formation of patina on copper surfaces. Rusting is the common term", "title": "Rust" }, { "id": "6541968", "score": "1.5482005", "text": "soil constituent, is a related compound. Yellow iron oxide (CAS ) is used as a pigment, e.g. Pigment Yellow 42 or C.I. 77492. Pigment Yellow 42 is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for use in cosmetics and is used in some tattoo inks. Solid material color ranges from yellow through dark-brown to black. Iron oxide-hydroxide is also used in aquarium water treatment as a phosphate binder. Recently, two forms of Iron oxide-hydroxides nanoparticles were identified as very good adsorbents for lead removal from aquatic media. It is obtained by reacting ferric chloride with sodium hydroxide: Alternately iron(II) may be", "title": "Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide" }, { "id": "8592260", "score": "1.5411756", "text": "Mixed metal species are known such as [FeCoO(OAc)(HO)]. Chromium(III), ruthenium(III), vanadium(III), and rhodium(III) form analogous compounds. Iron(III) acetate (lacking the oxo ligand) has been claimed as a red coloured compound from the reaction of silver acetate and iron(III) chloride. Materials prepared by heating iron, acetic acid, and air, loosely described as basic iron acetates, are used as dyes and mordants. Iron(III) acetate Ferric acetate is the coordination compound more commonly known as \"basic iron acetate\". With the formula [FeO(OAc)(HO)]OAc (OAc is CHCO), it is a salt, composed of the cation [Fe(μ-O)(OAc)(HO)] and an acetate anion. The formation of the red-brown", "title": "Iron(III) acetate" }, { "id": "6541967", "score": "1.5332146", "text": "γ polymorph lepidocrocite is commonly encountered as rust on the inside of steel water pipes and tanks. Feroxyhyte (δ) is formed under the high pressure conditions of sea and ocean floors, being thermodynamically unstable with respect to the α polymorph (goethite) at surface conditions. It also occurs as siderogel – a colloid – and limonite, which is a commonly found mixture of mainly goethite, lepidocrocite, quartz and clay minerals. Goethite and lepidocrocite, both crystallizing in orthorhombic system, are the most common forms of iron(III) oxide-hydroxide and the most important mineral carriers of iron in soils. The mineral ferrihydrite, also a", "title": "Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide" }, { "id": "2649294", "score": "1.533066", "text": "Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO. Its mineral form is known as wüstite. One of several iron oxides, it is a black-colored powder that is sometimes confused with rust, the latter of which consists of hydrated iron(III) oxide (ferric oxide). Iron(II) oxide also refers to a family of related non-stoichiometric compounds, which are typically iron deficient with compositions ranging from FeO to FeO. FeO can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of iron(II) oxalate. The procedure is conducted under an inert atmosphere to avoid the formation of ferric oxide. A similar", "title": "Iron(II) oxide" } ]

[ "liberty enlightening world", "Statue of Liberty", "Statue Liberty", "Fort Wood National Monument", "Azadliq Statue", "Mother of Exiles", "mother of exiles", "Liberty enlightening the world", "free woman", "Statue of Liberty, USA", "Free woman", "fort wood national monument", "Frederick R. Law", "staute of liberty", "The Liberty Statue", "azadliq statue", "Staute of Liberty", "Liberty, Statue of", "Freiheitsstatue", "liberty statue of", "liberty statue", "🗽", "Statue Of Liberty", "Statue of liberty", "frederick r law", "The Statue of Liberty", "Liberty Enlightening the World", "statue of liberty usa", "freiheitsstatue", "statue of liberty", "statue liberty" ]

[ { "id": "2495100", "score": "1.2836485", "text": "to New York merchants Adolphe Philipse and Henry Lane. During their ownership, the island was temporarily commandeered by the city of New York to establish a smallpox quarantine station. In 1746, Archibald Kennedy (later 11th Earl of Cassilis) purchased the island and a summer residence was established, along with construction of a lighthouse. In 1753, the island is described in an advertisement (in which \"Bedlow's\" had become \"Bedloe's\", along with an alternate name of \"Love Island\") as being available for rental: In 1756, Kennedy allowed the island to again be used as a smallpox quarantine station, and on February 18,", "title": "Liberty Island" }, { "id": "2495099", "score": "1.2763655", "text": "states. The oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries. Landfilling, started by the 1870s, particularly by the Lehigh Valley Railroad and Central Railroad of New Jersey, eventually obliterated the beds, engulfed one island and brought the shoreline much closer to the others. After the surrender of Fort Amsterdam by the Dutch to the British in 1664, the English governor Richard Nicolls granted the island to Captain Robert Needham. It was sold to Isaac Bedloe on December 23, 1667. The island was retained by his estate until 1732 when it was sold for five shillings", "title": "Liberty Island" }, { "id": "3723484", "score": "1.2570841", "text": "sea water for sanitary use. The focus on environmental sustainability is aligned with the Star Island Corporation's charge to preserve the Isles of Shoals for future generations. On Star Island there are multiple hotel buildings, the largest of which is the Oceanic Hotel. Others are named for James Caswell, Leland Baker, YPRU (Young People's Religious Union) and John Smith. There is a marine lab, a floating dock often used by swimmers, two tennis courts, two playgrounds, the \"Kiddie Barn\" where childcare services are given, Gosport chapel, a scenic gazebo termed the Summerhouse, Vaughn Cottage where the historical records are kept,", "title": "Star Island (New Hampshire)" }, { "id": "5079074", "score": "1.2454844", "text": "still remain. The Sport and Recreation Centre still uses the refurbished sleeping quarters as the dining room and kitchen. The rooms at Milson Island range from school kids' rooms that sleep up to 5 people to lodges for one to four people. Milson Island Milson Island is located in New South Wales, Australia. It was first settled over 100 years ago and has been used as a bacteriological station, quarantine station, a hospital to treat soldiers from WWI with venereal disease, mental hospital, a rehab for alcoholics, a women's jail, and now a sports and recreation centre. It is in", "title": "Milson Island" }, { "id": "6763484", "score": "1.2443523", "text": "Deer Island (Thousand Islands) Deer Island is one of the American Thousand Islands. It lies between mainland Canada and United States, within the Saint Lawrence River, in the Town of Alexandria, close to Alexandria Bay, New York. It is owned entirely by the Russell Trust Association and is used as a Skull and Bones retreat. The island lies near Boldt Castle and can be seen up close from several Canadian and U.S. tour vessels that operate in the local waterways. The land on the island is densely overgrown, with a small lodge on the southern corner of the island. \"Foot", "title": "Deer Island (Thousand Islands)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Liberty Island\n\nLiberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States. Its most notable feature is the Statue of Liberty (\"Liberty Enlightening the World\"), a large statue by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi that was dedicated in 1886. The island also contains the Statue of Liberty Museum, which opened in 2019 and exhibits the statue's original torch.\n\nLong known as Bedloe's Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. Part of the State of New York, the island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, New Jersey.\n\nLiberty Island became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1937 through Presidential Proclamation 2250, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1966, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island.", "title": "Liberty Island" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Statue of Liberty\n\nThe Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: \"La Liberté éclairant le monde\") is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.\n\nThe statue is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a \"tabula ansata\" inscribed (July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken shackle and chain lie at her feet as she walks forward, commemorating the recent national abolition of slavery. After its dedication, the statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, seen as a symbol of welcome to immigrants arriving by sea.\n\nBartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician, Édouard René de Laboulaye, who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples. The Franco-Prussian War delayed progress until 1875, when Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the United States provide the site and build the pedestal. Bartholdi completed the head and the torch-bearing arm before the statue was fully designed, and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions.\n\nThe torch-bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer, of the \"New York World\", started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar (). The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland.\n\nThe statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service as part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, and is a major tourist attraction. Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred since 1916.", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Albert W. Hicks\n\nAlbert W. Hicks (c. 1820 – July 13, 1860), also known as Elias W. Hicks, William Johnson, John Hicks, and Pirate Hicks, was a triple murderer and one of the last people executed for piracy in the United States. Cultural historian Rich Cohen places him as the first New York City legendary gangster figure, a bridge between the piracy of old and the rise of a new \"gangster nation\".", "title": "Albert W. Hicks" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Staten Island\n\nStaten Island ( ) is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Richmond County, in the U.S. state of New York. Located in the city's southwest portion, the borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull and from the rest of New York by New York Bay. With a population of 495,747 in the 2020 Census, Staten Island is the least populated borough but the third largest in land area at .\n\nA home to the Lenape indigenous people, the island was settled by Dutch colonists in the 17th century. It was one of the 12 original counties of New York state. Staten Island was consolidated with New York City in 1898. It was formally known as the Borough of Richmond until 1975, when its name was changed to Borough of Staten Island. Staten Island has sometimes been called \"the forgotten borough\" by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government.\n\nThe North Shore—especially the neighborhoods of St. George, Tompkinsville, Clifton, and Stapleton—is the island's most urban area. It contains the designated St. George Historic District and the St. Paul's Avenue-Stapleton Heights Historic District, which feature large Victorian houses. The East Shore is home to the F.D.R. Boardwalk, the world's fourth-longest boardwalk. The South Shore, site of the 17th-century Dutch and French Huguenot settlement, developed rapidly beginning in the 1960s and 1970s and is now mostly suburban. The West Shore is the island's least populated and most industrial part.\n\nMotor traffic can reach the borough from Brooklyn by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge and from New Jersey by the Outerbridge Crossing, Goethals Bridge and Bayonne Bridge. Staten Island has Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) bus lines and an MTA rapid transit line, the Staten Island Railway, which runs from the ferry terminal at St. George to Tottenville. Staten Island is the only borough not connected to the New York City Subway system. The free Staten Island Ferry connects the borough to Manhattan across New York Harbor. It provides views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan.", "title": "Staten Island" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital\n\nThe Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital (also known as USPHS Hospital No. 43) was a United States Public Health Service hospital on Ellis Island, in New York Harbor, that operated from 1902 to 1951. The hospital is part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. While the monument is managed by the National Park Service as part of the National Parks of New York Harbor office, the south side of Ellis Island, including the hospital, is managed by the non-profit Save Ellis Island Foundation and has been off-limits to the general public since its closing in 1954.\n\nConstructed in phases, the facility encompassed both a general hospital and a separate pavilion-style contagious disease hospital. The hospital had two functions: treating immigrants who were ill upon arrival, and treating immigrants with conditions that were prohibited by immigration laws. These latter patients were stabilized and often sent back to their home countries. Between 1902 and 1951 the hospital treated over 275,000 patients; there were approximately 4,000 fatalities and 350 babies were born there.\n\nThe immigrant hospital was run by the Marine Hospital Service, which was re-organized and expanded in 1902 and became the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. The name was shortened in 1912 and became the United States Public Health Service (PHS). All of the doctors at Ellis Island were part of the commissioned corps of the United States Public Health Service. Nurses and all other medical personnel were employees of the PHS. The PHS doctors conducted the line inspection, the medical examination of arriving immigrants, and treated detained immigrants in the hospitals.\n\nEfforts to restore the hospital buildings and other structures on the island are being made by the Save Ellis Island Foundation. The hospital complex has been open to the public on a limited basis for hard hat tours since 2014, provided by the Save Ellis Island Foundation.", "title": "Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital" }, { "id": "7804262", "score": "1.2429808", "text": "misspelling of the Aboriginal term Biagurra which roughly translates to \"the place of endless water\". Captain Henry Allason, inspired by Banfields book \"Confessions of A Beachcomber\", purchased Bedarra from the Queensland Lands Department in 1913 for the paltry sum of 20 pounds. He and his wife settled there until he was forced to return to Europe when World War I broke out. When Allason on-sold the property to the Harris syndicate of London in 1934 it looked for a time like it might become a home for underprivileged boys. The island is privately owned. Noel Wood, an Australian landscape artist,", "title": "Bedarra Island" }, { "id": "2196841", "score": "1.2402306", "text": "and Lorraine. In this timeline's New York City, there is no Statue of Liberty on Bedloe's Island, nor does the name get changed to Liberty Island – as relations between the United States and France are poor, due to France's support for the Confederacy, and there is no question of the French donating such a statue to the Americans. Instead, the island is taken up by a similar but more grim German-influenced statue known as the Statue of Remembrance holding the \"Sword of Vengeance\". Whenever either Germany gave the statue to the United States or the USA built it itself", "title": "How Few Remain" }, { "id": "4488628", "score": "1.2332537", "text": "\"Virginia \" was deliberately run aground near Craney Island and burned by the crew to avoid capture. In modern times, Craney Island is an industrial area and is used as a location for placement of dredged materials. It is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A major fueling depot for the United States Navy is located adjacent. The Norfolk District of the Corps staff has received recognition for the creation, protection, and preservation of a critical habitat for birds such as the piping plover, least terns, brown pelicans, osprey, and other threatened or endangered species that use the", "title": "Craney Island (Virginia)" }, { "id": "1692556", "score": "1.2300565", "text": "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2003. It is kept as a wildlife sanctuary. It is home to a seal colony and has never supported a human population. Cedar Island is connected by breakwaters to both Smuttynose Island and Star Island and is privately owned. Isles of Shoals The Isles of Shoals are a group of small islands and tidal ledges situated approximately off the east coast of the United States, straddling the border of the states of Maine and New Hampshire. Some of the islands were used for seasonal fishing camps by indigenous Americans and first settled by Europeans", "title": "Isles of Shoals" }, { "id": "2495115", "score": "1.2280124", "text": "Utility services, including electricity, water, and sewage, to Liberty and Ellis Islands are provided from the New Jersey side. Mail is delivered from Battery Park. Liberty Island Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States, best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty (\"Liberty Enlightening the World\"). The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, New Jersey. Long known as Bedloe's Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. Liberty Island became", "title": "Liberty Island" }, { "id": "1172041", "score": "1.2280006", "text": "emerged from one such sandbar, stabilized by a succession of plant life, leading to a permanent land mass. Author David Stick surmises that Native Americans used Bald Head Island in much the same way that it is used now, as a seasonal retreat. Bald Head Island's creek estuaries and its abundance of shellfish were probably as attractive to Native American fishermen as they are to modern fishermen. Shellmounds found on Middle Island and Bluff Island indicate that Native Americans did visit the Smith Island complex, but disease and war killed off most of the Native American population, so it is", "title": "Bald Head Island, North Carolina" }, { "id": "4687002", "score": "1.2272606", "text": "reality TV series \"The Real World\" was filmed for its twenty-seventh season on Hassel Island. It is the only season that the television series has filmed in the Caribbean. The season completed its filming two months later in May 2012. In 2015, that land was purchased to be used as a lot for a home. There are under five homes built on this island. It does not seem to be a fast growing populous place, but rather a more secluded and private island. Careening Cove, a bay on Hassel Island, appears on maps as early as 1687. The Danish used", "title": "Hassel Island, U.S. Virgin Islands" }, { "id": "5070683", "score": "1.2239077", "text": "was last used during World War II for coastal defense. That land was purchased by island residents in 1970. The island is now privately owned. Ferry service is provided by the St Croix, which departs from Long Wharf in Portland and lands at the summer dock, also known as Civilian Dock. Access to island is for private/owners use only. The island has a US Coast Guard Cutter that bears its name, USCGC Cushing (WPB-1321), previously stationed in Mobile, AL and currently homeported in Atlantic Beach, North Carolina. Cushing Island Cushing Island, or Cushing's Island, is a privately owned island in", "title": "Cushing Island" }, { "id": "5932227", "score": "1.2198083", "text": "and lesser frigatebirds use the island for roosting and can be seen soaring over it. Some waders are present throughout the year, the commonest being the ruddy turnstone. Common moorhens and striated herons also breed on the island. The island is known as a site for good practice in environmental management and has been the focus of many case studies. It is used by international research organisations and universities as a research base. It is a Demonstration Site for the International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN). Its ecotourism program has won several prizes including the Condé Nast ecotourism award and", "title": "Cousin Island" }, { "id": "2495095", "score": "1.2168312", "text": "Liberty Island Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States, best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty (\"Liberty Enlightening the World\"). The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, New Jersey. Long known as Bedloe's Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. Liberty Island became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1937 through Presidential Proclamation 2250, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1966, it was listed", "title": "Liberty Island" }, { "id": "4099138", "score": "1.216383", "text": "much of the island and pulled down the remaining walls of the house; today, only part of the mansion's foundation remains. The island was used as a training camp by the 1st United States Colored Infantry on its formation in 1863. From 1864 to 1865, the camp housed as many as 1,200 Contraband (American Civil War), formerly enslaved people under the authority of the US Army, and later, the Freedmen's Bureau. . Locals continued to call it \"Mason's Island\" until the memorial was built. Following the declaration of war against Spain in 1898, the island was used as a test", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt Island" }, { "id": "2940517", "score": "1.2143238", "text": "used as a test site for efforts to reintroduce the endangered American burying beetle, which appears to have succeeded; by 1997 the population had persisted for at least five generations since the last release. Penikese Island School operates a substance abuse treatment program for young men recovering from opiate or alcohol addiction. From 1973 to 2011 the program was a private residential school for troubled boys. The school was alternative to juvenile detention, and earned a reputation for its intimate size, quaint setting, and \"choice and natural consequences\" philosophy, attracting media attention and countless documentaries about the program. The school's", "title": "Penikese Island" }, { "id": "4687005", "score": "1.2126205", "text": "1919, shortly after the United States purchased the Danish West Indies. The United States Navy also established a naval station on the island, which was in operation during World War I and World War II. In the middle of the 20th century, most of Hassel Island was owned by the prominent local Paiewonsky family. The Royal Mail Inn, a small hotel located on Hassel Island, may have been the hotel immortalized in Herman Wouk's novel \"Don't Stop the Carnival\". The Creque Marine Railway and a signal station at Cowell's Battery were in operation until the 1960s and 1970s respectively. The", "title": "Hassel Island, U.S. Virgin Islands" }, { "id": "8708808", "score": "1.2124017", "text": "Useppa Island Useppa Island is an island located near the northern end of Pine Island Sound in Lee County, Florida, United States. It has been known for luxury resorts since the late 19th century, and it is currently the home of the private Useppa Island Club. On May 21, 1996, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, due to its archaeological significance. The Barbara Sumwalt Museum is located on the island. In the early 1830s the island was variously called Caldez's Island, Toampe, and Joseffa. Records indicate that José Caldez, who had operated a fishing \"rancho\"", "title": "Useppa Island" }, { "id": "388759", "score": "1.209786", "text": "Congress officially renamed Bedloe's Island as Liberty Island, a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier. The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island, which backers took as federal approval of the project, though the government was slow to grant funds for it. Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. In 1972, the immigration museum, in the statue's base, was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon. The museum's backers never provided it with an endowment", "title": "Statue of Liberty" } ]

[ "Pearl Jam", "America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band", "pearl jam", "america s greatest rock and roll band", "Olé (song)", "List of Pearl Jam songs covered by others", "Pearl jam", "List Pearl Jam songs covered by others", "Pearljam", "pearljam", "Pearl Jam (band)", "olé song", "list of pearl jam songs covered by others", "pearl jam band", "list pearl jam songs covered by others" ]

[ { "id": "3297880", "score": "1.5733812", "text": "the confused dogs that we are...eventually getting it. Did we mention he's the greatest drummer on the planet? Along with Cornell, Stone Gossard, Jeff Ament, McCready, and Vedder, Cameron appeared on the 1991 \"Temple of the Dog\" album. The album paid tribute to Mother Love Bone vocalist Andrew Wood, who died of a heroin overdose at age 24. He has played in two jazz-influenced side projects: Tone Dogs in the early 1990s, and Harrybu McCage, which formed in 2008. He recorded with the Tone Dogs for their debut album \"Ankety Low Day\", which was released in 1990. Cameron also has", "title": "Matt Cameron" }, { "id": "1691565", "score": "1.5673146", "text": "up; McCready in turn encouraged Gossard to reconnect with Ament. The three then went into the studio for separate sessions with Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron and former Shadow drummer Chris Friel to record some instrumental demos. Five of the songs recorded—\"Dollar Short\", \"Agytian Crave\", \"Footsteps\", \"Richard's E\", and \"E Ballad\"—were compiled onto a tape called \"Stone Gossard Demos '91\" that was circulated in the hopes of finding a singer and drummer for the trio. San Diego musician Eddie Vedder acquired a copy of the demo in September 1990, when it was given to him by former Red Hot Chili Peppers", "title": "Ten (Pearl Jam album)" }, { "id": "2885989", "score": "1.557585", "text": "Mike McCready Michael David \"Mike\" McCready (born April 5, 1966) is an American musician who serves as the lead guitarist for the American rock band Pearl Jam. Along with Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard and Eddie Vedder, he is one of the founding members of Pearl Jam. McCready was also a member of the side project bands Flight to Mars, Temple of the Dog, Mad Season and The Rockfords. McCready was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pearl Jam on April 7, 2017. Mike McCready was born in Pensacola, Florida, but his family moved", "title": "Mike McCready" }, { "id": "1358721", "score": "1.5567515", "text": "unique sound. At the time, Gossard and Ament were working on the Temple of the Dog project founded by Soundgarden's Chris Cornell as a musical tribute to Mother Love Bone's frontman Andrew Wood, who died of a heroin overdose at age 24. Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron and newcomer Mike McCready were also a part of the project. The song \"Hunger Strike\" became a duet between Cornell and Vedder. Cornell later said of Vedder that \"he sang half of that song not even knowing that I'd wanted the part to be there and he sang it exactly the way I was", "title": "Eddie Vedder" }, { "id": "3382918", "score": "1.5523486", "text": "2006 self-titled album, \"Rolling Stone\" editor David Fricke mentioned that both Gossard and Pearl Jam lead guitarist Mike McCready were erroneously excluded from the publication's 2003 feature \"The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\". In February 2007, Gossard and McCready were included together by \"Rolling Stone\" in its list of \"The Top 20 New Guitar Gods\" under the title of \"four-armed monster.\" Stone Gossard Stone Carpenter Gossard (born July 20, 1966) is an American musician who serves as the rhythm and additional lead guitarist for the American rock band Pearl Jam. Along with Jeff Ament, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder,", "title": "Stone Gossard" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of musical supergroups\n\nThis is a list of supergroups, music groups whose members are already successful as solo artists or as part of other groups. Usually used in the context of rock bands such as Audioslave and Chickenfoot. The term has been applied to other musical genres such as The Three Tenors in Opera. as well as in R&B/Pop with such popular acts like Bell Biv Devoe (BBD), LSG & TGT, and in Hip Hop with collaborations such as The Firm, Westside Connection and Method Man & Redman.\n\nThe term is sometimes applied retrospectively when several members from a group later achieve notable success in their own right. Supergroups are sometimes formed as side projects and thus not intended to be permanent, while other times can become the primary project of the members' careers. Charity supergroups, where prominent musicians perform or record together in support of a particular cause, have been common since the 1980s.", "title": "List of musical supergroups" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "User:West.andrew.g/2013 popular pages" }, { "id": "2938326", "score": "1.5506399", "text": "Jeff Ament Jeffrey Allen Ament (born March 10, 1963) is an American musician and songwriter who serves as the bassist for the American rock band Pearl Jam. Along with Stone Gossard, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder, he is one of the band's founding members, and is also known for his work prior to Pearl Jam with the 1980s Seattle-based grunge rock bands Green River and Mother Love Bone, and is particularly notable for his work with the fretless bass, upright bass, and twelve-string bass guitar. Ament is also a member of the bands Temple of the Dog, Tres Mts., Three", "title": "Jeff Ament" }, { "id": "1729124", "score": "1.5446253", "text": "28th Annual Bridge School Benefit, the latter being the last time that Vedder and Cornell performed the song together. On January 30, 2015, Pearl Jam bandmates (minus Vedder) Stone Gossard, Jeff Ament, and Matt Cameron joined Chris Cornell and Mike McCready during the Mad Season Sonic Evolution Concert at Benaroya Hall with the Seattle Symphony. The group performed two songs, \"Reach Down\" and \"Call Me a Dog\". The band toured for the first time in the fall of 2016 in celebration of the 25th anniversary of their self-titled album. Vedder did not participate on the tour citing \"family commitments\", but", "title": "Chris Cornell" }, { "id": "967461", "score": "1.5415592", "text": "guitarists Mike McCready and Stone Gossard, and bassist Jeff Ament), the band has had five drummers. They describe this as \"very Spinal Tap of us\". In the documentary, a mock silent film called \"The Drummer Story\" is shown explaining what happened to their previous drummers. In it, one of them is almost eaten by a sea monster, only to be rescued by Eddie Vedder, playing a lifeguard. The Canadian heavy metal band Anvil, whose drummer is named Robb Reiner, have been called \"the real Spinal Tap\" based on the misadventures depicted in their documentary \"Anvil! The Story of Anvil\". In", "title": "This Is Spinal Tap" }, { "id": "2938334", "score": "1.5347922", "text": "project founded by Soundgarden's Chris Cornell as a musical tribute to Andrew Wood. Cornell had been Wood's roommate. Ament described the collaboration as \"a really good thing at the time\" for him and Gossard that put them into a \"band situation where we could play and make music.\" The band's lineup was completed by the addition of Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron. The band started rehearsing songs that Cornell had written on tour prior to Wood's death, as well as re-working some existing material from demos written by Gossard and Ament. This project eventually featured vocalist Eddie Vedder, who had arrived", "title": "Jeff Ament" }, { "id": "1358742", "score": "1.525903", "text": "acting cameo in the 1992 movie, \"Singles\", along with Jeff Ament and Stone Gossard of Pearl Jam. He appeared as himself, playing drums in lead actor Matt Dillon's backing band, Citizen Dick. He was also interviewed for the 1996 grunge documentary, \"Hype!\" He appears in the 2003 Ramones documentary, \"\". In 2007, he made a cameo as himself in the comedy film, \"\". He appears in the 2007 Tom Petty documentary, \"Runnin' Down a Dream\", the 2008 political documentary, \"Slacker Uprising\", and the 2009 Howard Zinn documentary, \"The People Speak\", based upon \"A People's History of the United States\". He", "title": "Eddie Vedder" }, { "id": "2885996", "score": "1.5258546", "text": "be the singer for Ament and Gossard's next band, which later became Pearl Jam. Vedder sang a duet with Cornell on the song \"Hunger Strike\" and provided background vocals on several other songs. The band decided that it had enough material for an entire album and in April 1991 \"Temple of the Dog\" was released through A&M Records. Pearl Jam was formed in 1990 by Ament, Gossard, and McCready, who then recruited Vedder and drummer Dave Krusen. The band originally took the name Mookie Blaylock, but was forced to change it when the band signed to Epic Records in 1991.", "title": "Mike McCready" }, { "id": "1358761", "score": "1.510084", "text": "was a hard thing to do – to show up after people die. And Chris bringing Eddie out, and pointing at him, as much to say, ‘This is your guy now’. Pearl Jam lead guitarist Mike McCready said about their friendship; \"Ed was from San Diego and he felt very intimidated in Seattle. Chris really welcomed him. Ed was super, super shy. Chris took him out for beers and told him stories. He was like, \"Hey, welcome to Seattle. I love Jeff [Ament] and Stone [Gossard]. I give you my blessing.\" From then on he was more relaxed. It was", "title": "Eddie Vedder" }, { "id": "2260522", "score": "1.5077207", "text": "scene, and were about to release its debut album in 1990, when Wood fatally overdosed on heroin. That same year, Ament and Gossard (along with Chris Cornell, Matt Cameron, Mike McCready, and a guest appearance by Eddie Vedder) recorded the Andrew Wood tribute album \"Temple of the Dog\" (amidst the formation of the band Pearl Jam), which went on to achieve international mainstream success. After Temple of the Dog, Gossard and Ament founded Pearl Jam along with Mike McCready of Shadow, Eddie Vedder of Bad Radio, and Dave Krusen. Pearl Jam rocketed to fame with its debut album \"Ten\" and", "title": "Green River (band)" }, { "id": "1729121", "score": "1.4932173", "text": "Love Bone, had died of a heroin overdose the year before. Jeff Ament and Stone Gossard of Mother Love Bone teamed up with Mike McCready, new vocalist Eddie Vedder, and drummer Dave Krusen in 1990, forming Pearl Jam. Cameron would eventually become Pearl Jam's drummer in 1998. \"Temple of the Dog\" has gone on to sell more than a million copies, thanks in large part to the singles \"Say Hello 2 Heaven\" and \"Hunger Strike\", the latter of which features a duet between Cornell and Vedder. This was the first time Vedder was recorded professionally. Vedder said about \"Hunger Strike\"", "title": "Chris Cornell" }, { "id": "3636215", "score": "1.4696221", "text": "Chris Cornell of Soundgarden wrote two songs, \"Reach Down\" and \"Say Hello 2 Heaven\", in tribute to his late friend. Cornell then approached Gossard and Ament about releasing the songs as singles before collaborating on an album. Adding drummer Matt Cameron, future Pearl Jam lead guitarist Mike McCready, and future Pearl Jam lead singer Eddie Vedder, they formed Temple of the Dog in 1990 to pay tribute to Wood, releasing one self-titled album in 1991. Fellow Seattle band Alice in Chains dedicated their debut album \"Facelift\" to Wood. The song \"Would?\", included in their second album \"Dirt\" and on the", "title": "Andrew Wood (singer)" }, { "id": "2885995", "score": "1.4599261", "text": "written on tour prior to Wood's death, as well as re-working some existing material from demos written by Gossard and Ament. This was McCready's first recording studio experience, and he took a central role in the project. McCready performed an epic four-minute-plus solo for \"Reach Down\". According to Cornell, McCready's headphone monitors flew off halfway through the recording of the solo, and he played the rest without being able to hear the backing track. McCready considers this track to be one of his proudest moments. This project eventually featured vocalist Eddie Vedder, who had arrived in Seattle to audition to", "title": "Mike McCready" }, { "id": "10303598", "score": "1.4519445", "text": "material he had written when he was on tour with Soundgarden in Europe. The line-up eventually included Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron and newcomers Mike McCready (lead guitar) and Eddie Vedder (background vocals). McCready and Vedder were featured on the album due to their involvement with Ament and Gossard's next project, which became Pearl Jam. The name Temple of the Dog is derived from the opening lyrics of the Mother Love Bone song \"Man of Golden Words\", \"I want to show you something, like joy inside my heart, seems I been living in the temple of the dog\". The recording sessions", "title": "Temple of the Dog (album)" }, { "id": "3382898", "score": "1.4452133", "text": "months of practicing together, McCready in turn encouraged Gossard to reconnect with Ament. The trio were attempting to form their own band when they were invited to be part of the Temple of the Dog project founded by Soundgarden's Chris Cornell as a musical tribute to Wood. Cornell had been Wood's roommate. The band's line-up was completed by the addition of Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron. The band started rehearsing songs that Cornell had written on tour prior to Wood's death, as well as reworking some existing material from demos written by Gossard and Ament. Gossard described the recording process as", "title": "Stone Gossard" }, { "id": "3382913", "score": "1.4450439", "text": "Screaming Trees, Dave Matthews Band, and Deftones, as well as both Brad and Pearl Jam. Gossard had a brief acting cameo in the 1992 movie, \"Singles\", along with Jeff Ament and Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam. He appeared as himself, playing guitar in lead actor Matt Dillon's backing band, Citizen Dick. Gossard has been active in environmental pursuits, and has been an advocate of Pearl Jam's carbon neutral policy, offsetting the band's environmental impact. He has also extended his conservationist ideals and serves as a member of the board of directors at the Wild Salmon Center, an international conservation organization", "title": "Stone Gossard" }, { "id": "2886011", "score": "1.4428127", "text": "supported The Rolling Stones in 1997, Vedder made a joke that McCready is such a big fan of the Stones that he would count the number of lines on the band's vinyl records. McCready is known to use a Fender Stratocaster, a Gibson Les Paul, and a Gibson Les Paul Junior. When the band started, Gossard and McCready were clearly designated as rhythm and lead guitarists, respectively. The dynamic began to change when Vedder started to play more rhythm guitar during the \"Vitalogy\" era. McCready said in 2006, \"Even though there are three guitars, I think there's maybe more room", "title": "Mike McCready" } ]

[ "Nahr Al-Urdun", "Jordan River (symbolism)", "jordan river symbolism", "River jordon", "jordan river symbolic", "river jordon", "jordan river", "river jordan", "Yardein", "Jordan (river)", "jordan", "nahr al urdun", "The River Jordan", "Jordan river", "Jordan River (symbolic)", "The Jordan", "yardein", "Jordan River Valley", "Ha-Yarden", "Jordan River", "jordan river valley", "River Jordan", "Jordan river Valley", "ha yarden" ]

[ { "id": "325023", "score": "1.822593", "text": "government changes its treatment. They highlighted improved access to places of worship and ending the taxation of church properties as key concerns. The Pope began his five-day visit to Israel and the Palestinian Authority on Sunday, 10 May, planning to express support for the region's Christians. In response to Palestinian public statements, Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman Yigal Palmor criticized the political polarization of the papal visit, remarking that \"[i]t will serve the cause of peace much better if this visit is taken for what it is, a pilgrimage, a visit for the cause of peace and unity\". In November 2009,", "title": "Palestinian Christians" }, { "id": "12901581", "score": "1.7782388", "text": "Wall not to allow bearing crosses during the Papal visit was thwarted at an early stage. At the Notre Dame Centre in Jerusalem, the same Imam Tamimi who had spoiled a similar inter-religious event during the papal visit in 2000, delivered an anti-Jewish invective in front of Pope Benedict, who interrupted the meeting by leaving earlier than planned. Gestures that could mean upgrading relations with Israel, were taken into account as well. Before entering Israel, the Pope made an unexpected gesture in his speech on Arab-Muslim soil on Mt. Nebo, invoking Moses, the Promised Land and its link to the", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": "12901579", "score": "1.7778213", "text": "\"has never been and will never be used by the Catholic Church as a means of proselytism ... nor is it a disguised invitation to baptism.\" Without doubt, though, the positive highlight of Ratzinger's Papacy was the May 2009 visit of Pope Benedict XVI to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority – although this trip had at first been put in doubt because of persistent political fighting in Gaza. In November 2008, the first operative steps were set in motion in order to implement Pope Benedict's long-standing desire to visit Israel and the Holy Land. By securing official invitations from", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": "12901569", "score": "1.7759233", "text": "Israel and the Palestinian Authority in March 2000, within the framework of the Second Millennium celebrations. The long-time pre-announced Papal visit took place without a formal invitation – the Pope's personal desire overruling objections held by his advisors and of local Palestinian Catholics. The program included – among others – acts of recognition \"de facto\" by visiting the President at his official residence in Jerusalem. His personal affection towards Jews was demonstrated by the longer than planned visit at Yad Vashem, as he spoke to Holocaust survivors from Kraków. His dramatic gesture of asking forgiveness from God at the Western", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": "12901562", "score": "1.7555029", "text": "August 1978. He strongly defended inter-religious dialogue in the spirit of \"Nostra aetate\". He was also the first Pope to mention the Palestinian people by name. He voiced mild criticism of the Israeli policy towards the Palestinians, while refraining from expressing any actual positions on the solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict. In January 1964, he was the first Pope in modern times to visit Jordan and Israel. He had expressed his wish to visit Israel already in November 1962, when serving as Archbishop of Milan, and in December 1963 he announced such an intention as Pope. The visit took place", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Criticism of the BBC\n\nThe British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) took its present form on 1 January 1927 when John Reith became its first Director-General. Reith stated that impartiality and objectivity were the essence of professionalism in broadcasting.\n\nAllegations that the corporation lacks impartial and objective journalism are regularly made by observers on both the left and the right of the political spectrum.\n\nAnother key area of criticism is the mandatory licence fee, as commercial competitors argue that means of financing to be unfair and to result in limiting their ability to compete with the BBC.\n\nAlso, accusations of waste or over-staffing occasionally prompt comments from politicians and the other media.", "title": "Criticism of the BBC" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ken Loach\n\nKenneth Charles Loach (born 17 June 1936) is a British film director and screenwriter. His socially critical directing style and socialist ideals are evident in his film treatment of social issues such as poverty (\"Poor Cow\", 1967), homelessness (\"Cathy Come Home\", 1966), and labour rights (\"Riff-Raff\", 1991, and \"The Navigators\", 2001).\n\nLoach's film \"Kes\" (1969) was voted the seventh greatest British film of the 20th century in a poll by the British Film Institute. Two of his films, \"The Wind That Shakes the Barley\" (2006) and \"I, Daniel Blake\" (2016), received the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, making him one of only nine filmmakers to win the award twice.", "title": "Ken Loach" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nostra aetate\n\nIt is the shortest of the 16 final documents of the Council and \"the first in Catholic history to focus on the relationship that Catholics have with Jews.\" Similarly, is considered a monumental declaration in describing the Church's positive relationship with Muslims. It \"reveres the work of God in all the major faith traditions.\" It begins by stating its purpose of reflecting on what humankind has in common in these times when people are being drawn closer together. The preparation of the document was largely under the direction of Cardinal Augustin Bea as President of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, along with his \"periti\", such as John M. Oesterreicher, Gregory Baum and Bruno Hussar.\n\nFollowing an approach by Jules Isaac, a French-born Jew who was associated with the Seelisberg Conference of the International Council of Christians and Jews, in which, he claimed that what he called \"Christian antisemitism\", had prepared the way for the Holocaust, a sympathetic Pope John XXIII endorsed the creation of a document which would address a new, less adversarial, approach to the relationship between the Catholic Church and Rabbinic Judaism. Within the Church, conservative Cardinals were suspicious and Middle Eastern Catholics strongly opposed the creation of such a document. With the Arab–Israeli conflict in full swing, the governments of Arab nations such as Egypt (in particular), Lebanon, Syria and Iraq vocally lobbied against its development (the document was subjected to several leaks during its development due to the involvement of the intelligence agencies of several nations). Jewish organisations such as the American Jewish Committee, B'nai B'rith and the World Jewish Congress also lobbied for their side with the assistance of sympathetic liberal clergymen.<section end=Modern criticism of the Catholic Church transclusion/> After going through numerous drafts, compromises were made and a statement was added on Islam to mollify the security concerns of the Arab Christians. Finally, statements on Eastern religions; Buddhism and Hinduism; were also added.", "title": "Nostra aetate" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "2000s" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Diocletianic Persecution" }, { "id": "12901564", "score": "1.7486117", "text": "Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir at the Vatican, which was the first meeting between a Pope and an Israeli Prime Minister. At the meeting, the Pope brought up the issues of peace in the Middle East, refugees and the status of the holy places, but no agreement was reached. According to Meir's own account of the meeting, the Pope criticized the Israeli government for its treatment of the Palestinians, and she said in reply: Your Holiness, do you know what my earliest memory is? A pogrom in Kiev. When we were merciful and when we had no homeland and when", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": "12901585", "score": "1.7300243", "text": "recognized that the State of Israel has the right to exist, and to enjoy peace and security within internationally agreed borders. Let it be likewise acknowledged that the Palestinian people have a right to a sovereign independent homeland, to live with dignity and to travel freely.\" Pope Francis began his papacy with an expression of friendship towards the people of Israel when he met at the Vatican Israeli president Shimon Peres on 30 April 2013. During a meeting with Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Ze'ev Elkin on 6 June 2013, the Pope announced it was his intention to visit Israel, but", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": "12901524", "score": "1.7298839", "text": "since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 that an Israeli citizen was appointed to that position. A major progress in relations between the Vatican and Israeli Rabbis took place in October 2008, when Rabbi Shear Yashuv Hacohen became the first ever Rabbi to speak before a Synod of Bishops at the Vatican. In early 2009, the Holy See officially protested about a TV program by Israeli comedian Lior Shlein, who claimed that Mary wasn't really a virgin and that Jesus did not walk on water. Throughout 2009, the \"Permanent Bilateral Working Commission between Israel and the Holy", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": "13136792", "score": "1.7289094", "text": "good\" and said he believed there was \"a lot of potential for the cooperation\" between the Vatican and Israel. In May 2009, Pope Benedict XVI visited Israel to stress the shared roots of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He said that his pilgrimage to the Middle East was a reminder of the \"inseparable bond\" between the Catholic Church and the Jewish people. He spoke from Mount Nebo, the wind-swept hill overlooking the Jordan valley from where the Bible says Moses saw the Promised Land. The sun broke through the morning mist just before he arrived at the site. The Government of", "title": "Pope Benedict XVI and Judaism" }, { "id": "12901563", "score": "1.728502", "text": "in January 1964. It was a clear expression of avoidance vis-a-vis any act that might be misconstrued as recognition of the State of Israel.\" Nostra aetate\" had not yet been promulgated. Its aim, beyond the act of pilgrimage, was the meeting with the Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras in Jerusalem. He also met the Israeli President near Meggido, but Vatican official statements regarding the visit refrained from mentioning the State of Israel by name, rather referring to \"the Holy Land\". In October 1969, the Pope met at the Vatican Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban. On 15 January 1973, the Pope met", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": "12901565", "score": "1.723413", "text": "we were weak, we were led to the gas chambers. Following the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, the Vatican attempted to mediate between the Israeli and Syrian governments on prisoners exchange. He would later voice his concern to Egyptian President Sadat, to the Syrian Ambassador to the Vatican, and to King Hussein of Jordan In 1978, he held a reception for Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Dayan on 12 January 1978, in which he expressed his concern for the Holy Places and the internationalization of Jerusalem. The Pontificate of John Paul I – brief as it was –", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": "12901582", "score": "1.7214262", "text": "chosen people, implying – perhaps – the Christians. Moreover, on the same occasion he stressed the inseparable link of Christianity to the Jewish people while invoking their common heritage of the Tanach (Old Testament) and their common tradition of pilgrimage. In Jerusalem, Benedict XVI paid a courtesy visit to the presidential residence, a gesture that was absent in Jordan and in the PA. In the newly designed presidential garden, both the host and the papal guest planted an olive tree. In his remarkable farewell speech, Pope Benedict raised the planting of the olive tree in Jerusalem to the rank of", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": "12901584", "score": "1.7195597", "text": "history have had a tense relationship, but now are firmly committed to building bridges of lasting friendship.\" During the reception that was held for him in Bethlehem on 13 May, the Pope said: the Holy See supports the right of your people to a sovereign Palestinian homeland in the land of your forefathers, secure and at peace with its neighbors, within internationally recognized borders. The political positions of the Holy See towards the PA and Israel were balanced. In his farewell speech before leaving to Rome on 15 May 2009, this balance was expressed as follows: \"Let it be universally", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": "12901586", "score": "1.7107322", "text": "did not specify a date. On 3 December 2013, the pope met Prime Minister Netanyahu at the Vatican. During that visit, Netanyahu invited the Pope to visit Israel. Pope Francis visited Israel in May 2014. The Jerusalem Post noted in 2015 that Israelis give the Roman Catholic Church's Pope Francis the highest approval rating given by any non-Christian country, a higher rating than Israelis give to their country's Chief Rabbinate. Israelis participating in a Pew Research poll gave Pope Francis an approval rate of 50 percent, in contrast to the \"very unfavorable\" view of the Chief Rabbinate. Following an election", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": "16884806", "score": "1.7046771", "text": "his first visit to Jordan, before attending the general assembly of the Middle East Council of Churches on 6 – 8 September (1 – 3 Pi Kogi Enavot). The pope also visited Mount Nebo and the baptism site of John the Baptist, and praised King Abdullah and Jordan for encouraging religious tolerance and protecting holy sites. In 2017, Pope Tawadros visited the United Kingdom and Ireland. On 10 September 2017 (8 Mesori 1733), Pope Tawadros II visited Australia to officially open Eporo Tower in the diocese of Bishop Suriel. On February 21, 2015 (Meshir 14, 1731), Pope Tawadros II announced", "title": "Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria" }, { "id": "12912681", "score": "1.697556", "text": "the Holy Land. John Paul II met with Yasser Arafat in 1987 and generally supported greater rights for Palestinians. He was an advocate of the 1990s peace negotiations. On February 15, 2000, the Holy See concluded a basic agreement with the Palestinian Authority. Pope Benedict made a 2009 trip to Jordan and Palestine, although the trip had been put in doubt because of persistent infighting in the Israeli-occupied Gaza. Pope Benedict has paid great attention to the sufferings of people in the Holy Land, and especially on the part of the Palestinian people. On 24 October 2010, the final statement", "title": "Holy See–Palestine relations" }, { "id": "12901516", "score": "1.6949495", "text": "protest of Israeli control over East Jerusalem. The Pope had a strategic aim to work for the upgrading of the positions of the Catholic communities in the Middle East from a passive minority to active citizens, participating in formulating their countries' agendas, as he pointed out in a speech made on 11 October 1992 at the Pontifical Lateran University. On 29 July 1992, a bilateral working commission titled \"Permanent Bilateral Working Commission between Israel and the Holy See\" was established to resolve issues of relations between the Israeli government and the Vatican. The Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" }, { "id": "817543", "score": "1.6845056", "text": "refugees and repeated his call for an \"international status\" as the best form of protection for the holy places. In January 1964, Pope Paul VI visited Israel, the first such Papal visit. Following the Six-Day War, the Vatican modified its position on the holy places. In an address to the College of Cardinals in December 1967, Pope Paul VI called for a \"\"special statute\", internationally guaranteed\" for Jerusalem and the Holy Places, thus changing the previous demand for the internationalization of Jerusalem. Diplomatic relations between the Israeli government and the Vatican were established in 1994, following the conclusion of the", "title": "Foreign relations of Israel" }, { "id": "13070827", "score": "1.6842679", "text": "Paul II and Benedict XVI have made visits to Jordan. In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI made a visit to Jordan where he “ encouraged all Jordanians, whether Christian or Muslim, to build on the firm foundations of religious tolerance that enable the members of different communities to live together in peace and mutual respect. ... I want you to know that I hold in my heart the people of the Hashemite Kingdom and all who live throughout this region. ” Holy See–Jordan relations Holy See–Jordan relations are foreign relations between the Holy See and Jordan. Both countries established diplomatic relations", "title": "Holy See–Jordan relations" }, { "id": "12901514", "score": "1.6814682", "text": "Roman Jews vehemently object, vocal elements within the Roman Jewish community called for the cancellation of the Papal visit to their Great Synagogue. The Jewish leadership were faced with a resentful public, on one hand, and the realization that the cancellation of the visit would have dramatic import upon Jewish–Catholic relations. Thus, Israeli diplomatic channels were mobilized to lend the necessary support from Israel by increasing the scope of and upgrading the Israeli presence. The deputy Prime Minister was present, as was a high-level delegation of the Chief Rabbinate, and the opposition was greatly diffused. At the beginning of John", "title": "Holy See–Israel relations" } ]

[ "bean sidhe", "ben side", "The banshee", "Bean-sídhe", "bansidhe", "bean síth", "Bean-shidh", "ben síde", "bean shìdh", "Bán síde", "Bean Sidhe", "Ben side", "bean shìth", "Bean sidhe", "bean sídhe", "Bansidhe", "bean sith", "Bean Shìth", "Beah shith", "banshees", "ban side", "ban sith", "bahr geist", "Ban-sith", "Bean Sídhe", "bean shidh", "beah shith", "bán síde", "Bean síth", "Banshee", "Bean sith", "ban sìth", "benshee", "Ben síde", "Bean-shìdh", "Ban side", "bean shith", "Banshees", "Bahr geist", "Bean sídhe", "Benshee", "ben shee", "Bean Shith", "Ben shee", "Ban-sìth", "banshee" ]

[ { "id": "12400753", "score": "1.547992", "text": "like being watched, and it was believed that if a dullahan knew someone was watching them, they would lash that person's eyes with their whip, which was made from a spine; or they would toss a basin of blood on the person, which was a sign that the person was next to die. Also in Ireland there is a female spirit known as Banshee (Gaelic: \"ban sibh\" pron. banshee, \"white spirit/fairy\"), who heralds the death of a person, usually by shrieking or keening. The banshee is often described in Gaelic lore as wearing red or green, usually with long, disheveled", "title": "Death (personification)" }, { "id": "5824976", "score": "1.522703", "text": "hook holding the door open. The \"blood drip\" is coloured water, and the \"ghosts\" are actually a criminal gang living in secret rooms in the mansion and playing a trick on him, taking advantage of the local legends to frighten away interlopers. When a chamber in a mansion manifests a loud, eerie whistling, Carnacki is called to investigate. He makes an exceedingly thorough search of the room, but can find no explanation. He is still not convinced of the supernatural nature of the sound until he climbs a ladder outside and peers into the room through the window: the floor", "title": "Carnacki" }, { "id": "10757684", "score": "1.5199325", "text": "the United Kingdom and Europe it still believed that touching a corpse in the coffin will allow the departed spirit to go in peace to its rest, and bring good luck to the living. Phantom lights are sometimes seen on the Scottish cemetery-island of Mun in Loch Leven and traditionally such lights were thought to be omens of impending death; the soul also was thought to depart the body in the form of a flame or light. In Ireland, the \"féar gortach\" (\"hungry grass\"/\"violent hunger\") is said to grow at a place where an unenclosed corpse was laid on its", "title": "Corpse road" }, { "id": "10320401", "score": "1.5137895", "text": "on Loch Langavat. Although long deceased, they promised to rise if their graves were disturbed. Wills-o'-the-wisp have been reported in the area of Sandwick. The lights that float around the area normally announce approaching death for a local. Some say the light belongs to an Irish merchant who was robbed and murdered on the island. At Luskentyre in Harris, a hound has been known to leave oversized paw prints on the damp sand which vanish suddenly half way across the beach. It is alleged that this is a fairy hound. Then in South Uist, a woman walking with two friends", "title": "Hebridean mythology and folklore" }, { "id": "13888871", "score": "1.5076442", "text": "turn on the lights and open The Octagon's doors late at night. A gambler shot to death in the house's third-floor bedroom in the late 19th century has sometimes been seen still in the bed he died in, and ghostly footmen have been seen at the front door waiting to receive guests. He was said to have rung a bell shortly before his death and that the ring of the bell often heard in the house is from him. Various witnesses have also reported hearing assorted moans, screams, and footsteps. The spirits of slaves are also said to haunt a", "title": "Reportedly haunted locations in the District of Columbia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Banshee\n\nA banshee ( ; Modern Irish , from , \"woman of the fairy mound\" or \"fairy woman\") is a female spirit in Irish folklore who heralds the death of a family member, usually by screaming, wailing, shrieking, or keening. Her name is connected to the mythologically important tumuli or \"mounds\" that dot the Irish countryside, which are known as (singular ) in Old Irish.", "title": "Banshee" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Black dog (folklore)\n\nThe black dog is a supernatural, spectral, or demonic entity originating from English folklore that has also been seen throughout Europe and the Americas. It is usually unnaturally large with glowing red or yellow eyes, is often connected with the Devil (as an English incarnation of the Hellhound), and is sometimes an omen of death. It is sometimes associated with electrical storms (such as Black Shuck's appearance at Bungay, Suffolk), and also with crossroads, barrows (as a type of fairy hound), places of execution and ancient pathways.\n\nBlack dogs are generally regarded as sinister or malevolent, and a few (such as the Barghest and Shuck) are said to be directly harmful. Some black dogs, however, such as the Gurt Dog in Somerset, are said to behave benevolently as guardian black dogs, guiding travellers at night onto the right path or protecting them from danger. The black dog is a recognised folkloric motif.", "title": "Black dog (folklore)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Brownie (folklore)\n\nA brownie or broonie (Scots), also known as a ' or ' (Scottish Gaelic), is a household spirit or Hobgoblin from Scottish folklore that is said to come out at night while the owners of the house are asleep and perform various chores and farming tasks. The human owners of the house must leave a bowl of milk or cream or some other offering for the brownie, usually by the hearth. Brownies are described as easily offended and will leave their homes forever if they feel they have been insulted or in any way taken advantage of. Brownies are characteristically mischievous and are often said to punish or pull pranks on lazy servants. If angered, they are sometimes said to turn malicious, like boggarts.\n\nBrownies originated as domestic tutelary spirits, very similar to the Lares of ancient Roman tradition. Descriptions of brownies vary regionally, but they are usually described as ugly, brown-skinned, and covered in hair. In the oldest stories, they are usually human-sized or larger. In more recent times, they have come to be seen as small and wizened. They are often capable of turning invisible and they sometimes appear in the shapes of animals. They are always either naked or dressed in rags. If a person attempts to present a brownie with clothing or if a person attempts to baptize him, he will leave forever.\n\nAlthough the name \"brownie\" originated as a dialectal word used only in the UK, it has since become the standard term for all such creatures throughout the UK and Ireland. Regional variants in England and Scotland include hobs, silkies, and ùruisgs. Variants outside England and Scotland are the Welsh Bwbach and the Manx Fenodyree. Brownies have also appeared outside of folklore, including in John Milton's poem \"L'Allegro\". They became popular in works of children's literature in the late nineteenth century and continue to appear in works of modern fantasy. The Brownies in the Girl Guides are named after a short story by Juliana Horatia Ewing based on brownie folklore.", "title": "Brownie (folklore)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Kobold" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vampire folklore by region\n\nLegends of vampires have existed for millennia; cultures such as the Mesopotamians, Hebrews, ancient Greeks, and Romans had tales of demonic entities and blood-drinking spirits which are considered precursors to modern vampires. Despite the occurrence of vampire-like creatures in these ancient civilizations, the folklore for the entity known today as the vampire originates almost exclusively from early 18th-century Southeastern Europe, particularly Transylvania, Romania as verbal traditions of many ethnic groups of the region were recorded and published. In most cases, vampires are revenants of evil beings, suicide victims, or witches, but can also be created by a malevolent spirit possessing a corpse or a living person being bitten by a vampire themselves. Belief in such legends became so rife that in some areas it caused mass hysteria and even public executions of people believed to be vampires.<ref name=\"Cohen\">Cohen, \"The Encyclopedia of Monsters\", pp. 271-\n274.</ref>", "title": "Vampire folklore by region" }, { "id": "9447023", "score": "1.4901319", "text": "Ceridwen and Tegid Foel, in some retellings of the Taliesin myth. Cyhyraeth The cyhyraeth (), also spelled cyoeraeth or cyheuraeth (probably from the noun \"cyhyr\" \"muscle, tendon; flesh\" + the termination \"-aeth\"; meaning \"skeleton, a thing of mere flesh and bone\"; \"spectre\", \"death-portent\", \"wraith\"), is a ghostly spirit in Welsh mythology, a disembodied moaning voice that sounds before a person's death. Legends associate the cyhyraeth with the area around the River Tywi in eastern Dyfed, as well as the coast of Glamorganshire. The noise is said to be \"doleful and disagreeable\", like the groans and sighs of someone deathly ill,", "title": "Cyhyraeth" }, { "id": "9447019", "score": "1.4855614", "text": "Cyhyraeth The cyhyraeth (), also spelled cyoeraeth or cyheuraeth (probably from the noun \"cyhyr\" \"muscle, tendon; flesh\" + the termination \"-aeth\"; meaning \"skeleton, a thing of mere flesh and bone\"; \"spectre\", \"death-portent\", \"wraith\"), is a ghostly spirit in Welsh mythology, a disembodied moaning voice that sounds before a person's death. Legends associate the cyhyraeth with the area around the River Tywi in eastern Dyfed, as well as the coast of Glamorganshire. The noise is said to be \"doleful and disagreeable\", like the groans and sighs of someone deathly ill, and to sound three times (growing weaker and fainter each time)", "title": "Cyhyraeth" }, { "id": "2683597", "score": "1.4749222", "text": "signify yes or no in response to a question or be used to indicate a letter of the alphabet. The girls addressed the spirit as \"Mr. Splitfoot\" which is a nickname for the Devil. Later, the alleged \"entity\" creating the sounds claimed to be the spirit of a peddler named Charles B. Rosna, who had been murdered five years earlier and buried in the cellar. In his writings on the Fox sisters, Arthur Conan Doyle claimed the neighbors dug up the cellar and found a few pieces of bone, but it wasn't until 1904 that a skeleton was found, buried", "title": "Fox sisters" }, { "id": "8626659", "score": "1.4673209", "text": "by stating that a ghost haunted the rectory, the visits of which had caused his family and servants to leave the house.\" \"The rector had tried to shoot it but failed; then he was told to use a silver bullet; he did so, and next morning was found dead at his hall-door while a hideous object like a devil made horrid noises out of any window the servant man approached. This man was advised by some Roman Catholic neighbours to get the priest, who would \"lay\" the thing. The priest arrived, and with the help of a jar of whisky", "title": "Thomas Meredith" }, { "id": "12599153", "score": "1.4662461", "text": "priest. The area was mostly devoid of Catholics and no priest could be found, and the Lutheran Livingston was not enthusiastic about finding one. Ultimately, the stranger died of his illness and was buried nearby without the benefit of a Catholic service. After the stranger died, it is said that candles would not stay lit in the room where his corpse was, sounds of horses galloping and crockery breaking were heard, and burning embers jumped from the fireplace hearth. Supposedly, sounds of heavy shears making clipping noises were heard in various parts of the house, and all sorts of materials", "title": "Wizard Clip" }, { "id": "10701443", "score": "1.462415", "text": "coffin sporting a fake beard and with only sandwiches provided by Charlie. When Charlie and Vincie become stranded overnight on Tory Island, he is left alone at their house adjacent to the crematorium. He proceeds to read ghost stories and becomes frightened after hearing the wail of a banshee which turns out to have been emitted by Spot the cat. From that moment he becomes scared of ghosts and later in a separate incident, thinking he has seen the ghost of John Dubh, runs away in panic. Máiréad is Pádraig's sister and the love interest of Charlie Burn. He makes", "title": "C.U. Burn" }, { "id": "17506516", "score": "1.4622718", "text": "standing beside a tall grandfather clock. Most of the furniture in the dining room belonged to General George Meade and were passed down to Easby's mother, including a large dining table. Another claimed ghost is an unknown elderly woman that reportedly walks the upstairs hallway with a cane. Family members and guests were toyed with by the spirits, and it was never uncommon to hear knocking and unexplained footsteps. A respected minister was hit by a flying antique pot that flew like a missile. Electrical fields in the house also attract lightning, and the electricity would go off for no", "title": "Baleroy Mansion" }, { "id": "13126480", "score": "1.4598424", "text": "The spirit is said to take the form of a brown mist, though sometimes it is reported as a white figure. A rarer version of the tale is that a young man was locked in the attic room, fed only through a hole in the door, until he eventually went mad and died. Another story is that the attic room is haunted by the ghost of a little girl who was killed there by a sadistic servant. From 1859 until the early 1870s Mr Myers, who had been rejected by his fiancée, lived in the house. It was said that", "title": "50 Berkeley Square" }, { "id": "18337040", "score": "1.4549816", "text": "local lore has it that she can be heard screaming from the empty house during thunderstorms. However, it has also been suggested that the screaming comes from people who sneak in at night expressly to do so. There have also been allegations of inexplicable disappearances connected to the house. The first claims that a British priest who had built the property, supposedly to be used as a church, went missing before it was finished. Investigators sent to look for him supposedly discovered instead a secret tunnel in the crypt that led to the Dashanzi neighborhood to the northeast. In the", "title": "Chaonei No. 81" }, { "id": "16910813", "score": "1.451811", "text": "all of the clocks stop at exactly 3:07 AM, birds are flying into their windows, and Sadie is found dead in the backyard. One night in bed, Christine encounters a malevolent spirit only she can see, prompting her to claim that the spirit wants her family dead. Another night, Carolyn hears clapping in the hallway. When she goes to investigate, following the noises, she gets trapped in the basement by the spirit. At the same moment, Andrea and Cindy are attacked by the spirit on top of the wardrobe. Carolyn decides to contact demonologists Ed and Lorraine Warren, who have", "title": "The Conjuring" }, { "id": "13888870", "score": "1.4504509", "text": "in the main ballroom as well as heading through a closed door to the garden, and her ghost's presence is accompanied by the smell of lilacs, her favorite flower. A slave girl in the house was allegedly thrown from the third floor landing to the first floor below and killed by a British soldier during the War of 1812, and eyewitnesses have reported hearing her scream. The specter of a British soldier in War of 1812 dress was seen by caretaker James Cypress in the 1950s, and museum superintendent Alric H. Clay claimed that in the 1960s spirits would often", "title": "Reportedly haunted locations in the District of Columbia" }, { "id": "11385858", "score": "1.4485712", "text": "same name. Connecticut demonologists Ed and Lorraine Warren declared the cemetery to be \"officially haunted\". The most frequently reported phenomenon there is the sound of children's laughter and music that begins in the surrounding woods, then closes in on the listener until it seems to be inside the cemetery. Some people have also seen a solid black dog near the cemetery. Some feel that this is a foreboding sign of death. Sometimes a person clearly sees the black dog in the cemetery but his or her companions see nothing. Many photographs that have been taken at the cemetery depict spirit", "title": "Gunntown Cemetery" }, { "id": "5824988", "score": "1.4455323", "text": "thus pulled back by what Sigsand called \"thee Haggs\". Carnacki goes on to say \"it leaves us with the conception of a child's soul adrift half-way between two lives, and running through Eternity from Something incredible and inconceivable (because not understood) to our senses.\" A chapel attached to an Edwardian manor house contains an ancient, cursed dagger that has just apparently almost murdered someone of its own accord, and naturally, Carnacki is called in to investigate. He spends the night in the chapel wearing armour with his camera ready to photograph any mysterious phenomena. All night he hears mysterious noises.", "title": "Carnacki" }, { "id": "5824983", "score": "1.4442", "text": "of mildew is powerful as Carnacki investigates the house. More doors are heard slamming in the night, but Carnacki can find nothing. The next day, he consults the landlord, and learns something of the house's mysterious history, which includes a former tenant named Captain Tobias, and rumours of a ghostly woman. Several previous tenants had left upon seeing this apparition. The landlord agrees to spend the night in the house as well. In the dead of night, they see a ghostly, naked child running through the house. They have little doubt that it is a supernatural manifestation. The landlord claims", "title": "Carnacki" }, { "id": "7667277", "score": "1.4430014", "text": "Street and who was the daughter of a former innkeeper. Her apparition had allegedly been seen in the dining room, which had originally been the stables, it is said that she was responsible for the movement of chairs around the room and the ghostly sound of her singing to herself. Another alleged phantom was reportedly that of a coachman who wore a dark cloak and it was believed by the locals that he had died in 1805. A third ghostly sighting was that of a five-year-old girl who was said to have been hanged for stealing bread. Ghostly Roman legionnaires", "title": "Crawford, South Lanarkshire" } ]

[ "corsair novel", "Corsair ship", "Corsair (novel)", "Corsairs", "Corsair", "corsairs", "corsair disambiguation", "Corsair (disambiguation)", "corsair ship", "corsair" ]

[ { "id": "2886563", "score": "1.98677", "text": "Barbary pirates The Barbary pirates, sometimes called Barbary corsairs or Ottoman corsairs, were Ottoman and Maghrebis pirates and privateers who operated from North Africa, based primarily in the ports of Salé, Rabat, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. This area was known in Europe as the Barbary Coast, a term derived from the name of its Berber inhabitants. Their predation extended throughout the Mediterranean, south along West Africa's Atlantic seaboard and into the North Atlantic as far north as Iceland, but they primarily operated in the western Mediterranean. In addition to seizing merchant ships, they engaged in \"Razzias\", raids on European coastal", "title": "Barbary pirates" }, { "id": "1930569", "score": "1.9384496", "text": "called Ottoman corsairs or Berber pirates, were pirates and privateers who operated from North Africa, based primarily in the ports of Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers. This area was known in Europe as the Barbary Coast, a term derived from the name of its Berber inhabitants. Their predation extended throughout the Mediterranean, south along West Africa's Atlantic seaboard and even to the eastern coast of South America with Brazil, and into the North Atlantic Ocean as far north as Iceland, but they primarily operated in the western Mediterranean. In addition to seizing ships, they engaged in \"razzias\", raids on European coastal", "title": "Barbary Wars" }, { "id": "2886598", "score": "1.8854356", "text": "sailors (particularly those who were English), taken with their ships, but others were fishermen and poor coastal villagers. However, most of these captives were people from lands close to Africa, particularly Spain and Italy. From bases on the Barbary coast, North Africa, the Barbary pirates raided ships traveling through the Mediterranean and along the northern and western coasts of Africa, plundering their cargo and enslaving the people they captured. From at least 1500, the pirates also conducted raids along seaside towns of Italy, Spain, France, England, the Netherlands and as far away as Iceland, capturing men, women and children. On", "title": "Barbary pirates" }, { "id": "2886613", "score": "1.8742325", "text": "sold as a slave in Algiers. He is freed when his master dies. He becomes a merchant and buys the freedom of another English slave girl. The song \"Coast of High Barbaree\" tells of a sailing ship that came across a pirate ship off the Barbary Coast and defeated the pirates, who were left to drown. Barbary pirates The Barbary pirates, sometimes called Barbary corsairs or Ottoman corsairs, were Ottoman and Maghrebis pirates and privateers who operated from North Africa, based primarily in the ports of Salé, Rabat, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. This area was known in Europe as the", "title": "Barbary pirates" }, { "id": "2753776", "score": "1.8571491", "text": "maps published during the 17th–20th centuries. The name derives from the Berber people of North Africa (from greek \"Bàrbaroi\", Βάρβαροι, \"barbaric\"). In the West, the name commonly evoked the Barbary pirates and Barbary slave traders based on that coast—who attacked ships and coastal settlements in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern North Atlantic Ocean, and captured and traded slaves or goods from Europe, America and sub-Saharan Africa. These actions finally provoked the Barbary Wars of the early 19th century. The slaves and goods were being traded and sold throughout the Ottoman Empire or to the Europeans themselves. \"Barbary\" was not always", "title": "Barbary Coast" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Barbary pirates" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Barbary slave trade\n\nThe Barbary slave trade involved slave markets on the Barbary Coast of North Africa, which included the Ottoman states of Algeria, Tunisia and Tripolitania and the independent sultanate of Morocco, between the 16th and 19th century. The Ottoman states in North Africa were nominally under Ottoman suzerainty. \nEuropean slaves were acquired by Barbary pirates in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to the Netherlands, Ireland and the southwest of Britain, as far north as Iceland and into the Eastern Mediterranean.\n\nThe Ottoman Eastern Mediterranean was the scene of intense piracy. As late as the 18th century, piracy continued to be a \"consistent threat to maritime traffic in the Aegean\".", "title": "Barbary slave trade" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Slavery on the Barbary Coast\n\nSlavery on the Barbary Coast (see Barbary slave trade) was a form of unfree labour which existed between the 16th and 18th centuries in the Barbary Coast area of North Africa.\n\nAccording to Robert Davis, between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and The Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries. However, these estimates have been challenged by other historians, such as David Earle, author of \"The Corsairs of Malta\" and \"Barbary and The Pirate Wars\".\n\nFrom bases on the Barbary coast, North Africa, the Barbary pirates raided ships traveling through the Mediterranean and along the northern and western coasts of Africa, plundering their cargo and enslaving the people they captured. From at least 1500, the pirates also conducted raids along seaside towns of Italy, Spain, France, England, the Netherlands and as far away as Iceland, capturing men, women and children. On some occasions, settlements such as Baltimore, Ireland were abandoned following the raid, only being resettled many years later. Between 1609 and 1616, England alone had 466 merchant ships lost to Barbary pirates.", "title": "Slavery on the Barbary Coast" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Barbary Wars\n\nThe Barbary Wars were a series of two wars fought by the United States, Sweden, and the Kingdom of Sicily against the Barbary states (including Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli) of North Africa in the early 19th century. Sweden had been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800 and was joined by the newly independent US. The First Barbary War extended from 10 May 1801 to 10 June 1805, with the Second Barbary War lasting only three days, ending on 19 June 1815.\n\nThe wars were largely a reaction to piracy carried out by the Barbary states. Since the 16th century, Muslim pirates operating out of North Africa had captured ships and even raided cities across the Mediterranean Sea. By the 19th century, pirate activity had declined, but Barbary pirates continued to demand tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean. Refusal to pay would result in the capturing of American ships and goods, and often the enslavement or ransoming of crew members.\n\nAfter Thomas Jefferson became president of the US in March 1801, he sent a US Naval fleet to the Mediterranean to combat the Barbary pirates. The fleet bombarded numerous fortified cities in present-day Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria, ultimately extracting concessions of safe conduct from the Barbary states and ending the first war. \n\nDuring the War of 1812, with the encouragement of the United Kingdom, the Barbary corsairs resumed their attacks on American vessels. Following the conclusion of the War of 1812 and America's attainment of peace with Britain, James Madison, Jefferson's successor, directed military forces against the Barbary states in the Second Barbary War. Lasting only three days, the second conflict ended the need for further tributes by the United States, granted the U.S. full shipping rights in the Mediterranean Sea, and significantly reduced incidents of piracy in the region.", "title": "Barbary Wars" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Prince Henry the Navigator\n\n\"Dom\" Henrique of Portugal, Duke of Viseu (4 March 1394 – 13 November 1460), better known as Prince Henry the Navigator (), was a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion. Through his administrative direction, he is regarded as the main initiator of what would be known as the Age of Discovery. Henry was the fourth child of the Portuguese King John I, who founded the House of Aviz.\n\nAfter procuring the new caravel ship, Henry was responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes. He encouraged his father to conquer Ceuta (1415), the Muslim port on the North African coast across the Straits of Gibraltar from the Iberian Peninsula. He learned of the opportunities offered by the Saharan trade routes that terminated there, and became fascinated with Africa in general; he was most intrigued by the Christian legend of Prester John and the expansion of Portuguese trade. He is regarded as the patron of Portuguese exploration.", "title": "Prince Henry the Navigator" }, { "id": "2640567", "score": "1.8562114", "text": "the bey (governor). During the nineteenth century, European and American merchant ships were under threat by pirates from what was called \"The Barbary Coast\". The Barbary Coast was made up of several Muslim states, under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, that bordered the Mediterranean Sea in Northern Africa. They acquired revenue from raiding merchant vessels of their cargo, ransoming their crews or selling them into slavery. The European nations opted to pay tribute to the Barbary states to prevent such raids. After the American Revolution, the United States was left without Britain's protection in Mediterranean, thus the Washington and", "title": "William Eaton (soldier)" }, { "id": "6741857", "score": "1.8506397", "text": "were English), taken with their ships, but others were fishermen and coastal villagers. However, most of these captives were people from lands close to Africa, particularly Spain and Italy. From bases on the Barbary coast, North Africa, the Barbary pirates raided ships traveling through the Mediterranean and along the northern and western coasts of Africa, plundering their cargo and enslaving the people they captured. From at least 1500, the pirates also conducted raids along seaside towns of Italy, Spain, France, England, the Netherlands and as far away as Iceland, capturing men, women and children. On some occasions, settlements such as", "title": "White slavery" }, { "id": "7619833", "score": "1.8497956", "text": "corsairs, who were vassals of the Ottoman Empire, and sold as slaves. These slaves were captured mainly from seaside villages from Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, and also from more distant places like France or England, the Netherlands, and even Iceland. They were also taken from ships stopped by the pirates. The most prominent Barbary pirates were European renegades. The effects of these attacks were devastating: France, England, and Spain each lost thousands of ships. Long stretches of the Spanish and Italian coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants, because of frequent pirate attacks. Pirate raids discouraged settlement along the", "title": "Arab slave trade" }, { "id": "14393271", "score": "1.84559", "text": "North Africa, the Barbary pirates raided ships traveling through the Mediterranean and along the northern and western coasts of Africa, plundering their cargo and enslaving the people they captured. From at least 1500, the pirates also conducted raids along seaside towns of Italy, Spain, France, England, the Netherlands and as far away as Iceland, capturing men, women and children. On some occasions, settlements such as Baltimore, Ireland were abandoned following the raid, only being resettled many years later. Between 1609 and 1616, England alone had 466 merchant ships lost to Barbary pirates. Commercial ships from the United States of America", "title": "Slavery on the Barbary Coast" }, { "id": "2886565", "score": "1.8373423", "text": "Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli came under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, either as directly administered provinces or as autonomous dependencies known as the Barbary States. Similar raids were undertaken from Salé and other ports in Morocco. Barbary corsairs captured thousands of merchant ships and repeatedly raided coastal towns. As a result, residents abandoned their former villages of long stretches of coast in Spain and Italy. Between 100,000 and 250,000 Iberians were enslaved by these raids. The raids were such a problem coastal settlements were seldom undertaken until the 19th century. Between 1580 and 1680 corsairs were said to have", "title": "Barbary pirates" }, { "id": "2886570", "score": "1.8361611", "text": "exiles of the Reconquista and Maghreb pirates added to the numbers, but it was not until the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and the arrival of the privateer and admiral Kemal Reis in 1487 that the Barbary corsairs became a true menace to shipping from European Christian nations. The Barbary pirates had long attacked English and other European shipping along the North Coast of Africa. They had been attacking English merchant and passengers ships since the 1600s. Regular fundraising for ransoms was undertaken generally by families and local church groups, who generally raised the ransoms for individuals. The government did", "title": "Barbary pirates" }, { "id": "6938351", "score": "1.8257792", "text": "In 1816, the Royal Navy, with assistance from the Dutch, destroyed the Barbary fleet in the port of Algiers. The best-known pirate of this period may have been Barbarossa, the nickname of Khair ad Din, an Ottoman-Turkish admiral and privateer who was born on the island of Lesbos, (present-day Greece), and lived from about 1475-1546. July 1779 saw the start of the Great Siege of Gibraltar, an attempt by France and Spain to wrest control of Gibraltar from the British. The garrison survived all attacks, including an assault on September 13, 1782 that included 48 ships and 450 cannon. In", "title": "Maritime history of Europe" }, { "id": "2886564", "score": "1.8208873", "text": "towns and villages, mainly in Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, but also in the British Isles, the Netherlands, and as far away as Iceland. The main purpose of their attacks was to capture Christian slaves for the Ottoman slave trade as well as the general Arab slavery market in North Africa and the Middle East. While such raids had occurred since soon after the Muslim conquest of Iberia, the terms \"Barbary pirates\" and \"Barbary corsairs\" are normally applied to the raiders active from the 16th century onwards, when the frequency and range of the slavers' attacks increased. In that period", "title": "Barbary pirates" }, { "id": "3062982", "score": "1.8188922", "text": "autonomy for privateers and buccaneers. Historically, the Barbary Coast contained a number of pirate havens, notably Salé, Algiers and Tunis. These pirate havens were used by Corsairs from the 16th to the 19th century. The pirates, dubbed \"Barbary Pirates\", ravaged European shipping and enslaved thousands of captives. The Pirate Republic of Salé, in 17th century Morocco, was a micronation with its own seaport argot known as \"Franco,\" since like other pirate states, it from time to time made treaties with European governments, agreeing not to attack their fleets. The United States Navy was founded, in part, to counter the activities", "title": "Pirate haven" }, { "id": "12979203", "score": "1.8184867", "text": "who might take someone on a ship into slavery in their native Turkey. The four men were referring to the widely known stories of Barbary pirates who had established outposts on the coast of North Africa and for hundreds of years had plundered ships. After the Moors were driven out of Spain in 1492 they raided the Spanish coast and the Spanish countered with more attacks. The Barbary pirates in the period (1518–1587) were allied with the empire in Constantinople and captured slaves to be brought back to North Africa or Turkey. Thus in their early period, their motivation was", "title": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery" }, { "id": "2886582", "score": "1.8162606", "text": "Elba, the Italian Peninsula (especially the Tyrrhenian coast), Sicily and Malta. They also occurred on the Atlantic northwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula as in 1617, when the North African corsairs launched their major attack in the region. They destroyed and sacked Bouzas, Cangas do Morrazo and the churches of Moaña and Darbo. Occasionally coastal raids reached farther afield. Iceland was subject to raids in 1627. Jan Janszoon (Murat Reis the Younger) is said to have taken 400 prisoners; 242 of the captives later were sold into slavery on the Barbary Coast. The corsairs took only young people and those", "title": "Barbary pirates" }, { "id": "2886605", "score": "1.8152936", "text": "most famous of the corsairs in North Africa were brothers Oruç and Hızır Hayreddin. They, and two less well-known brothers, all became Barbary corsairs; they were called the Barbarossas (Italian for Redbeards) after the red beard of Oruç, the eldest. Oruç captured the island of Djerba for the Ottoman Empire in 1502 or 1503. He often attacked Spanish territories on the coast of North Africa; during one failed attempt in 1512 he lost his left arm to a cannonball. The eldest Barbarossa also went on a rampage through Algiers in 1516, and captured the town with the help of the", "title": "Barbary pirates" }, { "id": "2886579", "score": "1.7996409", "text": "to give warning for people to withdraw into fortified places and rally local forces to fight the corsairs. This latter goal was especially difficult to achieve as the corsairs had the advantage of surprise; the vulnerable European Mediterranean coasts were very long and easily accessible from the north African Barbary bases, and the corsairs were careful in planning their raids. During the first half of the 17th century, Barbary raiding was at its peak. This was due largely to the contribution of Dutch corsairs, notably Zymen Danseker (Simon de Danser), who used the Barbary ports as bases for attacking Spanish", "title": "Barbary pirates" }, { "id": "6800784", "score": "1.794659", "text": "piracy and sentenced to death, but they stalled their executions by claiming to be pregnant. Read died in jail months later, many believe of a fever or complications of childbirth. Bonny disappeared from historical documents, and no record of her execution or a childbirth exist. The Barbary pirates were pirates and privateers that operated from the North African (the \"Barbary coast\") ports of Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers, Salé and ports in Morocco, preying on shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea from the time of the Crusades as well as on ships on their way to Asia around Africa until the early", "title": "Golden Age of Piracy" }, { "id": "1635532", "score": "1.7860348", "text": "fleet went through a time of relative neglect and decline. In the 16th century, the Barbary states of North Africa rose to power, becoming a dominant naval power in the Mediterranean Sea due to the Barbary pirates. The coastal villages and towns of Italy, Spain and Mediterranean islands were frequently attacked, and long stretches of the Italian and Spanish coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants; after 1600 Barbary pirates occasionally entered the Atlantic and struck as far north as Iceland. According to Robert Davis as many as 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as", "title": "Naval warfare" } ]

[ "Cosmic year (disambiguation)", "cosmic year astronomy", "cosmic year", "Cosmic year (astronomy)", "cosmic year disambiguation", "Cosmic year" ]

[ { "id": "361687", "score": "1.9091842", "text": "the direction takes the Sun above the galactic plane and the same distance below it, with a period of formula_14 or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit. Although formula_15 is 222 million years, the value of formula_16 at the point around which the Sun circulates is (see Oort constants), corresponding to 235 million years, and this is the time that the point takes to go once around the galaxy. Other stars with the same value of formula_18 have take the same amount of time to go around the galaxy as the sun and thus remain in the same", "title": "Sun" }, { "id": "361686", "score": "1.8681867", "text": "around the galaxy. The period of the Sun's circulation around the point is formula_7. which, using the equivalence that a parsec equals 1 km/s times 0.978 million years, comes to 166 million years, shorter than the time it takes for the point to go around the galaxy. In the () coordinates, the sun describes an ellipse around the point, whose length in the direction is and whose width in the direction is The ratio of length to width of this ellipse, the same for all stars in our neighborhood, is formula_10 The moving point is presently at The oscillation in", "title": "Sun" }, { "id": "7763317", "score": "1.6922522", "text": "The galactic year provides a conveniently usable unit for depicting cosmic and geological time periods together. By contrast, a \"billion-year\" scale does not allow for useful discrimination between geologic events, and a \"million-year\" scale requires some rather large numbers. The following list assumes that 1 galactic year is 225 million years. Galactic year The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Sun to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Estimates of the length of one orbit range from 225 to 250 million terrestrial years. The Solar System", "title": "Galactic year" }, { "id": "361688", "score": "1.6737121", "text": "general vicinity as the Sun. The Sun's orbit around the Milky Way is perturbed due to the non-uniform mass distribution in Milky Way, such as that in and between the galactic spiral arms. It has been argued that the Sun's passage through the higher density spiral arms often coincides with mass extinctions on Earth, perhaps due to increased impact events. It takes the Solar System about 225–250 million years to complete one orbit through the Milky Way (a \"galactic year\"), so it is thought to have completed 20–25 orbits during the lifetime of the Sun. The orbital speed of the", "title": "Sun" }, { "id": "8374022", "score": "1.6660392", "text": "Eventually, after billions more years, the Sun will finally cease to shine altogether, becoming a black dwarf. The Solar System travels alone through the Milky Way in a circular orbit approximately 30,000 light years from the Galactic Centre. Its speed is about 220 km/s. The period required for the Solar System to complete one revolution around the Galactic Centre, the galactic year, is in the range of 220–250 million years. Since its formation, the Solar System has completed at least 20 such revolutions. Various scientists have speculated that the Solar System's path through the galaxy is a factor in the", "title": "Formation and evolution of the Solar System" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Galactic year\n\nThe galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Sun to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. One galactic year is 230 million Earth years. The Solar System is traveling at an average speed of 230 km/s (828,000 km/h) or 143 mi/s (514,000 mph) within its trajectory around the galactic center, a speed at which an object could circumnavigate the Earth's equator in 2 minutes and 54 seconds; that speed corresponds to approximately 1/1300 of the speed of light.\n\nThe galactic year provides a conveniently usable unit for depicting cosmic and geological time periods together. By contrast, a \"billion-year\" scale does not allow for useful discrimination between geologic events, and a \"million-year\" scale requires some rather large numbers.", "title": "Galactic year" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Galactic Tick Day\n\nGalactic Tick Day is an awareness and education day that celebrates the movement of the Solar System around the Milky Way galaxy.\n\nThe day occurs at a regular interval of 1.7361 years (or 633.7 days), which is called a galactic tick. The interval is derived from one centi-arcsecond of a galactic year, which is the Solar System's roughly 225-million-year trip around the Galactic Center. One galactic tick is only about 0.00000077 percent (1/[360 × 60 × 60 × 100]) of a full galactic year.", "title": "Galactic Tick Day" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Andromeda Galaxy\n\nThe Andromeda Galaxy (IPA: ), also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224 and originally the Andromeda Nebula, is a barred spiral galaxy with the diameter of about <ref name=RC3 /> approximately from Earth and the nearest large galaxy to the Milky Way. The galaxy's name stems from the area of Earth's sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda, which itself is named after the princess who was the wife of Perseus in Greek mythology.\n\nThe virial mass of the Andromeda Galaxy is of the same order of magnitude as that of the Milky Way, at . The mass of either galaxy is difficult to estimate with any accuracy, but it was long thought that the Andromeda Galaxy is more massive than the Milky Way by a margin of some 25% to 50%. This has been called into question by a 2018 study that cited a lower estimate on the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy,<ref name=\"Kafle2018\" />\ncombined with preliminary reports on a 2019 study estimating a higher mass of the Milky Way.<ref name=\"As-Now\" /><ref name=\"Mahon\" /> The Andromeda Galaxy has a diameter of about , making it the largest member of the Local Group in terms of extension.\n\nThe Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are expected to collide in around 4–5 billion years,<ref name=\"Schiavi\" /> merging to potentially form a giant elliptical galaxy<ref name=\"milky-way-collide\" /> or a large lenticular galaxy.<ref name=\"Ueda2014\" />\nWith an apparent magnitude of 3.4, the Andromeda Galaxy is among the brightest of the Messier objects,<ref name=\"Frommert & Kronberg 2007\" /> and is visible to the naked eye from Earth on moonless nights,<ref name=\"Messie\" /> even when viewed from areas with moderate light pollution.", "title": "Andromeda Galaxy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Milky Way\n\nThe Milky Way is the galaxy that includes our Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye. The term \"Milky Way\" is a translation of the Latin ', from the Greek ('), meaning \"milky circle\". Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis,<ref name=shapley_curtis /> observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies.\n\nThe Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with an estimated D isophotal diameter of ,\n\nIt is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars and at least that number of planets. The Solar System is located at a radius of about 27,000 light-years (8.3 kpc) from the Galactic Center, Stars and gases at a wide range of distances from the Galactic Center orbit at approximately 220 kilometers per second. The constant rotational speed appears to contradict the laws of Keplerian dynamics and suggests that much (about 90%)<ref name=\"SA-20190308\" /><ref name=\"ARX-20190208\" /> of the mass of the Milky Way is invisible to telescopes, neither emitting nor absorbing electromagnetic radiation. This conjectural mass has been termed \"dark matter\".<ref name=Koupelis_Kuhn2007 /> The rotational period is about 212 million years at the radius of the Sun.<ref name=\"newview\" />\n\nThe Milky Way as a whole is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second with respect to extragalactic frames of reference. The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang.<ref name=HD_140283_(arXiv) />", "title": "Milky Way" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System\n\nThis is a list of most likely gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System, which are objects that have a rounded, ellipsoidal shape due to their own gravity (but are not necessarily in hydrostatic equilibrium). Apart from the Sun itself, these objects qualify as planets according to common geophysical definitions of that term. The sizes of these objects range over three orders of magnitude in radius, from planetary-mass objects like dwarf planets and some moons to the planets and the Sun. This list does not include small Solar System bodies, but it does include a sample of possible planetary-mass objects whose shapes have yet to be determined. The Sun's orbital characteristics are listed in relation to the Galactic Center, while all other objects are listed in order of their distance from the Sun.", "title": "List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System" }, { "id": "8994250", "score": "1.6330297", "text": "successor to Hipparcos; which allowed new levels of accuracy in measuring four Oort constants formula_1 = 15.3 ± 0.4 km s kpc, formula_2 = -11.9 ± 0.4 km s kpc, formula_62 = -3.2 ± 0.4 km s kpc and formula_63 = -3.3 ± 0.6 km s kpc. With the Gaia values, we find This value of Ω corresponds to a period of 226 million years for the sun's present neighborhood to go around the Milky Way. However, the time it takes for the sun to go around the Milky Way (a galactic year) may be longer because (in a simple", "title": "Oort constants" }, { "id": "7763316", "score": "1.6293948", "text": "Galactic year The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Sun to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Estimates of the length of one orbit range from 225 to 250 million terrestrial years. The Solar System is traveling at an average speed of 828,000 km/h (230 km/s) or 514,000 mph (143 mi/s) within its trajectory around the galactic center, a speed at which an object could circumnavigate the Earth's equator in 2 minutes and 54 seconds; that speed corresponds to approximately 1/1300 of the speed of light.", "title": "Galactic year" }, { "id": "5929265", "score": "1.615172", "text": "mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth. However, a reanalysis of the effects of the Sun's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation. It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a galactic year), so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans. The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately or 0.073% of the speed of light. The Sun moves through", "title": "Milky Way" }, { "id": "6768540", "score": "1.6083027", "text": "of relativity, to postulate that time ticked at different rates during the universe's origin. In other words, according to his theory, clocks on earth registered the six days of creation, while those at the edge of the universe counted the approximately 15 billion years needed for light from the most distant galaxies to reach earth. The model places the Milky Way galaxy relatively near the center of the cosmos. Humphreys' proposal has been criticized by other scientists and old earth creationists, such as Hugh Ross and Samuel R. Conner. Humphreys has replied to Ross and Conner's critiques. In 1998, physicist", "title": "Russell Humphreys" }, { "id": "2464710", "score": "1.6008149", "text": "known as \"Oort's constants\". Oort \"argued that just as the outer planets appear to us to be overtaken and passed by the less distant ones in the solar system, so too with the stars if the Galaxy really rotated\", according to the \"Oxford Dictionary of Scientists\". He \"was finally able to calculate, on the basis of the various stellar motions, that the Sun was some 30,000 light-years from the center of the Galaxy and took about 225 million years to complete its orbit. He also showed that stars lying in the outer regions of the galactic disk rotated more slowly", "title": "Jan Oort" }, { "id": "361689", "score": "1.5972686", "text": "Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 251 km/s (156 mi/s). At this speed, it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 7 days to travel 1 AU. The Milky Way is moving with respect to the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) in the direction of the constellation Hydra with a speed of 550 km/s, and the Sun's resultant velocity with respect to the CMB is about 370 km/s in the direction of Crater or Leo. The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K, whereas the", "title": "Sun" }, { "id": "370854", "score": "1.5937698", "text": "lies between 25,000 and 28,000 light-years from the Galactic Centre, and its speed within the Milky Way is about 220 km/s, so that it completes one revolution every 225–250 million years. This revolution is known as the Solar System's galactic year. The solar apex, the direction of the Sun's path through interstellar space, is near the constellation Hercules in the direction of the current location of the bright star Vega. The plane of the ecliptic lies at an angle of about 60° to the galactic plane. The Solar System's location in the Milky Way is a factor in the evolutionary", "title": "Solar System" }, { "id": "3217467", "score": "1.5926805", "text": "past. A galaxy measured at ten billion light years in distance appears to us as it was ten billion years ago, because the light has taken that long to travel to the observer. If one were to look at a galaxy ten billion light years away in one direction and another in the opposite direction, the total distance between them is twenty billion light years. This means that the light from the first has not yet reached the second, because the approximately 13.8 billion years that the universe has existed is not a long enough time to allow it to", "title": "Horizon problem" }, { "id": "4413271", "score": "1.5753533", "text": "in colliding galaxies. The authors think these stars will be detectable by forthcoming telescopes. These could be used by entering into an orbit around them and waiting. Another proposal is to artificially propel a star in the direction of another galaxy. While it takes light approximately 2.54 million years to traverse the gulf of space between Earth and, for instance, the Andromeda Galaxy, it would take a much shorter amount of time from the point of view of a traveler at close to the speed of light due to the effects of time dilation; the time experienced by the traveler", "title": "Intergalactic travel" }, { "id": "5929266", "score": "1.5707097", "text": "the heliosphere at . At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU (astronomical unit). The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius, which follows the ecliptic. The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially, meaning that the rotation period varies with location. As is typical for spiral galaxies, the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center. Away from the central", "title": "Milky Way" }, { "id": "18824857", "score": "1.5642112", "text": "GN-108036 GN-108036 is a distant galaxy discovered and confirmed by the Subaru Telescope and the Keck Observatory located in Hawaii; its study was also completed by the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope. The redshift was z = 7.2, meaning the light of the galaxy took nearly 13 billion years to reach Earth and therefore its formation dates back to 750 million years after the Big Bang . It has a high rate of star formation, at a rate of 100 solar masses per year, or about 30 times more than the Milky Way that is 5 times", "title": "GN-108036" }, { "id": "14519054", "score": "1.5598626", "text": "around 22.7 billion light-years (6947 Mpc). PKS 2000-330 PKS 2000-330 (also known as QSO B2000-330) is a quasar located in the constellation Sagittarius. When identified in 1982, it was the most distant and most luminous object known. The \"distance\" of a far away galaxy depends on what distance measurement you use. With a redshift of 3.77, light from this active galaxy is estimated to have taken around 11.7 billion years to reach us. But since this galaxy is receding from Earth at an estimated rate of 274,681 km/s (the speed of light is 299,792 km/s), the present (co-moving) distance to", "title": "PKS 2000-330" }, { "id": "12439876", "score": "1.557579", "text": "per year (compared to an average of just 10 per year for the Milky Way). At that rate, the galaxy needs only 50 million years to create as many stars as the most massive galaxy ever observed. The discovery also challenges the accepted model for galaxy formation, which has most galaxies slowly bulking up by absorbing pieces of other galaxies, rather than growing internally. Another unusual aspect is the fact that scientists are observing this galaxy at a time when the universe was only a little over 1.4 billion years old, meaning that this galaxy was exhibiting this strange behaviour", "title": "Baby Boom Galaxy" }, { "id": "1664977", "score": "1.5512683", "text": "eleven billion years old, it is more than two billion years older than any previous discovery. Researchers think the galaxy’s shape is caused by the gravitational influence of a companion dwarf galaxy. Computer models based on that assumption indicate that BX442's spiral structure will last about 100 million years. The pioneer of studies of the rotation of the Galaxy and the formation of the spiral arms was Bertil Lindblad in 1925. He realized that the idea of stars arranged permanently in a spiral shape was untenable. Since the angular speed of rotation of the galactic disk varies with distance from", "title": "Spiral galaxy" }, { "id": "17625583", "score": "1.5497935", "text": "a redshift of 7.2. The galaxy in its observable timeframe was producing stars at a phenomenal rate, equivalent in mass to about 330 Suns per year. The light reaching Earth from z8_GND_5296 shows its position over 13 billion years ago, having traveled a distance of more than 13 billion light-years. Due to the expansion of the universe, this position is now at about (comoving distance) from Earth. Research published in the 24 October 2013 issue of the journal \"Nature\" by a team of astronomers from the University of Texas at Austin led by Steven Finkelstein, in collaboration with astronomers at", "title": "Z8 GND 5296" } ]

[ "rounders", "irish rounders", "Irish rounders", "Rounders" ]

[ { "id": "2991145", "score": "1.8383293", "text": "the Prince of Wales, played indoors in London in November 1748. The Prince is reported as playing \"Bass-Ball\" again in September 1749 in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, against Lord Middlesex. The English lawyer William Bray wrote in his diary that he had played a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, also in Surrey. By 1796, the rules of this English game were well enough established to earn a mention in the German Johann Gutsmuths' book on popular pastimes. In it he described \"\" ('Ball with safe places, or the English base-ball') as a contest between two teams in which", "title": "Origins of baseball" }, { "id": "3733427", "score": "1.8374623", "text": "London in November 1748. The Prince is reported as playing \"Bass-Ball\" again in September 1749 in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, against Lord Middlesex. The English lawyer William Bray wrote in his diary that he had played a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, also in Surrey. English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008. This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in \"A", "title": "British Americans" }, { "id": "2991147", "score": "1.8372132", "text": "the hand. Another early print reference is Jane Austen's novel \"Northanger Abbey\", originally written 1798-1799. In the first chapter the young English heroine Catherine Morland is described as preferring \"cricket, base ball, riding on horseback and running about the country to books\". About the same time, Austen's cousin Cassandra Cooke mentioned baseball in her novel \"Battleridge\". In her 1820s \"Village Sketch\" \"Jack Hatch\", author Mary Russell Mitford wrote: In 1828, William Clarke of London published the second edition of \"The Boy’s Own Book\", which included rules for rounders (the oldest known use of that name), and contains the first printed", "title": "Origins of baseball" }, { "id": "2991144", "score": "1.8179777", "text": "mentions baseball: \"the younger Part of the Family, perceiving Papa not inclined to enlarge upon the matter, retired to an interrupted Party at Base-Ball (an infant Game, which as it advances in its teens, improved into Fives).\" Although \"A Little Pretty Pocket-Book\" first appeared eleven years earlier, no copies of the first or other early editions have surfaced to date, only the tenth and later editions from 1760 forward. Therefore, \"The Card\" was the oldest surviving reference to baseball until the Bray diary was discovered in 2008. The earliest recorded game of base-ball involved none other than the family of", "title": "Origins of baseball" }, { "id": "41694", "score": "1.8122005", "text": "games of stoolball and \"tut-ball\". The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, \"A Little Pretty Pocket-Book\", by John Newbery. Block discovered that the first recorded game of \"Bass-Ball\" took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. This early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants. By the early 1830s, there were reports of a variety of uncodified bat-and-ball games recognizable as early forms of baseball being played around North America. In 1845, Alexander Cartwright, a member of New York City's Knickerbocker Club, led", "title": "Baseball" }, { "id": "2991061", "score": "1.8024712", "text": "in England; recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of each other, and that the game's most direct antecedents are the English games of stoolball and \"tut-ball\". It has long been believed that cricket also descended from such games, though evidence uncovered in early 2009 suggests that cricket may have been imported to England from Flanders. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, \"A Little Pretty Pocket-Book\", by John Newbery. It contains a rhymed description of \"base-ball\" and a woodcut that shows a field", "title": "History of baseball" }, { "id": "2991143", "score": "1.7761493", "text": "\"Morris-dancing, cudgel-playing, baseball and cricket\" occurring on Sundays. However, David Block, in \"Baseball Before We Knew It\" (2005), reports that the original source has \"stoolball\" for \"baseball\". Block also reports the reference appears to date to 1672, rather than 1700. A 1744 book in England by children's publisher John Newbery called \"A Little Pretty Pocket-Book\" includes a woodcut of a game similar to three-base stoolball or rounders and a rhyme entitled \"Base-Ball\". This is the first known instance of the word baseball in print. In 1755, a book entitled \"The Card\" by John Kidgell, in volume 1 on page 9,", "title": "Origins of baseball" }, { "id": "8619828", "score": "1.7672518", "text": "eventually the Newbery Medal was named after him. The book was re-published in Colonial America in 1762. Dr A S W Rosenbach called this book, \"One of the most influential and important books in the history of juvenile literature.\" The book includes a woodcut of stool-ball among other period games, and includes a rhyme entitled \"Base-Ball.\" This is the first known reference to \"base-ball\" or \"baseball\" in print, though it actually meant the game rounders, an ancestor of modern baseball. Of baseball's English origin: \"The game of Rounders has been played in England since Tudor Times, with the earliest reference", "title": "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" }, { "id": "2991062", "score": "1.7649597", "text": "set-up somewhat similar to the modern game—though in a triangular rather than diamond configuration, and with posts instead of ground-level bases. Block discovered that the first recorded game of \"Bass-Ball\" took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey. This early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants. Rounders was also brought to the United States by Canadians of both British and Irish ancestry. The first known American reference to baseball appears", "title": "History of baseball" }, { "id": "1091100", "score": "1.7640305", "text": "to a 1791 by-law prohibiting anyone from playing \"baseball\" within of the new meeting house in Pittsfield. A reference librarian, AnnMarie Harris, found the actual by-law in the Berkshire Athenaeum library, and its age was verified by researchers at the Williamstown Art Conservation Center. If authentic and if actually referring to a recognizable version of the modern game, the 1791 document, would be, as of 2004, the earliest known reference to the game in America. (\"See Origins of baseball.\") The document is available on the Pittsfield Library's web site. A finding that baseball was invented in 1839 by Abner Doubleday", "title": "Pittsfield, Massachusetts" }, { "id": "12429631", "score": "1.750206", "text": "the late 18th century. Block's new evidence in the matter includes the first known record of the term \"base-ball\" in the United States. It came in a 1791 ordinance in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, that banned ballplaying near the town's new meetinghouse. However, that was not the first appearance of \"base-ball\" in print. That distinction belongs to an English book, \"A Little Pretty Pocket-Book\" (1744). By 1796 the rules of this English game were well enough established to earn a mention in German scholar Johann Gutsmuths book on popular pastimes, that described \"\"Englische Base-ball\"\" involved a contest between two teams, in which", "title": "Baseball Before We Knew It" }, { "id": "2991170", "score": "1.749528", "text": "England game\" or \"Massachusetts baseball\"; in 1858 a set of rules was drawn up by the Massachusetts Association of Base Ball Players at Dedham. This game was played by teams of ten to fourteen players with four bases 60 feet apart and no foul territory. The ball was considerably smaller and lighter than a modern baseball, and runners were still put out by \"soaking\". The myth that Abner Doubleday invented baseball in 1839 was once widely promoted and widely believed. There is no evidence for this claim except for the testimony of one unreliable man decades later, and there is", "title": "Origins of baseball" }, { "id": "2402997", "score": "1.7459034", "text": "American colonies. One notable discovery found in a shed in a village in Surrey, southern England, in 2008 was a handwritten 18th-century diary belonging to a local lawyer, William Bray. \"Went to Stoke church this morn.,\" wrote Bray on Easter Monday in 1755. \"After dinner, went to Miss Jeale's to play at base ball with her the 3 Miss Whiteheads, Miss Billinghurst, Miss Molly Flutter, Mr. Chandler, Mr. Ford and H. Parsons. Drank tea and stayed til 8.\" In the 1870s the game split between the professionals and amateurs; the professional game rapidly gained dominance, and marked a shift in", "title": "History of sport" }, { "id": "2991142", "score": "1.7331078", "text": "in Boston, Massachusetts. A unique British sport, known as British baseball, is still played in parts of Wales and England. Although confined mainly to the cities of Cardiff, Newport and Liverpool, the sport boasts an annual international game between representative teams from the two countries. British \"baseball\", however, is much more akin to rounders, as it was in fact called until 1892, and represents a rounders variant somewhat hybridized under the influence of 19th-century American touring teams. According to many sources, the earliest appearance of the word \"baseball\" dates from 1700, when Anglican bishop Thomas Wilson expressed his disapproval of", "title": "Origins of baseball" }, { "id": "2402996", "score": "1.7253592", "text": "the south, and American football spreading to the north after the Civil War. There is documented evidence of baseball in england.London, England (CNN) -- An extract from an 18th-century diary containing the oldest known reference to baseball is among the items on display in a new exhibition in London exploring the English origins and cricketing connections of America's national sport. While baseball was once claimed to have been invented in the U.S. in the mid-19th century, recent findings suggest a sport of the same name may have evolved decades earlier alongside cricket, crossing the Atlantic with English settlers to the", "title": "History of sport" }, { "id": "9700473", "score": "1.7227556", "text": "British baseball British baseball, or Welsh baseball (), is a bat-and-ball game played primarily in Wales, but also with a strong history in Merseyside, England. It is closely related to the game of rounders. In the tradition of bat-and-ball games, Baseball has roots going back centuries, and there are references to \"baseball\" and \"rounders\" from the beginning of the eighteenth century. Baseball emerged as a distinct sport in 1892 when associations in Wales and England renamed the sport in favour of the more traditional rounders. Bat-and-ball games in Britain have a long history and a game called base ball\" was", "title": "British baseball" }, { "id": "2991150", "score": "1.712699", "text": "as to declare that the Knickerbocker Club comprised English expatriates who introduced \"their\" game to America for the first time in 1845. The Mills Commission, at the other extreme, created an \"official\" and entirely fictional All-American version attributing the game's invention to Abner Doubleday in 1839 at Cooperstown, New York (current site of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum). Both were entirely wrong, since this much is clear: baseball, or a game called \"base ball\", had been played in America for many years by then. The earliest explicit reference to the game in America is from March 1786", "title": "Origins of baseball" }, { "id": "2991066", "score": "1.7093284", "text": "only underhand pitching was allowed. While there are reports that the New York Knickerbockers played games in 1845, the contest long recognized as the first officially recorded baseball game in U.S. history took place on June 19, 1846, in Hoboken, New Jersey: the \"New York Nine\" defeated the Knickerbockers, 23–1, in four innings. With the Knickerbocker code as the basis, the rules of modern baseball continued to evolve over the next half-century. In the mid-1850s, a baseball craze hit the New York metropolitan area. By 1856, local journals were referring to baseball as the \"national pastime\" or \"national game.\" A", "title": "History of baseball" }, { "id": "9700489", "score": "1.7069266", "text": "concepts of cricket and the more standard versions of rounders. The sport is the subject of a song, \"The Baseball Song\", by The Hennessys, from their album \"Cardiff After Dark\". British Baseball Club websites Video British baseball British baseball, or Welsh baseball (), is a bat-and-ball game played primarily in Wales, but also with a strong history in Merseyside, England. It is closely related to the game of rounders. In the tradition of bat-and-ball games, Baseball has roots going back centuries, and there are references to \"baseball\" and \"rounders\" from the beginning of the eighteenth century. Baseball emerged as a", "title": "British baseball" }, { "id": "780955", "score": "1.70258", "text": "ball; or if, while running, they are touched with the ball by a fielder. The game of rounders has been played in England since Tudor times, with the earliest reference being in 1744 in \"A Little Pretty Pocket-Book\" where it was called base-ball. In 1828, William Clarke in London published the second edition of \"The Boy's Own Book\", which included the rules of rounders and also contained the first printed description in English of a bat and ball base-running game played on a diamond. The following year, the book was published in Boston, Massachusetts. The first nationally formalised rules were", "title": "Rounders" } ]

[ "Starches", "Vegetable starch", "Starch solution", "vegetable starch", "starch granules", "Starch (food)", "Amylum", "clothing starch", "starch solution", "amylum", "food starch", "Starch", "Clothing starch", "Starch granules", "starch", "starches", "Wheat starch", "dextrinisation", "Laundry starch", "starch food", "laundry starch", "wheat starch", "Dextrinisation", "Food starch" ]

[ { "id": "331498", "score": "1.7270174", "text": "the newly formed NADPH and releases three-carbon sugars, which are later combined to form sucrose and starch. The overall equation for the light-independent reactions in green plants is Carbon fixation produces the intermediate three-carbon sugar product, which is then converted into the final carbohydrate products. The simple carbon sugars produced by photosynthesis are then used in the forming of other organic compounds, such as the building material cellulose, the precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis, or as a fuel in cellular respiration. The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants is", "title": "Photosynthesis" }, { "id": "167809", "score": "1.718174", "text": "Glucose Glucose (also called dextrose) is a simple sugar with the molecular formula . Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. There it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, which is the most abundant carbohydrate. In energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms. Glucose for metabolism is partially stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as starch and amylopectin and in animals as glycogen. Glucose circulates in the blood", "title": "Glucose" }, { "id": "167832", "score": "1.6778488", "text": "are termed glucans. Glucose is produced by plants through the photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide and can be used by all living organisms as an energy and carbon source. However, most glucose does not occur in its free form, but in the form of its polymers, i.e. lactose, sucrose, starch and others which are energy reserve substances, and cellulose and chitin, which are components of the cell wall in plants or fungi and arthropods, respectively. These polymers are degraded to glucose during food intake by animals, fungi and bacteria using enzymes. All animals are also able to produce", "title": "Glucose" }, { "id": "73480", "score": "1.6717315", "text": "for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, a simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is metabolized by nearly all known organisms. Glucose and other carbohydrates are part of a wide variety of metabolic pathways across species: plants synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis storing the absorbed energy internally, often in the form of starch or lipids. Plant components are consumed by animals and fungi, and used as fuel for cellular respiration. Oxidation of one gram of carbohydrate yields approximately 9 kJ (4 kcal) of energy, while the oxidation of", "title": "Carbohydrate" }, { "id": "49622", "score": "1.6697019", "text": "to produce molecules of the 3-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is the first product of photosynthesis and the raw material from which glucose and almost all other organic molecules of biological origin are synthesised. Some of the glucose is converted to starch which is stored in the chloroplast. Starch is the characteristic energy store of most land plants and algae, while inulin, a polymer of fructose is used for the same purpose in the sunflower family Asteraceae. Some of the glucose is converted to sucrose (common table sugar) for export to the rest of the plant. Unlike in", "title": "Botany" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Glucose\n\nGlucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula . Glucose is overall the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight, where it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, the most abundant carbohydrate in the world.\n\nIn energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms. Glucose for metabolism is stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as starch and amylopectin, and in animals as glycogen. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. The naturally occurring form of glucose is -glucose, while -glucose is produced synthetically in comparatively small amounts and is less biologically active. Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group, and is therefore an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form. Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in its free state in fruits and other parts of plants. In animals, glucose is released from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis.\n\nGlucose, as intravenous sugar solution, is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is also on the list in combination with sodium chloride.<ref name=\"WHO21st\" />\n\nThe name glucose is derived from Ancient Greek (, \"wine, must\"), from (, \"sweet\"). The suffix \"-ose\" is a chemical classifier, denoting a sugar.", "title": "Glucose" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Starch\n\nStarch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets, and is contained in large amounts in staple foods such as wheat, potatoes, maize (corn), rice, and cassava (manioc).\n\nPure starch is a white, tasteless and odorless powder that is insoluble in cold water or alcohol. It consists of two types of molecules: the linear and helical amylose and the branched amylopectin. Depending on the plant, starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight. Glycogen, the energy reserve of animals, is a more highly branched version of amylopectin.\n\nIn industry, starch is often converted into sugars, for example by malting. These sugars may be fermented to produce ethanol in the manufacture of beer, whisky and biofuel. In addition, sugars produced from processed starch are used in many processed foods. \n\nMixing most starches in warm water produces a paste, such as wheatpaste, which can be used as a thickening, stiffening or gluing agent. The principle non-food, industrial use of starch is as an adhesive in the papermaking process. A similar paste, , can be applied to certain textile goods before ironing to stiffen them.", "title": "Starch" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cellulose\n\nCellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked -glucose units. Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms. Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50%, and that of dried hemp is approximately 57%.\n\nCellulose is mainly used to produce paperboard and paper. Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such as cellophane and rayon. Conversion of cellulose from energy crops into biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol is under development as a renewable fuel source. Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp and cotton.<ref name=\"Klemm\"/>\n\nSome animals, particularly ruminants and termites, can digest cellulose with the help of symbiotic micro-organisms that live in their guts, such as \"Trichonympha\". In human nutrition, cellulose is a non-digestible constituent of insoluble dietary fiber, acting as a hydrophilic bulking agent for feces and potentially aiding in defecation.", "title": "Cellulose" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Amylase\n\nAn amylase () is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin \"\") into sugars. Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain large amounts of starch but little sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar. The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase. Specific amylase proteins are designated by different Greek letters. All amylases are glycoside hydrolases and act on α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.", "title": "Amylase" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fructan\n\nA fructan is a polymer of fructose molecules. Fructans with a short chain length are known as fructooligosaccharides. Fructans can be found in over 12% of the angiosperms including both monocots and dicots such as agave, artichokes, asparagus, leeks, garlic, onions (including spring onions), yacón, jícama, barley and wheat.\n\nFructans also appear in grass, with dietary implications for horses and other grazing animals (Equidae).", "title": "Fructan" }, { "id": "167840", "score": "1.6671021", "text": "a product of photosynthesis. Glucose is also formed by the breakdown of polymeric forms of glucose like glycogen (in animals and mushrooms) or starch (in plants). The cleavage of glycogen is termed glycogenolysis, the cleavage of starch is called starch degradation. The metabolic pathway that begins with molecules containing two to four carbon atoms (C) and ends in the glucose molecule containing six carbon atoms is called gluconeogenesis and occurs in all living organisms. The smaller starting materials are the result of other metabolic pathways. Ultimately almost all biomolecules come from the assimilation of carbon dioxide in plants during photosynthesis.", "title": "Glucose" }, { "id": "331502", "score": "1.6494625", "text": "light reactions reduces photorespiration and increases fixation and, thus, the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf. plants can produce more sugar than plants in conditions of high light and temperature. Many important crop plants are plants, including maize, sorghum, sugarcane, and millet. Plants that do not use PEP-carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C plants because the primary carboxylation reaction, catalyzed by RuBisCO, produces the three-carbon 3-phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin-Benson cycle. Over 90% of plants use carbon fixation, compared to 3% that use carbon fixation; however, the evolution of in over 60 plant lineages makes it a striking example", "title": "Photosynthesis" }, { "id": "4153276", "score": "1.6474948", "text": "for. General structural classes of secondary metabolites include alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, and terpenoids, which are described in more detail in the biosynthesis section below. The biosynthetic pathways leading to the major classes of natural products are described below. Carbohydrates are an essential energy source for most life forms. In addition, polysaccharides formed from simpler carbohydrates are important structural components of many organisms such the cell walls of bacteria and plants. Carbohydrate are the products of plant photosynthesis and animal gluconeogenesis. Photosynthesis produces initially 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, a three carbon atom containing sugar (a triose). This triose in turn may be converted into", "title": "Natural product" }, { "id": "1666301", "score": "1.6434842", "text": "of photosynthesis (top) and (one form of) chemosynthesis (bottom): In both cases, the end point is a polymer of reduced carbohydrate, (CHO), typically molecules such as glucose or other sugars. These relatively simple molecules may be then used to further synthesise more complicated molecules, including proteins, complex carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, or be respired to perform work. Consumption of primary producers by heterotrophic organisms, such as animals, then transfers these organic molecules (and the energy stored within them) up the food web, fueling all of the Earth's living systems. \"Gross primary production\" (GPP) is the amount of chemical energy", "title": "Primary production" }, { "id": "167880", "score": "1.6226366", "text": "be quantified. Glucose uptake in cells of organisms is measured with 2-deoxy-D-glucose or fluorodeoxyglucose. (F)fluorodeoxyglucose is used as a tracer in positron emission tomography in oncology and neurology, where it is by far the most commonly used diagnostic agent. Glucose Glucose (also called dextrose) is a simple sugar with the molecular formula . Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. There it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, which is the most abundant carbohydrate. In", "title": "Glucose" }, { "id": "331476", "score": "1.6209848", "text": "Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name \"photosynthesis\", from the Greek φῶς, \"phōs\", \"light\", and σύνθεσις, \"synthesis\", \"putting together\". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the", "title": "Photosynthesis" }, { "id": "331537", "score": "1.6158135", "text": "oxygenase activity is more commonly known as photorespiration, since it is characterized by light-dependent oxygen consumption and the release of carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name \"photosynthesis\", from the Greek φῶς, \"phōs\", \"light\", and σύνθεσις, \"synthesis\", \"putting together\". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae,", "title": "Photosynthesis" }, { "id": "42866", "score": "1.615596", "text": "component of plant's cell walls, and \"glycogen\", used as a form of energy storage in animals. Sugar can be characterized by having reducing or non-reducing ends. A reducing end of a carbohydrate is a carbon atom that can be in equilibrium with the open-chain aldehyde (aldose) or keto form (ketose). If the joining of monomers takes place at such a carbon atom, the free hydroxy group of the pyranose or furanose form is exchanged with an OH-side-chain of another sugar, yielding a full acetal. This prevents opening of the chain to the aldehyde or keto form and renders the modified", "title": "Biochemistry" }, { "id": "17758116", "score": "1.6103554", "text": "sunlight into electric power using a pigment called xanthopterin. This is the first scientific evidence of a member of the animal kingdom engaging in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is not quite as simple as adding water to to produce sugars and oxygen. A complex chemical pathway is involved, facilitated along the way by a range of enzymes and co-enzymes. The enzyme RuBisCO is responsible for \"fixing\" – that is, it attaches it to a carbon-based molecule to form a sugar, which can be used by the plant, releasing an oxygen molecule along the way. However, the enzyme is notoriously inefficient, and just", "title": "Evolution of photosynthesis" }, { "id": "3967141", "score": "1.6076604", "text": "texts list a product of photosynthesis as , this is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of respiration, where six-carbon sugars are oxidized in mitochondria. The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three-carbon sugar phosphate molecules, or \"triose phosphates\", namely, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). In the first stage of the Calvin cycle, a molecule is incorporated into one of two three-carbon molecules (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or G3P), where it uses up two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH, which had been produced in the light-dependent stage. The three steps involved are: The next stage in the Calvin cycle is", "title": "Light-independent reactions" }, { "id": "278170", "score": "1.5965939", "text": "as a waste product. This process uses the ATP and NADPH produced by the photosynthetic reaction centres, as described above, to convert CO into glycerate 3-phosphate, which can then be converted into glucose. This carbon-fixation reaction is carried out by the enzyme RuBisCO as part of the Calvin – Benson cycle. Three types of photosynthesis occur in plants, C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation and CAM photosynthesis. These differ by the route that carbon dioxide takes to the Calvin cycle, with C3 plants fixing CO directly, while C4 and CAM photosynthesis incorporate the CO into other compounds first, as adaptations", "title": "Metabolism" }, { "id": "13994704", "score": "1.5906757", "text": "can only use a fraction of this energy for photosynthesis, approximately 1% is used by autotrophs. The process of photosynthesis splits a water molecule (HO), releasing oxygen (O) into the atmosphere, and reducing carbon dioxide (CO) to release the hydrogen atoms that fuel the metabolic process of primary production. Plants convert and store the energy of the photon into the chemical bonds of simple sugars during photosynthesis. These plant sugars are polymerized for storage as long-chain carbohydrates, including other sugars, starch, and cellulose; glucose is also used to make fats and proteins. When autotrophs are eaten by heterotrophs, i.e., consumers", "title": "Autotroph" }, { "id": "375948", "score": "1.5833266", "text": "form ring structures. In these closed-chain forms, the aldehyde or ketone group remains non-free, so many of the reactions typical of these groups cannot occur. Glucose in solution exists mostly in the ring form at equilibrium, with less than 0.1% of the molecules in the open-chain form. Biopolymers of sugars are common in nature. Through photosynthesis, plants produce glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a phosphated 3-carbon sugar that is used by the cell to make monosaccharides such as glucose () or (as in cane and beet) sucrose (). Monosaccharides may be further converted into structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and pectin for cell", "title": "Sugar" }, { "id": "4489758", "score": "1.5792763", "text": "of this topic includes the design and assembly of devices for the direct production of solar fuels, photoelectrochemistry and its application in fuel cells, and the engineering of enzymes and photoautotrophic microorganisms for microbial biofuel and biohydrogen production from sunlight. The photosynthetic reaction can be divided into two half-reactions of oxidation and reduction, both of which are essential to producing fuel. In plant photosynthesis, water molecules are photo-oxidized to release oxygen and protons. The second phase of plant photosynthesis (also known as the Calvin-Benson cycle) is a light-independent reaction that converts carbon dioxide into glucose (fuel). Researchers of artificial photosynthesis", "title": "Artificial photosynthesis" }, { "id": "3754522", "score": "1.5784934", "text": "dextrin the macromolecule begins with a reducing sugar, a free aldehyde. More hydrolyzed starch contains more reducing sugars. The percentage of reducing sugars present in these starch derivatives is called dextrose equivalent (DE). Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of glucose that serves as the main form of carbohydrate storage in animals. It is a reducing sugar with only one reducing end; no matter how large the glycogen molecule is or how many branches it has, each branch ends in a nonreducing sugar residue. When glycogen is broken down to be used as an energy source, glucose units are removed", "title": "Reducing sugar" } ]

[ "Cosom hockey", "street hockey", "Driveway hockey", "ground hockey", "Street Hockey", "driveway hockey", "Street hockey", "Dek hockey", "cosom hockey", "Road hockey", "deck hockey", "dek hockey", "Ground hockey", "road hockey", "Deck hockey" ]

[ { "id": "13589503", "score": "1.6080167", "text": "Men's National Champions (squash) The Men's National Champions are the National Champions for squash in the United States. These winners are the officially recognized champions by U.S. Squash, the national governing body. From 1907 until 1989, the national championship was contested through hardball squash. When the national governing body began recognizing international softball as the official game in the United States, the national championship also switched to softball. The first softball national championship, also known as the S.L. Green, was conducted in 1990 and was won by Mark Talbott. The S.L. Green, unlike the previous national championship, is limited to", "title": "Men's National Champions (squash)" }, { "id": "17806862", "score": "1.6062047", "text": "tenpin bowling tournament is first established. 1966 - The first intercollegiate women's basketball tournament was played in Pennsylvania. 1966 - Roberta Louise \"Bobbi\" Gibb was the first woman to run the entire Boston Marathon. 1967 - Kathrine Switzer was the first woman to run the Boston Marathon as a numbered entry. 1969 - Barbara Jo Rubin became the first female jockey to win a race in the United States. 1970 - Mary Jo Peppler of the United States was voted the most outstanding volleyball player in the world at the International Games in Bulgaria. 1971 - Cheryl White, an American,", "title": "Timeline of women's sports in the United States" }, { "id": "13801673", "score": "1.5937368", "text": "winning the “A” division becoming the national champion. Between 1956 and 1988, the National Intercollegiate Squash Racquets Association awarded an additional team trophy based on players’ performances in the national individual tournament. From 1956 to 1968, teams competed with four players, and from 1969 to 1988, they competed with six players. National Scholastic Surfing Association (1978 - ) US Figure Skating United States Synchronized Swimming Preceded by AIAW tournament 1977-82 National Collegiate Table Tennis Association National Collegiate Taekwondo Association USA Team Handball United States Tennis Association, \"club-level only\" Intercollegiate Tennis Association \"(1973–present)\" \" Division I \" \" Division III (2001", "title": "Intercollegiate sports team champions" }, { "id": "8495610", "score": "1.5828965", "text": "Sports in New England Two popular American sports were invented in New England. Basketball was invented by James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. Volleyball was invented by William G. Morgan in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in 1895. Also, the first organized ice hockey game in the United States is widely believed to have been played in Concord, New Hampshire in 1883. The region is famous for its passion for baseball and the Boston Red Sox, as well as for the intense rivalry between the Red Sox and the New York Yankees. On November 1, 1924, the Boston Bruins of the National", "title": "Sports in New England" }, { "id": "18849594", "score": "1.5702713", "text": "in Foxborough, Massachusetts. It was the first outdoor professional Women's hockey game, the first game sanctioned by the NHL and the first game between the NWHL and the CWHL. In the second period of the game, Denna Laing would crash into the boards and suffer a career ending injury in the contest. A rally of support resulted in funds raised for the Denna Laing Foundation. At season's end, the Pride would bring the Isobel Cup to a hospitalized Laing, sharing in the glory. In addition, Laing would win the NWHL's Foundation Award and the Perseverance Award. On April 28, 2016,", "title": "Boston Pride" }, { "id": "2402997", "score": "1.5573244", "text": "American colonies. One notable discovery found in a shed in a village in Surrey, southern England, in 2008 was a handwritten 18th-century diary belonging to a local lawyer, William Bray. \"Went to Stoke church this morn.,\" wrote Bray on Easter Monday in 1755. \"After dinner, went to Miss Jeale's to play at base ball with her the 3 Miss Whiteheads, Miss Billinghurst, Miss Molly Flutter, Mr. Chandler, Mr. Ford and H. Parsons. Drank tea and stayed til 8.\" In the 1870s the game split between the professionals and amateurs; the professional game rapidly gained dominance, and marked a shift in", "title": "History of sport" }, { "id": "14433053", "score": "1.5571468", "text": "Hockey National Championship. The Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs captured the first NCAA Division I Women's Ice Hockey Championship, defeating the St. Lawrence Skating Saints by a 4-2 tally on March 25, 2001. In 1964, the Brown Bears men's coach Jim Fullerton arranged for Nancy Schieffelin to attend a team practice. She was an experienced player and came to the practice disguised in full uniform. A year later, Brown University had the first women's ice hockey program. The team was known as the Pembroke Pandas. The Pandas had to borrow equipment, and sell hockey rule sheets at the Bears men's games to", "title": "History of women's ice hockey in the United States" }, { "id": "6951641", "score": "1.5569491", "text": "Yard) 1941 - Dick Casey Club (Tobin Club) 1940 - Dick Casey Club (Roslindale Town Team) 1939 - Dick Casey Club (St. Augustine's) 1938 - St. Augustine's (Holy Name) 1937 - Dick Casey Club (Jordan Marsh) 1936 - Roslindale Wolfs (Jordan Marsh) 1935 - Jordan Marsh (Roslindale TT) 1934 - Jordan Marsh (Dick Casey Club) 1933 - Roslindale Town Team (Mulry Club) 1932 - St. Thomas (Roslindale Town Team) 1931 - St. Thomas (Edison Light) 1930 - Agawam A.A. (Gurnett & Co.) 1929 - St. Thomas, J.P. (South End Athletics) Note, Kelley Field is maintained by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts'", "title": "Boston Park League" }, { "id": "5048474", "score": "1.5566094", "text": "club was the first to be recognized as a State Public Utility instrument. América had been licensed team of the (FNF) for 5 years, between 1960 and 1965, thus the team did not participate in official competitions. Instead, the team committed to the construction of its official ground at Rodrigues Alves Avenue, bourough of Tirol, Natal. In 1974 América was crowned undefeated state champions, playing 20 matches with 12 wins and 8 ties. In 1975, América won the Torneio Norte-Nordeste. Between 1987 and 1992, América won 5 state championships, only losing in 1990. In 1996, the team from Rio Grande", "title": "América Futebol Clube (RN)" }, { "id": "9888165", "score": "1.5518355", "text": "was among the top teams in the nation in the 1860s, winning an (unofficial) national championship in 1867, the year after Berkenstock retired. On October 30, 1871, the Athletics met the Chicago White Stockings at the Union Grounds in Brooklyn, to decide the 1871 championship. In the first season of America's first professional league, the National Association, the title was decided not by winning percentage but simply \"wins\"; going into the final game, the Athletics had 20 victories (as did the Boston Red Stockings) while Chicago had 19; the \"Championship Committee\" decreed before the contest that the winner would take", "title": "Nate Berkenstock" }, { "id": "12589711", "score": "1.5510542", "text": "in the DCU Center (originally Worcester Centrum) from 1994 to 2005, and the Worcester Sharks, an American Hockey League franchise and developmental team for the NHL's San Jose Sharks. Many historic and local sporting events have occurred in Worcester such as the first official Ryder Cup golf tournament at Worcester Country Club in 1927. The Worcester Worcesters, an early Major League Baseball team, was one of the first teams to play in the nascent National League. This team, which operated from 1880 to 1882, is believed to be the only major league team in history not to have an attached", "title": "Sports in Worcester, Massachusetts" }, { "id": "2136651", "score": "1.5506165", "text": "sloops in 2001 and 2002, and the team race in 2002 and 2003. The team was ranked 11th nationally in 2013 according to Sailing World. Before the NCAA began its tournament in 1959, the annual national champion was declared by the Intercollegiate Association Football League (IAFL) — from 1911 to 1926 — and then the Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association (ISFA), from 1927 to 1958. From 1911 to 1958, Harvard won four national championships. Women's soccer was elevated from a club to a varsity sport at Harvard in 1977. Bob Scalise, Harvard's current athletic director, was the first head coach. The", "title": "Harvard Crimson" }, { "id": "3363520", "score": "1.5503284", "text": "introduce the sport to Outdoor Writers. In 1982, the oldest continuous Sporting Clays competitive event (The Norbert Buchmayer Society annual Gathering of Friends) began and continues to this day. In 1985, the United States Sporting Clays Association (USSCA) was formed in Houston, TX. Also in 1985, the Orvis Company sponsored the first U.S. National Sporting Clays Championship, which was held in Houston, Texas and continues to promote the sport via the annual Orvis Cup held at Sandanona Shooting Grounds. In 1989, the National Skeet Shooting Association (NSSA) in San Antonio, Texas, formed the National Sporting Clays Association (NSCA) to provide", "title": "Sporting clays" }, { "id": "2386842", "score": "1.5501666", "text": "the spring of 1975 and held the first women's national championship volleyball tournament that fall. In 1997, Liz Heaston became the first female college athlete to play and score in a college football game when she kicked two extra points during the 1997 Linfield vs. Willamette football game. Launched in 2000 by the NAIA, the Champions of Character program promotes character and sportsmanship through athletics. The Champions of Character conducts clinics and has developed an online training course to educate athletes, coaches, and athletic administrators with the skills necessary to promote character development in the context of sport. Membership –", "title": "National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics" }, { "id": "962634", "score": "1.5475568", "text": "and won the league championship in their inaugural season. The Pawtucket Red Sox, the AAA affiliate of the Boston Red Sox, will be moving to Worcester in 2021. A name has not yet been announced. The New England Surge, a member of the Continental Indoor Football League, played their home games in the DCU Center in their two years of existence, 2007 and 2008. Candlepin bowling was invented in Worcester in 1880 by Justin White, an area bowling alley owner. The Worcester County Wildcats are part of the New England Football League, is a semi-pro football team, and play at", "title": "Worcester, Massachusetts" }, { "id": "1779547", "score": "1.5467552", "text": "Trophy, which facilitated considerable British-Irish university and club team racing. Since the 1980s the event has been hosted by the Royal St. George YC alone. As mentioned earlier, the International 14 Class has always had a great interest in team racing. The first recorded team race took place in 1926 when Trent SC challenged the Royal Norfolk & Suffolk YC to a three-a-side match in National 14s (international status was not granted until 1928), so initiating the Trent Inland Waters Challenge Cup. The first international team racing event (three-a-side format), between Canada, the US (two teams from Long Island and", "title": "Team racing" }, { "id": "11651284", "score": "1.5447801", "text": "enlisted until 1946, before returning to coaching. Just three years after serving with the Navy Kelley lead his Boston College team over Dartmouth and win the NCAA National Championship. It would be the first championship won by an Eastern school. The 1949 National Championship was the only one of his career, however he would lead the Eagles back to the title game in 1965. Boston College lost the championship game to Michigan Tech 8-2. On December 26, 1952 Boston’s famous Beanpot Tournament was established. Kelley enjoyed great success in the tournament winning 5 of the first 10. Some have pointed", "title": "John Kelley (ice hockey)" }, { "id": "9378114", "score": "1.5441096", "text": "the first formal football club in the United States, was formed in 1861 by schoolboys who played the \"Boston game\" on Boston Common. They played mostly among themselves early on; though they organized a team of non-members to play a game in November 1863, which the Oneidas won easily. The game caught the attention of the press, and the \"Boston game\" continued to grow throughout the 1860s. The Boston Braves were established in the city in 1932. The team changed its name to the Boston Redskins the following year, but relocated to Washington, D.C. in 1937. In 1959, Boston business", "title": "Sports in Boston" }, { "id": "8532148", "score": "1.5388834", "text": "first, matched three United States regional champions against the UK champion and thus could be argued as the first international tournament, true multinational international tournaments were first held in 1975. Both authors (Orbanes and Brandreth) agree that John Mair was the first true World Champion, as decided in tournament play held in Washington, D.C. days after the conclusion of the European Championship (which Mair had also won), in November 1975. By 1982, tournaments in the United States featured a competition between tournament winners in all 50 states, competing to become the United States Champion. National tournaments were held in the", "title": "History of the board game Monopoly" }, { "id": "4516397", "score": "1.5378686", "text": "The year 1977 was also a milestone for women with this championship marking the debut of a women's hockey national championship. Transition from quads to inline The very first inline roller hockey team to earn a USA National Championship title did so at a USA Roller Sports National Championship held in San Diego in July 1993. At the previous 1992 USARS National Championships, also staged in San Diego, the San Diego Hosers won the Senior Gold Division title wearing their customary quad roller skates. As of that time, the Hosers manager/coach Paul Chapey felt that while inline skates were obviously", "title": "Roller in-line hockey" } ]

[ "Art For Art's Sake", "L'art pour l'art", "art for art s sake", "l art pour l art", "Ars gratia artis", "Art for Art's Sake", "ars gratia artis", "Art for art's sake", "Ars Gratia Artis" ]

[ { "id": "7544708", "score": "2.197015", "text": "out, then the logo immediately shows a crocodile, to which Steve approves. MGM also used a secondary logo, seen in the opening and closing credits of many classic MGM movies. This design originated as the Metro-Goldwyn Pictures logo from 1923 to 1925. The logo features a graphic image of a reclining lion (from a side view) on a pedestal that has the text \"A Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Picture\" inscribed on it. Behind the lion is a semi-circular film ribbon with the \"Ars Gratia Artis\" motto (\"Art for art's sake\"), much like the film ribboning of the company's primary logo. On either side", "title": "Leo the Lion (MGM)" }, { "id": "7544679", "score": "2.0834966", "text": "Leo the Lion (MGM) Leo the Lion is the mascot for the Hollywood film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and one of its predecessors, Goldwyn Pictures, featured in the studio's production logo, which was created by the Paramount Studios art director Lionel S. Reiss. Since 1916 (and when the studio was formed by the merger of Samuel Goldwyn's studio with Marcus Loew's Metro Pictures and Louis B. Mayer's company in 1924), there have been seven different lions used for the MGM logo. Although MGM has referred to all of the lions used in their trademark as \"Leo the Lion\", only the current lion,", "title": "Leo the Lion (MGM)" }, { "id": "694779", "score": "2.0584939", "text": "in 1916 for Goldwyn Pictures and updated in 1924 for MGM's use. Dietz based the logo on his alma mater's mascot, the Columbia University lion. Originally silent, the sound of Leo the Lion's roar was added to films for the first time in August 1928. In the 1930s and 1940s, the studio billed itself as having \"more stars than there are in heaven\", a reference to the large number of A-list movie stars under contract to the company. This second motto was also coined by Dietz and was first used in 1932. Following his brief ownership of the company in", "title": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" }, { "id": "7544699", "score": "2.0163517", "text": "of its main studio logo for its 60th anniversary based on the print logo, with the ribbons in a golden color. Above the ribbons were the words \"Diamond Jubilee\", replacing the standard company name, and its font color was silver and below the ribboning was the phrase \"Sixty Years of Great Entertainment\". The \"Ars Gratia Artis\" motto was removed from inside the circle and replaced with the text \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists\". The drama mask from the bottom had its surrounding laurels removed, and the mask itself was moved up a little so that an additional golden ribbon with the text reading", "title": "Leo the Lion (MGM)" }, { "id": "2381436", "score": "2.0144389", "text": "to call their movie-making enterprise Goldwyn Pictures. Seeing an opportunity, he then had his name legally changed to Samuel Goldwyn, which he used for the rest of his life. Goldwyn Pictures proved successful but it is their \"Leo the Lion\" trademark for which the organization is most famous. On April 10, 1924, Goldwyn Pictures was acquired by Marcus Loew and merged into his Metro Pictures Corporation. Despite the inclusion of his name, Goldwyn had no role in the management or production at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Before the sale and merger of Goldwyn Pictures in April 1924, Goldwyn had established Samuel Goldwyn Productions", "title": "Samuel Goldwyn" }, { "id": "7544680", "score": "1.9710572", "text": "in use since 1957 (a total of years), was actually named \"Leo\". Slats, trained by Volney Phifer, was the first lion used for the newly formed studio. Born at the Dublin Zoo on March 20, 1919, and originally named Cairbre, Slats was used on all black-and-white MGM films between 1924 and 1928. The original logo was designed by Howard Dietz and used by the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation studio from 1916 to 1923 (see left). Goldwyn Pictures was ultimately absorbed into the partnership that formed MGM, and the first MGM film that used the logo was \"He Who Gets Slapped\" (1924).", "title": "Leo the Lion (MGM)" }, { "id": "694694", "score": "1.9661527", "text": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. (initialized as MGM; common metonym: the Lion or Leo) is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. One of the world's oldest film studios, MGM's headquarters are located at 245 North Beverly Drive in Beverly Hills, California. MGM was founded in 1924 when the entertainment entrepreneur Marcus Loew gained control of Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures, and Louis B. Mayer Pictures. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, a plan which never came into fruition. Over the next 39 years, the", "title": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" }, { "id": "7544697", "score": "1.9516768", "text": "by the MGM Records division studio advertising, in addition to being shown at the end of credit rolls following most MGM movie releases of this period, continuing until 1982. It was later used by the MGM Grand casinos. (A refined version of it is used as the logo for their parent company, MGM Resorts International.) The logo was retained in the corporate revamp following their acquisition of United Artists in 1981. The logo now read \"MGM/UA Entertainment Co.\"; this logo would appear on all MGM/UA films from 1983 until 1986 and again in 1987 on the film \"O.C. and Stiggs\"", "title": "Leo the Lion (MGM)" }, { "id": "3081218", "score": "1.9479781", "text": "Goldwyn Pictures Goldwyn Pictures Corporation was an American motion picture production company that operated from 1916 to 1924 when it was merged with two other production companies to form the major studio, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The studio proved moderately successful, but became most famous due to its iconic Leo the Lion trademark. Although Metro was the nominal survivor, the merged studio inherited Goldwyn's old facility in Culver City, California where it would remain until 1986. The merged studio also retained Goldwyn's Leo the Lion logo. Lee Shubert of Shubert Theater was an investor in the company. Goldwyn Pictures Corporation was founded on", "title": "Goldwyn Pictures" }, { "id": "694778", "score": "1.9469308", "text": "consultant not involved in the process, said \"It's a prudent move for them. Downsizing and relocating to a space that is still prominent but not overly ostentatious and burdened by expenses is fundamental for their survival.\" MGM vacated its namesake tower on August 19, 2011. The studio's official motto, \"\"Ars Gratia Artis\"\", is a Latin phrase meaning \"Art for art's sake\". It was chosen by Howard Dietz, the studio's chief publicist. The studio's logo is a roaring lion surrounded by a ring of film inscribed with the studio's motto. The logo, which features Leo the Lion, was created by Dietz", "title": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" }, { "id": "7544681", "score": "1.9124557", "text": "Dietz stated that he decided to use a lion as the company's mascot as a tribute to his alma mater Columbia University, whose athletic teams' nickname is The Lions; he further added that Columbia's fight song, \"Roar, Lion, Roar\", inspired him to make the lion roar. Unlike their successors, the Goldwyn Pictures lion and Slats did nothing but look around in the logo, making them the only MGM lions not to roar (although it is rumored that Volney Phifer trained Slats to growl on cue, despite the fact that synchronized sound would not officially be used in motion pictures until", "title": "Leo the Lion (MGM)" }, { "id": "5887027", "score": "1.8976256", "text": "however, MGM's first released movie, as the film was held until the Christmas season when higher attendance was expected. The movie was highly profitable for the fledgling MGM, and was critically hailed upon release. It was also the first film to feature Leo the Lion as the mascot for MGM. Previously, Leo appeared in the logo for Goldwyn Pictures Corporation in 1916, and the trademark was retained by MGM when the companies merged. The film was important in the careers of Chaney, Shearer, Gilbert, and Sjöström. In 2017, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film", "title": "He Who Gets Slapped" }, { "id": "694781", "score": "1.8973486", "text": "acquisitions of many different companies and film and television libraries, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer has greatly enhanced its film and television holdings. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's library includes its own post-April 1986 library as well as the film and television libraries of: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. (initialized as MGM; common metonym: the Lion or Leo) is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. One of the world's oldest film studios, MGM's headquarters are located at 245 North Beverly Drive in Beverly Hills, California. MGM was founded in 1924 when the entertainment entrepreneur Marcus Loew gained control", "title": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" }, { "id": "7544692", "score": "1.8497415", "text": "logo was modified for this change; the marquee below the ribbon design was removed, and the company name was thus placed in a semi-circle above the ribbons. The sixth lion, called George, was introduced in 1956, and appeared more heavily maned than any of the other lions. He had the same roars as Tanner's. Two different versions featuring George were used; one with the lion roaring toward the right of the screen and then roaring at the camera, and another with the lion roaring toward the upright corner of the screen. This logo would have either a black or dark", "title": "Leo the Lion (MGM)" }, { "id": "7544709", "score": "1.8221877", "text": "of the pedestal are torches. This secondary logo was used in the opening title and end titles of most MGM films from the mid 1920s until the early 1960s, then moved to the main film credits until the early 1980s. This logo was last seen on the 1984 film \"Nothing Lasts Forever\". Many of the short subjects produced by Hal Roach studios during the late 1920s and 1930s (such as \"Our Gang\" and \"Laurel and Hardy\") featured a variation of the secondary logo in their closing titles. This variation had a lion cub on the pedestal, looking straight at the", "title": "Leo the Lion (MGM)" }, { "id": "7544705", "score": "1.8188629", "text": "to add dimensional layers and drama. The 1995 roar is reused once again as Leo roars and the company name is brought in from above to center the top screen, which completes the logo sequence. MGM's website address was removed, as MGM is no longer as of 2012 a self-distribution entity, but rather a production company. This logo was first used in the 2012 film \"Skyfall\". The 1983 Canadian beer-themed comedy film \"Strange Brew\" opens with a one-off version of the MGM logo where the lion belches within one second of the fade-in. Then the camera begins a sweeping dolly", "title": "Leo the Lion (MGM)" }, { "id": "7544702", "score": "1.8136332", "text": "the logo. The logo was revised again in 2008, with the ribbons, text, and drama mask done in a more brilliant gold color. Also, Leo's image was digitally restored and enhanced, thanks to the work of staff at Pacific Title: first off, a three-dimensional model of Leo's mane was designed, and then composited and blended onto the lion's actual mane; secondly, the tips of the lion's ears were digitally remodeled, so that the tip of his left ear would now cross in front of the film ribbon, in an effort to give the logo more depth. For the restoration process,", "title": "Leo the Lion (MGM)" }, { "id": "5105228", "score": "1.8061395", "text": "in the financially troubled Goldwyn Picture Corporation which at that point was controlled by theater impresario Lee Shubert. Goldwyn Pictures owned the \"Leo the Lion\" trademark and studio property in Culver City, California. But without its founder Samuel Goldwyn, the Goldwyn studio lacked strong management. With Loew's vice president Nicholas Schenck needed in New York City to help manage the large East Coast movie theater operations, Loew had to find a qualified executive to take charge of this new Los Angeles entity. Loew recalled meeting a film producer named Louis B. Mayer who had been operating a successful, if modest,", "title": "Marcus Loew" }, { "id": "7544700", "score": "1.7995973", "text": "\"Entertainment Co.\" below would be added . Although the new roar effect done by Mangini was primarily being used at the time, \"2010: The Year We Make Contact\" (1984) had both the original and 1982 roar effects mixed together. When the company began using MGM and UA as separate brands in 1986, a new logo for MGM was introduced; the same gold ribbons used for the \"Diamond Jubilee\" variant was retained, and the text was redone in exactly the same color. The following year, a new \"MGM/UA Communications Co.\" logo was introduced, and would precede both the MGM and UA", "title": "Leo the Lion (MGM)" }, { "id": "7894761", "score": "1.7585806", "text": "play on MGM's famous trademark, Leo the Lion. During the 1960s and early 1970s, MGM was said to have lost its luster and hold as a Hollywood stronghold. The phrase \"the lion has lost his roar\" became a popular saying for the MGM name. This film was to document MGM's comeback after Kirk Kerkorian bought the company, downsized severely, sold off assets, and otherwise attempted to revive the company. The Lion Roars Again The Lion Roars Again is a 1975 American short documentary film that documents an event that was hosted by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The event was the International Press Conclave", "title": "The Lion Roars Again" } ]

[ "Sir Jack Brabham", "Jack Brabham", "jack brabham", "sir jack brabham" ]

[ { "id": "6181442", "score": "1.9879738", "text": "Ron Tauranac Ronald Sidney Tauranac (born 13 January 1925) is a retired British-Australian engineer and racing car designer, who with Formula One driver Jack Brabham founded the Brabham constructor and racing team in 1962. Following Brabham's retirement as a driver at the end of the 1970 season, Tauranac owned and managed the Brabham team until 1972, when he sold it to Bernie Ecclestone. He remained in England to assist with a redesign of a Politoys Formula One chassis for Frank Williams in 1973 and helped Trojan develop a Formula One version of their Formula 5000 car. After a brief retirement", "title": "Ron Tauranac" }, { "id": "6181445", "score": "1.9113288", "text": "car, consulting work for the Arrows Formula One team, and continuing his relationship with Honda that goes back to their early Formula Two days as engine supplier to Brabham in the 1960s. He has moved back to Australia but retains an interest in the sport. Tauranac can be seen each year as a design judge at the Formula SAE Australasia competition in Melbourne, Australia. Ron Tauranac Ronald Sidney Tauranac (born 13 January 1925) is a retired British-Australian engineer and racing car designer, who with Formula One driver Jack Brabham founded the Brabham constructor and racing team in 1962. Following Brabham's", "title": "Ron Tauranac" }, { "id": "6181444", "score": "1.854929", "text": "Theodore Racing F1 car for the 1978 season. Two new designs were created for the 1979 season: the RT2 for Formula Two and the RT3 for Formula Three. The RT3 chassis won the 1983 European F3 championship for Pierluigi Martini and five consecutive British F3 titles. A joint venture with Honda resulted in the RH6 chassis, which won the 1981, 1984 and 1985 titles. In October 1988, Tauranac sold the Ralt business to March Engineering for £1.25 million. Tauranac has remained involved with various aspects of the sport since departing from Ralt, including racing-school cars for Honda, a Formula Renault", "title": "Ron Tauranac" }, { "id": "4245242", "score": "1.823402", "text": "was put into production by Peter Agg's Lambretta Trojan Group in Rye, Sussex. They would make 200 McLarens during ten years. Trojan–Tauranac Racing Trojan was an automobile manufacturer and a Formula One constructor, in conjunction with Australian Ron Tauranac, from the United Kingdom. The car producer Trojan Limited was founded by Leslie Hounsfield in 1914 in Clapham, South London, and later in Purley Way, Croydon, Surrey. It produced cars and especially delivery vans until 1964. Around 1960, the Trojan business was sold to Peter Agg who imported Lambretta scooters for the British market. In 1962, the rights to manufacture the", "title": "Trojan–Tauranac Racing" }, { "id": "60084", "score": "1.8153831", "text": "the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motor sport's world governing body. In 1959 and 1960, Brabham won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in Cooper's revolutionary mid-engined cars. Despite their innovation of putting the engine behind the driver, the Coopers and their chief designer, Owen Maddock, were generally resistant to developing their cars. Brabham pushed for further advances, and played a significant role in developing Cooper's highly successful 1960 T53 \"lowline\" car, with input from his friend Tauranac. Brabham was confident he could do better than Cooper, and in late 1959 he asked Tauranac to come to the UK and", "title": "Brabham" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Brabham\n\nBrabham () is the common name for Motor Racing Developments Ltd., a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by Australian driver Jack Brabham and British-Australian designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers' and two Constructors' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history. Jack Brabham's 1966 FIA Drivers' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver's own name.\n\nIn the 1960s, Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of open-wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams; by 1970 it had built more than 500 cars. During this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brabham introduced such innovations as in-race refuelling, carbon brakes, and hydropneumatic suspension. Its unique Gordon Murray-designed \"fan car\" won its only race before being withdrawn.\n\nThe team won two more Formula One Drivers' Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet. He won his first championship in in the ground effect BT49-Ford, and became the first to win a Drivers' Championship with a turbocharged car, in . In 1983 the Brabham BT52, driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese, was powered by the BMW M12 straight-4 engine, and powered Brabham to four of the team's thiry-five Grand Prix victories.\n\nBritish businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, and later became responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One. Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm. Midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the United Kingdom Serious Fraud Office. In 2009, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a German organisation to enter the 2010 Formula One season using the Brabham name.", "title": "Brabham" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jack Brabham\n\nSir John Arthur Brabham (2 April 1926 – 19 May 2014) was an Australian racing driver who was Formula One World Champion in , , and . He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car constructor that bore his name.\n\nBrabham was a Royal Australian Air Force flight mechanic and ran a small engineering workshop before he started racing midget cars in 1948. His successes with midgets in Australian and New Zealand road racing events led to his going to Britain to further his racing career. There he became part of the Cooper Car Company's racing team, building as well as racing cars. He contributed to the design of the mid-engined cars that Cooper introduced to Formula One and the Indianapolis 500, and won the Formula One world championship in 1959 and 1960. In 1962 he established his own Brabham marque with fellow Australian Ron Tauranac, which in the 1960s became the largest manufacturer of customer racing cars in the world. In the 1966 Formula One season Brabham became the first – and still, the only – man to win the Formula One world championship driving one of his own cars. He was the last surviving World Champion of the 1950s.\n\nBrabham retired to Australia after the 1970 Formula One season, where he bought a farm and maintained business interests, which included the Engine Developments racing engine manufacturer and several garages.", "title": "Jack Brabham" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ralt\n\nRalt was a manufacturer of single-seater racing cars, founded by ex-Jack Brabham associate Ron Tauranac after he sold out his interest in Brabham to Bernie Ecclestone. Ron and his brother had built some specials in Australia in the 1950s under the Ralt name (standing for Ron and Austin Lewis Tauranac). Tauranac won the 1954 NSW Hillclimb Championship in the Ralt 500.", "title": "Ralt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Graham Hill\n\nNorman Graham Hill (15 February 1929 – 29 November 1975) was a British racing driver and team owner, who was the Formula One World Champion twice, winning in and as well as being runner up on three occasions (1963, 1964 and 1965). Despite not passing his driving test until 1953 when he was already 24 years of age, and only entering the world of motorsports a year later, Hill would go on to become one of the greatest drivers of his generation. Hill is most celebrated for being the only driver ever to win the Triple Crown of Motorsport, an achievement which he defined as winning the Indianapolis 500, the 24 Hours of Le Mans, and the Formula One World Drivers' Championship. While several of his peers have also espoused this definition, including fellow F1 World Champion Jacques Villeneuve, the achievement is today most commonly defined as including the Monaco Grand Prix rather than the Formula One World Championship. By this newer definition, Hill is still the only driver to have ever won the Triple Crown, winning at Monaco with such frequency in the 1960s (5x; 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1969) that he became known as \"Mr. Monaco\". Hill crashed at the 1969 United States Grand Prix and was seriously injured, breaking both his legs and ending his season. Although he would recover and continue to race until 1975, Hill's career would never again reach the same heights, and the Monaco Grand Prix victory earlier in 1969 would be his last victory in Formula One.\n\nWins in the most prestigious races of all three of the major disciplines of motor racing cemented Hill's position as one of the most complete drivers in the history of the sport. Hill was also a well liked television personality and was frequently seen on television screens in the 1970s in a non-sporting capacity, appearing on a variety of programmes including panel games.\n\nUpon leaving Brabham, Hill set up his own team in 1973, operating under the name Embassy Hill. Hill continued to race, however after failing to qualify for the 1975 Monaco Grand Prix he retired from driving to concentrate on the day-to-day operations of the team. That same year Hill and five other members of the Embassy Hill team were killed when the aeroplane Hill was piloting from France crashed in fog at night on Arkley golf course while attempting to land at Elstree Airfield in north London.\n\nHill and his son Damon were the first father and son pair to win Formula One World Championships. Hill's grandson Josh, Damon's son, also raced his way through the ranks until he retired from Formula Three in 2013 at the age of 22.", "title": "Graham Hill" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bernie Ecclestone\n\nBernard Charles Ecclestone (born 28 October 1930) is an English business magnate. He is the former chief executive of the Formula One Group, which manages Formula One motor racing and controls the commercial rights to the sport, and part-owns Delta Topco, the previous ultimate parent company of the Formula One Group. As such, he was commonly described in journalism as the 'F1 Supremo'.\n\nEcclestone entered two Grand Prix races as a driver, during the 1958 season, but failed to qualify for either of them. Later he became manager of drivers Stuart Lewis-Evans and Jochen Rindt. In 1972, he bought the Brabham team, which he ran for 15 years. As a team owner he became a member of the Formula One Constructors Association.\n\nHis control of the sport, which grew from his pioneering sale of the television rights in the late 1970s, was chiefly financial, but under the terms of the Concorde Agreement he and his companies also managed the administration, setup and logistics of each Formula One Grand Prix, making him one of the richest men in the United Kingdom.\n\nOn 23 January 2017, it was announced that Ecclestone had been replaced by Chase Carey as chief executive of the Formula One Group. Ecclestone was appointed as chairman emeritus and acted as an adviser to the board.\n\nEcclestone and business partner Flavio Briatore also owned the English football club Queens Park Rangers between 2007 and 2011.", "title": "Bernie Ecclestone" }, { "id": "60121", "score": "1.8122916", "text": "50 percent of the shares. Tauranac was responsible for design and running the business, while Brabham was the test driver and arranged corporate deals like the Repco engine supply and the use of the MIRA wind tunnel. He also contributed ideas to the design process and often machined parts and helped build the cars. From 1963 to 1965, MRD was not directly involved in Formula One, and often ran works cars in other formulae. A separate company, Jack Brabham's Brabham Racing Organisation, ran the Formula One works entry. Like other customers, BRO bought its cars from MRD, initially at £3,000", "title": "Brabham" }, { "id": "4245239", "score": "1.8029733", "text": "Trojan–Tauranac Racing Trojan was an automobile manufacturer and a Formula One constructor, in conjunction with Australian Ron Tauranac, from the United Kingdom. The car producer Trojan Limited was founded by Leslie Hounsfield in 1914 in Clapham, South London, and later in Purley Way, Croydon, Surrey. It produced cars and especially delivery vans until 1964. Around 1960, the Trojan business was sold to Peter Agg who imported Lambretta scooters for the British market. In 1962, the rights to manufacture the Heinkel microcar were acquired and the production line was moved from Dundalk, Ireland to Croydon. Production then commenced, renaming the bubble", "title": "Trojan–Tauranac Racing" }, { "id": "60096", "score": "1.7897177", "text": "He sold the company for £100,000 at the end of 1971 to British businessman Bernie Ecclestone, Rindt's former manager and erstwhile owner of the Connaught team. Tauranac stayed on to design the cars and run the factory. Tauranac left Brabham early in the 1972 season after Ecclestone changed the way the company was organised without consulting him. Ecclestone has since said \"In retrospect, the relationship was never going to work\", noting that \"[Tauranac and I] both take the view: 'Please be reasonable, do it my way'\". The highlights of an aimless year, during which the team ran three different models,", "title": "Brabham" }, { "id": "19552138", "score": "1.7841125", "text": "on his own and searched around for an experienced business partner. He sold Brabham for £100,000 at the end of the year to Bernie Ecclestone, former manager of Jochen Rindt and former owner of Connaught Engineering. Tauranac stayed on to design the cars and run the factory. Tauranac left the Brabham team in early 1972 after Ecclestone changed the way Brabham was organised without letting him know. Ecclestone said, \"In retrospect, the relationship was never going to work\", noting that \"[Ron Tauranac and I] both took the view: 'Please be reasonable, do this my way'\". The 1972 season was disappointing,", "title": "Brabham BT34" }, { "id": "60080", "score": "1.7717166", "text": "Brabham Brabham is the common name for Motor Racing Developments Ltd., a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers' and two Constructors' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history. Jack Brabham's 1966 FIA Drivers' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver's own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of open-wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams; by 1970 it had built more than 500 cars. During this period, teams", "title": "Brabham" }, { "id": "13224765", "score": "1.7582393", "text": "Journalist Simon Taylor added a prologue and commentary and it was published by Haynes Publishing in 2012. Peter Warr Peter Eric Warr (18 June 1938, Kermanshah, Iran – 4 October 2010, Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, France) was an English businessman, racing driver and a manager for several Formula One teams, including Walter Wolf Racing, Fittipaldi Automotive, and Team Lotus. Warr served a period of National Service as an officer in the Guards Division of the British Army, after training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Following demobilisation he moved into business. Warr joined Lotus Cars in 1958 as a salesman, soon switching to", "title": "Peter Warr" }, { "id": "7039639", "score": "1.7504447", "text": "works Ralt team. Tauranac had previously been associated with Honda through Brabham's introduction of the Japanese marque to F2 in the 1960s, while Jack Brabham had co-founded Engine Developments with Judd. Between 1980 and 1984, Ralt's works F2 cars carried the RH6 designation: the RH6/80 and RH6/81 were developments of the RT2 theme, while the RH6/82, RH6/83 and RH6/84 were further developed around a new honeycomb tub. The cars proved very successful, winning 20 championship races and the 1981, 1983 and 1984 championships with Geoff Lees, Jonathan Palmer and Mike Thackwell respectively. In 1985, Formula Two was replaced by the", "title": "Ralt" }, { "id": "60083", "score": "1.7484801", "text": "Serious Fraud Office. In 2009, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a German organisation to enter the 2010 Formula One season using the Brabham name. The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, who met in 1951 while both were successfully building and racing cars in their native Australia. Brabham was the more successful driver and went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. There he started driving for the Cooper Car Company works team and by 1958 had progressed with them to Formula One, the highest category of open-wheel racing defined by", "title": "Brabham" }, { "id": "11824140", "score": "1.7464468", "text": "the Brabham team to Ron Tauranac. Jack Brabham's chief mechanic, Ron Dennis and his friend and colleague, Neil Trundle, decided to form their own racing team. The Brabham BT36 cars initially used by the team were bought on hire purchase from Tauranac. However, Dennis was trying to find sponsorship. Through Ron's then girlfriend, who was the daughter of John Phelps, director of Phelps Antique Furniture in Twickenham, one of its regular customers Tony Vlassopulos, a barrister son of a Greek Shipowner, was asked to sponsor Rondel. Vlassopulos asked his friend Ken Grob, chairman of Alexander Howden, insurance brokers in London", "title": "Rondel Racing" }, { "id": "7039650", "score": "1.7412791", "text": "early Formula Two days as engine supplier to Brabham in the 1960s. Ralt Australia was run by New Zealander Graham Watson until his death in 2009. Ralt Ralt was a manufacturer of single-seater racing cars, founded by ex-Jack Brabham associate Ron Tauranac after he sold out his interest in Brabham to Bernie Ecclestone. Ron and his brother had built some specials in Australia in the 1950s under the Ralt name (standing for Ron and Austin Lewis Tauranac). Tauranac won the 1954 NSW Hillclimb Championship in the Ralt 500. As a constructor, Tauranac acquired a reputation for building safe, simple, strong", "title": "Ralt" }, { "id": "7039633", "score": "1.7396986", "text": "Ralt Ralt was a manufacturer of single-seater racing cars, founded by ex-Jack Brabham associate Ron Tauranac after he sold out his interest in Brabham to Bernie Ecclestone. Ron and his brother had built some specials in Australia in the 1950s under the Ralt name (standing for Ron and Austin Lewis Tauranac). Tauranac won the 1954 NSW Hillclimb Championship in the Ralt 500. As a constructor, Tauranac acquired a reputation for building safe, simple, strong cars that were manufactured to very high standards—he tended to invest his firm's profits in high-quality machine tools and Ralts acquired an enviable reputation as the", "title": "Ralt" }, { "id": "9978140", "score": "1.7355862", "text": "largely based on available components; the engine would produce less power than Ferrari's, but would be lighter, easier to fix and more fuel efficient. Brabham cars were designed and built by Motor Racing Developments Ltd. (MRD), which was jointly owned by Tauranac and Jack Brabham and built cars for customers in several racing series. The Formula One racing team, BRO, was a separate company wholly owned by Jack Brabham. It bought its cars from MRD but Tauranac had little connection with the race team between 1962 and 1965. At the end of the 1965 season Tauranac was losing interest in", "title": "Brabham BT19" }, { "id": "60142", "score": "1.7323534", "text": "the \"works\" Brabham team. Bold results indicate a championship win. All race and championship results are taken from the Official Formula 1 Website. 1962 Season review. www.formula1.com. Retrieved 27 April 2006 Brabham Brabham is the common name for Motor Racing Developments Ltd., a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers' and two Constructors' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history. Jack Brabham's 1966 FIA Drivers' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver's own name.", "title": "Brabham" }, { "id": "7503147", "score": "1.730808", "text": "year, the injection of capital turned that design into the Arrows V10. The deal was marred by legal action taken over money that was allegedly owed and Brian Hart parted company with Arrows and Formula One before the end of the year. Arrows itself went into bankruptcy in 2002. Brian Hart Brian Hart (7 September 1936 – 5 January 2014) was a British racing driver and engineer with a background in the aviation industry. He is best known as the founder of Brian Hart Limited, a company that developed and built engines for motorsport use. Beginning in 1958 with an", "title": "Brian Hart" }, { "id": "3411382", "score": "1.7295874", "text": "Mercedes before moving to an 1100cc Cooper in 1956. The next year he went to Europe to buy a Maserati, which he crashed heavily at Snetterton, escaping unhurt. He also briefly drove a Cooper Formula 2 car, before returning to the United States. He then set up his own company in Venice, California, to construct Chevrolet-powered race cars he named Scarab with Phil Remington as chief engineer. Along with hired driver Chuck Daigh, the two were initially successful in racing. They won the majority of major sportscar events they entered, often in competition with the Cunningham team of Lister Jaguars.", "title": "Lance Reventlow" } ]

[ "eclispe", "eclipses", "Partial Eclipse", "solar and lunar eclipses", "total eclipse", "partial eclipse", "partial eclipses", "Partial eclipse", "Eclispe", "Partial eclipses", "Solar and Lunar Eclipses", "Eclipses", "eclipse", "Eclipse", "Total eclipse" ]

[ { "id": "599808", "score": "1.6827381", "text": "into the shadow of Earth and disappears from view, this event is called a lunar eclipse. If the visible disk of the nearer object is considerably smaller than that of the farther object, the event is called a transit. When Mercury passes in front of the Sun, it is a transit of Mercury, and when Venus passes in front of the Sun, it is a transit of Venus. When the nearer object appears larger than the farther one, it will completely obscure its smaller companion; this is called an occultation. An example of an occultation is when the Moon passes", "title": "Conjunction (astronomy)" }, { "id": "123335", "score": "1.5972123", "text": "the resulting shadow will sweep through a region of space, only passing through any particular location in the region for a fixed interval of time. As viewed from such a location, this shadowing event is known as an eclipse. Typically the cross-section of the objects involved in an astronomical eclipse are roughly disk shaped. The region of an object's shadow during an eclipse is divided into three parts: A total eclipse occurs when the observer is within the umbra, an annular eclipse when the observer is within the antumbra, and a partial eclipse when the observer is within the penumbra.", "title": "Eclipse" }, { "id": "123356", "score": "1.5726957", "text": "| Solar eclipses on Neptune | Solar eclipses on Pluto Eclipse An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object is temporarily obscured, either by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer. This alignment of three celestial objects is known as a syzygy. Apart from syzygy, the term eclipse is also used when a spacecraft reaches a position where it can observe two celestial bodies so aligned. An eclipse is the result of either an occultation (completely hidden) or a transit (partially hidden). The term eclipse", "title": "Eclipse" }, { "id": "123331", "score": "1.5522957", "text": "when the Moon's shadow crosses the Earth's surface, or a lunar eclipse, when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow. However, it can also refer to such events beyond the Earth–Moon system: for example, a planet moving into the shadow cast by one of its moons, a moon passing into the shadow cast by its host planet, or a moon passing into the shadow of another moon. A binary star system can also produce eclipses if the plane of the orbit of its constituent stars intersects the observer's position. For the special cases of solar and lunar eclipses, these only", "title": "Eclipse" }, { "id": "123330", "score": "1.5452464", "text": "Eclipse An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object is temporarily obscured, either by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer. This alignment of three celestial objects is known as a syzygy. Apart from syzygy, the term eclipse is also used when a spacecraft reaches a position where it can observe two celestial bodies so aligned. An eclipse is the result of either an occultation (completely hidden) or a transit (partially hidden). The term eclipse is most often used to describe either a solar eclipse,", "title": "Eclipse" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eclipse\n\nAn eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object or spacecraft is temporarily obscured, by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer. This alignment of three celestial objects is known as a syzygy. Apart from syzygy, the term eclipse is also used when a spacecraft reaches a position where it can observe two celestial bodies so aligned. An eclipse is the result of either an occultation (completely hidden) or a transit (partially hidden).\n\nThe term eclipse is most often used to describe either a solar eclipse, when the Moon's shadow crosses the Earth's surface, or a lunar eclipse, when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow. However, it can also refer to such events beyond the Earth–Moon system: for example, a planet moving into the shadow cast by one of its moons, a moon passing into the shadow cast by its host planet, or a moon passing into the shadow of another moon. A binary star system can also produce eclipses if the plane of the orbit of its constituent stars intersects the observer's position.\n\nFor the special cases of solar and lunar eclipses, these only happen during an \"eclipse season\", the two times of each year when the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun crosses with the plane of the Moon's orbit around the Earth and the line defined by the intersecting planes points near the Sun. The type of solar eclipse that happens during each season (whether total, annular, hybrid, or partial) depends on apparent sizes of the Sun and Moon. If the orbit of the Earth around the Sun and the Moon's orbit around the Earth were both in the same plane with each other, then eclipses would happen each and every month. There would be a lunar eclipse at every full moon, and a solar eclipse at every new moon. And if both orbits were perfectly circular, then each solar eclipse would be the same type every month. It is because of the non-planar and non-circular differences that eclipses are not a common event. Lunar eclipses can be viewed from the entire nightside half of the Earth. But solar eclipses, particularly total eclipses occurring at any one particular point on the Earth's surface, are very rare events that can be many decades apart.", "title": "Eclipse" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lunar eclipse\n\nA lunar eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the moon to be darkened. Such alignment occurs during an eclipse season, approximately every six months, during the full moon phase, when the Moon's orbital plane is closest to the plane of the Earth's orbit.\n\nThis can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned (in syzygy) with Earth between the other two, which can happen only on the night of a full moon when the Moon is near either lunar node. The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon's proximity to the lunar node.\n\nWhen the moon is totally eclipsed by the Earth, it takes on a reddish color that is caused by the planet when it completely blocks direct sunlight from reaching the Moon surface, as only the light reflected from the lunar surface has been refracted by Earth's atmosphere. This light appears reddish due to the Rayleigh scattering of blue light, the same reason sunrise and sunsets are more orange than during the day. \n\nUnlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly 2 hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only up to a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's shadow is smaller. Also unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions.\n\nThe symbol for a lunar eclipse (or indeed any body in the shadow of another) is (U+1F776 🝶).", "title": "Lunar eclipse" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Conjunction (astronomy)\n\nIn astronomy, a conjunction occurs when two astronomical objects or spacecraft have either the same right ascension or the same ecliptic longitude, usually as observed from Earth.\n\nWhen two objects always appear close to the ecliptic—such as two planets, the Moon and a planet, or the Sun and a planet—this fact implies an apparent close approach between the objects as seen in the sky. A related word, \"appulse\", is the minimum apparent separation in the sky of two astronomical objects.\n\nConjunctions involve either two objects in the Solar System or one object in the Solar System and a more distant object, such as a star. A conjunction is an apparent phenomenon caused by the observer's perspective: the two objects involved are not actually close to one another in space. Conjunctions between two bright objects close to the ecliptic, such as two bright planets, can be seen with the naked eye.\n\nThe astronomical symbol for conjunction is (Unicode U+260C ☌).<ref name=ridpath>\n</ref> \nThe conjunction symbol is not used in modern astronomy. It continues to be used in astrology.", "title": "Conjunction (astronomy)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Occultation\n\nAn occultation is an event that occurs when one object is hidden from the observer by another object that passes between them. The term is often used in astronomy, but can also refer to any situation in which an object in the foreground blocks from view (occults) an object in the background. In this general sense, occultation applies to the visual scene observed from low-flying aircraft (or computer-generated imagery) when foreground objects obscure distant objects dynamically, as the scene changes over time.\n\nIf the closer body does not entirely conceal the farther one, the event is called a \"transit\". Both transit and occultation may be referred to generally as \"occlusion\"; and if a shadow is cast onto the observer, it is called an eclipse.\n\nThe symbol for an occultation, and especially a solar eclipse, is (U+1F775 🝵).", "title": "Occultation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Equinox\n\nA solar equinox is a moment in time when the Sun crosses the Earth's equator, which is to say, appears directly above the equator, rather than north or south of the equator. On the day of the equinox, the Sun appears to rise \"due east\" and set \"due west\". This occurs twice each year, around 20 March and 23 September.\n\nMore precisely, an equinox is traditionally defined as the time when the plane of Earth's equator passes through the geometric center of the Sun's disk. Equivalently, this is the moment when Earth's rotation axis is directly perpendicular to the Sun-Earth line, tilting neither toward nor away from the Sun. In modern times, since the Moon (and to a lesser extent the planets) causes Earth's orbit to vary slightly from a perfect ellipse, the equinox is officially defined by the Sun's more regular ecliptic longitude rather than by its declination. The instants of the equinoxes are currently defined to be when the apparent geocentric longitude of the Sun is 0° and 180°.\n\nThe word is derived from the Latin ', from ' (equal) and ' (genitive ') (night). On the day of an equinox, daytime and nighttime are of approximately equal duration all over the planet. They are not exactly equal, however, because of the angular size of the Sun, atmospheric refraction, and the rapidly changing duration of the length of day that occurs at most latitudes around the equinoxes. Long before conceiving this equality, primitive equatorial cultures noted the day when the Sun rises due east and sets due west, and indeed this happens on the day closest to the astronomically defined event. As a consequence, according to a properly constructed and aligned sundial, the daytime duration is 12 hours.\n\nIn the Northern Hemisphere, the March equinox is called the vernal or spring equinox while the September equinox is called the autumnal or fall equinox. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true. During the year, equinoxes alternate with solstices. Leap years and other factors cause the dates of both events to vary slightly.<ref name=YallowEtAl/>\n\nHemisphere-neutral names are \"northward equinox\" for the March equinox, indicating that at that moment the solar declination is crossing the celestial equator in a northward direction, and \"southward equinox\" for the September equinox, indicating that at that moment the solar declination is crossing the celestial equator in a southward direction.", "title": "Equinox" }, { "id": "1996149", "score": "1.5307348", "text": "stars in 1988, 2002, and 2006, allowing its tenuous atmosphere to be studied via atmospheric limb sounding. In rare cases, one planet can pass in front of another. If the nearer planet appears larger than the more distant one, the event is called a mutual planetary occultation. An occultation occurs when a minor planet (an asteroid, distant object, or dwarf planet) passes in front of a star (occults a star), temporarily blocking its light (as seen from Earth). These occultations are useful for measuring the size and position of minor planets much more precisely than can be done by any", "title": "Occultation" }, { "id": "6960260", "score": "1.512184", "text": "the event is classified as a transit, occultation, or eclipse, and not an appulse. Appulses are naked-eye events for general observers when involving bright planets and the Moon. They facilitate finding faint objects when such objects are involved. Very close appulse events provide an opportunity to witness two objects together in the same telescopic field of view, which is an appealing curiosity in amateur telescopy. Appulse Appulse is an astronomical term that refers to the shortest apparent distance between one celestial object and another, as seen from a third body during a given period. The term refers to apparent motion", "title": "Appulse" }, { "id": "1996154", "score": "1.5079232", "text": "this design is called the Starshade, which uses a sunflower-shaped coronagraph disc. A comparable proposal was also made for a satellite to occult bright X-ray sources, called an \"X-ray Occulting Steerable Satellite\" or XOSS. Occultation An occultation is an event that occurs when one object is hidden by another object that passes between it and the observer. The term is often used in astronomy, but can also refer to any situation in which an object in the foreground blocks from view (occults) an object in the background. In this general sense, occultation applies to the visual scene observed from low-flying", "title": "Occultation" }, { "id": "599807", "score": "1.5018349", "text": "are close together upon the celestial sphere. In the vast majority of such cases, one of the planets will appear to pass north or south of the other. However, if two celestial bodies attain the same declination at the time of a conjunction in right ascension (or the same ecliptic latitude at a conjunction in ecliptic longitude), the one that is closer to the Earth will pass in front of the other. In such a case, a syzygy takes place. If one object moves into the shadow of another, the event is an eclipse. For example, if the Moon passes", "title": "Conjunction (astronomy)" }, { "id": "123338", "score": "1.5013884", "text": "an atmosphere, however, some of the luminosity of the star can be refracted into the volume of the umbra. This occurs, for example, during an eclipse of the Moon by the Earth—producing a faint, ruddy illumination of the Moon even at totality. On Earth, the shadow cast during an eclipse moves very approximately at 1 km per sec. This depends on the location of the shadow on the Earth and the angle in which it is moving. An eclipse cycle takes place when eclipses in a series are separated by a certain interval of time. This happens when the orbital", "title": "Eclipse" }, { "id": "19835176", "score": "1.5003178", "text": "Planetary transits and occultations In astronomy, planetary transits and occultations occur when a planet passes in front of another object, as seen by an observer. The occulted object may be a distant star, but in rare cases it may be another planet, in which case the event is called a \"mutual planetary occultation\" or \"mutual planetary transit\", depending on the relative apparent diameters of the objects. Mutual occultations or transits of planets are extremely rare. The most recent event occurred on 3 January 1818, and the next will occur on 22 November 2065. Both involve the same two planets: Venus", "title": "Planetary transits and occultations" }, { "id": "26019", "score": "1.4870443", "text": "Aberration of light The aberration of light (also referred to as astronomical aberration, stellar aberration, or velocity aberration) is an astronomical phenomenon which produces an apparent motion of celestial objects about their true positions, dependent on the velocity of the observer. Aberration causes objects to appear to be displaced towards the direction of motion of the observer compared to when the observer is stationary. The change in angle is typically very small — of the order of \"v/c\" where \"c\" is the speed of light and \"v\" the velocity of the observer. In the case of \"stellar\" or \"annual\" aberration,", "title": "Aberration of light" }, { "id": "1996151", "score": "1.4819341", "text": "binary system) can often be derived. The Moon or another celestial body can occult multiple celestial bodies at the same time. Because of its relatively large angular diameter, the Moon at any given time occults an indeterminate number of stars. However, an event when the Moon occults two bright objects (e.g. two planets or a bright star and a planet) simultaneously is extremely rare and can be seen only from a small part of the world. The last event of such type was on 23 April 1998 when the Moon occulted Venus and Jupiter for observers on Ascension Island. The", "title": "Occultation" }, { "id": "11485831", "score": "1.4814657", "text": "to shifting air currents combined with the angular motion of the sun projecting through higher altitudes. The degree of collimation in the light gradually increases as the crescent thins, until the solar disk is completely covered and the eclipse is total. Stars twinkle for the same reason. They are so far from Earth that they appear as point sources of light easily disturbed by Earth's atmospheric turbulence which acts like lenses and prisms diverting the light's path. Viewed toward the collimated light of a star, the shadows bands from atmospheric refraction pass over the eye. Shadow bands Shadow bands are", "title": "Shadow bands" }, { "id": "599809", "score": "1.4808326", "text": "between Earth and the Sun, causing the Sun to disappear either entirely or partially. This phenomenon is commonly known as a solar eclipse. Occultations in which the larger body is neither the Sun nor the Moon are very rare. More frequent, however, is an occultation of a planet by the Moon. Several such events are visible every year from various places on Earth. A conjunction, as a phenomenon of perspective, is an event that involves two astronomical bodies seen by an observer on the Earth. Times and details depend only very slightly on the observer's location on the Earth's surface,", "title": "Conjunction (astronomy)" }, { "id": "11485830", "score": "1.4796543", "text": "Shadow bands Shadow bands are thin, wavy lines of alternating light and dark that can be seen moving and undulating in parallel on plain-coloured surfaces immediately before and after a total solar eclipse. They are caused by the refraction by Earth's atmospheric turbulence of the solar crescent as it thins to a narrow slit, which increasingly collimates the light reaching Earth in the minute just before and after totality. The shadows' detailed structure is due to random patterns of fine air turbulence that refract the collimated sunlight arriving from the narrow eclipse crescent. The bands' rapid sliding motion is due", "title": "Shadow bands" }, { "id": "12487187", "score": "1.4758756", "text": "domain astronomy. Before the invention of telescopes, events such as these that were visible to the naked eye, from within or near the Milky Way Galaxy, were very rare, and sometimes hundreds of years apart. However, such events were recorded in antiquity, such as the supernova in 1054 observed by Chinese, Japanese and Arab astronomers, and the event in 1572 known as \"Tycho's Supernova\" after Tycho Brahe, who studied it until it faded after two years. Even though telescopes made it possible to see more distant events, their small fields of view – typically less than 1 square degree –", "title": "Transient astronomical event" }, { "id": "1531318", "score": "1.4737045", "text": "Culmination In observational astronomy, the culmination of a celestial object (the Sun, the Moon, a planet, a star, or a deep-sky object) or constellation is either of two moments when it reaches the observer's meridian on the celestial sphere, on which it appears to move along a circular path over the course of a day, due to Earth's rotation. As viewed from the surface of a terrestrial body, except its geographic poles, a celestial object passes through the meridian twice a day: once at its upper culmination, when it reaches its highest point as viewed from a given location on", "title": "Culmination" }, { "id": "15574228", "score": "1.4701115", "text": "a celestial body besides Earth. Syzygy sometimes results in an occultation, transit, or eclipse. Transits and occultations of the Sun by Earth's Moon are called solar eclipses regardless of whether the Sun is completely or partially covered. By extension, transits of the Sun by a satellite of a planet may also be called eclipses, as with the transits of Phobos and Deimos shown on NASA's JPL photojournal, as may the passage of a satellite into the planet's shadow, as with this eclipse of Phobos. The term \"eclipse\" is also used more generally for bodies passing in front of one another.", "title": "Syzygy (astronomy)" }, { "id": "2991217", "score": "1.4690996", "text": "be comparable to the shadow of a golf ball cast by sunlight on an object away. Lunar observers with telescopes might be able to discern the umbral shadow as a black spot at the center of a less dark region (penumbra) traveling across the full Earth's disk. It would look essentially the same as it does to the Deep Space Climate Observatory. In summary, whenever an eclipse of some sort is occurring on Earth, an eclipse of another sort is occurring on the Moon. Eclipses occur for observers on both Earth and the Moon whenever the two bodies and the", "title": "Extraterrestrial skies" } ]

[ "Northern Atlantic", "North Atlantic", "North Atlantic ocean", "ethiopic ocean", "Oceanvs Occidentalis", "Occidental Ocean", "The Atlantic Ocean", "South Atlantic", "North Atlantic Ocean", "oceanvs occidentalis", "Central Atlantic", "East Atlantic", "Atlantic Basic", "Atlantic ocean", "Atlantic coast", "atlantic", "northern atlantic", "Antlantic Ocean", "Atlantic Oceans", "North-East Atlantic", "Altantic ocean", "atlantic ocean", "pond", "Atlantic Basin", "South Atlantic Ocean", "atlantic basic", "atlantic coast", "south atlantic ocean", "north atlantic ocean", "sea of atlas", "North Atlantic fisheries", "east atlantic", "The pond", "occidental ocean", "north atlantic", "The Pond", "Atlantis Thalassa", "south atlantic", "across pond", "ethiopian ocean", "Sea of Atlas", "Atlantic (ocean)", "atlantic basin", "central atlantic", "north east atlantic", "north atlantic fisheries", "Ethiopian Ocean", "atlantis thalassa", "Altantic Ocean", "Atlantic Ocean", "Across the pond", "antlantic ocean", "altantic ocean", "atlantic oceans", "Atlantic", "Atlantic basin", "Ethiopic Ocean", "Atlantic basic" ]

[ { "id": "1033970", "score": "1.6158316", "text": "Miami Beach, Florida Miami Beach is a coastal resort city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It was incorporated on March 26, 1915. The municipality is located on natural and man-made barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and Biscayne Bay, the latter of which separates the Beach from Miami. The neighborhood of South Beach, comprising the southernmost of Miami Beach, along with downtown Miami and the Port of Miami, collectively form the commercial center of South Florida. As of the 2010 census, Miami Beach had a total population of 87,779. It has been one of America's pre-eminent beach resorts since", "title": "Miami Beach, Florida" }, { "id": "1034108", "score": "1.6149527", "text": "North Miami Beach is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (6.43%) is water. Although the North Miami Beach boundaries once stretched to the Atlantic Ocean, this city on the Intracoastal Waterway no longer has any beaches within its city limits, although they are a short distance away across the inlet. As of 2010, there were 16,402 households out of which 12.1% were vacant. As of 2000, 37.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 44.3% were married couples", "title": "North Miami Beach, Florida" }, { "id": "650389", "score": "1.5800266", "text": "west and Biscayne Bay to the east, which also extends from Florida Bay north to Lake Okeechobee. The elevation of the area never rises above and averages at around above mean sea level in most neighborhoods, especially near the coast. The highest undulations are found along the coastal Miami Rock Ridge, whose substrate underlies most of the eastern Miami metropolitan region. The main portion of the city lies on the shores of Biscayne Bay which contains several hundred natural and artificially created barrier islands, the largest of which contains Miami Beach and South Beach. The Gulf Stream, a warm ocean", "title": "Miami" }, { "id": "14697996", "score": "1.551915", "text": "Atlantic Ocean. Miami-Dade County is only about above sea level. It is rather new geologically and located at the eastern edge of the Florida Platform, a carbonate plateau created millions of years ago. Eastern Dade is composed of Oolite limestone while western Dade is composed mostly of Bryozoa. Miami-Dade is among the last areas of Florida to be created and populated with fauna and flora, mostly in the Pleistocene. The bay is divided from the Atlantic Ocean by the many barrier isles along the coast, one of which is where well-known Miami Beach is located, home to South Beach and", "title": "Miami-Dade County, Florida" }, { "id": "1033999", "score": "1.5443957", "text": "States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (62.37%) is water. Miami Beach encounters tidal flooding of certain roads during the annual king tides, though some tidal flooding has been the case for decades, as the parts of the western side of South Beach are at virtually above normal high tide, with the entire city averaging only above mean sea level (AMSL). However, a recent study by the University of Miami showed that tidal flooding became much more common from the mid 2000s. The fall 2015 king tides exceeded expectations in longevity", "title": "Miami Beach, Florida" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Miami Beach, Florida\n\nMiami Beach is a coastal resort city in Miami-Dade County, Florida. It was incorporated on March 26, 1915. The municipality is located on natural and man-made barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and Biscayne Bay, the latter of which separates the Beach from the mainland city of Miami. The neighborhood of South Beach, comprising the southernmost of Miami Beach, along with Downtown Miami and the PortMiami, collectively form the commercial center of South Florida. Miami Beach's population is 82,890 according to the 2020 census. Miami Beach is the 26th largest city in Florida based on official 2019 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. It has been one of America's pre-eminent beach resorts since the early 20th century.\n\nIn 1979, Miami Beach's Art Deco Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Art Deco District is the largest collection of Art Deco architecture in the world and comprises hundreds of hotels, apartments and other structures erected between 1923 and 1943. Mediterranean, Streamline Moderne and Art Deco are all represented in the District. \n\nThe Historic District is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the East, Lenox Court on the West, 6th Street on the South and Dade Boulevard along the Collins Canal to the North. The movement to preserve the Art Deco District's architectural heritage was led by former interior designer Barbara Baer Capitman, who now has a street in the District named in her honor.\n\nMiami Beach is the city in the United States most immediately threatened by climate-driven sea-level rise and flooding. Extensive, expensive, and sometimes controversial efforts are underway to address the problem so far as possible.", "title": "Miami Beach, Florida" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Florida" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "North Miami Beach, Florida\n\nNorth Miami Beach (commonly referred to as NMB) is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. Originally named \"Fulford-by-the-Sea\" in 1926 after Captain William H. Fulford of the U.S. Coast Guard, the city was renamed \"North Miami Beach\" in 1931. The population was 43,676 at the 2020 census.<ref name=\"Census 2020\"/>", "title": "North Miami Beach, Florida" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Ocean Drive on South Beach" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Miami\n\nMiami ( ), officially the City of Miami, known as \"the 305\", \"The Magic City\", and \"Gateway to the Americas\", is a major city, a coastal metropolis and the county seat of Miami-Dade County in South Florida, United States. With a population of 442,241 at the 2020 census, it is the second-most populous city in Florida and the eleventh-most populous city in the Southeastern United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the ninth largest in the U.S. with a population of 6.138 million in 2020. 58 of which exceed . \n\nMiami is a major center and leader in finance, commerce, culture, arts, and international trade. Miami's metropolitan area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the U.S., with a GDP of $344.9 billion as of 2017. According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities, Miami is the second richest city in the U.S. and third richest globally in purchasing power. Miami is a majority-minority city with a Hispanic population of 310,472, or 70.2 percent of the city's population, as of 2020.\n\nDowntown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the U.S. and is home to many large national and international companies. The Health District is home to several major University of Miami-affiliated hospital and health facilities, including Jackson Memorial Hospital, the nation's largest hospital with 1,547 beds, and the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, the University of Miami's academic medical center and teaching hospital, and others engaged in health-related care and research. PortMiami, the city's seaport, is the busiest cruise port in the world in both passenger traffic and cruise lines. Miami is the second largest tourism hub for international visitors, after New York City. Miami has sometimes been called the Gateway to Latin America because of the magnitude of its commercial and cultural ties to the region.\n\nIn 2019, Miami ranked seventh in the U.S. in business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement.", "title": "Miami" }, { "id": "1034089", "score": "1.5364873", "text": "into a town on February 5, 1926. North Miami, between 1926 and 1931, was named \"Town of Miami Shores\", partially because its early eastern boundary was the Atlantic Ocean. The Town limits were: bounded on the South by Miami and Miami Beach, on the East by the Atlantic Ocean, on the West by 17th Avenue, and on the North by a line which approximates Golden Glades Drive or 166th Street. Incorporation moved costs from developers to residents and lot purchasers. Late in 1926 a bond issue of $287,000 was passed to build streets, sidewalks, a town hall, a water system,", "title": "North Miami, Florida" }, { "id": "1034016", "score": "1.5295572", "text": "was 76.4% and 78.5% in fiscal year 2016/2017. The Miami Beach Visitor and Convention Authority is a seven member board, appointed by the City of Miami Beach Commission. The authority, established in 1967 by the State of Florida legislature, is the official marketing and public relations organization for the city, to support its tourism industry. Miami Beach, Florida Miami Beach is a coastal resort city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It was incorporated on March 26, 1915. The municipality is located on natural and man-made barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and Biscayne Bay, the latter of which separates", "title": "Miami Beach, Florida" }, { "id": "2907832", "score": "1.5111926", "text": "South Beach South Beach, also nicknamed SoBe, is a neighborhood in the city of Miami Beach, Florida, United States, located due east of Miami city proper between Biscayne Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. The area encompasses all of the barrier islands of Miami Beach south of Indian Creek. This area was the first section of Miami Beach to be developed, starting in the 1910s, due to the development efforts of Carl G. Fisher, the Lummus Brothers, and John S. Collins, the latter of whose construction of the Collins Bridge provided the first vital land link between mainland Miami and the", "title": "South Beach" }, { "id": "1034114", "score": "1.5086699", "text": "North Miami Beach include a line of popular ocean beaches. Haulover Park and Haulover Beach, operated by Dade County Parks and Recreation, has a well-known clothing optional beach. The name Baker's Haulover is presumed to derive from a man named Baker who hauled small boats over the isthmus between ocean and bay. The name appeared on a map as early as 1823. There is a State of Florida Historical Landmark Marker (over 50 years old) at the original Lighthouse Dock site dedicated on February 21, 2004, to the first charter-boat captains at the 1926–1951 dock. It is the only marker", "title": "North Miami Beach, Florida" }, { "id": "6223767", "score": "1.5072465", "text": "Miami Beach Surf Life Saving Club. Miami, Queensland Miami is a suburb on the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia. Miami is located along the Gold Coast Highway, south of Surfers Paradise and north of the Queensland / New South Wales border at Coolangatta/Tweed Heads. It is part of the City of Gold Coast local government area. The history of Miami can be dated back to the early 1920s when prospective investors were looking over plans for a new real estate development called ‘Miami Shore’ at North Burleigh. The investors built their wooden or fibro bungalows on estates such as this,", "title": "Miami, Queensland" }, { "id": "2907863", "score": "1.4990247", "text": "a magical lifestyle in a tropical paradise, and the residents who now make their home along the Bay fulfill and continue that lifestyle. Notes Bibliography South Beach South Beach, also nicknamed SoBe, is a neighborhood in the city of Miami Beach, Florida, United States, located due east of Miami city proper between Biscayne Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. The area encompasses all of the barrier islands of Miami Beach south of Indian Creek. This area was the first section of Miami Beach to be developed, starting in the 1910s, due to the development efforts of Carl G. Fisher, the Lummus", "title": "South Beach" }, { "id": "13037198", "score": "1.4929903", "text": "Biscayne Bay as a buffer, the waterside downtown area and the barrier islands including Miami Beach made it into hardiness zone 11a by 2012. Miami Beach has virtually no freezing weather in its history and very few sub- weather. Roughly north of Miami, Jensen Beach is at the threshold of Florida's tropical climate designation, with January having an average about . Southeastern Florida is also the only area in the continental United States to be in Zone 1 for Energy Star recommended insulation levels, with Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. This chart shows the average coastal ocean", "title": "Climate of Miami" }, { "id": "8690787", "score": "1.4873276", "text": "Bahia Honda Key was the southern terminus for Miami-Dade county which stretched as far north as present day St. Lucie River. The natural, white sand beach was rated the #1 beach in 1992 in the United States by \"Dr. Beach\" Stephen Leatherman (the first Florida beach to be so honored), making it popular for swimming. A nature trail near the park's oceanside beach skirts a tidal lagoon before passing through a coastal hardwood hammock. Bicycling and inline skating can be done on the park's paved road, and there are several fishing and picnicking spots in the area. The Sand and", "title": "Bahia Honda Key" }, { "id": "549978", "score": "1.4844395", "text": "and opioid overdoses. In addition, another option for short or long distance flights is Miami International Airport. Long before any settlers arrived, the original 1870 government survey of the area showed that just west of and parallel to the Atlantic Ocean's coastal dune was the \"Boca Ratones Lagoon\", which extended south for measured from just north of the present location of Atlantic Avenue in Delray Beach. Along the southern half of the lagoon were three wide areas each called a \"Lake\", which are now named (north to south) Lake Rogers, Lake Wyman, and Lake Boca Raton. At the southeast end", "title": "Boca Raton, Florida" }, { "id": "6836842", "score": "1.483478", "text": "Ocean Drive (South Beach) Ocean Drive is a major thoroughfare in the South Beach neighborhood of Miami Beach. The road starts at South Pointe just south of 1st Street, near the southernmost end of the main barrier island of Miami Beach, about a quarter mile west of the Atlantic Ocean. Ocean Drive continues north to 15th Street, immediately southeast of Lincoln Road. Ocean Drive is mostly known for its Art Deco hotels and restaurants/bars, many of which have been prominently featured in countless movies and media. Among the most popular is the Colony Hotel, known as the most photographed art", "title": "Ocean Drive (South Beach)" }, { "id": "1034107", "score": "1.4805356", "text": "North Miami Beach, Florida North Miami Beach (commonly referred to as NMB) is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. Originally named Fulford in 1926 after Captain William H. Fulford of the United States Coast Guard, the city was renamed North Miami Beach in 1931. The population was 41,523 at the 2010 census. The hurricane of 1926 essentially ended the South Florida real estate boom, and in an effort to alleviate their losses and the damage to the city, local residents came together as the Town of Fulford. In 1927, the city was incorporated as the City of Fulford.", "title": "North Miami Beach, Florida" }, { "id": "12219536", "score": "1.4760056", "text": "2009 and 2013. The total estimated land area of North Beach is estimated to be 4.83 square miles, with a population density of approximately 8,602.2 people per square mile according to the 2010 census. North Beach (Miami Beach) North Beach is a neighborhood of the city of Miami Beach, Florida, United States. It is the northernmost section of the city, roughly bound by 63rd Street and Indian Creek Drive to the south and 87th Terrace to the north. It collectively refers to neighborhoods including Isles of Normandy, Biscayne Point, and La Gorce. According to the 2013 census, North Beach is", "title": "North Beach (Miami Beach)" }, { "id": "1033816", "score": "1.4753053", "text": "Golden Beach, Florida Golden Beach is a town located in the northeast corner of Miami-Dade County, Florida, between the Intracoastal Waterway and Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2014 census, the town had a total population of 1,301. Golden Beach is located at . It is on the barrier island that separates the Intracoastal Waterway from the ocean; the entire town is about one mile from north to south, and four blocks from east to west. Golden Beach is known as a very upscale community, and many of its houses are worth over a million dollars. Several celebrities, including Bill Gates,", "title": "Golden Beach, Florida" }, { "id": "4697019", "score": "1.4704843", "text": "Beach became Fisher's next big project. On a vacation to Miami around 1910, he saw potential in the swampy, bug-infested stretch of land between Miami and the ocean, and in his mind transformed the of mangrove swamp and beach into the perfect vacation destination for his automobile industry friends—he called it \"Miami Beach\". He and his wife bought a vacation home there in 1912 and he began acquiring land. The Collins Bridge across Biscayne Bay between Miami and the barrier island that became Miami Beach was built by John S. Collins (1837–1928), an earlier farmer and developer originally from New", "title": "Carl G. Fisher" }, { "id": "10490476", "score": "1.4704082", "text": "Haulover Park Haulover Park is a urban nude beach located in metropolitan Miami, just north of Bal Harbour, Florida. The park is located on a shoal between the Atlantic Ocean and Biscayne Bay, just north of the Broad Causeway (SR 922) and Collins Avenue. The Dade County Commission procured the beach front property in 1940 following a lobbying effort for a $2 million municipal bond ($ million, adjusted for current inflation) by county commissioner Charles H. Crandon for the purchases of northern Key Biscayne (what became Crandon Park) and the beach north of Baker's Haulover Inlet, then called \"Ocean Beach\".", "title": "Haulover Park" } ]

[ "torniquet", "torniquete", "Torniquete", "tourniquets", "Tourniquett", "Tourniquint", "tourniquett", "tourniquent", "Tourniquet", "Torniquet", "tourniquint", "Tourniquent", "Tourniquets", "tourniquet" ]

[ { "id": "3194797", "score": "1.5041356", "text": "as in the limbs). The balloon inserted into the narrowing ‘smashes’ the cholesterol plaques (atherosclerosis) against the artery walls, thus widening the size of the lumen and increasing blood flow. However the action damages the artery walls, and they respond by using physiological mechanisms to repair the damage. (See physiology below.) A stent is a mesh, tube-like structure often used in conjunction with angioplasty to permanently hold open an artery, allowing for unrestricted blood flow, or to support a weakness in the artery wall called an aneurysm. The artery can react to the stent, perceive it as a foreign body,", "title": "Restenosis" }, { "id": "1301220", "score": "1.5025777", "text": "blood volume). The stopping or controlling of bleeding is called hemostasis and is an important part of both first aid and surgery. The use of cyanoacrylate glue to prevent bleeding and seal battle wounds was designed and first used in the Vietnam War. Today many medical treatments use a medical version of \"super glue\" instead of using traditional stitches used for small wounds that need to be closed at the skin level. Hemorrhaging is broken down into four classes by the American College of Surgeons' advanced trauma life support (ATLS). This system is basically the same as used in the", "title": "Bleeding" }, { "id": "10147323", "score": "1.4794333", "text": "to achieve force enough to adequately compress the arteries of the limb. As a result, they not only fail to stop arterial bleeding, but may actually increase bleeding by impairing venous bloodflow. Some protocols call for the use of clotting accelerating agents, which can be either externally applied as a powder or gel, or pre-dosed in a dressing or as an intravenous injection. These may be particularly useful in situations where the wound is not clotting, which can be due to external factors, such as size of wound, or medical factors such as haemophilia. Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) is not,", "title": "Emergency bleeding control" }, { "id": "9993631", "score": "1.4673004", "text": "Tourniquet A tourniquet is a constricting or compressing device used to control arterial and venous blood flow to a portion of an extremity for a period of time. Pressure is applied circumferentially around a portion of a limb at a desired location; this pressure is transferred to the walls of blood vessels, causing them to become temporarily occluded or restricted. In surgical settings, a tourniquet is used to occlude arterial blood flow following exsanguination to produce a relatively bloodless operative field and to minimize blood loss. In emergency settings, a tourniquet is used to stop traumatic bleeding such that medical", "title": "Tourniquet" }, { "id": "20381112", "score": "1.4605085", "text": "the safest and most reasonable alternative for the less experienced. Vascular access is based on the Seldinger technique. After puncturing the vessel with a needle and confirmation of arterial access a wire is advanced, the needle removed and a vascular sheath is introduced. The access is then ready to use. The use of endovascular modalities for bleeding control and treatment on hemodynamically unstable trauma patients is increasing. Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) for hemorrhage control, angioembolization and stent grafts are highly established tools used for both arterial and venous hemorrhage in both traumatic and non-traumatic patients. To", "title": "Endovascular and hybrid trauma and bleeding management" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Emergency bleeding control\n\nEmergency bleeding control describes actions that control bleeding from a patient who has suffered a traumatic injury or who has a medical condition that has caused bleeding. Many bleeding control techniques are taught as part of first aid throughout the world, though some more advanced techniques such as tourniquets, are often taught as being reserved for use by health professionals, or as an absolute last resort, to mitigate associated risks, such as potential loss of limbs. To manage bleeding effectively, it is important to be able to readily identify types of wounds and types of bleeding.", "title": "Emergency bleeding control" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chokehold\n\nA chokehold, choke, stranglehold or, in Judo, shime-waza () is a general term for a grappling hold that critically reduces or prevents either air (choking) or blood (strangling) from passing through the neck of an opponent. The restriction may be of one or both and depends on the hold used and the reaction of the victim. While the time it takes for the choke to render an opponent unconscious varies depending on the type of choke, the average across all has been recorded as 9 seconds.\n\nThe lack of blood or air often leads to unconsciousness or even death if the hold is maintained. Chokeholds are used in martial arts, combat sports, self-defense, law enforcement and in military hand to hand combat applications. They are considered superior to brute-force manual strangling, which generally requires a large disparity in physical strength to be effective. Rather than using the fingers or arms to attempt to crush the neck, chokeholds effectively use leverage such as figure-four holds or collar holds that use the clothes to assist in the constriction.\n\nThe terminology used varies; in most martial arts, the term \"chokehold\" or \"choke\" is used for all types of grappling holds that strangle. This can be misleading as most holds aim to strangle not choke with the exception of \"air chokes\" (choking means \"to have severe difficulty in breathing because of a constricted or obstructed throat or a lack of air\"", "title": "Chokehold" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Postpartum bleeding\n\nPostpartum bleeding or postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is often defined as the loss of more than 500 ml or 1,000 ml of blood following childbirth. Signs and symptoms may initially include: an increased heart rate, feeling faint upon standing, and an increased breathing rate. The condition can occur up to six weeks following delivery.<ref name=Gaib2008/>\nThe most common cause is poor contraction of the uterus following childbirth.\nPrevention involves decreasing known risk factors including procedures associated with the condition, if possible, and giving the medication oxytocin to stimulate the uterus to contract shortly after the baby is born. and has been recommended within three hours of delivery.\nIn the developing world about 1.2% of deliveries are associated with PPH and when PPH occurred about 3% of women died. About 0.4 women per 100,000 deliveries die from PPH in the United Kingdom while about 150 women per 100,000 deliveries die in sub-Saharan Africa.", "title": "Postpartum bleeding" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pringle manoeuvre\n\nThe Pringle manoeuvre is a surgical technique used in some abdominal operations and in liver trauma. The hepatoduodenal ligament is clamped either with a surgical tool called a haemostat, an umbilical tape or by hand. This limits blood inflow through the hepatic artery and the portal vein, controlling bleeding from the liver.", "title": "Pringle manoeuvre" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vein\n\nVeins are blood vessels in humans and most other animals that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated blood to the heart. In contrast to veins, arteries carry blood away from the heart.\n\nVeins are less muscular than arteries and are often closer to the skin. There are valves (called \"pocket valves\") in most veins to prevent backflow.", "title": "Vein" }, { "id": "20381115", "score": "1.4512794", "text": "hemodynamically unstable patients with both traumatic and non-traumatic injuries. It is the artificial creation of a thrombus by the introduction of various substances to intentionally occlude a vessel with the aim to stop or diminish blood extravasation and is a critical part of the modern management of arterial injuries. Stent grafts, or endo-grafts, are a more permanent solution in the hemodynamically unstable patient and are an important part of the tool kit for EVTM. They are self-expanding artificial reconstructions of vessels with fabric coating deployed inside the original vessel and help to gain temporary control, stop the hemorrhage and repair", "title": "Endovascular and hybrid trauma and bleeding management" }, { "id": "2031504", "score": "1.4480915", "text": "Hemostat A hemostat (also called a hemostatic clamp, arterial forceps, or pean after Jules-Émile Péan) is a surgical tool used in many surgical procedures to control bleeding. For this reason, it is common in the initial phases of surgery for initial incision to be lined with hemostats which close blood vessels awaiting ligation. Hemostats belong to a group of instruments that pivot (similar to scissors, and including needle holders, tissue holders and various clamps) where the structure of the tip determines the function. The hemostat has handles that can be held in place by their locking mechanism. The locking mechanism", "title": "Hemostat" }, { "id": "10147318", "score": "1.4479542", "text": "Key principles of wound management are: Elevation was commonly recommended for the control of haemorrhage. Some protocols continue to include it, but recent studies have failed to find any evidence of its effectiveness and it was removed from the PHTLS guidance in 2006. Placing pressure on the wound constricts the blood vessels manually, helping to stem blood flow. When applying pressure, the type and direction of the wound may have an effect, for instance, a cut lengthways on the hand would be opened up by closing the hand into a fist, whilst a cut across the hand would be sealed", "title": "Emergency bleeding control" }, { "id": "874184", "score": "1.4322326", "text": "like aspirin help to prevent clots, and a variety of antihypertensive medications are routinely used to control blood pressure. If the combined efforts of risk factor modification and medication therapy are not sufficient to control symptoms, or fight imminent threats of ischemic events, a physician may resort to interventional or surgical procedures to correct the obstruction. Treatment of established disease may include medications to lower cholesterol such as statins, blood pressure medication, or medications that decrease clotting, such as aspirin. A number of procedures may also be carried out such as percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft, or carotid", "title": "Atherosclerosis" }, { "id": "14287953", "score": "1.4301538", "text": "Vascular closure device Vascular closure devices are medical devices used to achieve hemostasis of the small hole in the artery after a cardiovascular procedure of endovascular surgery requiring a catheterization. Cardiovascular procedures requiring catheterization include diagnostic procedures that help diagnose diseased blood vessels and interventional procedures such as angioplasty, the placement of a stent and coronary thrombectomy. During such procedures, a small incision is made in the groin area and a hole is created in the femoral artery to gain access to the artery. This hole is referred to as the access site or puncture site. At the completion of", "title": "Vascular closure device" }, { "id": "10147319", "score": "1.4236046", "text": "by making a fist. A patient can apply pressure directly to their own wound, if their consciousness level allows. Ideally a barrier, such as sterile, low-adherent gauze should be used between the pressure supplier and the wound, to help reduce chances of infection and help the wound to seal. Third parties assisting a patient are always advised to use protective latex or nitrile medical gloves to reduce risk of infection or contamination passing either way. Direct pressure can be used with some foreign objects protruding from a wound; padding is applied from each side of the object to push in", "title": "Emergency bleeding control" }, { "id": "20381114", "score": "1.4233956", "text": "identified source of bleeding it may help to diminish or stop blood extravasation, also potentially aiding to increase cardiac afterload. This should increase the central pressure and secure adequate myocardial and cerebral perfusion, hopefully rendering the patient, at least temporarily, more hemodynamically stable. REBOA is used as an endovascular tool for hemodynamic control and as a resuscitation adjunct that may prolong the life of the critical patient. REBOA is not only used from an endovascular resuscitation aspect, but may also to help by allowing more time for definitive treatment. Embolization is a minimally invasive technique used in EVTM of selected", "title": "Endovascular and hybrid trauma and bleeding management" }, { "id": "9992211", "score": "1.4210339", "text": "management is directed towards stopping bleeding and relieving obstruction if present, which is achieved either by surgical ligation of hepatic artery or by endoscopic embolisation. Endoscopic trans-arterial embolisation (TAE) is preferred initially because of high success rate and less complication. TAE involves the selective catheterization of a hepatic artery followed by embolic occlusion. Surgery is indicated when TAE has failed or sepsis present in biliary tree or drainage has failed. Haemobilia Haemobilia is a medical condition of bleeding into the biliary tree. Haemobilia occurs when there is a fistula between a vessel of the splanchnic circulation and the intrahepatic or", "title": "Haemobilia" }, { "id": "3094478", "score": "1.421005", "text": "to compress an artery to forestall bleeding, they are called hemostats. Another form of locking forceps is the needle holder, used to guide a suturing needle through tissue. Many locking forceps use finger loops to facilitate handling (see illustration, below, of Kelly forceps). The finger loops are usually grasped by the thumb and middle or ring fingers, while the index finger helps guide the instrument. The most common locking mechanism is a series of interlocking teeth located near the finger loops. As the forceps are closed, the teeth engage and keep the instrument's grasping surfaces from separating. A simple shift", "title": "Forceps" }, { "id": "1684468", "score": "1.417347", "text": "to treat bleeding and to thrombose aneurysms. Desmopressin is used to improve platelet function by activating arginine vasopressin receptor 1A. Coagulation factor concentrates are used to treat hemophilia, to reverse the effects of anticoagulants, and to treat bleeding in patients with impaired coagulation factor synthesis or increased consumption. Prothrombin complex concentrate, cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma are commonly used coagulation factor products. Recombinant activated human factor VII is increasingly popular in the treatment of major bleeding. Tranexamic acid and aminocaproic acid inhibit fibrinolysis, and lead to a \"de facto\" reduced bleeding rate. Before its withdrawal, aprotinin was used in some", "title": "Coagulation" }, { "id": "10576405", "score": "1.4166253", "text": "Surgicel Surgicel is a hemostatic agent (blood-clot-inducing material) made of an oxidized cellulose polymer (the unit is polyanhydroglucuronic acid), manufactured by the Ethicon subsidiary of Johnson And Johnson. It was introduced into clinical practice in 1947. It is used to control post-surgical bleeding. It is also used by some boxing cutmen to control bleeding. Surgicel is used extensively in oral and maxillofacial surgery to control intrabony arterial bleeds from the inferior alveolar artery. It is frequently used to stop bleeding following newborn circumcision if pressure alone is inadequate. When placed in the mandibular canal with the inferior alveolar nerve exposed", "title": "Surgicel" }, { "id": "9205035", "score": "1.4122533", "text": "dealing with blood vessel malformations within the brain. Fibrin film was used to stop bleeding in various surgical applications, including neurosurgery. However, it was not useful in controlling arterial bleeding. The first fibrinogen/fibrin based product capable of stopping arterial hemorrhage was the \"Fibrin Sealant Bandage\" or \"Hemostatic Dressing (HD)\" invented by Martin MacPhee at the American Red Cross in the early 1990s, and tested in collaboration with the U.S. Army. The Gerlough method, developed in 1955 improved process economics by reducing the consumption of ethanol. Instead of 40% in certain steps, Gerlough used 20% ethanol for precipitation. This is especially", "title": "Cohn process" }, { "id": "10147316", "score": "1.4103782", "text": "Emergency bleeding control Emergency bleeding control describes actions that control bleeding from a patient who has suffered a traumatic injury or who has a medical condition that has caused bleeding. Many bleeding control techniques are taught as part of first aid throughout the world, though some more advanced techniques such as tourniquets, are often taught as being reserved for use by health professionals, or as an absolute last resort, to mitigate associated risks, such as potential loss of limbs. To manage bleeding effectively, it is important to be able to readily identify types of wounds and types of bleeding. Wounds", "title": "Emergency bleeding control" }, { "id": "13033360", "score": "1.4070852", "text": "an inflatable balloon attached to its tip into an artery, passing the catheter tip beyond the clot, inflating the balloon, and removing the clot by withdrawing the catheter. The catheter is called Fogarty, named after its inventor Thomas J. Fogarty. Possible complications of balloon embolectomy include intimal lesions, which can lead to another thrombosis. The vessel may also be affected by a dissection or rupture. The procedure may lead to cholesterol embolism from atherosclerotic plaques. Catheter embolectomy is also used for aspiration embolectomy, where the thrombus is removed by suction rather than pushing with a balloon. It is a rapid", "title": "Embolectomy" }, { "id": "4835683", "score": "1.3941348", "text": "Pringle manoeuvre The Pringle maneuver is a surgical maneuver used in some abdominal operations. A large atraumatic haemostat is used to clamp the hepatoduodenal ligament (free border of the lesser omentum) interrupting the flow of blood through the hepatic artery and the portal vein and thus helping to control bleeding from the liver. More commonly, in the absence of soft clamp, manual compression of the hepatoduodenal ligament is performed. Should bleeding continue, it is likely that the inferior vena cava or the hepatic vein were also traumatised. If bleeding continues, a variation in arterial blood flow may be present. It", "title": "Pringle manoeuvre" } ]

[ "R. Janeiro", "São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro", "UN/LOCODE:BRRIO", "Rio, Brazil", "BRRIO", "Rio de Janeiro City", "The Marvelous City", "río de janeiro", "rio de janeiro rj", "río de janeiro brazil", "rio de jainero", "rio di janeiro", "rio de janerio", "sao sebastiao do rio de janeiro", "rio de janeiro rio de janeiro", "Rio de janeiro", "Rio de Janiero, Brazil", "un locode brrio", "Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro", "Rio Janeiro", "rio janeiro", "Río de Janeiro, Brazil", "Rio de Janeiro, RJ", "r janeiro", "Rio de Janerio", "river of january", "são sebastião do rio de janeiro", "Rio de Janeiro (city)", "Rio De Janiero", "Rio de Janero", "rio de janiero brazil", "rio de janeiro brazil", "Río de Janeiro", "brrio", "january river", "Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)", "rio de janeiro", "Rio De Janeiro, Brazil", "Rio di Janeiro", "Rio De Janeiro", "marvelous city", "R Janeiro", "rio brazil", "Rio de Janeiro", "January River", "Sao Sebastiao do Rio de Janeiro", "Rio de janerio", "rio de janero", "Rio-de-Janeiro", "Rio de Janeiro, Brazil", "Rio de Janeiro city", "Rio de Janiero", "Rio de janero", "River of January", "Rio de Jainero", "rio de janiero", "rio de janeiro city", "río de jeneiro", "Río de Jeneiro" ]

[ { "id": "1738690", "score": "1.9226402", "text": "first international beach volleyball exhibition was held in Rio de Janeiro with 5,000 spectators. In 1987, the first international FIVB-sanctioned tournament was played on Ipanema beach in Rio de Janeiro, with a prize purse of US$22,000. It was won by Sinjin Smith and Randy Stoklos. In 1989, the first FIVB-sanctioned international circuit, called the World Series, was organized with men's tournaments in Brazil, Italy and Japan. The FIVB and its continental confederations began organizing worldwide professional tournaments and laid the groundwork for the sport's Olympic debut in 1996. The first FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships and FIVB Beach Volleyball World", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "1738691", "score": "1.861584", "text": "Tour were held the following year. By 1998, the sport had been added to other multi-sport events including the Pan American Games, Central American Games, Southeast Asian Games, Goodwill Games and Universiade. In 2001, the FIVB began organizing the annual FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships, with the annual FIVB Beach Volleyball U19 World Championships beginning the following year. Despite its increased popularity in the 1980s and 1990s, American beach volleyball suffered setbacks. In 1998, the American women's professional tour – the WPVA – and the American professional men's tour – the AVP – filed for bankruptcy, plagued by problems", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "12173949", "score": "1.8278196", "text": "FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships The FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships is the double-gender world championship for the sport of beach volleyball organized by the \"\" (FIVB) the sport's global governing body. The first official edition of the event was held in Los Angeles, United States in 1997 and tournaments had been awarded every two years since then. Before 1997, ten unofficial championships not organized by the FIVB were all held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil between 1987 and 1996. The most recent World Championships took place in Vienna, Austria in 2017. Winning the World Championships is considered to be", "title": "FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships" }, { "id": "4534178", "score": "1.8212857", "text": "introduced. It would be turned into a qualifying event for the Olympic Games in 1991. Following Libaud's retirement and the election of Mexican Rubén Acosta Hernandez for the position of president in 1984, the FIVB moved its headquarters from Paris, France to Lausanne, Switzerland and intensified to an unprecedented level its policy of promoting volleyball on a worldwide basis. Measures taken in this direction include the establishment of annual competitions for men's and women's volleyball (the World League, in 1990, and the Grand Prix, in 1993), the indication of Beach volleyball as an Olympic event (1996) and a number of", "title": "Fédération Internationale de Volleyball" }, { "id": "12173950", "score": "1.8013498", "text": "one of the highest honours in international beach volleyball, surpassing the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour and being surpassed only by the Beach Volleyball tournament at the Summer Olympic Games. FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships The FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships is the double-gender world championship for the sport of beach volleyball organized by the \"\" (FIVB) the sport's global governing body. The first official edition of the event was held in Los Angeles, United States in 1997 and tournaments had been awarded every two years since then. Before 1997, ten unofficial championships not organized by the FIVB were all", "title": "FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships" }, { "id": "19234052", "score": "1.7529935", "text": "The 2018 World Championship was co-hosted by Italy and Bulgaria. The history of the World Championship goes back to the beginnings of volleyball as a professional, high level sport. One of the first concrete measures taken by the FIVB after its foundation in 1947 was the establishment of an international competition involving teams from more than one continent. In 1949, the first edition was played in Prague, Czechoslovakia. At that point, the tournament was still restricted to Europe. Three years later, the event was expanded to include nations from Asia, and began to be held in 4-year cycles. By the", "title": "FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship" }, { "id": "1738686", "score": "1.744305", "text": "a match. In 1974, there was an indoor tournament: \"The $1500.00 World Indoor Two-Man Volleyball Championship\" played in front of 4,000 volleyball enthusiast at the San Diego Sports Arena. Fred Zuelich teamed with Dennis Hare to defeat Ron Von Hagen and Matt Gage in the championship match, Winston Cigarettes was the sponsor. Dennis Hare went on to write the first book on the subject of beach volleyball: \"The Art of Beach Volleyball\". The first professional beach volleyball tournament was the Olympia World Championship of Beach Volleyball, staged on Labor Day weekend, 1976, at Will Rogers State Beach in Pacific Palisades,", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "11526217", "score": "1.740588", "text": "in Lima, Peru between 12 to 29 October. Lima withdrew as organizer and the tournament was delayed until a new host could be found. With Japan chosen as host (the first time the World Championships were played in Asia), the tournament went ahead in January 1967. Due to international political tensions caused by the Cold War, hosts Japan warned it would not display the flags nor have the national anthems of North Korea and East Germany played. Both teams together with the Eastern Bloc countries (Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Soviet Union) and China forfeited the tournament, leaving only four teams as", "title": "1967 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship" }, { "id": "10490472", "score": "1.7254072", "text": "Volleyball at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament The 1992 women's Olympic volleyball tournament was the eighth edition of the event, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB in conjunction with the International Olympic Committee. The competition in Barcelona, Spain was held from 29 July to 8 August 1992 in three different venues in the city: the Palau d'Esports, the Pavelló de la Vall d'Hebron and the Palau Sant Jordi, where the semi-finals and finals were played. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, most of its now independent Republics formed the Commonwealth of Independent", "title": "Volleyball at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament" }, { "id": "20530711", "score": "1.7208788", "text": "In 1996, Jagerhofer organized the first beach volleyball tournament in Klagenfurt. The first Austrian Masters tournament was played in front of 27 visitors on the final day. Jagerhofer lured the fans to the ranks with free beer. The participation of the first international beach volleyball teams at the Austrian Tour stop of the FIVB World Tour 1997 showed the potential of this sport. In 2001 Klagenfurt hosted the third FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships. This was an important turning point, which not only laid the foundation for beach volleyball in Austria, but also for the future success of the event.", "title": "Hannes Jagerhofer" }, { "id": "4534177", "score": "1.7178667", "text": "the meetings where, between 18 and 20 April, the entity was officially formed, having Frenchman Paul Libaud as first president. One of the main goals of the 1947 Congress was achieved two years later with the establishment of the first international major volleyball event, the World Championship. In 1952, a women's version of the tournament was also introduced. In 1964, the IOC endorsed the addition of volleyball to the Olympic programme. By this time, the number of national federations affiliated to the FIVB had grown to 89. Later in that year (1969), a new international event, the World Cup was", "title": "Fédération Internationale de Volleyball" }, { "id": "19234247", "score": "1.7125", "text": "2018. The history of the World Championship goes back to the beginnings of volleyball as a professional, high level sport. One of the first concrete measures taken by the FIVB after its foundation in 1947 was the establishment of an international competition involving teams from more than one continent. In 1949, the first edition of the Men's World Championship was played in Prague, Czechoslovakia. At that point, the tournament was still restricted to Europe. Three years later, a women's version was introduced; the events were synchronized and expanded to include nations from Asia, and began to be held in 4-year", "title": "FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship" }, { "id": "11526308", "score": "1.708231", "text": "two groups were created (1st-10th and 11th-17th), teams were allocated to a group according to their group position (best two teams of each group going to 1st-10th and the remaining teams to 11th-17th). A single round-robin format was played within each group with matches already played between teams in the also counted in this round. 1956 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship The 1956 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship was the second edition of the tournament, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB. It was held in Paris, France from 30 August to 12 September 1956. The tournament was played", "title": "1956 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship" }, { "id": "9148144", "score": "1.706991", "text": "FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship The FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship is the world championship of volleyball for female players under the age of 18 organized by \"Fédération Internationale de Volleyball\" (FIVB). The first edition was staged in 1989 in Curitiba, Brazil and tournaments have been played every two years since then. The most recent tournament was hosted by Argentina in Rosario and won by Italy. China is the most successful nation in the tournament's history, with four titles and one runner-up. Brazil is the second most successful with three titles and four runners-up. A corresponding tournament for", "title": "FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship" }, { "id": "9000236", "score": "1.705708", "text": "FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship The FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship, called the FIVB Volleyball Boys' Youth World Championship between 2007 and 2011, is the world championship of volleyball for male players under the age of 19 organized by \"Fédération Internationale de Volleyball\" (FIVB). The first edition was staged in 1989 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and tournaments have been played every two years since then. The most recent tournament was hosted by Bahrain in the city of Riffa and won by Iran. Brazil is the most successful nation in the tournament's history, with six titles and one", "title": "FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship" }, { "id": "1837636", "score": "1.7050997", "text": "the beach played host to India's first International Beach Volleyball Championship, \"BSNL FIVB Chennai Challenger:2008\", from 15 to 20 July to popularise beach volleyball. The event was organised by the Beach Volleyball Club and was sponsored by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. Eleven Indian teams along with 60 teams from 21 countries participated in the 6-day-long tournament offering a total prize money of US$40,000 in the men's and US$6,400 in the women's events. In March 2016, \"My leader\" campaign was launched in this historical place. The main focus of this event was to attract youngsters to take up politics. Kamaraj Salai,", "title": "Marina Beach" }, { "id": "12153514", "score": "1.7042403", "text": "2009 was US$1 Million. 2009 Beach Volleyball World Championships The 2009 SWATCH FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships is a beach volleyball event, that was held from June 26 to July 5, 2009 in Stavanger, Norway. The Swatch FIVB World Championships are organized every two years, and Norway is the first Northern European country to host the event. The city of Stavanger had earlier hosted ten Open and Grand Slam events at the SWATCH FIVB World Tour. The 2009 event was the seventh official edition of the championship, after ten unofficial championships (1987–1996) all held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The", "title": "2009 Beach Volleyball World Championships" }, { "id": "5085892", "score": "1.7033188", "text": "in many different formats. In 1992 the laws of the game were envisioned and a pilot event was staged by the founding partners of BSWW in Los Angeles. By 1993, the first professional beach soccer competition was organized at Miami Beach, with teams from the United States, Brazil, Argentina and Italy taking part. In April 1994 the first event to be covered by network television transmissions was held on Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro, and the city hosted the first Beach Soccer World Championship in 1995. The competition was won by the host nation, making Brazil the first-ever World", "title": "Beach soccer" }, { "id": "19696144", "score": "1.7032032", "text": "in 1965 with the purpose of partially filling the gap between the two most important volleyball tournaments, the Olympic Games and the World Championship, which take place in alternating 4-year cycles. The establishment of a third international competition would leave only one in every four years with no major events. The World Cup has a smaller entry than the World Championship, with at most 12 teams. The World Cup was to be held in the year following the Olympic Games. The first two tournaments were for men's volleyball only; in 1973, a women's tournament was also introduced. Originally, each tournament", "title": "FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup" }, { "id": "20530713", "score": "1.7022305", "text": "Beach Majors GmbH, the Beach Major USA LLC was opened in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Since 2015, the tour stops have been held around the world in Austria, Croatia, Switzerland, Canada, Germany, Norway and the United States. In 2017, Jagerhofer and the Beach Majors GmbH got the rights to organize the 2017 Beach Volleyball World Championships. This took place on the Danube Island in Vienna on 10 days in front of a total of 180,000 fans - and thus became one of the largest beach volleyball events in the history of the sport. The great success of this event compared the", "title": "Hannes Jagerhofer" } ]

[ "torres strait", "torres straits", "Torres Straits", "Strait of Torres", "strait of torres", "Torres Strait" ]

[ { "id": "2112715", "score": "1.62445", "text": "Australia without a passport. The two routes through the Strait are: Torres Strait The Torres Strait () is a strait which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. It is approximately wide at its narrowest extent. To the south is Cape York Peninsula, the northernmost extremity of the Australian mainland. To the north is the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. It is named after navigator Luís Vaz de Torres, who passed through the Strait in 1606. The strait links the Coral Sea to the east with the Arafura Sea and Gulf of Carpentaria in the west.", "title": "Torres Strait" }, { "id": "10986987", "score": "1.6219456", "text": "Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea) Dampier Strait in Papua New Guinea separates Umboi Island and New Britain, linking the Bismarck Sea to the north with the Solomon Sea to the south. The strait is named after the first European to sail through it, British navigator William Dampier in 1700 in . Dampier described his discoveries in his \"A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland\" Ch. 4 New Britain Discovered in these terms: NEW BRITAIN. The easternmost part of New Guinea lies 40 miles to the westward of this tract of land, and by hydrographers they are made joining together:", "title": "Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)" }, { "id": "10986998", "score": "1.6153061", "text": "crossed the Dampier Strait on landing craft. Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea) Dampier Strait in Papua New Guinea separates Umboi Island and New Britain, linking the Bismarck Sea to the north with the Solomon Sea to the south. The strait is named after the first European to sail through it, British navigator William Dampier in 1700 in . Dampier described his discoveries in his \"A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland\" Ch. 4 New Britain Discovered in these terms: NEW BRITAIN. The easternmost part of New Guinea lies 40 miles to the westward of this tract of land, and", "title": "Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)" }, { "id": "2862417", "score": "1.5804613", "text": "the border close to the New Guinean mainland and the subsequent complete Australian control over the waters of the strait. The Torres Strait Islanders opposed being separated from Australia and insisted on no change to the border. The Australian Federal government wished to cede the northern islands to appease Papua New Guinea, but were opposed by the Queensland government and Queensland Premier Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen. Eventually an agreement was struck whereby the islands and their inhabitants remained Australian, but the maritime boundary between Australia and Papua New Guinea runs through the centre of the strait. In practice the two countries", "title": "Torres Strait Islands" }, { "id": "10986988", "score": "1.5750952", "text": "but here I found an opening and passage between, with many islands; the largest of which lie on the north side of this passage or strait. The channel is very good, between the islands and the land to the eastward. ... As we stood over to the islands we looked out very well to the north, but could see no land that way; by which I was well assured that we were got through, and that this east land does not join to New Guinea; therefore I named it New Britain. The north-west cape I called Cape Gloucester, and the", "title": "Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Torres Strait\n\nThe Torres Strait (), also known as Zenadh Kes, is a strait between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. It is wide at its narrowest extent. To the south is Cape York Peninsula, the northernmost extremity of the Australian mainland. To the north is the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. It is named after the Spanish navigator Luís Vaz de Torres, who sailed through the strait in 1606.", "title": "Torres Strait" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Australia (continent)\n\nThe continent of Australia, sometimes known in technical contexts by the names Sahul (), Australia-New Guinea, Australinea, Meganesia, or Papualand to distinguish it from the country of Australia, is located within the Southern and Eastern hemispheres. The name \"Sahul\" takes its name from the Sahul Shelf, which is a part of the continental shelf of the Australian continent. The continent includes mainland Australia, Tasmania, the island of New Guinea (Papua New Guinea and Indonesian Western New Guinea), the Aru Islands, the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, most of the Coral Sea Islands, and some other nearby islands. Situated in the geographical region of Oceania, Australia is the smallest of the seven traditional continents.\n\nThe continent includes a continental shelf overlain by shallow seas which divide it into several landmasses—the Arafura Sea and Torres Strait between mainland Australia and New Guinea, and Bass Strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania. When sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene ice age, including the Last Glacial Maximum about 18,000 BC, they were connected by dry land. During the past 18,000 to 10,000 years, rising sea levels overflowed the lowlands and separated the continent into today's low-lying arid to semi-arid mainland and the two mountainous islands of New Guinea and Tasmania.\n\nWith a total land area of , the Australian continent is the smallest, lowest, flattest, and second-driest continent (after Antarctica) on Earth. As the country of Australia is mostly on a single landmass, and comprises most of the continent, it is sometimes informally referred to as an island continent, surrounded by oceans.\n\nPapua New Guinea, a country within the continent, is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse countries in the world. It is also one of the most rural, as only 18 percent of its people live in urban centres. West Papua, a province of Indonesia, is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups. Australia, the largest landmass in the continent, is highly urbanised, and has the world's 14th-largest economy with the second-highest human development index globally. Australia also has the world's 9th largest immigrant population.<ref>United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, (2019). 'International Migration' in International migrant stock\n2019. Accessed from International migrant stock 2015: maps on 24 May 2017.</ref>", "title": "Australia (continent)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Torres Strait Islands\n\nThe Torres Strait Islands are a group of at least 274 small islands in the Torres Strait, a waterway separating far northern continental Australia's Cape York Peninsula and the island of New Guinea. They span an area of , but their total land area is .\n\nThe Islands have been inhabited by the indigenous Torres Strait Islanders. Lieutenant James Cook first claimed British sovereignty over the eastern part of Australia at Possession Island in 1770, but British administrative control only began in the Torres Strait Islands in 1862. The islands are now mostly part of Queensland, a constituent State of the Commonwealth of Australia, but are administered by the Torres Strait Regional Authority, a statutory authority of the Australian federal government. A few islands very close to the coast of mainland New Guinea belong to the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, most importantly Daru Island with the provincial capital, Daru.\n\nOnly 16 of the islands are inhabited. The Torres Strait Islands' population was recorded at 4,514 in the 2016 Australian census, with 91.8% of these identifying as Indigenous Torres Strait Island peoples. Although counted as Indigenous Australians, Torres Strait Islander peoples, being predominantly Melanesian, are ethnically and culturally different from Aboriginal Australians.", "title": "Torres Strait Islands" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wallace Line\n\nThe Wallace Line or Wallace's Line is a faunal boundary line drawn in 1859 by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace and named by English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley that separates the biogeographic realms of Asia and Wallacea, a transitional zone between Asia and Australia. West of the line are found organisms related to Asiatic species; to the east, a mixture of species of Asian and Australian origin is present. Wallace noticed this clear division during his travels through the East Indies in the 19th century.\n\nThe line runs through Indonesia, between Borneo and Sulawesi (Celebes), and through the Lombok Strait between Bali and Lombok. The distance between Bali and Lombok is small, about . The distributions of many bird species observe the line, since many birds do not cross even the shortest stretches of open ocean water. Some bats have distributions that cross the line, but larger terrestrial mammals are generally limited to one side or the other; exceptions include macaques, pigs and tarsiers on Sulawesi. Other groups of plants and animals show differing patterns, but the overall pattern is striking and reasonably consistent. Flora do not follow the Wallace Line to the same extent as fauna. One genus of plants that does not cross the Line is the Australasian genus \"Eucalyptus\", except for one species, \"Eucalyptus deglupta\", which naturally occurs on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines.", "title": "Wallace Line" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Luís Vaz de Torres" }, { "id": "10484691", "score": "1.5744045", "text": "of Indonesia to Sumatra via a proposed Sunda Strait Bridge and from Sumatra to Singapore and/or Malaysia via a Malacca Strait Bridge. A tunnel/bridge between the Australian mainland and the island of New Guinea, bridging the Torres Strait, is not considered economically feasible owing to the great distance. Cape York in northern Queensland is 140 km away from New Guinea. This is a very long distance compared to existing tunnels or bridges, and the demand for car travel is not so high; as of 2009 there are no car ferries between Australia and Papua New Guinea. Passenger travel is by", "title": "Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links" }, { "id": "2112701", "score": "1.5713781", "text": "Torres Strait The Torres Strait () is a strait which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. It is approximately wide at its narrowest extent. To the south is Cape York Peninsula, the northernmost extremity of the Australian mainland. To the north is the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. It is named after navigator Luís Vaz de Torres, who passed through the Strait in 1606. The strait links the Coral Sea to the east with the Arafura Sea and Gulf of Carpentaria in the west. Although it is an important international sea lane, it is very", "title": "Torres Strait" }, { "id": "2862420", "score": "1.5480468", "text": "land bridge which connected the present-day Australian continent with New Guinea (in a single landmass called Sahul, Meganesia, Australia-New Guinea). This land bridge was most recently submerged by rising sea levels at the termination of the last ice-age glaciation (approximately 12,000 years ago), forming the Strait which now connects the Arafura and Coral seas. Many of the western Torres Strait Islands are the remaining peaks of this land bridge which were not completely submerged when the ocean levels rose. The islands and their surrounding waters and reefs provide a highly diverse set of land and marine ecosystems, with niches for", "title": "Torres Strait Islands" }, { "id": "5331658", "score": "1.5210321", "text": "the passage now named Dampier Strait between Umboi Island and New Britain in 1700 Dampier had established that the land mass he named New Britain was an island. As he sailed northwesterly through the passage, Dampier charted and named various islands which lay between the Dampier and Vitiaz Straits: Sir George Rook's Island (later Rooke Island, now Umboi Island), Long Island (Arop Island) and Crown Island. During the New Guinea Campaign (1942-1945), control of the Vitiaz Strait took on strategic military importance. The Japanese landed two battalions at Lae and Salamaua on the Huon Gulf on 8 March 1942 giving", "title": "Vitiaz Strait" }, { "id": "7902874", "score": "1.5150247", "text": "and waters of the Torres Straits. A proposal was put forward to divide the Torres Straits between the two countries at a longitude of 10 degrees. The proposed division was completely rejected by the Queensland Government and the Torres Strait Islander community. In December 1978, a treaty was signed by the Australian and Papua New Guinea governments that described the boundaries between the two countries and the use of the sea area by both parties. The \"Torres Strait Treaty\", which has operated since February 1985, contains special provision for free movement (without passports or visas) between both countries. Free movement", "title": "Hammond Island, Queensland" }, { "id": "7911870", "score": "1.5021176", "text": "Strait region to work on the Australian mainland. After gaining its independence from Australia in 1975, Papua New Guinea asserted its right to the islands and waters of the Torres Straits. In December 1978, a treaty was signed by the Australian and Papua New Guinea governments that described the boundaries between the two countries and the use of the sea area by both parties. The \"Torres Strait Treaty\", which has operated since February 1985, contains special provision for free movement (without passports or visas) between both countries. Free movement between communities applies to traditional activities such as fishing, trading and", "title": "Moa Island (Queensland)" }, { "id": "5331657", "score": "1.4971392", "text": "low-nutrient water from the Solomon Sea northwestward along the north coast of Papua New Guinea through the Vitiaz Strait\". However, the surface layer current running through the strait, the New Guinea Coastal Current, experiences a seasonal reversal. In boreal summer (northern hemisphere summer) characterized by the south-easterly monsoon, the westward current dominates; during boreal winter (northern hemisphere winter) under the influence of the northwesterly monsoonal winds, the eastward flow dominates. Abel Tasman sighted Umboi Island in the Vitiaz Strait in 1643 but failed to realise that the Strait separated the island from the coast of New Guinea. William Dampier charted", "title": "Vitiaz Strait" }, { "id": "10987000", "score": "1.4910514", "text": "western end of the strait are the Woodford Reefs and the Fam Islands. Other small islands are located near the coast of the main islands. Dampier Strait (Indonesia) Dampier Strait (sometimes also known as Augusta's Strait) in Indonesian province of West Papua is a strait that separates the Raja Ampat islands of Waigeo and Batanta. It is named after British navigator William Dampier. The Dampier Strait passes through the Indonesian archipelago of Raja Ampat ( West Papua province). Between the islands Batanta and Gam are several islands. The largest of these is the narrow island of . At its eastern", "title": "Dampier Strait (Indonesia)" }, { "id": "5331656", "score": "1.4893184", "text": "Vitiaz Strait Vitiaz Strait is a strait between New Britain and the Huon Peninsula, northern New Guinea. The Vitiaz Strait was so named by Nicholai Nicholaievich Mikluho-Maklai to commemorate the Russian corvette \"Vitiaz\" in which he sailed from October 1870 by way of South America and the Pacific Islands reaching Astrolabe Bay in September 1871. The 1200 m deep Vitiaz Strait \"was a focus of attention by Australian and USA oceanographers on voyages in 1985, 1986, 1988, 1991 and 1992 as part of the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study, WEPOCS\". The New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent transports \"high-salinity, low-tritium, high-oxygen,", "title": "Vitiaz Strait" }, { "id": "20632", "score": "1.4840457", "text": "and much of the northern coast of Australia. However, the area of the Torres Strait is shown unexamined; this is despite having been given orders by VOC Council at Batavia to explore the possibility of a channel between New Guinea and the Australian continent. There is debate as to the origin of the map. It is widely believed that the map was produced in Batavia; however, it has also been argued that the map was produced in Amsterdam. The authorship of the map has also been debated: while the map is commonly attributed to Tasman, it is now thought to", "title": "Abel Tasman" }, { "id": "10986999", "score": "1.4806964", "text": "Dampier Strait (Indonesia) Dampier Strait (sometimes also known as Augusta's Strait) in Indonesian province of West Papua is a strait that separates the Raja Ampat islands of Waigeo and Batanta. It is named after British navigator William Dampier. The Dampier Strait passes through the Indonesian archipelago of Raja Ampat ( West Papua province). Between the islands Batanta and Gam are several islands. The largest of these is the narrow island of . At its eastern tip are the islands of and . Island lies northwest. South of Mansuar are the , the , Djerief and the Mainsfield Islands. At the", "title": "Dampier Strait (Indonesia)" }, { "id": "8866499", "score": "1.4772462", "text": "servicemen. Full back pay was offered in compensation to the Torres Strait servicemen by the Australian Government in the 1980s. After gaining its independence from Australia in 1975, Papua New Guinea asserted its right to the islands and waters of the Torres Straits. In December 1978, a treaty was signed by the Australian and Papua New Guinea governments that described the boundaries between the 2 countries and the use of the sea area by both parties. The Torres Strait Treaty, which has operated since February 1985, contains special provision for free movement (without passports or visas) between both countries. Free", "title": "Stephens Island (Torres Strait)" }, { "id": "2112713", "score": "1.4739056", "text": "divers from many countries, notably Japan. In 1978 an agreement between Australia and Papua New Guinea determined the maritime border in the Torres Strait. Torres Strait is mentioned in Jules Verne's \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea\" as a dangerous strait where the submarine, the \"Nautilus\", is briefly stranded. The people of the Torres Strait have a unique indigenous culture which has drawn the interest of a range of anthropological, historical, archaeological and folklorist researchers (both professional and amateur). This includes an expedition from Cambridge University led by the early ethnographer Alfred Haddon in 1898 and the more contemporary regional", "title": "Torres Strait" }, { "id": "307875", "score": "1.4593005", "text": "Pacific island groups, including the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Geologically, the island of New Guinea is a northern extension of the Indo-Australian tectonic plate, forming part of a single land mass which is Australia-New Guinea (also called \"Sahul\" or \"Meganesia\"). It is connected to the Australian segment by a shallow continental shelf across the Torres Strait, which in former ages lay exposed as a land bridge, particularly during ice ages when sea levels were lower than at present. Consequently, many species of birds and mammals found on New Guinea have close genetic links with corresponding species found in Australia. One", "title": "Papua New Guinea" }, { "id": "7739336", "score": "1.4586198", "text": "independence from Australia in 1975, Papua New Guinea asserted its right to the islands and waters of the Torres Straits. In December 1978, a treaty was signed by the Australian and Papua New Guinea governments that described the boundaries between the 2 countries and the use of the sea area by both parties. The \"Torres Strait Treaty\", which operated from February 1985, contains special provision for free movement (without passports or visas) between both countries. There is constant traffic throughout the year between Saibai and Papua New Guinea. Free movement between communities applies to traditional activities, such as fishing, trading", "title": "Saibai Island" } ]

[ "horsehead", "Horsehead (disambiguation)", "Horsehead", "horsehead disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "1355762", "score": "1.8144436", "text": "dimmer than the Great Orion Nebula that lies to its south; however, it is at approximately the same distance, at 1600 light-years from Earth. It can easily be mistaken for a comet in the eyepiece of a telescope. M78 is associated with the variable star V351 Orionis, whose magnitude changes are visible in very short periods of time. Another fairly bright nebula in Orion is NGC 1999, also close to the Great Orion Nebula. It has an integrated magnitude of 10.5 and is 1500 light-years from Earth. The variable star V380 Orionis is embedded in NGC 1999. Another famous nebula", "title": "Orion (constellation)" }, { "id": "1682441", "score": "1.7185653", "text": "magnitude 10.6, thought to lie around 10,750 light-years away from Earth. West of Epsilon Muscae is NGC 4071, a large, diffuse planetary nebula of magnitude 12.7 with a magnitude 12 central star, thought to lie around 4000 light-years away from Earth. The Coalsack Nebula is a dark nebula located mainly in neighbouring Crux that intrudes into Musca. NGC 4463 is an open cluster located on its southwestern border. Around five light-years across, it is located around 3400 light-years away. The comparatively old globular cluster NGC 4833 near Delta Muscae was catalogued by Lacaille in 1755. It is 21,200 light-years distant", "title": "Musca" }, { "id": "11668168", "score": "1.718055", "text": "lights it formed about 100,000 years ago; the nebula is about 12 arcmins across, which is equivalent to a span of 15 light years. When viewing IC 5146, dark nebula Barnard 168 (B168) is an inseparable part of the experience, forming a dark lane that surrounds the cluster and projects westward forming the appearance of a trail behind the Cocoon. IC 5146 is a stellar nursery where star-formation is ongoing. Observations by both the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Chandra X-ray Observatory have collectively identified hundreds of young stellar objects. Young stars are seen in both the emission nebula, where", "title": "IC 5146" }, { "id": "1355757", "score": "1.7165291", "text": "of its radiation is in the ultraviolet range, which the human eye cannot see. Alnilam is approximately 1340 light years away from Earth, shines with magnitude 1.70, and with ultraviolet light is 375,000 times more luminous than the Sun. Mintaka is 915 light years away and shines with magnitude 2.21. It is 90,000 times more luminous than the Sun and is a double star: the two orbit each other every 5.73 days. Looking for Orion's Belt in the night sky is the easiest way to locate the constellation. In the Northern Hemisphere, Orion's Belt is best visible in the night", "title": "Orion (constellation)" }, { "id": "1505398", "score": "1.6977899", "text": "This process is responsible for creating the interior cavity of the nebula, allowing the stars at the core to be viewed from Earth. The largest of these stars have short life spans and will evolve to become supernovae. Within about 100,000 years, most of the gas and dust will be ejected. The remains will form a young open cluster, a cluster of bright, young stars surrounded by wispy filaments from the former cloud. Orion Nebula The Orion Nebula (also known as Messier 42, M42, or NGC 1976) is a diffuse nebula situated in the Milky Way, being south of Orion's", "title": "Orion Nebula" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Horsehead Nebula\n\nThe Horsehead Nebula (also known as Barnard 33) is a small dark nebula in the constellation Orion. The nebula is located just to the south of Alnitak, the easternmost star of Orion's Belt, and is part of the much larger Orion molecular cloud complex. It appears within the southern region of the dense dust cloud known as Lynds 1630, along the edge of the much larger, active star-forming H II region called IC 434.\n\nThe Horsehead Nebula is approximately 422 parsecs or 1,375 light-years from Earth.", "title": "Horsehead Nebula" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Template:POTD/2017-01-27" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Orion (constellation)\n\nOrion is a prominent constellation located on the celestial equator and visible throughout the world. It is one of the most conspicuous and recognizable constellations in the night sky. It is named after Orion, a hunter in Greek mythology. Its brightest stars are the blue-white Rigel (Beta Orionis) and the red Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis).", "title": "Orion (constellation)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Template:POTD/2014-05-10" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cygnus (constellation)\n\nCygnus is a northern constellation on the plane of the Milky Way, deriving its name from the Latinized Greek word for swan.<ref name=\"Starwatch\"/> Cygnus is one of the most recognizable constellations of the northern summer and autumn, and it features a prominent asterism known as the Northern Cross (in contrast to the Southern Cross). Cygnus was among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations.\n\nCygnus contains Deneb (ذنب, translit. \"ḏanab,\" tail)one of the brightest stars in the night sky and the most distant first-magnitude staras its \"tail star\" and one corner of the Summer Triangle. It also has some notable X-ray sources and the giant stellar association of Cygnus OB2. Cygnus is also known as the Northern Cross. One of the stars of this association, NML Cygni, is one of the largest stars currently known. The constellation is also home to Cygnus X-1, a distant X-ray binary containing a supergiant and unseen massive companion that was the first object widely held to be a black hole. Many star systems in Cygnus have known planets as a result of the Kepler Mission observing one patch of the sky, an area around Cygnus.\n\nMost of the east has part of the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall in the deep sky, a giant galaxy filament that is the largest known structure in the observable universe, covering most of the northern sky.", "title": "Cygnus (constellation)" }, { "id": "11681968", "score": "1.6953856", "text": "be traced back to the Orion's Belt area. The nebula is about 5 light-years across. IC 405 IC 405 (also known as the Flaming Star Nebula, SH 2-229, or Caldwell 31) is an emission and reflection nebula in the constellation Auriga, surrounding the bluish star AE Aurigae. It shines at magnitude +6.0. Its celestial coordinates are RA dec . It surrounds the irregular variable star AE Aurigae and is located near the emission nebula IC 410, the open clusters M38 and M36, and the K-class star Iota Aurigae. The nebula measures approximately 37.0' x 19.0', and lies about 1,500 light-years", "title": "IC 405" }, { "id": "5587667", "score": "1.6898824", "text": "of the young stars in the region punctured the sheet of dust and gas, as well as, powerful radiation from a nearby mature star may have helped to create the hole. Researchers believe this discovery should lead to a better understanding of the entire star forming process. It is located 1,500 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Orion. NGC 1999 NGC 1999 is a dust-filled bright nebula with a vast hole of empty space represented by a black patch of sky, as can be seen in the photograph. It is a reflection nebula, and shines from the light of", "title": "NGC 1999" }, { "id": "13032818", "score": "1.6833315", "text": "light-years from Earth. Another open cluster in Gemini is NGC 2158. Visible in large amateur telescopes and very rich, it is more than 12,000 light-years from Earth. The Eskimo Nebula or Clown Face Nebula (NGC 2392) is a planetary nebula with an overall magnitude of 9.2, located 4,000 light-years from Earth. In a small amateur telescope, its 10th magnitude central star is visible, along with its blue-green elliptical disk. It is named for its resemblance to the head of a person wearing a parka. The Medusa Nebula is another planetary nebula, some 1,500 light-years distant. Geminga is a neutron star", "title": "Gemini (constellation)" }, { "id": "6545422", "score": "1.6833153", "text": "population of young stars that is centered on Meissa. The Complex is between 1 000 and 1 400 light-years away, and hundreds of light-years across. The Orion Complex is one of the most active regions of nearby stellar formation visible in the night sky, and is home to both protoplanetary discs and very young stars. Much of it is bright in infrared wavelengths due to the heat-intensive processes involved in stellar formation, though the complex contains dark nebulae, emission nebulae, reflection nebulae, and H II regions. The presence of ripples on the surface of Orion's Molecular Clouds was discovered in", "title": "Orion Molecular Cloud Complex" }, { "id": "7641804", "score": "1.6809258", "text": "Flame Nebula The Flame Nebula, designated as NGC 2024 and Sh2-277, is an emission nebula in the constellation Orion. It is about 900 to 1,500 light-years away. The bright star Alnitak (ζ Ori), the easternmost star in the Belt of Orion, shines energetic ultraviolet light into the Flame and this knocks electrons away from the great clouds of hydrogen gas that reside there. Much of the glow results when the electrons and ionized hydrogen recombine. Additional dark gas and dust lies in front of the bright part of the nebula and this is what causes the dark network that appears", "title": "Flame Nebula" }, { "id": "3673083", "score": "1.6761401", "text": "4,000-6,000 light-years from the Earth. In the sky of Earth, it spans 90' by 40', which translates to an actual dimension of 110 by 50 light years. Like many nebulas, it appears pink in time-exposure color photos but is gray to the eye peering through binoculars or a telescope, human vision having poor color sensitivity at low light levels. The nebula contains a number of Bok globules (dark, collapsing clouds of protostellar material), the most prominent of which have been catalogued by E. E. Barnard as B88, B89 and B296. It also includes a funnel-like or tornado-like structure caused by", "title": "Lagoon Nebula" }, { "id": "18611843", "score": "1.6744946", "text": "and associated nebula spans a few hundred light-years centred about 1400 light-years away. The broad nebula shown is not visible unaided, with binoculars or small amateur telescopes. It becomes clear in long-exposure photographs, such as in the first illustration on this page. Orange giant phi2 Orionis at about 116 light years is currently in the line of sight between Lamda Ori and Betelgeuse is not part of this region, often appearing so due to projection effects. HD 34989 is a Blue-white main sequence star, visible magnified only, between Lambda Ori. and Bellatrix. It has a small nebulous cloud more geared", "title": "Sh2-264" }, { "id": "1505373", "score": "1.673693", "text": "Orion Nebula The Orion Nebula (also known as Messier 42, M42, or NGC 1976) is a diffuse nebula situated in the Milky Way, being south of Orion's Belt in the constellation of Orion. It is one of the brightest nebulae, and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. M42 is located at a distance of and is the closest region of massive star formation to Earth. The M42 nebula is estimated to be 24 light years across. It has a mass of about 2,000 times that of the Sun. Older texts frequently refer to the Orion Nebula", "title": "Orion Nebula" }, { "id": "1355756", "score": "1.6695138", "text": "Association. Standing out by its red hue, Betelgeuse may nevertheless be a runaway member of the same group. Of the lesser stars, Meissa (or Lambda Orionis) forms Orion's head, whilst Hatsya (or Iota Orionis) forms the tip of Orion's sword. Iota Orionis is also called \"Nair al-Saif\", Arabic for \"the brightest in the sword\". Orion's Belt or The Belt of Orion is an asterism within the constellation. It consists of the three bright stars Zeta (Alnitak), Epsilon (Alnilam), and Delta (Mintaka). Alnitak is around 800 light years away from earth and is 100,000 times more luminous than the Sun; much", "title": "Orion (constellation)" }, { "id": "10968277", "score": "1.6687841", "text": "Milky Way Galaxy, though approximately 1,300 light years from the solar system. This makes the Orion Nebula one of the closest HII regions to Earth, a mass of hydrogen that has been ionized by nearby, hot, young stars. Regions like this are called stellar nurseries, nurturing the birth of multiple young stars such as the Orion Nebula Star Cluster. These stars are a significant feature of the Sword asterism. \"42 Orionis,\" also called c Ori, is a B1V magnitude star in the northern half of the Orion nebula. \"Theta Orionis\" has a more central position in the nebula, and is", "title": "Orion's Sword" }, { "id": "1831847", "score": "1.6597013", "text": "distance from the host star and instead show up as dark silhouettes due to the self-obscuration of cooler dust and gases from the disk itself. Some proplyds show signs of movement from solar irradiance shock waves pushing the proplyds. The Orion Nebula is approximately 1,500 light-years from the Sun with very active star formation. The Orion Nebula and the Sun are in the same spiral arm of the Milky way Galaxy. A proplyd may form new planets and planetesimal systems. Current models show that the metallicity of the star and proplyd, along with the correct planetary system temperature and distance", "title": "Proplyd" }, { "id": "1355763", "score": "1.6582122", "text": "is IC 434, the Horsehead Nebula, near ζ Orionis. It contains a dark dust cloud whose shape gives the nebula its name. NGC 2174 is an emission nebula located 6400 light-years from Earth. Besides these nebulae, surveying Orion with a small telescope will reveal a wealth of interesting deep-sky objects, including M43, M78, as well as multiple stars including Iota Orionis and Sigma Orionis. A larger telescope may reveal objects such as Barnard's Loop and the Flame Nebula (NGC 2024), as well as fainter and tighter multiple stars and nebulae. All of these nebulae are part of the larger Orion", "title": "Orion (constellation)" }, { "id": "1670509", "score": "1.6539472", "text": "Coalsack Nebula The Coalsack Nebula (Southern Coalsack, or simply the Coalsack) is the most prominent dark nebula in the skies, being easily visible to the naked eye as a dark patch silhouetted against the southern Milky Way. It is located at a distance of approximately 600 light-years away from Earth, in the constellation Crux. The Coalsack Nebula covers nearly 7° by 5° and overlaps somewhat into the neighbor constellations Centaurus and Musca. The first observation was reported by Vicente Yáñez Pinzón in 1499. It was named \"\"il Canopo fosco\"\" (the dark Canopus) by Amerigo Vespucci and was also called \"\"Macula", "title": "Coalsack Nebula" }, { "id": "376918", "score": "1.6505047", "text": "the tail, and thus Serpens Cauda is rich in deep-sky objects within our own galaxy. The Eagle Nebula and its associated star cluster, Messier 16 lie 7,000 light-years from Earth in the direction of the galactic center. The nebula measures 70 light-years by 50 light-years and contains the Pillars of Creation, three dust clouds that became famous for the image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. The stars being born in the Eagle Nebula, added to those with an approximate age of 5 million years have an average temperature of 45,000 kelvins and produce prodigious amounts of radiation that will", "title": "Serpens" }, { "id": "1505385", "score": "1.6491513", "text": "on their magnitudes and spectral types, he derived a distance estimate of 1,800 light years. This was three times farther than the commonly accepted distance estimate of the period but was much closer to the modern value. In 1993, the Hubble Space Telescope first observed the Orion Nebula. Since then, the nebula has been a frequent target for HST studies. The images have been used to build a detailed model of the nebula in three dimensions. Protoplanetary disks have been observed around most of the newly formed stars in the nebula, and the destructive effects of high levels of ultraviolet", "title": "Orion Nebula" } ]

[ "dana ztopkov", "Dana Ztopkov" ]

[ { "id": "13716718", "score": "1.8881433", "text": "6th in the event at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He broke the Austrian record for the event on eight separate occasions. Even after turning 100, he continued to compete at the World's Masters Championships, often unopposed in his age bracket. Having won 14 gold medals at the games after 1994, he was considered the world's oldest active athlete. He was one of the last two known surviving track and field competitors from the 1936 Olympic Games to still be competing (the other being Ljubica Gabric-Calvesi). Proksch was born on December 11, 1908, in Vienna to Ignaz Proksch and Henriette Gaugusch.", "title": "Alfred Proksch" }, { "id": "14068014", "score": "1.8057716", "text": "spent several decades competing for the Club West Track Club, which named an annual award for him. John Whittemore John Whittemore (November 20, 1899 – April 13, 2005) was an American centenarian from Montecito, California, who was previously credited as being the \"world's oldest athlete\". A long time Masters Track athlete, his last competition was on October 5, 2004, just six weeks before his 105th birthday. He threw the javelin and discus on that occasion. Whittemore said of his unique position in the athletic world \"If I don't drop it on my foot, I set a world record.\" Had he", "title": "John Whittemore" }, { "id": "14068011", "score": "1.7955351", "text": "John Whittemore John Whittemore (November 20, 1899 – April 13, 2005) was an American centenarian from Montecito, California, who was previously credited as being the \"world's oldest athlete\". A long time Masters Track athlete, his last competition was on October 5, 2004, just six weeks before his 105th birthday. He threw the javelin and discus on that occasion. Whittemore said of his unique position in the athletic world \"If I don't drop it on my foot, I set a world record.\" Had he competed after his birthday it would have necessitated a new age division in a sport divided by", "title": "John Whittemore" }, { "id": "18875535", "score": "1.7903948", "text": "he necessitates the creation of a new age division for World Masters Athletics, the M105 division of which he was the only member to have competed. Thus all of his performances are world records. M100 world record holder Hidekichi Miyazaki turned 105 on September 22, 2015 and two days later joined Kowalski as the second competitor in the division though Kowalski was 77 days older when he competed. When he was 104 years old, the Daily Mail did this feature on him. At that time, Kowalski was lauded as the oldest person in Europe to run 100m after running a", "title": "Stanisław Kowalski" }, { "id": "19050829", "score": "1.7705846", "text": "October 3, 2010, on the same track, Miyazaki set the record in the M100 division at 29.83, which is the mark ratified by World Masters Athletics, the world governing body for athletics over age 35. Just three days before his 105-year race, American Donald Pellmann surpassed Miyazaki's M100 record, running 26.99 in a race in San Diego. In that meet, Pellmann also became the first centenarian to record a successful long jump and high jump. Pellmann also attempted a pole vault. Hidekichi Miyazaki Hidekichi Miyazaki (born September 22, 1910), is a Japanese centenarian masters athlete, affectionally nicknamed Golden Bolt, a", "title": "Hidekichi Miyazaki" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wilma Rudolph\n\nWilma Glodean Rudolph (June 23, 1940 – November 12, 1994) was an American sprinter, who became a world-record-holding Olympic champion and international sports icon in track and field following her successes in the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Games. Rudolph competed in the 200-meter dash and won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100-meter relay at the 1956 Summer Olympics at Melbourne, Australia. She also won three gold medals, in the 100- and 200-meter individual events and the 4 x 100-meter relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. Rudolph was acclaimed the fastest woman in the world in the 1960s and became the first American woman to win three gold medals in a single Olympic Games.\n\nDue to the worldwide television coverage of the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rudolph became an international star along with other Olympic athletes such as Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, and Rafer Johnson who competed in Italy.\n\nAs an Olympic champion in the early 1960s, Rudolph was among the most highly visible black women in America and abroad. She became a role model for black and female athletes and her Olympic successes helped elevate women's track and field in the United States. Rudolph is also regarded as a civil rights and women's rights pioneer. In 1962 Rudolph retired from competition at the peak of her athletic career as the world record-holder in the 100- and 200-meter individual events and the 4 × 100-meter relays. After competing in the 1960 Summer Olympics, the 1963 graduate of Tennessee State University became an educator and coach. Rudolph died of brain and throat cancer in 1994, and her achievements are memorialized in a variety of tributes, including a U.S. postage stamp, documentary films, and a made-for-television movie, as well as in numerous publications, especially books for young readers.", "title": "Wilma Rudolph" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Al Oerter\n\nAlfred Oerter Jr. (September 19, 1936 – October 1, 2007) was an American athlete and a four-time Olympic Champion in the discus throw. He was the first athlete to win a gold medal in the same individual event in four consecutive Olympic Games. Oerter is an inductee of the IAAF Hall of Fame.", "title": "Al Oerter" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Four-minute mile\n\nA four-minute mile is the completion of a mile run (1609 m) in four minutes or less. It was first achieved in 1954 by Roger Bannister, at age 25, in 3:59.4. As of April 2021, the \"four-minute barrier\" has been broken by 1,663 athletes, and is now a standard of professional middle distance runners in several cultures. In the 65 years since, the mile record has been lowered by almost 17 seconds, and currently stands at 3:43.13, by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco, at age 24, in 1999. Running a mile in four minutes translates to a speed of 15 miles per hour (24 km/h).", "title": "Four-minute mile" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1958 FIFA World Cup final\n\nThe 1958 FIFA World Cup final took place in Råsunda Stadium, Solna (near Stockholm), Sweden, on 29 June 1958 to determine the champion of the 1958 FIFA World Cup. Brazil won the World Cup by defeating Sweden, the host country, and thus won their first World Cup title.\n\nThe 1958 final holds the record for most goals scored in a World Cup Final, and it shares the record for the greatest winning margin (with the 1970 and 1998 tournaments). The records for both the youngest and oldest goalscorer in a World Cup final were set in this match; by Pelé (17 years and 249 days) and Nils Liedholm (35 years, 263 days) respectively. The final also marked several firsts: It was the first final to be disputed between a European team and a team from the Americas. Sweden became the first, and so far, only host to lose a World Cup Final (the Maracanazo of 1950 was the decisive match of the tournament, but was not a 'Final', because Sweden v Spain was played simultaneously). Their loss also meant that for the first and only time a World Cup staged in Europe was not won by a European nation.", "title": "1958 FIFA World Cup final" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum" }, { "id": "14816893", "score": "1.7623329", "text": "the oldest ever World Championships finalist in any event. On August 31, 1983 in Koblenz, less than a month after the Helsinki final, Ivančić set his personal best of 20.77 m. , this is the world masters record in the M45 category (men 45–49 years of age); no other athlete in this age category has managed to come within two and a half meters of this mark. His 1980 mark of 20.44 m was also a world masters record in the M40 category until it was surpassed in 1985. Ivančić retired from professional competition in 1987, at the age of", "title": "Ivan Ivančić" }, { "id": "18498458", "score": "1.7474279", "text": "\"Sports Illustrated,\" August 20, 1973 issue. On his 80th birthday, he set the M80 world record in the 800 meters and 1500 meters. He further improved the 800 record, the 1500 record lasted for just over 29 years. Harold Chapson Harold B. Chapson (born July 11, 1902 Pagosa Springs, Colorado-November 19, 1992 in Kaneohe, Hawaii) was an American masters athlete. As the division was in its infancy, Chanson explored the abilities of a 70 plus year old, setting numerous Masters athletics world records in events from 400 metres to 1500 metres. He still holds many American records. In 1998 he", "title": "Harold Chapson" }, { "id": "11681222", "score": "1.7446036", "text": "1934, she unofficially tied the world record for 100 yards of 11.0 seconds and, through her career, set Australian records from 100 to 440 yards. During the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, as Australia's oldest living Olympian, Robinson was awarded the honour of officially opening the Olympic Village. She died on 7 October 2000, six days after the end of the Games . Edith Robinson Edith (Edie) Frances Robinson (later Mrs. Payne) (26 February 1906 – 7 October 2000) was the first Australian female track and field athlete to compete at an Olympic Games. In the 1928 Amsterdam Games, the first", "title": "Edith Robinson" }, { "id": "14068013", "score": "1.7441168", "text": "celebrating her 104th birthday in August 2013, however she died in March 2014. Everett Hosack, who Jay Leno announced as the \"world's oldest athlete\" at the time, famously participated in the Penn Relays and USATF National Indoor Championships at age 101. On June 28, 2015, Stanisław Kowalski became the first athlete to compete in the M105 category. Whittemore attended Santa Barbara High School, where he was a long and triple jumper, and graduated in 1917. He often described riding to high school on horseback. Later he attended Stanford University, where he played baseball and was an outstanding tennis player. He", "title": "John Whittemore" }, { "id": "8949483", "score": "1.7430711", "text": "Los Angeles, where he won a gold medal in the first ever men's 50km walk at the Games. At the time he was 38 years old and he remains, as of 2008, the oldest person to have won the event. He contested fewer races in 1933 and 1934, but he set his sights on making an appearance at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin and resumed his heavy regimen of training in 1935. He was runner-up to Harold Whitlock for the British 50 km title that year, but he slid to fourth place in the following year's competition and was", "title": "Tommy Green (athlete)" }, { "id": "19050828", "score": "1.740485", "text": "might not be the sharpest but physically I'm tip-top. I've never had any health problems. The doctors are amazed by me. I can definitely keep on running for another two or three years. It's all about willpower. You have to keep going\" Prior to 2015, the title of \"World's oldest athlete\" was held by American John Whittemore, who did throwing events at age 104 and 10 months in Santa Barbara in 2004. The oldest female athlete was Australian Ruth Frith, mother of Olympian Helen Frith, who was throwing all implements of the throws pentathlon at age 101. Five years earlier,", "title": "Hidekichi Miyazaki" }, { "id": "15483711", "score": "1.7350538", "text": "at work during World War II. Other than occasional bowling, softball and golf, he was not involved in athletics for 58 years. Meanwhile, he watched his more athletic friends from the football team have failing ankles, knees and hearts. Pellmann never had those kinds of ailments. On September 20, 2015, Pellmann set five world records at the San Diego Senior Games. Competing in the 100 and older category, he ran the 100-meter dash in 26.99 seconds, beating the previous age-group world record held by Japan's Hidekichi Miyazaki by 2.84 seconds. Pellmann became the first centenarian to clear an official height", "title": "Donald Pellmann" }, { "id": "762403", "score": "1.7295495", "text": "9.96 s in the final, and at the age of 32 years 121 days became the oldest Olympic 100 m champion by four years 38 days. In 1993, he became the first man in history to hold the Olympic, World, European and Commonwealth titles in the 100 m as he was victorious at the Stuttgart World Championships in his fastest ever time of 9.87. He was also voted BBC Sports Personality of the Year. The following year, in 1994, he defended his Commonwealth title in Victoria in his second fastest ever 100m time of 9.91. After 1994, he was less", "title": "Linford Christie" }, { "id": "5816756", "score": "1.7291784", "text": "1954, except for 1952 when he chose to rather represent South Africa at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He finished tenth in the Olympic marathon event. In 1951 and 1953 (first athlete under 6 hours) he broke the down-run record, and in 1954 he broke the up-run record and became the oldest man to win the race at age 45 (later overtaken by Vladimir Kotov in 2004). In 1988 he returned once again to participate. He beat half the finishers with a time of 9h44m. Wally's most dramatic moment came the following year, in 1989, when he completed the", "title": "Wally Hayward" }, { "id": "12577479", "score": "1.7231618", "text": "Johnny Wright (born 1929). The oldest was speed walker Tebbs Lloyd Johnson (born 1900), who won a bronze in 50 kilometres race walk. Gibson persevered with competitive swimming through the 1950s and, in the sixteen years of pursuing the sport, managed to achieve 29 UK records. Retiring after marriage, she became a hotelkeeper, and remained widowed after the death of her second husband in 1995. With publicity surrounding London's 2012 Summer Olympics, Brown (the name she has used since her marriage), along with the small number of athletes in their eighties and nineties remaining from the event held 64 years", "title": "Catherine Gibson" }, { "id": "1528195", "score": "1.7211447", "text": "events. Oscar Swahn from Sweden, who won the gold medal for running deer shooting, became the oldest Olympic champion of all time, and set another age record by being 72 years and 279 days old during his triumph at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. One of the more unusual shooting events in 1908 was dueling. The discipline, which was an associate event (i.e. not official), was performed by facing opponents wearing protective clothing and masks and firing wax bullets. American John Taylor was a member of the winning medley relay team, making him the first African-American athlete to", "title": "1908 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "864601", "score": "1.7159185", "text": "set a high jump record of , and Egil Danielsen of Norway overcame blustery conditions with a remarkable javelin throw of . Throughout the Olympics, Hungarian athletes were cheered by fans from Australia and other countries. Many of them gathered in the boxing arena when thirty-year-old Laszlo Papp of Hungary won his third gold medal by beating José Torres for the light-middleweight championship. A few days later, the crowd was with the Hungarian water polo team in its match against the Soviet Union which took place against the background of the Soviet invasion of Hungary. The game became rough and,", "title": "1956 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "13050356", "score": "1.7158959", "text": "decathlon title. This was his last athletics competition, as the same year he enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force. After World War II he worked in insurance and remained involved in athletics as an administrator. He was the chief judge of the jumping events at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. After the death of Bill Roycroft on 29 May 2011, Dickinson was recognised as Australia's oldest surviving Olympian, and as the last surviving member of the Australian 1936 Olympic team. He died on 7 October 2013, aged 98. Basil Dickinson John Basil Charles Dickinson (25 April 1915 – 7 October", "title": "Basil Dickinson" }, { "id": "11714700", "score": "1.7144337", "text": "asked him to be on their shows but he turned the idea down. Jaskulski died on March 10, 2006, aged 103. Survivors include two sons living in Austria. Erwin Jaskulski Erwin Jaskulski (September 24, 1902 – March 10, 2006) was a Ukrainian-American track athlete. Born in Chernivtsi, he was a Honolulu resident from 1954 until his death. For a period, Jaskulski was the world record holder for the 100 meters, 200 meters and 400 meters in the 95- to 99-year-old and the 100-plus age groups. However, the record for 100 meter for 100 plus age group, which he set on", "title": "Erwin Jaskulski" }, { "id": "12836301", "score": "1.7101042", "text": "board was 3 m shorter than regulation, and thus she had to stand on a built-up scaffold to train for her 10 m event. She turned 100 in April 2012 and was the world's oldest living Olympian from the death of Guo Jie until her own one week later. In 1939, she married Lennart Ingers (born 14 April 1915), who also became a centenarian in April 2015, after 75 years of marriage. Lennart died on 5 November 2015, just 2 weeks and 3 days before Ingeborg. Ingeborg Sjöqvist Ingeborg Maria Ingers (née Sjöqvist; 19 April 1912 – 22 November 2015)", "title": "Ingeborg Sjöqvist" } ]

[ "On the coasts of Kent and Sussex, England", "on coasts of kent and sussex england" ]

[ { "id": "1785071", "score": "1.6914792", "text": "Cinque Ports The Confederation of Cinque Ports () is a historic series of coastal towns in Kent and Sussex. It was originally formed for military and trade purposes, but is now entirely ceremonial. It lies at the eastern end of the English Channel, where the crossing to the continent is narrowest. The name is Norman French, meaning \"five ports\". They were: However, Rye, originally a subsidiary of New Romney, changed to become one of the Cinque Ports once New Romney was damaged by storms and silted up. Other towns also contribute to the confederation, including two 'ancient towns', and seven", "title": "Cinque Ports" }, { "id": "1785089", "score": "1.5995519", "text": "coats of arms of several towns, and also in the heraldic banner (flag) of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. This was originally created by heraldic dimidiation. The Cinque Ports Acts 1811 to 1872 is the collective title of the following Acts: Cinque Ports The Confederation of Cinque Ports () is a historic series of coastal towns in Kent and Sussex. It was originally formed for military and trade purposes, but is now entirely ceremonial. It lies at the eastern end of the English Channel, where the crossing to the continent is narrowest. The name is Norman French, meaning", "title": "Cinque Ports" }, { "id": "1785073", "score": "1.597698", "text": "consisted of a confederation of 42 towns and villages in all. These include: The origins of the Cinque Ports can be traced back to Anglo-Saxon times, when certain south-east ports were granted the local profits of justice in return for providing ships. By 1100, the term Cinque Ports had come into use; and in 1155 a Royal Charter established the ports to maintain ships ready for The Crown in case of need. The chief obligation laid upon the ports, as a corporate duty, was to provide 57 ships for 15 days' service to the king annually, each port fulfilling a", "title": "Cinque Ports" }, { "id": "1785081", "score": "1.5529988", "text": "Folkestone, Deal, Tenterden, Margate and Ramsgate. Other places associated with the Cinque Ports and sometimes described as \"non-corporate limbs\" included Bekesbourne, Birchington, Brightlingsea, Fordwich, Pevensey, Reculver, Seaford, Stonor and Walmer. At one time there were 23 limbs. The continuing decline of the confederation of the Cinque Ports may be ascribed to a variety of different circumstances. While they survived the raids from the Danes and the French, the numerous destructive impact of plagues, and the politics of the 13th-century Plantagenets and the subsequent War of the Roses, natural causes such as the silting of harbours and the withdrawal of the", "title": "Cinque Ports" }, { "id": "1785083", "score": "1.5516096", "text": "became completely blocked by the shifting of sands during the South England flood of February 1287), was considered the central port in the confederation, and the place of assembly for the Cinque Port Courts, the oldest such authority being vested in the \"Kynges high courte of Shepway\", which was being held from at least 1150. It was here that from 1433 the White (1433–1571) and Black (1572–1955) Books of the Cinque Port Courts were kept. Much of Hastings was washed away by the sea in the 13th century. During a naval campaign of 1339, and again in 1377, the town", "title": "Cinque Ports" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cinque Ports\n\nThe Confederation of Cinque Ports () is a historic group of coastal towns in south-east England – predominantly in Kent and Sussex, with one outlier (Brightlingsea) in Essex. The name is Old French, meaning \"five harbours\", and alludes to the original five members (Hastings, New Romney, Hythe, Dover and Sandwich). At its peak in the late middle ages, the confederation included over 40 members.\n\nThe confederation was originally formed for military and trade purposes, but is now entirely ceremonial. The ports lie on the western shore of the English Channel, where the crossing to the European continent is narrowest. ", "title": "Cinque Ports" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports\n\nThe Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is a ceremonial official in the United Kingdom. The post dates from at least the 12th century, when the title was Keeper of the Coast, but may be older. The Lord Warden was originally in charge of the Cinque Ports, a group of five (\"cinque\" in Norman French) port towns on the southeast coast of England that was formed to collectively supply ships for The Crown in the absence at the time of a formal navy. Today the role is a sinecure and an honorary title, and fourteen towns belong to the Cinque Ports confederation. The title is one of the higher honours bestowed by the Sovereign; it has often been held by members of the Royal Family or prime ministers, especially those who have been influential in defending Britain at times of war.\n\nThe Lord Warden was solely responsible for the return of all writs to the Crown, along with the collection of taxes and the arrest of criminals. His court was held in St James's church, near Dover Castle, and there he exercised jurisdiction broadly equivalent to that of Chancery. He also had a \"lieutenant's powers of muster\", and the Constableship of Dover Castle, later added (1267) to the warden's office, enabled him to keep a garrison and administrative staff, including the clerk and the lieutenant of the castle.\n\nThe coat of arms of the Cinque Ports first appeared in 1305, second amongst the earliest English known heraldic emblems, predating even the coat of arms of the City of London. The coat of arms of the Cinque Ports displays three ships' hulls and three lions conjoined to these hulls, all in gold. These may originally have been \"Gules three lions passant gardant in pale \" (for England) dimidiating \"Gules three ships' hulks in pale Or\". The coat of arms of the Confederation of the Cinque Ports is set out on a red and blue background and traditionally represents the fourteen \"corporate\" members.", "title": "Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cinque Ports (1703 ship)\n\nCinque Ports was an English ship whose sailing master was Alexander Selkirk, generally accepted as a model for the fictional Robinson Crusoe. The ship was part of a 1703 expedition commanded by William Dampier, who captained the accompanying ship, the 26-gun \"St George\" with a complement of 120 men.\n\nWhen the War of the Spanish Succession broke out in 1701, English privateers were recruited to act against French and Spanish interests. Despite a court-martial for cruelty to one of his crew in an earlier voyage, Dampier was granted command of the two-ship expedition which departed England on 30 April 1703 for the port of Kinsale in Ireland.", "title": "Cinque Ports (1703 ship)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers\n\nThe 1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army first raised from the Cinque Ports of Kent and Sussex in 1859. It later became the 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment. During the First World War, it served on the Western front as pioneers, seeing a great deal of action at Aubers Ridge, the Somme, Ypres, and in Italy. In the Second World War, both the battalion and its duplicate served in the Battle of France and were evacuated from Dunkirk. The 5th Battalion then fought at the Second Battle of El Alamein while its duplicate unit served as an anti-aircraft regiment in the . Neither unit was reformed after the war.", "title": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club\n\nRoyal Cinque Ports Golf Club is an 18-hole links golf course in southeastern England, in the town of Deal in the County of Kent (the course is often known simply as \"Deal\").\n\nFounded in 1892, its name derives from Deal's membership of an ancient group of trading towns granted special privileges by the medieval English monarchs, known as the Cinque Ports. The course runs along the coast of Sandwich Bay, on the same stretch of coastline as Royal St George's Golf Club and Prince's Golf Club, adjacent to the north.\n\nRoyal Cinque Ports hosted The Open Championship in 1909 and 1920. Two more were scheduled for 1938 and 1949, but both were relocated when abnormally high tides inundated the course; both were held at nearby Royal St George's. Consequently, the club was removed from the Open Championship rota, but remains a final qualifying course (most recently in 2017). It has also continued to host various other tournaments including The Amateur Championship (1923, 1982, 2013) and, since 1925, it has hosted the Public Schools Championship every year.\n\nKaren Stupples, winner of the 2004 Weetabix Women's British Open, is a member of Royal Cinque Ports.", "title": "Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club" }, { "id": "5635227", "score": "1.5398072", "text": "on 30 April 1703 for the port of Kinsale in Ireland. William Dampier's original companions dropped out of the scheme and a new agreement was made with Captain Charles Pickering of \"Cinque Ports\". \"Cinque Ports\" was fitted out with 16 guns and a crew of 63. The two ships left Kinsale on 11 September 1703 with the intention of attacking Spanish galleons returning from Buenos Aires. When this plan fell through the privateers decided to make for the South Sea by way of Cape Horn. While the ships were off the coast of Brazil an outbreak of scurvy on board", "title": "Cinque Ports (1703 ship)" }, { "id": "2351004", "score": "1.5143206", "text": "Cinque Ports were a confederation of the five most important ports on the coast of the English Channel. They had obligations to provide ships and men to fight for the king in time of war but were compensated by lucrative exemptions from taxation. All of the Cinque Ports acquired \"Limbs\" or subsidiary ports that would ease the burden of their wartime obligations and share the beneifits of their privileges. Brightlingsea became a Limb of the Head Port of Sandwich, and is the only community outside Kent and Sussex which has any connection with the Confederation of the Cinque Ports. Although", "title": "Brightlingsea" }, { "id": "1785086", "score": "1.5118413", "text": "in the coastline along the south east coast, from the Thames estuary to Hastings and the Isle of Wight inevitably reduced the significance of a number of the Cinque port towns as port authorities. However, ship building and repair, fishing, piloting, off shore rescue and sometimes even \"wrecking\" continued to play a large part in the activities of the local community. By the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the Cinque Ports had effectively ceased to be of any real significance, and were absorbed into the general administration of the Realm. Queen Elizabeth I sanctioned the first national lottery that was", "title": "Cinque Ports" }, { "id": "18842788", "score": "1.5060148", "text": "Cinque Ports Fortress Royal Engineers The Cinque Ports Fortress Royal Engineers was a volunteer unit of Britain's Royal Engineers serving in the defences of Dover, one of the historic Cinque Ports. It provided detachments for field service in World War I and in World War II, when they saw active service in Tunisia, Italy and Greece Its lineal descendant continues to serve in the present day Army Reserve as a bomb disposal unit. When the Territorial Force was established from the old Volunteer Force in 1908, the 1st Sussex Royal Engineers (Volunteers) was split up to provide the field engineer", "title": "Cinque Ports Fortress Royal Engineers" }, { "id": "5635226", "score": "1.498847", "text": "Cinque Ports (1703 ship) Cinque Ports was an English ship whose sailing master was Alexander Selkirk, generally accepted as a model for the fictional Robinson Crusoe. The ship was part of a 1703 expedition commanded by William Dampier, who captained an accompanying ship, the 26-gun \"St George\" with a complement of 120 men. When the War of the Spanish Succession broke out in 1701, English privateers were recruited to act against French and Spanish interests. Despite a court-martial for cruelty to one of his crew in an earlier voyage, Dampier was granted command of the two-ship expedition which departed England", "title": "Cinque Ports (1703 ship)" }, { "id": "1785076", "score": "1.4925516", "text": "the development of the Royal Navy. King Edward I of England granted the citizens of the Cinque Ports special privileges, including the right to bring goods into the country without paying import duties; in return the Ports would supply him with men and ships in time of war (as in the Welsh campaign of 1282). The associated ports, known as \"limbs\", were given the same privileges. The five head ports and two ancient towns were entitled to send two Members to Parliament. A Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports was appointed, and also held the title of Constable of Dover", "title": "Cinque Ports" }, { "id": "1785087", "score": "1.4901383", "text": "held in 1569 in an effort to raise funds for the crumbling Cinque Ports. With the advance in shipbuilding techniques came a growth in towns such as Bristol and Liverpool and the wider development of ports such as London, Gravesend, Southampton, Chichester, Plymouth and the royal dockyards of Chatham, Portsmouth, Greenwich, Woolwich and Deptford. A further reason for the decline of many older ports may be ascribed to the development of the railway network across Britain, and the increased quantity of overseas trade it could distribute from the new major ports developing from the 18th century. Local Government reforms and", "title": "Cinque Ports" }, { "id": "4689457", "score": "1.4803596", "text": "Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club is an 18-hole links golf course in southeastern England, in the town of Deal in the County of Kent (the course is often known simply as \"Deal\"). Founded in 1892, its name derives from Deal's membership of an ancient group of trading towns granted special privileges by the medieval English monarchs, known as the Cinque Ports. The course runs along the coast of Sandwich Bay, on the same stretch of coastline as Royal St George's Golf Club and Prince's Golf Club, adjacent to the north. Royal Cinque Ports hosted The", "title": "Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club" }, { "id": "3255819", "score": "1.4760666", "text": "was combined from 1267 with the office of Constable of Dover Castle. However, from 1708 Walmer Castle at Deal was to be preferred as the official residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. The Lord Warden also holds the office of Admiral of the Cinque Ports with a maritime jurisdiction extending to the middle of the English Channel, from Redcliffe near Seaford, in Sussex to the shore underneath the Naze Tower, encompassing Brightlingsea in Essex, the only Cinque Port north of the Thames. In earlier centuries the northern limit was taken as the Shoe Beacon in Essex. The", "title": "Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports" }, { "id": "19673114", "score": "1.4742516", "text": "Cinque Ports Light Railway The Cinque Ports Light Railway was a scheme to build an electric tramway from Ramsgate to Hastings via Dover. In the 1880s the South Eastern Railway appointed Sir Alexander Rose Stenning, a commercial architect who later became president of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, to examine various development opportunities for the railway. These included proposals for the Cinque Port's Light Railway. It is likely that, had it been built, the gauge would have been 3 ft 6 in, allowing it to run through the Isle of Thanet Electric Tramways and Dover Corporation Tramways. In 1871,", "title": "Cinque Ports Light Railway" }, { "id": "5635230", "score": "1.4622703", "text": "the globe after abandoning Dampier in January 1705. The owners of \"Cinque Ports\" subsequently took legal action against Dampier over the loss of their ship. According to a deposition given by Selkirk on 18 July 1712, Dampier's failure to advise the owners to have \"Cinque Ports\" and \"St George\" covered in protective wood sheathing had resulted in \"the loss of both ships, for they perished by being worm eaten.\" Other witnesses supported this allegation. The shipowners would be disappointed, however, as Dampier died in 1715, leaving nothing but debts. Cinque Ports (1703 ship) Cinque Ports was an English ship whose", "title": "Cinque Ports (1703 ship)" }, { "id": "18842796", "score": "1.4459485", "text": "claims direct descent from 1/6th (Kent Fortress Royal Engineers) Field Company. The following served as Honorary Colonel of the unit: Cinque Ports Fortress Royal Engineers The Cinque Ports Fortress Royal Engineers was a volunteer unit of Britain's Royal Engineers serving in the defences of Dover, one of the historic Cinque Ports. It provided detachments for field service in World War I and in World War II, when they saw active service in Tunisia, Italy and Greece Its lineal descendant continues to serve in the present day Army Reserve as a bomb disposal unit. When the Territorial Force was established from", "title": "Cinque Ports Fortress Royal Engineers" }, { "id": "3255815", "score": "1.4435035", "text": "Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is a ceremonial official in the United Kingdom. The post dates from at least the 12th century, when the title was Keeper of the Coast, but may be older. The Lord Warden was originally in charge of the Cinque Ports, a group of five (\"cinque\" in Norman French) port towns on the southeast coast of England that were formed to collectively supply ships for The Crown in the absence at the time of a formal navy. Today the role is a sinecure and an honorary title, and", "title": "Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports" }, { "id": "1785075", "score": "1.4385617", "text": "to levy tolls, punish those who shed blood or flee justice, punish minor offences, detain and execute criminals both inside and outside the port's jurisdiction, and punish breaches of the peace; and possession of lost goods that remain unclaimed after a year, goods thrown overboard, and floating wreckage. The leeway given to the Cinque Ports, and the turning of a blind eye to misbehaviour, led to smuggling, though common everywhere at this time becoming more or less one of the dominant industries. A significant factor in the need to maintain the authority of the Cinque Ports by the King was", "title": "Cinque Ports" }, { "id": "1785077", "score": "1.4347398", "text": "Castle, and whilst this office exists today, it is now a purely honorary title, with an official residence at Walmer Castle. The town of Hastings was the head port of the Cinque Ports in mediaeval times. The towns also had their own system of courts. All Freemen of the ports, termed \"portsmen\", were deemed in the age of Feudalism to be barons, and thus members of the baronage entitled to attend the king's parliament - a privilege granted in 1322 in recognition of their earlier support of the Despensers, father and son. Termed \"Barons of the Cinque Ports\", they reflected", "title": "Cinque Ports" } ]

[ "borax", "Na2B4O7·10H2O", "🝄", "atcvet code qs01ax07", "Tincal", "Sodium borate", "Sodium tetraborate decahydrate", "ATCvet code QS01AX07", "Sodium tetraborate", "na2b4o7·10h2o", "Sodium Tetraborate", "sodium boric acid", "E285", "Borax", "Sodium boric acid", "Na2B4O7", "e285", "sodium tetraborate", "atc code s01ax07", "tincal", "na2b4o7", "Sodium pyroborate", "sodium tetraborate decahydrate", "ATC code S01AX07", "sodium pyroborate", "🝂", "sodium borate", "disodium tetraborate", "Disodium tetraborate", "Na2b4o7", "🝃" ]

[ { "id": "19747942", "score": "1.5912938", "text": "the synthesis of 3-aminopyridine from nicotinamide. The chemical formula of sodium hypobromite can be rearranged to NaBrO, which could be read as \"Na Bro\". This has provoked several jokes and memes on the internet, pointing out this seemingly hilarious coincidence. Sodium hypobromite Sodium hypobromite in the inorganic compound with the formula NaOBr. It is usually obtained as the pentahydrate, so the material that is usually called sodium hypobromite has the formula NaOBr.5HO. It is a yellow-orange solid that is soluble in water. It is the Na salt of OBr. It is the bromine analogue of sodium hypochlorite, the active ingredient", "title": "Sodium hypobromite" }, { "id": "4122868", "score": "1.5590088", "text": "brand name. The salt is synthesized by treating sodium chloroacetate with potassium fluoride. Potassium fluoroacetate (as opposed to the commercially manufactured sodium salt) occurs naturally in at least 40 plant species in Australia, Brazil, and Africa. It was first identified in \"Dichapetalum cymosum\", commonly known as gifblaar (Afrikaans) or poison leaf, by Marais in 1944. As early as 1904, colonists in Sierra Leone used extracts of \"Chailletia toxicaria\", which also contains fluoroacetic acid or its salts, to poison rats. Several native Australian plant genera contain the toxin, including \"Gastrolobium\", \"Gompholobium\", \"Oxylobium\", \"Nemcia\", and \"Acacia\". \"Gastrolobium\" is a genus of flowering", "title": "Sodium fluoroacetate" }, { "id": "19747941", "score": "1.53196", "text": "Sodium hypobromite Sodium hypobromite in the inorganic compound with the formula NaOBr. It is usually obtained as the pentahydrate, so the material that is usually called sodium hypobromite has the formula NaOBr.5HO. It is a yellow-orange solid that is soluble in water. It is the Na salt of OBr. It is the bromine analogue of sodium hypochlorite, the active ingredient in common bleach. In practice the salt is usually encountered as an aqueous solution. Sodium hypobromite arises by treatment of aqueous solution of bromine with base: It can be prepared \"in situ\" for use as a reagent, such as in", "title": "Sodium hypobromite" }, { "id": "18295124", "score": "1.5075349", "text": "pyroarsenate salt NaHAsO. Sodium dihydrogen arsenate Sodium dihydrogen arsenate is the inorganic compound with the formula NaHAsO. Related salts are also called sodium arsenate, including NaHAsO (disodium hydrogen arsenate) and NaHAsO (sodium dihydrogen arsenate). Sodium dihydrogen arsenate is a colorless solid that is highly toxic. The salt is the conjugate base of arsenic acid: In the laboratory, it is prepared in this way, crystallizing from a hot saturated aqueous solution, where it is highly soluble when hot (75.3 g in 100 mL at 100 °C). It is obtained as the monohydrate. Upon heating, solid NaHAsOHO, loses water of crystallization and", "title": "Sodium dihydrogen arsenate" }, { "id": "8564411", "score": "1.4996433", "text": "Sodium hypophosphite Sodium hypophosphite (NaPOH, also known as sodium phosphinate) is the sodium salt of hypophosphorous acid and is often encountered as the monohydrate, NaPOH·HO. It is a solid at room temperature, appearing as odorless white crystals. It is soluble in water, and easily absorbs moisture from the air. Sodium hypophosphite should be kept in a cool, dry place, isolated from oxidizing materials. It decomposes into phosphine which is irritating to the respiratory tract and disodium phosphate. Sodium hypophosphite is mainly used for electroless nickel plating (Ni-P). With this method, a durable nickel-phosphorus film can coat objects with irregular surfaces,", "title": "Sodium hypophosphite" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Borax\n\nBorax is a salt (ionic compound), a hydrated borate of sodium, with chemical formula often written .<ref name=\"NIMH.borax\"/> It is a colorless crystalline solid, that dissolves in water to make a basic solution. It is commonly available in powder or granular form, and has many industrial and household uses, including as a pesticide, as a metal soldering flux, as a component of glass, enamel, and pottery glazes, for tanning of skins and hides, for artificial aging of wood, as a preservative against wood fungus, and as a pharmaceutic alkalizer. In chemical laboratories, it is used as a buffering agent.<ref name=\"NIMH.borax\"/><ref name=CompTox/>\n\nThe compound is often called sodium tetraborate decahydrate, but that name is not consistent with its structure. The anion is not tetraborate but tetrahydroxy tetraborate ,<ref name=mari1962/> so the more correct formula should be . Informally, the product is often called sodium borate decahydrate or just sodium borate.\n\nThe terms tincal \"tinkle\" and tincar \"tinker\" refer to native borax, historically mined from dry lake beds in various parts of Asia.<ref name=amoz2004/>", "title": "Borax" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sodium perborate\n\nSodium perborate is chemical compound whose chemical formula may be written , , or, more properly, ·. Its name is sometimes abbreviated as PBS (not to be confused with phosphate-buffered saline).\n\nThe compound is commonly encountered in anhydrous form or as a hexahydrate (commonly called \"monohydrate\" or PBS-1 and \"tetrahydrate\" or PBS-4, after the early assumption that would be the anhydrous form). They are both white, odorless, water-soluble solids.\n\nThis salt is widely used in laundry detergents, as one of the peroxide-based bleaches.", "title": "Sodium perborate" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Metaborate\n\nA metaborate is an anion (negative ion) consisting of boron and oxygen, with empirical formula ; or any salt with such anions, such as sodium metaborate, or calcium metaborate . It is one of the boron oxoanions or borates\n\nIn aqueous solutions this anion hydrolyzes to tetrahydroxyborate . For this reason, solutions or hydrated salts of the latter are often improperly named \"metaborate\".", "title": "Metaborate" }, { "id": "3988279", "score": "1.4983809", "text": "it is called máng xiāo. Its name is based on the phrase \"Sal mirabilis\" (Latin for \"wonderful salt\") used by Johann Rudolph Glauber when he inadvertently synthesized mirabilite. Mirabilite Mirabilite, also known as Glauber's salt, is a hydrous sodium sulfate mineral with the chemical formula NaSO·10HO. It is a vitreous, colorless to white monoclinic mineral that forms as an evaporite from sodium sulfate-bearing brines. It is found around saline springs and along saline playa lakes. Associated minerals include gypsum, halite, thenardite, trona, glauberite, and epsomite. Mirabilite is unstable and quickly dehydrates in dry air, the prismatic crystals turning into a", "title": "Mirabilite" }, { "id": "20735991", "score": "1.4983047", "text": "Sodium pyrosilicate Sodium pyrosilicate is the chemical compound . It is one of the sodium silicates, specifically a pyrosilicate, formally a salt of the unstable pyrosilicic acid . The anhydrous solid has the triclinic crystal structure, with space group (a = 5.8007(8) Å, b = 11.5811(15) Å, c = 23.157(3) Å, α = 89.709(10)°, β = 88.915(11)°, γ = 89.004(11)°, V = 1555.1(4) Å, Z = 8, Dx = 2.615 g·cm, μ(Mo‐Kα) = 7.94 cm). The anions are arranged in layers parallel to the (100) plane, with the sodium cations distributed in 24 distinct crystallographic positons, coordinated by 4 to", "title": "Sodium pyrosilicate" }, { "id": "10789414", "score": "1.4942905", "text": "Sodium sesquicarbonate Sodium sesquicarbonate (Systematic name trisodium hydrogendicarbonate) NaH(CO) is a double salt of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate, and has a needle-like crystal structure. However, the term is also applied to an equimolar mixture of those two salts, with whatever water of hydration the sodium carbonate includes, supplied as a powder. The dihydrate, NaH(CO)·2HO, occurs in nature as the evaporite mineral trona. Due to concerns about the toxicity of borax which was withdrawn as a cleaning and laundry product, sodium sesquicarbonate is sold in the European Union (EU) as \"Borax Substitute\". It is also known as one of the", "title": "Sodium sesquicarbonate" }, { "id": "3988278", "score": "1.4904449", "text": "Mirabilite Mirabilite, also known as Glauber's salt, is a hydrous sodium sulfate mineral with the chemical formula NaSO·10HO. It is a vitreous, colorless to white monoclinic mineral that forms as an evaporite from sodium sulfate-bearing brines. It is found around saline springs and along saline playa lakes. Associated minerals include gypsum, halite, thenardite, trona, glauberite, and epsomite. Mirabilite is unstable and quickly dehydrates in dry air, the prismatic crystals turning into a white powder, thenardite (NaSO). In turn, thenardite can also absorb water and converts to mirabilite. Mirabilite is used as a purgative in the Traditional Chinese medicine; in Mandarin,", "title": "Mirabilite" }, { "id": "1980758", "score": "1.4898796", "text": "Sodium silicate Sodium silicate is a generic name for chemical compounds with the formula or ·, such as sodium metasilicate , sodium orthosilicate , and sodium pyrosilicate . The anions are often polymeric. These compounds are generally colorless transparent solids or white powders, and soluble in water in various amounts. Sodium silicate is also the technical and common name for a mixture of such compounds, chiefly the metasilicate, also called waterglass, water glass, or liquid glass. The product has a wide variety of uses, including the formulation of cements, passive fire protection, textile and lumber processing, manufacture of refractory ceramics,", "title": "Sodium silicate" }, { "id": "4418511", "score": "1.4865296", "text": "produce a white precipitate: Alkylation of sodium thiosulfate gives \"S\"-alkylthiosulfates, which are called Bunte salts. The alkylthiosulfates are susceptible to hydrolysis, affording the thiol. This reaction is illustrated by one synthesis of thioglycolic acid: Sodium thiosulfate Sodium thiosulfate (sodium thiosulphate) is a chemical and medication. As a medication it is used to treat cyanide poisoning and pityriasis versicolor. It is an inorganic compound with the formula NaSOHO. Typically it is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate, NaSO·5HO. The solid is an efflorescent (loses water readily) crystalline substance that dissolves well in water. It is also called sodium hyposulfite or", "title": "Sodium thiosulfate" }, { "id": "4162503", "score": "1.4853504", "text": "The solid is known to exist as three polymorphs: \"α\", \"β\" and \"γ\". The stable phase at room temperature and pressure is \"α\"-NaBH, which is cubic and adopts an NaCl-type structure, in the \"Fm3m\" space group. At a pressure of 6.3 GPa, the structure changes to the tetragonal \"β\"-NaBH (space group \"P42c\") and at 8.9 GPa, the orthorhombic \"γ\"-NaBH (space group \"Pnma\") becomes the most stable. For commercial NaBH4 production, the Brown-Schlesinger process and the Bayer process are the most popular methods. In the Brown-Schlesinger process Sodium borohydride is industrially prepared following the original method of Schlesinger: sodium hydride (produced", "title": "Sodium borohydride" }, { "id": "17146376", "score": "1.4838597", "text": "Sodium polytungstate Sodium polytungstate (SPT) is a compound which has been successfully used in the manufacture of heavy liquids for a relatively short period. Solid SPT exists as white crystals and aqueous SPT is a light yellow-green transparent solution. In powder form, SPT is a 12-fold aggregated isopolytungstate with a molar mass of 2986.12 g/Mol. The structure of polytungstate is modelled using octahedra in which the oxygen atoms are located at the corners and the tungsten atoms at the center of the octahedra. When represented as a spherical model, the oxygen atoms form a dense spherical shell while the tungsten", "title": "Sodium polytungstate" }, { "id": "6246521", "score": "1.4744275", "text": "of a cyclic –B–O–O–B–O–O– core with two hydroxy groups attached to each boron atom. The ring adopts a chair conformation. The compound also crystallizes from water as the hexahydrate, ·6, that is, or . The anhydrous compound is commonly but incorrectly called a \"monohydrate\" after the original formulation · instead of the correct . Likewise, the hexahydrate is usually called \"tetrahydrate\" and formulated as ·4. Both forms are white, odorless, water-soluble solids. The \"monohydrate\" and the \"tetrahydrate\" are the commercially important forms. Sodium perborate undergoes hydrolysis in contact with water, producing hydrogen peroxide and borate. More precisely, in solution the", "title": "Sodium perborate" }, { "id": "364771", "score": "1.4729285", "text": "sphere and may explode. The reaction produces caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) and flammable hydrogen gas. When burned in air, it forms primarily sodium peroxide with some sodium oxide. Sodium tends to form water-soluble compounds, such as halides, sulfates, nitrates, carboxylates and carbonates. The main aqueous species are the aquo complexes [Na(HO)], where \"n\" = 4–8; with \"n\" = 6 indicated from X-ray diffraction data and computer simulations. Direct precipitation of sodium salts from aqueous solutions is rare because sodium salts typically have a high affinity for water; an exception is sodium bismuthate (NaBiO). Because of this, sodium salts are usually", "title": "Sodium" }, { "id": "6325322", "score": "1.4711528", "text": "Nitratine Nitratine or nitratite, also known as \"cubic niter\" (UK: \"nitre\"), \"soda niter\" or \"Chile saltpeter\" (UK: \"Chile saltpetre\"), is a mineral, the naturally occurring form of sodium nitrate, NaNO. Chemically it is the sodium analogue of saltpeter. Nitratine crystallizes in the trigonal system, but rarely occurs as well formed crystals. It is isostructural with calcite. It is quite soft and light with a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and a specific gravity of 2.24 to 2.29. Its refractive indices are nω=1.587 and nε=1.336. The typical form is as coatings of white, grey to yellowish brown masses. The rare", "title": "Nitratine" }, { "id": "4228276", "score": "1.4705487", "text": "salt, NaSO(HO), is a white crystalline solid with greater than 50% water by weight. Consider the case of nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate. This species has the formula NiCl(HO). Crystallographic analysis reveals that the solid consists of [\"trans\"-NiCl(HO)] subunits that are hydrogen bonded to each other as well as two additional molecules of HO. Thus 1/3 of the water molecules in the crystal are not directly bonded to Ni, and these might be termed \"water of crystallization\". The water content of most compounds can be determined with a knowledge of its formula. An unknown sample can be determined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)", "title": "Water of crystallization" }, { "id": "11659194", "score": "1.4637601", "text": "Sodium monothiophosphate Sodium monothiophosphate, or sodium phosphorothioate, is a inorganic compound with the molecular formula NaPOS(HO). All are white solids. The anhydrous material (x = 0) decomposes without melting at 120-125 °C. More common is the dodecahydrate. A nonahydrate is also known. Related salts are the \"di\"thiophosphate NaPSO11HO, \"tri\"thiophosphate NaPSO11HO, and \"tetra\"thiophosphate NaPS8HO. Sodium monothiophosphate is prepared by the base hydrolysis of thiophosphoryl chloride using aqueous sodium hydroxide: This reaction affords the dodecahydrate, which is easily dehydrated. Partial dehydration over 6.5 M HSO gives the nonahydrate. Under flowing N2, the anhydrous salt is formed. Sodium phosphorothiolate decomposes at neutral pH.", "title": "Sodium monothiophosphate" }, { "id": "683948", "score": "1.4568911", "text": "Sodium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions . Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·\"n\". The monohydrate NaOH· crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available \"sodium hydroxide\" is often this monohydrate,", "title": "Sodium hydroxide" }, { "id": "1370156", "score": "1.4514077", "text": "Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate, , (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals, and in the monohydrate form as crystal carbonate) is the water-soluble sodium salt of carbonic acid. It most commonly occurs as a crystalline decahydrate, which readily effloresces to form a white powder, the monohydrate. Pure sodium carbonate is a white, odorless powder that is hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air). It has a strongly alkaline taste, and forms a moderately basic solution in water. Sodium carbonate is well known domestically for its everyday use as a water softener. Historically it was extracted from the ashes", "title": "Sodium carbonate" } ]

[ "hair of dog", "alcohol readministration", "recovery drinking", "hair off dogs back", "hair of dog that bit you", "Hair of the dog", "Hair of the dog that bit you", "Recovery drinking", "Hair off the dogs back", "Alcohol readministration" ]

[ { "id": "3498314", "score": "1.612848", "text": "is usually called \"repareringspils\", meaning a \"beer to repair\". In Finnish, it is called \"tasoittava\" (smoothening) or \"korjaussarja\" (repair kit) and in Czech \"vyprošťovák\" (extricator). In Tanzania, the equivalent Swahili phrase used is \"kuzimua\" which means 'assist to wake up after a coma'. In Danish, a beer the day after drinking, is called a \"reparationsbajer\", which translates to \"repair beer\". There is also a saying: \"One must rise at the tree where one fell\". In Korea, alcohol (typically soju) drunk in the morning to relieve hangovers is called \"haejangsul.\" In China, alcohol drunk to relieve hangover is called \"回魂酒\", literally", "title": "Hair of the dog" }, { "id": "20626933", "score": "1.5290725", "text": "Ampelopsin Hangover drink in Korea Hangover drinks (Hangul: 숙취해소음료) are drinks sold in South Korea that are consumed to ease the hangover after heavy drinking. Hangover drinks are consumed before a heavy drinking session and an ingredient in them is said to break down a toxin produced in our liver when drinking and also reduce the effect of alcohol on our brain's neurotransmitters. Get-together among co-workers or students are very common in Korea. A lot of people in Korea consume the hangover drinks before they attend the get-together so they can get out of the hangover quickly on the next", "title": "Hangover drink in Korea" }, { "id": "20268350", "score": "1.5267758", "text": "raw egg yolk mixed with Worcestershire sauce, Tabasco sauce, salt and pepper. By 1938, the Ritz-Carlton Hotel provided a hangover remedy in the form of a mixture of Coca-Cola and milk (Coca-Cola itself having been invented, by some accounts, as a hangover remedy). Alcoholic writer Ernest Hemingway relied on tomato juice and beer. Other purported hangover cures include cocktails such as Bloody Mary or Black Velvet (consisting of equal parts champagne and stout). A 1957 survey by an American folklorist found widespread belief in the efficacy of heavy fried foods, tomato juice and sexual activity. The following foods and dishes", "title": "Hangover food" }, { "id": "17521852", "score": "1.5261698", "text": "cocktail, and vitamin supplements via Vita Heaven. The clinic originally ran on weekends, but expanded to operate on a daily basis with a second clinic in an office space. Hangover Heaven’s treatments have met with some concern by members of the medical community. In an interview, Dr. Drew Pinsky debated with Burke on the issue of alcoholism in regards to the Hangover Heaven treatment. In addition, Dr. Arthur Caplan commented the risk the clinic faces in treating patients with underlying medical conditions. In response, Burke stated he takes a subjective evaluation and complete medical history to ensure his patients are", "title": "Hangover Heaven" }, { "id": "20626932", "score": "1.5178597", "text": "Hangover drink in Korea Hangover drinks (Hangul: 숙취해소음료) are drinks sold in South Korea that are consumed to ease the hangover after heavy drinking. Hangover drinks are consumed before a heavy drinking session and an ingredient in them is said to break down a toxin produced in our liver when drinking and also reduce the effect of alcohol on our brain's neurotransmitters. Get-together among co-workers or students are very common in Korea. A lot of people in Korea consume the hangover drinks before they attend the get-together so they can get out of the hangover quickly on the next day.", "title": "Hangover drink in Korea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alcoholism\n\nAlcoholism is, broadly, any drinking of alcohol that results in significant mental or physical health problems. Because there is disagreement on the definition of the word \"alcoholism\", it is not a recognized diagnostic entity. Predominant diagnostic classifications are alcohol use disorder\n\nExcessive alcohol use can damage all organ systems, but it particularly affects the brain, heart, liver, pancreas and immune system. Drinking during pregnancy can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Women are generally more sensitive than men to the harmful effects of alcohol, primarily due to their smaller body weight, lower capacity to metabolize alcohol, and higher proportion of body fat. In a small number of individuals, prolonged, severe alcohol misuse ultimately leads to cognitive impairment and frank dementia.\nEnvironment and genetics are two factors in the risk of development of alcoholism, with about half the risk attributed to each. Someone with a parent or sibling with an alcohol use disorder is three to four times more likely to develop an alcohol use disorder themselves, but only a minority of them do. High stress levels and anxiety, as well as alcohol's inexpensive cost and easy accessibility, increase the risk. People may continue to drink partly to prevent or improve symptoms of withdrawal. Questionnaires are usually used to detect possible alcoholism. Further information is then collected to confirm the diagnosis.\nPrevention of alcoholism may be attempted by reducing the experience of stress and anxiety in individuals.\n\nTreatment of alcoholism may take several forms. The medications acamprosate, disulfiram or naltrexone may also be used to help prevent further drinking. Mental illness or other addictions may complicate treatment. Various forms of individual or group therapy or support groups are used to attempt to keep a person from returning to alcoholism. One support group is Alcoholics Anonymous.\nThe World Health Organization has estimated that , there were 380 million people with alcoholism worldwide (5.1% of the population over 15 years of age). in the United States, about 17 million (7%) of adults and 0.7 million (2.8%) of those age 12 to 17 years of age are affected. Alcoholism is most common among males and young adults. A total of 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol. Many terms, some slurs and others informal, have been used to refer to people affected by alcoholism; the expressions include \"tippler\", \"drunkard\", \"dipsomaniac\" and \"souse\". In 1979, the World Health Organization discouraged the use of \"alcoholism\" due to its inexact meaning, preferring \"alcohol dependence syndrome\".\nSection::::Signs and symptoms.\nThe risk of alcohol dependence begins at low levels of drinking and increases directly with both the volume of alcohol consumed and a pattern of drinking larger amounts on an occasion, to the point of intoxication, which is sometimes called \"binge drinking\".", "title": "Alcoholism" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alcohol (drug)\n\nAlcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name \"ethanol\", is a depressant drug that is the active ingredient in drinks such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor). It is one of the oldest and most commonly consumed recreational drugs, causing the characteristic effects of alcohol intoxication (\"drunkenness\"). Among other effects, alcohol produces happiness and euphoria, decreased anxiety, increased sociability, sedation, impairment of cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory function, and generalized depression of central nervous system (CNS) function. Ethanol is only one of several types of alcohol, but it is the only type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages or commonly used for recreational purposes; other alcohols such as methanol and isopropyl alcohol are significantly more toxic.<ref name=\"CollinsKirouac2013\" /> A mild, brief exposure to isopropanol, being only moderately more toxic than ethanol, is unlikely to cause any serious harm. Methanol, being profoundly more toxic than ethanol, is lethal in quantities as small as 10–15 milliliters (2–3 teaspoons).\nAlcohol has a variety of short-term and long-term adverse effects. Short-term adverse effects include generalized impairment of neurocognitive function, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and hangover-like symptoms. Alcohol is addictive to humans, and can result in alcohol use disorder, dependence and withdrawal. It can have a variety of long-term adverse effects on health, such as liver and brain damage, and its consumption can cause cancer. The adverse effects of alcohol on health are most important when it is used in excessive quantities or with heavy frequency. However, some of them, such as increased risk of certain cancers, may occur even with light or moderate alcohol consumption. In high amounts, alcohol may cause loss of consciousness or, in severe cases, death.\nAlcohol works in the brain primarily by increasing the effects of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain; by facilitating GABA's actions, alcohol suppresses the activity of the CNS. Alcohol also has toxic and unpleasant actions in the body, many of which are mediated by its byproduct acetaldehyde.\nAlcohol has been produced and consumed by humans for its psychoactive effects for almost 10,000 years. Alcohol has considerable societal and cultural significance and has important social roles in much of the world. Drinking establishments, such as bars and nightclubs, revolve primarily around the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages, and parties, festivals, and social gatherings commonly involve alcohol consumption. Alcohol is unique in that it is the only drug that damages others more than the user.", "title": "Alcohol (drug)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Temperance movement\n\nThe temperance movement is a social movement promoting temperance or complete abstinence from consumption of alcoholic beverages. Participants in the movement typically criticize alcohol intoxication or promote teetotalism, and its leaders emphasize alcohol's negative effects on people's health, personalities and family lives. Typically the movement promotes alcohol education and it also demands the passage of new laws against the sale of alcohol, either regulations on the availability of alcohol, or the complete prohibition of it. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the temperance movement became prominent in many countries, particularly in English-speaking, Scandinavian, and majority Protestant ones, and it eventually led to national prohibitions in Canada (1918 to 1920), Norway (spirits only from 1919 to 1926), Finland (1919 to 1932), and the United States (1920 to 1933), as well as provincial prohibition in India (1948 to present). A number of temperance organizations exist that promote temperance and teetotalism as a virtue.", "title": "Temperance movement" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Caesar (cocktail)\n\nA Caesar (also known as a Bloody Caesar) is a cocktail created and consumed primarily in Canada. It typically contains vodka, tomato juice and clam broth (such as in Mott's Clamato), hot sauce, and Worcestershire sauce, and is served with ice in a large, celery salt-rimmed glass, typically garnished with a stalk of celery and wedge of lime. What distinguishes it from a Bloody Mary is the inclusion of clam broth. The cocktail may also be contrasted with the Michelada, which has similar flavouring ingredients but uses beer instead of vodka.", "title": "Caesar (cocktail)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Alcohol and Native Americans" }, { "id": "10578067", "score": "1.5153869", "text": "of type). Another study ranked several drinks by their ability to cause a hangover as follows (from low to high): distilled ethanol diluted with fruit juice, beer, vodka, gin, white wine, whisky, rum, red wine and brandy. One potent congener is methanol. It is naturally formed in small quantities during fermentation and it can be accidentally concentrated by improper distillation techniques. Metabolism of methanol produces some extremely toxic compounds, such as formaldehyde and formic acid, which may play a role in the severity of hangover. Ethanol slows the conversion of methanol into its toxic metabolites so that most of the", "title": "Hangover" }, { "id": "6211380", "score": "1.5018663", "text": "hangover cure. Fernet Fernet () is an Italian type of amaro, a bitter, aromatic spirit. Fernet is made from a number of herbs and spices which vary according to the brand, but usually include myrrh, rhubarb, chamomile, cardamom, aloe, and especially saffron, with a base of grape distilled spirits. Fernet is usually served as a digestif after a meal but may also be served with coffee and espresso or mixed into coffee and espresso drinks. It typically contains 45% alcohol by volume. It may be served at room temperature or with ice. Fernet is very popular in Argentina, where it", "title": "Fernet" }, { "id": "10578075", "score": "1.4822388", "text": "(consisting of equal parts champagne and stout). A 1957 survey by an American folklorist found widespread belief in the efficacy of heavy fried foods, tomato juice and sexual activity. Other untested or discredited treatments include: Hangovers occur commonly. A somewhat dated French idiomatic expression for hangover is \"mal aux cheveux\", literally \"sore hair\" (or \"[even] my hair hurts\"). Alcohol hangover has considerable economic consequences. A British study found that alcohol use accounted for 3.3 billion (USD) in lost wages each year, as a result of work missed because of hangovers. In Canada 1.4 billion (USD) is lost each year because", "title": "Hangover" }, { "id": "19031463", "score": "1.4704208", "text": "is commonly recommended as a cure for hangovers, consuming excess amounts may cause bloating according to some sources. According to local Turkish custom it is drunk to help digestion. It has been reported that the drink has positive health benefits, because its anthocyanidic contents reduce health disease risks and the probability of carcinogenic occurrences. Although some researchers believe that its high salt ratio could be dangerous for people with heart diseases. It contains β-carotene, group B vitamins, calcium, potassium, and iron and is drunk for its antiseptic effects. It was reported in academic journals that it helps to remove toxins", "title": "Şalgam" }, { "id": "10578074", "score": "1.4698366", "text": "hangover symptoms abound. The ancient Romans, on the authority of Pliny the Elder, favored raw owl's eggs or fried canary, while the \"prairie oyster\" restorative, introduced at the 1878 Paris World Exposition, calls for raw egg yolk mixed with Worcestershire sauce, Tabasco sauce, salt and pepper. By 1938, the Ritz-Carlton Hotel provided a hangover remedy in the form of a mixture of Coca-Cola and milk (Coca-Cola itself having been invented, by some accounts, as a hangover remedy). Alcoholic writer Ernest Hemingway relied on tomato juice and beer. Other purported hangover cures include cocktails such as Bloody Mary or Black Velvet", "title": "Hangover" }, { "id": "12002091", "score": "1.4627941", "text": "alcohol upon sleep can wear off somewhat after several nights of consecutive use. Originally, a \"nightcap\" was understood to be alcoholic, the idea being that it warms the drinker up and helps him or her sleep, just like the garment of the same name. That changed in 1930, when the non-alcoholic drink Ovaltine was advertised as \"the world's best 'night-cap' to ensure sound, natural sleep\". An ingredient of Ovaltine is magnesium which helps to induce relaxation. Likewise, warm milk is often recommended as a nightcap for inducing sleep, because it contains both tryptophan and calcium. The flavor of the warm", "title": "Nightcap (drink)" }, { "id": "10578073", "score": "1.4585407", "text": "quackery. A four-page literature review in the \"British Medical Journal\" concludes: \"No compelling evidence exists to suggest that any conventional or complementary intervention is effective for preventing or treating alcohol hangover. The most effective way to avoid the symptoms of alcohol induced hangover is to avoid drinking.\" Most remedies do not significantly reduce overall hangover severity. Some compounds reduce specific symptoms such as vomiting and headache, but are not effective in reducing other common hangover symptoms such as drowsiness and fatigue. There is no evidence that any treatments for hangovers are effective. Recommendations for foods, drinks and activities to relieve", "title": "Hangover" }, { "id": "242318", "score": "1.4423753", "text": "marketed as a cure for hangover. Lithium citrate was removed from 7Up in 1948. Lithium citrate Lithium citrate (LiCHO) is a chemical compound of lithium and citrate that is used as a mood stabilizer in psychiatric treatment of manic states and bipolar disorder. There is extensive pharmacology of lithium, the active component of this salt. Lithia water contains various lithium salts, including the citrate. An early version of Coca-Cola available in pharmacies' soda fountains called Lithia Coke was a mixture of Coca-Cola syrup and lithia water. The soft drink 7Up was originally named \"Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda\" when it was", "title": "Lithium citrate" }, { "id": "12952185", "score": "1.4406763", "text": "Sobrietol Sobrietol is a North American brand of nutritional supplement marketed as a remedy for hangovers and to prevent symptoms associated with alcohol flush reaction. The list of ingredients includes the enzymes quinoptotein alcohol dehydrogenase (QADH) and quinoprotein aldehyde dehydrogenase (QALDH) from \"Glucanobacter suboxydans\" or \"Acetobacter suboxydans\" or \"oxydans\", either in purified form or as cell extracts, together with buffering agents and protectants designed to ensure that the enzymes remain biologically active after oral ingestion, and \"a source of oxygen in an amount sufficient for the enzymes to metabolize ethanol after administration to a patient.\" A 2008 controlled study of", "title": "Sobrietol" }, { "id": "20268349", "score": "1.4377835", "text": "Hangover food Hangover food consists of foods and dishes that have been described as having a theoretical potential for easing or alleviating symptoms associated with the hangover. While recommendations and folk cures for foods and drinks to relieve hangover symptoms abound, hangover foods have not been scientifically proven to function as a remedy or cure for the hangover. Various folk medicine remedies exist for hangovers. The ancient Romans, on the authority of Pliny the Elder, favored raw owl's eggs or fried canary as a hangover remedy, while the \"prairie oyster\" restorative, introduced at the 1878 Paris World Exposition, calls for", "title": "Hangover food" }, { "id": "10578072", "score": "1.4377275", "text": "during drinking such as smoking, the use of other drugs, physical activity such as dancing, as well as sleep quality and duration. Hangovers are poorly understood from a medical point of view. Health care professionals prefer to study alcohol abuse from a standpoint of treatment and prevention, and there is a view that the hangover provides a useful, natural and intrinsic disincentive to excessive drinking. Within the limited amount of serious study on the subject, there is debate about whether a hangover may be prevented or at least mitigated. There is also a vast body of folk medicine and simple", "title": "Hangover" }, { "id": "10578077", "score": "1.4220827", "text": "research of alcohol hangover is growing rapidly. The Alcohol Hangover Research Group had its inaugural meeting in June 2010 as part of the Research Society on Alcoholism (RSA) 33rd Annual Scientific Meeting in San Antonio, Texas. In 2012, Éduc'alcool, a Quebec-based non-profit organization that aims to educate the public on the responsible use of alcohol, published a report noting hangovers have long-lasting effects that inhibit the drinker's capabilities a full 24 hours after heavy drinking. In 2012, Las Vegas based Hangover Heaven, a mobile hangover treatment clinic, opened along with its Hangover Research Institute, which studies the treatment of hangovers.", "title": "Hangover" }, { "id": "20268351", "score": "1.4174843", "text": "have been described as having a theoretical potential for easing or alleviating symptoms associated with the hangover. Hangover foods have not been scientifically proven to function as a remedy or cure for the hangover. Hangover food Hangover food consists of foods and dishes that have been described as having a theoretical potential for easing or alleviating symptoms associated with the hangover. While recommendations and folk cures for foods and drinks to relieve hangover symptoms abound, hangover foods have not been scientifically proven to function as a remedy or cure for the hangover. Various folk medicine remedies exist for hangovers. The", "title": "Hangover food" }, { "id": "1821930", "score": "1.4173644", "text": "Disulfiram Disulfiram (sold under the trade names Antabuse and Antabus) is a drug used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol (drinking alcohol). Disulfiram works by inhibiting the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which means that many of the effects of a \"hangover\" are felt immediately after alcohol is consumed. \"Disulfiram plus alcohol, even small amounts, produce flushing, throbbing in head and neck, throbbing headache, respiratory difficulty, nausea, copious vomiting, sweating, thirst, chest pain, palpitation, dyspnea, hyperventilation, tachycardia, hypotension, syncope, marked uneasiness, weakness, vertigo, blurred vision, and confusion. In severe reactions there may be respiratory", "title": "Disulfiram" }, { "id": "10578065", "score": "1.4171429", "text": "hangover and other residual effects to some extent. Congeners include substances such as amines, amides, acetones, acetaldehydes, polyphenols, methanol, histamines, fusel oil, esters, furfural, and tannins, many but not all of which are toxic. One study in mice indicates that fusel oil may have a mitigating effect on hangover symptoms, while some whiskey congeners such as butanol protect the stomach against gastric mucosal damage in the rat. Different types of alcoholic beverages contain different amounts of congeners. In general, dark liquors have a higher concentration while clear liquors have a lower concentration. Whereas vodka has virtually no more congeners than", "title": "Hangover" } ]

[ "jeremy irons reversal of fortune", "Jeremy Irons - Reversal of Fortune" ]

[ { "id": "4150763", "score": "1.5588701", "text": "Hoffman (1985, Golden Globe and Emmy awards), Warren Mitchell (1996) and Dennehy (2000, Golden Globe and SAG awards and Emmy nomination). Fredric March won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama at the 9th Golden Globe Awards and was nominated for Academy Award for Best Actor at the 24th Academy Awards and BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Foreign) at the 6th British Academy Film Awards. Brian Dennehy won Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play at the 53rd Tony Awards in 1999, while Philip Seymour Hoffman was nominated for the same", "title": "Willy Loman" }, { "id": "210973", "score": "1.5366644", "text": "the Best Actor Oscar for \"Save the Tiger\" (1973), becoming the first actor to achieve this rare double (the only other actors to have done so are Robert De Niro, Gene Hackman, Jack Nicholson, Kevin Spacey, and Denzel Washington). He was also nominated for a Best Actor Oscar for his role in the controversial film \"Missing\" in 1982, and for his roles in \"Some Like It Hot\" (1959), \"The Apartment\" (1960), \"Days of Wine and Roses\" (1962), \"The China Syndrome\" (1979), for which he was also awarded Best Actor at the Cannes Film Festival, and \"Tribute\" (1980). He won another", "title": "Jack Lemmon" }, { "id": "1455182", "score": "1.5316653", "text": "Bowie, Mikhail Baryshnikov and Kenneth Branagh) to play the role of Mozart in director Miloš Forman's film version of Peter Shaffer's play \"Amadeus.\" In 1984, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, losing to his co-star, F. Murray Abraham. In his acceptance speech, Abraham paid tribute to his co-star, saying, \"There's only one thing that's missing for me tonight, and that is to have Tom Hulce standing by my side.\" In 1989, he received his second Best Actor Golden Globe Award nomination for a critically acclaimed performance as an intellectually challenged garbage collector in", "title": "Tom Hulce" }, { "id": "11666356", "score": "1.530606", "text": "Sarrasine\" (1992) and \"My Father’s Angel\" (2001), for which he had also received a Best Actor award at the Sonoma Wine and Country Film Festival in 2000. He received the Guy L’Écuyer Award for his role in \"La Déroute\" in 1998. In 2010, the year marking the 30th Annual Genie Awards, he made the Academy’s 30th Anniversary Top 10 list in the Lead Actor category in Canadian cinema – a ranking based on the number of wins and nominations over the 30-year period. In television, he received a Gemini Award nomination in 2006 for his role in \"Il Duce Canadese\"", "title": "Tony Nardi" }, { "id": "14313971", "score": "1.5301881", "text": "(1990), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, \"Kafka\" (1991), \"Damage\" (1993), \"M. Butterfly\" (1993), \"The House of the Spirits\" (1993) appearing again with Glenn Close and Meryl Streep, the voice of Scar in \"The Lion King\" (1994), portraying Simon Gruber in \"Die Hard with a Vengeance\" (1995), co-starring Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson, Bernardo Bertolucci's \"Stealing Beauty\" (1996), the 1997 remake of \"Lolita\", and as the musketeer Aramis opposite Leonardo DiCaprio in the 1998 film version of \"The Man in the Iron Mask\". Other roles include the evil wizard Profion in the film \"Dungeons and", "title": "Jeremy Irons" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Academy Award for Best Actor\n\nThe Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given to an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role in a film released that year. The award is traditionally presented by the previous year's Best Actress winner.\n\nThe 1st Academy Awards were held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in \"The Last Command\" (1928) and \"The Way of All Flesh\" (1927). Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy.\nIn the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories. At that time, all of their work during the qualifying period (as many as three films, in some cases) was listed after the award. During the third ceremony in 1930, only one of those films was cited in each winner's final award, even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots. The following year, this system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a specific performance in a single film.<ref name=\"Oscar history\" /> Starting with the ninth ceremony in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year.<ref name=\"Oscar history\" />\nSince its inception, the award has been given to 84 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has won the award a record three times. Spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated a record nine times. Peter O'Toole is the most nominated actor in this category without a single win. James Dean is the only actor posthumously nominated more than once. Peter Finch is the only posthumous winner, for \"Network\" (1976). Italian actor Roberto Benigni gave the first winning non-English performance in \"Life Is Beautiful\" (1997). At 29, Adrien Brody of \"The Pianist\" (2002) is the youngest winner, and Anthony Hopkins, 83, is the oldest, for playing Anthony in \"The Father\" (2020). As of the 94th Academy Awards, Will Smith is the most recent winner for \"King Richard\".", "title": "Academy Award for Best Actor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Academy Award for Best Actress\n\nThe Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given to an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role in a film released that year. The award is traditionally presented by the previous year's Best Actor winner.\n\nThe 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in \"7th Heaven\", \"Street Angel\", and \"\". Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories. At that time, all of their work during the qualifying period (as many as three films, in some cases) was listed after the award. However, during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930, only one of those films was cited in each winner's final award, even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots.\n\nThe following year, the current system was introduced in which an actress is nominated for a specific performance in a single film. Since its inception, the award has been given to 78 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four, followed by Frances McDormand, with three. With 17 nominations, Meryl Streep is the most nominated in this category, resulting in two wins. Luise Rainer became the first actress to win the award twice and in consecutive years for \"The Great Ziegfeld\" (1936) and \"The Good Earth\" (1937). Italian actress Sophia Loren was the first winner for a non-English language performance for \"Two Women\" (1961). At age 21, Marlee Matlin became the youngest actress to win this award for \"Children of a Lesser God\" (1986), and at age 80, Jessica Tandy became the oldest winner in this category for \"Driving Miss Daisy\" (1989). Halle Berry is the only woman of color to win in this category, for \"Monster's Ball\" (2001). Jodie Foster is the only openly LGBT woman to win in this category, for \"The Accused\" (1988), and \"The Silence of the Lambs\" (1991), although she was not publicly out until after both wins. As of the 2022 ceremony, Jessica Chastain is the most recent winner in this category for her portrayal of Tammy Faye in \"The Eyes of Tammy Faye\".", "title": "Academy Award for Best Actress" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor\n\nThe Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. The award is traditionally presented by the previous year's Best Supporting Actress winner.\n\nAt the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of this award for his role in \"Come and Get It\". Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded plaques instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy.\n\nSince its inception, the award has been given to 77 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards. Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, Claude Rains, and Al Pacino were each nominated four times, more than any other actors. As of the 2022 ceremony, Troy Kotsur is the most recent winner in this category for his performance as Frank Rossi in \"CODA\".", "title": "Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress\n\nThe Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given to honor an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. The award is traditionally presented by the previous year's Best Supporting Actor winner.\n\nAt the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of this award for her role in \"Anthony Adverse\". Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded plaques instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, winners received full-sized statuettes. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from all eligible voting members of the Academy.\n\nSince its inception, the award has been given to 84 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each. Despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. At age 10, Tatum O'Neal became the youngest actress to win this award for \"Paper Moon\" (1973), and at age 77, Peggy Ashcroft became the oldest winner in this category for \"A Passage to India\" (1984). As of the 2022 ceremony, Ariana DeBose is the most recent winner in this category for her role as Anita in \"West Side Story\". DeBose became the first Afro-Latina and second Hispanic woman overall to win an acting Oscar after Rita Moreno who won in 1962 for the same role in the original film, marking the first time two actresses won Oscars for the same role.", "title": "Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play\n\nThe Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play is an honor presented at the Tony Awards, a ceremony established in 1947 as the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, to actors for quality leading roles in a Broadway play. The awards are named after Antoinette Perry, an American actress who died in 1946. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the Tony Award Productions, a joint venture of The Broadway League and the American Theatre Wing, to \"honor the best performances and stage productions of the previous year.\" Despite the award first being presented in 1947, there were no nominees announced until 1956.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play" }, { "id": "5969704", "score": "1.5249674", "text": "with humor and dialogue delivered in a manner reminiscent of old Hollywood comedies, particularly the \"screwball\" genre. Director John Landis had said John Landis' first choice for the lead role was Al Pacino. He was going to be paid $2 million but was then offered $3 millino for \"Dick Tracy\". \"He was very upfront about it, he said he was going to go for the money,\" said Landis. \"I think Oscar would’ve been a much better movie with Al, but there you go.\" Stallone later said he should have played \"Snaps,\" his character in the film, \"incredibly cynical like in", "title": "Oscar (1991 film)" }, { "id": "18818705", "score": "1.5240488", "text": "Award for Best Picture, Golden Globe for Best Picture and BAFTA Award for Best Film. Douglas' role of Gordon Gekko in Oliver Stone's \"Wall Street\" (1987) won him the Academy Award for Best Actor. For his portrayal of a fictional American president in the 1995 comedy \"The American President\", he was nominated for Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. His performance in \"Wonder Boys\" (2000) earned him nominations for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. He shared the Screen", "title": "Michael Douglas on stage and screen" }, { "id": "1391945", "score": "1.5240259", "text": "Empty\" (1988), Phoenix purchased his family a ranch in Micanopy, Florida, near Gainesville in 1987, in addition to a spread in Costa Rica. In early 1989, Phoenix was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (as well as for a Golden Globe), and received the Best Supporting Actor honor from the National Board of Review for his role in \"Running on Empty\". Phoenix jumped to his feet during the ceremony when Kevin Kline beat him for the Oscar. \"I had to stop River from running to hug Kevin,\" recalled his mother Arlyn. \"It never crossed his mind that", "title": "River Phoenix" }, { "id": "1466349", "score": "1.5198314", "text": "novel \"Oil!\", titled \"There Will Be Blood\". Day-Lewis received the Academy Award for Best Actor, BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role (which he dedicated to Heath Ledger, saying that he was inspired by Ledger's acting and calling the actor's performance in \"Brokeback Mountain\" \"unique, perfect\"), and a variety of film critics' circle awards for the role. In winning the Best Actor Oscar, Day-Lewis joined Marlon Brando and Jack Nicholson as the only", "title": "Daniel Day-Lewis" }, { "id": "4652879", "score": "1.5160592", "text": "during the awards ceremony on March 27, 1995. For only the second time in Oscar history, three of the four acting winners were previous winners. The 11th ceremony held in 1939 previously accomplished this feat. Best Actor winner Tom Hanks became the fifth performer to win consecutive acting Oscars and the second person to do so in the aforementioned category since Spencer Tracy won for his performances in \"Captains Courageous\" and \"Boys Town\". He also was the sixth person to win Best Actor twice. Best Supporting Actress winner Dianne Wiest became the first person to win two acting Oscars for", "title": "67th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "4150765", "score": "1.5121043", "text": "2000. Dustin Hoffman and Brian Dennehy won Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play at the 1984 and 1999 Drama Desk Awards. Hoffman also won both the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film at the 43rd Golden Globe Awards in 1986 and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie at the 38th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1986. Lee J. Cobb was nominated for an Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Drama at the 19th Primetime Emmy Awards", "title": "Willy Loman" }, { "id": "6096390", "score": "1.5084801", "text": "several awards including the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (David Niven), the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Wendy Hiller, which Hecht accepted in her place as she could not be present), the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, the David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress, the Golden Laurel Award for Top Male Dramatic Performance, the National Board of Review Award for Top Ten Films, the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor and the Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actor. It was also", "title": "Harold Hecht" }, { "id": "1394362", "score": "1.5083268", "text": "make no apology for courteously asking an entirely legitimate question about a subject you had spoken of before and which has generated more headlines than anything you've done in the last 20 years.\" Richard Dreyfuss Richard Stephen Dreyfuss (; né Dreyfus; born October 29, 1947) is an American actor best known for starring in popular films during the 1970s through 1990s, including \"American Graffiti\", \"Jaws\", \"Stand by Me\", \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\", \"Down and Out in Beverly Hills\", \"The Goodbye Girl\", \"Stakeout\", \"Always\", \"What About Bob?\" and \"Mr. Holland's Opus\". Dreyfuss won the Academy Award for Best Actor", "title": "Richard Dreyfuss" }, { "id": "1455877", "score": "1.5068858", "text": "the Oscars when he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for the Oliver Stone drama \"Salvador\" (1986), portraying real-life journalist Rick Boyle as he chronicles events in El Salvador. Woods earned another Oscar nomination, the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role of the infamous white supremacist Byron De La Beckwith in \"Ghosts of Mississippi\" (1996). In 1995, he took the role of Lester Diamond in Martin Scorsese's \"Casino\". That same year, he portrayed H. R. Haldeman in \"Nixon\", the biopic of Richard M. Nixon, directed by Oliver Stone. In 1999, he appeared in \"The", "title": "James Woods" }, { "id": "4604271", "score": "1.5046442", "text": "he was only nominated for the Best Supporting Actor Oscar while Brando received the Oscar nod for Best Actor in a Leading Role), \"Apocalypse Now\" (see above), and \"Superman\" (also see above). Maximilian Schell was billed fifth in \"Judgment at Nuremberg\" after Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, and Marlene Dietrich, yet Schell went on to win the Oscar for Best Actor in a Leading Role. In recent decades, however, the practice of giving top billing to a star actor has largely been discontinued especially if they only play a bit part; some major actors may have a cameo where", "title": "Billing (filmmaking)" }, { "id": "3575421", "score": "1.5012096", "text": "André in \"The Father\". He also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his performance as Richard Nixon in the film \"Frost/Nixon\" (2008). Langella was nominated for two other Best Leading Actor in a Play Tonys: first in 1978 for the Edward Gorey-designed revival of Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" and again in 2004 for Stephen Belber's \"Match\". In 2002, Langella was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Frank Langella Frank A. Langella Jr. (; born January 1, 1938) is an American stage and film actor. He has won four Tony Awards, two for", "title": "Frank Langella" }, { "id": "2095516", "score": "1.4967582", "text": "Thomas Anderson's third film \"Magnolia\" (1999), he played Earl Partridge, a cancer patient. Robards received eight Tony Award nominations, – more than any other male actor . He won the Tony for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for his work in \"The Disenchanted,\" (1959); this was also his only stage appearance with his father. He received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in consecutive years: for \"All the President's Men\" (1976), portraying \"Washington Post\" editor Ben Bradlee, and for \"Julia\" (1977), portraying writer Dashiell Hammett (1977). He was also nominated for another Academy Award for", "title": "Jason Robards" }, { "id": "5650206", "score": "1.4955317", "text": "Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Rehme, president of the Academy, and actress Mercedes Ruehl. \"Howards End\" and \"Unforgiven\" led all nominees with nine nominations each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 29, 1993. Best Director winner Clint Eastwood became the seventh person nominated for lead acting and directing for the same film. Best Actor winner Al Pacino was the sixth performer to receive nominations in the lead and supporting categories in the same year. He also became the first person to win in the lead acting category after achieving the aforementioned feat. By", "title": "65th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "17232761", "score": "1.4948651", "text": "\"Cry Freedom\", for which he received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Two years later, Washington won the award for playing Trip, a former slave-turned-soldier in Civil War film \"Glory\" (1989). In 1990, he played the title character in the play \"The Tragedy of Richard III\", and starred in Spike Lee's comedy-drama \"Mo' Better Blues\". Washington received the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin International Film Festival, for playing the eponymous civil rights activist in Lee's \"Malcolm X\" (1992). In 1993, Washington starred in Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of the Shakespearean comedy \"Much Ado", "title": "Denzel Washington on screen and stage" }, { "id": "1406552", "score": "1.4928986", "text": "Award for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy-drama \"Being There\" (1979). However, Douglas confirmed in one of his final interviews that he refused to attend the 52nd Academy Awards because he could not bear competing against child actor Justin Henry for \"Kramer vs. Kramer\". In addition to his Academy Awards, Douglas won a Tony Award for his Broadway lead role in the 1960 \"The Best Man\" by Gore Vidal, and an Emmy for his 1967 role in \"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night\". Douglas' final screen appearance was in \"Ghost Story\" (1981). He did not finish the film", "title": "Melvyn Douglas" } ]

[ "The Royal Oak", "royal oak tree", "Royal Oak (tree)", "Royal Oak", "royal oak" ]

[ { "id": "2966364", "score": "2.1001382", "text": "June and 15 July – 30 August) during the Spanish Civil War. Prien rose steadily in rank, from midshipman in 1933 to \"Oberleutnant zur See\" (Senior lieutenant at Sea) in 1937. He was appointed to the command of the new Type VIIB on her commissioning in December 1938 and promoted to \"Kapitänleutnant\" (Captain lieutenant) in February 1939. Prien married in 1939; the couple had two children. World War II commenced during Prien's first patrol in \"U-47\". He departed Kiel on 19 August 1939 for a patrol lasting 28 days. On 5 September, he sank the British of , the second", "title": "Günther Prien" }, { "id": "2966365", "score": "2.0361686", "text": "ship of the war to be sunk by a U-boat. His boat sank two British vessels, of on the 6th, and of on the 7th. \"U-47\" returned to Kiel on 15 September having sunk a total tonnage of . On 14 October 1939, Prien's boat penetrated the Royal Navy's primary base, Scapa Flow and sank the battleship . He returned to Germany to instant fame. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, personally by Adolf Hitler, the first sailor of the U-boat service and the second member of the \"Kriegsmarine\" to receive this award. Prien received the", "title": "Günther Prien" }, { "id": "3277846", "score": "2.026032", "text": "them to their own devices. Prien refused to radio for assistance on account of the attempt to ram him. He returned to \"Gartavon\" and attempted to finish her as he had his previous victims, but the torpedo malfunctioned and Prien instead used the deck gun to wreck the ship and sink its cargo of iron ore. During this first patrol, which ended with her arrival in Kiel on 15 September 1939, three vessels were sunk for a total of 8,270 tons. On 8 October 1939, \"U-47\" began her second patrol. On 14 October 1939 (six days after leaving port), she", "title": "German submarine U-47 (1938)" }, { "id": "3277841", "score": "2.0175643", "text": "first patrol, she circumnavigated the British Isles and entered the Bay of Biscay to commence patrol of Area I. On 3 September, war was declared and \"U-47\" received orders to initiate hostilities against British ships, but none were encountered on the first day. News of the sinking of by reached Prien the following day, along with further orders to strictly adhere to the Submarine Protocol. The first ship encountered by \"U-47\" during the war was a neutral Greek freighter which Prien inspected but released unharmed. Two further neutral vessels were encountered and Prien declined to even stop them. Just after", "title": "German submarine U-47 (1938)" }, { "id": "2966367", "score": "2.0124876", "text": "with their depth steering and their magnetic detonator systems. These problems continued to bedevil the German submariners for a long time and particularly during the German invasion of Norway, when the U-boats were unable to keep the Royal Navy at bay. Prien narrated the attack in the book \"Mein Weg nach Scapa Flow\" (1940, Deutscher Verlag Berlin). \"U-47\" under the command of Prien with 1st watch officer (I. WO) \"Oberleutnant zur See\" Engelbert Endrass and chief engineer \"Oberleutnant (Ing.)\" Johann-Friedrich Wessels left Kiel on 16 November 1939. \"U-47\" attacked a British cruiser on 28 November 1939. Prien had identified the", "title": "Günther Prien" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "HMS Royal Oak (08)\n\nHMS \"Royal Oak\" was one of five s built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. Completed in 1916, the ship first saw combat at the Battle of Jutland as part of the Grand Fleet. In peacetime, she served in the Atlantic, Home and Mediterranean fleets, more than once coming under accidental attack. \"Royal Oak\" drew worldwide attention in 1928 when her senior officers were controversially court-martialled, an event that brought considerable embarrassment to what was then the world's largest navy. Attempts to modernise \"Royal Oak\" throughout her 25-year career could not fix her fundamental lack of speed and, by the start of the Second World War, she was no longer suitable for front-line duty.\n\nOn 14 October 1939, \"Royal Oak\" was anchored at Scapa Flow in Orkney, Scotland, when she was torpedoed by the German submarine . Of \"Royal Oak\"s complement of 1,234 men and boys, 835 were killed that night or died later of their wounds. The loss of the outdated ship—the first of five Royal Navy battleships and battlecruisers sunk in the Second World War—did little to affect the numerical superiority enjoyed by the British navy and its Allies, but it had a considerable effect on wartime morale. The raid made an immediate celebrity and war hero out of the U-boat commander, Günther Prien, who became the first German submarine officer to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Before the sinking of \"Royal Oak\", the Royal Navy had considered the naval base at Scapa Flow impregnable to submarine attack, but \"U-47\"s raid demonstrated that the German navy was capable of bringing the war to British home waters. The shock resulted in rapid changes to dockland security and the construction of the Churchill Barriers around Scapa Flow, with the added advantage of being topped by roads running between the islands.\n\nThe wreck of \"Royal Oak\", a designated war grave, lies almost upside down in of water with her hull beneath the surface. In an annual ceremony marking the loss of the ship, Royal Navy divers place a White Ensign underwater at her stern. Unauthorised divers are prohibited from approaching the wreck under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986.", "title": "HMS Royal Oak (08)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Günther Prien" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "German submarine U-47 (1938)\n\nGerman submarine \"U-47\" was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" during World War II.<ref name=U-47/> She was laid down on 25 February 1937 at Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft in Kiel as yard number 582 and went into service on 17 December 1938 under the command of Günther Prien.\n\nDuring \"U-47\"s career, she sank a total of 31 enemy vessels, including the British battleship , and damaged nine more.\n\nIn 2016, one of the faulty torpedoes shot at HMS \"Royal Oak\" was found and identified.", "title": "German submarine U-47 (1938)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of World War II U-boat commanders\n\nThis is a list of World War II U-boat commanders. Only sunk merchant ships are counted in the totals; warships and damaged ships are not.\n\nSubmariners suffered the highest casualty rate in the German military: 75%. Commanders killed in action are indicated by a after their name.\n", "title": "List of World War II U-boat commanders" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Battle of the Atlantic" }, { "id": "9234594", "score": "2.007991", "text": "complement of twentyfive. She was sunk 8 October 1939 by a mine, near Dover in the English Channel. Her exact position is not known but it is at approximately . All 27 of her crew died. The body of the commanding officer, \"Kapitänleutnant\" Dietrich von der Ropp, was washed ashore on the French coast near Dunkirk on 29 October 1939. In 2002, the wreck was nominated by the German government to be designated as a \"protected place\" under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. This vessel was designated as a representative of all others lost within UK jurisdiction. German", "title": "German submarine U-12 (1935)" }, { "id": "2966371", "score": "1.9762902", "text": "erschüttern\"—\"That must shake the First Sea Lord\", alluding to Winston Churchill. \"U-47\" went missing on 7 March 1941 while attacking Convoy OB-293. She has generally been thought to have been sunk by the British destroyer west of Ireland; the submarine was attacked by \"Wolverine\" and , which took turns covering each other's ASDIC blind spots and dropping patterns of depth charges until \"U-47\" rose almost to the surface before sinking and then exploded with an orange flash visible from the surface. To date, there is no official record of what happened to \"U-47\" or her 45 crewmen, though a variety", "title": "Günther Prien" }, { "id": "11915921", "score": "1.9619157", "text": "the battles around Narvik, Norway \"U-46\" was depth charged and severely damaged by British destroyers supporting . Sohler eventually commanded \"U-46\" for six war patrols, but failed to score any successes against enemy shipping. He was removed from command on 21 May 1940 and was replaced by Engelbert Endrass the following day. Endrass had been Günther Prien's First Officer aboard when they had infiltrated Scapa Flow and sunk the battleship . \"U-46\" was to be his first command. Endrass left Kiel on 1 June to patrol the North Sea and into the Atlantic. He was immediately successful, on 6 June", "title": "German submarine U-46 (1938)" }, { "id": "3277842", "score": "1.9570245", "text": "dawn on 5 September, Engelbert Endrass--serving as first watch officer aboard \"U-47\"--spotted SS \"Bosnia\" zigzagging and in a darkened state. Prien surfaced and fired a single shot from his 88 mm deck gun to stop the ship but instead \"Bosnia\" made steam and began radioing an alert ('SSS') along with its name and position. Prien then immediately fired an additional four rounds of which three hit the ship, prompting its crew to abandon ship. \"U-47\" rendered assistance to the crew of \"Bosnia\", bringing them aboard the submarine and helping to set up a lifeboat which had capsized during the crew's", "title": "German submarine U-47 (1938)" }, { "id": "16846885", "score": "1.9559586", "text": "ship, which is then sunk by another German submarine under the command of Prien's former first officer, Birkeneck. Prien's hat is retrieved from the sea putting Birkeneck in a state of shock. Subsequently, he fails to give the order to dive on time and his boat is sunk by attacking enemy aircraft. The story is loosely based on Prien's combat record and command of submarine . His most famous exploit was the sinking of the British battleship at anchor in the Home Fleet's anchorage in Scapa Flow. His achievements as U-boat commander were highly idolized by Joseph Goebbels Ministry of", "title": "U 47 – Kapitänleutnant Prien" }, { "id": "11126476", "score": "1.9395845", "text": "Oak\" was sunk late on the night of 13 October 1939 after entered Scapa Flow by bypassing its blockship defences. Initially \"Kapitänleutnant\" Günther Prien, the commander of \"U-47\", had been disappointed to find that the Royal Naval anchorage was largely empty; this was the result of a recent order from Admiral Charles Forbes to clear Scapa Flow in case of air attack. However \"Royal Oak\" was retained because she carried a large battery of anti-aircraft guns. On sighting the battleship, Prien began his first attack run at 00:58hrs by firing three torpedoes. Only one caused a glancing blow on the", "title": "Henry Blagrove" }, { "id": "3277843", "score": "1.9326972", "text": "escape. A Norwegian vessel also arrived and took all of the survivors aboard. Following its departure, Prien fired a single torpedo which wrecked the ship which sunk with its load of sulfur almost immediately. The 2,407-ton \"Bosnia\" became the second British vessel, and first freighter, sunk after \"Athenia\". It was later the next day during which \"U-47\" encountered a larger British freighter, the 4,086-ton SS \"Rio Carlo\". Again, Prien opted to surface and initiate a gun attack on the merchant. While the \"Rio Carlo\" did stop moving, it nonetheless broadcast the submarine alert, prompting Prien to fire an ineffective warning", "title": "German submarine U-47 (1938)" }, { "id": "15912805", "score": "1.9310684", "text": "Iceland and the Faroe Islands, sinking the 3,485-ton British merchant ship \"Fort Richepanse\" west of Ireland on 3 September. She docked at St. Nazaire in occupied France on 12 September. The boat switched captains to \"Kapitänleutnant\" Engelbert Endrass, (who had been IWO [first watch officer] on Günther Prien's when she sank the battleship in 1939), on 15 October. The boat left St. Nazaire on 25 October 1941 and returned on 26 November. The patrol was unsuccessful. She attacked convoy HG 76 in the North Atlantic, north-east of the Azores, which was made up of 32 cargo ships and escorted by", "title": "German submarine U-567" }, { "id": "2966369", "score": "1.9256213", "text": "bulletin on 29 November 1939, claiming the destruction of the cruiser. The war diary of the \"Befehlshaber der U-Boote\" (BdU) on 17 December 1939 stated that even though a hit was observed the cruiser was not sunk. On 5 December 1939, \"U-47\" spotted nine merchant vessels escorted by five destroyers. At 14:40, Prien fired one torpedo , sinking the British steamer \"Navasota\" from Convoy OB 46 on its way to Buenos Aires, killing 37 sailors. for a total of plus one British warship damaged, while the actual tonnage was only . Amongst the ships sunk by \"U-47\" was the ,", "title": "Günther Prien" }, { "id": "3277844", "score": "1.9147598", "text": "shot. A further three shots from the deck gun onto the bridge of \"Rio Carlo\", upon which the broadcast ceased and the crew abandoned ship. Once the crew was away, Prien finished the vessel and sent its mixed cargo to the bottom with a single torpedo. While \"U-47\"s crew was inspecting the lifeboats and ensuring the survivors had provisions, an aircraft appeared and \"U-47\" dived, departing the area and leaving the crew to others to rescue. On 7 September, Prien encountered yet another British freighter, and once again initiated a surface attack on it. Attempting to escape, SS \"Gartavon\" broadcast", "title": "German submarine U-47 (1938)" }, { "id": "18344238", "score": "1.892447", "text": "in shallow waters. The survivors were picked up by HMS \"Fowey\". Wolfpack Prien Prien was a wolfpack of German U-boats that operated during the World War II Battle of the Atlantic from 12 June to 17 June 1940. The group was named after its leader Korvettenkapitän Günther Prien. This wolfpack operated south of Ireland in the North Atlantic, attacking convoy HX 47 – en route from Halifax to Liverpool. They sank five ships for a total of . \"U-25\" struck the stern of the armed merchant cruiser with one torpedo on 13 June 1940, approximately west of Barra, Outer Hebrides.", "title": "Wolfpack Prien" }, { "id": "2966373", "score": "1.8871949", "text": "at sea and sank 30 enemy vessels for a total tonnage of . The 1958 war film \"U 47 – Kapitänleutnant Prien\", directed by Harald Reinl, was loosely based on Prien's combat record and command of U-47. Prien was portrayed by the German actor Dieter Eppler. Prien was a subject of a hagiographic 1981 account by German author Franz Kurowski, \"Günther Prien, der Wolf und sein Admiral\" (\"Günther Prien, the Wolf and his Admiral\"). The German scholar classifies Kurowski's book, published by extreme right-wing publisher , as an \"almost perfect example of a skillful distillation of the Nazi understanding of", "title": "Günther Prien" }, { "id": "7133300", "score": "1.8851774", "text": "buildings. On 14 October 1939, the Royal Navy battleship HMS \"Royal Oak\" was sunk at her moorings within the natural harbour of Scapa Flow by the German U-boat \"U-47\". Shortly before midnight on 13 October \"U-47\", under the command of Günther Prien, had entered Scapa Flow through Kirk Sound between Lamb Holm and the Orkney Mainland. Although the shallow eastern passages had been secured with measures including sunken block ships, booms and anti-submarine nets, Prien was able to navigate the \"U-47\" around the obstructions at high tide. He launched a torpedo attack on the Royal Navy battleship while it was", "title": "Churchill Barriers" }, { "id": "8604969", "score": "1.8730649", "text": "with his 20th birthday just over two months away. The captain, Rolf Dau, was the oldest known crew member of \"U-42\". He was born on 1 April 1906 and was 33 years old at the time of the boat's sinking; he survived. \"U-42\" was the fifth U-boat to be lost in World War II. While still on her first war patrol, \"U-42\" was sunk on 13 October 1939 by depth charges from the British destroyers and . This attack took place off the southwest coast of neutral Ireland. Of the 46 man crew, 26 were killed in the depth charge", "title": "German submarine U-42 (1939)" }, { "id": "9258371", "score": "1.8684831", "text": "the beginning of World War II. She headed into the North Sea and eventually circumnavigated the British Isles. Prior to her sinking, \"U-39\" was attacked in the North Sea on 10 September while en route to the British Isles. She was depth charged by an unidentified British vessel and was forced to dive to 100 meters (328 feet) to escape the attack. On 14 September 1939, after only 27 days at sea, \"U-39\" fired two torpedoes at the British aircraft carrier off Rockall Bank north-west of Scotland. Lookouts spotted the torpedo tracks and \"Ark Royal\" turned towards the attack, reducing", "title": "German submarine U-39 (1938)" } ]

[ "Zoological park", "Zoological Gardens", "Zoo museum", "Zoologischer Garten", "zoological park", "Roadside zoos", "zoo", "roadside zoos", "zoologischer garten", "roadside zoo", "Zoos", "zoo museum", "Open-range zoo", "Zoological gardens", "ZOO", "Farm parks", "Zoo", "Zoological Garden", "Zoological garden", "farm parks", "zoological gardens", "open range zoo", "zoos", "Roadside zoo", "zoological garden" ]

[ { "id": "7911696", "score": "1.7476978", "text": "cruiser . It is a dynamic park, offering both a retreat from the city and a lively cultural centre, featuring public events, live music, and other performance art. The Royal Botanic Gardens are the largest of three major botanical gardens open to the public in Sydney. Admission is free and it is open to the public every day of the year. Taronga is the city zoo of Sydney, officially opened on 7 October 1916. It is located on the shores of Sydney Harbour in Mosman. Taronga is linked to Dubbo's Western Plains Zoo in terms of breeding programs. Taronga Zoo", "title": "Tourism in Sydney" }, { "id": "2965996", "score": "1.6981789", "text": "Centre was built as was an Education Centre (funded by the Department of Education). Previous attractions such as elephant rides, miniature trains, monkey circus and merry-go-round gave way to educational facilities such as Friendship Farm and Seal Theatre. In the mid-1980s, a gondola lift was installed that allows visitors to view the zoo and Sydney Harbour. It runs from the bottom of the park close to the ferry wharf, and transports passengers to the top end of the zoo. In 2000, TCSA commenced a 12-year $250 million master plan, the majority of which is being spent at Taronga Zoo. The", "title": "Taronga Zoo Sydney" }, { "id": "2965993", "score": "1.6432685", "text": "Taronga Zoo Sydney Taronga Zoo Sydney is a zoo located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in the suburb of Mosman, on the shores of Sydney Harbour. It was officially opened on 7 October 1916. Taronga Zoo Sydney is managed by the Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales, under the trading name Taronga Conservation Society, along with its sister zoo, the Taronga Western Plains Zoo in Dubbo. Divided into eight zoogeographic regions, the Taronga Zoo Sydney is home to over 4,000 animals of 350 species. It has a zoo shop, a cafe, and information centre. The Royal Zoological Society", "title": "Taronga Zoo Sydney" }, { "id": "14786857", "score": "1.6383736", "text": "century, rows of shops and Federation architecture homes were built. Taronga Zoo opened in 1916, moving from a site at Moore Park that had been in use since 1884. Taronga is an Aboriginal word for 'beautiful view'. From the late 1950s, multi-storey flat developments began and became a public concern, leading to controls and restrictions being introduced. Mosman forms a peninsula between Sydney Harbour and Middle Harbour. It features a number of harbour beaches, including Balmoral, Chinamans, Obelisk Beach and Cobblers Beaches. Other attractions include Taronga Zoo, Bradleys Head and sections of Sydney Harbour National Park. Overlooking the harbour, in", "title": "Mosman, New South Wales" }, { "id": "9303650", "score": "1.5976167", "text": "is a major Sydney transport hub, with a large ferry, rail and bus interchange. F2 Taronga Zoo services usually depart from Wharf 2. The wharves are wheelchair-accessible. The Taronga Zoo ferry wharf is, for many tourists, the preferred mode of entry to Sydney's major zoological park. Passengers disembarking at the wharf, located on Bradleys Head Road, can enter the zoo via a cable car or connect with local bus services. The wharf is wheelchair-accessible. The following table shows the patronage of Sydney Ferries network for the year ending 30 June 2018. Taronga Zoo ferry services The Taronga Zoo ferry service", "title": "Taronga Zoo ferry services" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Taronga Zoo\n\nTaronga Zoo is a zoo located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, in the suburb of Mosman, on the shores of Sydney Harbour. The opening hours are between 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Taronga is an Aboriginal word meaning 'beautiful water view'.\n\nIt was officially opened on 7 October 1916. Taronga Zoo Sydney is managed by the Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales, under the trading name Taronga Conservation Society, along with its sister zoo, the Taronga Western Plains Zoo in Dubbo.\n\nDivided into various zoogeographic regions, the Taronga Zoo Sydney is home to more than 2,600 animals of approximately 250 different species. It has a zoo shop, a cafe, and an information centre.", "title": "Taronga Zoo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Taronga Western Plains Zoo\n\nTaronga Western Plains Zoo, formerly known as (and still commonly referred to as) Western Plains Zoo and commonly known as Dubbo Zoo, is a large zoo near Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia. It opened to the public on 28 February 1977, to provide more living and breeding space for large animals such as elephants and antelopes which needed more space than was available at the restricted Sydney site. The zoo is run by the Taronga Conservation Society (formerly Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales), along with Taronga Zoo Sydney. Western Plains Zoo is located on the Newell Highway in west Dubbo about 5 km from the city.", "title": "Taronga Western Plains Zoo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tourism in Sydney\n\nTourism in Sydney, Australia forms an important part of the city's economy. The city received 12 million domestic visitors and 4.1 million international visitors in year ending June 2019, however the number of visitors is expected to decrease in 2020. The most famous attractions include the Sydney Opera House, and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Other attractions include the Sydney Mardi Gras, Royal Botanical Gardens, Luna Park, the beaches and Sydney Tower.", "title": "Tourism in Sydney" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Taronga Zoo ferry services\n\nThe Taronga Zoo ferry service is a ferry route in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It connects Taronga Zoo with the transport hub at Circular Quay. The route forms part of the Sydney Ferries network. In 2013, the Taronga Zoo ferry service was given the designation of F2 as part of a program to number all Sydney Ferries, Sydney Trains and light rail lines. Some F2 Taronga Zoo services are combined with F6 Mosman services, extending to Mosman Bay.", "title": "Taronga Zoo ferry services" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Featherdale Wildlife Park\n\nFeatherdale Wildlife Park is a zoo located in Doonside, Sydney, Australia. The park is located in Sydney's west, approximately from Sydney's CBD. The park contains various species native to Australia, and is known to be one of the world's largest collections of Australian fauna. The facility provides displays, events and interactive experiences. The site covers , ranging from animal enclosures and display areas to visitor facilities, including picnic spaces, shops and basic amenities. It specialises in Australian native wildlife and birds, as well as reptiles and marsupials. The premises is accredited by the Zoo Aquarium Association Australia.", "title": "Featherdale Wildlife Park" }, { "id": "7911697", "score": "1.5906101", "text": "is home to over 2,600 animals on 28.7 hectares, making it one of the largest of its kind, and it divided into eight zoogeographic regions with numerous indoor pavilions and outdoor exhibits. Taronga Zoo has about 340 different species of animal, and are housed in a large variety of exhibits. Sydney Wildlife World is a zoo in the Sydney CBD. It officially opened in September 2006. It is located on the shores of Darling Harbour and is attached to Sydney Aquarium. Sydney Wildlife World is unusual for a zoo in that it is entirely enclosed and air-conditioned. The indoor zoo", "title": "Tourism in Sydney" }, { "id": "2966020", "score": "1.5772626", "text": "gondola lift or connect with local State Transit Authority bus services. Sydney Ferries offers combined \"ZooLink\" tickets covering ferry fares, park entry, and gondola ride. Taronga Zoo Sydney also works heavily with various other Sydney Harbour transport operators, such as Captain Cook Cruises and Yellow Water Taxis. Both of these operators offer combined tickets/packages which include tickets covering transport fares, park entry, and gondola ride. Taronga Zoo Sydney Taronga Zoo Sydney is a zoo located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in the suburb of Mosman, on the shores of Sydney Harbour. It was officially opened on 7 October 1916.", "title": "Taronga Zoo Sydney" }, { "id": "2965995", "score": "1.5456471", "text": "\"Rustic Bridge\" was opened in 1915 and was one of Taronga Zoo's earliest landscape features. It was the main way in which visitors could cross the natural gully that it spans. Early photographs show it as a romantic pathway secluded by plantings. The rustic effect was created by embedding stones in the wall and like the aquarium, its design was reminiscent of Italian grottoes. A critical review in 1967 led to a new emphasis on scientific conservation, education and preservation. New exhibits were built starting with the Platypus and Nocturnal houses, waterfowl ponds and walkthrough Rainforest Aviary. A Veterinary Quarantine", "title": "Taronga Zoo Sydney" }, { "id": "2965994", "score": "1.5449934", "text": "of New South Wales opened the first public zoo in New South Wales in 1884 at Billy Goat Swamp in Moore Park, on a site now occupied by Sydney Boys High School and Sydney Girls High School. Inspired by a 1908 visit to the Hamburg Zoo, the secretary of the zoo, Albert Sherbourne Le Souef, envisioned a new zoo based on the bar-less concept. After realising that the Moore Park site was too small, the NSW Government granted of land north of Sydney Harbour. A further were later granted in 1916. Taronga is an Aboriginal word meaning \"beautiful view\". The", "title": "Taronga Zoo Sydney" }, { "id": "2965997", "score": "1.5390601", "text": "first major master plan item was the Backyard to Bush precinct. Under the plan, the zoo received five Asian elephants from the Thailand Zoological Park Organisation for breeding purposes, education, long-term research and involvement of conservation programs. The plan has met opposition from environmental activists in Thailand, who blockaded the trucks hauling the elephants to Bangkok International Airport for their flight on 5 June 2006. The elephants along with other Asian rain forest specimens are housed in the \"Wild Asia\" precinct which opened in 2006 and aims to immerse visitors in an Asian rain forest environment. A marine section, Great", "title": "Taronga Zoo Sydney" }, { "id": "17076435", "score": "1.5214121", "text": "from global presenters and dazzling light projections across the city. In 2016, a display was added at Taronga Zoo. In 2016, Vivid Sydney was extended to 23 nights and was attended by more than 2.3 million people. In 2017, Vivid Sydney attracted a record 2.33 million attendees and injected over $143 million into NSW’s visitor economy. At Vivid Sydney, there are many opportunities for individuals to interact with the unique technology that is offered. Exhibits at Vivid Sydney are all numbered based on their location and these numbers are all displayed on a map. While there are multiple larger light", "title": "Vivid Sydney" }, { "id": "2965998", "score": "1.5153983", "text": "Southern Oceans, opened in April 2008. Recently, the redevelopment and restoration of the historic entrance opened, further adding to the masterplan. The chimpanzee exhibit is also under construction, hoping to split it into two sections, making it easier for introducing new individuals. Zoo Friends offers support in form of volunteers and fund raising for both Taronga and Western Plains Zoo. Members are offered behind-the-scenes experiences at the zoo and unlimited zoo entry. Members are also eligible to volunteer to help at the zoo. In February 2003, it became the second zoo in Australia to breed the platypus. At 3.04 am", "title": "Taronga Zoo Sydney" }, { "id": "2965988", "score": "1.513463", "text": "the organisation was disbanded and all assets donated to the Taronga Conservation Foundation. Taronga Zoo Sydney now runs its own volunteer program. Taronga Western Plains Zoo Taronga Western Plains Zoo, formerly known as (and still commonly referred to as) Western Plains Zoo and commonly known as Dubbo Zoo, is a large zoo near Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia. It opened to the public on 28 February 1977, to provide more living and breeding space for large animals such as elephants and antelopes which needed more space than was available at the restricted Sydney site. The zoo is run by the", "title": "Taronga Western Plains Zoo" }, { "id": "2965985", "score": "1.4833162", "text": "the Newell Highway in west Dubbo about 4 km from the city. In the late 1960s, plans to develop a large plains zoo to complement Sydney's Taronga Zoo were established. The new zoo would provide breeding facilities particularly suited to the large plains dwelling animals and to fulfil a need for an open range facility for the display of mainly grazing animals. After considerable planning and preparation, a site on the outskirts of Dubbo in central West New South Wales was chosen. Formerly an army camp during World War Two, the site was transformed into a 300 hectare zoo of", "title": "Taronga Western Plains Zoo" }, { "id": "7911700", "score": "1.4822161", "text": "640-hectare site located adjacent to the suburb of Homebush Bay, New South Wales, Australia. It was built for the 2000 Olympics and continues to be used for sporting and cultural events, including the Sydney Royal Easter Show, Sydney Festival, Big Day Out and a number of world class sporting fixtures. It is served by the Olympic Park railway station. There are also regular services to the nearby wharf which operate from various points around Sydney Harbour. The Blue Mountains National Park is one of the most popular parks in Australia. The majority of tourists to the Blue Mountains see the", "title": "Tourism in Sydney" }, { "id": "2965984", "score": "1.4753969", "text": "Taronga Western Plains Zoo Taronga Western Plains Zoo, formerly known as (and still commonly referred to as) Western Plains Zoo and commonly known as Dubbo Zoo, is a large zoo near Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia. It opened to the public on 28 February 1977, to provide more living and breeding space for large animals such as elephants and antelopes which needed more space than was available at the restricted Sydney site. The zoo is run by the Taronga Conservation Society (formerly Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales), along with Taronga Zoo Sydney. Western Plains Zoo is located on", "title": "Taronga Western Plains Zoo" }, { "id": "9303649", "score": "1.4707872", "text": "Taronga Zoo ferry services The Taronga Zoo ferry service is a ferry route in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It connects Taronga Zoo with the transport hub at Circular Quay. The route forms part of the Sydney Ferries network. In 2013, the Taronga Zoo ferry service was given the designation of F2 as part of a program to number all Sydney Ferries, Sydney Trains and light rail lines. Some F2 Taronga Zoo services are combined with F6 Mosman services, extending to Mosman Bay. <mapframe width=\"300\" height=\"300\" align=\"center\" text=\"Wharves served by the F2 ferry\" longitude=\"151.2254\" latitude=\"-33.8535\" zoom=\"13\"> ] </mapframe> Circular Quay", "title": "Taronga Zoo ferry services" }, { "id": "6731829", "score": "1.4526231", "text": "park has also become the host for the touring Soundwave Festival having its first show there in 2007 and returning in 2008. The park area has been extensively replanted with a variety of native trees and shrubs. Stormwater retention ponds constructed in the eastern section of the site have been transformed into wetland habitats, partially recreating the original character of the eastern part of the site, and this has attracted a wide variety of bird and animal life including dusky moorhens, Australian magpies and pelicans. Sydney Park Sydney Park is a large recreational area in the inner-city area of Sydney,", "title": "Sydney Park" }, { "id": "2966019", "score": "1.4373364", "text": "will have to work hard if she is to make any connections outside of her family. She remains close to her adult brothers, Shabani and Samaki and often interacts with Sule, who is two months younger. For many years, Sembe was dominant to the smaller Sule, but as they enter adolescence, these roles are quickly reversing. The Taronga Zoo ferry services are, for many tourists, the preferred mode of travel to the zoo, providing a 12-minute ride from the city to the zoo. Passengers disembarking at the ferry wharf, located on Bradleys Head Road, can enter the zoo via a", "title": "Taronga Zoo Sydney" }, { "id": "3857890", "score": "1.4353621", "text": "allows access throughout the main section of the park. It is the focus of many activities and amusements, and provides access to the Crystal Palace, Big Top, and Coney Island, along with the majority of Luna Park's permanent rides. Beginning life in 1935 as a dodgem hall and office space, the Crystal Palace has seen many uses over the park's history, including as a dance hall, a BMX track, a games arcade, and a restaurant and bar. Since the 2004 reopening, Crystal Palace has been host to four of the seven rooms used by Luna Park's functions business. The main", "title": "Luna Park Sydney" } ]

[ "Froglet", "Order Anura", "Frogs", "anuran", "frog metamorphosis", "frog amphibian", "Anuran", "Frog spawn", "Anura (amphibian)", "Anura (frog)", "frog life cycle", "Croaking", "batrachan", "Batrachian", "croaking", "Anura (order)", "anura frog", "Anurans", "frog zoology", "frogspawn", "frogs", "order anura", "Frog life cycle", "frog", "anura order", "Batrachan", "anura amphibian", "frog spawn", "Frogspawn", "Frog Metamorphosis", "Frog", "batrachian", "Frog zoology", "anurans", "🐸", "FROGS", "Frog (amphibian)", "froglet", "A frog" ]

[ { "id": "7967090", "score": "1.6306202", "text": "the hoof wall's free margin encircles most of the hoof. The triangular frog occupies the center area. Lateral to the frog are two grooves, deeper in their posterior portion, named 'collateral grooves'. At the heels, the palmar/plantar portion of the walls bend inward sharply, following the external surface of collateral grooves to form the bars. The lower surface of the hoof, from the outer walls and the inner frog and bars, is covered by an exfoliating keratinised material, called the 'sole'. Just below the coronet, the walls are covered for about an inch by a cornified, opaque 'periople' material. In", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "7967088", "score": "1.5699914", "text": "down to the sensitive tissue over time. The hoof is made up by an outer part, the hoof capsule (composed of various cornified specialized structures) and an inner, living part, containing soft tissues and bone. The cornified material of the hoof capsule is different in structure and properties in different parts. Dorsally, it covers, protects and supports P3 (also known as the coffin bone, pedal bone, PIII). Palmarly/plantarly, it covers and protects specialised soft tissues (tendons, ligaments, fibro-fatty and/or fibrocartilaginous tissues and cartilage). The upper, almost circular limit of the hoof capsule is the coronet (coronary band), having an angle", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "7967100", "score": "1.5587205", "text": "and it is a very important landmark used by natural hoof trimmers to evaluate the correct heel height. The bars have a three-layer structure, just like the walls (see above). When overgrown, they bend outwards and cover the lower surface of the sole. The third phalanx (coffin bone; pedal bone; P3;) is completely (or almost completely) covered by the hoof capsule. It has a crescent shape and a lower cup-like concavity. Its external surface mirrors the wall's shape. The corium, a dermo-epidermal, highly vascularized layer between the wall and the coffin bone, has a parallel, laminar shape, and is named", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "7967111", "score": "1.553005", "text": "seen, although most commonly in draft horses. Quarter cracks are vertical splits in a hoof wall, most commonly seen on the inside of the front hooves or the outside of the hind hooves. They can result from poor shoeing and management practices, natural hoof conformation, or injuries to the leg and hoof. Horse hoof A horse hoof is a structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit (digit III of the basic pentadactyl limb of vertebrates, evolved into a single weight-bearing digit in equids) of each of the four limbs of Equus species, which is covered by complex soft", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "7967085", "score": "1.5433161", "text": "Horse hoof A horse hoof is a structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit (digit III of the basic pentadactyl limb of vertebrates, evolved into a single weight-bearing digit in equids) of each of the four limbs of Equus species, which is covered by complex soft tissue and keratinised (cornified) structures. Since a single digit must bear the full proportion of the animal's weight that is borne by that limb, the hoof is of vital importance to the horse. The phrase \"no hoof, no horse\" underlines how much the health and the strength of the hoof is crucial", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Frog (horse anatomy)\n\nThe frog is a part of a horse hoof, located on the underside, which should touch the ground if the horse is standing on soft footing. The frog is triangular in shape, and extends midway from the heels toward the toe, covering around 25% of the bottom of the hoof.\nThe frog is a V-shaped structure that extends forward across about two-thirds of the sole. Its thickness grows from the front to the back and, at the back, it merges with the heel periople. In its midline, it has a central groove (sulcus) that extends up between the bulbs.\n\nThe color of the frog varies between horses and can have no pigment making it cream colored, or with pigment fully or partially making it darker, and of a rubbery consistency, suggesting its role as a shock absorber and grip tool on hard, smooth ground. The frog also acts like a pump to move the blood back to the heart, a great distance from the relatively thin leg to the main organ of the circulatory system.\n\nIn the stabled horse, the frog does not wear but degrades, due to bacterial and fungal activity, to an irregular, soft, slashed surface. In the free-roaming horse, it hardens into a callous consistency with a near-smooth surface. For good health, the horse requires dry areas to stand. If exposed to constant wet or damp environments, the frog will develop a bacterial infection called thrush.\nThe frog is anatomically analogous to the human fingertip.", "title": "Frog (horse anatomy)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Horse hoof\n\nA horse hoof is the lower extremity of each leg of a horse, the part that makes contact with the ground and carries the weight of the animal. It is both hard and flexible. It is a complex structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit (digit III of the basic pentadactyl limb of vertebrates, evolved into a single weight-bearing digit in horses) of each of the four limbs, which is covered by soft tissue and keratinised (cornified) matter.", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Glossary of equestrian terms\n\nThis is a basic glossary of equestrian terms that includes both technical terminology and jargon developed over the centuries for horses and other equidae, as well as various horse-related concepts. Where noted, some terms are used only in American English (US), only in British English (UK), or are regional to a particular part of the world, such as Australia (AU).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA term of art in equine conformation to describe the quality of certain skeletal structures.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Glossary of equestrian terms" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Caltrop\n\nA caltrop (also known as caltrap, galtrop, cheval trap, galthrap, galtrap, calthrop, jackrock or crow's foot) is an area denial weapon made up of two or more sharp nails or spines arranged in such a manner that one of them always points upward from a stable base (for example, a tetrahedron). Historically, caltrops were part of defences that served to slow the advance of troops, especially horses, chariots, and war elephants, and were particularly effective against the soft feet of camels. In modern times, caltrops are effective when used against wheeled vehicles with pneumatic tires.", "title": "Caltrop" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ungulate\n\nUngulates ( ) are members of the diverse clade Ungulata which primarily consists of large mammals with hooves. These include odd-toed ungulates such as horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs; and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, camels, sheep, deer, and hippopotamuses. Cetaceans such as whales, dolphins, and porpoises are also classified as even-toed ungulates, although they do not have hooves. Most terrestrial ungulates use the hoofed tips of their toes to support their body weight while standing or moving.\n\nThe term means, roughly, \"being hoofed\" or \"hoofed animal\". As a descriptive term, \"ungulate\" normally excludes cetaceans as they do not possess most of the typical morphological characteristics of other ungulates, but recent discoveries indicate that they were also descended from early artiodactyls. Ungulates are typically herbivorous and many employ specialized gut bacteria to allow them to digest cellulose. Some modern species, such as pigs, are omnivorous, while some prehistoric species, such as mesonychians, were carnivorous.", "title": "Ungulate" }, { "id": "7967102", "score": "1.5411032", "text": "of recovering cases of navicular syndrome. The flexor tendon lays deeper, just along the posterior surface of the small pastern bone (PII) and navicular bone, and it connects with posterior surface of P3; the navicular functions as a pulley. The horse hoof is not at all a rigid structure. It is elastic and flexible. Just squeezing the heels by hand will demonstrate that. When loaded, the hoof physiologically changes its shape. In part, this is a result of solar concavity, which has a variable depth, in the region of 1–1.5 cm. In part, it is a result of the arched", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "7967098", "score": "1.5296586", "text": "the underside of the hoof. Its deep layer has a compact, waxy character and it is called 'live sole'. Its surface is variable in character as a result of ground contact. If there is no contact, as in shod hooves or when the walls are too long or the movement poor, the lower surface of the sole has a crumbly consistency, and it is easily abraded by scratching it with a hoofpick. Conversely, it has a very hard consistency, with a smooth, bright surface, when there is a consistent, active contact with the ground. The front portion beneath the front", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "7967089", "score": "1.5296326", "text": "to the ground of roughly similar magnitude in each pair of feet (i.e. fronts and backs). These angles may differ slightly from one horse to another, but not markedly. The walls originate from the coronet band. Walls are longer in the dorsal portion of the hoof (toe), intermediate in length in the lateral portion (quarter) and very short in palmar/plantar portion (heel). Heels are separated by an elastic, resilient structure named the 'frog'. In the palmar/plantar part of the foot, above the heels and the frog, there are two oval bulges named the 'bulbs'. When viewed from the lower surface,", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "7967101", "score": "1.5252779", "text": "the laminae. Laminar connection has a key role in the strength and the health of the hoof. Beneath the rear part of the sole, there is the digital cushion, which separates the frog and the bulb from underlying tendons, joints and bones, providing cushioning protection. In foals and yearlings, the digital cushion is composed of fibro-fatty, soft tissue. In the adult horse, it hardens into a fibrocartilaginous tissue when sufficient, consistent concussion stimulates the back of the hoof. Normal transformation of the digital cushion into fibrocartilagineous tissue is now considered a key goal, both for prevention of, and for rehabilitation", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "7967091", "score": "1.5142243", "text": "the palmar/plantar part of the hoof, the periople is thicker and more rubbery over the heels, and it merges with frog material. Not all horses have the same amount of periople. Dry feet tend to lack this substance, which can be substituted with a hoof dressing. The walls are considered as a protective shield covering the sensitive internal hoof tissues (like the exoskeleton of arthropods), as a structure devoted to dissipating the energy of concussion, and as a surface to provide grip on different terrains. They are elastic and very tough, and vary in thickness from 6 to 12 mm.", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "17037644", "score": "1.5114028", "text": "hoof includes the sole, which has an outer, insensitive layer and a sensitive inner layer, and the frog, which lies between the heels and assists in shock absorption and blood flow. The final structures are the lateral cartilages, connected to the upper coffin bone, which act as the flexible heels, allowing hoof expansion. These structures allow the hoof to perform many functions. It acts as a support and traction point, shock absorber and system for pumping blood back through the lower limb. A sequence of movements in which a horse takes a step with all four legs is called a", "title": "Limbs of the horse" }, { "id": "7967103", "score": "1.4986144", "text": "shape of the lateral lower profile of the walls and sole, so that when an unloaded hoof touches a firm ground surface, there is only contact at toe and heels (active contact). A loaded hoof has a much greater area of ground contact (passive contact), covering the lower wall edge, most of the sole, bars and frog. Active contact areas can be seen as slightly protruding spots in the walls and in the callused sole. The shape changes in a loaded hoof are complex. The plantar arch flattens, the solar concavity decreases in depth and heels spread. The hoof diameter", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "14870307", "score": "1.4956949", "text": "Hipposandal The Hipposandal (Latin \"soleae ferreae\") is a device that protected the hoof of a horse. It was commonplace in the northwestern countries of the Roman Empire, and was a predecessor to the horseshoe. The necessity of protecting the horse hoof was recognised by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and written about by Xenophon. An early form of hoof protection was seen in ancient Asia, where horses' hooves were wrapped in rawhide, leather or other materials for both therapeutic purposes and protection from wear. Elsewhere, various methods were employed to trim the hoof into a hollow form and give it", "title": "Hipposandal" }, { "id": "2514249", "score": "1.474246", "text": "However, the marsupial \"Chaeropus\" had hooves. The hoof surrounds the distal end of the second phalanx, the distal phalanx, and the navicular bone. The hoof consists of the hoof wall, the bars of the hoof, the sole and frog and soft tissue shock absorption structures. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves perform many functions, including supporting the weight of the animal, dissipating the energy impact as the hooves strike the ground or surface, protecting the tissues and bone within the hoof capsule, and providing traction for", "title": "Hoof" }, { "id": "8058290", "score": "1.4642005", "text": "Abnormal wear of the teeth, caused by conformational defects, abnormal behaviors, or improper diets, can cause serious health issues and can even result in the death of the horse. The hoof of the horse encases the second and third phalanx of the lower limbs, analogous to the fingertip or toe tip of a human. In essence, a horse travels on its \"tiptoes\". The hoof wall is a much larger, thicker and stronger version of the human fingernail or toenail, made up of similar materials, primarily keratin, a very strong protein molecule. The horse's hoof contains a high proportion of sulfur-containing", "title": "Equine anatomy" }, { "id": "8058299", "score": "1.4517174", "text": "hoof (including the frog - the V shaped part on the bottom of the horses hoof) is a very important part of the circulatory system. As the horse puts weight onto the hoof, the hoof wall is pushed outwards and the frog compressed, driving blood out of the frog, the digital pad, and the laminae of the hoof. When weight is removed from the hoof, the release of pressure pulls blood back down into the foot again. This effectively creates an auxiliary blood-pumping system at the end of each leg. Some of this effect is lost when a horse is", "title": "Equine anatomy" }, { "id": "17037642", "score": "1.4491206", "text": "major attachment, extensor and flexor muscles and tendons. The same portion in the hind limbs consists of the major muscles, ligaments and tendons, as well as the reciprocal joints of the hock and stifle. The hoof of the horse contains over a dozen different structures, including bones, cartilage, tendons and tissues. The coffin or pedal bone is the major hoof bone, supporting the majority of the weight. Under the coffin bone is the navicular bone, itself cushioned by the navicular bursa, a fluid-filled sac. The digital cushion is a blood vessel-filled structure located in the middle of the hoof, which", "title": "Limbs of the horse" }, { "id": "2514251", "score": "1.4348648", "text": "and the stratum medium is what makes up the bulk of the hoof wall. Inside the hoof wall is a laminar junction, a soft tissue structure that allows the hoof to withstand the demands of force transmission it undergoes. This tissue structure binds the inner surface of the hoof wall, the dermis parietis and the outer surface of the third phalanx. Most even-toed ungulates (such as sheep, goats, deer, cattle, bison and pigs) have two main hooves on each foot, together called a cloven hoof. Most of these cloven-hooved animals also have two smaller hooves called \"dewclaws\" a little further", "title": "Hoof" }, { "id": "17037643", "score": "1.4296634", "text": "assists with blood flow throughout the leg. At the top of the hoof wall is the corium, tissue which continually produces the horn of the outer hoof shell, which is in turn protected by the periople, a thin outer layer which prevents the interior structures from drying out. The wall is connected to the coffin bone by sensitive laminae, a flexible layer which helps to suspend and protect the coffin bone. The main tendon in the hoof is the deep digital flexor tendon, which connects to the bottom of the coffin bone. The impact zone on the bottom of the", "title": "Limbs of the horse" }, { "id": "13319251", "score": "1.4242288", "text": "during the paw's contact with the ground. The horse's foot is in an unguligrade orientation. The columnar orientation of bones and connective tissue is similarly well-aligned to transmit loads during the weight-bearing phase of locomotion. The thick keratinized and semicircular hoof changes shape during loading and unloading. Similarly, the cushioned frog situated centrally at the rear ends of the hoof undergoes compression during loading, and expansion when unloaded. Together, the hoof and cushioned frog structures may work in concert with hoof capsule to provide shock absorption. The horse hoof also acts dynamically during loading, which may cushion the endoskeleton from", "title": "Comparative foot morphology" } ]

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[ { "id": "9968759", "score": "1.5332367", "text": "Mike Compton (American football) Michael Eugene Compton (born September 18, 1970) is a former American college and professional football player who was a guard in the National Football League (NFL) for twelve seasons. Compton played college football for West Virginia University, and was recognized as an All-American center. He played professionally for the Detroit Lions, New England Patriots and Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL, and started in Super Bowl XXXVI for the Patriots. Compton was born in Richlands, Virginia. He graduated from Richlands High School, where he played high school football, baseball and wrestled for the Richlands Blue Tornadoes. Compton", "title": "Mike Compton (American football)" }, { "id": "14021705", "score": "1.5307598", "text": "tool known as The Ball Hawg. Mike Compton (baseball) Michael Lynn Compton (born August 15, 1944 in Stamford, Texas) was a Major League Baseball player, who played catcher for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1970. Compton attended Sul Ross State University. In 1965 he was signed as an amateur free agent by the Phillies. On May 2, 1970, Philadelphia Phillies catchers Mike Ryan and Tim McCarver both had a hand broken in a game against the San Francisco Giants. With their catching corps depleted, the Phillies had to use Jim Hutto, Del Bates, Doc Edwards, and Compton at the position. Bates", "title": "Mike Compton (baseball)" }, { "id": "13095576", "score": "1.5285733", "text": "then was reunited with former Lion teammate Michael Trigg as he signed with the Dallas Texans. This began a long term career in the Arena Football League that saw Compton play for the Dallas Texans, Fort Worth Cavalry, Milwaukee Mustangs, Indiana Firebirds, Grand Rapids Rampage, Tampa Bay Storm, and Philadelphia Soul. Compton retired from Football in 2004. Compton is married and has 3 sons and 1 daughter and lives in Wisconsin. He has coached high school football in both Texas and Wisconsin and is currently the owner and operator of his own business. Gary Compton Gary Compton (born May 9,", "title": "Gary Compton" }, { "id": "10628411", "score": "1.5269604", "text": "prevent his team from losing the play-off final to King's Lynn and again becoming runners up in the Premier League. In 2007 and 2008, Compton remained with the Sheffield Tigers. At the end of the 2008 season, Compton announced his retirement from the sport to pursue other business matters, stating that he had lost his passion for speedway. A subsequent change of heart saw him return to the Premier League, moving to the Workington Comets after six consecutive seasons with Sheffield Tigers.On 16 June 2013 it was announced at the Red revolution open at Glasgow that Compton had signed a", "title": "Andre Compton" }, { "id": "9968762", "score": "1.5011213", "text": "long snapper for punt coverage. During his NFL career, Mike Compton displayed versatility along the offensive line, often playing multiple positions in any given season. In 2001, Compton joined the New England Patriots squad. In his three seasons with the Patriots, Compton earned two Super Bowl rings. In 2004, Compton ended his career with the Jacksonville Jaguars. Compton was an assistant coach at Tazewell High School in Tazewell, Virginia during the 2006 and 2007 seasons. In 2008, he was named head football coach at Patrick Henry High School in Glade Spring, Virginia. In 2011, Compton began his collegiate football coaching", "title": "Mike Compton (American football)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Denis Compton\n\nDenis Charles Scott Compton (23 May 1918 – 23 April 1997) was an English multi-sportsman. As a cricketer he played in 78 Test matches and spent his whole cricket career with Middlesex. As a footballer, he played as a winger and spent most of his career at Arsenal.\n\nA right-handed batsman and left-arm unorthodox spin bowler, Compton is regularly credited as one of England's most remarkable batsmen. Indeed, Sir Don Bradman said he was one of the greatest cricket players he'd ever seen. He is one of only twenty-five players to have scored over one hundred centuries in first-class cricket. In 2009, Compton was posthumously inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. The Denis Compton Oval and a stand at Lord's Cricket Ground are both named in his honour.", "title": "Denis Compton" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "NBC Denis Compton Award\n\nThe NBC Denis Compton Award was an annual award given to 'The Most Promising Young Player' at each of the 18 first-class counties in England and Wales. The award was made between 1996 and 2011. A player may receive the award more than once.", "title": "NBC Denis Compton Award" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nick Compton\n\nNicholas Richard Denis Compton (born 26 June 1983) is a South African-born English former Test and first-class cricketer who most recently played for Middlesex County Cricket Club. The grandson of Denis Compton, he represented England in 16 Test matches.<ref name=\"Cricinfo profile\"/>\n\nA right-handed top order batsman and occasional right-arm off spin bowler, he made his List-A debut for Middlesex in 2001 and made his first-class debut three years later. A move to Somerset in 2010 saw Compton establish himself as a consistent scorer in a strong top order and following a prolific domestic season he made his England Test debut against India in November 2012.<ref name=\"Cricinfo profile\"/>\n\nIn April 2013, the \"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack\" named Compton as one of their five \"Wisden\" Cricketers of the Year. He made a guest appearance for Worcestershire during the 2013 season.\n\nCompton left Somerset to return to Middlesex at the end of the 2014 season. On 23 June 2016, Compton announced that he would be taking an extended break from the game, following his disappointing performances in the Test series against Sri Lanka. He returned to first-class cricket in August 2016. He retired in 2018.", "title": "Nick Compton" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ben Compton (cricketer)\n\nBenjamin Garnet Compton (born 29 March 1994) is an English cricketer. He is the only son of the cricketer Patrick Compton and a grandson of the cricketer-footballer Denis Compton. He made his first-class debut on 16 September 2019, for Nottinghamshire in the 2019 County Championship. He made his List A debut on 10 August 2021, for Nottinghamshire in the 2021 Royal London One-Day Cup.\n\nCompton was released by Nottinghamshire at the end of the 2021 season. In the off-season he joined Kent on a two-year contract. During the 2021/22 English off-season he played for Mountaineers in Zimbabwean cricket. On 17 November 2021, in the 2021–22 Pro50 Championship match against the Rhinos, Compton scored his first century in List A cricket with 102 runs. In February 2022, in the 2021–22 Logan Cup, Compton also scored his maiden century in first-class cricket. Compton finished as the leading run-scorer in the 2021–22 Pro50 Championship, with 361 runs in eight matches, and was named the Batter of the Tournament.\n\nCompton made his Kent debut in the first match of the 2022 season, where he scored a century, the third of his first-class career. A week later, in Kent's second match of the season, Compton scored his second and third centuries for the team, carrying his bat in the first innings and being the last batter dismissed in the second. He continued to score heavily and came close to achieving 1,000 first-class runs before the end of May, something only achieved nine times previously, the last in 1998. He had made 878 first-class runs in the County Championship in April and May before scoring 158 runs (in two innings combined) in the last match before the end of May, a red-ball two-innings match for a \"First Class Counties XI\" against the touring New Zealanders in a match that was not given first-class status as the sides used more that eleven players at different stages. Friend N (2022) He reached the 1,000 run milestone in June having scored four centuries and five half-centuries during the season to that point.\n", "title": "Ben Compton (cricketer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dennis Johnson\n\nDennis Wayne Johnson (September 18, 1954 – February 22, 2007), nicknamed \"DJ\", was an American professional basketball player for the National Basketball Association's (NBA) Seattle SuperSonics, Phoenix Suns, and Boston Celtics. He was a coach of the Los Angeles Clippers and an alumnus of Dominguez High School, Los Angeles Harbor College and Pepperdine University.\n\nA prototypical late bloomer, Johnson overcame early struggles and had a successful NBA playing career. Drafted 29th overall in 1976 by the Seattle SuperSonics, Johnson began his professional career as a shooting guard. He eventually led the Sonics to their only NBA championship in 1979 winning the Finals MVP Award. After three seasons with the Phoenix Suns, he became the starting point guard for the Boston Celtics, with whom he won two more championships. Johnson was voted into five All-Star Teams, one All-NBA First and one Second Team, and nine consecutive All-Defensive First and Second Teams. Apart from his reputation as a defensive stopper, Johnson was known as a clutch player who made several decisive plays in NBA playoffs history.<ref name=nbabio/>\n\nThe Celtics retired Johnson's No. 3 jersey which hangs from the rafters of the TD Garden, the home arena of the team. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame officially inducted Johnson to the Hall posthumously in 2010. He is considered by several sports journalists to be one of the most underrated players of all time.", "title": "Dennis Johnson" }, { "id": "2843640", "score": "1.5008342", "text": "at Mhow, Central India. He was granted permission to play for the Holkar team in the Ranji Trophy, India's national cricket tournament. It was in India that he began his close friendship with his Australian counterpart as Test cricketer, footballer and national hero, Keith Miller. They played against each other in the match at Calcutta between the Australian Services team and East Zone. The match was interrupted by rioting when Compton was on 94 and one of the rioters who had invaded the pitch ran up to Compton and said \"Mr Compton, you very good player, but the match must", "title": "Denis Compton" }, { "id": "5264494", "score": "1.4795244", "text": "miniseries \"Band of Brothers\" by Neal McDonough. Compton was born in Los Angeles, California. He was an athlete at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), being named an all-conference catcher and All-American selection in 1942. Among his baseball teammates was Jackie Robinson. Compton was later inducted into the UCLA Baseball Hall of Fame. He majored in physical education, with a minor in education. He joined the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity in 1940. He also played with the UCLA football team in the 1943 Rose Bowl game on January 1, 1943; the Georgia Bulldogs beat the UCLA Bruins by a", "title": "Lynn Compton" }, { "id": "2843656", "score": "1.4691306", "text": "Stanley Matthews, Compton was the first British sportsman to make a substantial living by exploiting his sporting reputation to provide advertisements and endorsements. For many years he was the public face of the Brylcreem range of men's haircare products. An example of this is illustrated upon page VIII of the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack edition of 1955. Denis Compton developed a close working relationship with Royds Advertising, and its Chairman, who at that time was Nicholas Royds. Compton's elder brother Leslie also played cricket for Middlesex and football as a defender for Arsenal and England. Compton was married three times; his", "title": "Denis Compton" }, { "id": "13095575", "score": "1.4652268", "text": "and two-time All-American selection. Compton held school and conference records for receptions (181), yardage (3,041), and touchdowns (30) until 2014 when they were broken by future Lion Vernon Johnson. Compton went undrafted in the 1991 NFL draft but signed with the San Francisco 49ers as an undrafted free agent. He was with the team throughout training camp, but was released by the team prior to the start of the season. He then joined the Montreal Machine of the World League of American Football for a short time before signing in the Arena Leagues, at first with the Cleveland Thunderbolts, and", "title": "Gary Compton" }, { "id": "13095572", "score": "1.4644775", "text": "Gary Compton Gary Compton (born May 9, 1968 in Irving, Texas) is a former American football wide receiver/linebacker in the Arena Football League and briefly in the National Football League and World League of American Football. Compton played college football at East Texas State (now Texas A&M-Commerce) from 1987-1990 where he was an All-Conference and All-American Wide Receiver as well as a Harlon Hill Award candidate. He was the all time leading career receiver for the A&M-Commerce Football program from 1990-2014. Compton was born and raised in Irving, Texas. In an interview with ArenaFan.com, he described himself as a \"Typical", "title": "Gary Compton" }, { "id": "14021704", "score": "1.4601287", "text": "the Major Leagues before 1970. Edwards was the Phillies bullpen coach and had last played in the majors in 1965. Compton batted .165 in 110 at bats with one home run. Before the 1970 season was over, Compton was demoted to the Eugene Emeralds of the Pacific Coast League. Compton would spend the rest of his professional career playing for the Emeralds. After his playing career was over, Compton managed and coached in the farm systems of the Phillies and Cincinnati Reds. More recently Compton has been a minor league catching coordinator and is credited with inventing a ball retrieval", "title": "Mike Compton (baseball)" }, { "id": "9968763", "score": "1.4503487", "text": "career as offensive line coach for Bluefield College. In 2012, Compton was the offensive line coach at Fairmont State in 2013, Compton was the offensive line coach at Concord in 2015, Compton is the offensive line coach at UVA Wise He and his family reside in Richlands, Virginia. Compton has three children. Mike Compton (American football) Michael Eugene Compton (born September 18, 1970) is a former American college and professional football player who was a guard in the National Football League (NFL) for twelve seasons. Compton played college football for West Virginia University, and was recognized as an All-American center.", "title": "Mike Compton (American football)" }, { "id": "17335813", "score": "1.442096", "text": "million watched greyhound races. Cinemas were jammed and dance halls were filled. The great cricket hero Denis Compton was ultimately dominant; the \"Daily Telegraph\" reported he: made his run gaily and with a smile. His happy demeanour and his good looks completed a picture of the beau ideal of a sportsman. I doubt if any game at any period has thrown up anyone to match his popular appeal in the England of 1947-1949. The most popular sport in the UK became association football; Sheffield F.C., founded in 1857, is the world's oldest football club still in existence to the present", "title": "Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)" }, { "id": "5139691", "score": "1.4396182", "text": "Leslie Compton Leslie Harry Compton (12 September 1912 – 27 December 1984) was an English sportsman who played football and cricket for Arsenal and Middlesex, respectively. He gained two England caps late in his football career, and remains the oldest outfield player to debut for England (and the oldest post-war debutant in any position). His brother, Denis, was also a footballer and cricketer for Arsenal and Middlesex, though Leslie was more successful in football and Denis in cricket. Compton was born Woodford, Essex and played football for Middlesex Schools before joining Arsenal as an amateur in 1930. He would spend", "title": "Leslie Compton" }, { "id": "10628410", "score": "1.4381034", "text": "following the retirement of Sean Wilson. It was a fairly successful season for the Tigers who finished second in the Premier League and gained a place in the Premier League play-off final, which was won by the King's Lynn Stars. Compton tore ligaments in his shoulder while riding in Sweden in August, just before the Premier Trophy Final, which they consequently lost to King's Lynn Stars. He recovered in time to compete in the Premier League Riders' Championship in September, but fell heavily while in the tournament in his fourth heat. He soon returned to action but was unable to", "title": "Andre Compton" }, { "id": "14021703", "score": "1.4375226", "text": "Mike Compton (baseball) Michael Lynn Compton (born August 15, 1944 in Stamford, Texas) was a Major League Baseball player, who played catcher for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1970. Compton attended Sul Ross State University. In 1965 he was signed as an amateur free agent by the Phillies. On May 2, 1970, Philadelphia Phillies catchers Mike Ryan and Tim McCarver both had a hand broken in a game against the San Francisco Giants. With their catching corps depleted, the Phillies had to use Jim Hutto, Del Bates, Doc Edwards, and Compton at the position. Bates and Compton had never played in", "title": "Mike Compton (baseball)" }, { "id": "19603641", "score": "1.4351118", "text": "Dennis Gilbert (baseball) Dennis Gilbert (born 1947) is a former sports agent and baseball executive. He is the co-founder of Beverly Hills Sports Council, a sports agency that has represented numerous professional baseball players. Gilbert played professional baseball in the Red Sox and Mets minor league systems before entering the life insurance business at age 24. When a friend of his who was a baseball agent died unexpectedly, Gilbert took over representation for some of his clients. In 1984, Gilbert and fellow former minor-leaguer Rick Thurman founded Beverly Hills Sports Council; over the next few years it became one of", "title": "Dennis Gilbert (baseball)" }, { "id": "19603643", "score": "1.4345343", "text": "raises money for ill or financially troubled scouts. Dennis Gilbert (baseball) Dennis Gilbert (born 1947) is a former sports agent and baseball executive. He is the co-founder of Beverly Hills Sports Council, a sports agency that has represented numerous professional baseball players. Gilbert played professional baseball in the Red Sox and Mets minor league systems before entering the life insurance business at age 24. When a friend of his who was a baseball agent died unexpectedly, Gilbert took over representation for some of his clients. In 1984, Gilbert and fellow former minor-leaguer Rick Thurman founded Beverly Hills Sports Council; over", "title": "Dennis Gilbert (baseball)" }, { "id": "17758180", "score": "1.4206392", "text": "Will Compton William Compton (born September 19, 1989) is an American football linebacker for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, and originally signed with the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2013. As a football player for North County High School, Compton played as a linebacker and a wide receiver. A first-team all-state selection, Compton was listed as one of the top five players entering college from Missouri high schools. He went to the University of Nebraska, where he was redshirted in 2008. He won a", "title": "Will Compton" }, { "id": "4648217", "score": "1.4190841", "text": "were won. Development of facilities became paramount for promotion into the United Counties Football League. A lease on of agricultural land was obtained from the Marquis of Northampton. Compton Park was now on the map and purpose-built facilities were developed with a spectator stand and the team gained promotion into the UCFL for the season 1985-6. The club currently (2018) play at Compton Park in Division 5 (1st XI) and Division 10 (2nd XI) of the Northamptonshire Cricket League. The village also hosts a thriving mixed club, with approximately 70 members. Former Blue Peter presenter Peter Purves lived for a", "title": "Cogenhoe" } ]

[ "meat mallet", "mallet", "Beater (mallet)", "mallets", "Rubber mallet", "Meat mallet", "carpenter s mallet", "rubber mallet", "ice mallet", "Rubber hammer", "rubber hammer", "beater mallet", "Mallet", "Carpenter's mallet", "Mallets", "Ice mallet" ]

[ { "id": "80645", "score": "1.6193078", "text": "the court, with a centre peg. In association croquet one side takes the black and blue balls, the other takes red and yellow. At each turn, players can choose to play with either of their balls for that turn. At the start of a turn, the player plays a stroke. If the player either hits the ball through the correct hoop (\"runs\" the hoop), or hits another ball (a \"roquet\"), the turn continues. Following a roquet, the player picks up his or her own ball and puts it down next to the ball that it hit. The next shot is", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "80652", "score": "1.5730011", "text": "In golf croquet, a hoop is won by the first ball to go through each hoop. Unlike association croquet, there are no additional turns for hitting other balls. Each player takes a stroke in turn, each trying to hit a ball through the same hoop. The sequence of play is blue, red, black, yellow. Blue and black balls play against red and yellow. When a hoop is won, the sequence of play continues as before. The winner of the game is the player/team who wins the most hoops. Golf croquet is the fastest-growing version of the game, owing largely to", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "80646", "score": "1.5562735", "text": "played with the two balls touching: this is the \"croquet stroke\" from which the game takes its name. By varying the speed and angle at which the mallet hits the striker's ball, a good player can control the final position of both balls: the horizontal angle determines how much the balls diverge in direction, while the vertical angle and the amount of follow-through determine the relative distance that the two balls travel. After the croquet stroke, the player plays a \"continuation\" stroke, during which the player may again attempt to make a roquet or run a hoop. Each of the", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "80657", "score": "1.5252925", "text": "the strict sequence of play, and complicated on the other hand by the continuation of deadness. A further difference is the more restrictive boundary-line rules of American croquet. In the American game, roqueting a ball out of bounds or running a hoop out of bounds causes the turn to end, and balls that go out of bounds are replaced only from the boundary rather than as in association croquet. \"Attacking\" balls on the boundary line to bring them into play is thus far more challenging. Nine-wicket croquet, sometimes called \"backyard croquet\", is played mainly in Canada and the United States,", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "80648", "score": "1.5232353", "text": "expert players) gives penalties to a player who runs certain hoops in a turn, to allow the opponent a chance of getting back into the game; feats of skill such as triple peels or better, in which the partner ball (or occasionally an opponent ball) is caused to run a number of hoops in a turn by the striker's ball help avoid these penalties. A handicap system ('bisques') provides less experienced players a chance of winning against more formidable opponents. Players of all ages and both sexes compete on level terms. The World Championships are organised by the World Croquet", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Croquet\n\nCroquet ( or ; ) is a sport that involves hitting wooden or plastic balls with a mallet through hoops (often called \"wickets\" in the United States) embedded in a grass playing court.\n\nIts international governing body is the World Croquet Federation.", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wicket\n\nIn cricket, the term wicket has several meanings: ", "title": "Wicket" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gateball\n\nGateball is played on a rectangular court long and wide. Each court has three gates and a goal pole. The game is played by two teams (red and white) of up to five players. Each player has a numbered ball corresponding to their playing order. The odd-numbered balls are red and the even-numbered balls are white. Teams score one point for each ball hit through a gate and two points for hitting the goal pole, in accordance with the rules. A game of gateball lasts for thirty minutes and the winner is the team with the most points at the end of the game.", "title": "Gateball" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Extreme croquet\n\nExtreme Croquet is a variation on croquet mainly distinguished by its lack of any requirement pertaining to out-of-bounds or field specifications. A close relative of the croquet played in most backyards and gardens, but expanded by more adventurous enthusiasts and played throughout the world in conditions unfamiliar to official tournament players.", "title": "Extreme croquet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Tennis" }, { "id": "80660", "score": "1.5214512", "text": "non-poison ball that roquets a poison ball has the normal options. A poison ball that hits a stake or passes through any wicket (possibly by the action of a non-poison player) is eliminated. The last person remaining is the winner. This version of the game was invented by John Riches of Adelaide, Australia with help from Tom Armstrong in the 1980s. The game can be played by up to six people and is very easy to learn. For this reason it is often used as a stepping stone to association croquet. Ricochet has similar rules to association and garden croquet,", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "80628", "score": "1.5176871", "text": "Croquet Croquet is a sport that involves hitting plastic or wooden balls with a mallet through hoops (often called \"wickets\" in the United States) embedded in a grass playing court. The oldest document to bear the word \"croquet\" with a description of the modern game is the set of rules registered by Isaac Spratt in November 1856 with the Stationers' Company in London. This record is now in the Public Record Office. In 1868, the first croquet all-comers meet was held at Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire and in the same year the All England Croquet Club was formed at Wimbledon, London. Regardless", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "80643", "score": "1.5146153", "text": "to be viciously competitive. This may derive from the fact that (unlike in golf) players will often attempt to move their opponents' balls to unfavourable positions. However, purely negative play is rarely a winning strategy: successful players (in all versions other than golf croquet) will use all four balls to set up a break for themselves, rather than simply making the game as difficult as possible for their opponents. At championship-standard association croquet, players can often make all 26 points (13 for each ball) in two turns. Croquet was an event at the 1900 Summer Olympics. Roque, an American variation", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "80659", "score": "1.5141181", "text": "stake out, and a player might choose to avoid staking out (becoming a \"Rover\") in order to help a lagging teammate. Each time a ball is roqueted, the striker gets two bonus shots. For the first bonus shot, the player has four options: The second bonus shot (\"continuation shot\") is an ordinary shot played from where the striker ball came to rest. An alternate endgame is \"poison\": in this variant, a player who has scored the last wicket but not hit the starting stake becomes a \"poison ball\", which may eliminate other balls from the game by roqueting them. A", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "80658", "score": "1.5109468", "text": "and is the game most recreational players in those countries call simply \"croquet\". In this version of croquet there are nine wickets, two stakes, and up to six balls. The course is arranged in a double-diamond pattern, with one stake at each end of the course. Players start at one stake, navigate one side of the double diamond, hit the turning stake, then navigate the opposite side of the double diamond and hit the starting stake to end. If playing individually (\"Cutthroat\"), the first player to stake out is the winner. In partnership play, all members of a team must", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "8253237", "score": "1.4970527", "text": "involves hitting wooden or plastic with a mallet through a series of hoops. Croquet became popular in England in the 1860s. In the United States, the game is governed by the National Croquet Association, which coordinates annual tournaments. Several variations of the game exist. Pétanque is a form of bowls and boules where the goal is to throw hollow metal balls as close as possible to a small wooden ball called a \"cochonnet\" (literally \"piglet\") or jack, while standing inside a circle with both feet on the ground. Pétanque has been described as \"the world's most played form of bowls.\"", "title": "Lawn game" }, { "id": "80661", "score": "1.4825974", "text": "except that when a ball is roqueted, the striker's ball remains live and two free shots are earned. This enables strikers to play their ball near to another opponent ball and ricochet that too thus earning two more free shots. Running a hoop earns one free shot. The way croquet is depicted in paintings and books says much about popular perceptions of the game, though little about the reality of modern play. On 25 May 2006, the then British Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott, was photographed by \"The Mail on Sunday\" playing croquet at his official residence, Dorneywood. Following shortly", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "80644", "score": "1.4714475", "text": "on croquet, was an event at the 1904 Summer Olympics. As with similar words with a French derivation, the final 't' is silent. British pronunciation puts the accent on the first syllable, American on the second: versus . Association croquet is the name of an advanced game of croquet, played at international level. It involves four balls teamed in pairs, with both balls going through every hoop for one pair to win. The game's distinguishing feature is the \"croquet\" shot: when certain balls hit other balls, extra shots are allowed. The six hoops are arranged three at each end of", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "80629", "score": "1.4566798", "text": "when and by what route it reached England and the British colonies in its recognizable form, croquet is, like golf, pall-mall, trucco, and kolven, among the later forms of ground billiards, which as a class have been popular in Western Europe back to at least the Late Middle Ages, with roots in classical antiquity, including sometimes the use of arches and pegs along with balls and mallets or other striking sticks (some more akin to modern field hockey sticks). By the 12th century, a team ball game called ' or ', akin to a chaotic version of hockey or football", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "2299566", "score": "1.4549325", "text": "While in nine-wicket croquet the single central wicket opens up to the length of the court facing the stakes, in roque the double center arches face the sides of the court. Roque uses two stakes: at the head of the court is the \"head stake,\" the other stake at the far end of the court is the \"turning stake.\" The mallets with which the balls are struck have a shorter handle (approx. 24 inches) than croquet mallets. One end of the mallet is surfaced with rubber, the other with wood, plastic, or aluminum. The rules of roque are largely similar", "title": "Roque" }, { "id": "11565771", "score": "1.4453727", "text": "which makes it a fault if the striker \"moves the striker's ball other than by striking it with the mallet audibly and distinctly\", or under rule 28.a.7.C, if \"the mallet [remains] in contact with the striker's ball for an observable period.\" There are techniques that involve the pushing of a ball which are not considered \"spooning\". In a roll shot, the player's and the croqueted balls are driven together in a stroke which starts with a tap and then the mallet is immediately trailed right behind the balls. It is not considered spooning as long as one and only one", "title": "Spooning (croquet)" }, { "id": "11565770", "score": "1.4413519", "text": "Spooning (croquet) In croquet, the term spooning has historically been used to refer to two ways of setting the ball into motion. The term is rarely used in the modern game and is not defined in the official laws. In one sense, it is simply pushing the ball with the mallet instead of tapping. It is recognized by making no noise. This was at one time considered an unfair but good technique, upon appeal the umpire must declare whether the ball was spooned or tapped. In modern Association Croquet, pushing the ball would generally constitute a fault under rule 28.a.4,", "title": "Spooning (croquet)" }, { "id": "80647", "score": "1.4303813", "text": "other three balls may be roqueted once in a turn before a hoop is run, after which they become available to be roqueted again. The winner of the game is the team who completes the set circuit of six hoops (and then back again the other way), with both balls, and then strikes the centre peg (making a total of 13 points per ball = 26). Good players may make \"breaks\" of several hoops in a single turn. The best players may take a ball round a full circuit in one turn. \"Advanced play\" (a variant of association play for", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "80631", "score": "1.4266044", "text": "derived ultimately from Latin words for 'ball and mallet' (the latter also found in the name of the earlier French game, '). This was the explanation given in the ninth edition of \"Encyclopædia Britannica\", dated 1877. In his 1810 book \"The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England\", Joseph Strutt described the way pall-mall was played in England at the time: \"Pale-maille is a game wherein a round box[wood] ball is struck with a mallet through a high arch of iron, which he that can do at the fewest blows, or at the number agreed upon, wins. It is", "title": "Croquet" }, { "id": "80641", "score": "1.4265419", "text": "variations of croquet currently played, differing in the scoring systems, order of shots, and layout (particularly in social games where play must be adapted to smaller-than-standard playing courts). Two forms of the game, association croquet and golf croquet, have rules that are agreed internationally and are played in many countries around the world. The United States has its own set of rules for domestic games. Gateball, a sport originated in Japan under the influence of croquet, is played mainly in East and Southeast Asia and the Americas and can also be regarded as a croquet variant. As well as club-level", "title": "Croquet" } ]

[ "game of 13", "The greatest game of all", "rugby xiii", "rakavi saumi", "rugby x111", "Northern Union football", "Rugby X111", "game of thirteen", "rugby 13", "The Greatest Game", "greco roman rugby", "rugby leauge", "Rugby League", "Game of thirteen", "rl football", "rugby league football", "Rakavi saumi", "greatest game of all", "Rugby leauge", "Rl football", "rugby league", "thirteen side", "greatest game", "Rugby 13", "Rugby XIII", "Game of 13", "Rugby league", "Thirteen-a-side", "Greco roman rugby", "The Greatest Game of All", "Rugby league football", "Greco-Roman Rugby", "Northern union football", "Rugby League Football", "northern union football" ]

[ { "id": "2937702", "score": "1.8993654", "text": "to concentrate on show skating or coaching do not actually lose their competition eligibility in the process. Rugby has provided one of the most visible and lasting examples of the tension between amateurism and professionalism during the development of nationally organised sports in Britain in the late-19th century. The split in rugby in 1895 between what became rugby league and rugby union arose as a direct result of a dispute over the pretence of a strict enforcement of its amateur status - clubs in Leeds and Bradford were fined after compensating players for missing work, whilst at the same time", "title": "Amateur sports" }, { "id": "3522681", "score": "1.7757342", "text": "their representatives along with Lancashire's, are credited with formalising the RFU's first amateur rules in 1886. Despite popular belief, these Northern bodies were strong advocates of amateurism, leading numerous crusades against veiled professionalism. However, conflict arose over the controversy regarding broken time, the issue of whether players should receive compensation for taking time off work to play. The northern clubs were heavily working class, and thus, a large pool of players had to miss matches due to working commitments, or forego pay to play rugby. In 1892, charges of professionalism were laid against rugby football clubs in Bradford and Leeds,", "title": "History of rugby union" }, { "id": "341739", "score": "1.7393477", "text": "was introduced into the Commonwealth Games in 1998 and was added to the Olympic Games of 2016. Rugby union was an amateur sport until the IRB declared the game \"open\" in August 1995 (shortly after the completion of the 1995 World Cup), removing restrictions on payments to players. However, the pre-1995 period of rugby union was marked by frequent accusations of \"shamateurism\", including an investigation in Britain by a House of Commons Select committee in early 1995. Following the introduction of professionalism trans-national club competitions were started, with the Heineken Cup in the Northern Hemisphere and Super Rugby in the", "title": "Rugby union" }, { "id": "7457522", "score": "1.7379184", "text": "was formed by Ireland, Scotland and Wales, as they thought they should have greater representation on the board as they have the larger number of clubs. By the late 19th century, the issue over broken time in rugby had become important, particularly in the North of England, where a larger working class played rugby compared to the south, thus their work and injuries they received whilst playing came into conflict with the rules of amateurism. With mounting pressure regarding player payments and veiled professionalism, on 29 August 1895 at a meeting at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, 21 clubs met to", "title": "Rugby union in England" }, { "id": "13688561", "score": "1.72243", "text": "Union ban on \"professional\" players was causing regional tensions within rugby football, as many players in northern England were working class and could not afford to take time off to train, travel, play and recover from injuries. This was not very different from what had occurred ten years earlier in soccer in Northern England but the authorities reacted very differently in the RFU, attempting to alienate the working class support in Northern England. In 1895, following a dispute about a player being paid broken time payments, which replaced wages lost as a result of playing rugby, representatives of the northern", "title": "Football" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of rugby union\n\nThe history of rugby union follows from various football games long before the 19th century, but it was not until the middle of that century that the rules were formulated and codified. The code of football later known as rugby union can be traced to three events: the first set of written rules in 1845, the Blackheath Club's decision to leave the Football Association in 1863 and the formation of the Rugby Football Union in 1871. The code was originally known simply as \"rugby football\". It was not until a schism in 1895, over the payment of players, which resulted in the formation of the separate code of rugby league, that the name \"rugby union\" was used to differentiate the original rugby code. For most of its history, rugby was a strictly amateur football code, and the sport's administrators frequently imposed bans and restrictions on players who they viewed as professional. It was not until 1995 that rugby union was declared an \"open\" game, and thus professionalism was sanctioned by the code's governing body, World Rugby—then known as the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB).", "title": "History of rugby union" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of rugby league\n\nThe history of rugby league as a separate form of rugby football goes back to 1895 in Huddersfield, West Riding of Yorkshire when the Northern Rugby Football Union broke away from England's established Rugby Football Union to administer its own separate competition. Similar schisms occurred later in Australia and New Zealand in 1907. Gradually the rugby played in these breakaway competitions evolved into a distinctly separate sport that took its name from the professional leagues that administered it. Rugby league in England went on to set attendance and player payment records and rugby league in Australia became the most watched sport on television. The game also developed a significant place in the culture of France, New Zealand and several other Pacific Island nations, such as Papua New Guinea, where it has become the national sport.", "title": "History of rugby league" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rugby football\n\nRugby football is the collective name for the team sports of rugby union and rugby league.\n\nCanadian football and, to a lesser extent, American football were once considered forms of rugby football, but are seldom now referred to as such. The governing body of Canadian football, Football Canada, was known as the Canadian Rugby Union as late as 1967, more than fifty years after the sport parted ways with rugby rules.\n\nRugby football started about 1845 at Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, England, although forms of football in which the ball was carried and tossed date to the Middle Ages (see medieval football). Rugby football spread to other English public schools in the 19th century and across the British Empire as former pupils continued to play it.\n\nRugby football split into two codes in 1895, when twenty-one clubs from the North of England left the Rugby Football Union to form the Northern Rugby Football Union (renamed the Rugby Football League in 1922) at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, over payments to players who took time off work to play (\"broken-time payments\"), thus making rugby league the first code to turn professional and pay players. Rugby union turned professional one hundred years later, following the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa. The respective world governing bodies are World Rugby (rugby union) and the Rugby League International Federation (rugby league).", "title": "Rugby football" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of rugby union in the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Rugby league" }, { "id": "3522685", "score": "1.7217863", "text": "or playing rugby league was banned. It would be a century before union legalised payments to players and would allow players who had played a game of league, even at an amateur level, to play in a union game. Pierre de Coubertin, the revivor of the Olympics, introduced rugby union to the Summer Olympics at the 1900 games in Paris. Coubertin had previous associations with the game, refereeing the first French domestic championship as well as France's first international. France, the German Empire and Great Britain all entered teams in the 1900 games (Great Britain was represented by Moseley RFC,", "title": "History of rugby union" }, { "id": "14782012", "score": "1.7141434", "text": "north of England had broken away from the International Rugby Board, and started a professional version of rugby which later became known as rugby league. Rugby union was a strict amateur sport, and any player or club that took any form of payment were likely to be suspended from the game. This was very difficult to administer, as clubs were beginning to experience their star players \"Going North\", to the professional game where they would be paid to play rugby. In 1907, two rugby league teams formed in South Wales and joined the Northern Union, they were Ebbw Vale and", "title": "Barry RLFC" }, { "id": "347737", "score": "1.7124624", "text": "sources of income to sustain the amateur principle. In 1895, a decree by the RFU banning the playing of rugby at grounds where entrance fees were charged led to twenty-two clubs (including Stockport who negotiated by telephone) meeting at the George Hotel, Huddersfield on 29 August 1895 and forming the \"Northern Rugby Football Union\". Within fifteen years of that first meeting in Huddersfield, more than 200 RFU clubs had left to join the rugby revolution. In 1897, the line-out was abolished and in 1898 professionalism introduced. In 1906, the Northern Union changed its rules, reducing teams from 15 to 13", "title": "Rugby league" }, { "id": "13832179", "score": "1.7074466", "text": "University. Rugby is also an ancestor of Canadian football, currently its main competitor. A \"running game\", resembling rugby, was taken up by the Montreal Football Club in Canada in 1868. Back in England, a schism developed between those who favoured strict amateurism and those who felt that players should be compensated for time taken off work to play rugby. In 1895, this resulted in the formation of a break-away governing body, the Northern Union. The Northern Union began to make changes to the laws of rugby in 1906, which resulted in the sport of rugby league. The Rugby Football Union's", "title": "Comparison of Canadian football and rugby union" }, { "id": "9739409", "score": "1.6990057", "text": "the national team's performance. Rugby Union is the second most popular sport in the country based on viewership. Like association football, rugby union and rugby league both developed from traditional British football games in the 19th century. Rugby was codified by the Rugby Football Union in 1871. The Rugby Football League developed after a number of leading clubs, that wished to be allowed to compensate their players for missing work, formed their own governing body in 1895 and subsequently the two organisations developed somewhat different rules. For much of the 20th century there was considerable antagonism between rugby league, which", "title": "Sport in England" }, { "id": "1926874", "score": "1.6930977", "text": "Rugby gained membership of the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF) in 2010. Until 1885 the laws of rugby football were made by England as the founder nation. However, following a disputed try in an international between Scotland and England in 1884, letters were exchanged in which England claimed that they made the laws, and the try should stand. Scotland refused to play England in the 1885 Home Nations Championship. Following the dispute, the home unions of Scotland, Ireland and Wales decided to form an international union whose membership would agree on the standard rules of rugby football. The", "title": "World Rugby" }, { "id": "17002443", "score": "1.6892729", "text": "Rugby Football Board. The second event saw the greatest and most damaging change to the sport. Prior to 1893, rugby football was strictly amateur, and Hill was a strict advocate of the sport staying so at all costs. The RFU refused to allow the working men of the North of England to accept 'broken time' payments, roughly six shillings a week to cover a player's lost earnings for playing rugby. Even when the Northern clubs threatened to break away from the RFU, Hill and his union refused to capitulate, resulting in what is now known as the 'Great Schism' which", "title": "George Rowland Hill" }, { "id": "341729", "score": "1.6880767", "text": "1995 restrictions on payments to players were removed, making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time. Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland and was absorbed by many of the countries associated with the British Empire. Early exponents of the sport included Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their \"de facto\" national sport include Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa and Tonga. International matches have taken place since 1871, when the first game took place between Scotland and England at Raeburn Place", "title": "Rugby union" }, { "id": "1926876", "score": "1.6875994", "text": "IRFB taking the stance of member countries not playing England until they joined, and no games were played against England in 1888 and 1889. In 1890 England joined the IRFB, gaining six seats while the other unions had two each. The same year, the IRFB wrote the first international laws of rugby union. In 1893, the IRFB was faced with the divide between amateurism and professionalism, which was nicknamed the \"Great Schism\". Following the introduction of working class men to the game in Northern England, clubs began paying \"broken time\" payments to players, due to the loss of earnings from", "title": "World Rugby" }, { "id": "20385495", "score": "1.6829154", "text": "introduced rugby to the University of California, Berkeley. A persistent problem within rugby football would be the question of amateurism vs professionalism. American football would take the professional route, something much frowned upon by the leadership of the rugby fraternity at the time. This was leading to crises in the Old World too, where in 1895, the Northern Rugby Football Union (a rugby league body) split away in England. While rugby league failed to gain much headway in North America, the financial draw of professional American football proved too strong for some American rugby players. Rugby union would not become", "title": "History of rugby union in the United States" }, { "id": "3531466", "score": "1.6814587", "text": "and possibly take time off work, which for a man earning a weekly wage could easily lead to financial hardship. In 1892, charges of professionalism were laid against rugby football clubs in Bradford and Leeds, both in Yorkshire, after they compensated players for missing work. This was despite the fact that the English Rugby Football Union (RFU) was allowing other players to be paid, such as the 1888 British Isles team that toured Australia, and the account of Harry Hamill of his payments to represent New South Wales (NSW) against in 1904. In 1893 Yorkshire clubs complained that southern clubs", "title": "History of rugby league" }, { "id": "2937703", "score": "1.6806405", "text": "the Rugby Football Union (RFU) was allowing other players to be paid. Rugby football, despite its origins in the privileged English public schools, was a popular game throughout England by around 1880, including in the large working-class areas of the industrial north. However, as the then-amateur sport became increasingly popular and competitive, attracting large paying crowds, teams in such areas found it difficult to attract and retain good players. This was because physically fit local men needed to both work to earn a wage - limiting the time that they could devote to unpaid sport - and to avoid injuries", "title": "Amateur sports" }, { "id": "3522711", "score": "1.6746936", "text": "improvements led to a national team capable of competing with the national teams of the British Isles, proven by a famous victory against Ireland in 1995. Lobbying was successful to have Italy included in the century-old tournament for the top European rugby nations which became the Six Nations championship in 2000. A key benefit that professionalism brought to rugby union as a whole was the elimination of the constant defection of union players who were attracted to the money of rugby league. The rugby union authorities of the time also hoped that as players could now play in either code,", "title": "History of rugby union" }, { "id": "5847218", "score": "1.6744552", "text": "miners shared the same working class ethos of the miners from the northern counties of England. The impending schism of 1895 tore apart the English rugby union and in the early 1900s, the shock waves were being felt in rugby worldwide, though there was little desire in Wales to embrace professionalism. Amateurism in Wales was seen as a means of holding together a community in which there were expectations by the public on their sportsman to not turn their back on international rugby. The Welsh took pride in the position rugby gave them in the sporting world, and therefore the", "title": "Rugby league in Wales" }, { "id": "3522673", "score": "1.6739035", "text": "worked in Moscow arranged a match in the 1880s; the first soccer match was in 1892. In 1886, however, the Russian police clamped down on rugby because they considered it \"brutal, and liable to incite demonstrations and riots\" In 1884, England had a disagreement with Scotland over a try that England had scored but that the referee disallowed citing a foul by Scotland. England argued that the referee should have played advantage and that, as they made the Law, if they said it was a try then it was. The International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) was formed by Scotland, Ireland", "title": "History of rugby union" } ]

[ "absolutely nothing", "Sod all", "Nothing", "Sod alll", "Nothin", "sod all", "Diddly-squat", "No thing", "nonexistent", "nothingness", "nothing major", "nothing", "Nothingness", "Diddly squat", "Absolutely nothing", "nothin", "Nonexistent", "no thing", "Nothing major", "diddly squat", "sod alll" ]

[ { "id": "19370763", "score": "1.3404546", "text": "To those who erected them, they were as sacred as the grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". The Evelyn Tablelands was severely affected by the prolonged drought of 1915. It was the worst drought on record and cattle were sent away to the newly opened pastures of Millaa Millaa. In 1918 a cyclone again devastated the area,", "title": "Evelyn Scrub War Memorial" }, { "id": "1848120", "score": "1.3400462", "text": "Cenotaph A cenotaph is an empty tomb or a monument erected in honour of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although the vast majority of cenotaphs honour individuals, many noted cenotaphs are instead dedicated to the memories of groups of individuals, such as the lost soldiers of a country or of an empire. The English word \"cenotaph\" derives from the \"kenotaphion\" (κενός \"kenos\", meaning \"empty\", and τάφος \"taphos\", \"tomb\"). Cenotaphs were common in the ancient world, with many built in", "title": "Cenotaph" }, { "id": "4280670", "score": "1.3179862", "text": "and Confederate dead were interred below the cenotaph. U.S. Army engineers chopped down most the trees and dug a circular pit about wide and deep into the earth. The walls and floor were lined with brick, and it was segmented it into compartments with mortared brick walls. Into each compartment were placed a different body part: skulls, legs, arms, ribs, etc. The vault was half full by the time it was ready for sealing in September 1866. Meigs designed a tall, long, wide grey granite and concrete cenotaph to rest on top of the burial vault. The Civil War Unknowns", "title": "Montgomery C. Meigs" }, { "id": "18419340", "score": "1.3124312", "text": "Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing", "title": "Manly War Memorial" }, { "id": "19129941", "score": "1.3096285", "text": "bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence", "title": "War Memorial Bridge, Brooweena" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cenotaph\n\nA cenotaph is an empty tomb or a monument erected in honour of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although the vast majority of cenotaphs honour individuals, many noted cenotaphs are instead dedicated to the memories of groups of individuals, such as the lost soldiers of a country or of an empire.", "title": "Cenotaph" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Monument to the Royal Stuarts\n\nThe Monument to the Royal Stuarts is a memorial in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City State, the papal enclave surrounded by Rome, Italy. It commemorates the last three members of the Royal House of Stuart: James Francis Edward Stuart (d. 1766), his elder son Charles Edward Stuart (d. 1788), and his younger son, Henry Benedict Stuart (d. 1807). The Jacobites recognised these three as kings of England, Scotland and Ireland.\n\nThe marble monument is by Antonio Canova (1757–1822), the most celebrated Italian sculptor of his day. It was erected in 1819.", "title": "Monument to the Royal Stuarts" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "David's Tomb\n\nDavid's Tomb ( \"Kever David Ha-Melekh\") is a site that, according to an early-medieval (9th-century) tradition, is associated with the burial of the biblical King David. Historians, archaeologists and Jewish religious authorities do not consider the site to be the actual resting place of King David.\n\nThe compound is located on Mount Zion in Jerusalem, near the Christian Abbey of the Dormition. The compound is thought to be situated in what once was a ground floor corner of the Hagia Zion. The building is now administered by the \"Diaspora Yeshiva\", a Jewish seminary group.\n\nDue to Israeli Jews being unable to reach holy sites in Jerusalem’s Old City during the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank (1948-1967), the compound including the Medieval cenotaph of David was promoted as a place of worship, and the roof of the building, above the Cenacle, was sought for its views of the Temple Mount, and thus became a symbol of prayer and yearning.\n\nThe buildings foundation is the remnant of Hagia Zion. It was split into two immediately following the end of the 1948 Israeli Independence war; the ground floor with the cenotaph was converted into a synagogue, and the Muslim cover on the cenotaph was replaced with an Israeli flag and then a parochet. From then onwards, the Israeli Ministry of Religious Affairs began the process of turning the site into Israel's primary religious site. Jewish prayer was established at the site, and Jewish religious symbols were added. From 1948 until the Six-Day War in 1967 when Israel reclaimed the Western Wall, it was considered the holiest Jewish site in Israel.\n\nRecent years have seen rising tensions between Jewish activists and Christian worshippers at the site.", "title": "David's Tomb" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Congressional Cemetery\n\nThe Congressional Cemetery, officially Washington Parish Burial Ground, is a historic and active cemetery located at 1801 E Street, SE, in Washington, D.C., on the west bank of the Anacostia River. It is the only American \"cemetery of national memory\" founded before the Civil War.\nOver 65,000 individuals are buried or memorialized at the cemetery, including many who helped form the nation and the city of Washington in the early 19th century.<ref name=\"congressional cemetery website\"/>\n\nAlthough the Episcopal Christ Church, Washington Parish owns the cemetery, the U.S. government has purchased 806 burial plots, which are administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Congress, located about a mile and a half (2.4 km) to the northwest, has greatly influenced the history of the cemetery. The cemetery still sells plots, and is an active burial ground. From the Washington Metro, the cemetery lies three blocks east of the Potomac Avenue station and two blocks south of the Stadium-Armory station.\n\nMany members of the U.S. Congress who died while Congress was in session are interred at Congressional Cemetery. Other burials include early landowners and speculators, the builders and architects of early Washington, Native American diplomats, Washington city mayors, and American Civil War veterans. Nineteenth-century Washington, D.C., families unaffiliated with the federal government also have graves and tombs at the cemetery.\n\nIn all, there are one vice president, one Supreme Court justice, six Cabinet members, nineteen senators and seventy-one representatives (including a former speaker of the House) buried there, as well as veterans of every American war, and the first director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, J. Edgar Hoover. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 23, 1969, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2011.", "title": "Congressional Cemetery" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tomb of Anarkali\n\nThe Tomb of Anarkali () is an octagonal 16th century Mughal monument in Lahore, capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab.", "title": "Tomb of Anarkali" }, { "id": "18405132", "score": "1.30199", "text": "Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing", "title": "Pimpama & Ormeau War Memorial" }, { "id": "18344212", "score": "1.2985036", "text": "Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing", "title": "Westbrook War Memorial" }, { "id": "18339654", "score": "1.2920594", "text": "grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made", "title": "Cooyar War Memorial" }, { "id": "18705441", "score": "1.2918569", "text": "To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the", "title": "Booval War Memorial" }, { "id": "714684", "score": "1.2811623", "text": "after his death became a symbol of Enlightenment ideas. The building itself was a 150 m (500 ft) tall sphere, taller than the Great Pyramids of Giza, encompassed by two large barriers circled by hundreds of cypress trees. Though the structure was never built, Boullée had many ink and wash drawings engraved and circulated widely in the professional circles in 1784. A cenotaph is a funerary monument celebrating a figure interred elsewhere. The small sarcophagus for Newton is placed at the lower pole of the sphere. The design of the memorial creates the effect of day and night. The night", "title": "Étienne-Louis Boullée" }, { "id": "19363884", "score": "1.2802343", "text": "the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they paid the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence", "title": "Mitchell War Memorial" }, { "id": "1848135", "score": "1.2786412", "text": "is another Cenotaph that stands on Victoria Square in Aberdare Glamorgan. The Cenotaph in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is located in the grounds of Belfast City Hall and is set within a Garden of Remembrance. It is about high and presents several carvings including laurel wreaths, symbolising victory and honour. The Cenotaph is the site of the annual Northern Ireland memorial held on Remembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November (Armistice Day). Ottoman-ruled Jerusalem surrendered to the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force under General Edmund Allenby during the Battle of Jerusalem in December 1917 during World War I. A cenotaph was", "title": "Cenotaph" }, { "id": "871533", "score": "1.2754226", "text": "cenotaph is placed at the precise centre of the inner chamber on a rectangular marble base of . Both the base and casket are elaborately inlaid with precious and semiprecious gems. Calligraphic inscriptions on the casket identify and praise Mumtaz. On the lid of the casket is a raised rectangular lozenge meant to suggest a writing tablet. Shah Jahan's cenotaph is beside Mumtaz's to the western side, and is the only visible asymmetric element in the entire complex. His cenotaph is bigger than his wife's, but reflects the same elements: a larger casket on a slightly taller base precisely decorated", "title": "Taj Mahal" }, { "id": "7177001", "score": "1.2735751", "text": "century. It was marked as a CENOTAPH (a monument erected as a memorial to a dead person or dead people buried elsewhere, especially people killed fighting a war) on the map of Chelindreh harbor prepared by Rear Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort. This is a tetrapylon made of well-cut limestones with a rectangular burial room on the lower part, four pylons erected on this and a pyramidal roof carried by the arches of the four pylons. This type is a common one in the Roma period and may be dated to the second half of the second or early third century", "title": "Aydıncık, Mersin" }, { "id": "19363692", "score": "1.2699327", "text": "before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other", "title": "Aramac War Memorial" }, { "id": "18349360", "score": "1.2695909", "text": "were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they paid the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all", "title": "Goombungee War Memorial" }, { "id": "11744074", "score": "1.2677727", "text": "can be called a necropolis; if there are no such visible structures, it is a grave field. A cenotaph is a memorial without a burial. The word \"funerary\" strictly means \"of or pertaining to a funeral or burial\", but there is a long tradition in English of applying it not only to the practices and artefacts directly associated with funeral rites, but also to a wider range of more permanent memorials to the dead. Particularly influential in this regard was John Weever's \"Ancient Funerall Monuments\" (1631), the first full-length book to be dedicated to the subject of tomb memorials and", "title": "Funerary art" }, { "id": "4134480", "score": "1.26545", "text": "with a cenotaph who did not serve as a congressman. Former Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill was honored with a cenotaph in 1994, though it is not in the style of a Latrobe cenotaph. After a 1972 plane crash in which their bodies were lost, Hale Boggs and Nicholas Begich share a cenotaph. These are the only cenotaphs erected since 1876. The Public Vault is an early classical revival structure built 1832-34 with Federal funds to store the bodies of government officials before burial. A classical marble facade with baroque scrolls decorate the partially subterranean vault. Double wrought iron", "title": "Congressional Cemetery" }, { "id": "19241828", "score": "1.2650008", "text": "and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of", "title": "Finch Hatton War Memorial" }, { "id": "18789942", "score": "1.264572", "text": "before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other", "title": "Warwick War Memorial" } ]

[ "Whyte Ridge", "Shamrock School", "shamrock school", "Victor Mager School, Winnipeg", "École Guyot, Winnipeg", "école marie anne gaboury winnipeg", "école guyot", "City of Winnipeg", "list of winnipeg mps and mlas", "windsor school winnipeg", "winnepeg manitoba", "Winnipeg, MB, Canada", "winnipegger", "archwood school winnipeg", "Winterpeg", "un locode cawnp", "archwood school", "école marie anne gaboury", "whinnipeg", "whyte ridge", "America/Winnipeg", "winterpeg", "Winipeg", "Whinnipeg", "WPG", "The Peg", "peg", "george mcdowell school winnipeg", "Winnipegger", "shamrock school winnipeg", "winnipeg mb canada", "frontenac school winnipeg", "List of Winnipeg MPs and MLAs", "Darwin School", "america winnipeg", "Archwood School, Winnipeg", "Darwin School, Winnipeg", "darwin school winnipeg", "weather in winnipeg", "Archwood School", "frontenac school", "The peg", "st john brebeuf school winnipeg", "UN/LOCODE:CAWNP", "Ecole Marie-Anne-Gaboury", "Winnipeg, MB", "Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada", "École Marie-Anne-Gaboury", "winipeg", "Frontenac School, Winnipeg", "Winnepeg", "winnipeg canada", "The weather in Winnipeg", "winnipeg mb", "winnepeg", "wpg", "victor mager school winnipeg", "List of Winnipeg sister cities", "Winnipeg, Manitoba", "list of winnipeg sister cities", "St. John Brebeuf School (Winnipeg)", "école guyot winnipeg", "ecole guyot", "Ecole Guyot", "winnipeg manitoba canada", "Winnipeg", "Shamrock School, Winnipeg", "Frontenac School", "George McDowell School, Winnipeg", "Windsor School, Winnipeg", "Victor Mager School", "Winnepeg, Manitoba", "winnipeg manitoba", "École Marie-Anne-Gaboury, Winnipeg", "Winnipeg, Canada", "victor mager school", "winnipeg", "darwin school", "École Guyot", "ecole marie anne gaboury", "city of winnipeg" ]

[ { "id": "250443", "score": "1.6651154", "text": "self-rule culminated in negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba. There are many factors that led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada, a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion aka Resistance. The resolution of the assertion of the right to representation led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province. Manitoba's capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is the eighth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. Other census agglomerations in the province are Brandon, Steinbach, Portage la Prairie, and Thompson. The name \"Manitoba\" is believed", "title": "Manitoba" }, { "id": "5110741", "score": "1.6132498", "text": "Winnipeg Capital Region The Winnipeg Capital Region is a metropolitan area located in the Red River Valley in the south central portion of the province of Manitoba, Canada. It contains the provincial capital of Winnipeg and its surrounding rural municipalities, cities, and towns. It was created to co-ordinate land use policy and economic development between the City of Winnipeg and the surrounding municipalities. It is the most densely populated and economically important area of Manitoba. Other communities with over 1,000 population in the region besides Winnipeg are the city of Selkirk and towns of Oakbank, Stonewall, Stony Mountain, Teulon, Lorette", "title": "Winnipeg Capital Region" }, { "id": "250441", "score": "1.5937576", "text": "Manitoba Manitoba () is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces (with Alberta and Saskatchewan) and is Canada's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers with a widely varied landscape, stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States. The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west, the territories of Nunavut to the north, and Northwest Territories to the northwest, and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the", "title": "Manitoba" }, { "id": "973806", "score": "1.5928277", "text": "Winnipeg Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. Centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, it is near the longitudinal centre of North America, approximately north of the Canada–United States border. The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water. The region was a trading centre for aboriginal peoples long before the arrival of Europeans. French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738. A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red", "title": "Winnipeg" }, { "id": "250509", "score": "1.5786343", "text": "including Susan Auch and the country's top Olympic medal earners Cindy Klassen and Clara Hughes. Manitoba Manitoba () is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces (with Alberta and Saskatchewan) and is Canada's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers with a widely varied landscape, stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States. The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west, the territories of Nunavut to the north, and Northwest", "title": "Manitoba" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Manitoba\n\nManitoba ( ) is a province of Canada at the longitudinal centre of the country. It is Canada's fifth-most populous province, with a population of 1,342,153 as of 2021,<ref name=2021census/> of widely varied landscape, from arctic tundra and the Hudson Bay coastline in the north to dense boreal forest, large freshwater lakes, and prairie grassland in the central and southern regions.\n\nIndigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years. In the early 17th century, British and French fur traders began arriving in the area and establishing settlements. The Kingdom of England secured control of the region in 1673 and created a territory named Rupert's Land, which was placed under the administration of the Hudson's Bay Company. Rupert's Land, which included all of present-day Manitoba, grew and evolved from 1673 until 1869 with significant settlements of Indigenous and Métis people in the Red River Colony. In 1869, negotiations with the Government of Canada for the creation of the province of Manitoba commenced. During the negotiations, several factors led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada, a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion. The resolution of the conflict and further negotiations led to Manitoba becoming the fifth province to join Canadian Confederation, when the Parliament of Canada passed the \"Manitoba Act\" on July 15, 1870.\n\nManitoba's capital and largest city is Winnipeg, the seventh most populous municipality in Canada. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and the Provincial Court. Four of the province's five universities, all four of its professional sports teams, and most of its cultural activities (including Festival du Voyageur and Folklorama) are located in Winnipeg. The city has train and bus stations and an international airport; a Canadian Forces base, CFB Winnipeg, operates from the airport and is the regional headquarters of the North American Aerospace Defense Command.", "title": "Manitoba" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Winnipeg\n\nWinnipeg () is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, near the longitudinal centre of North America. , Winnipeg had a city population of 749,607 and a metropolitan population of 834,678, making it the sixth-largest city, and eighth-largest metropolitan area in Canada.<ref name=2021Metrocensus/>\n\nThe city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg; the name comes from the Western Cree words for \"muddy water\" - “winipīhk”. The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans; it is the traditional territory of the Anishinabe (Ojibway), Ininew (Cree), Oji-Cree, Dene, and Dakota, and is the birthplace of the Métis Nation. French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738. A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873. Being far inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January highs of around and average July highs of .\n\nKnown as the \"Gateway to the West\", Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy. This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals, including the Festival du Voyageur, the Winnipeg Folk Festival, the Jazz Winnipeg Festival, the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival, and Folklorama. In 1967, Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games. It is home to several professional sports franchises, including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers (Canadian football), the Winnipeg Jets (ice hockey), Manitoba Moose (ice hockey), Valour FC (association football), Winnipeg Sea Bears (basketball), and the Winnipeg Goldeyes (baseball).", "title": "Winnipeg" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Churchill, Manitoba\n\nChurchill is a town in northern Manitoba, Canada, on the west shore of Hudson Bay, roughly from the Manitoba–Nunavut border. It is most famous for the many polar bears that move toward the shore from inland in the autumn, leading to the nickname \"Polar Bear Capital of the World\" that has benefited its burgeoning tourism industry.", "title": "Churchill, Manitoba" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of cities in Manitoba\n\nA city is an incorporated urban municipality in the Canadian province of Manitoba. Under current Manitoba legislation, an urban municipality must have a minimum population of 7,500 to be named a city.\n\nManitoba has 10 cities, including Flin Flon that is partially located within the neighbouring province of Saskatchewan. These cities had a cumulative population of 892,507 and an average population of 89,251 in the 2021 Census. The province's largest and smallest cities are Winnipeg and the Manitoba portion of Flin Flon with populations of 749,607 and 4,940 respectively. The Manitoba portion of Flin Flon once had a population in excess of 7,500 in 1981 when it had 7,894 residents.\n\nManitoba's newest and fastest-growing city is Morden, which was incorporated as a city on August 24, 2012.", "title": "List of cities in Manitoba" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Winnipeg Metropolitan Region\n\nThe Winnipeg Metropolitan Region (formerly called the Winnipeg Capital Region and the Manitoba Capital Region) is a metropolitan area in the Canadian province of Manitoba located in the Red River Valley in the southeast portion of the province of Manitoba, Canada. It contains the provincial capital of Winnipeg and 17 surrounding rural municipalities, cities, and towns.<ref name=\":0\" />\n\nOther places in the Region besides Winnipeg with a population over 1,000 are the city of Selkirk; towns of Stonewall and Niverville; and communities of Oakbank, Oak Bluff, Stony Mountain, Teulon, and Lorette. As the most densely-populated and economically-important area of Manitoba, the Region accounts for two-thirds of the province's population and 70% of the provincial GDP .<ref name=\":0\" />\n\nIt also includes the smaller census metropolitan area (CMA) of Winnipeg, with the addition of the Brokenhead 4 Indian Reserve.<ref name=\":3\" />", "title": "Winnipeg Metropolitan Region" }, { "id": "8811145", "score": "1.5633006", "text": "province is on the Canadian Shield. The northernmost regions of Manitoba lie permafrost (permanently frozen subsoil), and a section of tundra bordering Hudson Bay. All waters in the province flow into Hudson Bay, due to its coastal area. Lake Winnipegosis and Lake Winnipeg are two of its largest lakes. Important rivers are the Red River, Assiniboine River, Nelson River, and Churchill River. Manitoba is the sixth largest Canadian province, and the eighth largest Canadian province by percentage of fresh water. The capital and largest city of the province is Winnipeg; the province lies in the time zone UTC −6. Manitoba", "title": "Geography of Manitoba" }, { "id": "3826573", "score": "1.5630447", "text": "Government House (Manitoba) Government House of Manitoba () is the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, as well as that in Winnipeg of the Canadian monarch. It stands in the provincial capital, on the grounds of the Manitoba Legislative Building, at 10 Kennedy Street; unlike other provincial Government Houses in Canada, this gives Manitoba's royal residence a prominent urban setting, though it is surrounded by gardens. Prior to the foundation of Manitoba, the Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories occupied a designated residence within the walls of Upper Fort Garry; a house that was, at one point, used", "title": "Government House (Manitoba)" }, { "id": "5110743", "score": "1.5497518", "text": "largely within its territory that are not officially part of the Capital Region. These include the town of Teulon, the villages of Dunnottar and Garson, and the Indian reserve of Brokenhead Ojibway Nation. The Winnipeg Capital Region includes the smaller Winnipeg census metropolitan area (CMA) with the exception of Brokenhead Ojibway Nation. The included CMA municipalities are: http://winnipeg.ca/cao/pdfs/population.pdf Winnipeg Capital Region The Winnipeg Capital Region is a metropolitan area located in the Red River Valley in the south central portion of the province of Manitoba, Canada. It contains the provincial capital of Winnipeg and its surrounding rural municipalities, cities, and", "title": "Winnipeg Capital Region" }, { "id": "5110742", "score": "1.5453453", "text": "and Niverville. Officially, the Winnipeg Capital Region comprises the following cities, towns and RMs. Their total population at the 2018 census is projected to be July 1, 2018 842,900 and their total land area is 7,784.63 km² (3,005.66 sq mi): The population of the Winnipeg Capital Region is greatly concentrated within the city of Winnipeg itself, which has 86.5% of the Region's population residing in less than 6% of its land area. On the provincial level, the city has 54.9% of the province's population, while the Region's share is 63.5%. However, there are some municipalities that are geographically entirely or", "title": "Winnipeg Capital Region" }, { "id": "9681540", "score": "1.5450368", "text": "Demographics of Manitoba Manitoba is one of Canada's 10 provinces. It is the easternmost of the three Prairie provinces. Manitoba's capital and largest city (containing over half its population) is Winnipeg. Other important cities and towns include Brandon, Thompson, Dauphin, Swan River, Churchill, The Pas, Selkirk, Portage la Prairie, Gimli, Flin Flon, Steinbach, Morden, Virden, Minnedosa, Emerson, Lockport, Neepawa, and Winkler. Over one million people live in Manitoba's southern regions, in a small string of cities and towns (Winnipeg, Brandon, etc.) about the size of Ontario's Golden Horseshoe. More than half of Manitoba's 1,148,801 population live in the urban area", "title": "Demographics of Manitoba" }, { "id": "4488118", "score": "1.5277455", "text": "national park, Wapusk National Park; a provincial forest, Cormorant Provincial Forest; several ecological reserves; and more than twenty provincial Parks are located in Northern Manitoba. The major economic activities are mining and tourism. The region is composed of four census divisions: 19 and 21–23. Its total population at the 2011 census was 88,146, which was only 7.3% of Manitoba's total population in the 2011 census. The largest municipality is the city of Thompson. Other major population centers include the city of Flin Flon and the town of The Pas. Indian reserves comprise more than 49% of the region's population. There", "title": "Northern Region, Manitoba" }, { "id": "1986939", "score": "1.5272267", "text": "is also home to the Western Development Museum. Manitoba was the 5th province to enter confederation in 1870. The province is home to many lakes and rivers with over 14.5% of the land area covered by lakes. This offers many opportunities for outdoor recreation, hunting, fishing, boating, and some of the finest beaches in North America, including Grand Beach, Victoria Beach and Winnipeg Beach . The province is a four-season travel destination offering cross-country and downhill skiing opportunities, as well as many miles of groomed ski-doo trails. Winnipeg every season offers a world class skating trail. Using the Red River", "title": "Tourism in Canada" }, { "id": "250482", "score": "1.5115643", "text": "1 Dental Unit, 1 Military Police Regiment, and an Integrated Personnel Support Centre. The base currently houses 1,700 soldiers. After the control of Rupert's Land was passed from Great Britain to the Government of Canada in 1869, Manitoba attained full-fledged rights and responsibilities of self-government as the first Canadian province carved out of the Northwest Territories. The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba was established on 14 July 1870. Political parties first emerged between 1878 and 1883, with a two-party system (Liberals and Conservatives). The United Farmers of Manitoba appeared in 1922, and later merged with the Liberals in 1932. Other parties,", "title": "Manitoba" }, { "id": "9520633", "score": "1.5033748", "text": "only in her capacity as Queen in Right of Manitoba and used as an official residence by both the lieutenant governor and the sovereign and other members of the Canadian Royal Family will reside there when in the province. Those in the Royal Family perform ceremonial duties when on a tour of the province; the royal persons do not receive any personal income for their service, only the costs associated with the exercise of these obligations are funded by both the Canadian and Manitoba Crowns in their respective councils. Monuments around Manitoba mark some of those visits, while others honour", "title": "Monarchy in Manitoba" }, { "id": "250471", "score": "1.4990802", "text": "in the Accord's process, and thus the Accord failed. In 2013, Manitoba was the second province to make accessibility legislation law, protecting the rights of persons with disabilities. At the 2011 census, Manitoba had a population of 1,208,268, more than half of which is in the Winnipeg Capital Region; Winnipeg is Canada's eighth-largest Census Metropolitan Area, with a population of 730,018 (2011 Census). Although initial colonization of the province revolved mostly around homesteading, the last century has seen a shift towards urbanization; Manitoba is the only Canadian province with over fifty-five percent of its population located in a single city.", "title": "Manitoba" }, { "id": "973829", "score": "1.4973983", "text": "living in the Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Thus, Winnipeg is Manitoba's largest city and Canada's seventh largest city. Furthermore, the city represents 54.9% of the population of the province of Manitoba, the highest population concentration in one city of any province in Canada. Apart from the city of Winnipeg, the Winnipeg CMA includes the rural municipalities of Springfield, St. Clements, Taché, East St. Paul, Macdonald, Ritchot, West St. Paul, Headingley, the Brokenhead 4 reserve, and Rosser and St. François Xavier. Statistics Canada's estimate of the Winnipeg CMA population as of 1 July 2017 is 825,713, making it the 7th", "title": "Winnipeg" }, { "id": "1986940", "score": "1.4873922", "text": "and the Assiniboine River, Winnipeg has created the world's longest skating trail since 2008, including the all time record. Churchill on the Hudson Bay is a popular attraction due to the large polar bear and beluga whale population. The capital city Winnipeg, with a population of near 815,000, offers many cultural and artistic events, museums and year-round festivals. Brandon, Manitoba is a city of 56,000. Other cities with more than 10,000 people are Thompson, Portage la Prairie, Selkirk and Steinbach. Winnipeg has one of the best architectural settings in Canada. Half of its downtown consists of high-rise buildings from 1880-1920.", "title": "Tourism in Canada" }, { "id": "1840779", "score": "1.4872148", "text": "included Robert J. Sawyer, Maggie Siggins, Fred Stenson and Corey Redekop. Some of the local arts venues include the Western Manitoba Centennial Auditorium, Lorne Watson Recital Hall, Evans Theatre, and the Art Gallery of Southwestern Manitoba. Brandon, Manitoba Brandon is the second-largest city in the province of Manitoba, Canada. It is located in the southwestern corner of the province on the banks of the Assiniboine River, approximately west of the provincial capital, Winnipeg, and east of the Saskatchewan border. Brandon covers an area of 77.41 km (29.89 sq mi) and has a population of 48,859, while its census metropolitan area", "title": "Brandon, Manitoba" }, { "id": "250448", "score": "1.4859674", "text": "Agassiz. This region, particularly the Red River Valley, is flat and fertile; receding glaciers left hilly and rocky areas throughout the province. Baldy Mountain is the province's highest point at above sea level, and the Hudson Bay coast is the lowest at sea level. Riding Mountain, the Pembina Hills, Sandilands Provincial Forest, and the Canadian Shield are also upland regions. Much of the province's sparsely inhabited north and east lie on the irregular granite Canadian Shield, including Whiteshell, Atikaki, and Nopiming Provincial Parks. Extensive agriculture is found only in the province's southern areas, although there is grain farming in the", "title": "Manitoba" }, { "id": "250476", "score": "1.4842151", "text": "also has a plant in the municipality. Manitoba's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including crown corporations and services like hospitals and universities. Major private-sector employers are The Great-West Life Assurance Company, Cargill Ltd., and James Richardson and Sons Ltd. Manitoba also has large manufacturing and tourism sectors. Churchill's Arctic wildlife is a major tourist attraction; the town is a world capital for polar bear and beluga whale watchers. Manitoba is the only province with an Arctic deep-water seaport, at Churchill. In January 2018, the Canadian Federation of Independent Business claimed that Manitoba was the most improved province for", "title": "Manitoba" } ]

[ "redifine your concepts about transistor", "Transistor", "Collector (electronics)", "transistor outline", "transistorized", "collector electronics", "Transistor Outline", "discrete transistor", "transistor", "Transistorized", "Transfer resistor", "transistors", "Discrete transistor", "Transistors", "Redifine your concepts about Transistor", "transfer resistor" ]

[ { "id": "451510", "score": "1.767725", "text": "William Shockley William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor. Shockley was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs that included John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. The three scientists were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for \"their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.\" Shockley's attempts to commercialize a new transistor design in the 1950s and 1960s led to California's \"Silicon Valley\" becoming a hotbed of electronics innovation. In his later life, Shockley was a professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University and", "title": "William Shockley" }, { "id": "451512", "score": "1.7368197", "text": "Sodium Chloride\", a topic suggested by his thesis advisor, John C. Slater. After receiving his doctorate, Shockley joined a research group headed by Clinton Davisson at Bell Labs in New Jersey. The next few years were productive for Shockley. He published a number of fundamental papers on solid state physics in Physical Review. In 1938, he got his first patent, \"Electron Discharge Device\", on electron multipliers. When World War II broke out, Shockley became involved in radar research at Bell Labs in Manhattan (New York City). In May 1942, he took leave from Bell Labs to become a research director", "title": "William Shockley" }, { "id": "11454817", "score": "1.7290158", "text": "William Shockley left Bell Labs in a disagreement over the handling of the invention of the transistor. After returning to California Institute of Technology for a short while, in 1956 Shockley moved to Mountain View, California, and created Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor material, Shockley believed that silicon was the better material for making transistors. Shockley intended to replace the current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as the Shockley diode), but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the \"simple\" transistor. In 1957, Shockley decided to end", "title": "History of Santa Clara County, California" }, { "id": "451533", "score": "1.725285", "text": "Lanning (1913–2007). His children reportedly learned of his death by reading newspapers. Shockley is interred at Alta Mesa Memorial Park in Palo Alto, California. Shockley was granted over ninety US patents. Some notable ones are: William Shockley William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor. Shockley was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs that included John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. The three scientists were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for \"their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.\" Shockley's attempts to commercialize", "title": "William Shockley" }, { "id": "4234980", "score": "1.6897119", "text": "made to demolish the site to develop a new building complex. By 2017 the site was redeveloped with new signage marking it as the \"Real Birthplace of Silicon Valley.\" William Shockley received his undergraduate degree from Caltech and moved east to complete his PhD at MIT. He graduated in 1936 and immediately started work at Bell Labs. Through the 1930s and '40s he worked on electron devices, and increasingly with semiconductor materials. This led to the 1947 creation of the first transistor, in partnership with John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and others. Through the early 1950s a series of events led", "title": "Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of the transistor\n\nA transistor is a semiconductor device with at least three terminals for connection to an electric circuit. In the common case, the third terminal controls the flow of current between the other two terminals. This can be used for amplification, as in the case of a radio receiver, or for rapid switching, as in the case of digital circuits. The transistor replaced the vacuum-tube triode, also called a (thermionic) valve, which was much larger in size and used significantly more power to operate.The first transistor was successfully demonstrated on December 23, 1947, at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Bell Labs was the research arm of American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T). The three individuals credited with the invention of the transistor were William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. The introduction of the transistor is often considered one of the most important inventions in history.\n\nTransistors are broadly classified into two categories: \"bipolar junction transistor\" (BJT) and \"field-effect transistor\" (FET).\n\nThe principle of a field-effect transistor was proposed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley invented the first working transistors at Bell Labs, the point-contact transistor in 1947. Shockley introduced the improved bipolar junction transistor in 1948, which entered production in the early 1950s and led to the first widespread use of transistors.\n\nThe MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), also known as the MOS transistor, was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. MOSFETs use even less power, which led to the mass-production of MOS transistors for a wide range of uses. The MOSFET has since become the most widely manufactured device in history.", "title": "History of the transistor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "William Shockley\n\nWilliam Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor. He was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs that included John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. The three scientists were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for \"their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\".\n\nPartly as a result of Shockley's attempts to commercialize a new transistor design in the 1950s and 1960s, California's Silicon Valley became a hotbed of electronics innovation.\n\nIn his later life, while a professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University and afterward, Shockley became widely known for his racist views and advocacy of eugenics.\nSection::::Early life and education.\nShockley was born to American parents in London on February 13, 1910, and was raised in his family's hometown of Palo Alto, California, from the age of three. Shockley learned some physics at a young age from a neighbor who was a Stanford physics professor. Shockley spent two years at Palo Alto Military Academy, then briefly enrolled in the Los Angeles Coaching School to study physics and later graduated from Hollywood High School in 1927.\n\nShockley earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Caltech in 1932 and a PhD from MIT in 1936. The title of his doctoral thesis was \"Electronic Bands in Sodium Chloride\", a topic suggested by his thesis advisor, John C. Slater.<ref name=\"Shurkin2006pp38–39\" />", "title": "William Shockley" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bell Labs\n\nNokia Bell Labs, originally named Bell Telephone Laboratories (1925–1984),\nthen AT&T Bell Laboratories (1984–1996)\nand Bell Labs Innovations (1996–2007),\nis an American industrial research and scientific development company owned by Finnish company Nokia. With headquarters located in Murray Hill, New Jersey, the company operates several laboratories in the United States and around the world.\n\nResearchers working at Bell Laboratories are credited with the development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix operating system, and the programming languages B, C, C++, S, SNOBOL, AWK, AMPL, and others. Nine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.\n\nBell Labs had its origin in the complex corporate organization of the Bell System telephone conglomerate. In the late 19th century, the laboratory began as the Western Electric Engineering Department, located at 463 West Street in New York City. In 1925, after years of conducting research and development under Western Electric, a Bell subsidiary, the Engineering Department was reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories and placed under the shared ownership of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and Western Electric. In the 1960s the laboratory was moved to New Jersey. It was acquired by Nokia in 2016.", "title": "Bell Labs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Transistor\n\nA transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. The transistor is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor material, usually with at least three terminals for connection to an electronic circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.\n\nAustro-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld proposed the concept of a field-effect transistor in 1926, but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. The first working device to be built was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen and Walter Brattain while working under William Shockley at Bell Labs. The three shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement. The most widely used type of transistor is the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), which was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959.<ref name=\"computerhistory\"/><ref name=\"Lojek\"/><ref name=\"computer history-transistor\"/> Transistors revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things.\n\nMost transistors are made from very pure silicon, and some from germanium, but certain other semiconductor materials are sometimes used. A transistor may have only one kind of charge carrier, in a field-effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers in bipolar junction transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller and require less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at very high operating frequencies or high operating voltages. Many types of transistors are made to standardized specifications by multiple manufacturers.", "title": "Transistor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Power electronics\n\nPower electronics is the application of electronics to the control and conversion of electric power.\n\nThe first high-power electronic devices were made using mercury-arc valves. In modern systems, the conversion is performed with semiconductor switching devices such as diodes, thyristors, and power transistors such as the power MOSFET and IGBT. In contrast to electronic systems concerned with the transmission and processing of signals and data, substantial amounts of electrical energy are processed in power electronics. An AC/DC converter (rectifier) is the most typical power electronics device found in many consumer electronic devices, e.g. television sets, personal computers, battery chargers, etc. The power range is typically from tens of watts to several hundred watts. In industry, a common application is the variable speed drive (VSD) that is used to control an induction motor. The power range of VSDs starts from a few hundred watts and ends at tens of megawatts.\n\nThe power conversion systems can be classified according to the type of the input and output power:", "title": "Power electronics" }, { "id": "4234981", "score": "1.6896442", "text": "to Shockley becoming increasingly upset with Bell's management, and especially what he saw as a slighting when Bell promoted Bardeen and Brattain's names ahead of his own on the transistor's patent. However, others that worked with him suggested the reason for these issues was Shockley's abrasive management style, and it was this reason that he was constantly passed over for promotion within the company. These issues came to a head in 1953 and he took a sabbatical and returned to Caltech as a visiting professor. Shockley struck up a friendship with Arnold Orville Beckman, who had invented the pH meter", "title": "Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory" }, { "id": "71453", "score": "1.6773839", "text": "seed funding for William Shockley (BS 1932), who had co-invented semiconductor transistors and wanted to commercialize them. Shockley became the founding Director of the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory division of Beckman Instruments. Shockley had previously worked at Bell Labs, whose first president was another alumnus, Frank Jewett (BS 1898). Because his aging mother lived in Palo Alto, California, Shockley established his laboratory near her in Mountain View, California. Shockley was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956, but his aggressive management style and odd personality at the Shockley Lab became unbearable. In late 1957, eight of his researchers", "title": "California Institute of Technology" }, { "id": "18675266", "score": "1.6412678", "text": "Florida and author in the fields of electrical engineering and cryptography error correction. Dr. Elgerd encouraged him to accept a position at Bell Laboratories. Singleton accepted the offer to join Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ as member of the technical staff in 1959. He was hired directly by William Keister, a pioneer in the field of logic circuits. Singleton’s work was primarily on digital computing devices including magnetic logic and semiconductors. His first major breakthrough came as a member of the electronics research department at Martin Marietta (now Lockheed Martin) in Orlando. He was continuing the work he had", "title": "Robert S. Singleton" }, { "id": "451523", "score": "1.6286664", "text": "of many other awards and honors. The ensuing publicity generated by the \"invention of the transistor\" often thrust Shockley to the fore, much to the chagrin of Bardeen and Brattain. Bell Labs management, however, consistently presented all three inventors as a team. Though Shockley would correct the record where reporters gave him sole credit for the invention, he eventually infuriated and alienated Bardeen and Brattain, and he essentially blocked the two from working on the junction transistor. Bardeen began pursuing a theory for superconductivity and left Bell Labs in 1951. Brattain refused to work with Shockley further and was assigned", "title": "William Shockley" }, { "id": "15178132", "score": "1.624464", "text": "and other electronic systems. From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T Bell Labs, underwent experimentations and finally observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced whereby the output power was larger than the input. The manager of the Bell Labs semiconductor research group, William Shockley, saw the potential in this and worked over the next few months greatly expanding the knowledge of semiconductors in order to construct the first point-contact transistor. Shockley is considered by many to be the \"father\" of the", "title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)" }, { "id": "2897750", "score": "1.6216571", "text": "visited as a student. With possibilities of working at General Electric, at Bell Laboratories, and at Beckman Instruments, he was referred by Arnold Beckman to William Shockley. Shockley was starting up Shockley Semiconductor as a division of Beckman Instruments. Shockley flew out to MIT to recruit Last, and made a vivid impression. Regarding Shockley's arrival, Last has said, \"I thought, my God, I've never met anybody this brilliant. I changed my whole career plans and said I want to go to California and work with this man.\" Last worked at the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory division of Beckman Instruments from April", "title": "Jay Last" }, { "id": "17587768", "score": "1.6200588", "text": "of the Transmission System 1 (T-1), which were introduced by Bell Labs in 1962. He later supervised the development of a Pulse-code modulation for the Telstar. In 1963 he moved to Bell Labs in Merrimack Valley, where he was director of the Transmission Technology Laboratory from 1968 to 1970. In 1970 he moved to Indianapolis to direct the Telephone Laboratory. From 1977 to 1980 in Columbus he was executive director of Crossbar and Switching Operations, and from 1980 to 1982 at Western Electric he was Vice President of Corporate Engineering. In 1982 he returned to Bell labs, where he succeeded", "title": "Donald J. Leonard" }, { "id": "210252", "score": "1.6092303", "text": "patent attorneys started to work on the patent applications. Bell Labs' attorneys soon discovered that Shockley's field effect principle had been anticipated and patented in 1930 by Julius Lilienfeld, who filed his MESFET-like patent in Canada on October 22, 1925. Shockley publicly took the lion's share of the credit for the invention of transistor; this led to a deterioration of Bardeen's relationship with Shockley. Bell Labs management, however, consistently presented all three inventors as a team. Shockley eventually infuriated and alienated Bardeen and Brattain, and he essentially blocked the two from working on the junction transistor. Bardeen began pursuing a", "title": "John Bardeen" }, { "id": "451548", "score": "1.605736", "text": "and 1956. Representatives from international as well as domestic companies attended. Shockley believed (and stated) that he should have received all the credit for the discovery of the transistor. He actively excluded Bardeen and Brattain from new areas of research, in particular the junction transistor, which Shockley patented. Shockley's theory of the junction transistor was an \"impressive achievement\", pointing the way to future solid-state electronics, but it would be several years before its construction would become practically possible. Brattain transferred to another research group within Bell Laboratories, working with C. G. B. Garrett, and P. J. Boddy. He continued to", "title": "Walter Houser Brattain" }, { "id": "2714764", "score": "1.6048753", "text": "After the war he did post-graduate studies at Lehigh University and obtained a Ph.D. in Physics. He then joined Bell Labs in 1950. A couple of months later he invented the Microwave Gyrator (a device which can simulate inductance by substituting an \"RC\" circuit, thus getting rid of awkward coil assemblies). He worked under Bill Shockley, inventor of the transistor and Nobel Prize laureate. From 1953 through 1958 he was a professor at Harvard University, when he was asked by Dan Noble to join Motorola Semiconductor in Phoenix, Arizona as Vice President and General Manager of the semiconductor operation. In", "title": "Lester Hogan" }, { "id": "44854", "score": "1.602053", "text": "manufacturers and engineers who had been supplying AT&T with their product. This included everything from telephones, telephone exchange switches, and transmission equipment. In 1925, Bell Laboratories was developed to better consolidate the research activities of the Bell System. Ownership was evenly split between Western Electric and AT&T and throughout the next decade, the AT&T Research and Development branch moved into West Street. Bell Labs also carried out consulting work for the Bell Telephone Company, U.S. government work, and a few workers were assigned to basic research. The first president of research at Bell Labs was Frank B. Jewett who stayed", "title": "Bell Labs" }, { "id": "451517", "score": "1.5935256", "text": "and the conducting wires with electrolytes. Moore built a circuit that allowed them to vary the frequency of the input signal easily. Finally they began to get some evidence of power amplification when Pearson, acting on a suggestion by Shockley, put a voltage on a droplet of glycol borate (a viscous chemical that did not evaporate, commonly used in electrolytic capacitors, and obtained by puncturing an example capacitor with a nail, using a hammer) placed across a P-N junction. Bell Labs' attorneys soon discovered Shockley's field effect principle had been anticipated and devices based on it patented in 1930 by", "title": "William Shockley" }, { "id": "4234979", "score": "1.592406", "text": "Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory was a pioneering semiconductor developer founded by William Shockley as a division of Beckman Instruments, Inc., in 1956. It was the first high technology company in what came to be known as Silicon Valley to work on silicon-based semiconductor devices. In 1957, eight leading scientists resigned and became the core of what became Fairchild Semiconductor. Shockley Semiconductor never recovered from this departure, and was purchased by Clevite in 1960, then sold to ITT in 1968, and shortly after, officially closed. The building remained, but was repurposed as a retail store. By 2015 plans were", "title": "Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory" }, { "id": "15142095", "score": "1.583761", "text": "unwitting accomplice to the secret takeover by the Bell Telephone Company, reversed after a lawsuit by the company's founder, Milo G. Kellogg. He then formed his own engineering consulting company with Samuel McKeen in 1905 in Chicago, Illinois In 1899 American Electrician published Miller's book, \"American Telephone Practice\". At 518 pages and many dozens of illustrations, it detailed nearly everything known about the telephone industry at the time. Three more printings followed, in 1900, 1903 and 1905. The last two editions were published by McGraw. By the last edition (1905), entirely updated and rewritten, it had grown to 888 pages.", "title": "Kempster Blanchard Miller" }, { "id": "20575178", "score": "1.5781894", "text": "weeks of experimenting, Tanenbaum wrote in his laboratory notebook on March 17, 1955, “This looks like the transistor we’ve been waiting for. It should be a cinch to make.” The diffused-base silicon transistor was able to amplify and switch signals above 100 megahertz, at a switching speed 10 times that of previous silicon transistors. The news convinced executive Jack Andrew Morton to return early from a trip to Europe and adopt silicon as the material for the company's future transistor and diode development. In 1956, with financial backing from Arnold Beckman, William Shockley left Bell Labs to form Shockley Semiconductor.", "title": "Morris Tanenbaum" } ]

[ "Megamix (Milli Vanilli song)", "Jodie Rocco (singer)", "Empire Bizarre", "Milli vanilli", "Rob and Fab", "Milli Vanilli lip synching scandal", "milli vanilli lip syncing scandal", "Mili Vanili", "milli vanilli", "Mili Vanilli", "Milly Vanilly", "Milli vanili", "Milli Vanilli In Motion", "The Hits That Shook The World", "empire bizarre", "jodie rocco singer", "milli vanilli lip synching scandal", "mili vanilli", "hits that shook world", "mili vanili", "Milli Vanilli", "milli vanili", "don t give up fight", "Milli-Vanilli", "rob and fab", "Milli Vannilli", "milli vanilli in motion", "Mili vanilli", "milli vannilli", "milly vanilly", "Milli Vanilli lip syncing scandal", "megamix milli vanilli song", "Don't Give Up the fight" ]

[ { "id": "3056725", "score": "2.2124987", "text": "then moved to Los Angeles, where they released an eponymous album under the name \"Rob & Fab\". Despite positive reviews from critics, the album failed due to financial constraints, poor promotion, and the scandal surrounding Milli Vanilli's lip-synching allegations. The album itself only sold around 2,000 copies. Pilatus later served three months jail for assault, vandalism, and attempted robbery. He spent six months on drug rehabilitation before returning to Germany. He died of an alcohol and prescription drug overdose at a hotel in Frankfurt on 2 April 1998. Morvan spent several years as a session musician and public speaker. In", "title": "Fab Morvan" }, { "id": "1463485", "score": "2.1430707", "text": "Horton lookalike named Kevin Weatherspoon, as well as Jodie Rocco and Linda Rocco. Morvan and Pilatus moved to Los Angeles, California, and signed with the Joss Entertainment Group. Sandy Gallin was their manager. They recorded their follow-up album under the name \"Rob & Fab\" which was financed by Taj Records in 1992 and released by Joss Entertainment in 1993. Almost all the songs on the album were written by Kenny Taylor and Fab Morvan, while Morvan and Pilatus provided the lead vocals. Werner Schüler, a German bassist and songwriter, was their producer. Because of financial constraints, Joss Entertainment Group was", "title": "Milli Vanilli" }, { "id": "3056721", "score": "2.117566", "text": "in 1966 in Paris, France, to parents from Guadeloupe. At 18, he moved to Germany, where he was a dancer and model, and was influenced by funk, soul, hip hop and pop. He met Rob Pilatus in a nightclub in Munich. They decided to form a rock/soul group. Morvan and Pilatus were noticed by music producer Frank Farian, who signed them as part of a musical act. Shortly after a trip to Turkey, where they reputedly got the band's name from a local advertising slogan, Milli Vanilli was born. Morvan and Pilatus served as the public faces for singers Charles", "title": "Fab Morvan" }, { "id": "7271266", "score": "2.0999908", "text": "Rob & Fab Rob & Fab was a short-lived German pop and dance music duo formed and fronted by Rob Pilatus and Fabrice Morvan in 1990, following their departure from the commercially successful but ill-fated group Milli Vanilli. In the wake of the Milli Vanilli lip-synching scandal, Pilatus and Morvan moved to Los Angeles and acquired a new manager, Sandy Gallin. They signed with The Joss Entertainment Group, with whom they recorded new songs featuring their own vocals. Their first and only album, \"Rob & Fab\", was financed by Joss subsidiary Taj Records in 1992 and released under the Joss", "title": "Rob & Fab" }, { "id": "3056720", "score": "2.0478482", "text": "Fab Morvan Fabrice Morvan (born 14 May 1966) is a French singer-songwriter, dancer and model. He was half of the pop duo Milli Vanilli, with Rob Pilatus, selling multi-platinum albums around the world. However, he was later involved in one of the largest scandals in pop music history when it was revealed that neither he nor Pilatus had actually sung on any of Milli Vanilli's recordings. After the scandal, the group reformed as Rob & Fab in the 1990s with limited success. Morvan had a solo comeback in the 2000s releasing his first solo album, \"Love Revolution\". Morvan was born", "title": "Fab Morvan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1990 in music\n\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1990. \n\nThis year was the peak of cassette sales in the United States, with sales declining year on year since then.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "1990 in music" }, { "id": "7271268", "score": "2.0195847", "text": "business shortly thereafter. \"Rob & Fab\" would be the final work by Pilatus prior to his death in 1998. A Milli Vanilli comeback album, \"Back and in Attack\", was recorded in 1997 but remains unreleased. Morvan would go on to have a successful solo career, releasing his first album, \"Love Revolution\", in 2003. Rob & Fab Rob & Fab was a short-lived German pop and dance music duo formed and fronted by Rob Pilatus and Fabrice Morvan in 1990, following their departure from the commercially successful but ill-fated group Milli Vanilli. In the wake of the Milli Vanilli lip-synching scandal,", "title": "Rob & Fab" }, { "id": "3206064", "score": "2.019166", "text": "Rob Pilatus Robert Pilatus (8 June 1965 – 2 April 1998) was an American-born German model, dancer, and singer. Pilatus was half of the pop music duo Milli Vanilli, the other one being Frenchman Fabrice Morvan. Rob Pilatus was born in New York, the son of an American soldier and a German mother. He was adopted as a baby by a Munich family. Pilatus worked as a model and breakdancer, also appearing as a backing singer with the group Wind at the 1987 Eurovision Song Contest in Brussels, finishing in second place, before joining Fab Morvan in 1988 to form", "title": "Rob Pilatus" }, { "id": "3206068", "score": "1.9832636", "text": "sugarless chewing gum. In it the duo lip-synched to an opera recording. An announcer asked, \"How long does the taste of Carefree Sugarless Gum last?\" The record began to skip and the announcer added, \"Until these guys sing for themselves.\" In 1992, Pilatus and Morvan signed with a new label, Taj, and released \"Rob & Fab\", an album featuring their own voices, but the album only sold around 2,000 copies. The label went bankrupt shortly thereafter. In the years following the collapse of Milli Vanilli, Pilatus struggled with substance abuse and even suicide attempts. After their unsuccessful comeback, Morvan and", "title": "Rob Pilatus" }, { "id": "3206065", "score": "1.909037", "text": "the pop group Milli Vanilli. Both Pilatus and Morvan were noticed by German music producer Frank Farian, who signed them to be part of a musical act. Shortly after a trip to Turkey, where the duo reputedly took its name from a local advertising slogan, Milli Vanilli was born. Pilatus and Morvan served as the public faces for singers Charles Shaw and Brad Howell, who Farian thought were vocally talented, but lacked a marketable image. The first Milli Vanilli platinum album was \"Girl You Know It's True\", which became a worldwide hit. The album produced five hit singles including three", "title": "Rob Pilatus" }, { "id": "7271267", "score": "1.9033859", "text": "Entertainment label in 1993. A single, \"We Can Get It On,\" was made available for radio play to promote the album but did not see much commercial success. Additionally, due to financial constraints, the album was distributed only in the United States, the market that had become the most critical of Milli Vanilli. \"We Can Get It On\" failed to chart and the album itself only sold around 2,000 copies. Over the next two years, the relationship between Pilatus and Morvan soured and the pair stopped speaking to one another. The duo subsequently disbanded and Taj Records went out of", "title": "Rob & Fab" }, { "id": "1463475", "score": "1.8348386", "text": "their agent Sergio Vendero confessed that Morvan and Pilatus did not sing any of the vocals heard on their music releases. The duo ended up giving back the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. The group recorded a comeback album in 1998 titled \"Back and in Attack\", but the album was shelved after Rob Pilatus died at the age of 32. According to VH1's \"Behind the Music\", the single \"Girl You Know It's True\" was first produced by Jesse Powell and had already been completed before Rob Pilatus and Fab Morvan were recruited. Frank Farian felt that no efforts should", "title": "Milli Vanilli" }, { "id": "3056729", "score": "1.8029505", "text": "In 2011 German director Florian Gallenberger declared that he was reviving the project and would be rewriting the script. On 26 March 2007, the Milli Vanilli \"Best of the Best\" album was released. Morvan now resides in Amsterdam and Los Angeles as of 2010. Fab Morvan Fabrice Morvan (born 14 May 1966) is a French singer-songwriter, dancer and model. He was half of the pop duo Milli Vanilli, with Rob Pilatus, selling multi-platinum albums around the world. However, he was later involved in one of the largest scandals in pop music history when it was revealed that neither he nor", "title": "Fab Morvan" }, { "id": "3206070", "score": "1.7729238", "text": "and their final album has never been released. He was survived by his son and his sister. Pilatus is buried in the Waldfriedhof in Munich. Rob Pilatus Robert Pilatus (8 June 1965 – 2 April 1998) was an American-born German model, dancer, and singer. Pilatus was half of the pop music duo Milli Vanilli, the other one being Frenchman Fabrice Morvan. Rob Pilatus was born in New York, the son of an American soldier and a German mother. He was adopted as a baby by a Munich family. Pilatus worked as a model and breakdancer, also appearing as a backing", "title": "Rob Pilatus" }, { "id": "3056728", "score": "1.76403", "text": "Spirit, Desert Minds, DJ Prinz, Patrick BP Bruyndonx, MuziJunki, Sean McCaff, Limoncello, Guan Elmzoom, and has collaborated on well-received dance releases with several. Some of his other pursuits include writing, painting and fashion design. On 14 February 2007, it was announced that Universal Pictures was developing a film based on the true story of Milli Vanilli's rise and fall in the music industry. Jeff Nathanson, screenwriter from \"Catch Me If You Can\", was to write and direct the film. Morvan was supposed to serve as a consultant, providing his and Pilatus' point of view. However, the project was never completed.", "title": "Fab Morvan" }, { "id": "1463474", "score": "1.7588825", "text": "Milli Vanilli Milli Vanilli was a German R&B duo from Munich. The group was founded by Frank Farian in 1988 and consisted of Fab Morvan and Rob Pilatus. The group's debut album, titled \"All or Nothing\" in Europe and reconfigured as \"Girl You Know It's True\" in the United States, achieved international success and earned them a Grammy Award for Best New Artist on 21 February 1990. Milli Vanilli became one of the most popular pop acts in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with millions of records sold. However, their success quickly turned to infamy when Morvan, Pilatus, and", "title": "Milli Vanilli" }, { "id": "1463479", "score": "1.6837858", "text": "due to Rob still not having a full grasp of the English language. Unlike the international release of \"All or Nothing\", the inserts for the American version of the album explicitly attributed the vocals to Morvan and Pilatus. This prompted singer Charles Shaw to reveal in December 1989 that he was one of the three actual singers on the album and that Pilatus and Morvan were impostors. Farian reportedly paid Shaw $150,000 to retract his statements, though this did not stem the tide of public criticism. Because of growing public questions as to who sang in the group, as well", "title": "Milli Vanilli" }, { "id": "1463478", "score": "1.6609652", "text": "VH1's \"Behind the Music\" which profiled Milli Vanilli, Downtown Julie Brown stated that fans attending the concert seemed neither to care, nor even to notice, and the concert continued as if nothing unusual had happened. In a March 1990 issue of \"Time\" magazine, Pilatus was quoted proclaiming himself to be \"the new Elvis\", reasoning that by the duo's success they were more talented musically than Bob Dylan, Paul McCartney and Mick Jagger. This has been refuted by Fab Morvan, as recently as 2017, stating that Rob never said those words and that the quote was taken out of context likely", "title": "Milli Vanilli" }, { "id": "1463489", "score": "1.6518528", "text": "1999 Wango Tango festival concert before 50,000 people at Dodger Stadium. Morvan then spent 2001 on tour before performing in 2002 as the inaugural performer at the brand-new Velvet Lounge at the Hard Rock Hotel in Orlando, Florida. In 2003, Morvan released his first solo album, \"Love Revolution\". He marketed the album through his website and CD Baby. In April 2011, Morvan released the single \"Anytime\" on iTunes. In 1991, Pilatus and Morvan appeared in a commercial for Carefree Sugarless Gum, which parodied their lip-syncing fiasco. They also appeared in an episode of the Super Mario Bros. cartoon and even", "title": "Milli Vanilli" }, { "id": "3056722", "score": "1.6491438", "text": "Shaw, John Davis, and Brad Howell, who Farian thought were talented musicians but lacked a marketable image. The first Milli Vanilli album was \"Girl You Know It's True\". Despite critical derision, Milli Vanilli's fame continued to grow worldwide. The album had four hit singles: the title track, and the group's three #1 hits, \"Girl I'm Gonna Miss You\", \"Baby Don't Forget My Number\", and \"Blame It on the Rain\". Milli Vanilli won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist on 22 February 1990 for \"Girl You Know It's True\". Morvan and Pilatus were a frequent target of rumours and allegations", "title": "Fab Morvan" }, { "id": "7553597", "score": "1.6432474", "text": "York Newsday\" writer John Leland that he was one of three singers on Milli Vanilli's hit debut album, and that Milli Vanilli frontmen Rob Pilatus and Fabrice Morvan were impostors. Milli Vanilli producer Frank Farian reportedly paid Shaw $150,000 to retract his statements. Morvan and Pilatus went on to win the 1989 Grammy Award for Best New Artist, but rumors about Shaw's involvement persisted. Eventually the true story of the band was exposed in November 1990 when Farian broke the story himself, and the duo's Grammy Award was subsequently withdrawn. Farian re-launched the group in 1991 as The Real Milli", "title": "Charles Shaw (singer)" } ]

[ "First daily newspaper", "first daily newspaper" ]

[ { "id": "5327966", "score": "1.7382171", "text": "The Daily Courant The Daily Courant, initially published on 11 March 1702, was the first British daily newspaper. It was produced by Elizabeth Mallet at her premises next to the King's Arms tavern at Fleet Bridge in London. The newspaper consisted of a single page, with advertisements on the reverse side. Mallet advertised that she intended to publish only foreign news and would not add any comments of her own, supposing her readers to have \"sense enough to make reflections for themselves\". After only forty days Mallet sold \"The Daily Courant\" to Samuel Buckley, who moved it to premises in", "title": "The Daily Courant" }, { "id": "5327967", "score": "1.700038", "text": "the area of Little Britain in London, at \"the sign of the Dolphin\". Buckley later became the publisher of \"The Spectator.\" \"The Daily Courant\" lasted until 1735, when it was merged with the \"Daily Gazetteer\". The Daily Courant The Daily Courant, initially published on 11 March 1702, was the first British daily newspaper. It was produced by Elizabeth Mallet at her premises next to the King's Arms tavern at Fleet Bridge in London. The newspaper consisted of a single page, with advertisements on the reverse side. Mallet advertised that she intended to publish only foreign news and would not add", "title": "The Daily Courant" }, { "id": "554493", "score": "1.5925841", "text": "pay a fine. He preferred to discontinue his publication instead. In 1726 he in part revived it, under the title of \"Lloyd's List\", published at first weekly, it would later become a daily. The \"Edinburgh Courant\" was published out of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Its first issue was dated 14-19 Feb 1705 and was sold for a penny. It was one of the country's first regional papers, second only to the Norwich Post (1701). The paper was produced twice weekly for five years, then continued as the \"Scots Courant\" until April 1720. Later that same year, the \"Edinburgh Evening Courant\" began", "title": "History of British newspapers" }, { "id": "10137696", "score": "1.5712694", "text": "to make Reflections for themselves.” Upon the death of her husband in 1683, Elizabeth apprenticed her son to the paper and ran two presses from premises near Fleet Street. However, her son failed in this enterprise, and within ten years Elizabeth was again in charge, issuing serial publications and sensational tracts as well as The Daily Courant. Elizabeth Mallet Elizabeth Mallet (fl. 1672–1706) was a printer and bookseller who produced Britain's first daily newspaper, \"The Daily Courant\", the first issue of which appeared on 11 March 1702. The paper was launched by Elizabeth as a single newsheet carrying digests of", "title": "Elizabeth Mallet" }, { "id": "8881165", "score": "1.5592842", "text": "indicates. Millar was apprenticed to James McEuen, who had been printer, editor, and principal bookseller of \"The Edinburgh Evening Courant\" since 1718. Daniel Defoe, author of \"Robinson Crusoe\", and then based at Moubray House, was its editor in the early 18th century. James Hannay, Naval History writer, was its editor from 1860 to 1864. Images of the newspaper have been digitilized and can be viewed through Ancestry.com, with a subscription. Edinburgh Courant The Edinburgh Courant was a broadsheet newspaper from the 18th century. It was published out of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Its first issue was dated February 14–19, 1705 and", "title": "Edinburgh Courant" }, { "id": "6731362", "score": "1.5591483", "text": "jibes to Justice Nicholas Clodpate in the first extant number of the \"Courant\". Tom Pen-Shallow quickly follows, with his mischievous little postscript: \"Pray inform me whether in your Province Criminals have the Privilege of a Jury.\" Tom Tram writes from the moon about rumors of a certain \"villainous Postmaster\". (The \"Courant\" was always perilously close to legal difficulties and had, besides, a lasting feud with the town postmaster.) Ichabod Henroost complains of a gadding wife. Abigail Afterwit would like to know when the editor of the rival paper, the Gazette, \"intends to have done printing the Carolina Addresses to their", "title": "History of American newspapers" }, { "id": "13181772", "score": "1.5491196", "text": "in 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since then the \"Haarlems Dagblad\" has appeared with the subtitle \"Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656\". \"Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny\" was published in Kraków, Poland in 1661. The first successful English daily, \"The Daily Courant\", was published from 1702 to 1735. In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published \"Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick\". This is considered the first newspaper in the American colonies even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the governor allowed \"The Boston News-Letter\" to be published and it became the first continuously", "title": "Newspaper" }, { "id": "10137695", "score": "1.5470028", "text": "Elizabeth Mallet Elizabeth Mallet (fl. 1672–1706) was a printer and bookseller who produced Britain's first daily newspaper, \"The Daily Courant\", the first issue of which appeared on 11 March 1702. The paper was launched by Elizabeth as a single newsheet carrying digests of foreign papers. Mallet wrote under a male persona, and claimed only to provide the facts, and to let the reader make up their own minds, saying: “Nor will [the Author] take it upon himself to give any Comments or Conjectures of his own, but will relate only Matter of Fact; supposing other People to have Sense enough", "title": "Elizabeth Mallet" }, { "id": "8881163", "score": "1.5467048", "text": "Edinburgh Courant The Edinburgh Courant was a broadsheet newspaper from the 18th century. It was published out of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Its first issue was dated February 14–19, 1705 and was sold for a penny. It was one of the country's first regional papers, second only to the \"Norwich Post\" (1701). The paper was produced twice weekly for five years, then continued as the \"Scots Courant\" until April 1720. In 1718, the \"Edinburgh Evening Courant\" began publication, being first printed by John McQueen or McEwen on the Royal Mile then passing to his protege, Alexander Kincaid in 1735. It survived", "title": "Edinburgh Courant" }, { "id": "19385320", "score": "1.5292963", "text": "in the first half of the 18th century produced many great writers such as Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Henry Fielding, and Samuel Johnson. Men such as these edited newspapers, or wrote essays for the popular press on topical issues. Their material was entertaining and informative and was met with an insatiable demand from ordinary citizens of the middle class, who were beginning to participate in the flow of ideas and news. The newspaper was becoming so popular that publishers began to print daily issues. The first daily newspaper in the world was the \"Daily Courant\", established", "title": "History of journalism in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "19244713", "score": "1.5211316", "text": "its former owner the late Vere Harmsworth. From 1999 to 2002 Griffiths was an energetic chairman of the London Press Club. In March 2002, he helped organise the 300th anniversary celebration for the first regular daily newspaper to be printed in the United Kingdom. The Prince of Wales unveiled a brass plaque at a service in St Bride’s, the journalists’ church, on the date \"The Daily Courant\" was first published in Fleet Street. In 2006 the British Library published his book \"Fleet Street – Five Hundred Years of the Press\" to coincide with an exhibition of newspaper front pages which", "title": "Dennis Griffiths" }, { "id": "11751949", "score": "1.5195944", "text": "its time. It consisted of one single sheet printed on both sides, focusing mostly on shipping reports, snippets of information from neighboring towns, and letters from Europe. Its real substance was in letters to the editor from the Boston wits, poking fun at the city's morals and manners. Many viewed the \"Courant\"s content as \"talking trash,\" just like other newspapers during this time. But it set the tone for the next 100 years or more of American journalism, marking a break with its poorly written predecessors and contemporaries. The print shop, off Queen Street in Dorset Alley, is today a", "title": "The New-England Courant" }, { "id": "6731361", "score": "1.518733", "text": "they succeeded in publishing a distinctive newspaper that annoyed the New England elite while proving entertaining and establishing a kind of literary precedent. Instead of filling the first part of the \"Courant\" with the tedious conventionalities of governors' addresses to provincial legislatures, James Franklin's club wrote essays and satirical letters modeled on \"The Spectator\", which first appeared in London ten years earlier. After the more formal introductory paper on some general topic, such as zeal or hypocrisy or honor or contentment, the facetious letters of imaginary correspondents commonly fill the remainder of the \"Courant\"'s first page. Timothy Turnstone addresses flippant", "title": "History of American newspapers" }, { "id": "2075551", "score": "1.5070325", "text": "the paper's management and facilities with those of Tribune-owned WTIC-TV in Hartford. In 2014, the newspapers were spun off to corporate parent Tribune Publishing. The \"Connecticut Courant\" began as a weekly on October 29, 1764, started by Thomas Green. The word \"courant\", borrowed from the French (possibly by way of Dutch \"krant\"), was a popular name for English-language newspapers. The daily \"Hartford Courant\" traces its existence back to the weekly, thereby claiming the title \"America's oldest continuously published newspaper\", and adopting as its slogan, \"Older than the nation.\" (\"The New Hampshire Gazette\", which started publication in 1756 and all but", "title": "Hartford Courant" }, { "id": "7554739", "score": "1.4920495", "text": "it now publishes solely online. \"Opregte Haarlemsche Courant\" from Haarlem, the Netherlands, first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper \"Haarlems Dagblad\" in 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since then the Haarlems Dagblad appears with the subtitle \"Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656\" and considers itself to be the oldest newspaper still publishing. \"Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny\" was published in Kraków, Poland in 1661. The first successful English daily, \"The Daily Courant\", was published from 1702 to 1735. The first editor, for 10 days in March 1702, was Elizabeth Mallet, who for", "title": "History of newspaper publishing" }, { "id": "11751948", "score": "1.4872048", "text": "Boston, and the city's intellectual pursuits had declined. But the newspaper proved a success, and rescued James's struggling printing business. Franklin's younger brother Ben was pressed into service as his apprentice at the age of 12. The apprenticeship included all sorts of odd jobs, including issuing pamphlets, linens and silks. The relationship between James and Benjamin Franklin suffered as the \"Courant\" reached the peak of its fame. Finally, in 1723, Benjamin left for Philadelphia. The \"Courant\" was the first American newspaper to use literary content and humorous essays. At 4 pence a copy, it was the most expensive newspaper of", "title": "The New-England Courant" }, { "id": "12678987", "score": "1.4835539", "text": "While at the \"Courant\", James gathered a group, referred to by some as \"The Hell-Fire Club\", for assistance, and introduced \"yellow journalism\" to Boston. The \"Courant\" was considered controversial, and James was imprisoned for four weeks in 1722 for writing \"scandalous libel\". The paper was suppressed in 1727 and they left Boston in the same year. At the invitation of James's brother, John, a tallow chandler, James and Ann moved to Newport. Here, they had five children, including Mary, Elizabeth, and James Jr. Here, too, James and Ann established the colony's first printing press. Starting in 1727, James printed and", "title": "James Franklin (printer)" }, { "id": "16776970", "score": "1.4777156", "text": "business in York; the competition prompted Gent to begin to author his own works, and he published a history of York in 1730, followed by one of Ripon in 1733, and of Hull in 1735. Gent's paper ceased publication in 1728, and White's \"The York Courant\" became the predominant local paper. Also in 1735 he began publication of a journal \"Miscellanea Curiosa\", concerned with mathematical and other problems – the publication was not a success. In 1741 Gent published a history of England, with it a history of Rome in the second volume. From the 1740s Gent's business went into", "title": "Thomas Gent" }, { "id": "2075554", "score": "1.468585", "text": "in traditional \"Courant\" devotion to exhaustive coverage of local news. The \"Courant\" won a 1992 Pulitzer Prize for inquiring into problems with the Hubble Space Telescope (a Connecticut company was involved in the construction), and it won a 1999 Pulitzer Prize in the Breaking News category for coverage of a 1998 murder-suicide that took five lives at Connecticut Lottery headquarters. A series of articles about sexual abuse by the head of a worldwide Catholic order, published since February 1997, constituted the first denunciation of Marciel Maciel known to a wider audience. In 2000, Times Mirror and the \"Courant\" became part", "title": "Hartford Courant" }, { "id": "6731393", "score": "1.4631518", "text": "predominated. Though the Federalists were vigorously supported by such able papers as Russell's \"Columbian Centinel\" in Boston, Isaiah Thomas's \"Massachusetts Spy\", \"The Connecticut Courant\", and, after 1793, Noah Webster's daily \"Minerva\" (soon renamed \"Commercial Advertiser\") in New York, the \"Gazette of the United States\", which in 1790 followed Congress and the capital to Philadelphia, was at the center of conflict, \"a paper of pure Toryism\", as Thomas Jefferson said, \"disseminating the doctrines of monarchy, aristocracy, and the exclusion of the people.\" To offset the influence of this, Jefferson and Madison induced Philip Freneau, who had been editing \"The Daily Advertiser\"", "title": "History of American newspapers" } ]

[ "Republic of Italy", "Italia", "ISO 3166-1:IT", "austrian empire italy", "italiën", "ItalY", "subdivisions of italy", "iso 3166 1 it", "itali", "italija", "Austrian Empire (Italy)", "Italio", "Itàlia", "Second Italian Republic", "Italian Republic", "Italy", "Subdivisions of Italy", "Repubblica Italiana", "etymology of italy", "repubblica italiana", "The Italian republic", "pollution in italy", "republic of italy", "Pollution in Italy", "Italija", "Italie", "italy", "Etymology of Italy", "italio", "Itali", "Italiën", "administrative divisions of italy", "Environment of Italy", "italie", "italia", "environment of italy", "itàlia", "second italian republic", "italian republic", "Administrative divisions of Italy" ]

[ { "id": "1853961", "score": "1.6703475", "text": "The Blacklist (TV Series). Lake Como is the setting of the annual Classic cycling race, the Giro di Lombardia \"(Tour of Lombardy)\". Lake Como Lake Como (\"Lago di Como\" , in Italian, also known as Lario , after the Latin name of the lake; , \"Cómm\" or \"Cùmm\" ; ) is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of 146 square kilometres (56 sq mi), making it the third-largest lake in Italy, after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore. At over 400 metres (1,300 feet) deep, it is one of the deepest lakes in Europe, and", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": "1853945", "score": "1.6535326", "text": "Lake Como Lake Como (\"Lago di Como\" , in Italian, also known as Lario , after the Latin name of the lake; , \"Cómm\" or \"Cùmm\" ; ) is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of 146 square kilometres (56 sq mi), making it the third-largest lake in Italy, after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore. At over 400 metres (1,300 feet) deep, it is one of the deepest lakes in Europe, and the bottom of the lake is more than 200 metres (660 ft) below sea level. Lake Como has been a popular retreat", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": "1853946", "score": "1.5192564", "text": "for aristocrats and wealthy people since Roman times, and a very popular tourist attraction with many artistic and cultural gems. It has many villas and palaces such as Villa Olmo, Villa Serbelloni, and Villa Carlotta. Many famous people have had and have homes on the shores of Lake Como. In 2014, \"The Huffington Post\" called it the most beautiful lake in the world for its microclimate and environment with prestigious villas and villages. The lake's name in Latin is \"Larius\", Italianised as \"Lario\", but this name is rarely used; it is usually called \"Lago di Como\" (literally \"lake of Como\").", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": "1853947", "score": "1.5172935", "text": "In guidebooks the lake may be variously referred to as Lake Como, Lake of Como, or Como Lake. Its name comes from the city of Como, known to the Romans as \"Comum\". While the city of Como is referred to as \"Como\", the lake is never referred to solely by this name. This is not true of another lake in Italy, Lake Garda, where \"Garda\" may refer to either the town fronting the lake, or the lake. The lake is shaped much like an inverted letter \"Y\". The northern branch begins at the town of Colico, while the towns of", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": "1853952", "score": "1.515223", "text": "in 2011 ISBN: 9781 9805 22645. The sequel is 'An Italian Village.' A Perspective of Life Beside Lake Como ISBN: 9781 9805 66465 and the third book is ‘Cats Do Eat Spaghetti’ Living with our Rescue Cats ISBN: 9781 5218 03134 The lake is well known for the attractive villas that have been built there since Roman times, when Pliny the Younger built the \"Comedia\" and the \"Tragedia\" resorts. Many villas on the lake shores have admirable gardens that benefit from the mild climate induced by the stabilising presence of 22.5 km³ of lake water and are fit to host", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lake Como\n\nLake Como ( , ; , \"Cómm\" or \"Cùmm\" ), also known as Lario (; after the ), is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of , making it the third-largest lake in Italy, after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore. At over deep, it is the fifth deepest lake in Europe, and the deepest outside Norway; the bottom of the lake is more than below sea level.\n\nLake Como has been a popular retreat for aristocrats and wealthy people since Roman times, and a very popular tourist attraction with many artistic and cultural gems. It has many villas and palaces such as Villa Olmo, Villa Serbelloni, and Villa Carlotta. Many famous people have had and have homes on the shores of Lake Como.\n\nOne of its particularities is its \"Y\" shape, which forms the \"Larian Triangle\", with the little town of Canzo as its capital.\n\nIn 2014, \"The Huffington Post\" called it the most beautiful lake in the world for its microclimate and environment with prestigious villas and villages.", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Como\n\nComo (, ; or ; ; ; ) is a city and \"comune\" in Lombardy, Italy. It is the administrative capital of the Province of Como.\n\nIts proximity to Lake Como and to the Alps has made Como a tourist destination, and the city contains numerous works of art, churches, gardens, museums, theatres, parks, and palaces: the \"Duomo\", seat of the Diocese of Como; the Basilica of Sant'Abbondio; the Villa Olmo; the public gardens with the Tempio Voltiano; the Teatro Sociale; the \"Broletto\" or the city's medieval town hall; and the 20th-century Casa del Fascio.\n\nComo was the birthplace of many historical figures, including the poet Caecilius mentioned by Catullus in the first century BCE, writers Pliny the Elder and Pliny the Younger, Pope Innocent XI, scientist Alessandro Volta, and Cosima Liszt, second wife of Richard Wagner and long-term director of the Bayreuth Festival, and Antonio Sant'Elia (1888–1916), a futurist architect and a pioneer of the modern movement.", "title": "Como" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of largest lakes of Europe\n\nThis is a list of lakes of Europe with an average area greater than . Some smaller lakes may be missing from the list.", "title": "List of largest lakes of Europe" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lake Como, New Jersey\n\nLake Como is a borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 1,759, reflecting a decline of 47 (−2.6%) from the 1,806 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 324 (+21.9%) from the 1,482 counted in the 1990 Census. It is the tenth-smallest municipality in land area in New Jersey.\n\nLake Como was originally formed as the borough of South Belmar by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 12, 1924, from portions of Wall Township, subject to the results of a referendum held on May 6, 1924. On November 2, 2004, voters in the borough approved changing the locality's name to Lake Como, which became effective as of January 4, 2005.", "title": "Lake Como, New Jersey" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lake Como (New York)\n\nLake Como is a lake located by Como, New York. Fish species present in the lake include black crappie, bluegill, white sucker, yellow perch, tiger muskie, black bullhead, channel catfish, rock bass, pickerel, and pumpkinseed sunfish. There is access via boat launch for a fee on the north shore off County Road 103.\n", "title": "Lake Como (New York)" }, { "id": "190085", "score": "1.5056273", "text": "Sea through the basin of the Rhine. In the north of the country are a number of subalpine moraine-dammed lakes, the largest of which is Garda (). Other well known of these subalpine lakes are Lake Maggiore (), whose most northerly section is part of Switzerland, Como (), one of the deepest lakes in Europe, Orta, Lugano, Iseo, and Idro. Other notable lakes in the Italian peninsula are Trasimeno, Bolsena, Bracciano, Vico, Varano and Lesina in Gargano and Omodeo in Sardinia. The country is situated at the meeting point of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate, leading to considerable", "title": "Italy" }, { "id": "1853950", "score": "1.4973783", "text": "month of July. Snowfall is erratic and primarily affects the higher elevations. Rainfall is heaviest in May and lowest during the winter months. As a tourist destination, Lake Como is popular for its landscapes, wildlife, and spas. It is a venue for sailing, windsurfing, and kitesurfing. In 1818 Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote to Thomas Love Peacock: \"This lake exceeds anything I ever beheld in beauty, with the exception of the arbutus islands of Killarney. It is long and narrow, and has the appearance of a mighty river winding among the mountains and the forests\". In the area surrounding Lake Como", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": "1853948", "score": "1.4621977", "text": "Como and Lecco sit at the ends of the southwestern and southeastern branches respectively. The small towns of Bellagio, Menaggio and Lierna are situated at the intersection of the three branches of the lake: a triangular boat service operates between them. Lake Como is fed primarily by the Adda River, which enters the lake near Colico and flows out at Lecco. This geological conformation makes the southwestern branch a dead end, and so Como, unlike Lecco, is often flooded. The mountainous pre-alpine territory between the two southern arms of the lake (between Como, Bellagio, and Lecco) is known as the", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": "2024423", "score": "1.4578235", "text": "allowed at any of the 50 or so bathing establishments located along the Swiss shores. The Italian exclave of Campione d'Italia and parts of the waters of the lake are considered by European Customs Law as non-territorial for fiscal purposes and as such enjoy a special tax status as a duty-free area, exemption from EU VAT and offer residents other advantageous tax privileges. The Melide causeway separates the northern () and southern () basins, although a bridge in the causeway permits water flow and navigation. The lake retention time is an average of 8.2 years; that of the northern basin", "title": "Lake Lugano" }, { "id": "3241759", "score": "1.457051", "text": "Lake Maggiore Lake Maggiore (, literally 'Greater Lake') or Lago Verbàno (; ) is a large lake located on the south side of the Alps. It is the second largest lake in Italy and the largest in southern Switzerland. The lake and its shoreline are divided between the Italian regions of Piedmont and Lombardy and the Swiss canton of Ticino. Located halfway between Lake Orta and Lake Lugano, Lake Maggiore extends for about between Locarno and Arona. The climate is mild in both summer and winter, producing Mediterranean vegetation, with many gardens growing rare and exotic plants. Well-known gardens include", "title": "Lake Maggiore" }, { "id": "3241773", "score": "1.451237", "text": "Hemingway's novel \"A Farewell To Arms\". The protagonist (Frederic Henry) and his lover (Catherine Barkley) are forced to cross the transnational border within the lake in a rowing boat to escape Italian Carabinieri. Lake Maggiore Lake Maggiore (, literally 'Greater Lake') or Lago Verbàno (; ) is a large lake located on the south side of the Alps. It is the second largest lake in Italy and the largest in southern Switzerland. The lake and its shoreline are divided between the Italian regions of Piedmont and Lombardy and the Swiss canton of Ticino. Located halfway between Lake Orta and Lake", "title": "Lake Maggiore" }, { "id": "1853951", "score": "1.4508576", "text": "there are several farms which produce goods such as honey, olive oil, cheese, milk, eggs and salamis. Visitors can find lists of these farms and typically visit the farm itself in person to make their purchases. In 2018, both a fashion event of the Italian luxury label Dolce and Gabbana and a Netflix production starring Jennifer Aniston and Adam Sandler took place at Lake Como. Argegno is the home and studio village of watercolour artist Paul Wright. He is also the author of the Italian Trilogy series of books. The first book 'An Italian Home’ Settling by Lake Como published", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": "1853955", "score": "1.4425833", "text": "English style are a product of this period. Later in the century it was turned into a luxury hotel. Today the Villa d'Este is known for attracting celebrity guests. Villa del Balbianello, famous for its elaborate terraced gardens, lies on a promontory of the western shore of the lake near Isola Comacina. Built in 1787 on the site of a Franciscan monastery, it was the final home of the explorer Guido Monzino and today houses a museum devoted to his work. Villa Melzi d'Eril in Bellagio was built in neo-classical style by architect Giocondo Albertolli in 1808–10 as the summer", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": "1853958", "score": "1.4423778", "text": "a vapore nel Regno Lombardo Veneto\". Since 1952 the system has been run under the auspices of a government organization called first the \"Gestione Commissariale Governativa\" and subsequently the \"Gestione Governativa Navigazione Laghi\", which is also responsible for services on Lake Maggiore and Lake Garda. Today there are three main services: The Sacro Monte di Ossuccio (\"Holy Mount of Ossuccio\") is a sanctuary located on a hillside slope between olive groves and woods along the western edge of Lake Como facing Isola Comacina. Fifteen Baroque inspired chapels, built between 1635 and 1710, and dedicated to the Mysteries of the Rosary", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": "712534", "score": "1.4421115", "text": "escape towards Switzerland, Benito Mussolini was taken prisoner and then shot by partisans in Giulino di Mezzegra, a small town on the north shores of Lake Como. In 2010, a motion by members of the nationalist Swiss People's Party (SVP) has been submitted to the Swiss parliament requesting the admission of adjacent territories to the Swiss Confederation; Como (and its province) is one of these. The Rockefeller fountain that today stands in the Bronx Zoo in New York City was once in the main square (Piazza Cavour) by the lakeside. It was bought by William Rockefeller in 1902 for 3,500", "title": "Como" }, { "id": "1853959", "score": "1.4417876", "text": "are dotted along the way that leads to the Monastery. This building is the last in the chain and is dedicated to the Coronation of the Virgin. In 2003, the Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, including that of Ossuccio, were added by UNESCO to the World Heritage List. Lake Como was used as filming location for movies such as \"The Pleasure Garden\" (1925), \"Bobby Deerfield\" (1977), \"A Month by the Lake\" (1995), \"\" (2002), \"Ocean's Twelve\" (2004), \"Casino Royale\" (2006), and \"Imagine You & Me\" (2016), and for the music videos Gwen Stefani's \"Cool\" and John Legend's \"All of", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": "3210913", "score": "1.4353848", "text": "and Tryavna in Bulgaria). Bellagio, Lombardy Bellagio (; ) is a \"comune\" (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region of Lombardy. It is located on Lake Como, also known by its Latin-derived name \"Lario\", whose arms form an inverted Y. The triangular land mass at the base of the inverted Y is the Larian Triangle: at its northern point sits Bellagio, looking across to the northern arm of the lake and, behind it, the Alps. It has always been famous for its location. Bellagio is situated upon the cape of the land mass that divides Lake Como", "title": "Bellagio, Lombardy" }, { "id": "1853949", "score": "1.4282175", "text": "Larian Triangle, or \"Triangolo lariano\". The source of the river Lambro is here. At the centre of the triangle, the town of Canzo is the seat of the \" del Triangolo lariano\", an association of the 31 municipalities that represent the 71,000 inhabitants of the area. Lake Como weather is humid subtropical (\"Cfa\" in the Köppen climate classification). In the winter, the lake helps to maintain a higher temperature in the surrounding region. Average daily temperatures range from about in January to in July, according to historical weather data from Como. Water temperatures can reach an average of during the", "title": "Lake Como" }, { "id": "3967203", "score": "1.4262147", "text": "Lake Iseo Lake Iseo ( ; ) or Sebino is the fourth largest lake in Lombardy, Italy, fed by the Oglio river. It is in the north of the country in the Val Camonica area, near the cities of Brescia and Bergamo. The lake is almost equally divided between the Provinces of Bergamo and Brescia. Northern Italy is renowned for its heavily industrialised towns and in between there are several stunning lakes. Lake Iseo remains one of outstanding natural beauty, with its lush green mountains surrounding the crystal clear lake. There are several medieval towns around the lake, the largest", "title": "Lake Iseo" }, { "id": "2024420", "score": "1.418241", "text": "804 under the name \"Laco Luanasco\". Well-known mountains and tourist destinations on the shores of the lake are Monte Brè to the east, Monte San Salvatore west of Lugano, and Monte Generoso on the south-east shore. The World Heritage Site Monte San Giorgio is situated south of the lake. The first certain testimony of a political body governing the shores of the lake is from 818. Occupying an area of strategic importance, the lake was then part of the feudal dominion of the County of Sperio. Circa 1000, it came under the control of the Bishop of Como. The region", "title": "Lake Lugano" } ]

[ "Saturation pressure", "Saturation Pressure", "3-4X Zyûgatu", "3 4x zyugatu", "saturation pressure", "boiling points", "atmospheric pressure boiling point", "Boiling Point", "atmospheric boiling point", "3-4X Jugatsu", "Saturation temperature", "3-4X Zyuugatu", "Boiling point", "3 4x zyûgatu", "Normal boiling point", "3-4X Zyugatu", "boiling temperature", "The Boiling Point", "Atmospheric pressure boiling point", "3 4x juugatsu", "boiling point", "3-4X Jûgatsu", "normal boiling point", "Boiling points", "3 4x jûgatsu", "3-4X Juugatsu", "3 4x zyuugatu", "Boiling temperature", "saturation temperature", "3 4x jugatsu", "Atmospheric boiling point" ]

[ { "id": "3083746", "score": "1.9544723", "text": "in television was in two fly-on-the-kitchen-wall documentaries: \"Boiling Point\" (1998) and \"Beyond Boiling Point\" (2000), but had appeared previously as a judge on a MasterChef-like series for young catering students in 1997, with his then restaurant partner. Ramsay appeared on series three of \"Faking It\" in 2001 helping the prospective chef, a burger flipper named Ed Devlin, learn the trade. This episode won the 2001 BAFTA for \"Best Factual TV Moment.\" In 2004, Ramsay appeared in two British television series. \"Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares\" aired on Channel 4, and saw the chef troubleshooting failing restaurants over a one-week period. This series", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "5496130", "score": "1.7443665", "text": "Season 2 was released on 1 September 2009. For the Canadian market, Visual Entertainment has released the first three seasons of \"Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares\" on DVD in two volume sets. Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares is a television programme featuring British celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay first broadcast on Channel 4 in 2004. In each episode, Ramsay visits a failing restaurant and acts as a troubleshooter to help improve the establishment in just one week. Ramsay revisits the restaurant a few months later to see how business has fared in his absence. Episodes from series one and two have been", "title": "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares" }, { "id": "3083752", "score": "1.7310611", "text": "\"Kitchen Nightmares\", except that it focuses on struggling hotels, motels and other lodging establishments in the United States. Originally slated for debut 6 April 2012 and 4 June 2012, the series debuted 13 August 2012. In 2012, it was reported that Ramsay was to be the producer of a drama called \"The Inferno\", set in a New York restaurant. In September 2005, Ramsay, along with Jamie Oliver, Heston Blumenthal, Wolfgang Puck and Sanjeev Kapoor, were featured in CNN International's \"Quest\", in which Richard Quest stepped into the shoes of celebrity chefs. In 2006, Ramsay took part in a television series", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "3083747", "score": "1.6975923", "text": "ran its fifth series in 2007. \"Hell's Kitchen\" was a reality show, which aired on ITV1, and saw Ramsay attempt to train ten British celebrities to be chefs, as they ran a restaurant on Brick Lane which opened to the public for the two-week duration of the show. In May 2005, the FOX network introduced Ramsay to American audiences in a US version of \"Hell's Kitchen\" produced by Granada Entertainment and A. Smith & Co. The show follows a similar premise as the original British series, showcasing Ramsay's perfectionism and infamously short temper. The show completed its 13th season in", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "5496125", "score": "1.6866119", "text": "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares is a television programme featuring British celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay first broadcast on Channel 4 in 2004. In each episode, Ramsay visits a failing restaurant and acts as a troubleshooter to help improve the establishment in just one week. Ramsay revisits the restaurant a few months later to see how business has fared in his absence. Episodes from series one and two have been re-edited with additional new material as \"Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares Revisited\"; they featured Ramsay checking up on restaurants a year or more after he attended to them. An American adaptation of", "title": "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Julia Child\n\nJulia Carolyn Child (née McWilliams;<ref name=\"Archive Interview\"/> August 15, 1912 – August 13, 2004) was an American cooking teacher, author, and television personality. She is recognized for bringing French cuisine to the American public with her debut cookbook, \"Mastering the Art of French Cooking\", and her subsequent television programs, the most notable of which was \"The French Chef\", which premiered in 1963.", "title": "Julia Child" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Super Bowl commercials\n\nDuring the annual television broadcast of the National Football League Super Bowl championship, the commercials that are aired draw considerable attention. In 2010, Nielsen reported that 51% of viewers prefer the commercials to the game itself. This article does not list advertisements for a local region or station (e.g. promoting local news shows), pre-kickoff and post-game commercials/sponsors, or in-game advertising sponsors and television bumpers.", "title": "List of Super Bowl commercials" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1998 in film\n\nThe year 1998 in film involved many significant films, including\n\"Shakespeare in Love\" (which won the Academy Award for Best Picture), \"Saving Private Ryan\",\" Armageddon\" (which was the top-grossing film of the year in the United States), \"American History X\", \"The Truman Show\", \"Primary Colors\", \"\"Rushmore\"\", \"Rush Hour\", \"There's Something About Mary\", \"The Big Lebowski\", and Terrence Malick's directorial return in \"The Thin Red Line\". DreamWorks SKG released its first two animated films: \"Antz\" and \"The Prince of Egypt\". The \"Pokémon\" theatrical film series started with \"\". Warner Bros. Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary.\n\nThe year saw two dueling science-fiction disaster films about asteroids, \"Armageddon\" and \"Deep Impact\", becoming box office success, with \"Armageddon\" becoming the more popular of the two. It was also the highest-grossing film of 1998 worldwide.", "title": "1998 in film" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2000 in film\n\nThe year 2000 in film involved some significant events.\nThe top grosser worldwide was \"\". Domestically in North America, \"Gladiator\" won the Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actor (Russell Crowe). \"Dinosaur\" was the most expensive film of 2000 and a box-office success.<ref name=BOM/>", "title": "2000 in film" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1994 in film\n\nThis is a list of films released in 1994. The top worldwide grosser was \"The Lion King\", becoming the highest-grossing animated film of all-time, although it was slightly overtaken at the North American domestic box office by \"Forrest Gump\", which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.\n\nMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated its 70th anniversary in 1994.", "title": "1994 in film" }, { "id": "11236804", "score": "1.6859562", "text": "which follows Ramsay as he copes with his celebrity status and juggles cooking with the ever increasing demands on his time from beyond the kitchen. Episode 1<br> In the wake of his departure from A-Z Restaurants over the sacking of a chef, Ramsay opens his first restaurant. Gordon worries his hidden camera appearance in \"Britain's Most Unbearable Bosses\" will affect bookings, but after seeing the segment he predicts the furor will blow over quickly. Ramsay makes an unforgettable impression on restaurant staff that low standards will not be tolerated, and fires a waiter for drinking water in plain view of", "title": "Boiling Point (1998 miniseries)" }, { "id": "3083751", "score": "1.6662767", "text": "\"Gordon's Great Escape\" followed by a series set in Asia. He hosted the series \"Ramsay's Best Restaurant\", which was the first UK series by Ramsay's own production company, One Potato Two Potato. Ramsay joined several other celebrity chefs in the 2010 series, \"The Big Fish Fight\", where he, along with fellow chef Jamie Oliver and a few others, spent time on a trawler boat to raise awareness about the discarding of hundreds of thousands of salt water fish. In March 2012, Fox announced the coming of Ramsay's fourth series for the Fox network, \"Hotel Hell\"; the series is similar to", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "11236806", "score": "1.6647878", "text": "who confides to the camera about Gordon's highly competitive nature, which creeps into even the simplest things like fishing. Ramsay's maitre d' Jean-Claude Breton spots staff from the Michelin Guide appearing for dinner, perhaps a sign of a coveted third Michelin star, and Ramsay banishes the camera crewmembers from the kitchen in order to perfect the service. Episode 4<br> To celebrate the 1998 World Cup, MasterCard sponsors a dinner at Versailles in Paris. Ramsay helps plan the event, in which no natural gas is allowed as a fire precaution. Ramsay has to cook with electric, which he hasn't done in", "title": "Boiling Point (1998 miniseries)" }, { "id": "3083755", "score": "1.664679", "text": "also guest featured on Channel 4's \"\" as the \"Big Brother\" housemates took part in his \"Cookalong Live\" television show. Gordon spoke directly to the \"Big Brother\" House via the house plasma screens, regularly checking on the progress of the contestants. In 2011, during the results show of \"American Idol\", footage of the top 5 contestants taking on a challenge of cooking with Gordon Ramsay was shown. The Top 5 were given 10 minutes to make the best omelettes. In November 2011, Ramsay made an appearance on \"The Simpsons\" episode \"The Food Wife\". In February 2017, Ramsay made a guest", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "1521366", "score": "1.6551836", "text": "after it queried the impartiality of his television reviewing; the newspaper published a retraction. In June 2006, the television chef Gordon Ramsay, his production company and his producer accepted an out-of-court settlement of £75,000 from Associated Newspapers, after an article in London's \"Evening Standard\" written by Lewis-Smith alleged that Ramsay had faked television scenes and installed an incompetent chef. Ramsay said at the time, \"We have never done anything in a cynical, fake way.\" However, a year later, Channel 4 admitted that a scene in another of Ramsay's programmes had been faked, and apologised to viewers. On 28 July 2006,", "title": "Victor Lewis-Smith" }, { "id": "3083756", "score": "1.6492925", "text": "appearance on \"New Girl\" episode \"Operation: Bobcat\". Ramsay made an appearance on the 11 December 2017 broadcast of \"Please Take Care of My Refrigerator\", a South Korean reality television show on JTBC. In February 2018, Ramsay starred in an episode of the Houzz series \"My Houzz,\" in which he surprised chef Christina Wilson with a kitchen, living room and dining room renovation. Ramsay voices the character Bolton Gramercy in \"\". The character is based on him in many aspects, specifically the fact that he is a chef with a fiery temper. In June 2006, Ramsay won a High Court case", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "12271034", "score": "1.648913", "text": "available on the official site to help viewers prepare for the event at home. Often, he would teach viewers basic cooking techniques, such as chopping an onion or boning a chicken. The show was expanded to a seven episode series for autumn 2008, and began on 24 October 2008. Each week Ramsay prepared a themed menu ranging from curry night to a 1970s theme, and even participated in a challenge with that episode's celebrity guest in cooking a dish chosen by the celebrity. A Christmas special aired live on 25 December 2011. It saw Ramsay making a Christmas lunch at", "title": "Gordon Ramsay: Cookalong Live" }, { "id": "20634424", "score": "1.6422255", "text": "Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back is an American reality television program which premiered on Fox on June 13, 2018. Starring chef Gordon Ramsay, the show features his travels across the United States, visiting failing restaurants in his 70-foot-long \"Hell On Wheels\" semi-truck that unfolds into a high-tech mobile kitchen, where the chefs are retrained. At first, a team is sent in to secretly survey the restaurant, with Ramsay eventually going undercover inside. He then tries to address the issues and revive each restaurant by retraining staff and refreshing the", "title": "Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back" }, { "id": "3083748", "score": "1.6410083", "text": "December 2014, and Fox ordered the production of three additional seasons. In addition, Ramsay had also hosted a US version of \"Kitchen Nightmares\" which premiered on Fox on 19 September 2007. The show has now run six full seasons, with a seventh season being shown during 2014. Ramsay has presented five series of a food-based magazine programme titled \"The F Word\"; it launched on Channel 4 on 27 October 2005. The show is organised around several key, recurring features, notably a brigade competition, a guest cook competition, a food related investigative report and a series-long project of raising animals to", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "8145050", "score": "1.635674", "text": "was broadcast from 23 May – 6 June 2004, airing live nightly for two weeks. The premise was head chef Gordon Ramsay teaching ten celebrities how to cook. The celebrities were placed in a specially constructed London restaurant-kitchen with the task of catering for a clientele of famous people. Eliminations were determined by a series of public votes (in the style of \"Big Brother\"). One notorious moment saw Amanda Barrie repeatedly trying to strike Ramsay when she became irate. Jennifer Ellison was declared the winner. A follow-up programme was made afterwards called \"Hell's Kitchen: School Reunion\", which saw Ellison and", "title": "Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)" }, { "id": "9589258", "score": "1.6343234", "text": "Kitchen Nightmares Kitchen Nightmares is an American reality television series formerly broadcast on the Fox network, in which chef Gordon Ramsay is invited by the owners to spend a week with a failing restaurant in an attempt to revive the business. It is based on the British show \"Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares\". The show premiered Wednesday September 19, 2007. On June 23, 2014, Ramsay announced he was ending the series. In June 2018, \"Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back\", a new series with a premise much like \"Kitchen Nightmares\" but a shorter timeline, premiered on Fox. The show was", "title": "Kitchen Nightmares" }, { "id": "3083734", "score": "1.6332688", "text": "decision of my life\". In 1998, Ramsay opened his own restaurant in Chelsea, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, with the help of his father-in-law, Chris Hutcheson, and his former colleagues at Aubergine. The restaurant gained its third Michelin star in 2001, making Ramsay the first Scot to achieve that feat. After establishing his first restaurant, Ramsay's empire expanded rapidly. He next opened Petrus, then Amaryllis in Glasgow (which he was later forced to close), and later Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's. He hired his friend and maître d'hôtel Jean-Philippe Susilovic, who works at Petrus and also appears on Ramsay's US TV show \"Hell's", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "11236809", "score": "1.631661", "text": "tells Ramsay there are no new three stars. Boiling Point (1998 miniseries) Boiling Point is a five-part, 1999 Channel 4 documentary miniseries produced by Tim Graham and David Nath for London Weekend Television (LWT) and following Chef Gordon Ramsay. With each segment 30 minutes in length, the series was broadcast 25 February 1999 – 25 March 1999. Chef Ramsay is closely followed during eight of the most intense months of his life as he opens his first (and now flagship) restaurant in Royal Hospital Road in Chelsea in September 1998. This establishment would ultimately earn him the highly prestigious (and", "title": "Boiling Point (1998 miniseries)" }, { "id": "3083730", "score": "1.6259582", "text": "\"an accident, a complete accident.\" In the mid-1980s, he worked as a commis chef at the Wroxton House Hotel then ran the kitchen and 60-seat dining room at the Wickham Arms, until his sexual relationship with the owner's wife made the situation difficult. Ramsay then moved to London, where he worked in a series of restaurants until being inspired to work for the temperamental Marco Pierre White at Harveys. After working at Harveys for two years and ten months, Ramsay, tired of \"the rages and the bullying and violence\", decided that the way to further advance his career was to", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "12271033", "score": "1.6223409", "text": "Gordon Ramsay: Cookalong Live Gordon Ramsay: Cookalong Live is a British cooking show starring Gordon Ramsay. Originally conceived as a one-off episode, Channel 4 later commissioned a full series for late 2008. A Christmas special aired on 25 December 2011 and a second on 25 December 2012. The original episode was part of The Big Food Fight, a January 2008 promotion featuring Channel 4 shows starring Jamie Oliver, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall and Gordon Ramsay. On live television, Ramsay invited the entire nation to prepare a three course meal for four with him in just under 60 minutes Ingredients and instructions were", "title": "Gordon Ramsay: Cookalong Live" } ]

[ "War of the roses", "The war of the roses", "Wars of Roses", "The Wars of the Roses", "Wars of the Roses", "Rebellion of 1483", "The War Of The Roses", "Wars of the roses", "The War of the Roses", "War Of The Roses", "rebellion of 1483", "wars of roses", "Wars of the Cousins", "wars of cousins", "War of Roses", "war of roses", "The War of The Roses", "War of roses", "War of the Roses" ]

[ { "id": "577143", "score": "1.8620905", "text": "of misconduct of the war in France and misrule of the country. Starting in 1453, Henry began suffering a series of mental breakdowns, and tensions mounted between Margaret and Richard of York over control of the incapacitated king's government, and over the question of succession to the throne. Civil war broke out in 1459, leading to a long period of dynastic conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. Henry was deposed on 29 March 1461 after a crushing defeat at the Battle of Towton by Richard's son, who took the throne as Edward IV. Despite Margaret continuing to lead", "title": "Henry VI of England" }, { "id": "177509", "score": "1.8378289", "text": "actively rule as king. To forge peace, he married French noblewoman Margaret of Anjou in 1445, as provided in the Treaty of Tours. Hostilities with France resumed in 1449. When England lost the Hundred Years' War in August 1453, Henry fell into mental breakdown until Christmas 1454. He could not control the feuding nobles, and civil war began called Wars of the Roses (1455–1485). Although fighting was very sporadic and small, there was a general breakdown in the power of the Crown. The royal court and Parliament moved to Coventry, in the Lancastrian heartlands, which thus became the capital of", "title": "History of England" }, { "id": "20862410", "score": "1.8010061", "text": "of the 15th century, English politics had become increasingly factional between Richard, Duke of York and his allies. King Henry VI had become incapacitated mentally in 1453, and they had formed a protectorate. This ended in 1455 when the King regained his health. retreated to their estates, and Mowbray distanced himself from factional politics. An uneasy peace existed between the court and the Yorkists until April 1455, when the King summoned a Great Council to meet at Leicester the following month. The Duke of York feared that the purpose of this council was to destroy him; several chroniclers of the", "title": "Loveday, 1458" }, { "id": "11119600", "score": "1.7508583", "text": "on 22 February 1455 to investigate specifically the misdeeds of John Cassy. In August 1453 Bordeaux was lost to the French, and Henry VI became mentally incapacitated. On 27 March 1454 the Duke of York was made Protector of the Realm, but on 25 December 1454 the king regained his senses and set about reversing the Duke's actions. On 22 May 1455, the first Battle of St. Albans was fought north of London, traditionally recognised as the first battle of the War of the Roses. A Yorkist victory that included the capture of the King, the Battle of St. Albans", "title": "Walter Devereux (1411–1459)" }, { "id": "3723328", "score": "1.7416782", "text": "nine months and both the English political system and the military situation in France began to unravel. A sequence of bloody civil wars, later termed the Wars of the Roses, finally broke out in 1455, spurred on by an economic crisis and a widespread perception of poor government. Edward IV, leading a faction known as the Yorkists, removed Henry from power in 1461 but by 1469 fighting recommenced as Edward, Henry, and Edward's brother George, backed by leading nobles and powerful French supporters, vied for power. By 1471 Edward was triumphant and most of his rivals were dead. On his", "title": "England in the Middle Ages" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wars of the Roses" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Edward IV of England\n\nEdward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, then again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was a central figure in the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars in England fought between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions between 1455 and 1487. \n\nEdward inherited the Yorkist claim when his father, Richard, Duke of York, died at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460. After defeating Lancastrian armies at Mortimer's Cross and Towton in early 1461, he deposed King Henry VI and took the throne. His marriage to Elizabeth Woodville in 1464 led to conflict with his chief advisor, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, known as the \"Kingmaker\". In 1470, a revolt led by Warwick and Edward's brother George, Duke of Clarence, briefly re-installed Henry VI. \n\nEdward fled to Flanders, where he gathered support and invaded England in March 1471; after victories at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, he resumed the throne. Shortly afterwards, Henry VI was found dead in the Tower of London. Despite a continuing threat from Henry Tudor, later Henry VII, the last Lancastrian claimant, Edward reigned in relative peace for the next twelve years. When he died suddenly in April 1483, Edward IV was succeeded by his minor son Edward V, but Edward IV's brother Richard III soon seized the throne.", "title": "Edward IV of England" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of England" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York\n\nRichard of York, 3rd Duke of York (21 September 1411 – 30 December 1460), also named Richard Plantagenet, was a leading English magnate and claimant to the throne during the Wars of the Roses. He was a member of the ruling House of Plantagenet by virtue of being a direct male-line descendant of Edmund of Langley, King Edward III's fourth surviving son. However, it was through his mother, Anne Mortimer, a descendant of Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp, that Richard inherited his strongest claim to the throne, as the opposing House of Lancaster was descended from John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, the third surviving son of Edward III. He also inherited vast estates and served in various offices of state in Ireland, France and England, a country he ultimately governed as Lord Protector during the madness of King Henry VI.\n\nHis conflicts with Henry's wife, Margaret of Anjou, and other members of Henry's court, as well as his competing claim to the throne, were leading factors in the political upheaval of mid-fifteenth-century England, and a major cause of the Wars of the Roses. Richard eventually attempted to take the throne, but was dissuaded, although it was agreed that he would become king on Henry's death. However, within a few weeks of securing this agreement, the Act of Accord, he died in the Battle of Wakefield. Two of his sons, Edward IV and Richard III, later ascended the throne.", "title": "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Stuart period\n\nThe Stuart period of British history lasted from 1603 to 1714 during the dynasty of the House of Stuart. The period ended with the death of Queen Anne and the accession of King George I from the German House of Hanover.\n\nThe period was plagued by internal and religious strife, and a large-scale civil war which resulted in the execution of King Charles I in 1649. The Interregnum, largely under the control of Oliver Cromwell, is included here for continuity, even though the Stuarts were in exile. The Cromwell regime collapsed and Charles II had very wide support for his taking of the throne in 1660. His brother James II was overthrown in 1689 in the Glorious Revolution. He was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband William III. Mary's sister Anne was the last of the line. For the next half century James II and his son James Francis Edward Stuart and grandson Charles Edward Stuart claimed that they were the true Stuart kings, but they were in exile and their attempts to return with French aid were defeated.", "title": "Stuart period" }, { "id": "15201752", "score": "1.7390075", "text": "mainly in Gloucestershire, North Wales, Cheshire, and (ironically) in Yorkshire, while the estates and castles of the Duke of York were spread throughout England and Wales, many in the Welsh Marches. Tensions within England during the 1450s centered on the mental state of Henry VI and on his inability to produce an heir with his wife, Margaret of Anjou. In the absence of a direct heir, there were two rival branches with claims to the throne should Henry die without issue, being the Beaufort family, led by Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, and the House of York, headed by", "title": "Wars of the Roses" }, { "id": "604829", "score": "1.7324283", "text": "King Henry VII and the Tudor dynasty. York was appointed Lieutenant of Ireland, effectively exiling him from court, while Somerset increased his influence over the King. In 1452, York marched on London in an attempt to force Henry to dismiss Somerset from the government, but at this stage he lacked support and was forced to swear not to take arms against the King at Old St Paul's Cathedral. Then in 1453, Henry VI suffered a complete mental breakdown. The Great Council of peers appointed York Lord Protector and he governed the country responsibly, but Henry recovered his sanity after eighteen", "title": "Battle of Wakefield" }, { "id": "577165", "score": "1.7183456", "text": "Bordeaux in August 1453, Henry experienced a mental breakdown and became completely unresponsive to everything that was going on around him for more than a year. (Henry may have been suffering from a form of schizophrenia, according to modern experts, as he reportedly demonstrated other symptoms of schizophrenia, especially hallucinations.) He even failed to respond to the birth of a son and heir, who was christened Edward. Henry may have inherited a psychiatric condition from Charles VI of France, his maternal grandfather, who was affected by intermittent periods of insanity during the last thirty years of his life. The Duke", "title": "Henry VI of England" }, { "id": "11474000", "score": "1.7049508", "text": "in a long war with Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, for northern England, which was resolved only with the near complete destruction of the Percy family at the Battle of Bramham Moor. In Wales Owain Glyndŵr's widespread rebellion was only put down in 1408. Many saw it as a punishment from God when Henry was later struck down with leprosy and epilepsy. Henry IV died in 1413. His son and successor, Henry V was a successful and ruthless martial leader. Aware that Charles VI of France's mental illness had caused instability in France, he invaded to assert the Plantagenet", "title": "England in the Late Middle Ages" }, { "id": "20862406", "score": "1.6991136", "text": "Loveday, 1458 The Loveday of 1458 (also known as the Annunciation Loveday) took place at St Paul's Cathedral on the 25th of March that year. It was the culmination of weeks of negotiations initiated by King Henry VI in an attempt to resolve the differences within his nobility. English politics had become increasingly factional during Henry's reign, and this had been exacerbated a few years previously when he had suddenly become mentally incapacitated. This had effectively left the government leaderless, and eventually the King's cousin—and at the time, heir to the throne—was appointed Protector during the course of the King's", "title": "Loveday, 1458" }, { "id": "20862439", "score": "1.6974757", "text": "treason the following year; armed conflict broke out again. The Yorkists were still, supposedly, paying their dues to their opponents from 1455. Loveday, 1458 The Loveday of 1458 (also known as the Annunciation Loveday) took place at St Paul's Cathedral on the 25th of March that year. It was the culmination of weeks of negotiations initiated by King Henry VI in an attempt to resolve the differences within his nobility. English politics had become increasingly factional during Henry's reign, and this had been exacerbated a few years previously when he had suddenly become mentally incapacitated. This had effectively left the", "title": "Loveday, 1458" }, { "id": "603595", "score": "1.6906533", "text": "shortly after the battle. Tewkesbury restored political stability to England until the death of Edward IV in 1483. The term \"Wars of the Roses\" refers to the informal heraldic badges of the two rival houses of Lancaster and York, which had been contending for power—and ultimately for the throne—since the late 1450s. In 1461 the Yorkist claimant, Edward, Earl of March, was proclaimed King Edward IV and defeated the supporters of the weak, intermittently insane Lancastrian King Henry VI at the Battle of Towton. Lancastrian revolts in the far north of England were defeated in 1464, and the fugitive King", "title": "Battle of Tewkesbury" }, { "id": "836649", "score": "1.6833009", "text": "By July, York had lost both of his offices, Lieutenant of Ireland and Justice of the Forest south of the Trent. Then, in August 1453, Henry VI suffered a catastrophic mental breakdown, perhaps brought on by the news of the defeat at the Battle of Castillon in Gascony, which finally drove English forces from France. He became completely unresponsive, unable to speak, and had to be led from room to room. The Council tried to carry on as though the king's disability would be brief, but they had to admit eventually that something had to be done. In October, invitations", "title": "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York" }, { "id": "577168", "score": "1.6809022", "text": "10 July 1460. The Duke of York was killed by Margaret's forces at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460, and Henry was rescued from imprisonment following the Second Battle of St Albans on 17 February 1461. By this point, however, Henry was suffering such a bout of madness that he was apparently laughing and singing while the battle raged. He was defeated at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461 by the son of the Duke of York, Edward of York, who then became King Edward IV. Edward failed to capture Henry and his queen, who fled", "title": "Henry VI of England" }, { "id": "15179756", "score": "1.6757722", "text": "a firm hand on either government or the nobility, and by the mid-1450s civil war had broken out. The main protagonists were supporters of Henry and his Queen—Lancastrians—and those of the recalcitrant Richard, Duke of York, or Yorkists. These civil wars—known today as the Wars of the Roses—broke out in 1455 when Henry's army was defeated by a Yorkist one at the First Battle of St Albans, and there were further bloody encounters between the two sides until, eventually, in March 1461, the Yorkist army led by Edward, Duke of York, beat the royal army at Towton. This decisive engagement", "title": "Readeption of Henry VI" }, { "id": "15201753", "score": "1.6727737", "text": "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York. By 1453, issues had come to a head: though Margaret of Anjou was pregnant, Henry VI was descending into increasing mental instability, by August becoming completely non-responsive and unable to govern. A Great Council of nobles was called, and through shrewd political machinations, Richard had himself declared Lord Protector and chief regent during the mental incapacity of Henry. In the interlude, Margaret gave birth to a healthy son and heir, Edward. By 1455, Henry had regained his faculties, and open warfare came at the First Battle of St Albans. Several prominent Lancastrians died", "title": "Wars of the Roses" }, { "id": "5605953", "score": "1.6715578", "text": "paved the way for a unification of the two kingdoms, but his son Henry VI soon squandered all previous gains. The loss of France led to discontent at home. Soon after the end of the war in 1453, the dynastic struggles of the Wars of the Roses (c. 1455–1485) began, involving the rival dynasties of the House of Lancaster and House of York. The war ended in the accession of Henry VII of the Tudor family, who continued the work started by the Yorkist kings of building a strong, centralized monarchy. While England's attention was thus directed elsewhere, the Hiberno-Norman", "title": "Late Middle Ages" }, { "id": "177512", "score": "1.6556683", "text": "With Henry VII's accession to the throne in 1485, the Wars of the Roses came to an end, and Tudors would continue to rule England for 118 years. Traditionally, the Battle of Bosworth Field is considered to mark the end of the Middle Ages in England, although Henry did not introduce any new concept of monarchy, and for most of his reign his hold on power was tenuous. He claimed the throne by conquest and God's judgement in battle. Parliament quickly recognized him as king, but the Yorkists were far from defeated. Nonetheless, he married Edward IV's eldest daughter Elizabeth", "title": "History of England" }, { "id": "365819", "score": "1.6517876", "text": "\"Wars of the Roses\", a period of \"three or four decades of political instability and periodic open civil war in the second half of the fifteenth century\", between supporters of Richard's father (a potential claimant to the throne of King Henry VI from birth)—\"Yorkists\"—in opposition to the regime of Henry VI and his wife, Margaret of Anjou, and those loyal to the crown (\"Lancastrians\"). When his father and the Nevilles were forced to flee to Ludlow in 1459, Richard and his older brother, George (later Duke of Clarence), were placed in the custody of the Duchess of Buckingham, and the", "title": "Richard III of England" }, { "id": "577150", "score": "1.6514304", "text": "age in 1437, at the age of sixteen in the year in which his mother died, and he assumed the reins of government. Henry, shy and pious, averse to deceit and bloodshed, immediately allowed his court to be dominated by a few noble favourites who clashed on the matter of the French war. After the death of King Henry V, England had lost momentum in the Hundred Years' War, while, beginning with Joan of Arc's military victories, the Valois gained ground. The young king came to favour a policy of peace in France, and thus favoured the faction around Cardinal", "title": "Henry VI of England" } ]

[ "Coppola (disambiguation)", "Coppola", "coppola", "coppola disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "5821108", "score": "1.6933883", "text": "his most memorable roles was that of the demented old man in \"The Ox-Bow Incident\" (1943). Francis Ford (actor) Francis Ford (born Francis Feeney, August 14, 1881 – September 5, 1953) was an American film actor, writer and director. He was the mentor and elder brother of film director John Ford. He also appeared in many of the latter's movies, including \"Young Mr. Lincoln\" (1939) and \"The Quiet Man\" (1952). Francis Ford was born in Portland, Maine. He was the son of John A. Feeney, who was born in the village of Spiddal, County Galway, Ireland, on June 15, 1854.", "title": "Francis Ford (actor)" }, { "id": "5821102", "score": "1.6760352", "text": "Francis Ford (actor) Francis Ford (born Francis Feeney, August 14, 1881 – September 5, 1953) was an American film actor, writer and director. He was the mentor and elder brother of film director John Ford. He also appeared in many of the latter's movies, including \"Young Mr. Lincoln\" (1939) and \"The Quiet Man\" (1952). Francis Ford was born in Portland, Maine. He was the son of John A. Feeney, who was born in the village of Spiddal, County Galway, Ireland, on June 15, 1854. By 1878, John had moved to Portland, Maine, and opened a saloon, at 42 Center Street,", "title": "Francis Ford (actor)" }, { "id": "5821104", "score": "1.6627636", "text": "his Hollywood career working for Thomas H. Ince at Ince's Bison studio, directing and appearing in westerns. Francis Ford's younger brother, John M. Feeney, nicknamed \"Bull,\" was a successful fullback and defensive tackle on a Portland High state championship football team. In 1914, \"Bull\" followed Francis to Hollywood, changed his name to John Ford and eventually surpassed his elder brother's considerable reputation. Francis Ford's son, Philip Ford, was also a film actor/director. Ford died after being diagnosed with cancer. Ford may have acted in over 400 films, with many of his early credits poorly documented and probably lost. Ambitious and", "title": "Francis Ford (actor)" }, { "id": "1967976", "score": "1.6472166", "text": "actor, frequently doubling for his brother, whom he closely resembled. Francis gave his younger brother his first acting role in \"The Mysterious Rose\" (November 1914). Despite an often combative relationship, within three years Jack had progressed to become Francis' chief assistant and often worked as his cameraman. By the time Jack Ford was given his first break as a director, Francis' profile was declining and he ceased working as a director soon after. One notable feature of John Ford's films is that he used a 'stock company' of actors, far more so than many directors. Many famous stars appeared in", "title": "John Ford" }, { "id": "5821106", "score": "1.6346915", "text": "by popular demand, probably the height of Ford's career. In 1917, Ford founded a short-lived independent company, Fordart Films, which released the 1918 \"Berlin via America\" with Phil Kelly, and briefly opened his own studio at Sunset Boulevard and Gower Street. At the same time, Ford mentored his younger brother, collaborating frequently as writers, directors and actors in each other's projects, but as early as 1917, it was clear that John's star was on the rise. Frank's directorial style remained suitable for serials, but failed to evolve. Ford's final known directoral credit is for the 1928 \"The Call of the", "title": "Francis Ford (actor)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Francis Ford Coppola\n\nFrancis Ford Coppola (; ; born April 7, 1939) is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He is considered one of the major figures of the New Hollywood filmmaking movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Coppola is the recipient of five Academy Awards, six Golden Globe Awards, two Palmes d'Or, and a British Academy Film Award (BAFTA).\n\nAfter directing \"The Rain People\" in 1969, Coppola co-wrote \"Patton\" (1970), which earned him the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay along with Edmund H. North. Coppola's reputation as a filmmaker was cemented with the release of \"The Godfather\" (1972), which revolutionized the gangster genre of filmmaking, receiving strong commercial and critical reception. \"The Godfather\" won three Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Adapted Screenplay (shared with Mario Puzo). His film \"The Godfather Part II\" (1974) became the first sequel to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. Highly regarded by critics, the film gained Coppola three more Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director, and Best Picture, making him the second director (after Billy Wilder) to win these three awards for the same film.\n\nAlso in 1974, he released the thriller \"The Conversation\", which received the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. His next film, the war epic \"Apocalypse Now\" (1979), which had a , was widely acclaimed for vividly depicting the Vietnam War. It also won the Palme d'Or, making Coppola one of only nine filmmakers to have won the award twice. Other notable films Coppola has released since the start of the 1980s include the dramas \"The Outsiders\" and \"Rumble Fish\" (both 1983), \"The Cotton Club\" (1984), \"Peggy Sue Got Married\" (1986), \"The Godfather Part III\" (1990), \"Bram Stoker's Dracula\" (1992), and \"The Rainmaker\" (1997).\n\nMany of Coppola's relatives and children have become popular actors and filmmakers in their own right: his sister Talia Shire is an actress, his daughter Sofia and granddaughter Gia are directors, his son Roman is a screenwriter, and his nephews Jason Schwartzman and Nicolas Cage are actors. Coppola resides in Napa, California, and since the 2010s has been a vintner, owning a family-branded winery and a winery of his own.", "title": "Francis Ford Coppola" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "John Ford filmography" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "John Ford\n\nJohn Martin Feeney (February 1, 1894 – August 31, 1973), known professionally as John Ford, was an American film director and naval officer. He is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers of his generation. Ford made frequent use of location shooting and wide shots, in which his characters were framed against a vast, harsh, and rugged natural terrain.\n\nHe was the recipient of six Academy Awards including a record four wins for Best Director for \"The Informer\" (1935), \"The Grapes of Wrath\" (1940), \"How Green Was My Valley\" (1941), and \"The Quiet Man\" (1952). He is renowned both for Westerns such as \"Stagecoach\" (1939), \"My Darling Clementine\" (1946), \"Rio Grande\" (1950), \"The Searchers\" (1956), and \"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance\" (1962).\n\nIn a career of more than 50 years, Ford directed more than 140 films (although most of his silent films are now lost). Ford's work was held in high regard by his colleagues, with Akira Kurosawa, Orson Welles and Ingmar Bergman, who named him one of the greatest directors of all time.", "title": "John Ford" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Godfather\n\nThe Godfather is a 1972 American crime film directed by Francis Ford Coppola, who co-wrote the screenplay with Mario Puzo, based on Puzo's best-selling 1969 novel of the same title. The film stars Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Richard Castellano, Robert Duvall, Sterling Hayden, John Marley, Richard Conte, and Diane Keaton. It is the first installment in \"The Godfather\" trilogy, chronicling the Corleone family under patriarch Vito Corleone (Brando) from 1945 to 1955. It focuses on the transformation of his youngest son, Michael Corleone (Pacino), from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss.\n\nParamount Pictures obtained the rights to the novel for $80,000, before it gained popularity. Studio executives had trouble finding a director; the first few candidates turned down the position before Coppola signed on to direct the film but disagreement followed over casting several characters, in particular, Vito (Marlon Brando) and Michael (Al Pacino). Filming took place primarily on location around New York City and in Sicily, and was completed ahead of schedule. The musical score was composed principally by Nino Rota, with additional pieces by Carmine Coppola.\n\n\"The Godfather\" premiered at the Loew's State Theatre on March 14, 1972, and was widely released in the United States on March 24, 1972. It was the highest-grossing film of 1972, and was for a time the highest-grossing film ever made, earning between $250 and $291 million at the box office. The film received universal acclaim from critics and audiences, with praise for the performances, particularly those of Brando and Pacino, direction, screenplay, cinematography, editing, score, and portrayal of the mafia. \"The Godfather\" acted as a catalyst for the successful careers of Coppola, Pacino, and other relative newcomers in the cast and crew. The film also revitalized Brando's career, which had declined in the 1960s, and he went on to star in films such as \"Last Tango in Paris\", \"Superman\", and \"Apocalypse Now\". At the 45th Academy Awards, the film won Best Picture, Best Actor (Brando), and Best Adapted Screenplay (for Puzo and Coppola). In addition, the seven other Oscar nominations included Pacino, Caan, and Duvall all for Best Supporting Actor, and Coppola for Best Director.\n\n\"The Godfather\" is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films ever made, as well as a landmark of the gangster genre. It was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 1990, being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" and is ranked the second-greatest film in American cinema (behind \"Citizen Kane\") by the American Film Institute. It was followed by sequels \"The Godfather Part II\" (1974) and \"The Godfather Part III\" (1990).", "title": "The Godfather" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Francis Ford (actor)\n\nFrancis Ford (born Francis Joseph Feeney; August 14, 1881 – September 5, 1953) was an American film actor, writer and director. He was the mentor and elder brother of film director John Ford. He also appeared in many of the latter's movies, including \"Young Mr. Lincoln\" (1939) and \"The Quiet Man\" (1952).", "title": "Francis Ford (actor)" }, { "id": "11638989", "score": "1.5912955", "text": "John Ford filmography John Ford (1894–1973) was an American film director whose career spanned from 1913 to 1971. During this time he directed more than 140 films. Born in Maine, Ford entered the filmmaking industry shortly after graduating from high school with the help of his older brother, Francis Ford, who had established himself as a leading man and director for Universal Studios. After working as an actor, assistant director, stuntman, and prop man – often for his brother – Universal gave Ford the opportunity to direct in 1917. Initially working in short films, he quickly moved into features, largely", "title": "John Ford filmography" }, { "id": "11638998", "score": "1.5898429", "text": "Footnotes Bibliography John Ford filmography John Ford (1894–1973) was an American film director whose career spanned from 1913 to 1971. During this time he directed more than 140 films. Born in Maine, Ford entered the filmmaking industry shortly after graduating from high school with the help of his older brother, Francis Ford, who had established himself as a leading man and director for Universal Studios. After working as an actor, assistant director, stuntman, and prop man – often for his brother – Universal gave Ford the opportunity to direct in 1917. Initially working in short films, he quickly moved into", "title": "John Ford filmography" }, { "id": "138089", "score": "1.586046", "text": "Francis Ford Coppola Francis Ford Coppola (; born April 7, 1939) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter and film composer. He was a central figure in the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking. After directing \"The Rain People\" (1969), he co-wrote the 1970 film \"Patton\", earning the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay along with co-writer Edmund H. North. His directorial prominence was cemented with the release in 1972 of \"The Godfather\", a film which revolutionized movie-making in the gangster genre, earning praise from both critics and the public before winning three Academy Awards—including his second Oscar (Best Adapted Screenplay,", "title": "Francis Ford Coppola" }, { "id": "138155", "score": "1.577291", "text": "I plan to begin a process of making one personal movie after another and if something leads me back to look at that, which I'm sure it might, I'll see what makes sense to me.\" Francis Ford Coppola Francis Ford Coppola (; born April 7, 1939) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter and film composer. He was a central figure in the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking. After directing \"The Rain People\" (1969), he co-wrote the 1970 film \"Patton\", earning the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay along with co-writer Edmund H. North. His directorial prominence was cemented with", "title": "Francis Ford Coppola" }, { "id": "544820", "score": "1.5452392", "text": "Strikes Back\" (1980), \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" (1981) and \"Blade Runner\" (1982). , the U.S. domestic box-office grosses of Ford's films total over US$4.7 billion, with worldwide grosses surpassing $6 billion, making Ford the second highest-grossing U.S. domestic box-office star. Ford is married to actress Calista Flockhart. Ford was born at the Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago, Illinois to Christopher Ford (born John William Ford), an advertising executive and former actor, and Dorothy (née Nidelman), a former radio actress. A younger brother, Terence, was born in 1945. His father was Catholic and his mother was Jewish. Ford's paternal grandparents,", "title": "Harrison Ford" }, { "id": "13499376", "score": "1.5425968", "text": "Charles E. Ford Charles E. Ford (Born March 26, 1899, Martinsville, Indiana; Died August 7, 1942, Los Angeles, California, age 43) was a newsreel and film producer and the director of Frank Buck's jungle movie \"Jacaré\" (1942). Ford was the son of Charles A Ford, an insurance salesman, and Martha A. Ford. Young Charles served as an Army cameraman in World War I and later worked for Fox, Pathé and International Newsreels as a cameraman. In 1929 Ford became managing director of Universal Newsreel and shortly thereafter spent thirty months touring Europe by automobile and plane. Among his newsreels were", "title": "Charles E. Ford" }, { "id": "1968092", "score": "1.5285003", "text": "that influence. I want to thank everybody who is here from the Irish Academy, the John Ford family and thank you to John Ford Ireland.\" Citations Archival materials Criticism Official sites |- ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background: #DAA520;\" | Academy Awards ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background: #DAA520;\" | Academy Awards ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background: #DAA520;\" | Academy Awards ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background: #DAA520;\" | American Film Institute John Ford John Ford (February 1, 1894 – August 31, 1973) was an American film director. He is renowned both for Westerns such as \"Stagecoach\" (1939), \"The Searchers\" (1956), and \"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance\" (1962), as well", "title": "John Ford" }, { "id": "1967975", "score": "1.5262332", "text": "Ford's many extramarital relationships. John Ford began his career in film after moving to California in July 1914. He followed in the footsteps of his multi-talented older brother Francis Ford, twelve years his senior, who had left home years earlier and had worked in vaudeville before becoming a movie actor. Francis played in hundreds of silent pictures for filmmakers such as Thomas Edison, Georges Méliès and Thomas Ince, eventually progressing to become a prominent Hollywood actor-writer-director with his own production company (101 Bison) at Universal. John Ford started out in his brother's films as an assistant, handyman, stuntman and occasional", "title": "John Ford" }, { "id": "1967970", "score": "1.5258324", "text": "directed more than 140 films (although most of his silent films are now lost) and he is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers of his generation. Ford's work was held in high regard by his colleagues, with Orson Welles and Ingmar Bergman among those who have named him one of the greatest directors of all time. Ford made frequent use of location shooting and long shots, in which his characters were framed against a vast, harsh, and rugged natural terrain. Ford was born John Martin \"Jack\" Feeney (though he later often gave his given names", "title": "John Ford" }, { "id": "5821103", "score": "1.525424", "text": "that used a false front to pose as grocery store. John opened four others in following years. After service in the United States Army in the Spanish–American War, Francis left home. He drifted into the film business in New York City, working for David Horsley, (In \"Pappy: The Life Of John Ford\", Dan Ford wrote about Francis Ford and the war, \"The Army soon discovered that he was only fifteen and sent him home.\") Al Christie and the Star Film Company's San Antonio operation under Gaston Méliès. He adopted the name Ford from the automobile. From San Antonio, Francis began", "title": "Francis Ford (actor)" }, { "id": "14448577", "score": "1.5116684", "text": "from the back of that chair is the Director's name: Roger Vadim. Lari has tipped the viewer a cheeky wink... As much as his considerable skill with the camera, Emilio Lari's ebullient personality and playful eye characterises his unique brand of photography. As Francis Ford Coppola said of him, \"you...can't separate the work from the man, but both lifted your spirits.\" Help!, Director: Richard Lester, 1965 Candy, Director: Christian Marquant, 1967 The Beloved, Director: George P. Cosmatos, 1969 Barbarella, Director: Roger Vadim, 1968 Romeo and Juliet, Franco Zeffirelli, 1968 Kelly's Heroes, Director: Brian G. Hutton, 1969 The Godfather, Francis Ford", "title": "Emilio Lari" }, { "id": "138093", "score": "1.5115173", "text": "Henry Ford, not only because he was born in the Henry Ford Hospital but also because of his musician-father's association with the automobile manufacturer. At the time of Coppola's birth, his father was a flautist as well as arranger and assistant orchestra director for \"The Ford Sunday Evening Hour\", an hour-long concert music radio series sponsored by the Ford Motor Company. Two years after Coppola's birth, his father was named principal flautist for the NBC Symphony Orchestra, and the family moved to New York, settling in Woodside, Queens, where Coppola spent the remainder of his childhood. Having contracted polio as", "title": "Francis Ford Coppola" }, { "id": "1967969", "score": "1.5086567", "text": "John Ford John Ford (February 1, 1894 – August 31, 1973) was an American film director. He is renowned both for Westerns such as \"Stagecoach\" (1939), \"The Searchers\" (1956), and \"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance\" (1962), as well as adaptations of classic 20th-century American novels such as the film \"The Grapes of Wrath\" (1940). His four Academy Awards for Best Director (in 1935, 1940, 1941, and 1952) remain a record. One of the films for which he won the award, \"How Green Was My Valley\", also won Best Picture. In a career that spanned more than 50 years, Ford", "title": "John Ford" }, { "id": "1486453", "score": "1.5059737", "text": "Tom Ford Thomas Carlyle Ford (born August 27, 1961) is an American fashion designer, film director, screenwriter, and film producer. He launched his eponymous luxury brand in 2006, having previously served as the Creative Director at luxury fashion houses Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent. Ford also directed the Academy Award-nominated films \"A Single Man\" (2009) and \"Nocturnal Animals\" (2016). Tom Ford was born on August 27, 1961, in Austin, Texas, the son of realtors Shirley Burton (née Shirley Ann Thrasher) and Thomas David Ford. He spent his early life in the suburbs of Houston, Texas, and in San Marcos, outside", "title": "Tom Ford" }, { "id": "1967981", "score": "1.5041399", "text": "a screen credit in most of his earliest films. There is some uncertainty about the identity of Ford's first film as director—film writer Ephraim Katz notes that Ford might have directed the four-part film \"Lucille the Waitress\" as early as 1914—but most sources cite his directorial début as the silent two-reeler \"The Tornado\", released in March 1917. According to Ford's own story, he was given the job by Universal boss Carl Laemmle who supposedly said, \"Give Jack Ford the job—he yells good\". \"The Tornado\" was quickly followed by a string of two-reeler and three-reeler \"quickies\"—\"The Trail of Hate\", \"The Scrapper\",", "title": "John Ford" } ]

[ "jacobo robusti", "Il Tintoretto", "Tintoretto, Il", "Tintoretto", "Jacopo Tintoretto", "tintoretto", "Little Dyer", "jacopo tintoretto", "Jacobo Robusti", "jacopo robusti", "il tintoretto", "tintoretto il", "Jacopo Robusti", "Tintoret", "little dyer", "tintoret" ]

[ { "id": "13282294", "score": "1.8987434", "text": "Domenico Tintoretto Domenico Robusti, also known as Domenico Tintoretto, (1560 – 17 May 1635) was an Italian painter from Venice. He grew up under the tutelage of his father, the renowned painter Jacopo Tintoretto. Domenico was born in Venice. At age 17, he became a member of the Venetian painter’s guild and, to further his training, worked alongside his father executing paintings in the Doge's Palace in Venice. Domenico then began to work independently in the palace, focusing his work on historical themes, including complex arrangements of multiple figures in battle scenes. But throughout his life, Domenico also painted several", "title": "Domenico Tintoretto" }, { "id": "13917517", "score": "1.8292053", "text": "a Lute\" (Alnwick Castle, England) and \"Christ at Emmaus\" (Pitti Palace). It has recently been realized that Titian completed a \"sacra conversazione\" by Palma, probably after his death; he had probably done the same for Giorgione after his death. He overpainted two of the figures, and made changes to the background. It is now in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice. Palma Vecchio Palma Vecchio (c. 1480 – 30 July 1528), born Jacopo Palma and also known as Jacopo Negretti, was a Venetian painter of the Italian High Renaissance. He was born at Serina Alta near Bergamo, a dependency of the", "title": "Palma Vecchio" }, { "id": "15604262", "score": "1.8284638", "text": "of edifices, which has parallels with fantastic creations in the Ferrara school. St. George and the Dragon (Carpaccio) St. George and the Dragon is a painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Vittore Carpaccio. It is housed in the Scuola di San Giorgio degli Schiavoni of Venice, northern Italy. The works dates to Carpaccio's mature period, when he was called by the \"scuola\" (guild or corporation) of the \"Schiavoni\" (Dalmatians) to execute a cycle of nine paintings on the stories of patron saints (George, Jerome and Tryphon) and evangelic episodes. The work began in 1502 and was completed in 1507. The", "title": "St. George and the Dragon (Carpaccio)" }, { "id": "15604259", "score": "1.821547", "text": "St. George and the Dragon (Carpaccio) St. George and the Dragon is a painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Vittore Carpaccio. It is housed in the Scuola di San Giorgio degli Schiavoni of Venice, northern Italy. The works dates to Carpaccio's mature period, when he was called by the \"scuola\" (guild or corporation) of the \"Schiavoni\" (Dalmatians) to execute a cycle of nine paintings on the stories of patron saints (George, Jerome and Tryphon) and evangelic episodes. The work began in 1502 and was completed in 1507. The painting shows the first of the three episodes dedicated to St. George's", "title": "St. George and the Dragon (Carpaccio)" }, { "id": "2196250", "score": "1.8157881", "text": "a baroque artist ahead of his time. In 2013, the Victoria and Albert Museum announced that the painting \"The Embarkation of St Helena in the Holy Land\" had been painted by Tintoretto (and not by his contemporary Andrea Schiavone, as previously thought) as part of a series of three paintings depicting the legend of St Helena And The Holy Cross. Tintoretto Tintoretto (; born Jacopo Comin, late September or early October, 1518 – May 31, 1594) was an Italian painter and a notable exponent of the Venetian school. The speed with which he painted, and the unprecedented boldness of his", "title": "Tintoretto" }, { "id": "10364590", "score": "1.8061581", "text": "dell'Accademia); a \"Nativity\" (1477); and a \"St. Anthony on the Nut Tree\". In 1508 he was called upon, with his pupil Vittore Carpaccio, to estimate paintings of Giorgione for the Fondaco dei Tedeschi. Lazzaro Bastiani Lazzaro Bastiani (1429 – 5 April 1512) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance, active mainly in Venice. He was born in Padua. He is first recorded as a painter in Venice by 1460 in a payment for an altarpiece of San Samuele, for the Procuratori di San Marco. In 1462 he was paid at the same rate as Giovanni Bellini. In 1470, he was", "title": "Lazzaro Bastiani" }, { "id": "1358636", "score": "1.7922122", "text": "Titian Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (; 1488/1490 – 27 August 1576), known in English as Titian , was an Italian painter, the most important member of the 16th-century Venetian school. He was born in Pieve di Cadore, near Belluno, then in the Republic of Venice). During his lifetime he was often called \"da Cadore\", taken from the place of his birth. Recognized by his contemporaries as \"The Sun Amidst Small Stars\" (recalling the famous final line of Dante's \"Paradiso\"), Titian was one of the most versatile of Italian painters, equally adept with portraits, landscape backgrounds, and mythological and religious", "title": "Titian" }, { "id": "13282295", "score": "1.7882931", "text": "religious commissions. Some of his celebrated altarpieces include \"St. George Killing the Dragon\" in San Giorgio Maggiore, the \"Translation of the Body of St. Mark to Venice\" in the Scuola of San Marco, \"An Apparition of St. Mark\" in the Ducal Church, and altarpieces in Modena and Rimini. Of further note are Domenico’s murals in the Ducal Palace and the Scuola di San Giovanni Evangelista, and the \"Plague of Venice\" in San Francesco della Vigna. It is argued that Domenico’s greatest contribution to the history of painting resides in his portraiture. Domenico painted Margarita of Austria who became Queen of", "title": "Domenico Tintoretto" }, { "id": "10883286", "score": "1.7855957", "text": "added the Biblical \"The Trees and the Bramble\". In 1597 Verdizotti published a prose \"Lives of the Holy Fathers\" (\"Vite de Santi Padri\") in which he mentioned that he had a canonry at Castelcucco, near Treviso. Giovanni Maria Verdizotti Giovanni Maria Verdizotti was a well-connected writer and artist who was born in Venice in 1525 and died there in 1600. As an artist, Verdizotti is mainly remembered for his friendship with Titian, whose pupil he was, and later his secretary from 1556. No painted work can be attributed with certainty to him but, judging from the prints in his \"100", "title": "Giovanni Maria Verdizotti" }, { "id": "4671664", "score": "1.7829452", "text": "of September 1559, leaving two children. He was a friend of Giulio Romano, Giorgione, Titian and Ariosto; in a picture of \"Paradise\" he painted Ariosto between St Catherine and St Sebastian. In youth he was fond of lute-playing and also of fencing. He ranks among the best of the Ferrarese painters; his leading pupil was Girolamo da Carpi. Even his least successful works retain, amid their frigid and porcelain quality, a harmony which marks Venetian colouring. His youthful works include the \"Boar Hunt\" in the Palazzo Sciarra. Later, the \"Knight's Procession\" in the Palazzo Colonna in Rome — gave promise", "title": "Benvenuto Tisi" }, { "id": "9232054", "score": "1.7826908", "text": "this has been doubted. There are unproven claims that he trained with Bonifazio de Pitati. He worked in fresco, panel painting, and etching (teaching himself to etch by working initially from drawings by Parmigianino). By 1540, he was well enough established in Venice that Giorgio Vasari commissioned him a large battle picture (which the Florentine author mentions in his \"Lives\"). Although initially much influenced by Parmigianino and Italian Mannerism, \"he was also a strikingly daring exponent of Venetian painting techniques\", and ultimately combined both in his works, influencing Titian, Tintoretto, and Jacopo Bassano among others. His works \"shocked some contemporaries", "title": "Andrea Schiavone" }, { "id": "1693679", "score": "1.7760192", "text": "placed in question. Subsequently, an Oriental flavour appears in several of his paintings, including the portrait of a Turkish artist and \"St. Mark Preaching at Alexandria\" (above). The last was completed by his brother, Giovanni Bellini. According to Carlo Ridolfi (who was born 87 years after Bellini's death) in his 1648 history of the Venetian painters:Bellini made a painting of the head of John the Baptist on a charger, the saint being revered by the Turks as a prophet. When the picture was brought before the Sultan, he praised the skill exhibited there, but drew Gentile’s attention nonetheless to an", "title": "Gentile Bellini" }, { "id": "5881417", "score": "1.7741237", "text": "most recently discovered work of Agresti came to light in June 2009 in Cesena Cathedral, an oil on copper in depicting the patron saint of the city, Saint John the Baptist, assigned to the old master by Alex Cavallucci. The Church of St John Maddermarket in Norwich has a large oil canvas of \"The Last Supper\" which, although attributed to Agresti, has no verifiable provenance. One of his pupils was Litardo Piccioli. Livio Agresti Livio Agresti (1508–1580), also called Ritius or Ricciutello, was an Italian painter of the late Renaissance or Mannerist period, active both in his native city of", "title": "Livio Agresti" }, { "id": "10931452", "score": "1.7700245", "text": "go everywhere with Jacopo. Emperor Maximilian and King Philip II of Spain both expressed interest in hosting her as a court painter, but her father refused their invitations on her behalf because he couldn’t bear to part with her. In 1578 he arranged for her to marry a Venetian jeweler and silversmith, Jacopo Augusta, to ensure she would always stay near him. Jacopo also had Marietta instructed in singing and playing the harpsichord, clavichord, and lute. She died of unrecorded causes in 1590, and was buried in Santa Maria del’Orto in Venice. The only painting that can be conclusively attributed", "title": "Marietta Robusti" }, { "id": "11067359", "score": "1.7693741", "text": "gioieli pittoreschi. Virtuoso ornamento della città di Vicenza\" (1676), a city guide of Vicenza. Boschini actually earned the most of his income as an art seller, working as an agent for (among others) cardinal Leopoldo de' Medici. The major Venetian painters for which he has brief biographies in his text, and arranged in general chronologic order, are: Marco Boschini Marco Boschini (1602–1681) was an Italian painter and engraver of the early Baroque period in Venice. He was born in Venice, and was educated in the school of Palma il Giovane. He painted \"The Last Supper\" for the sacristy of San", "title": "Marco Boschini" }, { "id": "2196221", "score": "1.7673476", "text": "Tintoretto Tintoretto (; born Jacopo Comin, late September or early October, 1518 – May 31, 1594) was an Italian painter and a notable exponent of the Venetian school. The speed with which he painted, and the unprecedented boldness of his brushwork, were both admired and criticized by his contemporaries. For his phenomenal energy in painting he was termed Il Furioso. His work is characterised by his muscular figures, dramatic gestures and bold use of perspective, in the Mannerist style. In his youth, Tintoretto was also known as Jacopo Robusti as his father had defended the gates of Padua in a", "title": "Tintoretto" }, { "id": "17835945", "score": "1.7619286", "text": "His last known work, A vigil at home of Tintoretto, exhibited in Venice in 1857. He painted two altarpieces: \"St Anthony of Padua\" and a \"Deposition\" (1851) for the Venetian church of San Giovanni in Bragora. He died on October 9, 1859 in Marostica, near Vicenza. Cosroe Dusi Cosroe Dusi (July 28, 1808 – October 9, 1859) was an Italian painter in the Neoclassical style, active for many years in St Petersburg, Russia, painting mainly sacred and historical subjects. Dusi was nicknamed by his contemporaries the \"modern Tintoretto\", for his liveliness of invention and rapidity at painting. Cosroe was born", "title": "Cosroe Dusi" }, { "id": "10931447", "score": "1.7610594", "text": "Marietta Robusti Marietta Robusti (1560? – 1590) was a Venetian painter of the Renaissance period. She was the daughter of Tintoretto and is sometimes referred to as \"Tintoretta\". The only known primary source for details of Marietta Robusti’s life is Carlo Ridolfi’s \"Life of Tintoretto\", first published in 1642, although she is mentioned briefly in Raffaelo Borghini’s \"Il Riposo della Pitura e della Scultura\" of 1584. These two sources disagree on the year of her birth: according to Borghini, she was born in 1555, but Carlo Ridolfi indicates that she was born in 1560. Marietta Robusti was probably born in", "title": "Marietta Robusti" }, { "id": "8624172", "score": "1.7591889", "text": "startling mystical imprint that is often foreign to the magisterial and olympian Venetian painting, and more akin to the Baroque painters from Northern Italy, Alessandro Magnasco and Francesco Cairo. \"Abraham's Sacrifice of Isaac\" is probably the painting that disappeared from the castle of Pommersfelden at the beginning of the 19th century. Until that time, the painting was attributed to Piazzetta. Federico Bencovich Federico Bencovich (1667 – 8 July 1753) was a prominent late Baroque painter from Dalmatia working in Italy. He is best known as \"Federico Bencovich\" or \"Federigo\" or \"Federighetto\" or \"Dalmatino\". In modern Croatia he is known as", "title": "Federico Bencovich" }, { "id": "10914889", "score": "1.7591809", "text": "Lattanzio Querena Lactanzio Querena (Predella in Valle di Scalva, November 1, 1760 – July 10, 1863) was an Italian painter, depicting historical and sacred subjects. He was born in the Province of Bergamo. He studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti of Verona, and also in Venice under Francesco Maggiotto. He studied with Francesco Fedeli. He was very skilful in restoring old masters, and painted altarpieces for many churches in Venice, including Santa Maria Formosa (\"Santa Marina\"), Santa Maria del Pianto (\"Repose in Egypt\"), Santi Giovanni e Paolo (\"Descent from the Cross\"), and St. Mark's Basilica (mosaic of \"Last Judgement\").", "title": "Lattanzio Querena" } ]

[ "Kykládes", "Κυκλάς", "kikladhes", "cycladic islands", "kyklades", "cyclodes", "Cyclades", "ΚΥΚΛΑΔΕΣ", "cyclades islands", "Kyklades", "Κυκλάδες", "Kikladhes", "κυκλαδες", "Kyklades Prefecture", "Cyclodes", "kyklades prefecture", "List of municipalities in the Cyclades and the Dodecanese", "cyclades", "Cyclades islands", "cycladic", "κυκλάς", "Cycladic", "cyclades prefecture", "list of municipalities in cyclades and dodecanese", "Cycladic Islands", "Cyclades Prefecture", "Cyclades Islands", "kykládes", "κυκλάδες" ]

[ { "id": "2050005", "score": "1.7464128", "text": "Symi, Tilos, and Kastellorizo. Other islands in the chain include Alimia, Arkoi, Chalki, Farmakonisi, Gyali, Kinaros, Levitha, Marathos, Nimos, Pserimos, Saria, Strongyli, Syrna and Telendos. The name \"Dodecanese\" (older form ἡ Δωδεκάνησος, \"hē Dōdekanēsos\"; modern τα Δωδεκάνησα, \"ta Dōdekanēsa\"), meaning \"The Twelve Islands\", denotes today an island group in the southeastern Aegean Sea, comprising fifteen major islands (Agathonisi, Astypalaia, Chalki, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Kastellorizo, Kos, Lipsi, Leros, Nisyros, Patmos, Rhodes, Symi, and Tilos) and 93 smaller islets. Since Antiquity, these islands formed part of the group known as the \"Southern Sporades\" (Νότιες Σποράδες). The name \"Dōdekanēsos\" first appears in Byzantine", "title": "Dodecanese" }, { "id": "11490976", "score": "1.7189269", "text": "History of the Cyclades The Cyclades (Greek: Κυκλάδες \"Kykládes\") are Greek islands located in the southern part of the Aegean Sea. The archipelago contains some 2,200 islands, islets and rocks; just 33 islands are inhabited. For the ancients, they formed a circle (κύκλος / kyklos in Greek) around the sacred island of Delos, hence the name of the archipelago. The best-known are, from north to south and from east to west: Andros, Tinos, Mykonos, Naxos, Amorgos, Syros, Paros and Antiparos, Ios, Santorini, Anafi, Kea, Kythnos, Serifos, Sifnos, Folegandros and Sikinos, Milos and Kimolos; to these can be added the little", "title": "History of the Cyclades" }, { "id": "79645", "score": "1.7082384", "text": "the Helladic period. In recent decades the Cyclades have become popular with European and other tourists, and as a result there have been problems with erosion, pollution, and water shortages. The Cyclades comprise about 220 islands, the major ones being Amorgos, Anafi, Andros, Antiparos, Delos, Ios, Kea, Kimolos, Kythnos, Milos, Mykonos, Naxos, Paros, Folegandros, Serifos, Sifnos, Sikinos, Syros, Tinos, and Thira or Santoríni. There are also many minor islands including Donousa, Eschati, Gyaros, Irakleia, Koufonisia, Makronisos and Schoinousa. The name \"Cyclades\" refers to the islands forming a circle (\"circular islands\") around the sacred island of Delos. Most of the smaller", "title": "Cyclades" }, { "id": "2515623", "score": "1.7048904", "text": "Turkey in the Aegean Sea are Imbros (Gökçeada) and Tenedos (Bozcaada), in the northeastern part of the Sea. Various smaller islets off Turkey's western coast are also under Turkish sovereignty. Most of the islands enjoy warm summer temperatures and cold winter temperatures, influenced by the Mediterranean climate. The Aegean Islands are traditionally subdivided into seven groups, from north to south: The term Italian Islands of the Aegean () is sometimes used to refer to the Aegean islands conquered by Italy during the Italo-Turkish War in 1912 and annexed (through the Treaty of Lausanne) from 1923 until 1947: the Dodecanese, including", "title": "Aegean Islands" }, { "id": "18884123", "score": "1.7024394", "text": "property. The islands today have been developed as popular tourist destination. They are famous for their serene and tranquil life. Lesser Cyclades The Lesser Cyclades or Small Cyclades () is an island complex in Aegean Sea, inside the archipelago of the Cyclades. It is located to the south-east of Naxos and comprises 32 islands and rocks. The main islands are Ano Koufonisi, Kato Koufonisi, Irakleia, Schoinoussa, Donousa and Keros. The largest of them is Irakleia with an area of 18 km and the most populated is Ano Koufonisi with a population of 399, according to the 2011 census. Only four", "title": "Lesser Cyclades" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of the Cyclades" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of islands of Greece\n\nGreece has many islands, with estimates ranging from somewhere around 1,200 to 6,000, depending on the minimum size to take into account. The number of inhabited islands is variously cited as between 166 and 227.<ref name=\"Hellenic Organization of Tourism (EOT)\"/>\n\nThe largest Greek island by area is Crete, located at the southern edge of the Aegean Sea. The second largest island is Euboea or Evvia, which is separated from the mainland by the 60m-wide Euripus Strait, and is administered as part of the Central Greece region. After the third and fourth largest Greek islands, Lesbos and Rhodes, the rest of the islands are two-thirds of the area of Rhodes, or smaller.\n\nThe Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: the Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic Gulf near Athens; the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea; the North Aegean islands, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey; the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey; the Sporades, a small tight group off the coast of Euboea; and the Ionian Islands, chiefly located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea. Crete with its surrounding islets and Euboea are traditionally excluded from this grouping.\n\nThis article excludes the Peloponnese, which has technically been an island since the construction of the Corinth Canal in 1893, but is rarely considered to be an island due to its artificial origins.", "title": "List of islands of Greece" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of islands in the Mediterranean\n\nThe following is a list of islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The two main island countries in the region are Malta and Cyprus, while other countries with islands in the Mediterranean Sea include Italy, France, Greece, Spain, Tunisia, Croatia, and Turkey.\n\n", "title": "List of islands in the Mediterranean" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Seajets\n\nSeajets is a Greek/Cypriot ferry company operating passenger and freight ferry services in the Aegean Sea.", "title": "Seajets" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "League of the Islanders\n\nThe League of the Islanders () or Nesiotic League was a federal league (\"koinon\") of ancient Greek city-states encompassing the Cyclades islands in the Aegean Sea. Organized under the auspices of Antigonus Monophthalmus in , it remained under Antigonid control until . It then passed under the aegis of the Ptolemaic Kingdom until Ptolemaic control over the central Aegean collapsed and the League was dissolved sometime in the mid-3rd century BC. The Cycladic islands reverted to independence, except for a few that passed under Macedonian control. The league was re-established (\"Second Nesiotic League\") under the leadership of Rhodes in , and survived until .", "title": "League of the Islanders" }, { "id": "11491010", "score": "1.6956782", "text": "failed before Paros. The islanders provided the Persian fleet with sixty-seven ships, but on the eve of the Battle of Salamis, six or seven Cycladic ships (from Naxos, Kea, Kythnos, Serifos, Sifnos and Milos) would pass from the Greek side. Thus the islands won the right to appear on the tripod consecrated at Delphi. Themistocles, pursuing the Persian fleet across the archipelago, also sought to punish the islands most compromised with regard to the Persians, a prelude to Athenian domination. In 479 BC, certain Cycladic cities (on Kea, Milos, Tinos, Naxos and Kythnos) were present beside other Greeks at the", "title": "History of the Cyclades" }, { "id": "3837", "score": "1.6942651", "text": "Aegean Islands are found within its waters, with the following islands delimiting the sea on the south (generally from west to east): Kythera, Antikythera, Crete, Kasos, Karpathos and Rhodes. The Aegean Islands, which almost all belong to Greece, can be divided into seven groups: The word \"archipelago\" was originally applied specifically to the Aegean Sea and its islands. Many of the Aegean Islands, or chains of islands, are actually extensions of the mountains on the mainland. One chain extends across the sea to Chios, another extends across Euboea to Samos, and a third extends across the Peloponnese and Crete to", "title": "Aegean Sea" }, { "id": "9964023", "score": "1.6928136", "text": "North Aegean islands The North Aegean islands are a number of disconnected islands in the north Aegean Sea, also known as the \"Northeast Aegean islands\", belonging to Greece and Turkey. The islands do not form a physical chain or group, but are frequently grouped together for tourist or administrative purposes. To the south are the Dodecanese islands; and to the west are the Cyclades and Sporades islands. Within this group, the main islands in the northeastern Aegean Sea and along the Turkish coast are the Greek islands of Samos, Ikaria, Chios, Lesbos, Lemnos, Agios Efstratios, Psara, Fournoi Korseon, Oinousses and", "title": "North Aegean islands" }, { "id": "2050004", "score": "1.6920211", "text": "Dodecanese The Dodecanese (, ; , \"Dodekánisa\" , literally \"twelve islands\") are a group of 15 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea, off the coast of Asia Minor (Turkey), of which 26 are inhabited. Τhis island group generally defines the eastern limit of the Sea of Crete. They belong to the wider Southern Sporades island group. The most historically important and well-known island, Rhodes, has been the area's dominant island since antiquity. Of the others, Kos and Patmos are historically the more important; the remaining eleven are Agathonisi, Astypalaia, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Leipsoi, Leros, Nisyros,", "title": "Dodecanese" }, { "id": "2515622", "score": "1.6808105", "text": "Aegean Islands The Aegean Islands (; ) are the group of islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece to the west and north and Turkey to the east; the island of Crete delimits the sea to the south, those of Rhodes, Karpathos and Kasos to the southeast. The ancient Greek name of the Aegean Sea, \"Archipelago\" (, \"archipelagos\") was later applied to the islands it contains and is now used more generally, to refer to any island group. The vast majority of the Aegean Islands belong to Greece, being split among nine administrative regions. The only sizable possessions of", "title": "Aegean Islands" }, { "id": "4144987", "score": "1.6751173", "text": "explicitly ceded to any other country, and their sovereignty has therefore remained objectively undecided. The Turkish government has avoided stating exactly which islets it wishes to include in this category. On various occasions, Turkish government sources have indicated that islands such as Pserimos, Agathonisi, Fournoi and Gavdos (situated south of Crete) might be included. Most of them, unlike Imia/Kardak, had undeniably been in factual Greek possession, which had never previously been challenged by Turkey, and all but the final two listed below have Greek residents and infrastructure. In a 2004 publication by Turkish authors close to the Turkish military leadership", "title": "Aegean dispute" }, { "id": "9964029", "score": "1.6621283", "text": "finally incorporated into the Greek state during the First Balkan War. North Aegean islands The North Aegean islands are a number of disconnected islands in the north Aegean Sea, also known as the \"Northeast Aegean islands\", belonging to Greece and Turkey. The islands do not form a physical chain or group, but are frequently grouped together for tourist or administrative purposes. To the south are the Dodecanese islands; and to the west are the Cyclades and Sporades islands. Within this group, the main islands in the northeastern Aegean Sea and along the Turkish coast are the Greek islands of Samos,", "title": "North Aegean islands" }, { "id": "13337465", "score": "1.6559656", "text": "second largest. Other large Greek islands include Rhodes and Lesbos in the Aegean Sea, and Corfu and Cephalonia in the Ionian Sea. Many of the smaller Greek islands form groups or chains, often called archipelagos, with notable examples being the Cyclades and the Sporades in the south and central Aegean Sea respectively. The islands of the Aegean Sea are situated between mainland Greece to the west and north, Anatolia to the east and the island of Crete to the south. Traditionally, the islands are classified into seven groups, from north to south: Geographical features The Ionian Islands are a group", "title": "Geography of Greece" }, { "id": "723454", "score": "1.650235", "text": "by the returns of taxes. Very few Turks ever settled on Naxos, and Turkish influence on the island is slight. Under Ottoman rule the island was known as Turkish: \"Nakşa\". Ottoman sovereignty lasted until 1821, when the islands revolted; Naxos finally became a member of the Greek state in 1832. Naxos is a popular tourist destination, with several ruins. It has a number of beaches, such as those at Agia Anna, Agios Prokopios, Alikos, Kastraki, Mikri Vigla, Plaka, and Agios Georgios, most of them near Chora. As other cycladic islands, Naxos is considered a windy place perfect for windsurfing, as", "title": "Naxos" }, { "id": "17428197", "score": "1.6265788", "text": "is no longer attested after the late 18th century. Aside from the \"sanjakbey\" at Naxos, two other beys, at Milos and Santorini, are recorded in 1629. With the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821, the islands came under Greek control. Sanjak of Nakşa Berre The Sanjak of Nakşa Berre or Naxos (Ottoman Turkish: \"Sancak-i/Liva-i Nakşa Berre\"; ) was a second-level Ottoman province (\"sanjak\" or \"liva\") encompassing the central and southern Cyclades islands, and named after the two largest islands of Naxos () and Paros (Tr. \"Berre\"). The \"sanjak\" encompassed the territory of the former Duchy of Naxos,", "title": "Sanjak of Nakşa Berre" }, { "id": "1535529", "score": "1.6257623", "text": "is Ε̰νdρα, \"Ëndra\". Attribution: Andros Andros (, ) is the northernmost island of the Greek Cyclades archipelago, about southeast of Euboea, and about north of Tinos. It is nearly long, and its greatest breadth is . It is for the most part mountainous, with many fruitful and well-watered valleys. The municipality, which includes the island Andros and several small, uninhabited islands, has an area of . The largest towns are Andros (town), Gavrio, Batsi, and Ormos Korthiou. The island is famous for its Sariza spring at Apoikia, where the water flows from a sculpted stone lion's head. Palaeopolis, the ancient", "title": "Andros" }, { "id": "18884120", "score": "1.615282", "text": "Lesser Cyclades The Lesser Cyclades or Small Cyclades () is an island complex in Aegean Sea, inside the archipelago of the Cyclades. It is located to the south-east of Naxos and comprises 32 islands and rocks. The main islands are Ano Koufonisi, Kato Koufonisi, Irakleia, Schoinoussa, Donousa and Keros. The largest of them is Irakleia with an area of 18 km and the most populated is Ano Koufonisi with a population of 399, according to the 2011 census. Only four of them are inhabited, Ano Koufonisi, Irakleia, Donousa and Schoinoussa. The islet of Kato Antikeri has also two inhabitants. Administratively,", "title": "Lesser Cyclades" }, { "id": "1535509", "score": "1.6099428", "text": "Andros Andros (, ) is the northernmost island of the Greek Cyclades archipelago, about southeast of Euboea, and about north of Tinos. It is nearly long, and its greatest breadth is . It is for the most part mountainous, with many fruitful and well-watered valleys. The municipality, which includes the island Andros and several small, uninhabited islands, has an area of . The largest towns are Andros (town), Gavrio, Batsi, and Ormos Korthiou. The island is famous for its Sariza spring at Apoikia, where the water flows from a sculpted stone lion's head. Palaeopolis, the ancient capital, was built into", "title": "Andros" }, { "id": "723456", "score": "1.6096591", "text": "cheese, potatoes and Kitron, a local lemon-citrus spirit. Naxos Naxos (; Greek: , ) is a Greek island and the largest of the Cyclades. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture. The island is famous as a source of emery, a rock rich in corundum, which until modern time was one of the best abrasives available. The largest town and capital of the island is Chora or Naxos City, with 6,533 inhabitants (2001 census). The main villages are Filoti, Apiranthos, Vivlos, Agios Arsenios, Koronos and Glinado. Climate is \"Mediterranean\", with relatively mild winters and very warm summers. The Köppen", "title": "Naxos" }, { "id": "2050006", "score": "1.6088204", "text": "sources in the 8th century, as a naval command under a \"droungarios\", encompassing the southern Aegean Sea, which eventually evolved into the Theme of Samos. However it was not applied to the current island group, but to the twelve Cyclades islands clustered around Delos. The name may indeed be of far earlier date, and modern historians suggest that a list of 12 islands given by Strabo (\"Geographica\" Χ.485) was the origin of the term. The term remained in use throughout the medieval period and was still used for the Cyclades in both colloquial usage and scholarly Greek-language literature until the", "title": "Dodecanese" } ]

[ "K. Marx", "Carl Marks", "Marx", "Karl marx", "karl marx", "Karol Marks", "k marx", "Karl Marks", "Karl Heinrich Marx", "K Marx", "k h marx", "Carl Heinrich Marx", "carl marx", "Marx, Karl", "karl heinrich marx", "Father of Communism", "karol marks", "carl marks", "father of communism", "Karl Marx", "marx karl", "carl heinrich marx", "Carl Marx", "K. H. Marx", "karl marks", "marx" ]

[ { "id": "17649806", "score": "1.7566326", "text": "joined the \"Parti communiste français\". He was expelled in 1981 for critiquing the party's policy on immigration in an article. Balibar participated in Louis Althusser's seminar on Karl Marx's \"Das Kapital\" in 1965. This seminar resulted in the book \"Reading Capital\", co-authored by Althusser and his students. Balibar's chapter, \"On the Basic Concepts of Historical Materialism,\" was republished along with those of Althusser in the book's abridged version (trans. 1970), until a complete translation was published in 2016. In 1987, he received his doctorate degree in philosophy from the \"Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen\" in the Netherlands. He received his habilitation from", "title": "Étienne Balibar" }, { "id": "410728", "score": "1.7089553", "text": "Marx drew from the \"joint stock of ideas\" he developed with Engels, \"a kind of intellectual bank account upon which either could draw freely.\" In late February 1848, the \"Manifesto\" was anonymously published by the Workers' Educational Association (\"Communistischer Arbeiterbildungsverein\") at Bishopsgate in the City of London. Written in German, the 23-page pamphlet was titled \"Manifest der kommunistischen Partei\" and had a dark-green cover. It was reprinted three times and serialised in the \"Deutsche Londoner Zeitung\", a newspaper for German \"émigré\"s. On 4 March, one day after the serialisation in the \"Zeitung\" began, Marx was expelled by Belgian police. Two", "title": "The Communist Manifesto" }, { "id": "2497721", "score": "1.6829591", "text": "Marxian Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt by his former tutor Carl Grünberg. Hitler's accession to power in 1933 forced him first to Paris, and then via Britain to New York, where he remained in relative isolation from 1937 until 1949. In that year he took up a professorship in political economy at the University of Leipzig in East Germany. Grossman's \"The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System\"(1929) despite being one of the first publications of the Frankfurt School was only made available in English translation in 1979 by Jairus Banaji, for an Indian Trotskyist organisation, the", "title": "Henryk Grossman" }, { "id": "4134645", "score": "1.6685579", "text": "a PhD in Kiel with a thesis about economist David Ricardo. From 1909 to 1917, Oppenheimer was Privatdozent in Berlin, then for two years \"Titularprofessor\". In 1914 he was one of co-founders of the German Committee for Freeing of Russian Jews. In 1919, he accepted a call to serve as Chair for Sociology and Theoretical Political Economy at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt/Main. This was the first chair dedicated to Sociology in Germany. A co-operative farm, the so-called \"Co-operative in Merhavia\", was founded in 1911 by Jewish immigrants to Palestine using a plan for agricultural cooperation written by Oppenheimer.", "title": "Franz Oppenheimer" }, { "id": "6947800", "score": "1.6675911", "text": "published the book \"Das Ende des Kapitalismus\" (The End of Capitalism), in which he offered the view that laissez-faire capitalism was dead, and that German autarky was the future. Ferdinand Zimmermann Ferdinand Friedrich Zimmermann (August 14, 1898 – July 11, 1967) was a German author. He used his pseudonym of \"Ferdinand Fried\" to publish. Zimmermann was born in Bad Freienwalde, studied economics and philosophy at Berlin, and worked for the newspapers \"Vossische Zeitung\" and \"Berliner Morgenpost\" before joining the magazine \"Die Tat\" in 1931. A supporter of Nazism he joined the Schutzstaffel in 1934 and the Nazi Party itself in", "title": "Ferdinand Zimmermann" }, { "id": "19125023", "score": "1.6644496", "text": "producing the news-sheet \"\"Trait d’Union\"\", which he used to inform French workers about the situation in Germany and the anti-Fascist resistance struggle. As well as this he worked as editor for the (German language) Communist Party news-sheet \"\"Frage und Antwort\"\" (\"\"Questions and answers\"\"). In September 1939 both France and Britain declared war on Germany. It would be some months before it became clear what this would mean for Germany, but in the meantime, in both Paris and London, large number of German political exiles who had emigrated to escape the Nazi government at home were identified as enemy aliens and", "title": "Alfred Benjamin" }, { "id": "19984616", "score": "1.6500113", "text": "to the Netherlands and then studied as a doctoral student under Mannheim (who was also expelled from Frankfurt) at the London School of Economics. He was awarded his doctorate in 1936 for an historical sociological study of the aristocracy and middle classes in Germany and, for the following three years, tutored privately in the German and history. In 1939, Bramsted was naturalised a British citizen and during World War II monitored German radio and produced counter-propaganda for the BBC until 1943, when he joined the Political Intelligence Department of the Foreign Office. After the war, he taught in Germany and", "title": "Ernest Bramsted" }, { "id": "8201878", "score": "1.6452537", "text": "Geneva. Here, he received jobs from Hans Kelsen and Max Horkheimer as a social researcher. He left the KPD-O in 1935. Carl Jacob Burckhardt influenced his literary orientation during this time. From 1937 to 1939, Mayer was a member of the Collège de Sociologie, founded by Georges Bataille, Michel Leiris and Roger Caillois in 1937. There he held a lecture about the secret political societies in German Romanticism and demonstrated how these secret societies already anticipated Nazi symbolism. Other exiles at the Collège were Walter Benjamin and Paul L. Landsberg. After the end of the war, he returned to Germany", "title": "Hans Mayer" }, { "id": "20509387", "score": "1.6408259", "text": "International and Development Studies in Geneva after which he returned to Heidelberg, where until 1934 he worked as a research assistant under von Weber in the research programme supported by the Rockefeller Foundation on \"Zum wirtschaftlichen Schicksal Europas\" (\"Concerning the Economic Fate of Europe\"). In 1936 Liepmann moved to the UK, on account of growing harassment connected with his Jewish origins. In 1938 he published his only book on political economics, a comprehensive quantitative and comparative study of the development of customs tariffs in the principal European trading nations, and their economic effects. Given the growing protectionism shortly before and", "title": "Heinrich Liepmann" }, { "id": "16024334", "score": "1.6361256", "text": "Jewish mother and considered his origins 'mixed' (Melossi 2003: x); Kirchheimer was Jewish). Rusche fled to the United Kingdom, then to Palestine, and thence back to the United Kingdom, where he was interned as an enemy alien after the outbreak of war. Kirchheimer originally left for Paris. They were part of a dispersed cohort of émigré German social scientists, many of whom had been associated with the International Institute of Social Research in Frankfurt am Main (also known as the Frankfurt Institute). This Institute, established in 1923, was closed by the German government in 1933, the year of the Nazi", "title": "Punishment and Social Structure" }, { "id": "17649807", "score": "1.6351266", "text": "the Université Paris I in 1993. Balibar joined the University of Paris X-Nanterre as a professor in 1994, and the University of California, Irvine in 2000. He became Professor Emeritus of Paris X in 2002. His daughter with the physicist Françoise Balibar is the actress Jeanne Balibar. In \"Masses, Classes and Ideas\", Balibar argues that in \"Das Kapital\" (or \"Capital\"), the theory of historical materialism comes into conflict with the critical theory that Marx begins to develop, particularly in his analysis of the category of labor, which in capitalism becomes a form of property. This conflict involves two distinct uses", "title": "Étienne Balibar" }, { "id": "4306992", "score": "1.6318002", "text": "he met Rudolf Hilferding, author of \"Finance Capital\" and wrote under the pen name of Alexander Gabriel for the German Social Democratic Party journal \"Die Gesellschaft.\" After the Nazi regime took power, Baran fled to Paris and then back to the USSR, and then to Vilna, (then in Poland). With the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and just before the Nazi invasion of Poland he emigrated to the US, where he enrolled at Harvard and received a master's degree. Short of funds, he left the PhD program and worked for the Brookings Institution and then for the Office of Price Administration and then", "title": "Paul A. Baran" }, { "id": "11927932", "score": "1.6308713", "text": "Jewish Refugees (AJR) club, Cosmo Restaurant, the Dorice, and Club 1943. Organizations like the Leo Baeck Institute, Freud Museum, and Wiener Library were founded and became part of British culture. Many people established successful careers in publishing, medicine, science, psychoanalysis, and other occupations. Notable scientists include Max Perutz, Rudolf Peierls, Francis Simon, Ernst Boris Chain, and Hans Adolf Krebs. Intellectuals include art historians Nikolaus Pevsner and Ernst Gombrich, sociologists Norbert Elias and Karl Mannheim], and philosophers Karl Popper and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Former refugees influenced the music scene, with the emergence of the Amadeus Quartet and Edinburgh Festival. Noted individuals of", "title": "Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe to the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "12202826", "score": "1.6287398", "text": "After his return to London, he became an editor of the \"Freie Deutsche Kultur\", London, a monthly newspaper of Freier Deutscher Kulturbund in Great Britain which he belonged to as an executive member. Besides working on the anti-fascist emigration periodicals \"Internationale Literatur\" and \"Das Wort\" (both in Moscow), \"Deutsche Volkszeitung\" and the \"Rote Fahne\" (both in Prague), \"Freies Deutschland\" (Mexico) and \"Freie Tribüne\" (London). Continuing, he participated in the work of the KPD emigration group, belonged to the London Center of PEN and the \"Deutschen internationalen P.E.N.\" (German international PEN) and was a member of the Freien Deutschen Bewegung in", "title": "Max Zimmering" }, { "id": "7697350", "score": "1.6260703", "text": "Leo Kofler Leo Kofler (also known by the pseudonyms \"Stanislaw Warynski\" or \"Jules Dévérité\"; 26 April 1907 – 29 July 1995) was an Austrian-German Marxist sociologist. He ranks with the Marburg politicologist Wolfgang Abendroth and the Frankfurt school theoreticians Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno among the few well-known Marxist intellectuals in post-war Germany. However, almost nothing of his work was ever translated into English, and he is therefore little known in the English-speaking world. Kofler had his own, distinctive interpretation of Marxism, which connected sociology and history with aesthetics and anthropology. Kofler was born of Jewish parents on 26", "title": "Leo Kofler" }, { "id": "20265588", "score": "1.6254747", "text": "Diary\" (in German: \"Kolumbianisches Tagebuch\")., where he is continuously publishing his observations of the Colombian Society. After an education as an insurance professional and a one year activity as a banker in Switzerland he studied sociology, philosophy, economics and history in Hamburg and Marburg, Germany. He graduated in Marburg with a monetary theory thesis on Karl Marx. His doctor degree in social and economic science (Dr. rer.pol.) he received 1989 for his work of \"Human-Machine-Communication\" at the University of Bremen. In Marburg, in the mid 1970s for the first time he was confronted by his former professor of philosophy, Hans", "title": "Michael Paetau" }, { "id": "20731281", "score": "1.6254005", "text": "to connect German literature with its social and cultural context. After returning to Cambridge, Pascal joined the Labour Party (he would be greatly inspired by the literature of the German left during the 1920s and early 1930s) and believed that, in the midst of hyperinflation and the Wall Street crash, British reparation demands were damaging moderate political parties and radicalising German politics. In the United Kingdom, Pascal also sympathised with the Communist Party; his far left politics and his advocacy over reparations and Germany joining the League of Nations meant that his fellowship at Pembroke was not renewed after five", "title": "Roy Pascal" }, { "id": "12815507", "score": "1.6235377", "text": "the Columbia University's Institute for Public Administration and as a journalist for the Neue Volkszeitung, a German-language newspaper of socialdemocrat emigrants. Katz was a director of the Rand School of Social Science in New York and of The New Leader newspaper, he was active in the German Labour Delegation, part of the American Federation of Labor, and the \"\"German-American Council for the Liberation of Germany from Nazism\"\". After Katz had lost his German citizenship because of the racialist Nazi laws, he became a United States citizen in 1941. In July 1946 Katz returned to Germany along with Max Brauer and", "title": "Rudolf Katz" }, { "id": "6167207", "score": "1.6198416", "text": "This is an excellent association copy, inscribed to Karl Marx’s friend Professor Edward Spencer Beesly (1831–1915), positivist of the Auguste Comte school of thought, historian, and one of the founding editors of the Fortnightly Review. In 1868, when Marx & Engels were trying to develop international momentum for the economic philosophy contained in this work, they contacted the Fortnightly Review via Beesly to see if it would be interested in publishing a critique of Das Kapital; at the time Marx wrote to Engels: “Prof. Beesly, who is one of the triumvirate which secretly runs this rag, has… declared, he is", "title": "Edward Spencer Beesly" }, { "id": "14853815", "score": "1.6167176", "text": "Max Hirsch (labor economist) Max Hirsch (30 December 1832 Halberstadt - 26 June 1905 Bad Homburg vor der Höhe) was a German political economist and politician. He studied political economy and jurisprudence at the universities of Tübingen, Heidelberg, and Berlin, and then traveled through France and North Africa. As the result of his observations during these travels, he published: \"Skizze der volkswirtschaftlichen Zustände in Algerien\" (Sketch of socioeconomic conditions in Algeria, 1857), and \"Reise in das Innere von Algerien, durch die Kabylie und Sahara\" (A trip through the interior of Algeria, and through the Kabylie and Sahara, 1862). After a", "title": "Max Hirsch (labor economist)" } ]

[ "Code Napolon", "code napolon" ]

[ { "id": "573472", "score": "1.7171286", "text": "estate; and some of Louisiana's laws clashing with the Uniform Commercial Code practiced by the other 49 states. Napoleonic Code The Napoleonic Code (; officially Code civil des Français, referred to as (le) Code civil) is the French civil code established under Napoleon I in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804. The Code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have", "title": "Napoleonic Code" }, { "id": "573448", "score": "1.7134343", "text": "Napoleonic Code The Napoleonic Code (; officially Code civil des Français, referred to as (le) Code civil) is the French civil code established under Napoleon I in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804. The Code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world. The Napoleonic Code was not the first legal code to be established in a", "title": "Napoleonic Code" }, { "id": "6541237", "score": "1.695544", "text": "content of France's civil, criminal, administrative and constitutional law. As mentioned, the term \"civil law\" in France refers to private law, and should be distinguished from the group of legal systems descended from Roman Law known as civil law, as opposed to common law. The main body of statutes and laws governing civil law and procedure are set out in the Civil Code of France. Other private law statutes are also located in other codes such as the commercial code in the Code of Commerce, or copyright law in the Intellectual Property Code. French criminal law is governed first and", "title": "Law of France" }, { "id": "20719954", "score": "1.6821539", "text": "New French Civil Procedure Code The French New Code of Civil Procedure is the name used to refer to the Code gathering all laws related to civil procedure in France between 1975 and 2007. It is now simply referred to as the Civil Procedure Code. The New Civil Procedure Code formally replaced the former Napoleonic Code of Civil Procedure of 1807 in accordance with Article 26 of the 20 December 2007 Legal Simplification Act (n 2007-1787). The Napoleonic Civil Procedure Code had already undergone drastic changes since 1973, with the adoption of the Decree n 75-1123 and other legislative changes", "title": "New French Civil Procedure Code" }, { "id": "20719955", "score": "1.6562684", "text": "adopted in 2005. Changes introduced in the civil procedure legislation between 1973 and 2007 referred to the 'New' Civil Procedure Code as, despite the reforms, the old Napoleonic Civil Procedure Code still applied for parts and had not been officially abrogated. Since 2007 and the repealing of the Napoleonic Code, the current Civil Procedure Code is simply referred to as 'the Civil Procedure Code'. New French Civil Procedure Code The French New Code of Civil Procedure is the name used to refer to the Code gathering all laws related to civil procedure in France between 1975 and 2007. It is", "title": "New French Civil Procedure Code" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Napoleonic Code\n\nThe Napoleonic Code (, lit. \"Code Napoleon\"), officially the Civil Code of the French (; simply referred to as ) is the French civil code established during the French Consulate in 1804 and still in force, although frequently amended.\n\nIt was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804. The code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world.<ref name=\"Robert B. Holtman 1981\"/>\n\nThe Napoleonic Code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a civil-law legal system; it was preceded by the (Bavaria, 1756), the (Prussia, 1794), and the \"West Galician Code\" (Galicia, then part of Austria, 1797). It was, however, the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan-European scope, and it strongly influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the Napoleonic Wars. ", "title": "Napoleonic Code" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Law of France\n\nThe Law of France refers to the legal system in the French Republic, which is a civil law legal system primarily based on legal codes and statutes, with case law also playing an important role. The most influential of the French legal codes is the Napoleonic Civil Code, which inspired the civil codes of Europe and later across the world. The Constitution of France adopted in 1958 is the supreme law in France. European Union law is becoming increasingly important in France, as in other EU member states. \n\nIn academic terms, French law can be divided into two main categories: private law (\"Droit privé\") and public law (\"droit public\"). This differs from the traditional common law concepts in which the main distinction is between criminal law and civil law.\n\nPrivate law governs relationships between individuals. It includes, in particular:\n\nPublic law defines the structure and the workings of the government as well as relationships between the state and the individual.<ref name=\"Cornu\" /> It includes, in particular:\n\nTogether, these two distinctions form the backbone of legal studies in France, such that it has become a classical distinction<ref name=\"Terré\" />", "title": "Law of France" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Civil law (legal system)\n\nCivil law is a legal system originating in mainland Europe and adopted in much of the world. The civil law system is intellectualized within the framework of Roman law, and with core principles codified into a referable system, which serves as the primary source of law. The civil law system is often contrasted with the common law system, which originated in medieval England. Whereas the civil law takes the form of legal codes, the law in common law systems historically came from uncodified case law that arose as a result of judicial decisions, recognising prior court decisions as legally-binding precedent.\n\nHistorically, a civil law is the group of legal ideas and systems ultimately derived from the \"Corpus Juris Civilis\", but heavily overlain by Napoleonic, Germanic, canonical, feudal, and local practices, as well as doctrinal strains such as natural law, codification, and legal positivism.\n\nConceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes substantive rules from procedural rules. It holds case law secondary and subordinate to statutory law. Civil law is often paired with the inquisitorial system, but the terms are not synonymous. There are key differences between a statute and a code. The most pronounced features of civil systems are their legal codes, with concise and broadly applicable texts that typically avoid factually specific scenarios.<ref name=\":12\" /> The short articles in a civil law code deal in generalities and stand in contrast with ordinary statutes, which are often very long and very detailed.<ref name=\":12\" />", "title": "Civil law (legal system)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of national legal systems\n\nThe contemporary national legal systems are generally based on one of four basic systems: civil law, common law, statutory law, religious law or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations. The science that studies law at the level of legal systems is called comparative law.\n\nBoth \"civil\" (also known as \"Roman\") and \"common\" law systems can be considered the most widespread in the world: civil law because it is the most widespread by landmass and by population overall, and common law because it is employed by the greatest number of people compared to any single civil law system.", "title": "List of national legal systems" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Civil code\n\nA civil code is a codification of private law relating to property, family, and obligations. \n\nA jurisdiction that has a civil code generally also has a code of civil procedure. In some jurisdictions with a civil code, a number of the core areas of private law that would otherwise typically be codified in a civil code may instead be codified in a commercial code.", "title": "Civil code" }, { "id": "8971100", "score": "1.6528498", "text": "by citizens. This allowed notably the establishment of divorce by mutual consent (1975), at a time when divorce by fault was the only form offered to divorcing couples. Jean Carbonnier renewed the French Civil Code, especially in the domain of Family Law. He wrote a major \"Treatise on Civil Law\" (\"Droit civil\"), which is not only a theoretical work, but also shows links with history, sociology, anthropology, and philosophy. The author defined the French Civil Code as the \"Civil Constitution of French people,\" i.e. as part of the national, legal, and political culture in France. Jean Carbonnier was regarded as", "title": "Jean Carbonnier" }, { "id": "11846365", "score": "1.6292968", "text": "(this being the first Western code of law to decriminalize such conduct since Classical Antiquity). Its sponsor, Louis-Michel le Peletier, presented it to the Constituent Assembly saying that it only punished \"true crimes\", not the artificial offenses condemned by \"superstition\". French Penal Code of 1791 The French Penal Code of 1791 was a penal code adopted during the French Revolution by the Constituent Assembly, between 25 September and 6 October 1791. It was France's first penal code, and was influenced by the Enlightenment thinking of Cesare Beccaria and Montesquieu. The principle of legality was foremost in the underlying philosophy of", "title": "French Penal Code of 1791" }, { "id": "9011528", "score": "1.6258329", "text": "and the \"Siete Partidas\". Commercial law was governed by the Ordinances of Bilbao. Other laws included: \"Leyes de Toro\" (1505), \"Fuero de Real\", and the \"Fuero Juzgo\". The first Louisiana Civil Code Digest of 1808 was written in French by attorneys James Brown, Louis Moreau-Lislet, and Edward Livingston and subsequently translated into English. The main drafter Louis Moreau-Lislet was a French colonial who originally hailed from Saint-Domingue (modern Haiti) but obtained his law degree in Paris just before the French Revolution of 1789. Enacted on March 31, 1808, the Digest proved problematic when in 1817 the Louisiana Supreme Court, composed", "title": "Law of Louisiana" }, { "id": "573452", "score": "1.6241506", "text": "start was made after Napoleon came to power in 1799. A commission of four eminent jurists was appointed in 1800, including Louis-Joseph Faure and chaired by Cambacérès (now Second Consul), and sometimes by the First Consul, Napoleon himself. The Code was complete by 1801, after intensive scrutiny by the Council of State, but was not published until 21 March 1804. It was promulgated as the \"Civil Code of the French\" (\"Code civil des Français\"), but was renamed \"the Napoleonic Code\" (\"Code Napoléon\") from 1807 to 1815, and once again after the Second French Empire. The process developed mainly out of", "title": "Napoleonic Code" }, { "id": "1714046", "score": "1.6159575", "text": "the countries of the civil law tradition as belonging either to the French, Scandinavian or German group (the latter including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Japan, Taiwan and South Korea). The first civil code promulgated in Canada was that of New Brunswick of 1804, inspired by the 1800 project of the French civil code, known as the \"Projet de l'an VIII\" (project of the 8th year); nevertheless, in 1808 a \"Digeste de la loi civile\" was sanctioned. In the United States, codification appears to be widespread at a first glance, but U.S. legal codes are actually collections of common law rules", "title": "Civil code" }, { "id": "573464", "score": "1.6069744", "text": "them more prestige. The French codes, now more than 60 in number, are frequently amended, as well as judicially re-interpreted. Therefore, for over a century all of the codes in force have been documented in the annually revised editions published by Dalloz (Paris). These editions consist of thorough annotations, with references to other codes, relevant statutes, judicial decisions (even if unpublished), and international instruments. The \"small (\"petit\")\" version of the Civil Code in this form is nearly 3,000 pages, available in print and online. Additional material, including scholarly articles, is added in the larger \"expert (\"expert\")\" version and the still", "title": "Napoleonic Code" }, { "id": "11846363", "score": "1.6028442", "text": "French Penal Code of 1791 The French Penal Code of 1791 was a penal code adopted during the French Revolution by the Constituent Assembly, between 25 September and 6 October 1791. It was France's first penal code, and was influenced by the Enlightenment thinking of Cesare Beccaria and Montesquieu. The principle of legality was foremost in the underlying philosophy of the 1791 Code. In the spirit of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria summarized the principles that were to be the foundation of the procedural system. In his words, \"every", "title": "French Penal Code of 1791" }, { "id": "19725758", "score": "1.5893278", "text": "Code pénal (France) The \"Code pénal\" is the codification of French criminal law (droit pénal). It took effect March 1, 1994 and replaced the French Penal Code of 1810, which had until then been in effect. This in turn has become known as the \"old penal code\" in the rare decisions that still need to apply it. The new code was created by several laws promulgated on July 22, 1992. It introduced the judicial notion of fundamental national interests (intérêts fondamentaux de la nation (Book IV, Title I)). The Penal Code project began with the work of a commission created", "title": "Code pénal (France)" }, { "id": "5797519", "score": "1.5879995", "text": "e.g. by the Kouroukan Fouga, a charter proclaimed by the Mali Empire in 1222-1236, enumerating regulations in both constitutional and civil matters, and transmitted to this day by griots under oath. The Continental civil law tradition spread around the world along with European cultural and military dominance in recent centuries. During the Meiji Restoration, Japan adopted a new Civil Code (1898), based primarily on the French civil code and influenced by the German code. After the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 in China, the new Republic of China government abandoned the imperial code tradition and instead adopted a new civil code", "title": "Code of law" }, { "id": "16333917", "score": "1.5871131", "text": "Custom of Paris as applied in New France) to better meet the changing needs of the French Canadian population, and had also incorporated elements of English common law. The result of the project, the Civil Code of Lower Canada, came into force in 1866, and the Code of Civil Procedure followed it in 1867. The codes symbolically confirmed that Quebec belonged to a civil law tradition with roots in the Custom of Paris, and the province is unique in Canadian history in entering into Canadian Confederation with a codified private law and a system of civil law statutes. Thus, the", "title": "Custom of Paris in New France" }, { "id": "573466", "score": "1.5857632", "text": "complains that this has not been followed through; in particular, that the government has abandoned its plan for a public service code (\"code général de la fonction publique\"). Even though the Napoleonic Code was not the first civil code and did not represent the whole of his empire, it was one of the most influential. It was adopted in many countries occupied by the French during the Napoleonic Wars, and thus formed the basis of the private law systems of Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal (and their former colonies), and Poland (1808–1946). In the German regions on the west", "title": "Napoleonic Code" }, { "id": "11219197", "score": "1.5838931", "text": "arithmetic textbook, both of which he also authored, all published in 1927. The following year he published books he wrote and illustrated on French history and geography. Hémard also published a number of humorously illustrated law codes, including the family law provisions of \"Le Code Civil\", published in 1925, the \"Code Pénal\" published in about 1929, and, in 1944, he published a lengthy, illustrated tax code of France, the \"Code Général des Impôts Directs et Taxes Assimilées\", all published in Paris. The illustrations in these three works, along with many others of Hémard's, were printed in color using the \"pochoir\"", "title": "Joseph Hémard" }, { "id": "1698369", "score": "1.582361", "text": "of the laws inherited from the Custom of Paris and incorporated some English law as it had been applied in Lower Canada such as the English law of trusts. The former Civil Code was also inspired by the Louisiana Civil Code, the Field Code movement in New York, and the Civil Code of the Canton of Vaud (1819). In 1955, the Government of Quebec embarked on a reform of the Civil Code. The Civil Code Revision Office was established, headed by Thibaudeau Rinfret, a former Chief Justice of Canada. In 1960, the role of the Office was expanded to include", "title": "Civil Code of Quebec" }, { "id": "19725764", "score": "1.580441", "text": "and interwoven without effect on the numbering. It is thus well-adapted to legislation that foresees indefinite future evolution. Code pénal (France) The \"Code pénal\" is the codification of French criminal law (droit pénal). It took effect March 1, 1994 and replaced the French Penal Code of 1810, which had until then been in effect. This in turn has become known as the \"old penal code\" in the rare decisions that still need to apply it. The new code was created by several laws promulgated on July 22, 1992. It introduced the judicial notion of fundamental national interests (intérêts fondamentaux de", "title": "Code pénal (France)" }, { "id": "7787250", "score": "1.5783781", "text": "Civil Code of Lower Canada The Civil Code of Lower Canada () was a set of laws that were in effect in Lower Canada in and remained in effect in Quebec until repealed and replaced by the Civil Code of Quebec on . The Code replaced a mixture of French law and English law that had arisen in Lower Canada since the creation of the Province of Quebec in 1763. From 1608 to 1664, the first colonists of New France followed the customary law () in effect for their province of origin in France. In 1664, the King of France", "title": "Civil Code of Lower Canada" } ]

[ "Sécond Empire", "sécond empire", "Second Empire (disambiguation)", "Second Empire", "second empire", "second empire disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "1747306", "score": "1.8632123", "text": "the \"Ancien Régime\" in 1789. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 resulted in the defeat of France and the overthrow of Emperor Napoleon III and his Second French Empire. After Napoleon's capture by the Prussians at the Battle of Sedan (1 September 1870), Parisian deputies led by Léon Gambetta established the Government of National Defence as a provisional government on 4 September 1870. The deputies then selected General Louis-Jules Trochu to serve as its president. This first government of the Third Republic ruled during the Siege of Paris (19 September 1870 – 28 January 1871). As Paris was cut off from", "title": "French Third Republic" }, { "id": "1702279", "score": "1.8291442", "text": "During July and August 1870, the Imperial French Army suffered a series of defeats which culminated in the Battle of Sedan. At Sedan, the remnants of the French field army and Napoleon III surrendered to the Prussians on September 1. News of the defeat at Sedan reached Paris on September 4. The National Assembly was invaded by a mob and during the afternoon of September 4, Parisian deputies formed a new government. At the Hôtel de Ville, Republican deputy Léon Gambetta declared the fall of the Empire and the establishment of the Third Republic. Empress Eugénie fled the Tuileries for", "title": "Second French Empire" }, { "id": "3074483", "score": "1.8170217", "text": "the French National Assembly, the Second French Republic was transformed into the Second French Empire, established by a referendum on 7 November 1852. President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, elected by the French people, officially became Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, from the symbolic and historic date of 2 December 1852. His reign continued until 4 September 1870, after he was captured at the Battle of Sedan during the Franco-Prussian War. He subsequently went into exile in England, where he died on 9 January 1873. Since the early death in 1879 of Napoleon III's only son, Louis Napoléon, the House of Bonaparte", "title": "Emperor of the French" }, { "id": "544674", "score": "1.779967", "text": "of Napoleon III and the Second Empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris, which forced the proclamation of a Provisional Government and a Third Republic by general Trochu, Favre and Gambetta at Paris on 4 September, the new government calling itself the Government of National Defence. After the German victory at Sedan, most of the French standing army was either besieged in Metz or prisoner of the Germans, who hoped for an armistice and an end to the war. Bismarck wanted an early peace but had difficulty in finding a legitimate French authority with which to negotiate. The", "title": "Franco-Prussian War" }, { "id": "15499484", "score": "1.7793351", "text": "the East soon saw the French armies defeated or encircled within the walls of their cities, including the capture of the French emperor and his Army of Châlons on 2 September during the Battle of Sedan. Their emperor having surrendered, France dismissed him and on 4 September, proclaimed the Third Republic. They refused to surrender and mobilized new armies. Over a five-month campaign, the German forces defeated the newly recruited French armies in a series of battles fought across northern France. Following a prolonged siege, Paris fell on 28 January 1871 and the war ended with the Treaty of Frankfurt", "title": "Commemorative medal of the 1870–1871 War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Napoleon III" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Second French Empire\n\nThe Second French Empire (; officially the French Empire, ), was the 18-year Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 14 January 1852 to 27 October 1870, between the Second and the Third Republic of France.\n\nHistorians in the 1930s and 1940s often disparaged the Second Empire as a precursor of fascism. That interpretation is no longer widely held, and by the late 20th century they were giving it as an example of a modernising regime. Historians have generally given the Empire negative evaluations on its foreign policy, and somewhat more positive evaluations of domestic policies, especially after Napoleon III liberalised his rule after 1858. He promoted French business and exports. The greatest achievements included a grand railway network that facilitated commerce and tied the nation together with Paris as its hub. This stimulated economic growth and brought prosperity to most regions of the country. The Second Empire is given high credit for the rebuilding of Paris with broad boulevards, striking public buildings, and elegant residential districts for upscale Parisians.\n\nIn international policy, Napoleon III tried to emulate his uncle Napoleon I, engaging in numerous imperial ventures around the world as well as several wars in Europe. He began his reign with French victories in Crimea and in Italy, gaining Savoy and Nice. Using very harsh methods, he built up the French Empire in North Africa and in Southeast Asia. Napoleon III also launched an intervention in Mexico seeking to erect a Second Mexican Empire and bring it into the French orbit, but this ended in a fiasco. He badly mishandled the threat from Prussia, and by the end of his reign, the French emperor found himself without allies in the face of overwhelming German force. His rule was ended during the Franco-Prussian War, when he was captured by the Prussian army at Sedan in 1870 and dethroned by French republicans. He later died in exile in 1873, living in the United Kingdom.", "title": "Second French Empire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Emperor of the French\n\nEmperor of the French (French: \"Empereur des Français\") was the title of the monarch and supreme ruler of the First and the Second French Empires.", "title": "Emperor of the French" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "French Third Republic" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Franco-Prussian War" }, { "id": "2150106", "score": "1.7729218", "text": "3 September, Napoleon III left for a comfortable captivity in Schloss Wilhelmshöhe near Kassel. The French prisoners of war viewed his departure with indifference. The capture of the French emperor left the Prussians without an opposing government willing to make a quick peace. Indeed, two days after news hit Paris of Emperor Napoleon's III capture, the French Second Empire collapsed in a bloodless revolution, leading to the creation of a Government of National Defense which would carry on the war for five more months. However, the defeat at Sedan and the capture of Napoleon III and France's second line army,", "title": "Battle of Sedan" }, { "id": "5995135", "score": "1.7725877", "text": "in September 1848 was extremely flawed and permitted no effective resolution between the President and the Assembly in case of dispute. In December 1848, a nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte, Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, was elected as President of the Republic, and pretexting legislative gridlock, in 1851, he staged a coup d'état. Finally, in 1852 he had himself declared Emperor Napoléon III of the Second Empire. France was ruled by Emperor Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870. The regime was authoritarian in nature during its early years, curbing most freedom of the press and assembly. The era saw great industrialization, urbanization", "title": "France in the long nineteenth century" }, { "id": "723133", "score": "1.7717887", "text": "power until 1848. Following the ousting of the last king to rule France during the February 1848 Revolution, the French Second Republic was formed with the election of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte as President (1848–1852). In the French coup of 1851, Napoleon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III of the Second Empire, which lasted from 1852 to 1870. Political parties saw substantial changes of alignment and membership under the Restoration. The Chamber of Deputies oscillated between repressive \"ultra-royalist\" phases and progressive \"liberal\" phases. Opponents of the monarchy were absent from the political scene, because of the repression of the \"White Terror\". Individuals of", "title": "Bourbon Restoration" }, { "id": "725240", "score": "1.7676582", "text": "under French protection ended in total failure forced by the United States. From 1866, Napoleon had to face the mounting power of Prussia as its Chancellor Otto von Bismarck sought German unification under Prussian leadership. In July 1870, Napoleon entered the Franco-Prussian War without allies and with inferior military forces. The French army was rapidly defeated and Napoleon III was captured at the Battle of Sedan. The Third Republic was proclaimed in Paris and Napoleon went into exile in England, where he died in 1873. Charles-Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, later known as Louis Napoleon and then Napoleon III, was born in", "title": "Napoleon III" }, { "id": "10048498", "score": "1.7615435", "text": "Restoration, and was briefly restored during the Hundred Days in 1815. The Second French Empire was the regime established in France by Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second French Republic and the Third French Republic. Napoleon III was the third son of Louis Bonaparte, a younger brother of Napoleon I, and Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter of Napoleon I's wife, Josephine de Beauharnais, by her first marriage. Bonapartism had its followers from 1815 onward among those who never accepted the defeat at Waterloo or the Congress of Vienna. Napoleon I's death in exile on Saint Helena in", "title": "Line of succession to the French throne (Bonapartist)" }, { "id": "1702258", "score": "1.7525697", "text": "Second French Empire The Second French Empire (), officially the French Empire (), was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. On 2 December 1851, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who had been elected President of the Republic, staged a coup d'état by dissolving the National Assembly without having the constitutional right to do so. He thus became sole ruler of France, and re-established universal suffrage, previously abolished by the Assembly. His decisions were popularly endorsed by a referendum later that month that attracted an implausible 92 percent support.", "title": "Second French Empire" }, { "id": "3563914", "score": "1.7468187", "text": "the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics. The [[July Monarchy]] was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution (or Three Glorious Days) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. The [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. [[File:BismarckundNapoleonIII.jpg|left|thumb|[[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]] and [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] after the [[Battle of Sedan]]]] The [[Franco-Prussian War]] was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was", "title": "Modern history" }, { "id": "3825639", "score": "1.7461067", "text": "in 1815). In 1870, the French National Assembly forced Napoleon III to sign a declaration of war against Prussia; France suffered a disastrous defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. The emperor surrendered to the Prussians and their German allies to avoid further bloodshed at the Battle of Sedan (1870). He went into exile after a parliamentary coup created the Third Republic. Bonapartists continued to agitate for another member of the family to be placed on the throne. From 1871 forward, they competed with Monarchist groups that favoured the restoration of the family of Louis-Philippe, King of the French (1830–1848) (the Orléanists),", "title": "Bonapartism" }, { "id": "17939234", "score": "1.7443454", "text": "project, constructing new boulevards and parks, theaters, markets and monuments, a project he continued seventeen years until his downfall. Napoleon III's building projects were still unfinished when he was drawn into the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870. The French army was quickly defeated at the Battle of Sedan on 1 September 1870. Napoleon was captured by the Prussians and swiftly deposed by the French legislature (the Corps législatif) on 4 September 1870, an event that marked the beginning of the French Third Republic. However, construction of his new boulevards continued under the Third Republic, and the street plan and architectural", "title": "Paris during the Second Empire" }, { "id": "182655", "score": "1.7404128", "text": "following a coup in December that was confirmed and accepted in a dubious referendum. Napoleon III of France took the imperial title in 1852 and held it until his downfall in 1870. The era saw great industrialization, urbanization (including the massive rebuilding of Paris by Baron Haussmann) and economic growth. Despite his promises in 1852 of a peaceful reign, the Emperor could not resist the temptations of glory in foreign affairs. He was visionary, mysterious and secretive; he had a poor staff, and kept running afoul of his domestic supporters. In the end he was incompetent as a diplomat. Napoleon", "title": "History of France" }, { "id": "725413", "score": "1.7353927", "text": "the Republic, and the creation of a Government of National Defence. The Second Empire of Napoleon III was over. From 5 September 1870 until 19 March 1871, Napoleon III and his entourage of thirteen aides were held in comfortable captivity in a castle at Wilhelmshöhe, near Kassel. Eugénie traveled incognito to Germany to visit Napoleon. General Bazaine, besieged with a large part of the remaining French army in the fortification of Metz, had on September 23 secret talks with Bismarck's envoys. The idea was for Bazaine to establish a conservative regime in France, for himself or for Napoleon's son. Bazaine's", "title": "Napoleon III" }, { "id": "3908815", "score": "1.7225542", "text": "Wörth, Mars la Tour, and Gravelotte, the Prussians defeated the main French armies and advanced on the primary city of Metz and the French capital of Paris. They captured Napoleon III and took an entire army as prisoners at Sedan on 1 September 1870. The humiliating capture of the French emperor and the loss of the French army itself, which marched into captivity at a makeshift camp in the Saarland (\"Camp Misery\"), threw the French government into turmoil; Napoleon's energetic opponents overthrew his government and proclaimed the Third Republic. The German High Command expected an overture of peace from the", "title": "Unification of Germany" }, { "id": "182625", "score": "1.7181213", "text": "the other branch in 1848 as Napoleon's nephew was elected president. He made himself emperor as Napoleon III, but was overthrown when he was defeated and captured by Prussians in an 1870 war that humiliated France and made the new nation of Germany dominant in the continent. The Third Republic was established, but the possibility of a return to monarchy remained into the 1880s. The French built up an empire, especially in Africa and Indochina. The economy was strong, with a good railway system. The arrival of the Rothschild banking family of France in 1812 guaranteed the role of Paris", "title": "History of France" }, { "id": "1747301", "score": "1.7148733", "text": "French Third Republic The French Third Republic (, sometimes written as ) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940 after France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France. The early days of the Third Republic were dominated by political disruptions caused by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, which the Republic continued to wage after the fall of Emperor Napoleon III in 1870. Harsh reparations exacted by the Prussians after the war resulted", "title": "French Third Republic" }, { "id": "18939240", "score": "1.7142324", "text": "1852 and proclaimed the Second Empire. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte assumed the title Napoleon III, thereby acknowledging the brief reign of Napoleon's son Napoleon II in 1815 at the end of the Hundred Days. In 1870, Napoleon III led France to a disastrous defeat by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War and he subsequently abdicated. Afterwards, Bonapartists continued to agitate for another member of the family to be placed on the throne of France. However, from 1871 forward they competed with monarchist groups that favoured the restoration of the family of Louis-Philippe, King of the French (1830–1848) (the Orléanists) and also with", "title": "Bonapartiste" } ]

[ "Kill Bill: Volume 3", "Kill Bill", "kill bill volume 3", "Kill bill", "kill bill" ]

[ { "id": "847051", "score": "1.7243419", "text": "member of the jury for the main competition at the Cannes Film Festival, and her only film in the year —\"Ceremony\"— was released for VOD and selected theaters after its initial screening at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival. In the independent comedy, she starred as woman on the eve of her wedding who re-connects with an old fling (played by Michael Angarano). By that time, she had taken on the roles of a powerful and wealthy mistress in the period drama \"Bel Ami\" (2012), a trophy wife in the romantic comedy \"Playing for Keeps\" (2012), and that of Lois", "title": "Uma Thurman" }, { "id": "2196534", "score": "1.7205908", "text": "Daryl Hannah Daryl Christine Hannah (born December 3, 1960) is an American actress and environmental activist. She made her screen debut in Brian De Palma's supernatural horror film \"The Fury\" (1978). She is known for her roles as Pris Stratton in Ridley Scott's science fiction thriller \"Blade Runner\" (1982) and as Cathy Featherstone in Randal Kleiser's romantic comedy \"Summer Lovers\" (1982), as the mermaid Madison in Ron Howard's fantasy-romantic comedy \"Splash\" (1984), Roxanne Kowalski in the romantic comedy \"Roxanne\" (1987), Darien Taylor in Oliver Stone's drama \"Wall Street\" (1987) and Annelle Dupuy Desoto in the comedy-drama \"Steel Magnolias\" (1989). In", "title": "Daryl Hannah" }, { "id": "339069", "score": "1.6654787", "text": "martial arts), \"Jidaigeki\" (Japanese period cinema), spaghetti Westerns and Italian horror. It was originally set for a single theatrical release, but its 4-hour plus running time prompted Tarantino to divide it into two movies. \"\" was released in late 2003 and \"\" was released in 2004. It was based on a character called The Bride and a plot that he and \"Kill Bill\"s lead actress Uma Thurman had developed during the making of \"Pulp Fiction\". In 2000, he played the role of Deacon in the Adam Sandler comedy \"Little Nicky\". From 2002–2004, Tarantino portrayed villain McKenas Cole in the ABC", "title": "Quentin Tarantino" }, { "id": "847032", "score": "1.6535506", "text": "Her intelligence and poise stand out. But there's something else. She's more than a little haunted.\" In 1990, Thurman appeared with Fred Ward and Maria de Medeiros in \"Henry & June\", a sexually provocative drama about the relationship and affairs between writer Henry Miller and his wife June Miller in 1931 Paris. The film was the first to receive an NC-17 rating and partly because many American newspapers refused to advertise films with the new rating, it did not get wide release in the United States. However, it won Thurman good notices; \"The New York Times\" wrote: \"Thurman, as the", "title": "Uma Thurman" }, { "id": "847025", "score": "1.6524999", "text": "play the main role in both \"Kill Bill\" films (2003–2004), which brought her two additional Golden Globe Award nominations. Established as a leading Hollywood actress, her other notable films include \"Henry & June\" (1990), \"The Truth About Cats & Dogs\" (1996), \"Batman & Robin\" (1997), \"Gattaca\" (1997), \"Les Misérables\" (1998), \"The Producers\" (2005), \"My Super Ex-Girlfriend\" (2006), and Lars von Trier's \"Nymphomaniac\" (2013) and \"The House That Jack Built\" (2018). In 2011, Thurman was a member of the jury for the main competition at the 64th Cannes Film Festival, and in 2017, she was named president of the 70th edition's", "title": "Uma Thurman" }, { "id": "847035", "score": "1.647167", "text": "the wife of a Los Angeles mobster. Several actresses were considered for the role, but Tarantino wanted Thurman after their first meeting. The film grossed US$213.9 million worldwide and received widespread acclaim, appearing on many critics' lists of the greatest films ever made. She dominated most of the movie's promotional material; Mia is considered one of the most iconic female film characters of the 1990s. \"The Washington Post\" asserted that Thurman was \"serenely unrecognizable in a black wig, [and] is marvelous as a zoned-out gangster's girlfriend\". For her performance, Thurman was nominated for the Golden Globe and the Academy Award", "title": "Uma Thurman" }, { "id": "847034", "score": "1.6435072", "text": "the Blues\". The film was a critical and commercial failure, eventually earning Thurman a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Actress. \"The Washington Post\" described her acting as shallow and remarked: \"Thurman's strangely passive characterization doesn't go much deeper than drawling and flexing her prosthetic thumbs\". Also in 1993, she starred as a waitress opposite Robert De Niro and Bill Murray in the drama \"Mad Dog and Glory\" and auditioned for Stanley Kubrick while he was casting for his eventually unrealized adaptation of the novel \"Wartime Lies\". In Quentin Tarantino's neo-noir black comedy \"Pulp Fiction\" (1994), Thurman portrayed Mia Wallace,", "title": "Uma Thurman" }, { "id": "847033", "score": "1.639642", "text": "Brooklyn-accented June, takes a larger-than-life character and makes her even bigger, though the performance is often as curious as it is commanding.\" After playing Maid Marian in the 1991 British adventure film \"Robin Hood\", Thurman starred as the patient of a San Francisco psychiatrist in the neo-noir drama \"Final Analysis\" (1992), opposite Richard Gere and Kim Basinger, and as a blind woman romantically involved with a former policeman in the thriller \"Jennifer 8\" (also 1992), with Andy Garcia. Thurman portrayed a young woman with unusually big thumbs in Gus Van Sant's 1993 adaptation of Tom Robbins' novel \"Even Cowgirls Get", "title": "Uma Thurman" }, { "id": "847048", "score": "1.6391842", "text": "was a \"miscalculation to make Thurman the antagonist. She does a sprightly satiric turn, but [it is] wasted in a movie that would rather tweak male paranoia than liberate a nerdette terrified of her powers\". In the 2007 film \"The Life Before Her Eyes\", Thurman starred as an accident survivor whose guilt causes her present-day life to fall apart. It received a limited theatrical release and was dismissed by critics as \"a confusing, painfully overwrought melodrama\". In 2008, Thurman starred with Colin Firth and Jeffrey Dean Morgan in \"The Accidental Husband\", a romantic comedy where she played a woman who", "title": "Uma Thurman" }, { "id": "1959732", "score": "1.636822", "text": "but a fifth feature was released on April 12, 2013; she did not return to appear in the film. Also in 2006, she appeared opposite Uma Thurman and Luke Wilson in Ivan Reitman's romantic comedy \"My Super Ex-Girlfriend\", playing Hannah, the co-worker of a man (Wilson) dating a neurotic and aggressive superhero (Thurman). While critical response towards the film was mixed, it made US$61 million worldwide, and Faris and Thurman both got a MTV Movie Award nomination for Best Fight. In Gregg Araki's independent stoner comedy \"Smiley Face\" (2007), Faris starred as Jane F, a young woman who has a", "title": "Anna Faris" }, { "id": "6614351", "score": "1.6322782", "text": "The Bride (Kill Bill) Beatrix Kiddo (primarily known as The Bride), codename Black Mamba, is a fictional character, the protagonist of the two-part movie \"Kill Bill\" directed by Quentin Tarantino. She is portrayed by Uma Thurman. Kiddo was selected by \"Empire\" magazine as one of \"The 100 Greatest Movie Characters\" of all time, and \"Entertainment Weekly\" named her as one of \"The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years\". According to Uma Thurman, the character was created collaboratively during the filming of \"Pulp Fiction,\" with Thurman providing the character's first name and Tarantino her last name. After the release", "title": "The Bride (Kill Bill)" }, { "id": "6614362", "score": "1.622171", "text": "(Daryl Hannah) to bargain a price for Kiddo's Hanzo sword. Budd and an accomplice then take her to a graveyard and bury her alive. During her imprisonment, she recalls her rigorous training sessions under the tutelage of the martial arts master, Pai Mei. Using one of the many techniques she learned from him, Kiddo breaks open the casket and goes back to Budd's trailer just as Driver arrives to claim the Hanzo sword. Driver hides a black mamba in the suitcase of money she brought, killing Budd. Kiddo gets the drop on Driver and engages her in a vicious battle.", "title": "The Bride (Kill Bill)" }, { "id": "847047", "score": "1.6033874", "text": "for her songs in the film. While box office receipts were modest, Thurman garnered acclaim from critics; A. O. Scott of \"The New York Times\" said: \"Uma Thurman as a would-be actress is the one bit of genuine radiance in this aggressively and pointlessly shiny, noisy spectacle.\" In 2006, Thurman starred opposite Luke Wilson in \"My Super Ex-Girlfriend\", playing a superhero who is dumped by her boyfriend and then takes her revenge upon him. She received $14 million for the role, but the film was panned by critics and made a modest US$61 million worldwide. \"Entertainment Weekly\" felt that it", "title": "Uma Thurman" }, { "id": "2805151", "score": "1.6024153", "text": "Tarantino remains non-committal on actually making a sequel. Kill Bill: Volume 2 Kill Bill: Volume 2 is a 2004 American martial arts film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. It stars Uma Thurman as the Bride, who continues her campaign of revenge against the Deadly Viper Assassination Squad (Lucy Liu, Michael Madsen, Daryl Hannah, and Vivica A. Fox) and their leader Bill (David Carradine), who tried to kill her and her unborn child. Tarantino conceived \"Kill Bill\" as a homage to \"grindhouse\" cinema including martial arts films, samurai cinema, blaxploitation films, and spaghetti westerns. It is the second of two", "title": "Kill Bill: Volume 2" }, { "id": "14506188", "score": "1.5983222", "text": "results in a duel. According to MTV News, the scenes pay homage to Uma Thurman as The Bride and Lucy Liu as Cottonmouth in \"Kill Bill\". Minaj loses and her rival walks away as Minaj bleeds a red fabric and White walks up and grieves over her body. Robbie Daw of Idolator appreciated the plot twist of the video, commenting, \"We really expected Nicki to waste that other warrior-in-training hater. The fact that she dies—and does so in such a beautiful way here—kind of makes us love her all the more.\" Daw also inferred that the fancy attire from the", "title": "Your Love (Nicki Minaj song)" }, { "id": "847036", "score": "1.5973041", "text": "for Best Supporting Actress and launched into the celebrity A-list. She took little advantage of her new-found fame by choosing not to do any big-budget films for the next three years. During an interview with \"Time\" magazine in 2003, Tarantino, who considers Thurman his muse, remarked that she was \"up there with Garbo and Dietrich in goddess territory\". Thurman's next films, the romantic dramedy \"Beautiful Girls\", in which she played a fairly wise love interest, and the comedy \"The Truth About Cats & Dogs\", in which she starred as a ditzy blonde model, were modest commercial successes amid a positive", "title": "Uma Thurman" }, { "id": "20908425", "score": "1.5941676", "text": "played tennis player Julie Heldman in \"Battle of the Sexes\" starring Emma Stone as Billie Jean King and Steve Carell as Bobby Riggs. Elliott’s directorial debut, the short comedy \"Affections\", premiered at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival and went on to win the Special Jury Prize at the Independent Film Festival Boston. Her feature-length directorial debut, \"Clara’s Ghost\", premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival and starred her mother (Paula Nierdert Elliott) and Haley Joel Osment. Her \"Saturday Night Live\" alumni father and sister were also in the movie, which was filmed at their home in Old Lyme, Connecticut. Bridey", "title": "Bridey Elliott" }, { "id": "3264043", "score": "1.5937872", "text": "Revenge of the Bridesmaids surrounds two childhood friends who attempt to thwart the wedding of a no-good, money hungry ex-friend by going undercover as bridesmaids so that true love can prevail. The film garnered 2.5 million viewers on its premiere, making it the number 1 movie on basic cable in women 18–34, and ranked among the Top 5 programs in its time period in Total Viewers that week. She also made a guest appearance on the Disney Channel Original Series \"Sonny with a Chance\" alongside Demi Lovato. She portrayed the character Amber Algoode, the president of Chad Dylan Cooper's fan", "title": "Raven-Symoné" }, { "id": "2805134", "score": "1.5908489", "text": "Kill Bill: Volume 2 Kill Bill: Volume 2 is a 2004 American martial arts film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. It stars Uma Thurman as the Bride, who continues her campaign of revenge against the Deadly Viper Assassination Squad (Lucy Liu, Michael Madsen, Daryl Hannah, and Vivica A. Fox) and their leader Bill (David Carradine), who tried to kill her and her unborn child. Tarantino conceived \"Kill Bill\" as a homage to \"grindhouse\" cinema including martial arts films, samurai cinema, blaxploitation films, and spaghetti westerns. It is the second of two \"Kill Bill\" films produced simultaneously; the first, \"\",", "title": "Kill Bill: Volume 2" }, { "id": "847038", "score": "1.5879929", "text": "considered one of the worst films of all time. Thurman's performance, however, was largely highlighted upon the film's premiere; the \"Houston Chronicle\" remarked that \"Thurman [...] sometimes seems to be doing Mae West by way of Jessica Rabbit\", and a similar comparison was made by \"The New York Times\": \"[L]ike Mae West, she mixes true femininity with the winking womanliness of a drag queen\". She obtained a Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best Sci-fi Actress and was also nominated for Favourite Movie Actress at the Kids' Choice Awards. In 1998, she starred as a British secret agent in \"The Avengers\", another", "title": "Uma Thurman" } ]

[ "Severn Vale", "Severn river (great britain)", "Severn", "severn", "Afon Hafren", "Seven Boar", "severn river", "afon hafren", "Severn River (Great Britain)", "seven boar", "river severn", "severn river great britain", "severn vale", "The Severn River", "River Severn" ]

[ { "id": "690049", "score": "1.521066", "text": "Worcester Worcester ( ) is a city in Worcestershire, England, southwest of Birmingham, west-northwest of London, north of Gloucester and northeast of Hereford. The population is approximately 100,000. The River Severn flanks the western side of the city centre, which is overlooked by Worcester Cathedral. The Battle of Worcester was the final battle of the English Civil War, where Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army defeated King Charles I's Cavaliers. Worcester is known as the home of Royal Worcester Porcelain, composer Edward Elgar, Lea & Perrins, makers of traditional Worcestershire sauce, University of Worcester, and Berrow's Worcester Journal, claimed to be", "title": "Worcester" }, { "id": "747919", "score": "1.4976692", "text": "Gloucester Gloucester () is a city and district in Gloucestershire, in the South West of England, of which it is the county town. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, on the River Severn, between the Cotswolds to the east and the Forest of Dean to the southwest. Gloucester was founded in AD 97 by the Romans under Emperor Nerva as \"Colonia Glevum Nervensis\", and was granted its first charter in 1155 by King Henry II. Economically, the city is dominated by the service industries, and has a strong financial and business sector, and historically was prominent in the aerospace", "title": "Gloucester" }, { "id": "747936", "score": "1.4955933", "text": "had a population of 121,921 and by 2016 its population was estimated to be 128,488. The city's urban area extends beyond its boundaries, with . The 2011 census gave the population of the Gloucester Urban Area as 150,053, absorbing areas such as Brockworth and Churchdown. The city is located on the eastern bank of the River Severn, sheltered by the Cotswolds to the east, while the Forest of Dean and the Malvern Hills rise to the west and north, respectively. Gloucester is a port, linked via the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal which runs from Gloucester's docks to the Severn Estuary,", "title": "Gloucester" }, { "id": "613223", "score": "1.4955148", "text": "River Severn The River Severn (, ) is the longest river in Great Britain at a length of , and the second longest in the British Isles after the River Shannon in Ireland. It rises at an altitude of on Plynlimon, close to the Ceredigion/Powys border near Llanidloes, in the Cambrian Mountains of mid Wales. It then flows through Shropshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, with the county towns of Shrewsbury, Worcester and Gloucester on its banks. With an average discharge of at Apperley, Gloucestershire, the Severn is by far the greatest river in terms of water flow in England and Wales.", "title": "River Severn" }, { "id": "2584365", "score": "1.4894913", "text": "Severn near Worcester, close to the site of the Battle of Worcester. Historically, the Teme Valley was famous for its orchards and hop yards, though these declined during the second half of the 20th century, with some revival since circa 2000. The River Severn forms the eastern boundary of the district (with Wychavon) between Stourport and Worcester, whilst to the south of Worcester the district includes parishes to the east of the Severn; the river is also popular with anglers and has public navigation rights. The area has a significant spa heritage and Malvern water is bottled and distributed commercially", "title": "Malvern Hills District" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Worcester, England\n\nWorcester ( ) is a cathedral city in Worcestershire, England, of which it is the county town. It is south-west of Birmingham, north-west of London, north of Gloucester and north-east of Hereford. The population was 103,872 in the 2021 Census.\n\nThe River Severn flanks the western side of the city centre. It is overlooked by Worcester Cathedral. Worcester is the home of Royal Worcester Porcelain, composer Edward Elgar, Lea & Perrins, makers of traditional Worcestershire sauce, the University of Worcester, and \"Berrow's Worcester Journal\", claimed as the world's oldest newspaper.\n\nThe Battle of Worcester in 1651 was the final battle of the English Civil War, during which Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army defeated King Charles II's Royalists.", "title": "Worcester, England" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "River Severn\n\nThe River Severn (, ), at long, is the longest river in Great Britain. It is also the river with the most voluminous flow of water by far in all of England and Wales, with an average flow rate of at Apperley, Gloucestershire. It rises in the Cambrian Mountains in mid Wales, at an altitude of , on the Plynlimon massif, which lies close to the Ceredigion/Powys border near Llanidloes. The river then flows through Shropshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire. The county towns of Shrewsbury and Gloucester and the City of Worcester lie on its course.\n\nThe Severn's major tributaries are the Vyrnwy, the Tern, the Teme, the Warwickshire Avon, and the Worcestershire Stour.\n\nBy convention, the River Severn is usually considered to end, and the Severn Estuary to begin, after the Second Severn Crossing, between Severn Beach in South Gloucestershire and Sudbrook, Monmouthshire. The total area of the Estuary's drainage basin is . That figure excludes the area of the River Wye and the Bristol Avon, both of which flow into the Severn Estuary. The Estuary discharges into the Bristol Channel, which opens into the Celtic Sea and from there into the Atlantic Ocean.", "title": "River Severn" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gloucestershire\n\nGloucestershire ( abbreviated Glos) is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn and the entire Forest of Dean.\n\nThe county town is the city of Gloucester and other principal towns and villages include Cheltenham, Cirencester, Kingswood, Bradley Stoke, Stroud, Thornbury, Yate, Tewkesbury, Bishop's Cleeve, Churchdown, Brockworth, Winchcombe, Dursley, Cam, Berkeley, Wotton-under-Edge, Tetbury, Moreton-in-Marsh, Fairford, Lechlade, Northleach, Stow-on-the-Wold, \nChipping Campden, Bourton-on-the-Water, Stonehouse, Nailsworth, Minchinhampton, Painswick, Winterbourne, Frampton Cotterell, Coleford, Cinderford, Lydney and Rodborough and Cainscross that are within Stroud's urban area.\n\nGloucestershire borders Herefordshire to the north-west, Worcestershire to the north, Warwickshire to the north-east, Oxfordshire to the east, Wiltshire to the south, Bristol and Somerset to the south-west, and the Welsh county of Monmouthshire to the west.\n\nThe current Gloucestershire County Council area does not have the same geographical boundaries as the historic county. Some northern parts of the county, including Long Marston and Welford-on-Avon, were transferred to Warwickshire in 1931. Following the Local Government Act 1972, some southern parts of the county were transferred for administrative purposes to the new county of Avon, which ceased to exist on 1 April 1996. After 1996, the city of Bristol and South Gloucestershire became separate unitary authorities.", "title": "Gloucestershire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gloucester\n\nGloucester ( ) is a cathedral city and the county town of Gloucestershire in the South West of England. Gloucester lies on the River Severn, between the Cotswolds to the east and the Forest of Dean to the west, east of Monmouth and east of the border with Wales. Including suburban areas, Gloucester has a population of around 132,000. It is a port, linked via the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal to the Severn Estuary.\n\nGloucester was founded by the Romans and became an important city and \"colony\" in AD 97 under Emperor Nerva as \"Colonia Glevum Nervensis\".\n\nIt was granted its first charter in 1155 by Henry II. In 1216, Henry III, aged only nine years, was crowned with a gilded iron ring in the Chapter House of Gloucester Cathedral. Gloucester's significance in the Middle Ages is underlined by the fact that it had a number of monastic establishments, including: St Peter's Abbey founded in 679 (later Gloucester Cathedral), the nearby St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester founded in the 880s or 890s and Llanthony Secunda Priory, founded 1136. The town is also the site of the siege of Gloucester in 1643, during which the city held out against Royalist forces in the First English Civil War.\n\nA major attraction of the city is Gloucester Cathedral, which is the burial place of King Edward II and Walter de Lacy; it features in scenes from the \"Harry Potter\" films. Other features of interest include the museum and school of art and science, the former county jail (on the site of a Saxon and Norman castle), the Shire Hall (now headquarters of the County Council) and the Whitefield memorial church. A park in the south of the city contains a spa, a chalybeate spring having been discovered in 1814.\n\nEconomically, the city is dominated by the service industries and has strong financial, research, distribution and light industrial sectors. Historically, it was prominent in the aerospace industry.\n\nIn 1926, the Gloucestershire Aircraft Company at Brockworth changed its name to the Gloster Aircraft Company because international customers claimed that the name \"Gloucestershire\" was too difficult to spell. A sculpture in the city centre celebrates Gloucester's aviation history and its involvement in the jet engine.", "title": "Gloucester" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Worcestershire\n\nWorcestershire ( , ; written abbreviation: Worcs) is a county in the West Midlands of England. The area that is now Worcestershire was absorbed into the unified Kingdom of England in 927, at which time it was constituted as a county (see History of Worcestershire). \n\nOver the centuries the county borders have been modified, but it was not until 1844 that substantial changes were made. Worcestershire was abolished as part of local government reforms in 1974, with its northern area becoming part of the West Midlands and the rest part of the county of Hereford and Worcester. In 1998 the county of Hereford and Worcester was abolished and Worcestershire was reconstituted, again without the West Midlands area.", "title": "Worcestershire" }, { "id": "690123", "score": "1.4887528", "text": "Gaza. Councillor Alan Amos introduced the application, which was passed at its first stage by a majority of 35-6. The proposal was later rejected by the Executive Committee of the City of Worcester Twinning Association for lack of funding due to its present commitment to existing twinning projects. In birth order: Worcester Worcester ( ) is a city in Worcestershire, England, southwest of Birmingham, west-northwest of London, north of Gloucester and northeast of Hereford. The population is approximately 100,000. The River Severn flanks the western side of the city centre, which is overlooked by Worcester Cathedral. The Battle of Worcester", "title": "Worcester" }, { "id": "690102", "score": "1.4662344", "text": "Webb, in 1879-80. It is a Grade II* listed building. The high-water mark from the flood of 1670, as well as more recent flood levels, are marked on a brass plate located on a wall adjacent to the path along the river leading to the cathedral. Limited parts of Worcester's city wall remain in situ. The Hive, situated on the northern side of the River Severn at the former cattle market site, is Worcester's joint public and university library and archive centre, heralded as \"the first of its kind in Europe\". It is a prominent landmark feature on the Worcester", "title": "Worcester" }, { "id": "747963", "score": "1.4598538", "text": "Gloucester had the third highest murder rate in England and Wales between October 2014 and September 2015. Gloucester is twinned with Metz, France, since 1967; Trier, Germany, since 1957; Saint Ann, Jamaica, since 1987; and Gouda, Netherlands, since 1972. Notable residents of Gloucester have included: Gloucester Gloucester () is a city and district in Gloucestershire, in the South West of England, of which it is the county town. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, on the River Severn, between the Cotswolds to the east and the Forest of Dean to the southwest. Gloucester was founded in AD 97 by", "title": "Gloucester" }, { "id": "690057", "score": "1.4529669", "text": "two miles up river, where they were then besieged. After Harthacnut's men had sacked the city and set it alight, agreement was reached. Worcester was also the site of a mint during the late Anglo-Saxon period, with seven moneyers in the reign of Edward the Confessor. This implies a middling role in trade for the city. Worcester was, for tax purposes, counted within rural hundreds at the start of the Norman period. It was administratively independent. Worcester's growth and position as a market town distributing goods and produce came from its river crossing and bridge, and its position on the", "title": "Worcester" }, { "id": "461294", "score": "1.4505162", "text": "in the county, lies in this range. The rest of the county consists of undulating hills and farmland stretching either side of the Severn valley. The Severn is the United Kingdom's longest river and flows through Bewdley, Stourport-on-Severn and Worcester. The River Avon flows through the Worcestershire town on Evesham and joins the Severn at Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire. Several coniferous and deciduous woodlands are located in the north of the county. The Vale of Evesham runs through the south of the county and to its south are the Cotswolds AONB. Worcestershire contains a broad expanse of green belt area, widening to", "title": "Worcestershire" }, { "id": "613239", "score": "1.4454294", "text": "opened. One of the Aust ferries, \"Severn Princess\", is still in Chepstow although largely derelict. In Worcester, the Worcester River Cruises have boat trips up and down the river between Tewkesbury and Stourport, operating the boats \"The Pride of the Midlands\" and \"The Earl Grosvenor\". The Cathedral Ferry, a foot passenger ferry, also operates on summer weekends from the steps of Worcester Cathedral. In Shropshire the Hampton Loade Ferry operated across the river though it has not been run recently (as of 2017) prompting speculation that it is permanently closed. This has not been confirmed by any reliable news sources", "title": "River Severn" }, { "id": "690052", "score": "1.4380596", "text": "to a defended position along the lines of the old British fort at the river terrace's southern end. This settlement is generally identified with the listed among the 28 cities of Britain in the \"History of the Britons\" attributed to Nennius. This is probably not a British name but an adaption of its Old English name , \"fort of the Weorgoran\". The form of the place-name varied as language and history developed over the centuries, with Early English and subsequent Norman French additions. At its settlement in 7th century by the Angles of Mercia it was known as \"Weogorna\". After", "title": "Worcester" }, { "id": "306459", "score": "1.4358083", "text": "with two rivers partitioning them. He switched his reserves from one side of the river Severn to the other and then back again. The editor of the \"Great Rebellion\" article of the Encyclopædia Britannica (eleventh edition) notes that Worcester was a battle of manoeuvre compared to the early Civil War Battle of Turnham Green, which the English parliamentary armies were unable to execute at the start of the war, and he suggests that it was a prototype for the Battle of Sedan (1870). In the final stages of the Scottish campaign, Cromwell's men under George Monck sacked Dundee, killing up", "title": "Oliver Cromwell" }, { "id": "613229", "score": "1.4317002", "text": "at Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire. The port of Bristol is on the Severn Estuary, where another River Avon flows into it through the Avon Gorge. The River Wye, from its source in Plynlimon, Wales ( from the source of the Severn), flows generally south east through the Welsh towns of Rhayader and Builth Wells. It enters Herefordshire, flows through Hereford, and is shortly afterwards joined by the River Lugg, before flowing through Ross-on-Wye and Monmouth, and then southwards where it forms part of the boundary between England (Forest of Dean) and Wales. It flows into the Severn near the town of Chepstow,", "title": "River Severn" }, { "id": "747958", "score": "1.4204226", "text": "of a few hundred tonnes' displacement. Gloucester Docks mark the Normal Tidal Limit (NTL) of the river. Gloucester was formerly linked to Ledbury and Hereford by the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal; and subsequently by the Ledbury and Gloucester Railway, which used the southern section of the former canal, until it also closed in 1964. This canal is now being restored, and the restored canal basin in the Gloucester suburb of Over is a local attraction. The nearest commercial airport with scheduled services is Bristol Airport, around 50 miles to the south. Gloucestershire Airport, located some 8 miles to the east,", "title": "Gloucester" }, { "id": "613230", "score": "1.4188429", "text": "slightly upstream of the Bristol Avon on the opposite bank. The River Usk flows into the Severn Estuary just south of Newport. The Rad Brook is a small river in Shropshire, England. It flows through Shrewsbury and enters the River Severn there. Below is a list of major towns and cities that the Severn flows through (in order running downstream): Through Powys: Through Shropshire: Through Worcestershire: Through Gloucestershire: The Severn is bridged at many places, and many of these bridges are notable in their own right, with several designed and built by the engineer Thomas Telford. There also is the", "title": "River Severn" }, { "id": "3259965", "score": "1.4173956", "text": "and Birmingham Canal is the Avon Ring, which is long with 129 locks, and also includes parts of four waterways. Worcester and Birmingham Canal The Worcester and Birmingham Canal is a canal linking Birmingham and Worcester in England. It starts in Worcester, as an 'offshoot' of the River Severn (just after the river lock) and ends in Gas Street Basin in Birmingham. It is long. There are 58 locks in total on the canal, including the 30 Tardebigge Locks, one of the largest lock flights in Europe. The canal climbs from Worcester to Birmingham. The parliamentary bill permitting its construction", "title": "Worcester and Birmingham Canal" }, { "id": "1339533", "score": "1.4162549", "text": "the two sites. River Avon, Warwickshire The River Avon or Avon () is located in central England, flowing generally southwestwards; it is a major left-bank tributary of the River Severn, of which it is the easternmost tributary system. It is also known as the Warwickshire Avon or Shakespeare's Avon, to distinguish it from several other rivers of the same name in the United Kingdom. Beginning in Northamptonshire, the river flows through or adjoining the counties of Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, near the Cotswold Hills area. Notable towns it flows through include Rugby, Warwick, Stratford-upon-Avon, Evesham, Pershore and Tewkesbury,", "title": "River Avon, Warwickshire" }, { "id": "613240", "score": "1.413456", "text": "but according to the nearby Severn Valley Railway it has ceased operation. In Shrewsbury, boat trips around the loop of the town centre are at present provided by the \"Sabrina\" and depart from Victoria Quay near the Welsh Bridge during the summer. The river becomes tidal close to Maisemore, on the West Channel just north of Gloucester, and at Llanthony Weir on the East Channel. The tidal river downstream from Gloucester is sometimes referred to as the Severn Estuary, but the river is usually considered to become the Severn Estuary after the Second Severn Crossing near Severn Beach, South Gloucestershire", "title": "River Severn" }, { "id": "690053", "score": "1.4106247", "text": "centuries of warfare against the Vikings and Danelaw it a centre for the Anglo-Saxon army or \"here\" known as \"Weogorna ceastre\" (Worcester Camp). At the time of Tenth Century Reformation to twelfth century, when scholasticism flourished it became approximated to its known linguistic origins as \"Wirccester\". The county later developed from the shire's name \"Wigornia\" from the Anglo-Norman period into the foundations of the Market Fairs during the Henrician and Edwardian parliaments (1216-1377). It was still known as County Wigorn in 1750 when the Shire Courts were still divided into Hundreds. The Weorgoran (the \"people of the winding river\") were", "title": "Worcester" } ]

[ "Water clock", "Waterclock", "Water powered clocks", "Water-clock", "water clock", "waterclocks", "Water clocks", "Clepsydra (clock)", "Water Clock", "Water powered clock", "water powered clocks", "clepsydra clock", "water powered clock", "water clocks", "waterclock", "Water-powered clock", "Waterclocks" ]

[ { "id": "11226719", "score": "1.7016728", "text": "the introduction of the outflow clepsydra to China, perhaps from Mesopotamia, occurred as far back as the 2nd millennium, during the Shang Dynasty, and at the latest by the 1st millennium. By the beginning of the Han Dynasty, in 202, the outflow clepsydra was gradually replaced by the inflow clepsydra, which featured an indicator rod on a float. To compensate for the falling pressure head in the reservoir, which slowed timekeeping as the vessel filled, Zhang Heng added an extra tank between the reservoir and the inflow vessel. Around 550 AD, Yin Gui was the first in China to write", "title": "History of timekeeping devices" }, { "id": "7328232", "score": "1.6235878", "text": "a tradition of authority of Greek accomplishments. Continuation of Babylonian cycles is considered not to be scientific progress as the Greeks improved the accuracy of their cycles, only exercises in the art of combining days, months, and years, of which the relative mean durations had been learned from Babylon. The Greeks may have established a similar system, as other cultures had too, independently of the Babylonians. However, most agree that there can never be a definite answer for the argument concerning who established the first known system in the west. Pliny the Elder writes in his \"Natural History\": \"Anaximander the", "title": "Cleostratus" }, { "id": "2500634", "score": "1.6011741", "text": "Just northeast of the entrance to the Acropolis of Athens there was a famous natural spring named Clepsydra. It is mentioned by Aristophanes in \"Lysistrata\" (lines 910-913) and other ancient literary sources. A fountain house was built on the site c. 470-460 BC; it was of simple rectangular construction with a draw-basin and paved court. In the 4th century BC, the clepsydra is known to have been used as a stop-watch for imposing a time limit on clients' visits in Athenian brothels. Slightly later, in the early 3rd century BC, the Hellenistic physician Herophilos employed a portable clepsydra on his", "title": "Water clock" }, { "id": "469260", "score": "1.5576823", "text": "The inflow clepsydra with an indicator rod on a float had been known in China since the beginning of the Han Dynasty in 202 BC and had replaced the outflow type. The Han Chinese noted the problem with the falling pressure head in the reservoir, which slowed the timekeeping of the device as the inflow vessel was filled. Zhang Heng was the first to address this problem, indicated in his writings from 117, by adding an extra compensating tank between the reservoir and the inflow vessel. Zhang also mounted two statuettes of a Chinese immortal and a heavenly guard on", "title": "Zhang Heng" }, { "id": "469261", "score": "1.5344324", "text": "the top of the inflow clepsydra, the two of which would guide the indicator rod with their left hand and point out the graduations with their right. Joseph Needham states that this was perhaps the ancestor of all clock jacks that would later sound the hours found in mechanical clocks by the 8th century, but he notes that these figures did not actually move like clock jack figurines or sound the hours. Many additional compensation tanks were added to later clepsydras in the tradition of Zhang Heng. In 610 the Sui Dynasty (581–618) engineers Geng Xun and Yuwen Kai crafted", "title": "Zhang Heng" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Water clock\n\nA water clock or clepsydra (; ; ) is a timepiece by which time is measured by the regulated flow of liquid into (inflow type) or out from (outflow type) a vessel, and where the amount is then measured.\n\nWater clocks are one of the oldest time-measuring instruments. The bowl-shaped outflow is the simplest form of a water clock and is known to have existed in Babylon, Egypt, and Persia around the 16th century BC. Other regions of the world, including India and China, also have early evidence of water clocks, but the earliest dates are less certain. Some authors, however, claim that water clocks appeared in China as early as 4000 BC. Water clocks were also used in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, described by technical writers such as Ctesibius and Vitruvius.", "title": "Water clock" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of timekeeping devices" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Babylonian astronomy\n\nBabylonian astronomy was the study or recording of celestial objects during the early history of Mesopotamia.\n\nBabylonian astronomy seemed to have focused on a select group of stars and constellations known as Ziqpu stars. These constellations may have been collected from various earlier sources. The earliest catalogue, \"Three Stars Each\", mentions stars of the Akkadian Empire, of Amurru, of Elam and others.\n\nA numbering system based on sixty was used, a sexagesimal system. This system simplified the calculating and recording of unusually great and small numbers. The modern practices of dividing a circle into 360 degrees, of 60 minutes each, began with the Sumerians.\n\nDuring the 8th and 7th centuries BC, Babylonian astronomers developed a new empirical approach to astronomy. They began studying and recording their belief system and philosophies dealing with an ideal nature of the universe and began employing an internal logic within their predictive planetary systems. This was an important contribution to astronomy and the philosophy of science, and some modern scholars have thus referred to this novel approach as the first scientific revolution. This approach to astronomy was adopted and further developed in Greek and Hellenistic astrology. Classical Greek and Latin sources frequently use the term Chaldeans for the astronomers of Mesopotamia, who were considered as priest-scribes specializing in astrology and other forms of divination.\n\nOnly fragments of Babylonian astronomy have survived, consisting largely of contemporary clay tablets containing astronomical diaries, ephemerides and procedure texts, hence current knowledge of Babylonian planetary theory is in a fragmentary state. Nevertheless, the surviving fragments show that Babylonian astronomy was the first \"successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena\" and that \"all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam, and in the West … depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways.\"\n\nThe origins of Western astronomy can be found in Mesopotamia, and all Western efforts in the exact sciences are descendants in direct line from the work of the late Babylonian astronomers.", "title": "Babylonian astronomy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Babylonia\n\nBabylonia (; Akkadian: , \"māt Akkadī\") was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria). It emerged as an Amorite-ruled state c. 1894 BC. During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was called \"the country of Akkad\" (\"Māt Akkadī\" in Akkadian), a deliberate archaism in reference to the previous glory of the Akkadian Empire.\nIt was often involved in rivalry with the older state of Assyria to the north and Elam to the east in Ancient Iran. Babylonia briefly became the major power in the region after Hammurabi (fl. c. 1792–1752 BC middle chronology, or c. 1696–1654 BC, short chronology) created a short-lived empire, succeeding the earlier Akkadian Empire, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Old Assyrian Empire. The Babylonian Empire rapidly fell apart after the death of Hammurabi and reverted to a small kingdom.\n\nLike Assyria, the Babylonian state retained the written Akkadian language (the language of its native populace) for official use, despite its Northwest Semitic-speaking Amorite founders and Kassite successors, who spoke a language isolate, not being native Mesopotamians. It retained the Sumerian language for religious use (as did Assyria), but already by the time Babylon was founded, this was no longer a spoken language, having been wholly subsumed by Akkadian. The earlier Akkadian and Sumerian traditions played a major role in Babylonian and Assyrian culture, and the region would remain an important cultural center, even under its protracted periods of outside rule.", "title": "Babylonia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hourglass\n\nAn hourglass (or sandglass, sand timer, sand clock or egg timer) is a device used to measure the passage of time. It comprises two glass bulbs connected vertically by a narrow neck that allows a regulated flow of a substance (historically sand) from the upper bulb to the lower one. Typically, the upper and lower bulbs are symmetric so that the hourglass will measure the same duration regardless of orientation. The specific duration of time a given hourglass measures is determined by factors including the quantity and coarseness of the particulate matter, the bulb size, and the neck width.\n\nDepictions of an hourglass as a symbol of the passage of time are found in art, especially on tombstones or other monuments, from antiquity to the present day. The form of a winged hourglass has been used as a literal depiction of the well-known idiom \"time flies\".", "title": "Hourglass" }, { "id": "405154", "score": "1.5217028", "text": "or \"clepsydra\", one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I. They could be used to measure the hours even at night, but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The Ancient Greeks and the people from Chaldea (southeastern Mesopotamia) regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations. Arab inventors and engineers in particular made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages. In the 11th century, Chinese inventors and engineers invented the first mechanical clocks driven by an escapement mechanism. The hourglass uses the flow", "title": "Time" }, { "id": "2500632", "score": "1.5207919", "text": "was mostly used for superstitious beliefs and was not practical for use as a farmers' calendar. The Zeebad Gonabad water clock was in use until 1965 when it was substituted by modern clocks. The word \"clepsydra\" comes from the Greek meaning \"water thief\". The Greeks considerably advanced the water clock by tackling the problem of the diminishing flow. They introduced several types of the inflow clepsydra, one of which included the earliest feedback control system. Ctesibius invented an indicator system typical for later clocks such as the dial and pointer. The Roman engineer Vitruvius described early alarm clocks, working with", "title": "Water clock" }, { "id": "3415317", "score": "1.51002", "text": "and quite possibly the chain pump. In music, the water organ, invented by Ctesibius and subsequently improved, constituted the earliest instance of a keyboard instrument. In time-keeping, the introduction of the inflow clepsydra and its mechanization by the dial and pointer, the application of a feedback system and the escapement mechanism far superseded the earlier outflow clepsydra. The famous Antikythera mechanism, a kind of analogous computer working with a differential gear, and the astrolabe both show great refinement in astronomical science. Greek engineers were also the first to devise automata such as vending machines, suspended ink pots, automatic washstands, and", "title": "History of technology" }, { "id": "2500613", "score": "1.4932914", "text": "Water clock A water clock or clepsydra (Greek κλεψύδρα from κλέπτειν \"kleptein\", 'to steal'; ὕδωρ \"hydor\", 'water') is any timepiece in which time is measured by the regulated flow of liquid into (inflow type) or out from (outflow type) a vessel where the amount is then measured. Water clocks are one of the oldest time-measuring instruments. Where and when they were first invented is not known, and given their great antiquity it may never be. The bowl-shaped outflow is the simplest form of a water clock and is known to have existed in Babylon and in Egypt around the 16th", "title": "Water clock" }, { "id": "8374835", "score": "1.4697633", "text": "appropriate level, a floating rod touched a lever device which caused a ball to roll and hit another ball at the other end. The rolling ball would trigger the gong, bell, drum, and even a wooden puppet which marked the hour with a placard. The clepsydra does not work today because only the water holding vessels have survived. However, it is valuable because of the scientific and cultural information it holds and because there are only few examples of ancient automatic water clocks. It is the oldest and largest surviving clock of its kind. Borugak Jagyeongnu The Borugak Jagyeongnu (\"Water", "title": "Borugak Jagyeongnu" }, { "id": "6438508", "score": "1.4685137", "text": "Aeolian Cyme, married a Phrygian king called Midas. This link may have facilitated the Greeks \"borrowing\" their alphabet from the Phrygians because the Phrygian letter shapes are closest to the inscriptions from Aeolis. During the period of the Babylonian civilization, around 1200 B.C., two perfumeresses named Tapputi-Belatekallim and -ninu (first half of her name lost) were able to obtain the essences from plants by using extraction and distillation procedures. If we are to argue chemistry as the use of chemical equipment and processes, then we can identify these two women as the first chemists. Even during the time of the", "title": "Women in science" }, { "id": "577444", "score": "1.4587793", "text": "or a square pyramid was incorrectly taken as the product of the height and half the sum of the bases. Also, there was a recent discovery in which a tablet used π as 3 and 1/8. The Babylonians are also known for the Babylonian mile, which was a measure of distance equal to about 11 kilometres (7 mi) today. This measurement for distances eventually was converted to a time-mile used for measuring the travel of the Sun, therefore, representing time. (Eves, Chapter 2) The Babylonians used also space time graphs to calculate the velocity of Jupiter. This is an idea", "title": "Babylonia" }, { "id": "5082277", "score": "1.4566191", "text": "of evolution, Su Song's clock therefore united the concept of the clepsydra and the mechanical clock into one device run by mechanics and hydraulics. In his memorial, Su Song wrote about this concept: In his writing, Su Song credited, as the predecessor of his working clock, the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere of Zhang Heng (78–139 AD), an earlier Chinese scientist. Su Song was also strongly influenced by the earlier armillary sphere created by Zhang Sixun (976 AD), who also employed the escapement mechanism and used liquid mercury instead of water in the waterwheel of his astronomical clock tower (since liquid mercury", "title": "Su Song" }, { "id": "150835", "score": "1.4419115", "text": "product of the height and half the sum of the bases. The Pythagorean theorem was also known to the Babylonians. Also, there was a recent discovery in which a tablet used \"π\" as 3 and 1/8. The Babylonians are also known for the Babylonian mile, which was a measure of distance equal to about seven miles today. This measurement for distances eventually was converted to a time-mile used for measuring the travel of the Sun, therefore, representing time. There have been recent discoveries showing that ancient Babylonians may have discovered astronomical geometry nearly 1400 years before Europeans did. The Indian", "title": "History of geometry" }, { "id": "2500636", "score": "1.4379157", "text": "even displayed astrological models of the universe. The 3rd century BC engineer Philo of Byzantium referred in his works to water clocks already fitted with an escapement mechanism, the earliest known of its kind. The biggest achievement of the invention of clepsydrae during this time, however, was by Ctesibius with his incorporation of gears and a dial indicator to automatically show the time as the lengths of the days changed throughout the year, because of the temporal timekeeping used during his day. Also, a Greek astronomer, Andronicus of Cyrrhus, supervised the construction of his Horologion, known today as the Tower", "title": "Water clock" }, { "id": "7011208", "score": "1.43669", "text": "compute ephemeris (tables of astronomical positions), which was discovered in the 1950s by Otto Neugebauer. To make calculations of the movements of celestial bodies, the Babylonians used basic arithmetic and a coordinate system based on the ecliptic, the part of the heavens that the sun and planets travel through. Tablets found in the British Museum provide evidence that the Babylonians even went so far as to have a concept of objects in an abstract mathematical space. The tablets date from between 350 and 50 B.C.E., revealing that the Babylonians understood and used geometry even earlier than previously thought. The Babylonians", "title": "Babylonian mathematics" }, { "id": "7212754", "score": "1.4357748", "text": "of time. These were especially common sculpted as epitaphs on tombstones or other monuments, also in the form of the winged hourglass, a literal depiction of the well-known Latin epitaph \"tempus fugit\" (\"time flies\"). The origin of the hourglass is unclear. Its predecessor the clepsydra, or water clock, is known to have existed in Babylon and Egypt as early as the 16th century BCE. According to the \"Journal of the British Archaeological Association\" the so-called clepsammia were in use before the time of St. Jerome (335 CE), and the first potential representation of an hourglass is in a sarcophagus dated", "title": "Hourglass" }, { "id": "1345781", "score": "1.4292302", "text": "Babylonian numerals Babylonian numerals were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed stylus to make a mark on a soft clay tablet which would be exposed in the sun to harden to create a permanent record. The Babylonians, who were famous for their astronomical observations and calculations (aided by their invention of the abacus), used a sexagesimal (base-60) positional numeral system inherited from either the Sumerian or the Eblaite civilizations. Neither of the predecessors was a positional system (having a convention for which ‘end’ of the numeral represented the units). This system first appeared around 2000 BC; its structure reflects", "title": "Babylonian numerals" }, { "id": "577431", "score": "1.426334", "text": "earliest medical prescriptions appear in Sumerian during the Third Dynasty of Ur period. The most extensive Babylonian medical text, however, is the \"Diagnostic Handbook\" written by the \"ummânū\", or chief scholar, Esagil-kin-apli of Borsippa, during the reign of the Babylonian king Adad-apla-iddina (1069–1046 BC). Along with contemporary ancient Egyptian medicine, the Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination, and prescriptions. In addition, the \"Diagnostic Handbook\" introduced the methods of therapy and aetiology and the use of empiricism, logic and rationality in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. The text contains a list of medical symptoms and often detailed empirical observations", "title": "Babylonia" }, { "id": "118269", "score": "1.4188832", "text": "of a philosopher, while laying bare the fundamental difference of elements, to show the identity that exists between what seem unconnected parts of the universe. In a famous fragment, Empedocles attempted to explain the phenomena of respiration by means of an elaborate analogy with the clepsydra, an ancient device for conveying liquids from one vessel to another. This fragment has sometimes been connected to a passage in Aristotle's \"Physics\" where Aristotle refers to people who twisted wineskins and captured air in clepsydras to demonstrate that void does not exist. There is however, no evidence that Empedocles performed any experiment with", "title": "Empedocles" } ]

[ "aintree village merseyside", "aintree", "Aintree", "Aintree railway stations", "aintree railway stations", "aintree village", "Aintree Village", "Aintree Village, Merseyside" ]

[ { "id": "13225419", "score": "1.8572878", "text": "Times newspaper the day after the race. 1848 Grand National The 1848 Grand National Steeplechase was the tenth official annual running of a handicap steeplechase horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday, 1 March. It attracted a then record, field of 29 competitors for a prize valued at £1,015 to the winner. The race was won by Lieutenant Josey Little on Captain William Peel's Chandler trained by Tom Eskrett. Lieutenant Little wore Captain Peel's colours of white silks with a black cap. The horse won in a time of 11 minutes and 21 seconds, forty-two seconds slower than", "title": "1848 Grand National" }, { "id": "16854138", "score": "1.8504869", "text": "Midlands Grand National The Midlands Grand National is a Listed National Hunt race in Great Britain. It is a handicap steeplechase and is run at Uttoxeter Racecourse in March, over a distance of about 4 miles and 1½ furlongs . During the race there are 24 fences to be jumped. The first race was run on 3 May 1969. The race was initially run over 4m2f and was increased up to 4m4f in 1977. During this period it would have been, assuming accurate measurements, by 24 yards or approximately the length of a cricket pitch, the longest race in the", "title": "Midlands Grand National" }, { "id": "13059667", "score": "1.8495779", "text": "now sponsored by Betfred. The 1994 running took place at Kempton Park. Grand National Trial The Grand National Trial is a Grade 3 National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged five years or older. It is run at Haydock Park over a distance of about 3 miles and 4½ furlongs , and during its running there are twenty-two fences to be jumped. It is a handicap race, and it is scheduled to take place each year in February. The event was established in 1947 and took place every year until 1984. From 1985 to 1990", "title": "Grand National Trial" }, { "id": "10584736", "score": "1.8361399", "text": "1845 Grand National The 1845 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the seventh annual running of a Handicap Steeple-chase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase, a horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday 5 March 1845 and attracted a field of 15 runners. It was won by the unconsidered outsider Cure-All, ridden by William Loft in a record time of 10 minutes, 47 seconds. The report published by the reporter of the Liverpool Mercury was the only contemporary record of both the course and the race. It stated that the course had not changed", "title": "1845 Grand National" }, { "id": "10197943", "score": "1.8344047", "text": "1839 Grand National The 1839 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the first official annual running of a steeplechase which later became known as the Grand National. It was held at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on Tuesday 26 February 1839 and attracted a field of 17 runners. Although recorded by the press at the time as the fourth running of the Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs. This year the race came under new management and the arrival of the railway in Liverpool made travel to the course", "title": "1839 Grand National" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Grand National\n\nThe Grand National is a National Hunt horse race held annually at Aintree Racecourse in Liverpool, England. First run in 1839, it is a handicap steeplechase over an official distance of about 4 miles and 2½ furlongs (), with horses jumping 30 fences over two laps. It is the most valuable jump race in Europe, with a prize fund of £1 million in 2017. An event that is prominent in British culture, the race is popular amongst many people who do not normally watch or bet on horse racing at other times of the year.\n\nThe course over which the race is run features much larger fences than those found on conventional National Hunt tracks. Many of these fences, particularly Becher's Brook, The Chair and the Canal Turn, have become famous in their own right and, combined with the distance of the event, create what has been called \"the ultimate test of horse and rider\".\n\nThe Grand National has been broadcast live on free-to-air terrestrial television in the United Kingdom since 1960. From then until 2012 it was broadcast by the BBC. Channel 4 broadcast the event between 2013 and 2016: UK broadcasting rights were transferred to ITV from 2017. An estimated 500 to 600 million people watch the Grand National in over 140 countries. The race has also been broadcast on radio since 1927; BBC Radio held exclusive rights until 2013. Talksport acquired radio commentary rights in 2014: Both the BBC and Talksport currently broadcast the race in full.\n\nThe most recent running of the race, in 2022, was won by Noble Yeats. Since 2017, the race and accompanying festival have been sponsored by Randox.", "title": "Grand National" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "National Hunt racing\n\nIn horse racing in the United Kingdom, France and Republic of Ireland, National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches. National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as \"jumps\" and is divided into two major distinct branches: hurdles and steeplechases. Alongside these there are \"bumpers\", which are National Hunt flat races. In a hurdles race, the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences, water jump or an open ditch. In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National and the Cheltenham Gold Cup.", "title": "National Hunt racing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1841 Grand National\n\nThe 1841 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the third official annual running of a steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase handicap horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 3 March 1841 and attracted a then smallest ever field of 11 runners.\n\nAlthough recorded by the press at the time as the sixth running of the Grand Liverpool, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs.\n\nThe race was not run as a handicap chase and therefore all the runners were declared to carry 12 stone with the exception of the winner of the 1840 Cheltenham Steeplechase who had to carry 13 stone 4 lbs.", "title": "1841 Grand National" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Horse-racing - Wikisource, the free ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Grand National first four placings\n\nThis article lists the first, second, third and fourth-placed runners in the Grand National, a National Hunt horse race held annually over a distance of 4 miles 3½ furlongs at Aintree Racecourse in England.\n\nShaded areas indicate the unofficial precursors of the Grand National (1836–38), the wartime substitutes at Gatwick Racecourse (1916–18), the cancelled period during World War II (1941–45) and the void race in 1993.\n\nThe list features two horses called Peter Simple and two called Royal Mail. It also includes two with slightly different spellings, Mathew (1847) and Matthew (1902). For the purposes of this article, the horses with identical names are distinguished by (1) and (2).", "title": "List of Grand National first four placings" }, { "id": "13059665", "score": "1.8333621", "text": "Grand National Trial The Grand National Trial is a Grade 3 National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged five years or older. It is run at Haydock Park over a distance of about 3 miles and 4½ furlongs , and during its running there are twenty-two fences to be jumped. It is a handicap race, and it is scheduled to take place each year in February. The event was established in 1947 and took place every year until 1984. From 1985 to 1990 there was no race at the meeting over this distance, but in", "title": "Grand National Trial" }, { "id": "11800405", "score": "1.83163", "text": "part at all. As a result, many modern books and websites state six finishers in a field of twenty-six runners instead of the seven from twenty-eight recorded by the press of the time. 1847 Grand National The 1847 Grand National Steeplechase was the ninth official annual running of a Handicap Steeple-chase Horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 3 March 1847 and attracted a then record field of twenty-six runners. It was won by Mathew, ridden by Denny Wynne in the colours of County Cork landowner, John Courtenay. This was the first time the race was", "title": "1847 Grand National" }, { "id": "11800396", "score": "1.8212028", "text": "1847 Grand National The 1847 Grand National Steeplechase was the ninth official annual running of a Handicap Steeple-chase Horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 3 March 1847 and attracted a then record field of twenty-six runners. It was won by Mathew, ridden by Denny Wynne in the colours of County Cork landowner, John Courtenay. This was the first time the race was officially named The Grand National Steeplechase, having previously been run under the title, Grand Liverpool Steeplechase. Contemporary newspaper reporters stated that the race was run over the same course as the previous year,", "title": "1847 Grand National" }, { "id": "7454539", "score": "1.8211293", "text": "on the mile long course, and the race was run in three heats. The first recognised English National Steeplechase took place on Monday 8 March 1830. The race, organised by Thomas Coleman of St Albans, was run from Bury Orchard, Harlington in Bedfordshire to the Obelisk in Wrest Park, Bedfordshire. The winner was Captain Macdowall on \"The Wonder\", owned by Lord Ranelagh, who won in a time of 16 minutes 25 seconds. Report of the event appeared in the May and July editions of \"Sporting Magazine\" in 1830. In Great Britain and Ireland, \"steeplechase\" only refers to one branch of", "title": "Steeplechase (horse racing)" }, { "id": "10195087", "score": "1.8075062", "text": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase The 1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the first of three unofficial annual precursors of a steeplechase which later became known as the Grand National. The steeplechase was held at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England on 29 February 1836 and attracted a field of ten runners. The winning horse was The Duke, ridden by Captain Martin Becher in the violet with white sleeves and cap colours of Mr Sirdefield, the landlord of the \"George Inn\" in Great Crosby and was trained privately. The race was won in a time of 20 minutes 10 seconds, over twice the", "title": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase" }, { "id": "10392581", "score": "1.806766", "text": "1842 Grand National The 1842 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the fourth official annual running of a steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase, a horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 2 March 1842 and attracted 15 runners. Although recorded by the press at the time as the seventh running of the Grand Liverpool, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs and are today regarded as unofficial. The race was not run as a handicap chase and therefore all the runners were declared to", "title": "1842 Grand National" }, { "id": "10207967", "score": "1.8046294", "text": "1840 Grand National The 1840 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the second official annual running of a steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase handicap horse race, which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Thursday 5 March 1840 and attracted a then smallest ever field of 13 runners. Although recorded by the press at the time as the fifth running of the Grand Liverpool, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs. The race was not run as a handicap chase and therefore all the runners were declared", "title": "1840 Grand National" }, { "id": "10402979", "score": "1.7988241", "text": "1843 Grand National The 1843 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the fifth official annual running of a handicap steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase handicap horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday 1 March 1843 and attracted a field of 16 runners. Although recorded by the press at the time as the eighth running of the Grand Liverpool, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs and are not currently officially recognised. This year the race was run as a handicap, with horses weighted", "title": "1843 Grand National" }, { "id": "13225417", "score": "1.7988183", "text": "1848 Grand National The 1848 Grand National Steeplechase was the tenth official annual running of a handicap steeplechase horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday, 1 March. It attracted a then record, field of 29 competitors for a prize valued at £1,015 to the winner. The race was won by Lieutenant Josey Little on Captain William Peel's Chandler trained by Tom Eskrett. Lieutenant Little wore Captain Peel's colours of white silks with a black cap. The horse won in a time of 11 minutes and 21 seconds, forty-two seconds slower than the course record set the previous year.", "title": "1848 Grand National" }, { "id": "10490517", "score": "1.7958734", "text": "by Sir Hercules out of Minikin and was originally named Magnum Bonum. 1844 Grand National The 1844 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the ninth annual running of a handicap steeplechase, later to be regarded as the sixth official running of the Grand National Steeplechase, a horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday 28 February 1844 and attracted a field of 16 runners from a field of 41 entrants. It was won by the 5/1 co favourite, Discount, ridden by John Crickmere. The only change to the course recorded by the reporter of the Liverpool Mercury was", "title": "1844 Grand National" }, { "id": "10197202", "score": "1.7941082", "text": "listed in official publications as a dual winner of the race. 1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase The 1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the second of three unofficial annual precursors of a Handicap Steeple-chase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 4 March 1837 and attracted a field of four runners. This race did not carry the prestige of the future Grand Nationals and its status as an official Grand National was revoked some time between 1862 and 1873. Four horses lined up for the start of the race", "title": "1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase" }, { "id": "10197495", "score": "1.7926543", "text": "1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase The 1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the last of three unofficial annual precursors of a Handicap Steeple-chase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase Horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Monday 5 March 1838 and attracted a field of only three runners. This race did not carry the prestige of the future Grand Nationals and its status as an official Grand National was revoked some time between 1862-1873. Three competitors faced the starter and were quoted as follows. The race was relatively incident free. \"Scamp\" refused when leading on", "title": "1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase" }, { "id": "3280592", "score": "1.7911382", "text": "19th century. The 'official' first running of the world's most famous steeplechase, the Grand National, held annually at Aintree in England, took place in 1839. An Irish horse, Lottery, took the honours. The \"National\", as it is known, was run over , but since 2013 is run over . Notably, the 'Liverpool Grand Steeplechase' (to give its original name) was actually initiated in 1836, although the three earliest runnings have been overlooked in many historical chronicles. Organised steeplechasing in Britain began with annual events being staged cross country over a number of fields, hedges and brooks, the earliest most notable", "title": "National Hunt racing" }, { "id": "10197198", "score": "1.789952", "text": "1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase The 1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the second of three unofficial annual precursors of a Handicap Steeple-chase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 4 March 1837 and attracted a field of four runners. This race did not carry the prestige of the future Grand Nationals and its status as an official Grand National was revoked some time between 1862 and 1873. Four horses lined up for the start of the race for which starting prices are not recorded. The competitors were: All", "title": "1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase" }, { "id": "10220345", "score": "1.7881765", "text": "1841 Grand National The 1841 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the third official annual running of a steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase handicap horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 3 March 1841 and attracted a then smallest ever field of 11 runners. Although recorded by the press at the time as the sixth running of the Grand Liverpool, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs. The race was not run as a handicap chase and therefore all the runners were declared to", "title": "1841 Grand National" } ]

[ "dado", "dado disambiguation", "Dado (disambiguation)", "Dado" ]

[ { "id": "637294", "score": "1.6299851", "text": "meet each other at a joint directly above the centre of each column. Above the architrave is a second horizontal stage called the \"frieze\". The frieze is one of the major decorative elements of the building and carries a sculptured relief. In the case of Ionic and Corinthian architecture, the relief decoration runs in a continuous band, but in the Doric Order, it is divided into sections called \"metopes\" which fill the spaces between vertical rectangular blocks called \"triglyphs\". The triglyphs are vertically grooved like the Doric columns, and retain the form of the wooden beams that would once have", "title": "Ancient Greek architecture" }, { "id": "637316", "score": "1.5953183", "text": "of the building. The cornice is a narrow jutting band of complex moulding which overhangs and protects the ornamented frieze, like the edge of an overhanging wooden-framed roof. It is decorated on the underside with projecting blocks, \"mutules\", further suggesting the wooden nature of the prototype. At either end of the building the pediment rises from the cornice, framed by moulding of similar form. The pediment is decorated with figures that are in relief in the earlier examples, though almost freestanding by the time of the sculpture on the Parthenon. Early architectural sculptors found difficulty in creating satisfactory sculptural compositions", "title": "Ancient Greek architecture" }, { "id": "637307", "score": "1.5710851", "text": "illusions that make edges of objects appear concave and for the fact that columns that are viewed against the sky look different from those adjacent that are viewed against a shadowed wall. Because of these factors, the architects adjusted the plans so that the major lines of any significant building are rarely straight. The most obvious adjustment is to the profile of columns, which narrow from base to top. However, the narrowing is not regular, but gently curved so that each columns appears to have a slight swelling, called \"entasis\" below the middle. The \"entasis\" is never sufficiently pronounced as", "title": "Ancient Greek architecture" }, { "id": "1522600", "score": "1.5549754", "text": "Pediment A pediment is an architectural element found particularly in classical, neoclassical and baroque architecture, and its derivatives, consisting of a gable, usually of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the entablature, typically supported by columns. The tympanum, the triangular area within the pediment, is often decorated with relief sculpture. The pediment is found in classical Greek temples, renaissance, and neoclassical architecture. A prominent example is the Parthenon, where it contains a tympanum decorated with figures in relief sculpture. This was developed in the architecture of ancient Greece. In ancient Rome, the Renaissance, and later architectural revivals,", "title": "Pediment" }, { "id": "4581169", "score": "1.5545704", "text": "The term is from the Greek \"akros\" or \"topmost\" and \"pous\" (root \"pod-\") or \"foot\". Pedestal A pedestal (from French \"piédestal\", Italian \"piedistallo\", \"foot of a stall\") or plinth is the support of a statue or a vase. Although in Syria, Asia Minor and Tunisia the Romans occasionally raised the columns of their temples or propylaea on square pedestals, in Rome itself they were employed only to give greater importance to isolated columns, such as those of Trajan and Antoninus, or as a podium to the columns employed decoratively in the Roman triumphal arches. The architects of the Italian revival,", "title": "Pedestal" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pediment\n\nPediments are gables, usually of a triangular shape.\nPediments are placed above the horizontal structure of the lintel, or entablature, if supported by columns. Pediments can contain an overdoor and are usually topped by hood moulds.\nA pediment is sometimes the top element of a portico. For symmetric designs, it provides a center point and is often used to add grandness to entrances.\n\nThe tympanum, the triangular area within the pediment, is often decorated with a pedimental sculpture which may be freestanding or a relief sculpture. The tympanum may hold an inscription, or in modern times, a clock face.\n\nPediments are found in ancient Greek architecture as early as 600 BC (e.g. the archaic Temple of Artemis). Variations of the pediment occur in later architectural styles such as Classical, Neoclassical and Baroque. Gable roofs were common in ancient Greek temples with a low pitch (angle of 12.5° to 16°).", "title": "Pediment" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Glossary of architecture\n\nThis page is a glossary of architecture.\n\n\n", "title": "Glossary of architecture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cornice\n\nIn architecture, a cornice (from the Italian \"cornice\" meaning \"ledge\") is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, around the top edge of a pedestal, or along the top of an interior wall. A simple cornice may be formed just with a crown, as in crown moulding atop an interior wall or above kitchen cabinets or a bookcase.\n\nA projecting cornice on a building has the function of throwing rainwater free of its walls. In residential building practice, this function is handled by projecting gable ends, roof eaves and gutters. However, house eaves may also be called \"cornices\" if they are finished with decorative moulding. In this sense, while most cornices are also eaves (overhanging the sides of the building), not all eaves are usually considered cornices. Eaves are primarily functional and not necessarily decorative, while cornices have a decorative aspect.\n\nA building's projecting cornice may appear to be heavy and hence in danger of falling, particularly on commercial buildings, but often may actually be very light, made of pressed metal.", "title": "Cornice" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hindu temple architecture\n\nHindu temple architecture as the main form of Hindu architecture has many varieties of style, though the basic nature of the Hindu temple remains the same, with the essential feature an inner sanctum, the \"garbha griha\" or womb-chamber, where the primary \"Murti\" or the image of a deity is housed in a simple bare cell. This chamber often has an open area designed for movement in clockwise rotation for rituals and prayers. Around this chamber there are often other structures and buildings, in the largest cases covering several acres. On the exterior, the garbhagriha is crowned by a tower-like \"shikhara\", also called the \"vimana\" in the south. The shrine building often includes an circumambulatory passage for parikrama, a mandapa congregation hall, and sometimes an antarala antechamber and porch between garbhagriha and mandapa. There may be other mandapas or other buildings, connected or detached, in large temples, together with other small temples in the compound.\n\nHindu temple architecture reflects a synthesis of arts, the ideals of dharma, values and the way of life cherished under Hinduism. The temple is a place for \"Tirtha\"—pilgrimage. The form and meanings of architectural elements in a Hindu temple are designed to function as the place where it is the link between man and the divine, to help his progress to spiritual knowledge and truth, his liberation it calls moksha.\nThe architectural principles of Hindu temples in India are described in Shilpa Shastras and Vastu Sastras. The Hindu culture has encouraged aesthetic independence to its temple builders, and its architects have sometimes exercised considerable flexibility in creative expression by adopting other perfect geometries and mathematical principles in \"Mandir\" construction to express the Hindu way of life.<ref name=mmgeometry/>", "title": "Hindu temple architecture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Corinthian order\n\nThe Corinthian order (Greek: Κορινθιακός ρυθμός, Latin: \"Ordo Corinthius\") is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of Ancient Greek architecture and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order. In Ancient Greek architecture, the Corinthian order follows the Ionic in almost all respects other than the capitals of the columns.\n\nWhen classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance, two more orders were added to the canon: the Tuscan order and the Composite order. The Corinthian, with its offshoot the Composite, is the most ornate of the orders. This architectural style is characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. There are many variations.\n\nThe name \"Corinthian\" is derived from the ancient Greek city of Corinth, although the style had its own model in Roman practice, following precedents set by the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum of Augustus (c. 2 AD). It was employed in southern Gaul at the Maison Carrée, Nîmes and at the comparable Temple of Augustus and Livia at Vienne. Other prime examples noted by Mark Wilson Jones are the lower order of the Basilica Ulpia and the Arch of Trajan at Ancona (both of the reign of Trajan, 98–117 AD), the Column of Phocas (re-erected in Late Antiquity but 2nd century in origin), and the Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek (c. 150 AD).", "title": "Corinthian order" }, { "id": "4581166", "score": "1.5527117", "text": "Pedestal A pedestal (from French \"piédestal\", Italian \"piedistallo\", \"foot of a stall\") or plinth is the support of a statue or a vase. Although in Syria, Asia Minor and Tunisia the Romans occasionally raised the columns of their temples or propylaea on square pedestals, in Rome itself they were employed only to give greater importance to isolated columns, such as those of Trajan and Antoninus, or as a podium to the columns employed decoratively in the Roman triumphal arches. The architects of the Italian revival, however, conceived the idea that no order was complete without a pedestal, and as the", "title": "Pedestal" }, { "id": "6685940", "score": "1.5515664", "text": "Taenia (architecture) A taenia (Latin \"taenia\"; derived from the Ancient Greek ταινία (\"tainía\"): \"band\" or \"ribbon\") is a small \"fillet\" molding near the top of the architrave in a Doric column. In classical architecture, the entire structure above the columns is called the entablature. It is commonly divided into the architrave, directly above the columns; the frieze, a strip with no horizontal molding, which is ornamented in all but the Tuscan order; and the cornice, the projecting and protective member at the top. The architrave, the lowest band, is split from bottom to top into the broad fascia, the guttae", "title": "Taenia (architecture)" }, { "id": "3026134", "score": "1.5480406", "text": "Entablature An entablature (; nativization of Italian \"intavolatura,\" from \"in\" \"in\" and \"tavola\" \"table\") is the superstructure of moldings and bands which lies horizontally above columns, resting on their capitals. Entablatures are major elements of classical architecture, and are commonly divided into the architrave (the supporting member immediately above; equivalent to the lintel in post and lintel construction), the frieze (an unmolded strip that may or may not be ornamented), and the cornice (the projecting member below the pediment). The Greek and Roman temples are believed to be based on wooden structures, the design transition from wooden to stone structures", "title": "Entablature" }, { "id": "637293", "score": "1.5400548", "text": "Ionic and foliate in the Corinthian. Doric and usually Ionic capitals are cut with vertical grooves known as \"fluting\". This fluting or grooving of the columns is a retention of an element of the original wooden architecture. The columns of a temple support a structure that rises in two main stages, the entablature and the pediment. The entablature is the major horizontal structural element supporting the roof and encircling the entire building. It is composed of three parts. Resting on the columns is the architrave made of a series of stone \"lintels\" that spanned the space between the columns, and", "title": "Ancient Greek architecture" }, { "id": "4581167", "score": "1.5385163", "text": "orders were by them employed to divide up and decorate a building in several stories, the cornice of the pedestal was carried through and formed the sills of their windows, or, in open arcades, round a court, the balustrade of the arcade. They also would seem to have considered that the height of the pedestal should correspond in its proportion with that of the column or pilaster it supported; thus in the church of Saint John Lateran, where the applied order is of considerable dimensions, the pedestal is high instead of the ordinary height of 3 to . In the", "title": "Pedestal" }, { "id": "3251011", "score": "1.5352486", "text": "the vertical side casings where the elements join (creating a butt joint, as opposed to a miter joint). In an entablature in classical architecture, it is the lowest part, below the frieze and cornice. The word is derived from the Greek and Latin words \"arche\" and \"trabs\" combined together to mean \"main beam\". The architrave is different in the different orders. In the Tuscan, it only consists of a plain face, crowned with a fillet, and is half a module in height. In the Doric and composite, it has two faces, or fasciae; and three in the Ionic and Corinthian,", "title": "Architrave" }, { "id": "16980802", "score": "1.5314585", "text": "but those above are dressed with segmental-pedimented niches containing statues. A pedestal, with enriched panels in its die, underlines the lofty third storey where the central face has a group of three round-arched windows, their moulded archivolts rising from entablatures above plain piers flanked by Ionic half-columns. Carved in the spandrels are draped female figures, holding festoons looped below oblong tablets. In each of the wings paired Corinthian plain-shafted pilasters flank an Ionic Venetian window, its arched middle light being of the same size as those in the central face, with a fan-shaped lunette of wide and narrow panels, the", "title": "Criterion Restaurant" }, { "id": "637295", "score": "1.5190563", "text": "supported the roof. The upper band of the entablature is called the \"cornice\", which is generally ornately decorated on its lower edge. The cornice retains the shape of the beams that would once have supported the wooden roof at each end of the building. At the front and rear of each temple, the entablature supports a triangular structure called the \"pediment\". The triangular space framed by the cornices is the location of the most significant sculptural decoration on the exterior of the building. Every temple rested on a masonry base called the crepidoma, generally of three steps, of which the", "title": "Ancient Greek architecture" }, { "id": "6156722", "score": "1.5176668", "text": "Trapezophoron A trapezophore, trapezophorum or trapezophoron is the leg or pedestal of a small side table, generally in marble, and carved with winged lions or griffins set back to back, each with a single leg, which formed the support of the pedestal on either side. In Pompeii there was a fine example in the house of Cornelius Rufus, which stood behind the impluvium. These side tables were known as \"mensae vasariae\" and were used for the display of vases, lamps, and such. Sometimes they were supported on four legs, the example at Pompeii (of which the museums at Naples and", "title": "Trapezophoron" }, { "id": "637317", "score": "1.5123162", "text": "in the tapering triangular space. By the Early Classical period, with the decoration of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, (486-460 BC) the sculptors had solved the problem by having a standing central figure framed by rearing centaurs and fighting men who are falling, kneeling and lying in attitudes that fit the size and angle of each part of the space. The famous sculptor Phidias fills the space at the Parthenon (448-432 BC) with a complex array of draped and undraped figures of deities who appear in attitudes of sublime relaxation and elegance. The Ionic Order is recognized by its", "title": "Ancient Greek architecture" }, { "id": "637319", "score": "1.5114627", "text": "signs of having its origins in wooden architecture. The horizontal spread of a flat timber plate across the top of a column is a common device in wooden construction, giving a thin upright a wider area on which to bear the lintel, while at the same time reinforcing the load-bearing strength of the lintel itself. Likewise, the columns always have bases, a necessity in wooden architecture to spread the load and protect the base of a comparatively thin upright. The columns are fluted with narrow, shallow flutes that do not meet at a sharp edge but have a flat band", "title": "Ancient Greek architecture" }, { "id": "16980803", "score": "1.5017762", "text": "former ornamented and the latter plain. The main entablature has an enriched architrave, a plain frieze except for the carved panels in the breaks above the Corinthian pilasters, and a dentilled and modillioned cornice which is returned to form large triangular pediments over the two wings. The high pedestal-parapet, its die enriched with ornamented panels, is a typically French feature, and so are the high pavilion roofs over the wings, with two tiers of dormers. These, and the single-storey roof over the centre, are crested with railings of ornamental ironwork. One of the restaurant’s most famous features is the Long", "title": "Criterion Restaurant" }, { "id": "9830980", "score": "1.4980141", "text": "Geison Geison ( – often interchangeable with somewhat broader term cornice) is an architectural term of relevance particularly to ancient Greek and Roman buildings, as well as archaeological publications of the same. The \"geison\" is the part of the entablature that projects outward from the top of the frieze in the Doric order and from the top of the frieze course (or sometimes architrave) of the Ionic and Corinthian orders; it forms the outer edge of the roof on the sides of a structure with a sloped roof. The upper edge of the exterior often had a drip edge formed", "title": "Geison" }, { "id": "637312", "score": "1.497951", "text": "the top of the column to the square \"abacus\" on which rest the lintels. The echinus appears flat and splayed in early examples, deeper and with greater curve in later, more refined examples, and smaller and straight-sided in Hellenistc examples. A refinement of the Doric column is the entasis, a gentle convex swelling to the profile of the column, which prevents an optical illusion of concavity. This is more pronounced in earlier examples. Doric columns are almost always cut with grooves, known as \"fluting\", which run the length of the column and are usually 20 in number, although sometimes fewer.", "title": "Ancient Greek architecture" }, { "id": "6685941", "score": "1.4952934", "text": "or \"drips\" (below the triglyph in the frieze), and the \"taenia\" below the projecting cymatium). Taenia (architecture) A taenia (Latin \"taenia\"; derived from the Ancient Greek ταινία (\"tainía\"): \"band\" or \"ribbon\") is a small \"fillet\" molding near the top of the architrave in a Doric column. In classical architecture, the entire structure above the columns is called the entablature. It is commonly divided into the architrave, directly above the columns; the frieze, a strip with no horizontal molding, which is ornamented in all but the Tuscan order; and the cornice, the projecting and protective member at the top. The architrave,", "title": "Taenia (architecture)" } ]

[ "hats", "Titfer", "Puggaree", "Hat bands", "hat size", "Hats", "Hatband", "Hat", "titfer", "hatband", "paper hat", "Hat band", "hat band", "Hatbands", "Hat size", "hat bands", "Paper hat", "hatbands", "Types of hats", "Brim (hat)", "👒", "hat", "puggaree", "brim hat", "sweatband hat", "types of hats", "Sweatband (hat)" ]

[ { "id": "15600537", "score": "1.6604095", "text": "Sou'wester A Sou'wester is a traditional form of collapsible oilskin rain hat that is longer in the back than the front to protect the neck fully. A gutter front brim is sometimes featured. A possible theory for the derivation of the name is to do with the Sou'wester wind which is the prevailing wind in the seas around the UK. A Sou'west wind tends to bring warm air containing moisture, thus rain. A fishing net would always be brought up in the lee of the wind so that a fisherman facing the net would have his back to the wind", "title": "Sou'wester" }, { "id": "15600538", "score": "1.6425917", "text": "and without a hat the rain would be driven down the fisherman's neck, above his oilskin jacket. A Sou'wester hat has a roll up brim at the front which works like a gutter whilst keeping the face clear. The hat extends down the back, bridging and protecting the neck. Sou'wester hats were popular to dress small boys in during the 1950s in Britain. Sou'wester A Sou'wester is a traditional form of collapsible oilskin rain hat that is longer in the back than the front to protect the neck fully. A gutter front brim is sometimes featured. A possible theory for", "title": "Sou'wester" }, { "id": "9788660", "score": "1.4848719", "text": "a shirtwaist, which is best described as the equivalent of jeans and a T-shirt today. Unfussy, tailored clothes were worn for outdoor activities and traveling. The shirtwaist, a costume with a bodice or \"waist\" tailored like a man's shirt with a high collar, was adopted for informal daywear and became the uniform of working women. Wool or tweed suit (clothing) called tailor-mades or (in French) \"tailleurs\" featured ankle-length skirts with matching jackets; ladies of fashion wore them with fox furs and huge hats. Two new styles of headgear which became popular at the turn of the century were the motoring", "title": "1900s in Western fashion" }, { "id": "7127894", "score": "1.4497608", "text": "Wrapper (clothing) The wrapper, lappa, or pagne is a colorful garment widely worn in West Africa by both men and women. It has formal and informal versions and varies from simple draped clothing to fully tailored ensembles. The formality of the wrapper depends on the fabric used to create it. In West Africa, a kaftan or \"caftan\" is a pull-over woman's robe. In French, this robe is called a boubou, pronounced \"boo-boo\". The boubou is the traditional female attire in many West African countries including Senegal, Mali and other countries. The boubou can be formal or informal attire. The formality", "title": "Wrapper (clothing)" }, { "id": "4907352", "score": "1.4239352", "text": "the front to fully protect the neck. Sou'westers sometimes feature a gutter front-brim. Today's oilskins (or \"oilies\") typically come in two parts, jackets and trousers. Oilskin jackets are generally similar to common rubberized waterproofs. The chief difference is a high spray collar. Some have hoods, often in a high-visibility colour to increase visibility if a wearer falls overboard. Retroreflective patches are also strategically placed, and jacket tails are extra long to keep water off the legs and out of the joint where waterproof trousers meet. Oilskin trousers – also known also as \"bibs\" – are very high-cut to provide a", "title": "Oilskin" }, { "id": "14796644", "score": "1.4203304", "text": "for West Brothers in Minden in 1937: \"As [one] entered the store on the left was the ladies Ready-to-Wear, dresses and coats. On the right were the men's suits, pants and jackets. Down the center of the store were tables that held blankets, sheets, pillow casings, socks, underwear, baby things, and shirts and other clothes that could be folded such as pants, overalls, and men's jumpers. In the back of the store was the shoe department. [West] carried work shoes and dress shoes both for ladies and men and children. . . .<br> [West] hired a group of young people", "title": "H. O. West" }, { "id": "16113203", "score": "1.4176663", "text": "caught up with a naud of black satin ribbon\" Canezou The Canezou (aka Canezou-fichu), c. 1835, is a type of clothing, generally worn alongside a corsage. Canezous were originally short jackets similar to spencers. Over time, they evolved into a sleeveless, sideless form, which was called a \"fichu-canezou.\" It was almost always tucked into a belt, and was made of white material. The name \"Canezou\", is a corruption of the French term \"Quinze Août\" meaning 15 August. According to Victor Hugo, in his work Les Misérables, this \"signifies good weather, heat and noon\". In 1852, the canezou appeared to take", "title": "Canezou" }, { "id": "4136185", "score": "1.4134907", "text": "They liked thick-soled suede shoes, with white or brightly coloured socks. Their hairstyles were greased and long. Many \"Zazous\" liked to dress in the \"style anglais\" with umbrellas (seen as a symbol of Britishness in France) a popular fashion accessory and their hair done up \"á la mode d'Oxford\", had a fondness for speaking to each other in English as it was more \"cool\" and loved British and American popular music. The French writer Simone de Beauvoir described the \"Zazou\" look in 1942 as \"the young men wore dirty drape suits with 'drainpipe' trousers under their sheep-skinned lined jackets and", "title": "Zazou" }, { "id": "12479112", "score": "1.4134376", "text": "France who preferred to dress in the \"style anglais\" with umbrellas (seen as a symbol of Britishness in France) a popular fashion accessory and their hair done up \"à la mode d'Oxford\", liked to speak to each other in English as it was \"cooler\", and like their German counterparts loved British and American popular music. The French writer Simone de Beauvoir described the \"Zazou\" look as \"the young men wore dirty drape suits with 'drainpipe' trousers under their sheep-skinned lined jackets and liberally brillianted their long hair, the girls favored tight roll-coller sweaters with short flared skirts and wooden platform", "title": "Anglophile" }, { "id": "16113200", "score": "1.405544", "text": "Canezou The Canezou (aka Canezou-fichu), c. 1835, is a type of clothing, generally worn alongside a corsage. Canezous were originally short jackets similar to spencers. Over time, they evolved into a sleeveless, sideless form, which was called a \"fichu-canezou.\" It was almost always tucked into a belt, and was made of white material. The name \"Canezou\", is a corruption of the French term \"Quinze Août\" meaning 15 August. According to Victor Hugo, in his work Les Misérables, this \"signifies good weather, heat and noon\". In 1852, the canezou appeared to take the place of dainty lace and embroidered capes. This", "title": "Canezou" }, { "id": "767593", "score": "1.4022251", "text": "life or strict distinction between the private and public worlds needed to maintain taboos or social etiquette. In contrast to other parts of the continent south of the Sahara Desert, the concepts of hemming and embroidering clothing have been traditionally common to West Africa for centuries, demonstrated by the production of various breeches, shirts, tunics and jackets. As a result, the peoples of the region's diverse nations wear a wide variety of clothing with underlying similarities. Typical pieces of west African formal attire include the knee-to-ankle-length, flowing Boubou robe, Dashiki, and Senegalese Kaftan (also known as \"Agbada\" and \"Babariga\"), which", "title": "West Africa" }, { "id": "15905745", "score": "1.3964825", "text": "clothing in the Western Islands, including the \"earasaid\" and its brooches and buckles.\"The ancient dress wore by the women, and which is yet wore by some of the vulgar, called \"arisad\", is a white plaid, having a few small stripes of black, blue and red; it reached from the neck to the heels, and was tied before on the breast with a buckle of silver or brass, according to the quality of the person. I have seen some of the former of an hundred marks value; it was broad as any ordinary pewter plate, the whole curiously engraven with various", "title": "Earasaid" }, { "id": "7127896", "score": "1.3963201", "text": "by six yards) and type (single-sided \"Fancy\" or double-sided \"wax\" prints) of untailored cotton textile, especially in Francophone West and Central Africa. Enormously popular in much of tropical Africa, the pagne cloth's usage and patterns may be used to convey by the wearer a number of social, economic—and sometimes even political—messages. It is similar—though distinct in size, expected pattern, and usage—to the Khanga, Kikoy or Chitenge of East and Southern Africa. From the pagne any number of garments may be created (the boubou, dresses, or western style suits) or it can be used untailored as a wrap, headtie, skirt, or", "title": "Wrapper (clothing)" }, { "id": "3482858", "score": "1.3910692", "text": "his clan with his tartan. A French peasant woman identified her village with her cap or coif. A Palestinian woman identifies her village with the pattern of embroidery on her dress. Clothes can also proclaim dissent from cultural norms and mainstream beliefs, as well as personal independence. In 19th-century Europe, artists and writers lived \"la vie de Bohème\" and dressed to shock: George Sand in men's clothing, female emancipationists in bloomers, male artists in velvet waistcoats and gaudy neckcloths. Bohemians, beatniks, hippies, Goths, Punks, and Skinheads have continued the (countercultural) tradition in the 20th-century West. A Jewish or Muslim man", "title": "Dress code" }, { "id": "5040906", "score": "1.3906188", "text": "and \"denim\" (\"serge de Nîmes\" after the city). Costume historians, with a \"rearward-looking\" view, require names for clothing styles that were not used (or needed) when the styles were actually worn. For example, the Van Dyke collar is so-called from its appearances in 17th century portraits by Anthony van Dyck, and the Watteau pleats of the \"robe á la française\" are called after their appearance in the portraits of Antoine Watteau. Similarly, terms may be applied ahistorically to entire categories of garments, so that \"corset\" is applied to garments that were called \"stays\" or a \"pair of bodies\" until the", "title": "Clothing terminology" }, { "id": "767594", "score": "1.3886011", "text": "has its origins in the clothing of nobility of various West African empires in the 12th century. Traditional half-sleeved, hip-long, woven smocks or tunics (known as \"fugu\" in Gurunsi, \"riga\" in Hausa) – worn over a pair of baggy trousers—is another popular garment. In the coastal regions stretching from southern Ivory Coast to Benin, a huge rectangular cloth is wrapped under one arm, draped over a shoulder, and held in one of the wearer's hands—coincidentally, reminiscent of Romans' togas. The best-known of these toga-like garments is the Kente (made by the Akan people of Ghana and Ivory Coast), who wear", "title": "West Africa" }, { "id": "491828", "score": "1.3850584", "text": "example, most Korean men and women have adopted Western-style dress for daily wear, but still wear traditional hanboks on special occasions, like weddings and cultural holidays. Items of Western dress may also appear worn or accessorized in distinctive, non-Western ways. A Tongan man may combine a used T-shirt with a Tongan wrapped skirt, or tupenu. Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common sportswear garments include shorts, T-shirts, tennis shirts, leotards, tracksuits, and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopettes (for skiing) and leotards (for gymnastics).", "title": "Clothing" }, { "id": "7515191", "score": "1.3791869", "text": "decades, a growing number of people are working in higher education, government, the military and business. The women in Souf (Muslims, and Christians) used to wear a long black dress embroidered with colourful stripes called \"The Costume\" or Eshorsheh Essoufaniieh or Soufanian Dress. The dress has a unique design that reflect the special identity of Souf. The men used to wear a special type of robe which comes in two forms: an open style called Maznook which is tightened to the body using a leather belt, and a closed style called Doshdash. They also wear a special type of wide", "title": "Souf" }, { "id": "5217583", "score": "1.3786283", "text": "fringe jackets popular among outlaw country, southern rock and 1980s heavy metal bands, and duster coats derived from originals worn in the Wild West. More modern interpretations include leather waistcoats inspired by the biker subculture and jackets with a design imitating the piebald color of a cow. Women may wear bolero jackets derived from the Civil War era zouave uniforms, shawls, denim jackets in a color matching their skirt or dress, or a fringe jacket like Annie Oakley. For more formal occasions inhabitants of the West might opt for a suit with \"smile\" pockets, a half-belt at the rear, piping", "title": "Western wear" }, { "id": "7923756", "score": "1.3613062", "text": "shorter, fitted jackets and narrower lapels. Sport coats generally followed the lines of suit coats. Tartan plaids were fashionable in the early 1950s, and later plaids and checks of all types were worn, as were corduroy jackets with leather buttons and car coats. 49er jackets, originally worn by hunters, miners and lumberjacks, were a popular cold weather coat in America and Canada, and would later be adopted by the teenage surfer subculture. On the West Coast many guys, including Howard Hughes and Ricky from I Love Lucy, favoured two color gabardine Hollywood jackets with belts and Old West inspired detailing,", "title": "1945–1960 in Western fashion" } ]

[ "Teaching the theory of evolution in schools", "teaching theory of evolution in schools" ]

[ { "id": "4925437", "score": "1.9609561", "text": "The Great Monkey Trial The Great Monkey Trial is a book on the Scopes Trial by L. Sprague de Camp, first published in hardcover by Doubleday in 1968. The book is a non-fiction account of the trial, as well as its social and political context and impact. This history of the trial was based on the archives of the A.C.L.U., assorted newspaper files, correspondence and interviews with over a dozen of those present at the trial, books and magazine articles written on trial (including the memoirs of John T. Scopes and the official record of the trial in the Rhea", "title": "The Great Monkey Trial" }, { "id": "4925443", "score": "1.9435165", "text": "a few relating to the dates of his own interviews. The Scopes Trial was also the subject of a chapter in \"Darwin and His Great Discovery\", written by the author in collaboration with his wife Catherine Crook de Camp and published in 1972. The Great Monkey Trial The Great Monkey Trial is a book on the Scopes Trial by L. Sprague de Camp, first published in hardcover by Doubleday in 1968. The book is a non-fiction account of the trial, as well as its social and political context and impact. This history of the trial was based on the archives", "title": "The Great Monkey Trial" }, { "id": "386027", "score": "1.913408", "text": "Scopes Trial The Scopes Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was an American legal case in July 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. The trial was deliberately staged in order to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he purposely incriminated himself so", "title": "Scopes Trial" }, { "id": "386081", "score": "1.839098", "text": "the repeal of the Butler Law in Tennessee in 1967. Edward J. Larson, a historian who won the Pulitzer Prize for History for his book \"Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion\" (2004), notes: \"Like so many archetypal American events, the trial itself began as a publicity stunt.\" The press coverage of the \"Monkey Trial\" was overwhelming. The front pages of newspapers like \"The New York Times\" were dominated by the case for days. More than 200 newspaper reporters from all parts of the country and two from London were in Dayton.", "title": "Scopes Trial" }, { "id": "4925442", "score": "1.8387147", "text": "one of the scientists who testified for the defense in the Scopes Trial, spoke highly of the book in a review that appeared in \"Science\". Mathers referred to the book as the definitive account of the Scopes trial, praising its ability to capture both the atmosphere and the human element of the trial. Mathers also highly commended the research that went into the book. However, he notes one instance where he feels that de Camp misrepresents thoughts that may have gone through trial members' minds as things which were actually said in court. Mathers also notes several typographic errors, including", "title": "The Great Monkey Trial" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Scopes trial\n\nThe Scopes trial, formally The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes, and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was an American legal case from July 10 to July 21, 1925, in which a high school teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it illegal for teachers to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. The trial was deliberately staged in order to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he incriminated himself deliberately so the case could have a defendant.\n\nScopes was found guilty and was fined $100 (), but the verdict was overturned on a technicality. The trial served its purpose of drawing intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to Dayton to cover the high-profile lawyers who had agreed to represent each side. William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential candidate and former secretary of state, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow served as the defense attorney for Scopes. The trial publicized the fundamentalist–modernist controversy, which set Modernists, who said evolution was not inconsistent with religion, against fundamentalists, who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The case was thus seen both as a theological contest and as a trial on whether evolution should be taught in schools.", "title": "Scopes trial" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "John T. Scopes\n\nJohn Thomas Scopes (August 3, 1900 – October 21, 1970) was a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, who was charged on May 5, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of human evolution in Tennessee schools. He was tried in a case known as the Scopes Monkey Trial, in which he was found guilty and fined $100 ().", "title": "John T. Scopes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Inherit the Wind (1960 film)\n\nInherit the Wind is a 1960 American film based on the 1955 play of the same name written by Jerome Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee. The film was directed by Stanley Kramer. It stars Spencer Tracy as lawyer Henry Drummond and Fredric March as his friend and rival Matthew Harrison Brady. It also features Gene Kelly, Dick York, Harry Morgan, Donna Anderson, Claude Akins, Noah Beery Jr., Florence Eldridge, and Jimmy Boyd.\n\nThe script was adapted by Nedrick Young (originally as Nathan E. Douglas) and Harold Jacob Smith. Stanley Kramer was commended for bringing in writer Nedrick Young, as the latter was blacklisted and forced to use the pseudonym Nathan E. Douglas.\n\n\"Inherit the Wind\" is a parable that fictionalizes the 1925 Scopes \"Monkey\" Trial as a means to discuss McCarthyism. Written in response to the chilling effect of the McCarthy era investigations on intellectual discourse, the film (like the play) is critical of creationism.\n\nA television remake of the film which starred Melvyn Douglas and Ed Begley was broadcast in 1965. Another television remake which starred Jason Robards and Kirk Douglas aired in 1988. Once again, it was remade for television in 1999, co-starring Jack Lemmon as Drummond and co-starring George C. Scott as Brady.", "title": "Inherit the Wind (1960 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District\n\nKitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 400 F. Supp. 2d 707 (M.D. Pa. 2005) was the first direct challenge brought in the United States federal courts testing a public school district policy that required the teaching of intelligent design, ultimately found by the court to not be science. The prominence of this textbook during the trial was such that the case is sometimes referred to as the Dover Panda Trial, a name which recalls the popular name of the Scopes Monkey Trial in Tennessee, 80 years earlier. The plaintiffs successfully argued that intelligent design is a form of creationism, and that the school board policy violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The judge's decision sparked considerable response from both supporters and critics.\n\nEleven parents of students in Dover, York County, Pennsylvania, near the city of York, sued the Dover Area School District over the school board requirement that a statement presenting intelligent design as \"an explanation of the origin of life that differs from Darwin's view\" was to be read aloud in ninth-grade science classes when evolution was taught. The plaintiffs were represented by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Americans United for Separation of Church and State (AU) and Pepper Hamilton LLP. The National Center for Science Education (NCSE) acted as consultants for the plaintiffs. The defendants were represented by the Thomas More Law Center (TMLC). The Foundation for Thought and Ethics, publisher of \"Of Pandas and People\", tried to join the lawsuit late as a defendant but was denied for multiple reasons.\n\nThe suit was brought in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania seeking declaratory and injunctive relief. Since it sought a purely equitable remedy, under the Seventh Amendment, the right to a jury trial did not apply. It was tried in a bench trial from September 26, 2005, to November 4, 2005, before Judge John E. Jones III, a Republican appointed in 2002 by George W. Bush.", "title": "Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Inherit the Wind (play)\n\nInherit the Wind is an American play by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, which debuted in 1955. The story fictionalizes the 1925 Scopes \"Monkey\" Trial as a means to discuss the then-contemporary McCarthy trials.", "title": "Inherit the Wind (play)" }, { "id": "7982241", "score": "1.8063002", "text": "Bryan for the prosecution, and Clarence Darrow for the defense, argue their case. Tennessee was ridiculed in the northeast and West Coast press as the \"Monkey State,\" even as a wave of revivals defending religious fundamentalism swept the state. The trial was also given the name \"Monkey Trial\" by the same reporters. The legal outcome of the trial was inconsequential. Scopes was convicted and fined $100, a penalty later rescinded by the state court of appeals. The law itself remained on the books until 1967. At the very time that Tennessee's rural culture was under attack by urban critics, its", "title": "History of Tennessee" }, { "id": "15829191", "score": "1.7746143", "text": "Monkey Town (novel) Monkey Town: The Summer of the Scopes Trial is a 2006 novel written by American author Ronald Kidd. The story is set in summer 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee, and is based on the Scopes Trial. Frances Robinson, a fifteen-year-old daydreamer, lives in Dayton, a small town in Tennessee. When the summer starts, she wants only to play tennis and drink Coke. However, things bounce out of normal range when her father, the school board chairman, arrests local teacher (and Frances' friend and love interest) John Scopes for teaching Charles Darwin's evolution theory in class, in an effort", "title": "Monkey Town (novel)" }, { "id": "386040", "score": "1.7696385", "text": "its most colorful labels such as the \"Monkey Trial\" of \"the infidel Scopes\". It was also the first United States trial to be broadcast on national radio. The ACLU had originally intended to oppose the Butler Act on the grounds that it violated the teacher's individual rights and academic freedom, and was therefore unconstitutional. Principally because of Clarence Darrow, this strategy changed as the trial progressed. The earliest argument proposed by the defense once the trial had begun was that there was actually no conflict between evolution and the creation account in the Bible; later, this viewpoint would be called", "title": "Scopes Trial" }, { "id": "4925438", "score": "1.7433193", "text": "County Courthouse), and a couple of visits to Dayton. The book also contains several political cartoons published at the time of the trial. Several critics have referred to the book as the definitive or comprehensive account of the Scopes Trial. In the preface, de Camp states that the books goal is to \"tell the story of the Scopes evolution trial of 1925, at Dayton, Tennessee, as truthfully as possible.\" De Camp rejects previous descriptions of the trial such as \"a witch hunt\", \"a travesty of justice\", or \"a deathblow to Fundamentalism.\" Instead, de Camp classifies the trial as one battle", "title": "The Great Monkey Trial" }, { "id": "16241394", "score": "1.7038896", "text": "her professional/pen name at the beginning of her journalistic career. She reported on the Scopes Monkey Trial in 1925. The Scopes trial was her first major story. She interviewed Harold E. \"Red\" Grange, and was pictured doing his hand reading, a technique she used to \"break the ice\" with an interview subject. Seydell employed the stratagem of hand reading in order to increase her readership, asserting her ability to discover the intimate personality characteristics of big names such as U.S. vice president Charles G. Dawes and film director Cecil B. DeMille. She even claimed to have been able to read", "title": "Mildred Seydell" }, { "id": "15348295", "score": "1.6847314", "text": "\"Monkey\" Trial. (Note: The name is often spelled \"Rappalyea\" but the spelling \"Rappleyea\" is what appears in L. Sprague de Camp's book \"The Great Monkey Trial\" and the author interviewed Rappleyea before his death.) George Washington Rappleyea was noted for his part in the Scopes Evolution Trial, his work as a Vice President of the Higgins Boat Company, which made landing crafts for use in WWII, his scientific patents and his part in weapons procurement for a raid on Cuba. He was born on July 4, 1894 in New York City to George M. Rappleyea and Marian Rogers. His family", "title": "George Rappleyea" }, { "id": "4925441", "score": "1.682581", "text": "and the Inquisition's Condemnation of Galileo, as well as more poetic statements on human nature from Shakespeare and Lewis Carroll. Reviews praised the book for its comprehensiveness. Several reviewers have commended the book for providing a factual and unbiased portrayal of the full story of the trial, as opposed to the fictionalized \"Inherit the Wind\" or the one-sided H.L. Mencken reporting that they claim shaped previous public perception of the Scopes trial. Some have held that this and other \"books written specifically about the Scopes trial serve ... to reinforce the spirit of ridicule\" associated with the trial. Kirtley Mathers,", "title": "The Great Monkey Trial" }, { "id": "8280922", "score": "1.6679649", "text": "\"The Booklist\" called it \"[w]ell written, readable, and informative\" and suitable for readers of junior high and high school age. The Scopes Trial was the subject of a comprehensive study previously written by L. Sprague de Camp, published as \"The Great Monkey Trial\" in 1968. Darwin and His Great Discovery Darwin and His Great Discovery is a science book for young adults by L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp, first published by Macmillan in 1972. The work is an examination of naturalist Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution he proposed and marshaled evidence for in \"The", "title": "Darwin and His Great Discovery" }, { "id": "3992775", "score": "1.6459515", "text": "widely publicized by H. L. Mencken among others, is commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial. The court convicted Scopes, but the widespread publicity galvanized proponents of evolution. Following an appeal of the case to the Tennessee Supreme Court, the Court overturned the decision on a technicality (the judge had assessed the minimum $100 fine instead of allowing the jury to assess the fine). Although it overturned the conviction, the Court decided that the Butler Act was not in violation of the Religious Preference provisions of the Tennessee Constitution (Section 3 of Article 1), which stated \"that no preference", "title": "Creation–evolution controversy" }, { "id": "1395863", "score": "1.6389006", "text": "worth over $375,000 in 2016. In 1925, Darrow defended John T. Scopes in the \"State of Tennessee v. Scopes\" trial. It has often been called the \"Scopes Monkey Trial,\" a title popularized by author and journalist H.L. Mencken. The trial, which was deliberately staged to bring publicity to the issue at hand, pitted Darrow against William Jennings Bryan in a court case that tested Tennessee's Butler Act, which had been passed on March 21, 1925. The act forbade the teaching of \"the Evolution Theory\" in any state-funded educational establishment. More broadly, it outlawed in state-funded schools (including universities) the teaching", "title": "Clarence Darrow" }, { "id": "13148123", "score": "1.6286899", "text": "the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. \"Social Gospel\" principles continue to inspire newer movements such as Christians Against Poverty. The Scopes Monkey Trial was a major publicity event in 1925 that saw a modernist challenge to Fundamentalist beliefs about the Bible. Technically it was a criminal case that used Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful, in any public school, \"\"to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.\"\" This is often interpreted as meaning", "title": "History of Christianity in the United States" }, { "id": "11188622", "score": "1.6234787", "text": "many original features, including the main courtroom on the second floor, where the Scopes Monkey Trial took place. The building was constructed in 1890-91, after Dayton was named the county seat, replacing Washington. It was designed by W. Chamberlain and Co., architects from Knoxville, Tennessee, and was built by contractors from Chattanooga. In July 1925 the courthouse was the scene of one of the mostly widely reported trials of the 1920s, the Scopes Trial. Essentially cooked up as a publicity stunt by locals after passage of the state's Butler Act banned the teaching of biological evolution in public schools, science", "title": "Rhea County Courthouse" }, { "id": "15829192", "score": "1.6089838", "text": "to attract publicity to the town. Scopes is put on trial. Frances takes Scopes' side and defies her father, even though the case is not completely genuine. Notable people such as politician William Jennings Bryan (prosecutor of Scopes), lawyer Clarence Darrow (defender of Scopes), and journalist H. L. Mencken arrive in Dayton, along with a horde of reporters, and drama stirs. The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books reviewed \"Monkey Town\", stating that \"Though the book rewrites a few bits of history to make its point, it's not the wholesale revisioning of \"Inherit the Wind\", and the story is", "title": "Monkey Town (novel)" }, { "id": "386034", "score": "1.6039755", "text": "be willing to stand trial.\" Scopes urged students to testify against him and coached them in their answers. He was indicted on May 25, after three students testified against him at the grand jury; one student afterwards told reporters, \"I believe in part of evolution, but I don't believe in the monkey business.\" Judge John T. Raulston accelerated the convening of the grand jury and \"... all but instructed the grand jury to indict Scopes, despite the meager evidence against him and the widely reported stories questioning whether the willing defendant had ever taught evolution in the classroom\". Scopes was", "title": "Scopes Trial" }, { "id": "7020104", "score": "1.5998969", "text": "Roberts was misleading the public. The case was promoted by the media around Australia and the world as a second Scopes Monkey Trial. Plimer's action failed; Judge Ron Sackville said \"Courts should not attempt to provide a remedy for every false or misleading statement made in the course of public debate on matters of general interest.\" Judge Sackville accepted that Roberts had infringed Fasold's copyrights, but Fasold described the award of $2,500 Australian dollars in damages as \"a slap in the face,\" pointing out that he had won more in two similar cases in the United States. David Fasold David", "title": "David Fasold" } ]

[ "Great Expectations", "Great Expectations plot details", "Great expectations", "mrs joe", "herbert pocket", "Mrs joe", "jaggers", "great expectations", "joe gargery", "bentley drummle", "great expectations plot details", "Herbert Pocket", "Joe Gargery", "Jaggers", "great expectation", "Great Expectation", "Bentley Drummle" ]

[ { "id": "1353106", "score": "1.713532", "text": "John Guillermin and \"The Vicious Circle\" (1957). More popular with the public were the war films: \"Dunkirk\" (1958), the second most popular film of the year in Britain; \"Ice Cold in Alex\" (1958), directed by J. Lee Thompson; and \"I Was Monty's Double\"'(1958), directed by Guillermin. In the 1959 crime drama \"Tiger Bay\", directed by Thompson, Mills played a police detective investigating a murder that a young girl has witnessed. His daughter Hayley was cast, and earned excellent reviews. Mills went to Australia to play a cane cutter in the Hollywood financed \"Summer of the Seventeenth Doll\" (1959). Better received", "title": "John Mills" }, { "id": "1353101", "score": "1.7077777", "text": "out of the army in 1942. Mills' climb to stardom began when he had the lead role in \"We Dive at Dawn\" (1943), a film directed by Asquith about submariners. He was top billed in \"This Happy Breed\" (1944), directed by David Lean from a Noël Coward play, and a big hit. Also popular was \"Waterloo Road\" (1945), from Sidney Gilliat, where Mills played a man who goes AWOL to retrieve his wife from draft-dodging Stewart Granger. Mills played a pilot in \"The Way to the Stars\" (1945), directed by Asquith from a script by Terence Rattigan, and another big", "title": "John Mills" }, { "id": "792592", "score": "1.6876097", "text": "particularly savaged by the New York critics. Some critics felt the film's massive visual scale on gorgeous Irish beaches and extended running time did not suit its small-scale romantic narrative. Nonetheless, the film was a box office success, earning $31 million and making it the 8th highest-grossing film of that year. It won two Academy Awards the following year, another for cinematographer Freddie Young and for supporting actor John Mills in his role as a village halfwit. The poor critical reception of the film prompted Lean to meet with the National Society of Film Critics, gathered at the Algonquin Hotel", "title": "David Lean" }, { "id": "1353102", "score": "1.6845591", "text": "hit in Britain. He did \"Duet for Two Hands\" (1945) on stage. Mills had his greatest success to date in the lead in \"Great Expectations\" (1946), directed by David Lean. It was the third biggest hit at the British box office this year and Mills was voted the sixth most popular star. Less successful critically and financially was \"So Well Remembered\" (1947) which used American writers and directors. \"The October Man\" (1947) was a mildly popular thriller from Roy Ward Baker. Mills played the title role in \"Scott of the Antarctic\" (1948), a biopic of Captain Scott. It was the", "title": "John Mills" }, { "id": "14265174", "score": "1.6636701", "text": "Run Wild, Run Free Run Wild, Run Free is a 1969 British drama film directed by Richard C. Sarafian and starring John Mills and Mark Lester. The film was written by David Rook, based on his novel \"The White Colt\", and shot on location in Dartmoor, Devon, England. \"Philip (Mark Lester) is a troubled 10-year-old boy who has been fleeing the confines of his family's home since babyhood. Like some wild animal, Philip refuses to be penned up. Even more frustrating for his devoted mother and more irritable father, Philip has refused to speak since the age of three. Run", "title": "Run Wild, Run Free" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Oliver Twist\n\nOliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress, is the second novel by English author Charles Dickens. It was originally published as a serial from 1837 to 1839, and as a three-volume book in 1838. The story follows the titular orphan, who is subject to deprivation and vexation in the workhouse where he was left following the death of his mother. Indulging a dare by his starving comrades, he asks for an extra portion of gruel, and is placed into apprenticeship with an undertaker. Upon escaping to London, he meets the \"Artful Dodger\", a member of a gang of juvenile pickpockets led by the elderly criminal Fagin.\n\n\"Oliver Twist\" unromantically portrays the sordid lives of criminals, and exposes the cruel treatment of the many orphans in London in the mid-19th century. The alternative title, \"The Parish Boy's Progress\", alludes to Bunyan's \"The Pilgrim's Progress\", as well as the 18th-century caricature series by painter William Hogarth, \"A Rake's Progress\" and \"A Harlot's Progress\".\n\nIn an early example of the social novel, Dickens satirises child labour, domestic violence, the recruitment of children as criminals, and the presence of street children. The novel may have been inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe, an orphan whose account of working as a child labourer in a cotton mill was widely read in the 1830s. It is likely that Dickens' own experiences as a youth contributed as well, considering he spent two years of his life in the workhouse at the age of 12 and subsequently, missed out on some of his education.\n\n\"Oliver Twist\" has been the subject of numerous adaptations, including a highly successful musical, \"Oliver!\", the multiple Academy Award-winning 1968 motion picture, Disney's animated film \"Oliver & Company\" in 1988 and the 1948 film, starring Alec Guinness as Fagin.", "title": "Oliver Twist" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Diana Dors\n\nDiana Dors (born Diana Mary Fluck; 23 October 19314 May 1984) was an English actress and singer.\n\nDors came to public notice as a blonde bombshell, much in the style of Americans Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield and Mamie Van Doren. Dors was promoted by her first husband, Dennis Hamilton, mostly in sex film-comedies and risqué modelling. After it was revealed that Hamilton had been defrauding her, she continued to play up to her established image, and she made tabloid headlines with the parties reportedly held at her house. Later, she showed talent as a performer on TV, in recordings, and in cabaret, and gained new public popularity as a regular chat-show guest. She also gave well-regarded film performances at different points in her career.\n\nAccording to David Thomson, \"Dors represented that period between the end of the war and the coming of Lady Chatterley in paperback, a time when sexuality was naughty, repressed and fit to burst.\"", "title": "Diana Dors" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Unusual articles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of films based on actual events (before 2000)\n\nThis is a list of films and miniseries that are based on actual events. All films on this list are from American production unless indicated otherwise.\n\nNot all films have remained true to the genuine history of the event or the characters they are portraying, often adding action and drama to increase the substance and popularity of the film. True story films gained popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the production of films based on actual events that first aired on CBS, ABC, and NBC. This list should only include films supported by a Wikipedia article.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of films based on actual events (before 2000)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chris Cornell\n\nChristopher John Cornell (né Boyle; July 20, 1964 – May 18, 2017) was an American singer and musician best known as the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and primary lyricist and songwriter for the rock bands Soundgarden and Audioslave. He also had a solo career and contributed to numerous movie soundtracks. Cornell was also the founder and frontman of Temple of the Dog, a one-off tribute band dedicated to his late friend Andrew Wood.\n\nCornell is considered one of the key figures of the 1990s grunge movement, and is well known for his extensive catalog as a songwriter, his nearly four-octave vocal range, and his powerful vocal belting technique. He released four solo studio albums, \"Euphoria Morning\" (1999), \"Carry On\" (2007), \"Scream\" (2009), and \"Higher Truth\" (2015); the live album \"Songbook\" (2011); and two compilations, \"The Roads We Choose\" (2007) and \"Chris Cornell\" (2018), the latter released posthumously. He received a Golden Globe Award nomination for his song \"The Keeper\", which appeared in the 2011 film \"Machine Gun Preacher\", and co-wrote and performed \"You Know My Name\", the theme song to the 2006 James Bond film \"Casino Royale\". His last solo release before his death was the charity single \"The Promise\", written for the ending credits for the 2016 film of the same name.\n\nAcross his entire catalog, Cornell sold 14.8 million albums, 8.8 million digital songs, and 300 million on-demand audio streams in the U.S. alone, as well as over 30 million records worldwide. He was nominated for 18 Grammy Awards, winning three. He was voted \"Rock's Greatest Singer\" by readers of \"Guitar World\", and ranked No. 4 on the list of \"Heavy Metal's All-Time Top 100 Vocalists\" by \"Hit Parader\", No. 9 on the list of \"Best Lead Singers of All Time\" by \"Rolling Stone\", and No. 12 on MTV's \"22 Greatest Voices in Music\".\n\nCornell struggled with depression for most of his life. He was found dead in his Detroit hotel room in the early hours of May 18, 2017, after performing at a Soundgarden concert an hour earlier at the Fox Theatre. His death was ruled a suicide by hanging.<ref name=\"catalog\"/>", "title": "Chris Cornell" }, { "id": "12277225", "score": "1.6592674", "text": "Paddington Station in London. In his \"New York Times\" review, Bosley Crowther called it a \"second rate film\" with \"a first-rate actor [John Mills]...surrounded by a generally competent cast\". In general, though, the film received good critical notices. According to trade papers, the film was a \"notable box office attraction\" at British cinemas in 1947. The October Man The October Man is a 1947 mystery film/film noir starring John Mills and Joan Greenwood, written by novelist Eric Ambler, who also produced. A man is suspected of murder, and due to the lingering effects of a brain injury sustained in an", "title": "The October Man" }, { "id": "4621886", "score": "1.6293845", "text": "in all its forms\" and stood for \"love and understanding\". Nevertheless, the controversy hung around for some time. In 2001, shortly after his father Roy Boulting’s death, Mills began writing film scripts. His first screenplay ‘The Winged Boy’ was bought by the Hollywood production company Gold Circle, but has never been made. Mills continued to write and develop material, eventually writing and directing \"A Fantastic Fear of Everything\", starring Simon Pegg. The film, which tells the story of a paranoid crime writer with an irrational fear of launderettes and hedgehogs, received mixed reviews. Many indie reviewers praised its visual originality", "title": "Crispian Mills" }, { "id": "14265175", "score": "1.6174117", "text": "Wild, Run Free (1969), directed by Richard C. Sarafian, is occasionally graced with experimental, art film touches, as when, at one point the internal thoughts of Philip's mother (Sylvia Syms) describing her fatigue and inability to love her son can be heard as voice-over as they drive to a therapist appointment. Out roaming the moors, Philip encounters the kindly, nature-loving retired Colonel (John Mills) who is deeply sympathetic to the boy's plight. Like the nature that surrounds him—the film was shot on location in Dartmoor, Devon, England—the boy is a creature of mute-impulse who must be patiently tamed and drawn", "title": "Run Wild, Run Free" }, { "id": "4361780", "score": "1.6115489", "text": "genre was \"Tiger Bay\" (1959), starring John Mills; it introduced cinema audiences to Mills' daughter Hayley and German actor Horst Buchholz. Hayley Mills also earned a BAFTA for Most Promising Newcomer portraying a 12-year-old girl who refuses to betray a sailor accused of murder. Thompson followed this with \"I Aim at the Stars\" (1960). Thompson vaulted to international fame with \"The Guns of Navarone\" (1961) as a last-minute replacement for director Alexander Mackendrick. His take-charge attitude during its production earned him the nickname 'Mighty Mouse' from lead actor Gregory Peck. \"The Guns of Navarone\", a Second World War epic filmed", "title": "J. Lee Thompson" }, { "id": "1353103", "score": "1.610158", "text": "fourth most watched film of the year in Britain and Mills was the eighth biggest star. Mills turned producer with \"The History of Mr. Polly\" (1949) from the novel by H. G. Wells. It was directed by Anthony Pelissier and Mills said it was his favorite film. Pelisse also made \"The Rocking Horse Winner\" (1949) which Mills produced; he also played a small role. More liked at the box office was a submarine drama, \"Morning Departure\" (1950), directed by Baker. By this stage his fee was a reported £20,000 a film. After \"Morning Departure\" Mills took almost two years off.", "title": "John Mills" }, { "id": "5973386", "score": "1.6081383", "text": "into horror film territory before subverting all expectations and delivering something altogether different instead. It premiered at TIFF in 2002. He followed this with his acclaimed adaptation of Scots beat writer Alexander Trocchi's cult novel, \"Young Adam\" (2003). It features Ewan McGregor as a young drifter working on a river barge as he disrupts his employers' lives while hiding the fact that he knows more about a dead woman found in the river than he admits. Tilda Swinton, Peter Mullan and Emily Mortimer also star. The film premiered in the Un Certain Regard, Cannes 2003, and played TIFF and Telluride,", "title": "David Mackenzie (director)" }, { "id": "1353108", "score": "1.6076288", "text": "the Streets\" (1961) and an Italian-British war film \"The Valiant\" (1962). Mills did a comedy with James Mason, \"Tiara Tahiti\" (1962). He had a support role in \"The Chalk Garden\" (1964) starring Hayley. After a cameo on the war film \"Operation Crossbow\" (1965), Mills made a third film with his daughter, \"The Truth About Spring\" (1965). He had a cameo in \"King Rat\" (1965) for Bryan Forbes, who then directed Mills in \"The Wrong Box\" (1966). Mills again played Hayley's father on screen in \"The Family Way\" (1966). He then directed her in \"Sky West and Crooked\" (1966) from a", "title": "John Mills" }, { "id": "18267680", "score": "1.6070948", "text": "proportions\". Allmovie wrote \"the writer-director's premiere effort announces him as a major new onscreen talent and a fresh and welcome comedic voice.\" It was reviewed as a \"New York Times\" Critics' Pick upon its release. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 88% based on 16 reviews. Guidance (film) Guidance is a Canadian dark comedy film, which premiered at the 2014 Toronto Film Festival on September 5, 2014 as part of the Discovery program. The full-length directorial debut of Pat Mills, the film stars Mills as David Gold, a down on his luck former child star", "title": "Guidance (film)" }, { "id": "8037044", "score": "1.6000288", "text": "Film Festival. The film was released in Australia on 20 July 2006 and was released in the United States on 27 April 2007. Its production budget was reportedly $10.8 million. On an annual fishing trip, in isolated high country, Stewart (Gabriel Byrne), Carl (John Howard), Rocco (Stelios Yiakmis) and Billy (Simon Stone) find a girl's body in the river; she has been brutally murdered by Gregory (Chris Haywood), a local electrician. The girl (Tatea Reilly) turns out subsequently to be Aboriginal. The discovery shocks and confuses the men. Only the youngest of the men, Billy, understands this is a crime", "title": "Jindabyne (film)" }, { "id": "16531038", "score": "1.596802", "text": "box office, but received largely negative reviews from critics. A third film, \"Taken 3\", was released on 9 January 2015. At the funeral of his son Marko and associates in Tropojë, Albanian mafia head and low-lying freelance terrorist Murad Hoxha vows to seek vengeance on his son's killer. Travelling to Paris with his men, he interrogates and tortures former intelligence agent Jean-Claude Pitrel, whose business card was found at the scene of Marko's death, but finds no information. He then bribes a corrupt police official for Pitrel's files and deduces that Pitrel's old friend Bryan Mills was responsible and is", "title": "Taken 2" }, { "id": "1353113", "score": "1.5910935", "text": "Memories\", with interviews with Mills, his children Hayley, Juliet and Jonathan and Richard Attenborough. The film was produced and written by Jonathan Mills, directed and edited by Marcus Dillistone, and features behind the scenes footage and stories from films such as \"Ice Cold in Alex\" and \"Dunkirk\". In addition the film also includes home footage of many of Mills's friends and fellow cast members including Laurence Olivier, Harry Andrews, Walt Disney, David Niven, Dirk Bogarde, Rex Harrison and Tyrone Power. Mills's last cinema appearance was playing a tramp in \"Lights 2\" (directed by Marcus Dillistone); the cinematographer was Jack Cardiff.", "title": "John Mills" }, { "id": "15259245", "score": "1.5863645", "text": "Marie DeForrest presented in a nude crucifixion scene. The resulting film, which was now called \"Lash of the Penitentes\", became infamous and played on the states-rights market for years afterward. The notorious \"Child Bride\" followed. The film—the first produced by exploitation-film legend Kroger Babb, who marketed it as an \"educational\" picture—was a somewhat cheesy tale of early-teen and pre-teen girls being married off to elderly men, a long-standing practice in some of the more backward areas of the American South. Its signature scene was a lengthy skinny-dipping sequence featuring pre-pubescent starlet Shirley Mills. Afterwards, Revier disappears from the rolls of", "title": "Harry Revier" }, { "id": "10693990", "score": "1.5844176", "text": "Sky West and Crooked Sky West and Crooked (known in the United States as Gypsy Girl) is a 1965 romantic drama film, featuring actress Hayley Mills. The film was directed by her father, John Mills, and was co-written by her mother, Mary Hayley Bell. The film begins when an eight-year-old Brydie White was with a playmate when he accidentally killed himself with a shotgun. Moving forward, Brydie [Hayley Mills] is a troubled seventeen-year-old girl, living in a small, isolated village in the West Country of England. It becomes apparent that, because they were alone in the churchyard, some of the", "title": "Sky West and Crooked" }, { "id": "1353107", "score": "1.582849", "text": "was \"Tunes of Glory\" (1960), a military drama directed by Ronald Neame co-starring Alec Guinness. Mills' performance earned him a Best Actor Award at the Venice Film Festival. Walt Disney saw \"Tiger Bay\" and offered Hayley Mills the lead role in \"Pollyanna\" (1960). Disney also offered John Mills the lead in the adventure film \"Swiss Family Robinson\" (1960), which was a huge hit. He did \"Ross\" (1960–61) on stage. The Rank Organisation insisted Mills play the role of the priest in \"The Singer Not the Song\" (1961) opposite Dirk Bogarde. Mills and Baker reteamed on an interracial drama \"Flame in", "title": "John Mills" }, { "id": "12277220", "score": "1.5823741", "text": "The October Man The October Man is a 1947 mystery film/film noir starring John Mills and Joan Greenwood, written by novelist Eric Ambler, who also produced. A man is suspected of murder, and due to the lingering effects of a brain injury sustained in an earlier accident and after intense police investigation, he himself begins to doubt whether he is innocent or not. When a bus crashes due to faulty steering, passenger Jim Ackland (John Mills) sustains a serious brain injury and a young girl under his care is killed. Guilt ridden, he attempts suicide twice during his recovery. He", "title": "The October Man" } ]

[ "Parabolae", "Lambert's Theorem", "parabolae", "derivation of parabolic form", "x squared", "Derivation of parabolic form", "X squared", "conic section proofs", "Derivations of Conic Sections", "parabolic curve", "Parabolic curve", "Parabolic Equation", "Parabolic equation", "lambert s theorem", "parabolic equation", "Parabolas", "Parabolic vault", "parabola proofs", "parabolic vault", "parabola", "Conic section/Proofs", "derivations of conic sections", "Parabola/Proofs", "Derivations of conic sections", "Parabola", "parabolas" ]

[ { "id": "4463223", "score": "1.5247254", "text": "the closure of the cone formed by all half-lines (or rays) emanating from \"x\" and intersecting \"K\" in at least one point \"y\" distinct from \"x\". It is a convex cone in \"V\" and can also be defined as the intersection of the closed half-spaces of \"V\" containing \"K\" and bounded by the supporting hyperplanes of \"K\" at \"x\". The boundary \"T\" of the solid tangent cone is the tangent cone to \"K\" and ∂\"K\" at \"x\". If this is an affine subspace of \"V\" then the point \"x\" is called a smooth point of ∂\"K\" and ∂\"K\" is said", "title": "Tangent cone" }, { "id": "118702", "score": "1.5056503", "text": "the closed type of conic section: a plane curve resulting from the intersection of a cone by a plane (see figure to the right). Ellipses have many similarities with the other two forms of conic sections: parabolas and hyperbolas, both of which are open and unbounded. The cross section of a cylinder is an ellipse, unless the section is parallel to the axis of the cylinder. Analytically, an ellipse may also be defined as the set of points such that the ratio of the distance of each point on the curve from a given point (called a focus or focal", "title": "Ellipse" }, { "id": "12381388", "score": "1.5002844", "text": "source of interesting and beautiful results in Euclidean geometry. A conic is the curve obtained as the intersection of a plane, called the \"cutting plane\", with the surface of a double cone (a cone with two \"nappes\"). It shall be assumed that the cone is a right circular cone for the purpose of easy description, but this is not required; any double cone with some circular cross-section will suffice. Planes that pass through the vertex of the cone will intersect the cone in a point, a line or a pair of intersecting lines. These are called degenerate conics and some", "title": "Conic section" }, { "id": "11599310", "score": "1.4885398", "text": "As the pair (\"u\", \"u\") solving (1) varies, the tangent planes envelope a cone in R with vertex at (\"x\",\"y\",\"z\"), called the Monge cone. When \"F\" is quasilinear, the Monge cone degenerates to a single line called the Monge axis. Otherwise, the Monge cone is a proper cone since a nontrivial and non-coaxial one-parameter family of planes through a fixed point envelopes a cone. Explicitly, the original partial differential equation gives rise to a scalar-valued function on the cotangent bundle of \"R\", defined at a point (\"x\",\"y\",\"z\") by Vanishing of \"F\" determines a curve in the projective plane with homogeneous", "title": "Monge cone" }, { "id": "9185565", "score": "1.487263", "text": "jet aircraft as seen from the jet's own reference frame. Note that the 3D-surfaces above enclose 4D-hypervolumes, which are the 4-cones proper. The spherical cone consists of two unbounded \"nappes\", which meet at the origin and are the analogues of the nappes of the 3-dimensional conical surface. The \"upper nappe\" corresponds with the half with positive \"w\"-coordinates, and the \"lower nappe\" corresponds with the half with negative \"w\"-coordinates. If it is restricted between the hyperplanes \"w\" = 0 and \"w\" = \"r\" for some nonzero \"r\", then it may be closed by a 3-ball of radius \"r\", centered at (0,0,0,\"r\"),", "title": "Hypercone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Parabola\n\nIn mathematics, a parabola is a plane curve which is mirror-symmetrical and is approximately U-shaped. It fits several superficially different mathematical descriptions, which can all be proved to define exactly the same curves.\n\nOne description of a parabola involves a point (the focus) and a line (the directrix). The focus does not lie on the directrix. The parabola is the locus of points in that plane that are equidistant from both the directrix and the focus. Another description of a parabola is as a conic section, created from the intersection of a right circular conical surface and a plane parallel to another plane that is tangential to the conical surface.\n\nThe line perpendicular to the directrix and passing through the focus (that is, the line that splits the parabola through the middle) is called the \"axis of symmetry\". The point where the parabola intersects its axis of symmetry is called the \"vertex\" and is the point where the parabola is most sharply curved. The distance between the vertex and the focus, measured along the axis of symmetry, is the \"focal length\". The \"latus rectum\" is the chord of the parabola that is parallel to the directrix and passes through the focus. Parabolas can open up, down, left, right, or in some other arbitrary direction. Any parabola can be repositioned and rescaled to fit exactly on any other parabola—that is, all parabolas are geometrically similar.\n\nParabolas have the property that, if they are made of material that reflects light, then light that travels parallel to the axis of symmetry of a parabola and strikes its concave side is reflected to its focus, regardless of where on the parabola the reflection occurs. Conversely, light that originates from a point source at the focus is reflected into a parallel (\"collimated\") beam, leaving the parabola parallel to the axis of symmetry. The same effects occur with sound and other waves. This reflective property is the basis of many practical uses of parabolas.\n\nThe parabola has many important applications, from a parabolic antenna or parabolic microphone to automobile headlight reflectors and the design of ballistic missiles. It is frequently used in physics, engineering, and many other areas.", "title": "Parabola" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Spacetime diagram\n\nA spacetime diagram is a graphical illustration of the properties of space and time in the special theory of relativity. Spacetime diagrams allow a qualitative understanding of the corresponding phenomena like time dilation and length contraction without mathematical equations.\n\nThe history of an object's location throughout all time traces out a line, referred to as the object's world line, in a spacetime diagram. Points in spacetime diagrams represent a fixed position in space and time and are referred to as events.\n\nThe most well-known class of spacetime diagrams are known as Minkowski diagrams, developed by Hermann Minkowski in 1908. Minkowski diagrams are two-dimensional graphs that depict events as happening in a universe consisting of one space dimension and one time dimension. Unlike a regular distance-time graph, the distance is displayed on the horizontal axis and time on the vertical axis. Additionally, the time and space units of measurement are chosen in such a way that an object moving at the speed of light is depicted as following a 45° angle to the diagram's axes.", "title": "Spacetime diagram" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Glossary of aerospace engineering\n\nThis glossary of aerospace engineering terms pertains specifically to aerospace engineering, its sub-disciplines, and related fields including aviation and aeronautics. For a broad overview of engineering, see glossary of engineering.\n\n", "title": "Glossary of aerospace engineering" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics\n\nBicycle and motorcycle dynamics is the science of the motion of bicycles and motorcycles and their components, due to the forces acting on them. Dynamics falls under a branch of physics known as classical mechanics. Bike motions of interest include balancing, steering, braking, accelerating, suspension activation, and vibration. The study of these motions began in the late 19th century and continues today.\n\nBicycles and motorcycles are both single-track vehicles and so their motions have many fundamental attributes in common and are fundamentally different from and more difficult to study than other wheeled vehicles such as dicycles, tricycles, and quadracycles. As with unicycles, bikes lack lateral stability when stationary, and under most circumstances can only remain upright when moving forward. Experimentation and mathematical analysis have shown that a bike stays upright when it is steered to keep its center of mass over its wheels. This steering is usually supplied by a rider, or in certain circumstances, by the bike itself. Several factors, including geometry, mass distribution, and gyroscopic effect all contribute in varying degrees to this self-stability, but long-standing hypotheses and claims that any single effect, such as gyroscopic or trail, is solely responsible for the stabilizing force have been discredited.\n\nWhile remaining upright may be the primary goal of beginning riders, a bike must lean in order to maintain balance in a turn: the higher the speed or smaller the turn radius, the more lean is required. This balances the roll torque about the wheel contact patches generated by centrifugal force due to the turn with that of the gravitational force. This lean is usually produced by a momentary steering in the opposite direction, called countersteering. Countersteering skill is usually acquired by motor learning and executed via procedural memory rather than by conscious thought. Unlike other wheeled vehicles, the primary control input on bikes is steering torque, not position.\n\nAlthough longitudinally stable when stationary, bikes often have a high enough center of mass and a short enough wheelbase to lift a wheel off the ground under sufficient acceleration or deceleration. When braking, depending on the location of the combined center of mass of the bike and rider with respect to the point where the front wheel contacts the ground, and if the front brake is applied hard enough, bikes can either: skid the front wheel which may or not result in a crash; or flip the bike and rider over the front wheel. A similar situation is possible while accelerating, but with respect to the rear wheel.", "title": "Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/October-2006" }, { "id": "3387487", "score": "1.4635832", "text": "Cone A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, circular) to a point called the apex or vertex. A cone is formed by a set of line segments, half-lines, or lines connecting a common point, the apex, to all of the points on a base that is in a plane that does not contain the apex. Depending on the author, the base may be restricted to be a circle, any one-dimensional quadratic form in the plane, any closed one-dimensional figure, or any of the above plus all the enclosed points.", "title": "Cone" }, { "id": "12381390", "score": "1.4590702", "text": "see diagram, this means that the cutting plane is perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the cone. If the cutting plane is parallel to exactly one generating line of the cone, then the conic is unbounded and is called a \"parabola\". In the remaining case, the figure is a \"hyperbola\". In this case, the plane will intersect \"both\" halves of the cone, producing two separate unbounded curves. A property that the conic sections share is often presented as the following definition. A \"conic section\" is the locus of all points whose distance to a fixed point (called the focus of", "title": "Conic section" }, { "id": "5296349", "score": "1.4585147", "text": "KPL is very small. JM is the line through P that bisects that angle. From the geometry of circles, the triangles IPH and KPL are similar. The lines KH and IL are rotated about the axis JM to form 2 cones that intersect the sphere in 2 closed curves. In Fig. 1 the sphere is seen from a distance along the line PE and is assumed transparent so both curves can be seen. The surface of the sphere that the cones intersect can be considered to be flat, and angles formula_18 Since the intersection of a cone with a plane", "title": "Shell theorem" }, { "id": "6006140", "score": "1.4578642", "text": "which the world lines of the dust particles appear as vertical coordinate lines. Let us draw the light cones for some typical events in the van Stockum dust, to see how their appearance (in our comoving cylindrical chart) depends on the radial coordinate: As the figure shows, at formula_30, the cones become tangent to the coordinate plane formula_31, and we obtain a closed null curve (the red circle). Note that this is \"not\" a null geodesic. As we move further outward, we can see that horizontal circles with larger radii are closed timelike curves. The paradoxical nature of these CTCs", "title": "Van Stockum dust" }, { "id": "20737992", "score": "1.4561653", "text": "a vertex of the curve, then at least four points of the curve have osculating planes passing through formula_11. In particular, for a curve not contained in a hemisphere, this theorem can be applied with formula_11 at the center of the sphere. Every inflection point of a spherical curve has an osculating plane that passes through the center of the sphere, but this might also be true of some other points. This theorem is analogous to the four-vertex theorem, that every smooth simple closed curve in the plane has four vertices (extreme points of curvature). It is also analogous to", "title": "Tennis ball theorem" }, { "id": "11403705", "score": "1.45498", "text": "\"cone of curves\" of formula_1 to be where the formula_6 are irreducible, reduced, proper curves on formula_1, and formula_18 their classes in formula_13. It is not difficult to see that formula_20 is indeed a convex cone in the sense of convex geometry. One useful application of the notion of the cone of curves is the Kleiman condition, which says that a (Cartier) divisor formula_11 on a complete variety formula_1 is ample if and only if formula_23 for any nonzero element formula_24 in formula_25, the closure of the cone of curves in the usual real topology. (In general, formula_20 need not", "title": "Cone of curves" }, { "id": "9798163", "score": "1.4542253", "text": "limit this curve will form an ellipse aligned with the principal directions. For hyperbolic points, where the Gaussian curvature is negative, the intersection will form a hyperbola. Two different hyperbola will be formed on either side of the tangent plane. These hyperbola share the same axis and asymptotes. The directions of the asymptotes are the same as the asymptotic directions. Dupin indicatrix In differential geometry, the Dupin indicatrix is a method for characterising the local shape of a surface. Draw a plane parallel to the tangent plane and a small distance away from it. Consider the intersection of the surface", "title": "Dupin indicatrix" }, { "id": "4463226", "score": "1.4483442", "text": "is the whole plane, and has higher dimension than the curve itself (two versus one). On the other hand, the tangent cone is the union of the tangent lines to the two branches of \"C\" at the origin, Its defining ideal is the principal ideal of \"k\"[\"x\"] generated by the initial term of \"f\", namely \"y\" − \"x\" = 0. The definition of the tangent cone can be extended to abstract algebraic varieties, and even to general Noetherian schemes. Let \"X\" be an algebraic variety, \"x\" a point of \"X\", and (\"O\", \"m\") be the local ring of \"X\" at", "title": "Tangent cone" }, { "id": "17791796", "score": "1.4420196", "text": "intersection of two quadrics in special cases. For the general case, literature provides algorithms, in order to calculate points of the intersection curve of two surfaces. Given: two planes formula_1 linearly independent, i.e. the planes are not parallel. Wanted: A parametric representation formula_2 of the intersection line. The direction of the line one gets from the crossproduct of the normal vectors: formula_3. A point formula_4 of the intersection line can be determined by intersecting the given planes formula_5 with the plane formula_6, which is perpendicular to formula_7 and formula_8. Inserting the parametric representation of formula_9 into the equations of formula_10", "title": "Intersection curve" }, { "id": "16346076", "score": "1.4409533", "text": "axis of symmetry around the axis of symmetry of the stationary cone, and formula_6 is the angular velocity of the rolling cone around its own axis of symmetry. In the special case of a cone rolling on a flat surface, this ratio becomes formula_7, where formula_3 is the cone's half apex angle. For example, a cone having an apex angle of 120 degrees, while being rolled on a flat surface, will perform exactly two full rotations around its axis of symmetry before returning to its original position. One of the most practical applications of rolling cones is the use of", "title": "Rolling cone motion" }, { "id": "17791798", "score": "1.4393978", "text": "It is an easy task to determine the intersection points of a line with a quadric (i.e. line-sphere); one only has to solve a quadratic equation. So, any intersection curve of a cone or a cylinder (they are generated by lines) with a quadric consists of intersection points of lines and the quadric (see pictures). The pictures show the possibilities which occur when intersecting a cylinder and a sphere: In general, there are no special features to exploit. One possibility to determine a polygon of points of the intersection curve of two surfaces is the marching method (see section References).", "title": "Intersection curve" }, { "id": "2418592", "score": "1.439008", "text": "points. These two points are specified by the slopes of the two asymptotes of the hyperbola. Likewise, a parabola can be seen as a closed curve which intersects the line at infinity in a single point. This point is specified by the slope of the axis of the parabola. If the parabola is cut by its vertex into a symmetrical pair of \"horns\", then these two horns become more parallel to each other further away from the vertex, and are actually parallel to the axis and to each other at infinity, so that they intersect at the line at infinity.", "title": "Line at infinity" }, { "id": "1985925", "score": "1.4324566", "text": "tilted lightcone on the corresponding spacetime diagram. An object in free fall in this circumstance continues to move along its local formula_1 axis, but to an external observer it appears it is accelerating in space as well—a common situation if the object is in orbit, for instance. In extreme examples, in spacetimes with suitably high-curvature metrics, the light cone can be tilted beyond 45 degrees. That means there are potential \"future\" positions, from the object's frame of reference, that are spacelike separated to observers in an external rest frame. From this outside viewpoint, the object can move instantaneously through space.", "title": "Closed timelike curve" }, { "id": "3187833", "score": "1.4302409", "text": "cone is symmetric about the perpendicular bisector of the line through \"F\" and \"F\" may be counterintuitive, but this argument makes it clear. Adaptations of this argument work for hyperbolas and parabolas as intersections of a plane with a cone. Another adaptation works for an ellipse realized as the intersection of a plane with a right circular cylinder. The directrix of a conic section can be found using Dandelin's construction. Each Dandelin sphere intersects the cone at a circle; let both of these circles define their own planes. The intersections of these two parallel planes with the conic section's plane", "title": "Dandelin spheres" }, { "id": "6782925", "score": "1.4296478", "text": "(linear) hyperplane is a set in the form formula_7 where f is a linear functional on the vector space V. A closed half-space is a set in the form formula_8 or formula_9 and likewise an open half-space uses strict inequality. Half-spaces (open or closed) are affine convex cones. Moreover (in finite dimensions), any convex cone \"C\" that is not the whole space \"V\" must be contained in some closed half-space \"H\" of \"V\"; this is a special case of Farkas' lemma. A cone formula_10 is called polyhedral if there is some matrix formula_11 such that formula_12, and a cone formula_10", "title": "Convex cone" } ]

[ "Cruise", "cruises", "cruise", "cruise disambiguation", "cruise film", "Cruise (disambiguation)", "The Cruise (film)", "The Cruise", "Cruises", "The Cruise (Film)" ]

[ { "id": "9925598", "score": "1.8448206", "text": "Tom Cruise filmography Tom Cruise is an American actor and producer who made his film debut with a minor role in the 1981 romantic drama \"Endless Love\". Two years later he made his breakthrough by starring in the romantic comedy \"Risky Business\" (1983), which garnered Cruise his first nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. In 1986, Cruise played a fighter pilot in the Tony Scott-directed action drama \"Top Gun\" (the highest-grossing film that year), and also starred opposite Paul Newman in the Martin Scorsese-directed drama \"The Color of Money\". Two years", "title": "Tom Cruise filmography" }, { "id": "426983", "score": "1.8314118", "text": "Right Moves\" and \"Risky Business\", which has been described as \"A Generation X classic, and a career-maker for Tom Cruise\", and which, along with 1986's \"Top Gun\", cemented his status as a superstar. Cruise also played the male lead in the Ridley Scott film \"Legend\", released in 1985. Cruise followed up \"Top Gun\" with \"The Color of Money\", which came out the same year, and which paired him with Paul Newman. 1988 saw him star in \"Cocktail\", which earned him a nomination for the Razzie Award for Worst Actor. Later that year he starred with Dustin Hoffman in \"Rain Man\",", "title": "Tom Cruise" }, { "id": "426973", "score": "1.8186164", "text": "Tom Cruise Thomas Cruise Mapother IV (born July 3, 1962) is an American actor and producer. He started his career at age 19 in the film \"Endless Love\" (1981), before making his breakthrough in the comedy \"Risky Business\" (1983) and receiving widespread attention for starring in the action drama \"Top Gun\" (1986) as Lieutenant Pete \"Maverick\" Mitchell. After starring in \"The Color of Money\" (1986) and \"Cocktail\" (1988), Cruise starred opposite Dustin Hoffman in the Academy Award for Best Picture-winning drama \"Rain Man\". For his role as anti-war activist Ron Kovic in the drama \"Born on the Fourth of July\"", "title": "Tom Cruise" }, { "id": "2888480", "score": "1.7999704", "text": "Risky Business Risky Business is a 1983 American coming-of-age comedy film written and directed by Paul Brickman, making his directorial debut. It stars Tom Cruise and Rebecca De Mornay. The film launched Cruise to stardom. It covers themes including materialism, loss of innocence, coming of age and capitalism. Joel Goodson is a high-achieving high school student who lives with his wealthy parents in the Chicago North Shore area of Glencoe. His father wants him to attend Princeton University, his \"alma mater\", so Joel participates in Future Enterprisers, an extracurricular activity in which students work in teams to create small businesses.", "title": "Risky Business" }, { "id": "3541594", "score": "1.7527447", "text": "Tom Cruise and Rob Lowe were both slated to play the lead. The casting directors were impressed with Cruise because of the famous underwear dance sequence in \"Risky Business\", but he was unavailable for the part because he was filming \"All the Right Moves\". Lowe auditioned three times and had dancing ability and the \"neutral teen\" look that the director wanted, but injury prevented him from taking the part. Bacon had been offered the main role for the Stephen King movie \"Christine\" at the same time that he was asked to do the screen test for \"Footloose\". He chose to", "title": "Footloose (1984 film)" }, { "id": "10617909", "score": "1.7021427", "text": "Kinky Business Kinky Business is an American pornographic movie takeoff of the mainstream film \"Risky Business\". It stars Tom Byron in the Tom Cruise role, and Tanya Lawson in the Rebecca De Mornay part. Others stars include Ginger Lynn, Misty Mallory, Laurie Smith, Lois Ayres, Jerry Butler, Raven, Crystal Breeze, Cynthia Brooks and Gina Carrera. Ron Jeremy and (uncredited) Kristara Barrington are featured in non-sex roles. Traci Lords had one scene in the film. Controversy would come after the news that Traci Lords was underage at the time of production, the film was later re-released with her sex scene removed.", "title": "Kinky Business" }, { "id": "8581598", "score": "1.6874685", "text": "Tom McCleister Thomas \"Tom\" McCleister (born May 26, 1949, New York City) is an American actor who is perhaps best known for his role as Ike on \"Married... with Children\". McCleister also played the part of Kolos on the series \"\", appearing in the episode \"Q-Less\". He has made guest appearances on such shows as \"NYPD Blue\", \"Roswell\", \"Angel\", \"Matlock\", \"Jake and the Fatman\", \"Diagnosis Murder\", and \"Providence\". His motion picture credits include \"Midnight Run\" (1988), a supporting role in the box-office smash Arnold Schwarzenegger-Danny DeVito film \"Twins\" (1988), \"Crazy in Alabama\" (1999), and \"Grand Theft Parsons\" (2003). In 2004", "title": "Tom McCleister" }, { "id": "16543488", "score": "1.6841456", "text": "Janet Carroll Janet Carroll (December 24, 1940 – May 22, 2012) was an American film, stage and television character actress. Carroll's career spanned more than four decades and included major roles in Broadway musicals and Hollywood productions, but was perhaps most recognized for her portrayal of the oblivious mother of Joel (Tom Cruise) in the 1983 film \"Risky Business\". Carroll was born Janet Carol Thiese in Chicago, the daughter of Hilda Catherine (née Patton) and George Nicholas Thiese. She received formal theatrical training and began acting professionally in the late 1960s, appearing in numerous productions in local theaters. She then", "title": "Janet Carroll" }, { "id": "9472750", "score": "1.6779662", "text": "his filmmaking career. During his youth, Tisch created a number of small films with backing by Columbia Pictures. In 1976, he left Columbia and created his first feature film, \"Outlaw Blues\". He followed this up in 1983 with \"Risky Business\", which gave Tom Cruise his first lead role. In 1984, Tisch produced a made-for-TV movie entitled \"The Burning Bed\", which caused controversy but also received eleven Emmy nominations for Farrah Fawcett's depiction of a battered wife. Tisch launched his own production company in 1986, called the Steve Tisch Company, which has since specialized in small screen films. However, he also", "title": "Steve Tisch" }, { "id": "8807216", "score": "1.6649181", "text": "the 1983 film \"Risky Business\", starring Tom Cruise. Cruise's character, Joel Goodson, famously lip-syncs and dances in his underwear as this song plays after his parents leave him home alone. In 1986, the song was also featured in the TV series \"\"ALF\"\", in a caricature of the before mentioned Tom cruise scene, in which Alf has similarly been left home alone and trashed the house. Activision created a series of \"\" television commercials directed by Brett Ratner based on the scene, each featuring a different set of celebrities lip-sync to the lyrics while using the new instrument controllers. The first", "title": "Old Time Rock and Roll" }, { "id": "1950215", "score": "1.6614151", "text": "soap operas such as \"The Edge of Night\" (as Ben Schultz, 1961), \"A Flame in the Wind\", and \"As the World Turns\" (as Tom Hughes, 1966–67), which were broadcast from his native Manhattan. Thomas received his first major film roles, appearing in \"Winning\" (1969) with Paul Newman, about auto racing, and \"Last Summer\" (also 1969) with Bruce Davison and Barbara Hershey, a summer coming-of-age movie. He starred in the Universal Pictures/Hal Wallis Production \"Red Sky at Morning\" (1971), which was a financial failure. He became internationally recognized for his portrayal of John \"John-Boy\" Walton, Jr., in the 1970s TV series", "title": "Richard Thomas (actor)" }, { "id": "6396632", "score": "1.6555052", "text": "is also remembered for his modeling career as one of the famous handsome hunks in Winston Cigarette billboard ads in the 1980s. Tom McBride (actor) Tom McBride (October 7, 1952 − September 24, 1995) was an American photographer, model, and actor. He starred in the 1981 horror film \"Friday the 13th Part 2\" as Mark. He also had a role in the 1985 movie \"\". His only TV guest appearance was on the TV series \"Highway to Heaven\". McBride, an openly gay man, died in 1995 due to complications from AIDS, only two weeks prior to his forty-third birthday. A", "title": "Tom McBride (actor)" }, { "id": "1790311", "score": "1.6443923", "text": "his film debut as Tyler in Steven Spielberg's \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\". Afterward, he was cast as the lead role Ponyboy Curtis in Francis Ford Coppola's \"The Outsiders\", which earned him a Young Artist Award. Following \"The Outsiders\", he became a teen idol, appearing in teen magazines like \"Tiger Beat\" and \"16 Magazine\", which referred to him as \"Tommy\" and \"Tom\". In 1984 he and \"Outsiders\" co-star, Patrick Swayze, reunited for \"Grandview, U.S.A.\", also with Jamie Lee Curtis, and \"Red Dawn\", with Charlie Sheen and Lea Thompson. Howell also had a pivotal role in \"Tank\", with James Garner and Jenilee Harrison.", "title": "C. Thomas Howell" }, { "id": "12943390", "score": "1.6393704", "text": "\"Tomcats\" (2001), \"Collateral Damage\" (2002), \"Guess Who\" (2005) and \"The Only Good Indian\" (2009). J. Kenneth Campbell J. Kenneth Campbell (born July 22, 1947) is an American film, stage, and television actor with distinctive features who has been cast in over 80 roles. He was born in Flushing, New York. He played Richard Henry Lee in the 1984 television miniseries \"George Washington\". His film credits include roles in \"Waxwork\" (1988, as the Marquis De Sade), \"The Abyss\" (1989), \"An Innocent Man\" (1989), \"Blue Heat\" (1990), \"Flight of the Intruder\" (1991), \"Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot\" (1992), \"Deadfall\" (1993), \"Cobb\"", "title": "J. Kenneth Campbell" }, { "id": "11576382", "score": "1.6388009", "text": "Risky Business (soundtrack) Risky Business is the third soundtrack album and twenty-first overall by Tangerine Dream. It is the soundtrack to the 1983 film \"Risky Business\", starring Tom Cruise. It includes songs by Bob Seger, Muddy Waters, Jeff Beck, Prince, Journey and Phil Collins. The Tangerine Dream songs were chiefly previously released compositions, shortened and retitled to correspond to scenes in the movie. The other songs on the soundtrack, with the exception of \"Old Time Rock and Roll\" and \"In the Air Tonight,\" are shortened versions as well. AllMusic noted that the soundtrack is a mix of electronic music from", "title": "Risky Business (soundtrack)" }, { "id": "8802988", "score": "1.6349629", "text": "ever auditioned for. He attended dance school before being accepted at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London when he was 18. Burke's first role was as Roland in 1999's \"\", a direct-to-video sequel of the 1996 film \"Dragonheart\". In that year he appeared in an episode of the series \"Dangerfield\" and the television movie \"All the King's Men\". After graduating from RADA, he started working steadily in television, film and theatre. His first television part after drama school was Syd in the Paul Abbott thriller series \"State of Play\", starring John Simm, Bill Nighy and James McAvoy.", "title": "Tom Burke (actor)" }, { "id": "11193527", "score": "1.6331222", "text": "author chronicles Cruise's film career, including his first role in \"Endless Love\" in 1981, his breakthrough in \"Risky Business\", and other popular films such as \"Top Gun\", \"Jerry Maguire\" and the \"\" films. He cites Cruise's role as \"Frank Mackey\" in the film \"Magnolia\" as one of his best performances. Johnstone also writes about Cruise's relationships with Mimi Rogers and Nicole Kidman, and the luxurious lifestyle maintained by Cruise and Kidman during their relationship. Johnstone puts Kidman in a sympathetic light regarding their 2001 divorce. The book discusses Cruise's relationship with Scientology, and controversy in the media, including his public", "title": "Tom Cruise: All the World's a Stage" }, { "id": "540621", "score": "1.6271851", "text": "that eventually went to John Candy. Instead, Hanks landed the lead role in \"Splash\", which went on to become a surprise box office hit, grossing more than US$69 million. He also had a sizable hit with the sex comedy \"Bachelor Party\", also in 1984. In 1983–84, Hanks made three guest appearances on \"Family Ties\" as Elyse Keaton's alcoholic brother, Ned Donnelly. With \"Nothing in Common\" (1986) – a story of a young man alienated from his father (played by Jackie Gleason) – Hanks began to extend himself from comedic roles to dramatic roles. In an interview with \"Rolling Stone\" magazine,", "title": "Tom Hanks" }, { "id": "16543496", "score": "1.6255805", "text": "aged 71. Janet Carroll Janet Carroll (December 24, 1940 – May 22, 2012) was an American film, stage and television character actress. Carroll's career spanned more than four decades and included major roles in Broadway musicals and Hollywood productions, but was perhaps most recognized for her portrayal of the oblivious mother of Joel (Tom Cruise) in the 1983 film \"Risky Business\". Carroll was born Janet Carol Thiese in Chicago, the daughter of Hilda Catherine (née Patton) and George Nicholas Thiese. She received formal theatrical training and began acting professionally in the late 1960s, appearing in numerous productions in local theaters.", "title": "Janet Carroll" }, { "id": "18594922", "score": "1.6251268", "text": "he wrote, he could hear her \"performing it in [his] head\". After writing the script, he was afraid to present it to Tomlin in case she turned down the lead role. Tomlin said that she immediately connected with the character and the story; she and Weitz then spent several months editing the script together. The film marked Tomlin's first leading role in 27 years, after co-starring with Bette Midler in the 1988 comedy film \"Big Business\". Most of the cast was made up of actors with whom Weitz had previously worked. He directed Marcia Gay Harden in \"American Dreamz\" and", "title": "Grandma (film)" } ]

[ "Alain Poher", "alain poher" ]

[ { "id": "335666", "score": "1.645046", "text": "to. He was succeeded by Nicolas Sarkozy on 16 May 2007. Following a further change, the constitutional law on the modernisation of the institutions of the Fifth Republic, 2008, a President cannot serve more than two consecutive terms. François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac are the only Presidents to date who have served a full two terms (14 years for the former, 12 years for the latter). In order to be admitted as an official candidate, potential candidates must receive signed nominations (informally known as \"parrainages\", for \"sponsors\") from more than 500 elected officials, mostly mayors. These officials must be from", "title": "President of France" }, { "id": "17340934", "score": "1.6146665", "text": "its candidate François Mitterrand was elected President of France in the 1981 presidential election. Under Mitterrand, the party achieved a governing majority in the National Assembly from 1981 to 1986 and again from 1988 to 1993. PS leader Lionel Jospin lost his bid to succeed Mitterrand as president in the 1995 presidential election against Rally for the Republic leader Jacques Chirac, but became prime minister in a cohabitation government after the 1997 parliamentary elections, a position Jospin held until 2002, when he was again defeated in the presidential election. In 2007, the party's candidate for the presidential election, Ségolène Royal,", "title": "Socialist Party (France)" }, { "id": "493189", "score": "1.5910064", "text": "New Zealand (TVNZ) also sought access to the court video recording hearing where two French agents pleaded guilty, which they . President of the French Republic: 1981–1995. Reelected in 1988. Governmental functions Elected positions National Assembly of France Member of the National Assembly of France for Nièvre: 1946–1958 / 1962–1981 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 1981). Elected in 1946, reelected in 1951, 1956, 1962, 1967, 1968, 1973, 1978. Senate of France Senator of Nièvre: 1959–1962 (resignation, reelected member of the National Assembly of France in 1962). Elected in 1959. General Council President of the General Council of", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "id": "335665", "score": "1.5908095", "text": "of the French Republic in 1962, the officeholder has been directly elected by universal suffrage; he or she was previously elected by an electoral college. After the referendum on the reduction of the mandate of the President of the French Republic, 2000, the length of the term was reduced to five years from the previous seven; the first election to a shorter term was held in 2002. President Jacques Chirac was first elected in 1995 and again in 2002. At that time, there was no limit on the number of terms, so Chirac could have run again, but chose not", "title": "President of France" }, { "id": "6528928", "score": "1.5830576", "text": "this election. The PCF candidate was Jacques Duclos, one of the historical leaders of the party. The mayor of Marseille, Gaston Defferre, was the SFIO candidate and campaigned with Pierre Mendès France, who would have become Prime Minister had Defferre been elected to the Presidency. This candidacy was the first – and so far, only – dual \"ticket\" in a French presidential election. But Defferre's campaign was weakened by the decision of centrist interim President Alain Poher to run. As Chairman of the Senate, Poher had led the \"no\" campaign in the referendum. The success of the \"no\" campaign gave", "title": "1969 French presidential election" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Charles de Gaulle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "European Parliament\n\nThe European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adopts European legislation, following a proposal by the European Commission. The Parliament is composed of 705 members (MEPs). It represents the second-largest democratic electorate in the world (after the Parliament of India), with an electorate of 375 million eligible voters in 2009.\n\nSince 1979, the Parliament has been directly elected every five years by the citizens of the European Union through universal suffrage. Voter turnout in parliamentary elections decreased each time after 1979 until 2019, when voter turnout increased by eight percentage points, and rose above 50% for the first time since 1994. The voting age is 18 in all EU member states except for Malta and Austria, where it is 16, and Greece, where it is 17.\n\nAlthough the European Parliament has legislative power, as does the Council, it does not formally possess the right of initiative as most national parliaments of the member states do, with the right of initiative being solely a prerogative of the European Commission.<ref name=\"Parliament's powers\"/><ref name=\"Pot initiative\"/> The Parliament is the \"first institution\" of the European Union (mentioned first in its treaties and having ceremonial precedence over the other EU institutions),<ref name=\"Protocol\"/> and shares equal legislative and budgetary powers with the Council (except on a few issues where special legislative procedures apply). It likewise has equal control over the EU budget. Ultimately, the European Commission, which serves as the executive branch of the EU, is accountable to Parliament. In particular, Parliament can decide whether or not to approve the European Council's nominee for President of the Commission, and is further tasked with approving (or rejecting) the appointment of the Commission as a whole. It can subsequently force the current Commission to resign by adopting a motion of censure.<ref name=\"Parliament's powers\"/>\n\nThe president of the European Parliament is the body's speaker and presides over the multi-party chamber. The five largest political groups are the European People's Party Group (EPP), the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D), Renew Europe (previously ALDE), the Greens/European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) and Identity and Democracy (ID). The last EU-wide election was held in 2019.\n\nThe Parliament is headquartered in Strasbourg, France, and has its administrative offices in Luxembourg City. Plenary sessions take place in Strasbourg as well as in Brussels, Belgium, while the Parliament's committee meetings are held primarily in Brussels.", "title": "European Parliament" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Benjamin Franklin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vice President of the United States\n\nThe vice president of the United States (VPOTUS) is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, after the president of the United States, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession. The vice president is also an officer in the legislative branch, as the president of the Senate. In this capacity, the vice president is empowered to preside over Senate deliberations at any time, but may not vote except to cast a tie-breaking vote. The vice president is indirectly elected together with the president to a four-year term of office by the people of the United States through the Electoral College.<ref name=USlegal-VP/>\n\nThe modern vice presidency is a position of significant power and is widely seen as an integral part of a president's administration. While the exact nature of the role varies in each administration, most modern vice presidents serve as a key presidential advisor, governing partner, and representative of the president. The vice president is also a statutory member of the National Security Council\n\nThe role of the vice presidency has changed dramatically since the office was created during the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Originally something of an afterthought, the vice presidency was considered an insignificant office for much of the nation's history, especially after the Twelfth Amendment meant that vice presidents were no longer the runners-up in the presidential election. The vice president's role began steadily growing in importance during the 1930s, with the Office of the Vice President being created in the executive branch in 1939, and has since grown much further. Due to its increase in power and prestige, the vice presidency is now often considered to be a stepping stone to the presidency. Since the 1970s, the vice president has been afforded an official residence at Number One Observatory Circle.\nThe Constitution does not expressly assign the vice presidency to a branch of the government, causing a dispute among scholars about which branch the office belongs to (the executive, the legislative, both, or neither). The modern view of the vice president as an officer of the executive branch—one isolated almost totally from the legislative branch—is due in large part to the assignment of executive authority to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Nevertheless, many vice presidents have often previously served in Congress, and are often tasked with helping to advance an administration's legislative priorities.\n\nKamala Harris is the 49th and current vice president of the United States. She is the first African American, first Asian American, and first female occupant of the office. She assumed office on January 20, 2021.", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "id": "13685704", "score": "1.5780219", "text": "55.25% (9,433 votes). This marks the first election since 1969 without a green candidate. After his loss as the nominee of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) in the 2012 presidential election, ex-president Nicolas Sarkozy pledged to return to being a \"Frenchman among the French\". However, he announced on 19 September 2014 that he would seek the presidency of the party, a position he secured in an online vote on 29 November online vote with the backing of 64.50% of party members, against his main opponent Bruno Le Maire's 29.18%. He succeeded the triumvirate of Alain Juppé, François Fillon,", "title": "2017 French presidential election" }, { "id": "335683", "score": "1.5734289", "text": "time in 1974 after Georges Pompidou's death. In this situation, the President of the Senate becomes Acting President of the Republic; he or she does not become the new President of the Republic as elected and therefore does not have to resign from his or her position as President of the Senate. In spite of his title as Acting President of the Republic, Poher is regarded in France as a former President and is listed in the presidents' gallery on the official presidential website. This is in contrast to acting presidents from the Third Republic. The first round of a", "title": "President of France" }, { "id": "493158", "score": "1.571451", "text": "Chirac in the second, and was re-elected with 54% of the votes. Mitterrand thus became the first President to be elected twice by universal suffrage. After his re-election, he named Michel Rocard as Prime Minister, in spite of their poor relations. Rocard led the moderate wing of the PS and he was the most popular of the Socialist politicians. Mitterrand decided to organize a new legislative election. The PS obtained a relative parliamentary majority. Four centre-right politicians joined the cabinet. The second term was marked by the creation of the Insertion Minimum Revenue (RMI), which ensured a minimum level of", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "id": "6528827", "score": "1.5679249", "text": "margin of only 424 599 votes. He nominated Chirac as Prime Minister. 1974 French presidential election Presidential elections were held in :France in 1974, following the death of President Georges Pompidou. They went to a second round, and were won by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing by a margin of 1.6%. It is to date the closest presidential election in French history. In 1969, Georges Pompidou, formerly Prime Minister under the presidency of Charles de Gaulle, was elected President of France for a seven-year term. However, he died in office on 2 April 1974, and the French voters were called to elect", "title": "1974 French presidential election" }, { "id": "8715634", "score": "1.5662655", "text": "Jacques Chirac's second term as President of France At age 69, Jacques Chirac faced his fourth campaign for the French Presidency in 2002. He was the first choice of fewer than one voter in five in the first round of voting of the presidential elections of April 2002. It had been expected that he would face incumbent prime minister Lionel Jospin on the second round of elections; instead, Chirac faced controversial far right politician Jean-Marie Le Pen of the law-and-order, anti-immigrant National Front, and won re-election by a landslide; most parties outside the National Front had called for opposing Le", "title": "Jacques Chirac's second term as President of France" }, { "id": "13306053", "score": "1.56528", "text": "frequent referenda, for citizens to be consulted on major issues. Sarkozy admitted during the campaign that he did not visit Fukushima while in Japan after the previous year's earthquake and tsunami, despite having previously said he had done so. Marine Le Pen is the candidate of the National Front, succeeding her father Jean-Marie Le Pen, who was a candidate in five presidential elections. Aiming to reach the second round, as her father had done in 2002, she also attempted to provide a different image of the party, avoiding the controversial statements previously made by her father. She has advocated \"national", "title": "2012 French presidential election" }, { "id": "13306051", "score": "1.5649335", "text": "in April with 28.63% of the vote, and again finishing first on the runoff ballot between himself and Sarkozy with 51.64% against Sarkozy's 48.36%. Nicolas Sarkozy, the incumbent president and candidate of the Union for a Popular Movement, was aiming for a second and last term in office. He was consistently second in opinion polls throughout the campaign, behind François Hollande. His reforms during his first term included a reform of universities, and of the retirement age; a reform enabling citizens to query the constitutionality of laws; and a reduction in the number of public sector employees. He argued that", "title": "2012 French presidential election" }, { "id": "182748", "score": "1.5543168", "text": "in central coners in the US proposed resolution. Jacques Chirac was reelected in 2002, mainly because his socialist rival Lionel Jospin was removed from the runoff by the right wing candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen. Conservative Nicolas Sarkozy was elected and took office on 16 May 2007. The problem of high unemployment has yet to be resolved. In 2012 election for president, Socialist François Hollande defeated Sarkozy's try for reelection. Hollande advocated a growth policy in contrast to the austerity policy advocated by Germany's Angela Merkel as a way of tackling the European sovereign debt crisis. In 2014 Hollande stood with", "title": "History of France" }, { "id": "13490244", "score": "1.553828", "text": "only served a single term, before being defeated in the 2002 election by Marie-Hélène des Esgaulx of the UMP. In a re-match in 2007, des Esgaulx triumphed for a second time. In the regional election of 2004, Deluga was elected to the Aquitaine Regional Council, where he was then chosen to be the 8th Vice President, with responsibility for tourism. In 2008, des Esgaulx resigned following her election to the French Senate, and a by-election was held for her constituency. Standing again, Deluga won the election, beating Yves Foulon of the UMP, and promised to stand down from his position", "title": "François Deluga" }, { "id": "5259422", "score": "1.5460203", "text": "in naming his challenger \"Mr Prime Minister\". Chirac answered: \"Here, you are not President, and I am not Prime Minister. We are two equal candidates. You will allow that I call you Mr Mitterrand\". Mitterrand replied: \"You are absolutely right, Mr Prime Minister\". Besides, the two candidates clashed about their attitude to the September 1986 terrorist attacks. François Mitterrand was re-elected President of France. Jacques Chirac resigned from the head of the cabinet. Michel Rocard succeeded him, then the Socialist Party obtained a relative parliamentary majority, President Mitterrand having dissolved the National Assembly. Chirac became president after winning the 1995", "title": "1988 French presidential election" }, { "id": "3288946", "score": "1.5436673", "text": "Oscar Temaru Oscar Manutahi Temaru (born November 1, 1944) is a French politician. He has been President of French Polynesia (\"président de la Polynésie française\"), an overseas collectivity of France, on five occasions: in 2004, from 2005 to 2006, from 2007 to 2008, in 2009, and from 2011 to 2013 and mayor of Faa'a since 1983. He first served as the President of French Polynesia (\"président de la Polynésie française\") from June 15, 2004 until his Government lost a no-confidence motion on October 8, 2004. He was the caretaker President for two weeks after that, but was forced to give", "title": "Oscar Temaru" }, { "id": "3288937", "score": "1.5436673", "text": "Oscar Temaru Oscar Manutahi Temaru (born November 1, 1944) is a French politician. He has been President of French Polynesia (\"président de la Polynésie française\"), an overseas collectivity of France, on five occasions: in 2004, from 2005 to 2006, from 2007 to 2008, in 2009, and from 2011 to 2013 and mayor of Faa'a since 1983. He first served as the President of French Polynesia (\"président de la Polynésie française\") from June 15, 2004 until his Government lost a no-confidence motion on October 8, 2004. He was the caretaker President for two weeks after that, but was forced to give", "title": "Oscar Temaru" }, { "id": "335663", "score": "1.5436594", "text": "proto-canon of the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome. The current President of France is Emmanuel Macron, who succeeded François Hollande on 14 May 2017. The presidency of France was first publicly proposed during the July Revolution of 1830, when it was offered to the Marquis de Lafayette, who demurred in favor of Prince Louis Phillipe. 18 years later, during the opening phases of the 2nd Republic, the title was created for a popularly elected Head of state, the first of whom was Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, nephew of the Emperor. Bonaparte served until he staged an auto coup against the", "title": "President of France" }, { "id": "8715647", "score": "1.5429295", "text": "not done enough to integrate its Muslim North African citizens into French society or combat racism. One issue seen of increasing importance with respect to a possible 2007 re-election bid is Jacques Chirac's age and health. Chirac has often been described to be extremely resilient and hard-working, and to have conserved a legendary appetite; before 2005, he had never had major health problems throughout his long political career. He used to be a heavy smoker but had given up many years ago. Nevertheless, it has become apparent that he is also careful of hiding signs that may betray declining health.", "title": "Jacques Chirac's second term as President of France" }, { "id": "11598687", "score": "1.538078", "text": "such a relatively prestigious job, EPAD's current president responded using the traditional French political foil of quoting classic literature: \"\"In souls nobly born, valour does not depend upon age.\"\" The Times called the nomination an \"astonishing act of nepotism by Nicolas Sarkozy\" and said that \"Jean, who is repeating his second year of undergraduate law at the Sorbonne, after having repeated the first year, was elected to a Neuilly seat on the notoriously sleaze-ridden department council last year. He was immediately given the job of heading Dad's Union for a Popular Movement on the body.\" The President of Medef replied", "title": "Jean Sarkozy" } ]

[ "Content / Non content", "content non content" ]

[ { "id": "177260", "score": "1.6375958", "text": "either \"content\" (in favour of the motion) or \"not content\" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote, but if his assessment is challenged by any Lord, a recorded vote known as a division follows. Members of the House enter one of two lobbies (the \"content\" lobby or the \"not-content\" lobby) on either side of the Chamber, where their names are recorded by clerks. At each lobby are two Tellers (themselves members of the House) who count the votes of the Lords. The Lord Speaker may not take part in the vote. Once the", "title": "House of Lords" }, { "id": "177258", "score": "1.6305888", "text": "addressed to the House as a whole (\"My Lords\") rather than to the presiding officer alone (as is the custom in the Lower House). Members may not refer to each other in the second person (as \"you\"), but rather use third person forms such as \"the noble Duke\", \"the noble Earl\", \"the noble Lord\", \"my noble friend\", \"The most Reverend Primate\", etc. Each member may make no more than one speech on a motion, except that the mover of the motion may make one speech at the beginning of the debate and another at the end. Speeches are not subject", "title": "House of Lords" }, { "id": "2543545", "score": "1.6204202", "text": "The Lord Clerk Register would read out the Peerage Roll as indicates his presence when called. The Roll was then re–read, with each peer responding by publicly announcing his votes and the return being sent to the clerk of the crown at London. The same procedure was used whenever a vacancy arose. The block voting system was used, with each peer casting as many votes as there were seats to be filled. The system, however, permitted the party with the greatest number of peers, normally the Conservatives, to procure a disproportionate number of seats, with opposing parties sometimes being left", "title": "Representative peer" }, { "id": "177191", "score": "1.6056805", "text": "Lords should be elected — each member for a single long term — by the single transferable vote system. Most of the remainder were to be appointed by a Commission to ensure a mix of \"skills, knowledge and experience\". This proposal was also not implemented. A cross-party campaign initiative called \"Elect the Lords\" was set up to make the case for a predominantly elected Second Chamber in the run up to the 2005 general election. At the 2005 election, the Labour Party proposed further reform of the Lords, but without specific details. The Conservative Party, which had, prior to 1997,", "title": "House of Lords" }, { "id": "10907266", "score": "1.5972626", "text": "that opinion, say 'aye'\". The supporters of the measure shout \"aye\". The Speaker then says, \"Of the contrary, 'no'\" and the opponents of the measure shout \"no\". (In the House of Lords, the words \"aye\" and \"no\" are replaced by \"content\" and \"not content\".) The Speaker then makes a determination of which side has won (\"I think the Ayes [or Noes] have it.\"). Any member of the house may then challenge the decision of the Speaker or Lord Speaker and call for a division of the house, or the Speaker him- or herself may call for a division. Once a", "title": "Voting methods in deliberative assemblies" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom\n\nThe House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England.\n\nThe House of Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 members known as members of Parliament (MPs). MPs are elected to represent constituencies by the first-past-the-post system and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved.\n\nThe House of Commons of England started to evolve in the 13th and 14th centuries. In 1707 it became the House of Commons of Great Britain after the political union with Scotland, and from 1800 it also became the House of Commons for Ireland after the political union of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, the body became the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland after the independence of the Irish Free State.\n\nUnder the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the Lords' power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The government is solely responsible to the House of Commons and the prime minister stays in office only as long as they retain the confidence of a majority of the Commons.", "title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "House of Lords\n\nThe House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is by appointment, heredity or official function. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England.\n\nThe House of Lords scrutinises bills that have been approved by the House of Commons. It regularly reviews and amends bills from the Commons. While it is unable to prevent bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances, it can delay bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the more powerful House of Commons that is independent of the electoral process. While members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers, high-ranking officials such as cabinet ministers are usually drawn from the Commons. The House of Lords does not control the term of the prime minister or of the government.\n\nWhile the House of Commons has a defined number of members, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. Currently, it has sitting members. The House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament in the world to be larger than its lower house, and is the second-largest legislative chamber in the world behind the Chinese National People's Congress.\n\nThe King's Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament. In addition to its role as the upper house, until the establishment of the Supreme Court in 2009, the House of Lords, through the Law Lords, acted as the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom judicial system. The House of Lords also has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual.", "title": "House of Lords" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Parliament of the United Kingdom\n\nThe Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of Westminster, London. It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and the overseas territories. Parliament is bicameral but has three parts, consisting of the sovereign (King-in-Parliament), the House of Lords, and the House of Commons (the primary chamber). In theory, power is officially vested in the King-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the prime minister, and the powers of the House of Lords are limited to only delaying legislation; thus power is \"de facto\" vested in the House of Commons.\n\nThe House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections to 650 single-member constituencies held at least every five years under the first-past-the-post system. By constitutional convention, all government ministers, including prime minister, are members of the House of Commons or, less commonly, the House of Lords and are thereby accountable to the respective branches of the legislature. Most cabinet ministers are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either house.\n\nThe House of Lords is the second chamber of Parliament. The House of Lords includes two different types of members. The most numerous are the Lords Temporal, consisting mainly of life peers appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister, and of 92 hereditary peers. The less numerous Lords Spiritual consist of the most senior bishops of the Church of England. Prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords.\n\nWith the global expansion of the British Empire, the UK Parliament has shaped the political systems of many countries as ex-colonies and so it has been called the \"Mother of Parliaments\".", "title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)\n\nThe speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the lower house and primary chamber of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The current speaker, Sir Lindsay Hoyle, was elected Speaker on 4 November 2019, following the retirement of John Bercow. Hoyle began his first full parliamentary term in the role on 17 December 2019, having been unanimously re-elected after the 2019 general election.\n\nThe speaker presides over the House's debates, determining which members may speak and which amendments are selected for consideration. The speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House. Speakers remain strictly non-partisan and renounce all affiliation with their former political parties when taking office and afterwards.\n\nThe speaker does not take part in debate or vote (except to break ties; and even then, the convention is that the speaker casts the tie-breaking vote according to Speaker Denison's rule which results either in further debate or a vote for the status quo). Aside from duties relating to presiding over the House, the speaker also performs administrative and procedural functions. In addition, they remain a constituency Member of Parliament (MP), are part of the Privy Council, and represent the Commons to the monarch, the House of Lords and other authorities.", "title": "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "House of Commons of Canada\n\nThe House of Commons of Canada () is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. Together with the Crown and the Senate of Canada, they comprise the bicameral legislature of Canada.\n\nThe House of Commons is a democratically elected body whose members are known as members of Parliament (MPs). There have been 338 MPs since the most recent electoral district redistribution for the 2015 federal election, which saw the addition of 30 seats. Members are elected by simple plurality (\"first-past-the-post\" system) in each of the country's electoral districts, which are colloquially known as \"ridings\". MPs may hold office until Parliament is dissolved and serve for constitutionally limited terms of up to five years after an election. Historically, however, terms have ended before their expiry and the sitting government has typically dissolved parliament within four years of an election according to a long-standing convention. In any case, an act of Parliament now limits each term to four years. Seats in the House of Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each province and territory. However, some ridings are more populous than others, and the Canadian constitution contains provisions regarding provincial representation. As a result, there is some interprovincial and regional malapportionment relative to the population.\n\nThe British North America Act 1867 (now called the \"Constitution Act, 1867\") created the Dominion of Canada and the House of Commons, modeling it to the British House of Commons. The lower of the two houses making up the parliament, the House of Commons, in practice holds far more power than the upper house, the Senate. Although the approval of both chambers is necessary for legislation to become law, the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the House of Commons (though the Senate does occasionally amend bills). Moreover, the Cabinet is responsible solely to the House of Commons. The prime minister stays in office only so long as they retain the support, or \"confidence\", of the lower house.\n\nThe House of Commons currently meets in a temporary chamber in the West Block of the parliament buildings on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, while the Centre Block, which houses the traditional Commons chamber, undergoes renovation.", "title": "House of Commons of Canada" }, { "id": "14560929", "score": "1.5948384", "text": "for by-elections in the Republic of Ireland, and in some local elections in New Zealand. In the United Kingdom, AV is used by MPs to elect the chairs of select committees, the Speaker of the House of Lords and the Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons. AV is also used in by-elections to select hereditary peers for the House of Lords. A variant of AV called the supplementary vote is used to elect the Mayor of London and of other UK cities. A related system called the exhaustive ballot is used to elect the Speaker of the House of", "title": "2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum" }, { "id": "2326693", "score": "1.5784544", "text": "to pursue their member for failing to vote. In the House of Lords, the Lord Speaker proposes the question and announces the result as in the Commons, but substitutes \"Content\" for \"Aye\" and \"Not-content\" for \"No\". A Lord may object to the Lord Speaker's determination. The Lord Speaker then announces a division by stating, \"Clear the Bar!\" The Bar of the House is then cleared. Tellers are appointed as in the Commons. Three minutes after the question was first proposed, the Lord Speaker again proposes the question as above. If his opinion is not challenged, then the question is decided", "title": "Division of the assembly" }, { "id": "886876", "score": "1.5764793", "text": "House could vote. The position of the Lords Spiritual (the Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England with seats in the House), however, was unclear. The Lords Spiritual, though members of the House, were not considered \"ennobled in blood\" like the temporal peers. Though they retained the right to vote in both trials of peers and impeachment trials, it was customary for them to withdraw from the chamber immediately before the House pronounced judgment. This convention was followed only before the final vote on guilt and not on procedural questions arising during the trial. When the House was not", "title": "Judicial functions of the House of Lords" }, { "id": "14560868", "score": "1.5747693", "text": "Scottish Parliament and Welsh and London Assemblies, and the supplementary vote was introduced for mayoral elections. With House of Lords reform in 1999, AV was introduced to elect replacements for the remaining 92 hereditary peers who sit in the Lords. At the next General Election in 2001, the Labour manifesto stated that they would review the experience of the new systems (in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) and the Jenkins report, to assess the possibility of changes to the Commons, which would still be subject to a referendum. Electoral reform in the Commons remained at a standstill, although in the", "title": "2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum" }, { "id": "177199", "score": "1.5519795", "text": "as the \"circumnavigation of power theory\". It implies that it would never be in any government's interest to legitimise the Lords, as they would be forfeiting their own power. The Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreed, after the 2010 general election, to outline clearly a provision for a wholly or mainly elected second chamber, elected by proportional representation. These proposals sparked a debate on 29 June 2010. As an interim measure, appointment of new peers would reflect the shares of the vote secured by the political parties in the last general election. Detailed proposals for Lords reform, including a draft House of", "title": "House of Lords" }, { "id": "177195", "score": "1.5478173", "text": "third being elected at each general election, for a term of approximately 12–15 years. The white paper states that as the peerage would be totally separated from membership of the upper house, the name \"House of Lords\" would no longer be appropriate: It goes on to explain that there is cross-party consensus for the new chamber to be titled the \"Senate of the United Kingdom\"; however, to ensure the debate remains on the role of the upper house rather than its title, the white paper is neutral on the title of the new house. On 30 November 2009, a \"Code", "title": "House of Lords" }, { "id": "177259", "score": "1.5454355", "text": "to any time limits in the House; however, the House may put an end to a speech by approving a motion \"that the noble Lord be no longer heard\". It is also possible for the House to end the debate entirely, by approving a motion \"that the Question be now put\". This procedure is known as Closure, and is extremely rare. Once all speeches on a motion have concluded, or Closure invoked, the motion may be put to a vote. The House first votes by voice vote; the Lord Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question, and the Lords respond", "title": "House of Lords" }, { "id": "12651071", "score": "1.5441968", "text": "the House of Lords. The Speaker of the House of Commons is elected by the exhaustive ballot. In 2010, the Conservative—Liberal Democrat coalition government agreed to hold a national referendum on the alternative vote, held on 5 May 2011. The proposal would have affected the way in which Members of Parliament are elected to the British House of Commons at Westminster. It was only the second national referendum ever to be held within the United Kingdom and the result of the referendum was a decisive rejection of the adoption of the alternative vote by a margin of 67.9% to 32.1%", "title": "Instant-runoff voting" }, { "id": "14761232", "score": "1.5434", "text": "the House of Lords, Lord Strathclyde, complained that \"the Labour peers are on a go-slow\" and filibustering the Bill. He was reported to be considering introducing a guillotine motion to the debate, which would have been an unprecedented move for the House of Lords. On 17 January, consideration of the Bill in Committee began at 3:10 PM. After a dinner break for an hour in the evening, at 11:38 PM the House had completed debate on only one amendment. Lord Trefgarne moved a rare closure motion \"that the question be now put\" which was carried, bringing an end to debate", "title": "Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011" }, { "id": "13267527", "score": "1.5427599", "text": "House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here.\" To this day, the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom is not allowed entry to the House of Commons. At the State Opening of Parliament the monarch, through his or her servant Black Rod, summons the members of the House of Commons to the House of Lords; the door of the Commons is slammed shut and he must knock on it to request entry. The same tradition is preserved in Canada, where the Members of Parliament are summoned to the Senate Chamber at the State Opening of Parliament by", "title": "Strangers (Parliament of the United Kingdom)" }, { "id": "4522461", "score": "1.5423248", "text": "rules of the House, or select amendments to bills—all these functions are performed by the House of Lords as a whole. Furthermore, whilst speeches in the House of Commons are addressed directly to the Speaker, those in the House of Lords are addressed to the House as a whole; i.e., speeches begin \"My Lords\" instead of \"Mr Speaker\". In practice, the only task of the Lord Speaker in the Chamber is to formally put the question before a vote, to announce the result of any vote, and to make certain announcements to the House (e.g., announcing the death of a", "title": "Lord Speaker" }, { "id": "185021", "score": "1.5408006", "text": "\"pro forma\" to symbolise their right to deliberate independently of the monarch. In the House of Lords, the bill is called the Select Vestries Bill, while the Commons equivalent is the Outlawries Bill. The Bills are considered for the sake of form only, and do not make any actual progress. Both houses of the British Parliament are presided over by a speaker, the Speaker of the House for the Commons and the Lord Speaker in the House of Lords. For the Commons, the approval of the Sovereign is theoretically required before the election of the Speaker becomes valid, but it", "title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "2654839", "score": "1.5402572", "text": "is subtly distinguished by being the only one in the House with a single armrest at either end; it is on the front row, close to the throne end of the chamber, indicating their unique status. By custom at least one of the Bishops reads prayers in each legislative day (a role taken by the Chaplain to the Speaker in the Commons). They often speak in debates; in 2004 Rowan Williams, then Archbishop of Canterbury, opened a debate into sentencing legislation. Measures (proposed laws of the Church of England) must be put before the Lords, and the Lords Spiritual have", "title": "Lords Spiritual" }, { "id": "10907267", "score": "1.5392244", "text": "division has been called, the order \"Clear the Lobby\" is given in the Commons (\"Clear the Bar\" in the Lords), and \"division bells\" ring out throughout the Parliamentary Estate to alert members that a vote is to take place. Members then physically separate themselves into the division lobbies, which are called Aye and No lobbies in the Commons (on the Speaker's right and left, respectively), and the Contents and Not Contents lobbies in the Lords. As members pass through the lobbies, clerks record their names and they are counted by tellers. Members have eight minutes to vote before the doors", "title": "Voting methods in deliberative assemblies" }, { "id": "2103427", "score": "1.5391107", "text": "can be forced to a division by continued cries either way). If the result is at all in doubt a division will be called and the speaker will say \"Division. Clear the Lobby\". In the House of Lords, the Lord Speaker will propose the question by saying, for example (second reading): \"The Question is, that the Bill be now read a second time\". The Lord Speaker then does similarly to the Commons Speaker, by saying, \"As many as are of that opinion say 'Content' [supporters say 'Content'] and of the contrary 'Not Content' [opponents say 'Not Content]. The Lord Speaker", "title": "Voice vote" } ]

[ "nicholas faldo", "Nicholas Faldo", "Nicholas Alexander Faldo", "nicholas alexander faldo", "faldo series", "nick faldo", "Nick Faldo", "sir nick faldo", "Sir Nick Faldo", "Faldo Series" ]

[ { "id": "8828138", "score": "1.8663342", "text": "Floyd and Dave Stockton. The only European vice-captain was José María Olazábal. Paul McGinley had been announced as a vice-captain in May 2007 but resigned in September 2007. Tiger Woods was the leading player on the points list but was recovering from knee surgery and unable to compete. Captains picks are shown in yellow; the world rankings and records are at the start of the 2008 Ryder Cup. Captains picks are shown in yellow; the world rankings and records are at the start of the 2008 Ryder Cup. The morning foursomes began well for Team Europe, as they took the", "title": "2008 Ryder Cup" }, { "id": "2343838", "score": "1.7830586", "text": "Nick Faldo's 2008 Ryder Cup team, with the wildcards going to Paul Casey and Ian Poulter. Montgomerie captained the Great Britain and Ireland team in the first four stagings of the Seve Trophy, losing in 2000 but winning in 2002, 2003, and 2005. On 28 January 2009, it was announced that Montgomerie would be the captain the European team at the 2010 Ryder Cup at Celtic Manor. On 4 October 2010, Montgomerie led the European team to victory, 14½ to 13½. On the same day he also announced that he would be stepping down as captain of the European Team.", "title": "Colin Montgomerie" }, { "id": "4359353", "score": "1.7599678", "text": "in this capacity for Colin Montgomerie at the 2010 Ryder Cup. On 15 January 2013, he was named the Europe team captain for the 2014 Ryder Cup. – the first Irishman in that role. His team went on to beat the USA. In May 2013, McGinley gave European player Sergio García his backing following a public feud that the Spaniard had with Tiger Woods and a controversial \"fried chicken\" remark that García made about Woods. In an interview with BBC Radio 5 Live, McGinley said: \"I think there's a personality clash and they don't particularly like each other's company. For", "title": "Paul McGinley" }, { "id": "5197594", "score": "1.7449331", "text": "2001. James represented Great Britain & Ireland or Europe in the Ryder Cup seven times including 1989 when Europe tied the match and retained the cup they had won in 1987, and 1995 when they won it outright. He was the European captain in the controversial \"Battle of Brookline\" in 1999, when the behaviour of the American galleries and team created a great deal of resentment in Europe, and also James' own actions during the matches drew fire from both sides of the Atlantic. Prior to the event, James controversially chose Andrew Coltart as his second captain's pick on the", "title": "Mark James (golfer)" }, { "id": "18816425", "score": "1.7355416", "text": "five-man panel made up of the three most recent European Ryder Cup captains (Darren Clarke, Paul McGinley and José María Olazábal), the Chief Executive of the European Tour, Keith Pelley, and European Tour Tournament Committee member Henrik Stenson. Jim Furyk was named as the USA captain on 11 January 2017. Each captain selected a number of vice-captains to assist him during the tournament. Bjørn selected Robert Karlsson as his first vice-captain in May 2017. In May 2018 he selected four more vice-captains: Luke Donald, Pádraig Harrington, Graeme McDowell and Lee Westwood. Raphaël Jacquelin was also on hand for the Europeans,", "title": "2018 Ryder Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2008 Ryder Cup\n\nThe 37th Ryder Cup Matches were held September 19–21, 2008, in the United States at Valhalla Golf Club in Louisville, Kentucky. Team USA won 16 - 11 to end the streak of three successive victories for Europe. This was USA's largest margin of victory since 1981 and the first time since 1979 that the Americans had held the lead after every session of play. The team captains were Paul Azinger for the US and Nick Faldo for Europe.\n\nThe U.S. team had been in the lead since the contest began on the Friday. Europe was two points behind going into the Sunday singles matches. They had only previously overturned a deficit once before, in 1995. USA won the majority of the first matches out and subsequently Jim Furyk defeated Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2 & 1 to win his match and win the Ryder Cup for the USA. Other matches still out on the course would see this margin of victory increase further. Following the defeat Nick Faldo was heavily criticised for his decision to \"bottom load\" his best players in the singles when the Americans only needed 5 points to win which they got before they could have any effect on the overall outcome.", "title": "2008 Ryder Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2010 Ryder Cup\n\nThe 38th Ryder Cup was held 1–4 October 2010 at the Celtic Manor Resort in Newport, Wales. It was the 17th time the Ryder Cup had been staged in Britain, but the first time in Wales. It was played on the newly constructed \"Twenty Ten\" course, specifically designed for the event. The team captains were Colin Montgomerie for Europe and Corey Pavin for the United States.\n\nWith the U.S. as the defending champion, Europe won by a score of 14 to 13 and regained the Cup. It was Europe's sixth victory in the last eight contests and their fourth consecutive home win. The event was plagued by bad weather with play having to be suspended twice. Having taken a 3-point lead into the singles matches Europe faced a U.S. fightback and the conclusion of the Ryder Cup 2010 went right down to the anchor match between Graeme McDowell and Hunter Mahan. Eventually McDowell defeated Mahan 3 & 1 to regain the Cup for Europe.\n\nThe competition was officially opened by Carwyn Jones, First Minister for Wales.", "title": "2010 Ryder Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2006 Ryder Cup\n\nThe 36th Ryder Cup Matches were held 22–24 September 2006 in Ireland at the Palmer Course of the K Club in Straffan, County Kildare, west of Dublin. It was the first time the event was played in Ireland.\n\nEurope won by 18 to 9 points, equalling their record winning margin of two years earlier for their third consecutive win, a first for Europe. Swedish rookie Henrik Stenson made the winning putt, just moments after Luke Donald sank a putt to ensure Europe retained the trophy.", "title": "2006 Ryder Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Ryder Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Ryder Cup matches\n\nThe Ryder Cup is a golf competition contested by teams from Europe and the United States. The competition was originally contested between Great Britain and the United States; players from the Channel Islands also appeared on the British team, Republic of Ireland golfers were added to the British team in 1953 (although the team name was only changed to 'Great Britain and Ireland' for the 1973 Ryder Cup) and this was extended to golfers elsewhere in Europe in 1979. Established in 1927, the competition is jointly administered by the Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA of America) and Ryder Cup Europe, a venture in which the PGA European Tour is the primary partner. The competition takes place every two years, with the exception of 2001 when the match was played a year later due to the 11 September attacks; the venue alternates between courses in Europe and the United States. The winners of the first match were the United States, who defeated Great Britain at Worcester Country Club 9–2. The latest Ryder Cup, at Le Golf National in Paris, France, was won by Europe 17–10 on 30 September 2018.\n\nThe Ryder Cup is contested in a match play format, which involves different methods of the format. A foursomes match is contested with two members from each team playing alternate shots. A fourball match consists of two players from either team, who each play their own shot throughout the round. The player that completes the hole in the lowest number of shots wins the hole. Singles matches are also played, with players from each team contesting a one-on-one match. The winner of each match scores a point for their team, if a match is tied after 18 holes then each team is awarded a point. The format of the competition has changed throughout its history. Originally, foursome matches were played one day, with singles matches over 36 holes the next. Since 1979, the format has consisted of 28 matches held over three days, with each match worth a point. The first two days consist of eight matches; four foursomes and four fourball matches. The final day sees all 12 members of each team competing in singles matches.\n\nThe United States are the most successful team in the history of the competition; they have won 27 of the 43 matches that have been contested, 18 of which were before 1979, when the competition was contested between Great Britain and Ireland and the United States. In the 21 matches since the inclusion of European golfers, Europe has won eleven, the United States nine, with one match tied.", "title": "List of Ryder Cup matches" }, { "id": "8828137", "score": "1.7320447", "text": "(fourball) in 1997 at Valderrama. The selection process was radically changed for 2008. The United States team consisted of: The qualification process was the same as in 2006. The European team consisted of: The final line-up for the European team was announced after the Johnnie Walker Championship at Gleneagles on August 31, 2008. Søren Hansen, Oliver Wilson and Justin Rose were the last three automatic qualifiers after successful tournaments. Nick Faldo handed wildcards to Paul Casey and Ian Poulter. The team captains were Paul Azinger for the USA and Nick Faldo for Europe. The USA vice-captains were Olin Browne, Raymond", "title": "2008 Ryder Cup" }, { "id": "3331329", "score": "1.721082", "text": "where he missed the cut. He ran a thriving golf course design business and had been eligible for the Champions Tour and European Seniors Tour upon turning 50 in 2007. Ballesteros had been the captain of the European team in the Royal Trophy since its inception in 2006. He was announced again as non-playing captain of the 2008 European team to defend the Royal Trophy against the Asian team at the Amata Spring Country Club in Bangkok. After further recurrences of his back problems, which contributed to his finishing tied for last in his only Champions Tour start, Ballesteros announced", "title": "Seve Ballesteros" }, { "id": "2343839", "score": "1.7199225", "text": "In December 2010, he accepted the BBC Sports Personality Coach of the Year award as captain of the victorious Ryder Cup team. Montgomerie has been the playing captain of the European team in the Royal Trophy, played against a team from Asia. Europe was successful on both those occasions. He has the distinction of being the only person to have been a victorious player and captain in the Ryder Cup, Seve Trophy and Royal Trophy – the three main team golf competitions open to players from Europe. In 2011, Montgomerie was named president of the English junior golf charity, the", "title": "Colin Montgomerie" }, { "id": "3801285", "score": "1.712914", "text": "book, \"To the Fairway Born\" in 2006. In the same year he was assistant captain to Ian Woosnam when Europe won the Ryder Cup. He had been hoping to be picked as the captain for the 2010 European Ryder Cup team but missed out to Colin Montgomerie. In July 2009, Lyle got into a very public row with Colin Montgomerie where he unfavourably compared Montgomerie's actions at the Indonesian Open four years previously with his own actions in not completing a round at the 2008 Open Championship. Reaction to this was mixed with some players supporting Lyle while other players", "title": "Sandy Lyle" }, { "id": "5192799", "score": "1.709023", "text": "years. He also was a member of Cup-winning teams in 1987 (first-ever win for Europe on American soil), 1989 and 1995. In 2002, he was the non-playing captain on the European team which won the 2002 Cup at The Belfry. This made him the second European captain to sink the winning putt and captain a winning team at separate Ryder Cups, after Seve Ballesteros in 1987 (as a player) and 1997 (as captain). He was also named a vice-captain for the 2016 Ryder Cup at Hazeltine by captain Darren Clarke. Torrance's father Bob was a highly respected golf instructor who", "title": "Sam Torrance" }, { "id": "3161233", "score": "1.7006872", "text": "for the first session in his Ryder Cup career during the matches after a controversial decision by captain Nick Faldo. The European Team ended up losing to the U.S. 16½–11½. In October 2010, Westwood was a member of the European team that won the 2010 Ryder Cup with a one-point win over the USA. For the 2012 and 2014 tournaments, Westwood was once again a member of winning teams, with Europe beating USA at Medinah Country Club and Gleneagles. In 2016, his friend Darren Clarke was captain and he was once again chosen as a wildcard, this time part of", "title": "Lee Westwood" }, { "id": "4362267", "score": "1.7004638", "text": "in the Seve Trophy he was on the losing side in 2000, but a winner in 2003. He has also represented Europe at the Royal Trophy twice in 2006 and 2013 and has been on the winning side on both occasions. He came from 3 down with 4 to play to win his singles match in 2013 against Kim Hyung-sung as Europe pulled off an impressive fightback. In 2014, Howell was named as part of a five-man selection panel deciding Europe's 2016 Ryder Cup captain. The panel unanimously appointed Darren Clarke to the role. In January 2017, it was announced", "title": "David Howell (golfer)" }, { "id": "4520979", "score": "1.6870811", "text": "the European and U.S. teams after he finished the tournament. Clarke was named as the 2016 Ryder Cup captain on 18 February 2015. He was selected by a five-man selection panel consisting of the last three Ryder Cup captains: Paul McGinley, José María Olazábal, Colin Montgomerie, another ex-Ryder Cup player David Howell and the European Tour chief executive George O'Grady. Clarke's grandfather Ben played for Portadown, Sheffield United, Exeter City and Carlisle United and earned two amateur caps for the Ireland national football team (1882–1950) in 1934. His father Godfrey played for Glenavon. He met his wife Heather in a", "title": "Darren Clarke" }, { "id": "16815609", "score": "1.6864567", "text": "and would therefore not be one of Watson's three captain's picks. Woods had finished 71st in the Ryder Cup points list. Tom Watson was named the USA team captain on 13 December 2012. At 65 he became the oldest Ryder Cup captain; a record previously held by J.H. Taylor who was 62 when he captained the Great Britain team in 1933. Previously the oldest United States captain had been Sam Snead who was 57 when he was captain in 1969. Paul McGinley was named the Europe team captain on 15 January 2013. He was the first Irishman to captain the", "title": "2014 Ryder Cup" }, { "id": "3342010", "score": "1.6756573", "text": "unflattering assessment of Faldo's playing style. In 1990, Dobereiner described Faldo as \"a loner to the point of standoffishness, consumed by ambition, arrogant, self-centred and obsessively driven by the impossible dream of technical perfection.\" Faldo was selected as captain of the European Ryder Cup team in 2008. The 37th Ryder Cup was won 16½ – 11½ by Team USA to end the streak of three successive victories for Team Europe. This was Team USA's largest margin of victory since 1981, and the first time since 1979 the Americans had the lead after every session of play. It was held at", "title": "Nick Faldo" }, { "id": "18340109", "score": "1.6721877", "text": "consisting of the last three Ryder Cup captains: Paul McGinley, José María Olazábal, Colin Montgomerie, another ex-Ryder Cup player David Howell and the European Tour chief executive George O'Grady. Davis Love III was named the United States captain on February 24, 2015. He had previously captained the 2012 team. Each captain selects a number of vice-captains to assist him during the tournament. Clarke selected Thomas Bjørn, Pádraig Harrington, and Paul Lawrie as European team vice-captains in May 2016. He added Ian Poulter in June and Sam Torrance in July. Tom Lehman was named as a United States vice-captain at the", "title": "2016 Ryder Cup" }, { "id": "5197597", "score": "1.6711755", "text": "Faldo into the bin rather than share it with team. The controversy that this revelation aroused led to James resigning as one of Europe's Ryder Cup vice-captains for 2001. A follow-up book, called \"After the Bear Pit\", covering James' cancer and his experiences as a European Tour player, as well as further thoughts on the Ryder Cup, appeared in 2002. James qualified to play senior golf when he turned fifty in late 2003. He chose to play mainly in the U.S. and was second in the Champions Tour Qualifying Tournament Finals that November. In 2004 he became the first European", "title": "Mark James (golfer)" }, { "id": "4520978", "score": "1.6705492", "text": "in 1997, 1999, 2002, 2004 and 2006, winning on four occasions and was also appointed a non-playing vice captain by Colin Montgomerie in 2010 and by Paul McGinley in 2014. Clarke's most notable appearance at the Ryder Cup was in 2006, six weeks after the death of his wife Heather. Heather had loved the Ryder Cup and encouraged Darren to compete in it, so he made himself available for selection. European captain Ian Woosnam chose Clarke as one of his two wild cards, and he contributed three points from three matches to Europe's victory, and was embraced by members of", "title": "Darren Clarke" }, { "id": "9884149", "score": "1.668642", "text": "Cup record, defeated Ben Crenshaw at the last hole to get Europe to 13 points. Crenshaw had broken his putter in a moment of frustration after the sixth hole and putted with his 1 iron for the last dozen holes. Bernhard Langer then halved his match with Larry Nelson and when Seve Ballesteros defeated Curtis Strange 2 & 1 to total 14½ points, the European victory was secured. This was the last Ryder Cup in which the U.S. team did not employ captain's selections. Europe used captain's picks in 1979, 1981, 1985, and this year. Muirfield Village, founded and designed", "title": "1987 Ryder Cup" }, { "id": "7029543", "score": "1.667669", "text": "getting a half-point in the foursomes against Stewart Cink and David Toms on the Friday, he holed the winning putt and ensured that Europe won the Ryder Cup for a third consecutive time when he beat Vaughn Taylor 4 & 3 in the Sunday singles. He played again in 2008 at Valhalla, tallying a win, a loss and a draw in the foursomes. However he was not as fortunate as two years before, losing the singles on Sunday 3 & 2 to Kenny Perry. In March 2009 Stenson created a storm in the media after stripping to his underwear and", "title": "Henrik Stenson" } ]

[ "flores man", "Human hobbit", "lb1", "hobbit man", "h floresiensis", "Indonesian Hobbit", "homo florensis", "Homo floresensis", "Homo Floresiensis", "Floresians", "human hobbit", "Human Hobbit", "homo floresensis", "hobbit humans", "floresiensis", "Hobbit man", "floresian", "Flores Man", "flores hobbit", "Hobbit (hominid)", "Floresiensis", "hobbit hominid", "Floresian", "hobbit skeleton", "Homo floresienses", "Homo florensis", "Hobbit humans", "Homo floriensis", "Flores hobbit", "homo floriensis", "Homo floresiensis", "Hobbit skeleton", "H. Floresiensis", "Flores man", "homo floresiensis", "H. floresiensis", "indonesian hobbit", "floresians", "LB1", "homo floresienses" ]

[ { "id": "8743037", "score": "1.7121726", "text": "Little Foot \"Little Foot\" (Stw 573) is the nickname given to a nearly complete Australopithecus fossil skeleton found in 1994–1998 in the cave system of Sterkfontein, South Africa. The nickname \"little foot\" was given to the fossil in 1995. From the structure of the four ankle bones they were able to ascertain that the owner was able to walk upright. The recovery of the bones proved extremely difficult and tedious, because they are completely embedded in concrete-like rock. It is due to this that the recovery and excavation of the site took around 15 years to complete. The four bones", "title": "Little Foot" }, { "id": "12526947", "score": "1.6837225", "text": "as \"Homo erectus georgicus\".) New foot tracks found in 2009 in Kenya and reported in Science by Matthew Bennett of Bournemouth University in Britain and his colleagues, confirmed that the gait of Homo erectus was heel-to-toe, walking as a modern human does, rather than with the australopithecine-like method of its own ancestors. \"H. erectus\" fossils show a cranial capacity greater than that of \"Homo habilis\" (although the Dmanisi specimens have distinctively small crania): the earliest fossils show a cranial capacity of 850 cm³, while later Javan specimens measure up to 1100 cm³, overlapping that of \"H. sapiens\".; the frontal bone", "title": "Homo erectus" }, { "id": "14672100", "score": "1.6589127", "text": "Kadanuumuu Kadanuumuu (\"Big Man\" in the Afar language) is the nickname of KSD-VP-1/1. It is a 3.58-million-year-old partial \"Australopithecus afarensis\" fossil discovered in the Afar Region of Ethiopia in 2005, by a team led by Yohannes Haile-Selassie, curator of physical anthropology at The Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Based on skeletal analysis, the fossil is believed to conclusively show that the species was fully bipedal. At more than five feet in stature, Kadanuumuu is much taller than the famous \"Lucy\" fossil of the same species discovered in the 1970s, and is approximately 400,000 years older. Among other characteristics, Kadanuumuu's scapula", "title": "Kadanuumuu" }, { "id": "13011066", "score": "1.6544275", "text": "Samu (fossil) Samu is the nickname given to a fragmentary human occipital bone (also known as \"Vertesszolos man\", or \"Vertesszolos occipital\") found in Vértesszőlős, Central Transdanubia, Hungary. The discovery was made on 21 August 1965 during a dig led by , and the fossil was named \"Sámuel\", 21 August being the name day of biblical judge Samuel in Hungarian tradition. It has since become widely known as \"Samu\", a Hungarian short form of the name. Hungarian anthropologist Andor Thoma (1928–2003) initially described it as \"Homo erectus seu sapiens paleohungaricus\". The fossil at the time was believed to be about 500,000", "title": "Samu (fossil)" }, { "id": "3326990", "score": "1.6541579", "text": "the sole of the foot) typical of modern humans. The hominins seem to have moved in a leisurely stroll. Computer simulations based on information from \"A. afarensis\" fossil skeletons and the spacing of the footprints indicate that the hominins were walking at 1.0 m/s or above, which matches human walking speeds. The results of other studies have also supported the theory of a human-like gait. In 2015 footprints of the same age as the first reported footprints were unearthed at a site approximately 150 meters south of the original site G footprints. This site is called site S, and the", "title": "Laetoli" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Homo floresiensis\n\nHomo floresiensis also known as \"Flores Man\"; nicknamed \"Hobbit\") is an extinct species of small archaic human that inhabited the island of Flores, Indonesia, until the arrival of modern humans about 50,000 years ago.\n\nThe remains of an individual who would have stood about in height were discovered in 2003 at Liang Bua on the island of Flores in Indonesia. Partial skeletons of at least nine individuals have been recovered, including one complete skull, referred to as \"LB1\". These remains have been the subject of intense research to determine whether they were diseased modern humans or a separate species; a 2017 study concludes by phylogenetic analysis that \"H. floresiensis\" is an early species of \"Homo\", a sister species of \"Homo habilis\".\n\nThis hominin was at first considered remarkable for its survival until relatively recent times, initially thought to be only 12,000 years ago. However, more extensive stratigraphic and chronological work has pushed the dating of the most recent evidence of its existence back to 50,000 years ago. The \"Homo floresiensis\" skeletal material is now dated from 60,000 to 100,000 years ago; stone tools recovered alongside the skeletal remains were from archaeological horizons ranging from 50,000 to 190,000 years ago.", "title": "Homo floresiensis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Homo erectus\n\nHomo erectus (; meaning \"upright man\") is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago. Several human species, such as \"H. heidelbergensis\" and \"H. antecessor\" — with the former generally considered to have been the ancestor to Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans — appear to have evolved from \"H. erectus\". Its specimens are among the first recognizable members of the genus \"Homo\". \"H. erectus\" was the first human ancestor to spread throughout Eurasia, with a continental range extending from the Iberian Peninsula to Java. Asian populations of \"H. erectus\" may be ancestral to \"H. floresiensis\" and possibly to \"H. luzonensis\". The last known population of \"H. erectus\" is \"H. e. soloensis\" from Java, around 117,000–108,000 years ago.\n\n\"H. erectus\" had a more modern gait and body proportions, and was the first human species to have exhibited a flat face, prominent nose, and possibly sparse body hair coverage. Though brain size certainly exceeds that of ancestor species, capacity varied widely depending on the population. In earlier populations, brain development seems to cease early in childhood, suggesting that offspring were largely self-sufficient at birth, thus limiting cognitive development through life. \"H. erectus\" was an apex predator; sites generally show consumption of medium to large animals, such as bovines or elephants, and suggest the development of predatory behaviour and coordinated hunting. \"H. erectus\" is associated with the Acheulean stone tool industry, and is postulated to have been the earliest human ancestor capable of using fire, hunting and gathering in coordinated groups, caring for injured or sick group members, and possibly seafaring and art (though examples of art are controversial, and are otherwise rudimentary and few and far between).\n\n\"H. erectus\" males and females may have been roughly the same size as each other (i.e. exhibited reduced sexual dimorphism), which could indicate monogamy in line with general trends exhibited in primates. Size, nonetheless, ranged widely from in height and in weight. It is unclear if \"H. erectus\" was anatomically capable of speech, though it is postulated they communicated using some proto-language.", "title": "Homo erectus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bigfoot\n\nBigfoot, also commonly referred to as Sasquatch, is a purported ape-like creature said to inhabit the forests of North America. Many dubious articles have been offered in attempts to prove the existence of Bigfoot, including anecdotal claims of sightings as well as alleged video and audio recordings, photographs, and casts of large footprints. Some are known or admitted hoaxes. Tales of wild, hairy humanoids exist throughout the world, and such creatures appear in the folklore of North America, including the mythologies of indigenous people. Bigfoot is an icon within the fringe subculture of cryptozoology, and an enduring element of popular culture.\n\nThe majority of mainstream scientists have historically discounted the existence of Bigfoot, considering it to be the result of a combination of folklore, misidentification, and hoax, rather than a living animal. Folklorists trace the phenomenon of Bigfoot to a combination of factors and sources including indigenous cultures, the European wild man figure, and folk tales. Wishful thinking, a cultural increase in environmental concerns, and overall societal awareness of the subject have been cited as additional factors.\n\nOther creatures of relatively similar descriptions are alleged to inhabit various regions throughout the world, such as the Skunk ape of the southeastern United States; the Almas, Yeren, and Yeti in Asia; and the Australian Yowie; all of which, like Bigfoot, are engrained in the cultures of their regions.", "title": "Bigfoot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Procoptodon\n\nProcoptodon is an extinct genus of giant short-faced (sthenurine) kangaroos that lived in Australia during the Pleistocene Epoch. \"P. goliah\", the largest known kangaroo species that ever existed, stood at about . They weighed about . Other members of the genus were smaller, however; \"Procoptodon gilli\" was the smallest of all of the sthenurine kangaroos, standing approximately tall.\n\nThe genus is derived from \"Simosthenurus\", making the latter genus paraphyletic.<ref name= SESK />", "title": "Procoptodon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arctodus\n\nArctodus is an extinct genus of short-faced bear that inhabited North America during the Pleistocene (~2.5 Mya until 12,000 years ago). There are two recognized species: the lesser short-faced bear (\"Arctodus pristinus\") and the giant short-faced bear (\"Arctodus simus\"). Both species are relatively rare in the fossil record- \"A. pristinus\" was largely restricted to the Early Pleistocene of the eastern United States, whereas \"A. simus\" had a cosmopolitan range, with most finds being from the Late Pleistocene of the US, Mexico and Canada. \"A. simus\" evolved from \"A. pristinus\", but both species likely overlapped in the Middle Pleistocene. Of these species, \"A. simus\" was larger, is known from more complete remains, and is considered one of the most charismatic of North America's megafauna.\n\nToday considered to be an enormous omnivore, \"Arctodus simus\" is believed to be one of the largest known terrestrial mammalian carnivorans that has ever existed. However, \"Arctodus\", like other bears, was highly sexually dimorphic. Adult \"A. simus\" ranged between 300 kg to 950 kg, with females clustering at ≤500 kg, and males around 800 kg. The largest males stood at 1.5 meters at the shoulder, and up to 3 meters tall on their rear legs. Studies suggest that \"Arctodus simus\" both browsed on vegetation and consumed browsing herbivores, such as deer, camelids, and tapir. \"A. simus\" seems to have preferred open woodlands, but was an adaptable species, taking advantage of many habitats and feeding opportunities.\n\n\"Arctodus\" belongs to the Tremarctinae subfamily of bears, which are endemic to the Americas. Of these short-faced bears, \"Arctodus\" was the most widespread in North America. However, both species went extinct in the Pleistocene. \"A. pristinus\" went extinct around 300,000 years ago, with \"A. simus\" disappearing ~12,000 years ago in the Quaternary extinction event, being one of the last recorded megafauna to go extinct in North America. The cause behind these extinctions is unclear, but in the case of \"A. pristinus\", this was likely due to climate change and competition with other ursids, such as the black bear and \"Tremarctos floridanus\". \"A. simus\" likely went extinct due to ecological collapse disrupting the vegetation and prey it relied on.", "title": "Arctodus" }, { "id": "13586138", "score": "1.6424375", "text": "80 m thick that stretches down much of the length and breath of the peninsula. The formation consists of three geological units, called members, from which fossils and artifacts of different periods of human evolution have been excavated. They are: the lowest member, named Hatayae, or the Hata, dated to 2.5 millions of years ago (mya)—and in which fossils of \"Australopithecus garhi\" were found; the Dakanihylo, or Daka, member, one (1) mya—fossils of Homo erectus were found; and the Herto member, Lower layer at 260 kya, and Upper layers at 160 to 154 kya—fossils of Homo sapiens idaltu were found.", "title": "Bouri Formation" }, { "id": "17362035", "score": "1.6289082", "text": "two years later, in 2007, the same scientist found a metatarsal bone dated to at least around 67,000 years ago, which is speculated to possibly be of \"Homo sapiens\" origin. The bone (Right MT3 – the small bone from the end of the middle toe of the right foot) has been identified as belonging to a species of the genus \"Homo\". To tell if the bone belongs to an ancient anatomically modern human, a skull or mandible from the specimen is needed. This fossilized remain from Callao Cave is referred to as Callao Man. During World War II, the Japanese", "title": "Luzon rainforest" }, { "id": "8272368", "score": "1.6288304", "text": "OH 7 OH 7 (Olduvai Hominid № 7), also nicknamed \"Johnny's Child\", is the type specimen of \"Homo habilis\". The fossils were discovered on November 4, 1960 in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, by Jonathan and Mary Leakey. The remains are dated to approximately 1.75 million years, and consist of fragmented parts of a lower mandible (which still holds thirteen teeth, as well as unerupted wisdom teeth), an isolated maxillary molar, two parietal bones, and twenty-one finger, hand, and wrist bones. The OH 7 hand is wide, with a large thumb and broad fingertips, similar to that of humans; however, unlike in", "title": "OH 7" }, { "id": "3976295", "score": "1.6006167", "text": "back than modern people do. This forced a high-stepping gait and low walking speed. The toes had an unusual shape and the big toe was very short. In early December 2004, Indonesian paleoanthropologist Teuku Jacob removed most of the remains from their repository, Jakarta's National Research Centre of Archaeology, with the permission of only one of the project team's directors and kept them for three months. Some scientists expressed the fear that important scientific evidence would be sequestered by a small group of scientists who neither allowed access by other scientists nor published their own research. Jacob returned the remains", "title": "Homo floresiensis" }, { "id": "8265010", "score": "1.596551", "text": "based at the Collège de France, to co-direct the research. An expedition was formed with four American and seven French participants, and in the fall of 1973 the team surveyed Hadar, Ethiopia for fossils and artifacts related to the origin of humans. They found numerous fossils, but at first no hominids. Then, in November 1973, near the end of the first field season, Johanson tapped a fossil fragment he thought was a hippopotamus rib. He found that it was actually a fossil of a proximal tibia, the upper end of a shinbone. From its small size, he thought it was", "title": "AL 129-1" }, { "id": "18042413", "score": "1.594274", "text": "1.8 m (5 foot 11 inches) tall, and weighed roughly . It is thought to be the oldest human fossil ever discovered in Britain. This particular fossil of an approximately 40-year-old dates back to the Middle Pleistocene era (ca. 500 ka BP). The tibia of Boxgrove Man is very sturdy indicating that it is a heavyset male around tall, weighing about . The exceptional strength suggests a cold adapted body proportions paralleling those of the Neanderthals. It is clear that Boxgrove Man had the ability to hunt or at least scavenge with stone tools as the team discovered hundreds of", "title": "Boxgrove Man" }, { "id": "130746", "score": "1.593294", "text": "\"Homo\" and into \"Australopithecus\" due to the morphology of its skeleton being more adapted to living on trees rather than to moving on two legs like \"Homo sapiens\". In May 2010, a new species, \"Homo gautengensis\", was discovered in South Africa. These are proposed species names for fossils from about 1.9–1.6 Ma, whose relation to \"Homo habilis\" is not yet clear. The first fossils of \"Homo erectus\" were discovered by Dutch physician Eugene Dubois in 1891 on the Indonesian island of Java. He originally named the material \"Anthropopithecus erectus\" (1892-1893, considered at this point as a chimpanzee-like fossil primate) and", "title": "Human evolution" }, { "id": "14440056", "score": "1.5889764", "text": "Sangiran in the 1930s by the anthropologist Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald, who in the same time period also uncovered fossils at Ngandong alongside more advanced tools, re-dated in 2011 to between 550,000 and 143,000 years old. In 1977 another \"Homo erectus\" skull was discovered at Sambungmacan. In 2003, on the island of Flores, fossils of a new small hominid dated between 74,000 and 13,000 years old and named \"Flores Man\" (\"Homo floresiensis\") were discovered much to the surprise of the scientific community. This 3 foot tall hominid is thought to be a species descended from Homo Erectus and reduced", "title": "Prehistoric Indonesia" }, { "id": "8743038", "score": "1.5874101", "text": "of the ankle were collected in 1980 but were undetected between numerous other mammal bones. Only after 1992, on initiative by Phillip Tobias, a large rock was blown up in the cave that contained an unusual accumulation of fossils. The fossils recovered were taken from the cave and scrutinized thoroughly by paleoanthropologist Ronald J. Clarke. In 1994 while searching through museum boxes labelled 'Cercopithecoids' containing fossil fragments, Ronald J. Clarke identified several that were unmistakably hominin. He spotted four left foot bones (the talus, navicular, medial cuneiform and first metatarsal) that were most likely from the same individual. These fragments", "title": "Little Foot" }, { "id": "17718020", "score": "1.5819857", "text": "fossils were publicly unveiled and given the name \"Homo naledi\". The fossils of the Dinaledi chamber have been dated to between 335,000 and 236,000 years ago, long after much larger-brained and more modern-looking hominins had appeared. Geologists estimate that the cave in which the fossils were discovered is no older than three million years, and the ages for flowstone where the fossils were recovered from was interpreted to be deposited between 236,000 and 414,000 years ago. The Rising Star cave system lies in the Bloubank River valley, 2.2 km west of Sterkfontein Cave. It comprises an area of 250 ×", "title": "Rising Star Cave" }, { "id": "146179", "score": "1.581262", "text": "point. In September 2003, at Liang Bua Cave in western Flores, paleoanthropologists discovered small skeletons that they described as a previously unknown hominin species, \"Homo floresiensis\". These are informally named \"hobbits\" and appear to have stood about tall. This hominin had originally been considered to be remarkable for its survival until relatively recent times, only 12,000 years ago. However, by 2016, more extensive stratigraphic and chronological work has pushed the dating of the most recent evidence of their existence back to 50,000 years ago. There are many languages spoken on the island of Flores, all of them belonging to the", "title": "Flores" }, { "id": "8743039", "score": "1.5773121", "text": "came from the Silberberg Grotto, a large cavern within the Sterkfontein cave system. They were described as belonging to the genus \"Australopithecus,\" and catalogued as Stw 573. Due to the diminutive nature of the bones, they were dubbed \"Little Foot\". Clarke found further foot bones from the same individual in separate bags in 1997, including a right fragment of the distal tibia that had been clearly sheared off from the rest of the bone. Early in 1997 two fossil preparators and assistants of Clarke, Stephen Motsumi and Nkwane Molefe, were sent to the Silberberg Grotto to try to find the", "title": "Little Foot" }, { "id": "8969735", "score": "1.5770605", "text": "349,000 years ago (±3,000 years), while the layer of volcanic ash which subsequently covered and preserved them was deposited around 350,000 years ago (±3,000 years). The footprints are thought to have been exposed by erosion caused by heavy precipitation and landslides in the early 19th century, when the name \"Ciampate del Diavolo\" was first recorded. The track-maker is estimated to have been about tall and to have been travelling at a speed of per second. Based on the age of the tracks, they have been tentatively ascribed to the hominid \"Homo heidelbergensis\", a probable ancestor of the Neanderthals. As the", "title": "Ciampate del Diavolo" }, { "id": "8265009", "score": "1.5735153", "text": "AL 129-1 AL 129-1 is a fossilized knee joint of the species \"Australopithecus afarensis\". It was discovered in Hadar, Ethiopia by Donald Johanson in November 1973. It is estimated to be 3.4 million years old. Its characteristics include an elliptical Lateral condyle and an oblique femoral shaft like that found in humans, indicating bipedalism. French geologist Maurice Taieb discovered the Hadar Formation in 1968. He then formed the IARE, inviting notably Johanson, an American anthropologist and founding director of the Institute of Human Origins of Arizona State University; Jon Kalb, an American geologist; and Yves Coppens, a French-born paleontologist now", "title": "AL 129-1" }, { "id": "1839308", "score": "1.5722203", "text": "to have swept the Americas from north to south. In 1726, the Swiss physician Johann Jakob Scheuchzer described a fossil as \"Homo diluvii testis\" (Latin: Evidence of a diluvian human), believing it to be the remains of a human being who drowned in the biblical flood. The Teylers Museum in Haarlem, Netherlands, bought the fossil in 1802, where it is still exhibited. In 1812, the fossil was examined by Georges Cuvier, who recognized that it was not human. After being identified as a salamander, it was renamed \"Salamandra scheuchzeri\" by Holl in 1831. The genus \"Andrias\" was coined six years", "title": "Giant salamander" } ]

[ "bobby brown", "Robert Beresford Brown", "Bobby Brown", "robert barisford brown", "Robert Barisford Brown", "Bobby brown", "robert beresford brown" ]

[ { "id": "6534000", "score": "1.623878", "text": "Baxter's Books, which closed in 1998. Her daughter, Meredith, became an actress, starring in the 1980s hit sitcom \"Family Ties\". In 1957, Blake married talent agent Jack X Fields; they divorced in 1967. R&B and Pop singer, Whitney Houston was named after Blake. From August 24, 1968, until her death in 2002, she was married to writer/collaborator Allan Manings (1924–2010). According to the book \"Untied\", by Blake's daughter, Meredith Baxter, on Blake's 76th birthday, Blake's children took Manings and her to dinner. Later that evening, Blake revealed that she had been diagnosed with esophageal cancer. She expressed confidence that she", "title": "Whitney Blake" }, { "id": "1316455", "score": "1.6233578", "text": "on July 18, 1992. On March 4, 1993 their daughter Bobbi Kristina Brown was born. Houston and Brown later collaborated on the hit single \"Something in Common\", which included their daughter at the end of the video. Throughout their 14-year marriage, Houston and Brown went through periods of infidelity and drug use. Their personal issues became comedy fodder for talk shows and sketch comedy shows, most notably \"MadTV\", where they were satirized as abusive drug addicts. Aries Spears portrayed Brown as a jealous, verbally abusive has-been who openly bristles at his wife's (Debra Wilson) iconic reputation and popularity. On January", "title": "Bobby Brown" }, { "id": "18589905", "score": "1.6050894", "text": "her using it, and in another during a meeting with Clive Davis (Mark Rolston) regarding her third album), however both are overshadowed by the love affair that continues to grow. In 1991, the courtship later becomes public knowledge, and Houston and Brown are engaged, much to the chagrin of her mother Cissy Houston (Suzzanne Douglas), and they are soon married by July 1992. In the meantime, Houston makes her film debut in the lead role of Rachel in \"The Bodyguard\". She is reluctant at first, but Brown coerces her into doing so. She ultimately accepts. During filming, Houston has a", "title": "Whitney (2015 film)" }, { "id": "3643457", "score": "1.5899277", "text": "Warrick Jr. and two daughters Marie Dionne a/k/a Dionne Warwick and Delia Mae a/k/a Dee Dee Warwick. Renowned soprano Leontyne Price is a Drinkard cousin. Houston is a Christian, and has said that she \"found Christ\" at age 14. In 1955, Houston married Freddie Garland and had a son, Gary Garland, an NBA basketball player and DePaul University Athletic Hall of Famer. The Garlands divorced two years later. In 1959, she married John Russell Houston, Jr., a Newark City administrator and entertainment executive. The couple had a son, Michael Houston, who became a songwriter, and a daughter, Whitney Houston, who", "title": "Cissy Houston" }, { "id": "459695", "score": "1.5898968", "text": "seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview was billed as \"the most anticipated music interview of the decade\". Whitney admitted on the show to having used drugs with former husband Bobby Brown during their marriage; Houston said Brown had \"laced marijuana with rock cocaine\". She told Oprah that before \"The Bodyguard\" her drug use was light, that she used drugs more heavily after the film's success and the birth of her daughter, and that by 1996 \"[doing drugs] was an everyday thing ... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing", "title": "Whitney Houston" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Whitney Houston" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bobby Brown\n\nRobert Barisford Brown (born February 5, 1969) is an American singer, songwriter and dancer. Brown, alongside frequent collaborator Teddy Riley, is noted as one of the pioneers of new jack swing: a fusion of hip hop and R&B. Brown started his career in the R&B and pop group New Edition, from its inception in 1978\n\nOnce he started a solo career, Brown enjoyed commercial and critical success with his second album \"Don't Be Cruel\" (1988) which spawned five \"Billboard\" Hot 100 top 10 singles, including the number one hit \"My Prerogative\", and the Grammy Award-winning \"Every Little Step\". In 1989, Brown contributed two songs to the soundtrack of \"Ghostbusters II\". Brown's next album \"Bobby\" (1992) spawned several singles including \"Humpin' Around\", \"Get Away\", and \"Good Enough\". However, despite going 3× Platinum, sales of \"Bobby\" did not reach the level of its predecessor. Brown has sold over 50 million copies worldwide. Also in 1992, Brown married the superstar singer Whitney Houston, with whom he later had a daughter named Bobbi Kristina Brown. The couple's drug issues and domestic disputes made them tabloid fodder.\n\nBrown also appeared in the films \"A Thin Line Between Love and Hate\" and \"Two Can Play That Game\". He returned to New Edition for a reunion album and tour from 1996 to 1997, and returned with all six members for another stint in 2005. Brown and Houston starred in the 2005 reality show \"Being Bobby Brown\". Houston, who filed for divorce two years later in 2007, died in 2012, followed by their daughter in 2015.", "title": "Bobby Brown" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of songs recorded by Whitney Houston" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Whitney Houston live performances\n\nAmerican vocalist and performer Whitney Houston, nicknamed “The Voice”, embarked on 10 concert tours, 6 of which were world tours and 4 which were territorial tours. After becoming the opening act for singer Jeffrey Osborne and Luther Vandross on their US amphitheatre tour and playing at various American theaters, festivals, and clubs in 1985, she embarked on her first worldwide tour, the successful The Greatest Love Tour in 1986. With promoting worldwide mega hit album \"Whitney\", her second world tour, The Moment of Truth World Tour started in North America during the summer of 1987 and continued overseas during 1988 in Europe, Japan, Hong Kong, and Australia. Especially in Europe, Houston visited 12 countries, playing to over half a million fans including nine consecutive nights at Wembley Arena in London. She then followed this with sold-out concert tour, Feels So Right Japan Tour in 1990 and I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour in 1991.\n\nWith the enormous success of the film, The Bodyguard, and its accompanying , Houston went on her most extensive world tour, The Bodyguard World Tour to support her projects during 1993–1994. Spanning two years, Houston played North America twice, Europe, Japan, and made her first appearances in South America and South Africa. In 1997, she embarked on The Pacific Rim Tour which had her visiting for the first time Thailand and Taiwan. After the success of Houston's first studio album \"My Love Is Your Love\" in eight years, the singer embarked on her first world tour since 1994 to promote it in 1999. My Love Is Your Love World Tour was the highest grossing arena concert tour of the year in Europe while playing to almost half a million people. In 2009, Houston started Nothing but Love World Tour, her first tour in over 10 years and supported her seventh and final studio album \"I Look to You\".\n\nDuring her career, Houston has also made appearances at the various charity concerts such as Freedomfest: Nelson Mandela's 70th Birthday Celebration (1988), A Benefit Concert for The United Negro College Fund (1988), That's What Friends Are For: AIDS Benefit Concert (1990), Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston (1991) and (1997).\n", "title": "List of Whitney Houston live performances" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nate Dogg\n\nNathaniel Dwayne Hale (August 19, 1969 – March 15, 2011), known professionally as Nate Dogg, was an American singer and rapper. He gained recognition for providing guest vocals for a multitude of hit rap songs between 1992 and 2007, earning the nickname \"King of Hooks\".\n\nHale began his career in the early 1990s as a member of 213, a trio formed in 1990 with his cousin Snoop Dogg and friend Warren G. Nate Dogg would soon become a fixture in the West Coast hip hop genre, regularly working with Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg and Xzibit in the 1990s; his deep vocals became sought after for hooks, and he would expand to work with a larger variety of artists in the 2000s, such as Eminem, 50 Cent, Fabolous, Mos Def and Ludacris. As a featured artist, Nate charted 16 times on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and in 2003 reached number one via 50 Cent's \"21 Questions\". Nate Dogg also was notably featured on Dr. Dre's \"The Next Episode\" and Eminem's \"'Till I Collapse\". In addition to his guest work, Nate Dogg released three studio albums, as well as a string of moderately successful singles of his own in the 1990s.\n\nIn December 2007, Hale suffered a stroke, weakening his body's left side, while his cognition and voice remained intact. Several months later, he had another stroke. In 2011, he died of heart failure at age 41 as a result of multiple stroke complications.<ref name=\":1\"/><ref name=\":4\"/>", "title": "Nate Dogg" }, { "id": "3703854", "score": "1.5852089", "text": "the Crypt\" named \"Collection Completed\" (Season 1, Episode 6; first aired in America on 28 Jun. 28, 1989). On March 4, 2011, Brown married Carolyn Wonderland, a blues singer and guitarist, in Austin, Texas. The marriage was officiated by Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Brown was previously married to Cynthia Swanson, a New York newspaper designer, from 1976 to 2011. He has a daughter, Serena, and a granddaughter, Thea Lenore. A. Whitney Brown Alan Whitney Brown (born July 8, 1952) is an American writer and comedian best known for work on \"Saturday Night Live\" in the 1980s. In addition to", "title": "A. Whitney Brown" }, { "id": "459656", "score": "1.5777922", "text": "their daughter Bobbi Kristina Brown (March 4, 1993 – July 26, 2015), the couple's only child. Brown would go on to have several run-ins with the law, including some jail time. Houston stated during a 1993 interview with Barbara Walters that she had had a miscarriage during the filming of \"The Bodyguard.\" With the commercial success of her albums, movie offers poured in, including offers to work with Robert De Niro, Quincy Jones, and Spike Lee, but Houston did not feel the time was right. Houston's first film role was in \"The Bodyguard\", released in 1992 and co-starring Kevin Costner.", "title": "Whitney Houston" }, { "id": "459682", "score": "1.5714567", "text": "in the 1980s and early 1990s, her behavior had changed by 1999 and 2000. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, she canceled concerts and talk-show appearances, and there were reports of erratic behavior. Missed performances and weight loss led to rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them, but rumors of drug usage by Houston and", "title": "Whitney Houston" }, { "id": "1316457", "score": "1.5639622", "text": "cocaine\". Houston also told Winfrey that Brown had been emotionally abusive during their marriage, and had even spat on her on one occasion. In 1995, Brown was with Steven Sealy when Sealy was targeted in a drive-by shooting. Sealy, Brown's sister's boyfriend, was killed and Brown was unharmed. The shooter, John Tibbs, took a plea agreement in 2001. On May 31, 2009, Brown had a son Cassius with his partner of two years, manager Alicia Etheredge. Brown and Etheredge became engaged in May 2010, when Brown proposed during a performance at the Funk Fest in Jacksonville, Florida. The couple married", "title": "Bobby Brown" }, { "id": "18406818", "score": "1.5480793", "text": "Whitney: Brunei The Royal Wedding Celebration The Whitney - Brunei: The Royal Wedding Celebration was a notable concert performance by American R&B singer Whitney Houston in August 1996. Houston performed a private concert, for the wedding of Princess Rashidah, the eldest daughter of the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, at Jerudong Park Garden on August 24, 1996. The set list was similar to her \"Bodyguard World Tour\" in 1993-1994, \"Exhale (Shoop Shoop)\" was added to the encore. Houston also performed her pop hit song, \"Greatest Love of All\". The show included five female background dancers, performing with the singer as", "title": "Whitney: Brunei The Royal Wedding Celebration" }, { "id": "4562438", "score": "1.5467658", "text": "produced over 10 films so far, including one he has co-written with Stokes that was released to theaters in 2017, \"'Til Death Do Us Part\" starring Taye Diggs, Stephen Bishop, Annie Ilonzeh and Malik Yoba. Houston's mother died from lymphoma in 1997. Houston previously dated singer Jamila \"Mila J\" Chilombo and \"My Wife and Kids\" actress Jennifer Freeman with whom he had starred with in the 2004 film \"You Got Served\". Rumors surfaced in 2007 that Freeman and Houston had gotten engaged, but they eventually broke up a few years later. He was in a relationship with Marlena Campbell since", "title": "Marques Houston" }, { "id": "9231824", "score": "1.5312383", "text": "years. Whitney married Irene Hixon on August 21, 1948. They provided aid to Vernon Johnson, who pioneered the method of using an intervention to confront alcoholics and substance abusers so as to get them professional help for their addictions. They created the Johnson Institute after Johnson helped Irene Whitney through an intervention. Irene Whitney died of lung cancer in 1986. In 1990 Whitney married Penny Lewis, a professional horse trainer, from whom he was divorced in 1994. In 2005, he married Chief Justice Kathleen A. Blatz, of the Minnesota Supreme Court. Whitney died on May 20, 2016. Whitney was involved", "title": "Wheelock Whitney Jr." }, { "id": "459693", "score": "1.5163332", "text": "not renewed for a second season after Houston stated that she would no longer appear in it, and Brown and Bravo could not come to an agreement for another season. After years of controversy and turmoil, Houston separated from Bobby Brown in September 2006 and filed for divorce the following month. On February 1, 2007, Houston asked the court to fast-track the divorce. The divorce was finalized on April 24, 2007, granting Houston custody of Bobbi Kristina. On May 4, Houston sold the suburban Atlanta home featured in \"Being Bobby Brown\" for $1.19 million. A few days later, Brown sued", "title": "Whitney Houston" }, { "id": "459717", "score": "1.5157931", "text": "regularly scheduled programming on Sunday February 12 to air many of Houston's classic videos with MTV often airing news segments in between and featuring various reactions from fans and celebrities. Houston's former husband, Bobby Brown, was reported to be \"in and out of crying fits\" since receiving the news. He did not cancel a scheduled performance and within hours of his ex-wife's sudden death, an audience in Mississippi observed as Brown blew kisses skyward, tearfully saying: \"I love you, Whitney.\" Ken Ehrlich, executive producer of the 54th Grammy Awards, announced that Jennifer Hudson would perform a tribute to Houston at", "title": "Whitney Houston" }, { "id": "459655", "score": "1.5149047", "text": "concert took place at Naval Station Norfolk in Norfolk, Virginia in front of 3,500 servicemen and women. HBO descrambled the concert so that it was free for everyone to watch. Houston's concert gave HBO its highest ratings ever. She then embarked on the \"I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour\". Throughout the 1980s, Houston was romantically linked to American football star Randall Cunningham and actor Eddie Murphy. She then met R&B singer Bobby Brown at the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards. After a three-year courtship, the two were married on July 18, 1992. On March 4, 1993, Houston gave birth to", "title": "Whitney Houston" }, { "id": "1291029", "score": "1.496015", "text": "been married twice, first to dancer Foster Johnson (1917–1981). They were married in 1951 and divorced that same year. Johnson and Nichols had one child together, Kyle Johnson, who was born August 14, 1951. She married Duke Mondy in 1968 and they were divorced in 1972. On February 29, 2012, Nichols met with President Barack Obama in the White House Oval Office. She later Tweeted about the meeting, \"Months ago, Pres Obama was quoted as saying that he'd had a crush on me when he was younger,\" Nichols also wrote. \"I asked about that and he proudly confirmed it! President", "title": "Nichelle Nichols" }, { "id": "459691", "score": "1.4950953", "text": "with battery following a domestic altercation in which he allegedly threatened to beat Houston and then hit her in the face. Having always been a touring artist, Houston spent most of 2004 touring and performing in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Russia. In September 2004, she gave a surprise performance at the World Music Awards in a tribute to long-time friend Clive Davis. After the show, Davis and Houston announced plans to go into the studio to work on her new album. In early 2004, husband Bobby Brown starred in his own reality TV program, \"Being Bobby Brown\", on", "title": "Whitney Houston" }, { "id": "4242718", "score": "1.4950697", "text": "1995 and has a daughter, Adrienne, from the marriage, who was born on April 13, 1985. In July 2014, Jourgensen announced that he and his wife of 12 years, Angelina Lukacin, who cofounded the 13th Planet record label, were divorced. They married on September 6, 2002. The divorce was initiated on April 28, 2014 and finalized on July 17, 2014. Jourgensen's autobiography, \"Ministry: The Lost Gospels According to Al Jourgensen\", was released in July 2013. In 2015, Jourgensen moved to Los Angeles where he lives with his girlfriend, Liz Walton. In 1995, police raided Ministry's Texas headquarters and Jourgensen was", "title": "Al Jourgensen" }, { "id": "9459987", "score": "1.4898612", "text": "record producer, television composer, and songwriter. They had three children together: Tina, Lauryn, and Nicholas. Stephanie Tyrell died of colon cancer on October 27, 2003. Tyrell's marriage to Houston interior designer, Karen Pulaski, took place on December 26, 2010. Karen Pulaski filed for divorce on October 11, 2011, and the divorce was finalized on December 12, 2011. Steve Tyrell Steve Tyrell (born Stephen Louis Bilao III; December 19, 1944) is an American producer and vocalist. Raised and sang in Houston, Texas as a teen. Upon moving to New York City at the age of 18, he was made head of", "title": "Steve Tyrell" }, { "id": "3643458", "score": "1.4890068", "text": "became a world-renowned Soul/R&B/pop singer. Houston's second marriage also ended in divorce. Aretha Franklin was an honorary aunt of Houston's daughter. In the late 1990s, Houston's daughter Whitney began to struggle with drug addiction. Houston staged several interventions to get her daughter into rehabilitation and recovery programs. On one occasion she obtained a court order and the assistance of two sheriffs to intervene, persuading her daughter to undertake treatment at Hope For Women Residential & Therapeutic Services in Atlanta, Georgia. In her 2013 book, \"Remembering Whitney: My Story of Love, Loss, and the Night the Music Stopped\", Cissy Houston described", "title": "Cissy Houston" } ]

[ "Beyonc", "beyonc" ]

[ { "id": "10247816", "score": "1.9478335", "text": "cancellation of a concert on 29 August 2008 by Canadian rock singer Avril Lavigne. Her onstage moves were considered too provocative for Malaysia's teenage population. Eventually the concert went on as scheduled; it sold over 10,000 tickets and was a critical success in Malaysia. After the event, the government lifted some bans, allowing musicians to perform in Malaysia to boost tourism. In September 2009, the Malaysian government agreed to let Muslims attend a concert by US hip-hop stars The Black Eyed Peas, reversing an earlier ban imposed because the show was sponsored by an alcoholic beverage company. The government did", "title": "Censorship in Malaysia" }, { "id": "10247818", "score": "1.877805", "text": "\"narrow-minded\" in the wake of these events. In July 2010, the Wonder Girls were allowed to return to Malaysia for MTV World Stage Live in Malaysia, along with Katy Perry, despite her songs and clothing being too \"sexy\" for the Malaysian teenagers. In October the same year, Adam Lambert scheduled concert in Malaysia was given the green light amid moderate protests from fundamental Muslims over controversies pertaining to his sexuality. In February 2012, an Erykah Badu concert was cancelled because it was found that she had applied a Temporary Tattoo of the word Allah on a part of her body.", "title": "Censorship in Malaysia" }, { "id": "12783231", "score": "1.742873", "text": "tourism.\" However, it was ultimately announced in October 2009 that the concert has been postponed in the wake of accusations by Islamic conservatives that the show would be \"immoral and unclean\". Malaysian promoter Marctensia said in a statement that the show has been postponed to a future date to be announced shortly, and added \"The postponement is solely [the] decision of the artist and has nothing to with other external reasons.\" Another representative declined to comment on whether the show was postponed due to the heavy criticism it was receiving from religious leaders in the country. The show also faced", "title": "I Am... World Tour" }, { "id": "4908400", "score": "1.723717", "text": "the loss, Siti went back to business where she announced her major three days concert at the Istana Budaya, \"SATU Konsert Eksklusif Dato' Siti Nurhaliza\". It began its run on 26 June 2009 in Kuala Lumpur. The tickets were sold out weeks before the debut night. The concert received compliments from critics, and the show was attended by distinguished people such as region well-known artistes like Krisdayanti and Rossa from Indonesia to name some. A month before the concert, she won her ninth consecutive award of Most Popular Malaysian Artist of 2009 and also the Regional Most Popular Artist of", "title": "Siti Nurhaliza" }, { "id": "10247817", "score": "1.7221338", "text": "not give further details on the U-turn, which had caused an outcry in the Muslim-majority nation. The protest reflects growing conflicts between moderate and conservative Muslims, including many occupying positions of power in the government and judiciary, in a country that has long been considered a moderate society in the Islamic world. Shows by Gwen Stefani and Beyoncé Knowles (two concerts were cancelled in 2007 and 2009, respectively) have also faced protests by conservative Muslims over immodest clothing, forcing the artists to don attire that revealed little skin. Moderate Muslims, Chinese, Indians and other non-Muslims criticised conservative Muslims, calling them", "title": "Censorship in Malaysia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "I Am... (Beyoncé tour)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Rihanna" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of events associated with Anonymous\n\nAnonymous is a decentralized virtual community. They are commonly referred to as an internet-based collective of hacktivists whose goals, like its organization, are decentralized. Anonymous seeks mass awareness and revolution against what the organization perceives as corrupt entities, while attempting to maintain anonymity. Anonymous has had a hacktivist impact. This is a timeline of activities reported to be carried out by the group.", "title": "Timeline of events associated with Anonymous" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "July 2009 Ürümqi riots" }, { "id": "7725581", "score": "1.7119855", "text": "March 2010, was held in the Auditorium of Malaysian Tourism Centre (MaTiC), Kuala Lumpur, for 11 consecutive days. This was Ziana's second participation in theatre after \"Musical Theater Antara\". In 2011, Ziana Zain made some controversial remarks on Malaysian artist associations where she said the participation of Malaysian celebrities in these associations is just a waste of time. According to her, associations such as the Artists Association of Malaysia (Seniman), Karyawan Association (Karyawan) and Papita only serve the interests of a selected few and therefore should be disbanded. In April 2014, Zain announced her solo concert, \"I Am Ziana Zain\"", "title": "Ziana Zain" }, { "id": "2340547", "score": "1.7032142", "text": "passed in 2008 by the People's Consultative Assembly that introduced a broad range of activities described as pornography. The flamboyant performances at some dangdut shows also attracted collateral attention in May 2012 when a row broke out in Indonesia over a planned performance by international star Lady Gaga in Jakarta due to be held in early June 2012. In the face of opposition from conservative Muslim groups in Indonesia, the planned show was canceled. This cancelation led numerous commentators to note that opposition to Lady Gaga's performances was surprising given the nature of some dangdut shows. Dangdut remains an integral", "title": "Dangdut" }, { "id": "4908396", "score": "1.692893", "text": "21 March 2008, Siti held one of her first solo acoustic concert at the Esplanade Theatre in Singapore. The concert was called \"Diari Hati - Dato' Siti Nurhaliza's Heart\" (Diary of Dato' Siti Nurhaliza's Heart) where she performed numbers of her hits from her latest album, \"Hadiah Daripada Hati\" and previous albums. 26 December 2008, was the release date of her 13th album, \"Lentera Timur\", her most recent traditional contemporary album, Irama Malaysia (her fourth Ethnic Creative album) since her third one, \"Sanggar Mustika\" in 2002. She commented that the album has more modern and contemporary songs unlike her usual", "title": "Siti Nurhaliza" }, { "id": "15666866", "score": "1.6874738", "text": "the Philippines, and Indonesia to call for the cancellation of the concerts. Most went on as scheduled, although one, in Indonesia, was canceled due to threats, the cancellation being seen as an indicator of the growing influence of conservative groups like the Islamic Defenders Front. Several conservative political commentators denounced The Born This Way Ball shortly after the conception of the tour. In May 2012, Gaga sparked an online uproar, particularly in the city of Bangkok when she tweeted: \"I just landed in Bangkok baby! Ready for 50,000 screaming Thai monsters. I wanna get lost in a lady market and", "title": "Born This Way Ball" }, { "id": "15428891", "score": "1.6801453", "text": "Juara Lagu. \"Sekadar Di Pinggiran\" and after that she just kept soaring and wining more local awards. In 1987, she was the first Malaysian artist to win the International Award for \"Best Song\" at the 'Asean Song Festival' held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. She is also known nationwide for her rendition of Malaysia's second national anthem \"Setia\". Fran was always known to be Malaysia's darling - the celebrity who stayed away from cheap publicity or controversies. However, in 1987 her album \"Kau Bintangku\" was almost banned as the album cover had her wearing a crucifix. Instigated by a small group", "title": "Francissca Peter" }, { "id": "4908458", "score": "1.6794697", "text": "United Kingdom. In March 2000, her first concert ever outside the Malaysian market in Singapore at Harbour Pavilion managed to outsold Mariah Carey's Rainbow World Tour which was scheduled five days earlier even though the most expensive tickets price was much higher than Carey's. In May 2006, she was offered to perform together with Indian Bollywood star, Shah Rukh Khan in front of 300 Bollywood artists and guests along with 2.6 billion television viewers where she will be performing at 2nd Global Indian Film Awards 2006 in Kuala Lumpur. However, the offer later was cancelled by Siti due to her", "title": "Siti Nurhaliza" }, { "id": "10247815", "score": "1.6789808", "text": "in by Home Ministry, due to it referring to God as Allah, raising the ire of Malaysian netizens. Malaysia has a history of music censorship. In 2003, American rock band Linkin Park was told to refrain from wearing shorts while performing and in 2004, singer Mariah Carey was asked to cover up. Madonna has been banned from Malaysian television and a scheduled concert by Norwegian metal band Mayhem was banned earlier in 2006. Malaysian organizers of a Pussycat Dolls concert were fined for flouting decency laws. The country's opposition party, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, urged the government to order the", "title": "Censorship in Malaysia" }, { "id": "4908426", "score": "1.6765178", "text": "October, the concert was revealed as the most successful solo concert ever held at Istana Budaya, where it managed to collect more than RM 900 000. In late November and December 2013, she was invited to perform for two international events. On 28 November, she was in Japan after receiving an invitation by the Japanese embassy in Malaysia for Asean-Japan Music Festival - Music for Healing after the Earthquake in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of Japan - Asean countries relationship, and as a musical appeal for relief aids for victims of 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. During the festival,", "title": "Siti Nurhaliza" }, { "id": "8895999", "score": "1.6725609", "text": "2007, at Putra Indoor Stadium in Kuala Lumpur. The union's vice president, Abdul Muntaqim, said, \"Her performance and her attire are not suitable for our culture. It promotes a certain degree of obscenity and will encourage youth to emulate the western lifestyle. The concert should be stopped.\" The organizer of the event, Maxis Communications, later responded, \"Stefani has confirmed that her concert will not feature any revealing costumes. She will abide by the Malaysian authorities' guidelines to ensure that her show will not be offensive to local sensitivities.\" In April 2007, Akon, one of the tour's opening acts, drew criticism", "title": "The Sweet Escape" }, { "id": "9287205", "score": "1.6627676", "text": "prison for Stefani's opening act, a six-piece band and a large multimedia screen in the backdrop showing videos and animations. The tour had its own set of controversies. A group of students making up for The National Union of Malaysian Muslim Students, banned Stefani's concert that was slated to take place August 21 at Putra Indoor Stadium. The union's vice president, Abdul Muntaqim said, \"Her performance and her attire are not suitable for our culture. It promotes a certain degree of obscenity and will encourage youth to emulate the western lifestyle. The concert should be stopped.\" The organizer of the", "title": "The Sweet Escape Tour" }, { "id": "19315271", "score": "1.6585424", "text": "upon the postponement of the originally planned theater. She commented on the situation, \"Honestly [I am] not too disappointed when our first plan did not come to fruition. This is because we have been trying [to get a sponsorship] until late September but, unfortunately, the situation is not on our side. What [I am] sure is that there is a hikmah in all of these. Maybe I will be more prepared for the musical concert later.\" Upon realizing that she and her company had to call off the theater in September, Siti only had two months to reschedule another performance", "title": "Konsert Satu Suara, Vol. 2" }, { "id": "9513067", "score": "1.6506939", "text": "female performers to cover up from the top of their chests to their knees, including their shoulders. Several publications reported that the news followed an uptick in protests by several conservative groups, including the nearly 10,000-strong National Union of Malaysian Muslim Students, urging the Ministry of Culture, Arts and Heritage to stop the concert from taking place. The statement addressed by Knowles' management team stated that the show was cancelled \"with regret\". The show on October 24 in Istanbul, Turkey was cancelled by the organizer, the sports club Fenerbahçe, due to attacks of Kurdistan Workers' Party in Hakkâri on September", "title": "The Beyoncé Experience" }, { "id": "6950642", "score": "1.6441422", "text": "his Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Bangi concert to deter people from attending. The concert was postponed following protests from the UKM students union body, its academic staff association and the dean of the Islamic Studies faculty and six other student bodies. This incident was captured by Zainuddin Maidin (then journalist, now former Minister of Information) in his book \"The Other Side of Mahathir\". He narrated that the then-Prime Minister Mahathir had called a few ministers to his residence to review the situation as the issue reflected Malaysia's position in terms of modernisation. The meeting led to the conclusion that the", "title": "Sudirman (singer)" }, { "id": "16765866", "score": "1.6399066", "text": "was also questioned by Chinese authorities after the concert regarding his remarks. Conservative campaigners demanded that John should cancel his concert in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Although John's scheduled performance went ahead at the Genting Arena of Stars, he faced fierce opposition from Muslim activists who object to openly gay performers performing in Malaysia as homosexual activities are illegal in the country. John faced down similar protests when he performed his first ever concert in Malaysia at the same venue just a year before. 40th Anniversary of the Rocket Man 40th Anniversary of the Rocket Man was a concert tour by", "title": "40th Anniversary of the Rocket Man" }, { "id": "4908439", "score": "1.6358163", "text": "following month, she embarked on her second concert at Istana Budaya in 2015 on 7 and 8 November with Konsert Satu Suara, Vol. 2. Accompanied by Hetty Koes Endang (Indonesia) and Ramli Sarip (Singapore), the two-day concert was a commercial success, managing to collect more than RM 650 000 from tickets alone. During the two-day concert, rumours of her pregnancy arose. While she refused to approve or disprove the rumours, she finally revealed on her personal Instagram account on 1 December that she suffered a miscarriage after two months of pregnancy. She commented in the post, \"I don't want to", "title": "Siti Nurhaliza" } ]

[ "un locode sndkr", "dakar senegal", "UN/LOCODE:SNDKR", "capital of senegal", "dakar", "Dakar", "Dakar, Senegal", "Capital of Senegal" ]

[ { "id": "14037382", "score": "1.9229443", "text": "African Renaissance Monument The African Renaissance Monument () is a 49 meter tall bronze statue located on top of one of the twin hills known as Collines des Mamelles, outside Dakar, Senegal. Built overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in the Ouakam suburb, the statue was designed by the Senegalese architect Pierre Goudiaby after an idea presented by president Abdoulaye Wade and built by Mansudae Overseas Projects, a company from North Korea. Site preparation on top of the 100-meter high hill began in 2006, and construction of the bronze statue began 3 April 2008. Originally scheduled for completion in December 2009, delays", "title": "African Renaissance Monument" }, { "id": "14037383", "score": "1.8069005", "text": "stretched into early 2010, and the formal dedication occurred on 4 April 2010, Senegal's \"National Day\", commemorating the 50th anniversary of the country's independence from France. It is the tallest statue in Africa. The project was launched by then Senegalese president Abdoulaye Wade who considered it part of Senegal's prestige projects, aimed at providing monuments to herald a new era of African Renaissance. On 3 April 2010, the African Renaissance Monument was unveiled in Dakar in front of 19 African heads of state, including President of Malawi and the African Union Bingu wa Mutharika, Jean Ping of the African Union", "title": "African Renaissance Monument" }, { "id": "14037388", "score": "1.755475", "text": "property rights, insisting that the president cannot claim copyright over ideas conceived as a function of his public office. Ousmane Sow, a world-renowned Senegalese sculptor, also objected to the use of North Korean builders, saying it was anything but a symbol of African Renaissance and nothing to do with art. African Renaissance Monument The African Renaissance Monument () is a 49 meter tall bronze statue located on top of one of the twin hills known as Collines des Mamelles, outside Dakar, Senegal. Built overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in the Ouakam suburb, the statue was designed by the Senegalese architect Pierre", "title": "African Renaissance Monument" }, { "id": "14037386", "score": "1.7424214", "text": "critics argued that the body shapes are cartoon-like, with only vaguely African facial features. It was also suggested that the monument is a stark representation of the macho sexism of African authoritarian rulers. The statue's design was derided internationally because of false claims of its Senegalese origin, actually having been designed by a Romanian architect and built by a North Korean sculpting company famous for various projects and large statues throughout Africa since the 1970s. It was a poorly received piece by art critics around the world after its much-delayed unveiling in 2010 and was compared by some to the", "title": "African Renaissance Monument" }, { "id": "14037384", "score": "1.7260826", "text": "Commission and the Presidents of Benin, Cape Verde, Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania and Zimbabwe, as well as representatives from North Korea, and Jesse Jackson and musician Akon, both from the United States, all of whom were given a tour. President Wade said \"It brings to life our common destiny. Africa has arrived in the 21st century standing tall and more ready than ever to take its destiny into its hands\". President Bingu said \"This monument does not belong to Senegal. It belongs to the African people wherever we are\". Thousands of people protested against \"all", "title": "African Renaissance Monument" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "African Renaissance Monument\n\nThe African Renaissance Monument is a tall bronze statue located on top of one of the twin hills known as Collines des Mamelles, outside Dakar, Senegal. Built overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in the Ouakam suburb, the statue was designed by the Senegalese architect Pierre Goudiaby after an idea presented by president Abdoulaye Wade and built by Mansudae Overseas Projects, a company from North Korea. \n\nSite preparation on top of the 100-meter high hill began in 2006, and construction of the bronze statue began 2008. Originally scheduled for completion in December 2009, delays stretched into early 2010, and the formal dedication occurred on 4 April 2010, Senegal's \"National Day\", commemorating the 50th anniversary of the country's independence from France. It is the tallest statue in Africa.", "title": "African Renaissance Monument" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Role of Christianity in civilization" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "British Museum\n\nThe British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. The British Museum was the first public national museum to cover all fields of knowledge.\n\nThe museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the Anglo-Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It first opened to the public in 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. The museum's expansion over the following 250 years was largely a result of British colonisation and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, or independent spin-offs, the first being the Natural History Museum in 1881.\n\nIn 1973, the British Library Act 1972 detached the library department from the British Museum, but it continued to host the now separated British Library in the same Reading Room and building as the museum until 1997. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, and as with all national museums in the UK it charges no admission fee, except for loan exhibitions.\n\nIts ownership of some of its most famous objects originating in other countries is disputed and remains the subject of international controversy through repatriation claims, most notably in the case of the Elgin Marbles of Greece, and the Rosetta Stone of Egypt.", "title": "British Museum" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ellis Island\n\nEllis Island is a federally owned island in New York Harbor, situated within the U.S. states of New York and New Jersey, that was the busiest immigrant inspection and processing station in the United States. From 1892 to 1954, nearly 12 million immigrants arriving at the Port of New York and New Jersey were processed there under federal law. Today, it is part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument and is accessible to the public only by ferry. The north side of the island is the site of the main building, now a national museum of immigration. The south side of the island, including the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, is open to the public only through guided tours.\n\nIn the 19th century, Ellis Island was the site of Fort Gibson and later became a naval magazine. The first inspection station opened in 1892 and was destroyed by fire in 1897. The second station opened in 1900 and housed facilities for medical quarantines and processing immigrants. After 1924, Ellis Island was used primarily as a detention center for migrants. During both World War I and World War II, its facilities were also used by the US military to detain prisoners of war. After the immigration station's closure, the buildings languished for several years until they were partially reopened in 1976. The main building and adjacent structures were completely renovated in 1990.\n\nThe island was greatly expanded by land reclamation between the late 1890s and the 1930s. Jurisdictional disputes between New Jersey and New York State persisted until the 1998 US Supreme Court ruling in \"New Jersey v. New York\".", "title": "Ellis Island" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "England\n\nEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.\n\nThe area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Paleolithic period, but takes its name from the Angles, a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula, who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.\n\nEngland's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north (for example, the Lake District and Pennines) and in the west (for example, Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills). The capital is London, which has the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, largely concentrated around London, the South East, and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East, and Yorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century.\n\nThe Kingdom of England – which after 1535 included Wales – ceased being a separate sovereign state on 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year, resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland (through another Act of Union) to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "title": "England" }, { "id": "6806600", "score": "1.7059829", "text": "indigenous peoples and among these smaller sculptures some of his finest work can be found. They are much less formal than his larger work and are appealing in their vivid and lifelike facial expressions. Woman and Children, completed in 1938. This bronze statue honouring the role the Voortrekker women played in the Great Trek was van Wouw's last commission. The sculpture is located at the base of the Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria, stands 4.1 meter tall and weights 2.5 ton. The casting was done by Renzo Vignali in Pretoria. Models for the statue were Cato Roorda or Isabel Snyman as", "title": "Anton van Wouw" }, { "id": "14296084", "score": "1.6994005", "text": "controversial: Senegal's African Renaissance Monument. Unveiled in 2010, it stands at 50 meters, which is taller than the Statue of Liberty and Rio de Janeiro's Christ the Redeemer, and depicts a half-nude African family of three in a socialist-realist pose. A former president of Senegal, Abdoulaye Wade, hired the group because it was the only organization that he could afford. It took the work of around 150 Mansudae artists to complete. Senegalese unions protested the foreign labor due to the 50 percent unemployment rate at the time, the Muslim majority of the population was offended by the exposed breast of", "title": "Mansudae Art Studio" }, { "id": "12930578", "score": "1.6937842", "text": "as a full-time sculptor. She returned to Gray's to lecture there on sculpture (1978–82). Her sculpture \"African Woman and Child\" was commissioned by the Edinburgh City Council to symbolise the city's stand against apartheid. The sculpture depicts a black woman standing with a young child in front of the suggestion of a shantytown. It was unveiled on 22 July 1986 by a then-exiled member of the African National Congress, Suganya Chetty, who was then living in Edinburgh. Her sculpture of Robert the Bruce, commissioned by Aberdeen City Council, and on display in Aberdeen Town House, shows the heroic Scottish king", "title": "Anne Davidson" }, { "id": "19729527", "score": "1.6603656", "text": "first of the statues were unveiled in September of 2015 by Nathi Mthethwa, the South African Minister of Arts and Culture. National Heritage Monument The National Heritage Monument is a group of copper statues representing anti-apartheid activists, Zulu chiefs and missionaries. The monument is meant to reflect the struggle for liberation going back into the 1600s. It is located in Groenkloof Nature Reserve. The project was started in 2010, but as of 2015, only has 55 statues. A total of 400 to 500 statues are planned. When complete, the monument will be called \"The Long Walk to Freedom.\" The idea", "title": "National Heritage Monument" }, { "id": "14037387", "score": "1.6492174", "text": "infamous (and once-abandoned) Christopher Columbus statue project that was unveiled in Arecibo, Puerto Rico in 2016. Local imams argued that a statue depicting a human figure is idolatrous and objected to the perceived immodesty of the semi-nude male and female figures. In December 2009, President Abdoulaye Wade apologised to Senegal's Christian minority for comparing the statue to Jesus Christ. The project has also attracted controversy due to Wade's claim to the intellectual property rights of the statue, and insisting that he is entitled to 35 percent of the profits raised. Opposition figures have sharply criticised Wade's plan to claim intellectual", "title": "African Renaissance Monument" }, { "id": "5745475", "score": "1.6158282", "text": "Monument, is a tall pillar erected in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 1984. The monument has fallen into neglect. Reconstruction of Frankfurt’s so-called Fairy Tale Fountain, an art nouveau relic from 1910 that had been melted down for its metal during World War II. In Mozambique, Mansudae Overseas Projects constructed the Samora Machel Statue in Independence Square, Maputo in 2011. Namibia is the only country to have commissioned four public works by Mansudae Overseas Projects. In Senegal, the company built the African Renaissance Monument. National Heroes Acre a burial ground and national monument in near Harare, Zimbabwe. Work began on the", "title": "Mansudae Overseas Projects" }, { "id": "14037385", "score": "1.6150875", "text": "the failures of President Wade's regime, the least of which is this horrible statue\" on the city's streets beforehand, with riot police deployed to maintain control. Deputy leader of the opposition Ndeye Fatou Toure described the monument as an \"economic monster and a financial scandal in the context of the current [economic] crisis\". The colossal statue has been criticized for its cost at US$ 27 million (£16.6m). The payment was made in kind, with 30 to 40 hectares of land that will be sponsored by a Senegalese businessman. Senegalese opposition leaders also questioned the style of the project, while art", "title": "African Renaissance Monument" }, { "id": "19729526", "score": "1.612014", "text": "National Heritage Monument The National Heritage Monument is a group of copper statues representing anti-apartheid activists, Zulu chiefs and missionaries. The monument is meant to reflect the struggle for liberation going back into the 1600s. It is located in Groenkloof Nature Reserve. The project was started in 2010, but as of 2015, only has 55 statues. A total of 400 to 500 statues are planned. When complete, the monument will be called \"The Long Walk to Freedom.\" The idea for the project came from Dali Tambo in 2010, who is also the CEO of the National Heritage Project Company. The", "title": "National Heritage Monument" }, { "id": "16372671", "score": "1.5877337", "text": "two recipients that year, for her terracotta statuette entitled \"Mother and Child.\" The prize was established in 1922 to support young women sculptors. One of the first monuments on which the March family collaborated was the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers South African War Memorial. All of the March artists had a hand in the creation of the memorial that was dedicated to the Inniskilling Fusiliers who died in the Boer War. Members of the family installed it themselves in 1902. The monument was originally located on High Street in Omagh, County Tyrone and unveiled by the Duchess of Abercorn on 25", "title": "Elsie March" }, { "id": "19246240", "score": "1.5877186", "text": "Jesus de Greatest Jesus de Greatest is a statue of Jesus Christ located in Abajah village in Imo State, Nigeria. It is considered \"Africa’s largest statue of Jesus\", and is the fifth tallest statue in the African continent. The 160 ft African Renaissance Monument is the tallest statue in Africa, the 66 ft Great Sphinx of Giza is second, the 30 ft Statue of Ramesses II is third, and the 28 ft Nelson Mandela statue is fourth. When it comes to \"the largest statue of Jesus in the world\", tall Christ the King in Świebodzin, Poland, takes the credit. \"Jesus", "title": "Jesus de Greatest" }, { "id": "19246242", "score": "1.5668585", "text": "of Jesus. Jesus de Greatest Jesus de Greatest is a statue of Jesus Christ located in Abajah village in Imo State, Nigeria. It is considered \"Africa’s largest statue of Jesus\", and is the fifth tallest statue in the African continent. The 160 ft African Renaissance Monument is the tallest statue in Africa, the 66 ft Great Sphinx of Giza is second, the 30 ft Statue of Ramesses II is third, and the 28 ft Nelson Mandela statue is fourth. When it comes to \"the largest statue of Jesus in the world\", tall Christ the King in Świebodzin, Poland, takes the", "title": "Jesus de Greatest" }, { "id": "671089", "score": "1.5543842", "text": "Zimbabwe) or the Cape Colony (present-day South Africa). The monument was inaugurated on 29 September 2005. While the statues represent famous historical figures, there has been some controversy over the cost of the construction, P12,000,000 (approx. US$1.7M, €1.4M, or £1.1M as of June 2010), and over the construction company, North Korean Mansudae Overseas Projects, putting the wrong inscription date. Other buildings under construction in the CBD include the Holiday Inn Gaborone, retail space, and office space. The city gets most of its water from the reservoir formed from the Gaborone Dam on the southeast side of the city, which has", "title": "Gaborone" }, { "id": "10243276", "score": "1.5542898", "text": "Tawny Gray Toin Adams, born in Kitwe, Zambia, is a sculptor working in steel, acrylic, fibreglass and other media. She spent her early childhood in eastern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and late teen years, in South Africa, where she attended the National School of the Arts, Johannesburg. In the late 80's she moved to England, where she began her career in sculpting. Her two most well known works to date are Birmingham's largest sculpture: the 12 m high, \"The Green Man 2002\" and the 10m high hanging sculpture \"The Deluge 2010 at Zellig\", a high hanging sculpture of falling bodies, both", "title": "Tawny Gray" }, { "id": "16258811", "score": "1.5528166", "text": "in the courtyard of the Alte Feste. The Reiterdenkmal was financed privately and designed by Berlin sculptor Adolf Kürle. The equestrian statue is tall and made from bronze. It was created in Berlin and shipped to German South West Africa in 1911. After its arrival in Swakopmund it was transported by train to Windhoek. The plinth is tall and consists of approximately 180 granite rocks from Okahandja. It has a plaque mounted on it that remembers the German soldiers and civilians that died in the Herero and Namaqua War of 1904–1907, as well as in the Kalahari Expedition in 1908.", "title": "Reiterdenkmal, Windhoek" }, { "id": "19109732", "score": "1.550465", "text": "and a bronze monument inspired by the children's book Peter's Chair, as centerpiece of an Imagination Playground in Prospect Park. His work can also be found in institutional collections including the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; Howard University, Washington, D.C.; The Studio Museum in Harlem, NY; Ghana National Museum, Ghana; Columbia Museum, Columbia, SC, the private collections of Congressman John Lewis, Harry Belafonte, and Oprah Winfrey, and was also the subject of an exhibition in the gallery inside the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch at Grand Army Plaza. Katherine Ellington has written about Otto Neals' work and legacy: \"From the Harlem Renaissance", "title": "Otto Neals" } ]

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UU.", "Amercia", "estados unidos de américa", "American United States", "The U.S.", "United States of America (USA)", "UnitedStates", "Amurka", "america us", "United States Of Amerca", "Los Estados Unidos de America", "u –s –", "amurica", "Estados Unidos de America", "THE AMERICAN UNITED STATES", "United States (U.S.A.)", "The U. S.", "etats unis d amerique", "estatos unitos", "The U.–S.", "amercia", "V.S. Amerika", "amurika", "U S of America", "U.S. of America", "USoA", "Untied States of America", "United States of America/Introduction", "états unis", "usofa", "The U.S. of A", "name of united states", "Usa", "Etats-Unis", "The US", "The Us", "'merica", "los estados unidos de america", "eeuu", "The United–States", "United States of American", "America (US)", "united states", "U.S. of A", "americophile", "Americaland", "v s amerika", "u –s", "The U.-S.-A.", "Unietd States", "U.s.a.", "United+States+of+America", "untied states of america", "united stated", "unite states of america", "Americia", "united states of amerca", "United States (US)", "The U S", "america united states of", "U S A", "The united states of america", "vs amerika", "ISO 3166-1:US", "unite states", "U.–S.", "U.S.A.", "U S", "(USA)", "los estados unidos de américa", "U. S. A.", "united states of america usa", "usoa", "USofA", "V.S. America", "United States of America", "U.S. America", "The US of america", "EEUU", "america", "America-class", "United States of America (U.S.A.)", "The United States of America.", "estaos uníos", "US of A", "unitd states", "untied states", "The US of America", "(US)", "united staets of america", "Us of a", "The United-States", "States of America", "estaos unios", "U-S-A", "United-States", "Los Estados Unidos de América", "us america", "americaland", "États-Unis d'Amérique", "u s america", "american united states", "United States (of America)", "UNITED STATES", "The United States Of America", "United Sates", "U.-S.-A.", "america usa", "etats unis", "Estaos Unios", "Nagkaisang mga Estado", "United–States", "u–s", "Unitesd states", "United States Of America", "us of", "us", "amerka", "usa", "Unite States", "These United States of America", "Etymology of the United States", "United Staets of America", "America magazine", "america class", "unitedstates", "United states of America", "Etats-Unis d'Amerique", "U.S. OF A", "United+States", "THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "Amurika", "america united states", "Los Estados Unidos", "Amarica", "The U. S. of America", "VS America", "United state of america", "united states country", "los estados unidos", "The U.S.A.", "America (United States of)", "U. S.", "verenigde state", "united states of american", "U.S.A.)", "ee uu", "Federal United States", "United States (country)", "US of america", "The U S of America", "these united states of america", "U,S,", "USA", "États-Unis", "verenigde state van amerika", "UNited States", "estados unidos de america", "u s of", "The U. S. of A", "United sates", "estados unidos", "America, United States of", "U.–S.–A." ]

[ { "id": "469377", "score": "1.8025408", "text": "The year 1979 witnessed the spectacular reentry of Skylab over Australia. NASA had planned for a shuttle mission to the space station, but the shuttles were not ready to fly until 1981, too late to save it. Meanwhile, the Soviets, having failed completely in their attempt at manned lunar landings, canceled the program in 1972. By then, however, they had already begun Salyut, the world's first space station program, which began in 1971. This would have problems of its own, especially the tragic loss of the Soyuz 11 crew in July 1971 and the near-loss of the Soyuz 18a crew", "title": "1970s" }, { "id": "399250", "score": "1.7871947", "text": "Skylab Skylab was a United States space station launched and operated by NASA, and occupied for about 24 weeks between May 1973 and February 1974 – the only space station the U.S. has operated exclusively. In 1979 it fell back to Earth amid huge worldwide media attention. Skylab included a workshop, a solar observatory, and other systems necessary for crew survival and scientific experiments. It was launched unmanned by a modified Saturn V rocket, with a weight of . Lifting Skylab into low earth orbit was the final mission and launch of a Saturn V rocket (famous for carrying the", "title": "Skylab" }, { "id": "5404338", "score": "1.7689757", "text": "bombing missions in Cambodia during the Vietnam War whose dream is to be the first black man in space, and Phil Stone, a veteran Air Force test pilot-turned-astronaut who has flown in a long-term stay on a lunar orbital station before the Mars mission. In the 1970s, the Skylab Space Station is launched, but apparently as a wet workshop design that is based on the Saturn IB S-IVB upper stage called \"Skylab A\". The Saturn V that might have launched Skylab in our timeline instead launches \"Skylab B\", a lunar orbit space station unofficially named \"Moonlab\", also a wet workshop", "title": "Voyage (novel)" }, { "id": "399317", "score": "1.7654593", "text": "be deployed with the Space Shuttle and returned to Earth. The next American major space station project was Space Station Freedom, which was merged into the International Space Station in 1993 and launched starting in 1998. Shuttle-Mir was another project and led to the US funding Spektr, Priroda, and the Mir Docking Module in the 1990s. There was a Skylab Rescue mission assembled for the second manned mission to Skylab, but it was not needed. Another rescue mission was assembled for the last Skylab and was also on standby for ASTP. That launch stack might have been used for Skylab", "title": "Skylab" }, { "id": "14564037", "score": "1.7538551", "text": "also the only space station NASA launched alone. The 100-ton space station was in Earth's orbit from 1973 to 1979 and it was visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974. Circling 50 degrees north and south of the equator at an altitude of , Skylab had an orbital period of 93 minutes. There were a plethora of UV astronomy experiments done during the Skylab lifetime, as well as detailed X-ray studies of the Sun. The station was active until July 11, 1979, when it fell out of orbit. The 10-cent Skylab commemorative stamp first day of release took", "title": "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Space station\n\nA space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time, and is therefore a type of space habitat. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. An orbital station or an orbital space station is an artificial satellite (i.e. a type of orbital spaceflight). Stations must have docking ports to allow other spacecraft to dock to transfer crew and supplies. The purpose of maintaining an orbital outpost varies depending on the program. Space stations have most often been launched for scientific purposes, but military launches have also occurred.\n\nSpace stations have harboured so far the only long-duration direct human presence in space. After the first station Salyut 1 (1971) and its tragic Soyuz 11 crew, space stations have been operated consecutively since Skylab (1973), having allowed a progression of long-duration direct human presence in space. Stations have been occupied by consecutive crews since 1987 with the Salyut successor Mir. Uninterrupted occupation of stations has been achieved since the operational transition from the Mir to the ISS, with its first occupation in 2000.\nThe ISS has hosted the highest number of people in orbit at the same time, reaching 13 for the first time during the eleven day docking of STS-127 in 2009.\n\n, there are two fully operational space stations in low Earth orbit (LEO) – the International Space Station (ISS) and China's \"Tiangong\" Space Station (TSS). The ISS has been permanently inhabited since October 2000 with the Expedition 1 crews and the TSS began continuous inhabitation with the Shenzhou 14 crews in June 2022. These stations are used to study the effects of spaceflight on the human body, as well as to provide a location to conduct a greater number and longer length of scientific studies than is possible on other space vehicles. In 2022, the TSS finished its phase 1 construction with the addition of two lab modules, Wentian (\"Quest for the Heavens\") launched on 24 July 2022 and Mengtian (\"Dreaming of the Heavens\") launched on 31 October 2022, joining the ISS as the most recent space station operating in orbit. In July 2022, Russia announced intentions to withdraw from the ISS after 2024 in order to build its own space station. There have been numerous decommissioned space stations, including USSR's \"Salyuts\", Russia's \"Mir\", NASA's \"Skylab\", and China's \"Tiangong 1\" and \"Tiangong 2\".", "title": "Space station" }, { "id": "7571", "score": "1.7529607", "text": "only one of these plans to make it off the drawing board. Dubbed Skylab, it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space, and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V. It was equipped with an Apollo Telescope Mount. Skylab's last crew departed the station on February 8, 1974, and the station itself reentered the atmosphere in 1979. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project also used Apollo hardware for the first joint nation space flight, paving the way for future cooperation with other nations in the Space Shuttle and International Space Station programs. In September", "title": "Apollo program" }, { "id": "399319", "score": "1.750821", "text": "that would have aimed Skylab for a controlled deorbit. The mission would have launched in April 1974 and supported later use by the Space Shuttle, at the time in development, by boosting the station to higher orbit. In addition to the flown Skylab space station, a second flight-quality backup Skylab space station had been built during the program. NASA considered using it for a second station in May 1973 or later, to be called Skylab B (S-IVB 515), but decided against it. Launching another Skylab with another Saturn V rocket would have been very costly, and it was decided to", "title": "Skylab" }, { "id": "10704494", "score": "1.7360907", "text": "Skylab B Skylab B was a proposed second US space station similar to Skylab that was planned to be launched by NASA for different purposes, mostly involving the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, but was canceled due to lack of funding. Two Skylab modules were built in 1970 by McDonnell Douglas for the Skylab program, originally the Apollo Applications Program. The first was launched in 1973 and the other put in storage, while NASA considered how to use the remaining assets from Apollo. One considered option was to use Saturn V SA-515 to launch the backup Skylab station into orbit sometime between", "title": "Skylab B" }, { "id": "10704496", "score": "1.724582", "text": "launching the back-up Skylab station during the ASTP mission in 1975, which would involve the Apollo spacecraft docking with the Soyuz spacecraft first, performing intended operations, then heading for the Skylab B, which during the ASTP discussion was originally called the International Skylab, for a 56–90 days extended mission. Actually the earlier suggestion by McDonnell Douglas was to achieve a massive station by combining Salyut 1 with Skylab B. This would be achieved by launching an Apollo with a multiple docking adapter with 4 docking ports to be able to dock both stations and a both servicing vehicles (Soyuz and", "title": "Skylab B" }, { "id": "885525", "score": "1.7146547", "text": "that it would not hold pressure. All of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories, but some of them were covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations. The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed , was long by in diameter, with a habitable volume of . Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield. Subsequent crewed missions repaired the station, and the final mission's crew, Skylab 4, set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in", "title": "Space Race" }, { "id": "14060885", "score": "1.7118949", "text": "days in the space station, but this achievement was quickly overshadowed since the crew died on reentry to Earth. Salyut 1 was intentionally deorbited six months into orbit since it prematurely ran out of fuel. Skylab was the first American space station. It was 4 times larger than Salut 1. Skylab was launched in May 19, 1973. It rotated through three crews of three during its operational time. Skylab’s experiments confirmed coronal holes and were able to photograph eight solar flares. From 1986 to 2001, Russian space station Mir served as a permanent microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted", "title": "Space research" }, { "id": "10704497", "score": "1.7115984", "text": "Apollo). For future missions, the station, which would have then been called the Advanced Skylab, could have been expanded by the Space Shuttle, which was due to enter service in 1979. At the time (1973) the idea was discussed, NASA still had two Saturn V launchers (SA-514 and SA-515), three Saturn IB boosters (SA-209, SA-210, SA-211), the back-up Skylab space station (Skylab B), three Apollo CSMs (CSM-117, CSM-118 and CSM-119) and two Lunar Modules in storage (LM-13, LM-14). However, after the first Skylab was launched in May 1973, the plan for the Skylab B was canceled and the Apollo/Soyuz spacecraft", "title": "Skylab B" }, { "id": "2901140", "score": "1.7080792", "text": "Skylab 3 is currently on display at the visitor's center of the NASA Glenn Research Center at the Great Lakes Science Center in Cleveland, Ohio. The module used to be at Glenn visitor center, and was moved to the Great Lakes Science Center in June 2010. It took a year to plan and 120,000 USD to move the capsule. Skylab 3 Skylab 3 (also SL-3 and SLM-2) was the second manned mission to the first American space station, Skylab. The mission began July 28, 1973, with the launch of three astronauts on the Saturn IB rocket, and lasted 59 days,", "title": "Skylab 3" }, { "id": "2251371", "score": "1.7079868", "text": "Skylab 2 Skylab 2 (also SL-2 and SLM-1) was the first manned mission to Skylab, the first U.S. orbital space station. The mission was launched on a Saturn IB rocket on May 25, 1973, and carried a three-person crew to the station. The name Skylab 2 also refers to the vehicle used for that mission. The Skylab 2 mission established a twenty-eight-day record for human spaceflight duration. Furthermore, its crew were the first space station occupants ever to return safely to Earth – the only previous space station occupants, the crew of the 1971 Soyuz 11 mission that had manned", "title": "Skylab 2" }, { "id": "3242949", "score": "1.7049389", "text": "Skylab 4 Skylab 4 (also SL-4 and SLM-3) was the third manned Skylab mission and placed the third and final crew aboard the first American space station. The mission started on November 16, 1973 with the launch of three astronauts on a Saturn IB rocket from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida and lasted 84 days, one hour and 16 minutes. A total of 6,051 astronaut-utilization hours were tallied by Skylab 4 astronauts performing scientific experiments in the areas of medical activities, solar observations, Earth resources, observation of the Comet Kohoutek and other experiments. The manned Skylab missions were officially designated", "title": "Skylab 4" }, { "id": "10704495", "score": "1.6993515", "text": "January 1975 and April 1976. That way, it could expand the Apollo-Soyuz mission by 56–90 days. Further proposals were made for an International Skylab, launched using Saturn V SA-514. This station would have been serviced by Apollo, Soyuz and later by the Space Shuttle. Some uses considered for the second Skylab module included putting it into a rotation mode where it could generate artificial gravity and a plan to celebrate the 1976 United States Bicentennial with the launch of two Soviet Soyuz missions to the back-up Skylab. When the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project was created in 1972, NASA had also considered", "title": "Skylab B" }, { "id": "19926756", "score": "1.6983341", "text": "though none of the astronauts returned to space, there was only one more NASA spaceflight in the decade and Skylab was the first and last all-American space station. NASA was planning larger space stations but its budget shrank considerably after the Moon landings, and the Skylab orbital workshop was the only major execution of Apollo application projects. Though the final Skylab mission became known for the incident, it was also known for the large amount of work that was accomplished in the long mission. Skylab orbited for six more years before decaying in 1979 due to higher-than-anticipated solar activity. The", "title": "Skylab controversy" }, { "id": "2901132", "score": "1.69496", "text": "Skylab 3 Skylab 3 (also SL-3 and SLM-2) was the second manned mission to the first American space station, Skylab. The mission began July 28, 1973, with the launch of three astronauts on the Saturn IB rocket, and lasted 59 days, 11 hours and 9 minutes. A total of 1,084.7 astronaut-utilization hours were tallied by the Skylab 3 crew performing scientific experiments in the areas of medical activities, solar observations, Earth resources, and other experiments. The manned Skylab missions were officially designated \"Skylab 2\", \"3\", and \"4\". Mis-communication about the numbering resulted in the mission emblems reading \"Skylab I\", \"Skylab", "title": "Skylab 3" }, { "id": "557213", "score": "1.6934085", "text": "On February 7, 1991, the Soviet Salyut 7 space station (), with the Kosmos 1686 module () attached, reentered and scattered debris over the town of Capitan Bermudez, Argentina. The station had been boosted to a higher orbit in August 1986 in an attempt to keep it up until 1994, but in a scenario similar to Skylab, the planned Buran shuttle was cancelled and high solar activity caused it to come down sooner than expected. On September 7, 2011, NASA announced the impending uncontrolled reentry of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite () and noted that there was a small risk", "title": "Atmospheric entry" }, { "id": "17926878", "score": "1.6895679", "text": "at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, which included approximately 180 technicians skilled in the various tasks required by the space program, including machining and sheet metal work, welding, electronics, modeling, plastics, and electroplating, along with a field test branch. Kinzler led the Division from 1961 until his retirement in 1977. On May 14, 1973, NASA launched Skylab, the United States' first space station. During the launch, a meteorite shield prematurely deployed, which ripped off the shield and one of the station's solar panels, and the debris prevented another solar panel from fully deploying. Without protection from the solar heat", "title": "Jack Kinzler" } ]

[ "Fishergirl", "fisherman", "Fishergirls", "fisherwoman", "fisher girls", "Fishermen", "fisher girl", "fishergirls", "Fisherman", "fishergirl", "Fisher girl", "Fisher girls", "fishermen", "Fisherwoman" ]

[ { "id": "15577800", "score": "1.5392467", "text": "Apostles\". Another title used for Peter is \"Coryphaeus\", which could be translated as \"Choir-director\", or lead singer. The church recognizes Apostle Peter's leadership role in the early church, especially in the very early days at Jerusalem, but does not consider him to have had any \"princely\" role over his fellow Apostles. The New Testament is not seen by the Orthodox as supporting any extraordinary authority for Peter with regard to faith or morals. The Orthodox also hold that Peter did not act as leader at the Council of Jerusalem, but as merely one of a number who spoke. The final", "title": "Saint Peter" }, { "id": "5364710", "score": "1.5390854", "text": "the Church. Moreover, Peter is always named first in all listings of the Apostles; Judas is invariably mentioned last. In Peter is described as the \"first Apostle\". It is important to note that Peter was neither the first Apostle in age nor election; therefore, Peter must be the first Apostle in the sense of authority, if you ignore the possibility of him being first in the sense of first in the list of Twelve Apostles. According to , St. Peter was the leader of the early Christian church in Jerusalem. Jesus also instructed St. Peter to strengthen his brethren, i.e.,", "title": "Primacy of Peter" }, { "id": "13345826", "score": "1.5146286", "text": "Saint Peter and Judaism The relationship between Saint Peter and Judaism is thought to have been fairly positive. Paul the Apostle says that Peter had the special charge of being apostle to the Jews, just as he was apostle to the Gentiles. Another apostle, James, is regarded as the leader of the Jewish Christians. The incident at Antioch refers to a meeting between Paul the Apostle and Peter described in the Epistle to the Galatians. As gentiles began to convert from Paganism to Christianity, a dispute arose among Christian leaders as to whether or not gentiles needed to observe all", "title": "Saint Peter and Judaism" }, { "id": "5364728", "score": "1.5122213", "text": "a new priesthood made, besides the one altar and the one priesthood. Whoever gathers elsewhere scatters.\" In his 251 AD De Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitate, Cyprian asks, \"He who deserts the chair of Peter, upon whom the Church was founded, does he trust himself to be in the Church?\" John Chrysostom was born at Antioch around 347 and would fight for the reform of the church until his exile in 404. His homilies emphasize his belief in the primacy. St. Chrysostom called Peter \"the leader of the choir, the mouth of all the apostles, the head of that tribe, the ruler", "title": "Primacy of Peter" }, { "id": "15577747", "score": "1.5114266", "text": "to evangelise the Gentiles. He applied the message of the vision on clean animals to the gentiles and follows his meeting with Cornelius by claiming that 'God shows no partiality.' Following the 13th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, the narrative turns its attention away from Peter and to the activities of Paul, and the Bible is mostly silent on what occurred to Peter afterwards. John Vidmar, a Catholic scholar, writes: \"Catholic scholars agree that Peter had an authority that superseded that of the other apostles. Peter is their spokesman at several events, he conducts the election of Matthias,", "title": "Saint Peter" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Saint Peter\n\nSaint Peter (died between AD 64 and 68), was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, and one of the first leaders of the early Christian Church. \n\nAccording to Christian tradition, Peter was crucified in Rome under Emperor Nero. The ancient Christian churches all venerate Peter as a major saint and as the founder of the Church of Antioch and the Church of Rome, In the New Testament, the name \"Simon Peter\" is found 19 times. He appears repeatedly and prominently in all four gospels as well as the Acts of the Apostles. He is the brother of Saint Andrew, and both were fishermen. The Gospel of Mark in particular was traditionally thought to show the influence of Peter's preaching and eyewitness memories. He is also mentioned, under either the name Peter or Cephas, in Paul's First Letter to the Corinthians and the Epistle to the Galatians. The New Testament also includes two general epistles, First Peter and Second Peter, that are traditionally attributed to him, but modern scholarship generally rejects the Petrine authorship of both. Nevertheless, Evangelicals and Catholics have always affirmed Peter's authorship, and recently, a growing number of scholars have revived the claim of Petrine authorship of these epistles.\n\nCatholic and Orthodox tradition accredits him as the first bishop of Romeor popeand also as the first bishop of Antioch. Based on contemporary historical data, his papacy is estimated to have spanned from AD 30 to his death, which would make him the longest-reigning pope, at anywhere from 34 to 38 years; however, this has never been verified. with the consensus among scholars being that by the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries, local congregations were led by bishops and presbyters, whose duties of office overlapped or were indistinguishable from one another. Protestant and secular historians generally agree that there was probably \"no single 'monarchical' bishop in Rome before the middle of the 2nd century...and likely later.\" Outside of the New Testament, several apocryphal books were later attributed to him, in particular the Acts of Peter, Gospel of Peter, Preaching of Peter, Apocalypse of Peter, and Judgment of Peter, although scholars believe these works to be pseudoepigrapha.", "title": "Saint Peter" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pope\n\nThe pope (, from , 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Catholic Church, and has also served as the head of state or sovereign of the Papal States and later the Vatican City State since the eighth century. From a Catholic viewpoint, the primacy of the bishop of Rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus, who gave Peter the Keys of Heaven and the powers of \"binding and loosing\", naming him as the \"rock\" upon which the Church would be built. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013.\n\nWhile his office is called the papacy, the jurisdiction of the episcopal see is called the Holy See. It is the Holy See that is the sovereign entity by international law headquartered in the distinctively independent Vatican City State, a city-state which forms a geographical enclave within the conurbation of Rome, established by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 between Italy and the Holy See to ensure its and spiritual independence. The Holy See is recognized by its adherence at various levels to international organizations and by means of its diplomatic relations and political accords with many independent states.\n\nAccording to Catholic tradition, the apostolic see of Rome was founded by Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the first century. The papacy is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has had a prominent part in human history. In ancient times, the popes helped spread Christianity and intervened to find resolutions in various doctrinal disputes. In addition to the expansion of Christian faith and doctrine, modern popes are involved in ecumenism and interfaith dialogue, charitable work, and the defense of human rights.\n\nOver time, the papacy accrued broad secular and political influence, eventually rivaling those of territorial rulers. In recent centuries, the temporal authority of the papacy has declined and the office is now largely focused on religious matters. and because he heads the world's largest non-government provider of education and health care, with a vast network of charities.", "title": "Pope" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Andrew the Apostle\n\nAndrew the Apostle ( ; ; , ), also called Saint Andrew, was an apostle of Jesus according to the New Testament. He is the brother of Simon Peter and is a son of Jonah. He is referred to in the Orthodox tradition as the First-Called ().\n\nAccording to Orthodox tradition, the apostolic successor to Andrew is the Patriarch of Constantinople.", "title": "Andrew the Apostle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jude the Apostle\n\nJude ( translit. Ioúdas Iakóbou) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. He is generally identified as Thaddeus (; ; Syriac/Aramaic: ܝܗܘܕܐ ܫܠܝܚܐ), and is also variously called Judas Thaddaeus, Jude Thaddaeus, Jude of James, or Lebbaeus and is considered as the founding father and the first Catholicos-Patriarch of the Armenian Apostolic Church. He is sometimes identified with Jude, the brother of Jesus, but is clearly distinguished from Judas Iscariot, the apostle who betrayed Jesus prior to his crucifixion. Catholic writer Michal Hunt suggests that Judas Thaddaeus became known as Jude after early translators of the New Testament from Greek into English sought to distinguish him from Judas Iscariot and subsequently abbreviated his forename. Most versions of the New Testament in languages other than English and French refer to Judas and Jude by the same name.\n\nThe Armenian Apostolic Church honors Thaddeus along with Saint Bartholomew as its patron saints. In the Roman Catholic Church, he is the patron saint of desperate cases and lost causes.\n\nSaint Jude's attribute is a club. He is also often shown in icons with a flame around his head. This represents his presence at Pentecost, when he received the Holy Spirit with the other apostles. Another common attribute is Jude holding an image of Jesus Christ, known as the Image of Edessa. In some instances, he may be shown with a scroll or a book (the Epistle of Jude) or holding a carpenter's rule.\nSection::::Identity.\nSection::::New Testament.\nJude is clearly distinguished from Judas Iscariot, another apostle and later the betrayer of Jesus. Both Jude and Judas are translations of the name Ὶούδας in the Koine Greek language original text of the New Testament, which in turn is a Greek variant of Judah (\"Y'hudah\"), a name which was common among Jews at the time. In most Bibles in languages other than English and French, Jude and Judas are referred to by the same name.\n\nAside from Judas Iscariot, the New Testament mentions Jude or Judas six times, in four different contexts:\n\nCatholic tradition generally holds all four to be the same person, while Protestants generally believe 1 and 2 to be one person, although theologian Raymond Brown saw the identification as uncertain. The latter two are also usually thought to be the same person, although this too is not certain, but different from 1 and 2.", "title": "Jude the Apostle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of papal primacy\n\nThe doctrines of Petrine primacy and papal primacy are perhaps the most contentiously disputed in the history of Christianity. Theologians regard the doctrine of papal primacy as having gradually developed in the West due to the convergence of a number of factors, e.g., the dignity of Rome as the only apostolic see in the West; the tradition that both Peter and Paul had been martyred there; Rome's long history as a capital of the Roman Empire; and its continuing position as the chief center of commerce and communication.", "title": "History of papal primacy" }, { "id": "15577743", "score": "1.5111289", "text": "in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria\"). Some, including the Orthodox Churches, believe this is not the same as saying that the other Apostles were under Peter's orders. In contrast, Jewish Christians are said to have argued that James the Just was the leader of the group. Some argue James the Just was bishop of Jerusalem whilst Peter was bishop of Rome and that this position at times gave James privilege in some (but not all) situations. The early Church historian Eusebius (c. AD 325) records Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 190) as saying, \"For they say that Peter and", "title": "Saint Peter" }, { "id": "15577745", "score": "1.5081844", "text": "Pentecost. According to the same book, Peter took the lead in selecting a replacement for Judas Iscariot. Following this appointment, we see Peter establish the conditions for being an apostle as those who have spent time with Jesus. Peter's authority lent to his role as an adjudicator in conflicts and moral matters. He takes on this role in the case of Ananias and Sapphira and holds them accountable for lying about their alms-giving. Peter passes judgement upon them and they are individually struck dead over the infraction. Peter's role wasn't always based around his leadership, but around his gifts for", "title": "Saint Peter" }, { "id": "5364718", "score": "1.5064371", "text": "is likewise echoed by Saint John Chrysostom, the Fourth Century Patriarch of Constantinople: \"And why, then, passing by the others, does He converse with Peter on these things? (John 21:15). He was the chosen one of the Apostles, and the mouth of the disciples, and the leader of the choir. On this account, Paul also went up on a time to see him rather than the others (Galatians 1:18). And withal, to show him that he must thenceforward have confidence, as the denial was done away with, He puts into his hands the presidency over the brethren. And He brings", "title": "Primacy of Peter" }, { "id": "15577749", "score": "1.5063682", "text": "Jerusalem (c. 50), the early Church, Paul and the leaders of the Jerusalem church met and decided to embrace Gentile converts. Acts portrays Peter and other leaders as successfully opposing the Christian Pharisees who insisted on circumcision. The church in Rome was already flourishing when Paul wrote his Epistle to the Romans about AD 57, he greets some fifty people in Rome by name, but not Peter whom he knew. There is also no mention of Peter in Rome later during Paul's two-year stay there in , about AD 60–62. Some Church historians consider Peter and Paul to have been", "title": "Saint Peter" }, { "id": "3262504", "score": "1.5014732", "text": "duties passed to his heir, Pope Leo (440–461) taught that he, as Peter's representative, succeeded to the power and authority of Peter, and he implied that it was through Peter that the other apostles received from Christ strength and stability. Pope Gelasius I (492–496) stated: Besides Rome, Jerusalem was also held in high prestige in the early Church, both because the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus occurred there, on account of the 1st-century Council of Jerusalem. Followers of Jesus were first referred to as \"Christians\" (as well as \"Catholic\") in Antioch and was, together with Alexandria, important in the thought", "title": "Papal primacy" }, { "id": "15577808", "score": "1.4990958", "text": "believes in the re-established Apostle ministry, sees Peter as the first Chief Apostle. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that Peter was the first leader of the early Christian church after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. While the Church accepts apostolic succession from Peter, it rejects papal successors as illegitimate. In interpreting , Latter-day Saint leader Bruce R. McConkie stated, \"The things of God are known only by the power of his Spirit,\" and \"that which the world calls Mormonism is based upon the rock of revelation.\" In his April 1981 general conference address, McConkie", "title": "Saint Peter" }, { "id": "15577722", "score": "1.4986207", "text": "Saint Peter Saint Peter (Syriac/Aramaic: ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹ݁ܐܦ݂ܵܐ, \"Shemayon Keppa\"; ; ; ; ; r. AD 30; died between AD 64 and 68), also known as Simon Peter, Simeon, or Simon (, ), according to the New Testament, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, leaders of the early Christian Great Church. Pope Gregory I called him repeatedly the \"Prince of the Apostles\". According to Catholic teaching, Jesus promised Peter in the \"Rock of My Church\" dialogue in Matthew a special position in the Church. He is traditionally counted as the first Bishop of Romeor popeand also by Eastern", "title": "Saint Peter" }, { "id": "15577741", "score": "1.4947278", "text": "and Jesus reconfirmed Peter's position. The Church of the Primacy of St. Peter on the Sea of Galilee is seen as the traditional site where Jesus Christ appeared to his disciples after his resurrection and, according to Catholic tradition, established Peter's supreme jurisdiction over the Christian church. Peter is always listed first among the Twelve Apostles in the gospels and in the Book of Acts (Acts 1:13). He is also frequently mentioned in the gospels as forming with James the Elder and John a special group within the Twelve Apostles, present at incidents at which the others were not present,", "title": "Saint Peter" }, { "id": "5364733", "score": "1.4931607", "text": "Peter as bishop of Rome. Leo himself was consecrated bishop of Rome in 440 AD. He writes that \"The right of this power did indeed pass on to other apostles, and the order of this decree passed on to all the chiefs of the Church; but not in vain was that which was imparted to all entrusted but one. Therefore this is commended to Peter separately, because all the rulers of the Church are invested with the figure of Peter… So then in Peter the strength of all is fortified, and the help of divine grace is so ordered that", "title": "Primacy of Peter" }, { "id": "12017118", "score": "1.492921", "text": "stretch out your hands, and someone else will fasten a belt around you and take you where you do not wish to go.” He said this to indicate the kind of death by which he would glorify God. After this he said to him, “Follow me.” As we know by tradition, the apostle Peter was in charge of the rest of the eleven apostles since the beginning even before when Jesus told him, “And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it.” Matthew", "title": "Marian art in the Catholic Church" }, { "id": "11427070", "score": "1.4923577", "text": "of the Apostles\" (11:25-27), which relates that Barnabas travelled to Tarsus to bring Paul the Apostle there. They worked for a year with the nascent Christian community, and their adherents to the faith were called \"Christians\" for the first time. Christian tradition considers the apostle Peter to be the founder of the church of Antioch and the first priest of the Christian population established there; the Church of St. Peter is traditionally considered to be at the place where he first preached the Gospel in Antioch. The oldest surviving parts of the church building date from at least the 4th", "title": "Church of Saint Peter" }, { "id": "12941162", "score": "1.4888731", "text": "church, the capital of Christianity. Rome had an early and significant Christian population. It was closely identified with the Apostle Paul, who preached and was martyred there, and the Apostle Peter, who was a martyr there as well. The Eastern Orthodox liturgy calls Peter and Paul \"the wisest Apostles and their princes\" and \"the radiant ornaments of Rome\". Peter is seen as founder of the Church in Rome, and the bishops of Rome as his successors. While the Eastern cities of Alexandria and Antioch produced theological works, the bishops of Rome focused on what Romans admittedly did best: administration. Father", "title": "History of the East–West Schism" }, { "id": "15577750", "score": "1.4876614", "text": "martyred under the reign of Nero, around AD 65. In a strong tradition of the Early Church, Peter is said to have founded the Church in Rome with Paul, served as its bishop, authored two epistles, and then met martyrdom there along with Paul. Christians of different theological backgrounds are in disagreement as to the exact significance of Peter's ministry. For instance: Similarly, historians of various backgrounds also offer differing interpretations of the Apostle's presence in Rome. According to the Epistle to the Galatians (), Peter went to Antioch where Paul rebuked him for separating himself from Gentiles (see the", "title": "Saint Peter" }, { "id": "12187523", "score": "1.487219", "text": "Christian organizations including the Victory foundation, Apostolic Congress, ICOF TV, Apostolic Archives, Apostolic Historians Association. Wade is part of a growing group of leaders recognized by groups such as the ICA (International Coalition of Apostles) as emergent, Pentecostals and charismatics called Apostles. “An apostle is a Christian leader gifted, taught, and commissioned by God with the authority to establish the foundational government of the church within an assigned sphere of ministry by hearing what the Spirit is saying to the churches and by setting things in order accordingly for the extension of the kingdom of God.\" He was formerly the", "title": "Bernie L. Wade" }, { "id": "5364740", "score": "1.4868193", "text": "Apostle Paul, as \"preeminent apostles\". Another title used for Peter is \"Coryphaeus\", which could be translated as \"Choir-director,\" or lead singer. Orthodox scholars follow St. John Chrysostom and the Byzantine tradition in seeing Peter as the icon of the episcopate with his title of protos (first) implying a certain level of authority over the other apostles. In this traditional Orthodox and Patristic view, the Church is the local Eucharistic assembly (\"the diocese\" in today's terminology) and the one who holds the \"Chair of Peter\" (St. Cyprian's expression) is the bishop. As a result, the primacy of Peter is relevant to", "title": "Primacy of Peter" } ]

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[ { "id": "6843119", "score": "1.738076", "text": "governing Social Credit Party, but the party was defeated in the subsequent general election. The first woman to win a general election in Canada was Catherine Callbeck in Prince Edward Island in 1993. To date, the most common path for a woman to becoming premier or prime minister has been to win the leadership of the party that was already in power, thus immediately becoming the first minister without a general election. Women who attained a leadership position in this manner have, however, had a mixed record of success or failure in their first general elections as leader; Campbell and", "title": "Women in Canadian politics" }, { "id": "6843113", "score": "1.7283231", "text": "the first woman to win the leadership of a party with seats in the House of Commons. Canada has had one woman Prime Minister, Kim Campbell. She became Prime Minister before the 1993 federal election by winning the leadership of the governing Progressive Conservatives, but lost the subsequent general election. No woman has yet been elected Prime Minister of Canada in a general election. Two women, Sheila Copps and Anne McLellan, have served as Deputy Prime Minister, although this is largely a ceremonial post with very little actual power. Several women, including Mary Walker-Sawka, Rosemary Brown and Flora MacDonald, had", "title": "Women in Canadian politics" }, { "id": "8348906", "score": "1.7040756", "text": "Film Festival. Flora MacDonald (politician) Flora Isabel MacDonald, (June 3, 1926 – July 26, 2015) was a Canadian politician and humanitarian. Canada's first female foreign minister, she was also one of the first women to vie for leadership of a major Canadian political party, the Progressive Conservatives. She became a close ally of Prime Minister Joe Clark, serving in his cabinet from 1979 to 1980, as well as in the cabinet of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney from 1984 to 1988. In her later life, she was known for her humanitarian work abroad. The City of Ottawa recognised MacDonald on July", "title": "Flora MacDonald (politician)" }, { "id": "8348893", "score": "1.6798818", "text": "Flora MacDonald (politician) Flora Isabel MacDonald, (June 3, 1926 – July 26, 2015) was a Canadian politician and humanitarian. Canada's first female foreign minister, she was also one of the first women to vie for leadership of a major Canadian political party, the Progressive Conservatives. She became a close ally of Prime Minister Joe Clark, serving in his cabinet from 1979 to 1980, as well as in the cabinet of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney from 1984 to 1988. In her later life, she was known for her humanitarian work abroad. The City of Ottawa recognised MacDonald on July 11, 2018", "title": "Flora MacDonald (politician)" }, { "id": "6843117", "score": "1.6586885", "text": "prime minister to appoint a fully gender-balanced cabinet with equal numbers of both men and women. The first woman appointed to serve in the Senate of Canada was Cairine Wilson, in 1930. Three women – Joyce Fairbairn, Sharon Carstairs and Marjory LeBreton – have served as Leader of the Government in the Senate. One woman, Céline Hervieux-Payette, has held the position of Leader of the Opposition in the Senate. One woman, Muriel McQueen Fergusson, has served as Speaker of the Senate, a position she occupied from 1972 to 1974. The Famous Five, a group of five women whose activism originally", "title": "Women in Canadian politics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kim Campbell\n\nAvril Phaedra Douglas \"Kim\" Campbell (born March 10, 1947) is a Canadian politician, diplomat, lawyer, and writer who served as the 19th prime minister of Canada from June 25 to November 4, 1993. Campbell is the first and so far only female prime minister of Canada. Prior to becoming the final Progressive Conservative (PC) prime minister, she was also the first woman to serve as minister of justice in Canadian history and the first woman to become minister of defence in a NATO member state.\n\nCampbell was first elected to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly as a member of the British Columbia Social Credit Party in 1986 before being elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a PC in 1988. Under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, she occupied numerous cabinet positions including minister of justice and attorney general, minister of veterans affairs and minister of national defence from 1990 to 1993. Campbell became the new prime minister in June 1993 after Mulroney resigned in the wake of declining popularity. In the 1993 Canadian federal election in October of that year, the Progressive Conservatives were decimated, losing all but two seats from a previous majority, with Campbell losing her own. Her 132-day premiership is the third-shortest in Canadian history.\n\nCampbell was also the first baby boomer to hold the office, as well as the only prime minister born in British Columbia. She is the chairperson for the Canadian Supreme Court advisory board.", "title": "Kim Campbell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Electoral history of Kim Campbell\n\nThis article is the Electoral history of Kim Campbell, the nineteenth Prime Minister of Canada.\n\nA Progressive Conservative, Campbell was the first woman to serve as prime minister. She served one short term in 1993. She succeeded Brian Mulroney as prime minister and then led the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in the general election of 1993. The Progressive Conservatives were almost wiped out in the election, going from a majority government of 154 seats at dissolution, to two seats and loss of party status in the House of Commons. It was the worst defeat of a federal government in Canadian history.\n\nCampbell lost her own seat and announced her resignation on election night. Jean Chrétien, leader of the Liberal Party of Canada, succeeded her as prime minister. Jean Charest became leader of the Progressive Conservative party.\n\nCampbell stood for election to the House of Commons twice. She was elected in the general election of 1988, but defeated in the 1993 election.\n\nPrior to entering federal politics, Campbell had been involved in provincial and municipal politics in her home province of British Columbia.", "title": "Electoral history of Kim Campbell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Spouse of the prime minister of Canada\n\nThe spouse of the prime minister of Canada () is the wife or husband of the prime minister of Canada. Sophie Grégoire Trudeau is the wife of the 23rd and current prime minister, Justin Trudeau.\n\nThere have been nineteen women who have held the role of being a wife of a prime minister of Canada; Kim Campbell, the only female prime minister, was unmarried during her time in office. As a semi-public figure, spouses participate in various ceremonial, diplomatic, or partisan activities alongside the prime minister. Spouses often pursue philanthropic or charitable endeavours on their own, although the spouses have varied in how actively they sought or accepted the public spotlight.\n\nSome media outlets have styled prime ministers' wives as the \"First Lady of Canada\", similar to the style of \"First Lady\" used in the neighbouring United States and other republics. This is not a recognized nor accurately applicable title, as both the spouses of Canada's monarch and that of the governor general take precedence over a prime minister's spouse.<ref name=firstlady/> Rather, use of \"First Lady\" is based on the influence of American media.<ref name=firstlady/>", "title": "Spouse of the prime minister of Canada" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of female first ministers in Canada\n\nA total of fourteen women have served as the first minister of a Canadian government. Of these, one was prime minister of the country, nine were premiers of a province and four were premiers of a territory. Two are currently in office.\n\nWomen have been eligible to become premier since they first gained the right to vote, beginning in 1916 in Manitoba and extending to all jurisdictions when Quebec allowed women to vote in 1940 (the Northwest Territories did not allow women to vote until later, but it did not have premiers at the time). Women soon began to be appointed to cabinet positions, starting with Mary Ellen Smith in British Columbia in 1921, but it was not until decades later that women began to serve as leaders of a major party. Hilda Watson became the first woman to lead her party to victory in a general election in 1978. However, since Yukon did not have premiers at the time, and Watson did not win her riding, her successor became the first Government Leader of the Yukon. The first female premier was Rita Johnston in 1991 in British Columbia. Today, every Canadian jurisdiction has had at least one female premier except for Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Saskatchewan.\n\nThe most female first ministers at any one time was six, for 277 days from 11 February to 15 November 2013. These six included the premiers of Canada's four most populated provinces, so during that time approximately 88% of Canadians had a female premier. The longest-serving female premier is Christy Clark, who served as premier of British Columbia for over six years, from 14 March 2011 to 18 July 2017.\n\nThree of the thirteen female premiers won the title by defeating an incumbent premier in a general election, and another three earned their positions through consensus government systems that lack political parties. The rest won the title through a party leadership race, although several then went on to win a general election as the incumbent premier. No female premier in Canadian history has ever been re-elected to form government. Out of all of the female premiers that have won an election and went on to form government, none of them were re-elected, that is, not one succeeded in being returned to office. Christy Clark won the 2013 BC election and she led her party to win the most seats in the 2017 election, but she was not successful in forming government as the BC Liberals were defeated in a confidence vote shortly after.\n\nThere are currently three female first ministers in Canada Caroline Cochrane (13th Premier of the Northwest Territories), who assumed office on 24 October 2019, Heather Stefanson (24th Premier of Manitoba), who assumed office on 2 November 2021, and Danielle Smith (19th Premier of Alberta) who assumed office on 11 October 2022.\n\n", "title": "List of female first ministers in Canada" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Prime Minister of Canada\n\nThe prime minister of Canada () is the head of government of Canada. Under the Westminster system, the prime minister governs with the confidence of a majority the elected House of Commons; as such, the prime minister typically sits as a member of Parliament (MP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. As first minister, the prime minister selects ministers to form the Cabinet and chairs it. Constitutionally, the Crown exercises executive power on the advice of the Cabinet, which is collectively responsible to the House of Commons. \n\nJustin Trudeau is the 23rd and current prime minister of Canada. He took office on November 4, 2015, following the 2015 federal election where his Liberal Party won a majority of seats and was invited to form the 29th Canadian Ministry. Trudeau was subsequently re-elected following the 2019 and 2021 elections with a minority of seats.\n\nNot outlined in any constitutional document, the office exists only per long-established convention (originating in Canada's former colonial power, the United Kingdom) that stipulates the monarch's representative, the governor general, must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons; this individual is typically the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber. Canadian prime ministers are appointed to the Privy Council and styled as the Right Honourable (), a privilege maintained for life.\n\nThe prime minister is supported by the Prime Minister's Office and heads the Privy Council Office. The prime minister also effectively appoints individuals to the Senate of Canada and to the Supreme Court of Canada and other federal courts, along with choosing the leaders and boards, as required under law, of various Crown corporations. Under the \"Constitution Act, 1867\", government power is vested in the monarch (who is the head of state), but in practice the role of the monarch—or their representative, the governor general (or the administrator)—is largely ceremonial and only exercised on the advice of a Cabinet minister. The prime minister also provides advice to the monarch of Canada for the selection of the governor general.", "title": "Prime Minister of Canada" }, { "id": "208833", "score": "1.654866", "text": "a snap election and spearheaded them to one of their greatest triumphs. Diefenbaker appointed the first female minister in Canadian history to his Cabinet, as well as the first aboriginal member of the Senate. During his six years as Prime Minister, his government obtained passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights and granted the vote to the First Nations and Inuit peoples. In foreign policy, his stance against apartheid helped secure the departure of South Africa from the Commonwealth of Nations, but his indecision on whether to accept Bomarc nuclear missiles from the United States led to his government's downfall.", "title": "John Diefenbaker" }, { "id": "3382743", "score": "1.6416582", "text": "Governor General or Chief Justice. At the Progressive Conservative leadership election, 1993, Fairclough was a supporter of Kim Campbell, and gave the speech to formally nominate Campbell on the convention floor. In 1995, she published her memoirs, \"Saturday's Child: Memoirs of Canada's First Female Cabinet Minister\". She died in a Hamilton, Ontario nursing home on November 13, 2004. Her husband Gordon and son Howard both predeceased her. On June 21, 2005, Canada Post issued a postage stamp in honour of Fairclough. Ellen Fairclough Ellen Louks Fairclough, (January 28, 1905 – November 13, 2004) was a Canadian politician. A member of", "title": "Ellen Fairclough" }, { "id": "6843108", "score": "1.6393642", "text": "a by-election the following year. In the subsequent 1953 election, \"four\" women – Fairclough, Margaret Aitken, Sybil Bennett and Ann Shipley – were elected to Parliament. Every subsequent election has had at least two women elected to Parliament, except 1968 when Grace MacInnis was the only woman elected. Shipley became, in 1955, the first woman in Canadian history to introduce the formal motion to accept a Speech from the Throne. Fairclough became, in 1957, the first woman appointed to the Cabinet of Canada; she was also named as Acting Prime Minister for two days in 1958 while John Diefenbaker was", "title": "Women in Canadian politics" }, { "id": "8348905", "score": "1.6322511", "text": "a trailblazer for women in politics and said she did an \"incredible job\" as the country's foreign minister. Rodney MacDonald (no relation), a former premier of Nova Scotia, said she inspired generations of Canadians and was widely respected. Joe Clark, her onetime rival for leadership and later ally in PC politics, said she \"changed lives across our country\" and \"around the world\". MacDonald’s bid to become the first female leader of the Progressive Conservatives was the subject of Peter Raymont’s 1977 National Film Board of Canada documentary film \"Flora: Scenes From a Leadership Convention\", which premiered at the Toronto International", "title": "Flora MacDonald (politician)" }, { "id": "2370833", "score": "1.6300251", "text": "turn herself into a First Lady. Canada has had two prime ministers who were bachelors, William Lyon Mackenzie King and R.B. Bennett. Mackenzie Bowell, a widower whose wife, Harriet, died in 1884, was also not married during his term in office. Pierre Trudeau began his term as a bachelor, became the first Canadian prime minister to get married while in office and ended it as Canada's first divorced prime minister. Three other Canadian prime ministers—John A. Macdonald, Alexander Mackenzie, and John Diefenbaker—were widowers, who each married their second wives during their terms as prime minister. Macdonald's first wife was Isabella", "title": "Spouse of the Prime Minister of Canada" }, { "id": "3396813", "score": "1.6286588", "text": "Diefenbaker in the 1963 election. Serving under Prime Minister Lester Pearson, she was the second female federal cabinet minister in Canadian history, and the first to serve in a Liberal cabinet. LaMarsh served as Minister of National Health and Welfare and Minister of Amateur Sport from 1963 to 1965, and as Secretary of State for Canada from 1965 to 1968. Her period as Minister of National Health and Welfare coincided with the introduction of the Canada Pension Plan and the drafting of what was to become Canada's Medicare system. Besides shepherding the Medicare bill through parliament, she also became the", "title": "Judy LaMarsh" }, { "id": "3382738", "score": "1.6244395", "text": "Ellen Fairclough Ellen Louks Fairclough, (January 28, 1905 – November 13, 2004) was a Canadian politician. A member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1950 to 1963, she was the first woman ever to serve in the Canadian Cabinet. Born Ellen Louks Cook in Hamilton, Ontario to Norman Ellsworth Cook and Nellie Bell (Loucks) Cook, Fairclough was a chartered accountant by training, and ran an accounting firm prior to entering politics. She was a member of Hamilton, Ontario City Council from 1945 to 1950. She also served as a member of the executive for the Girl Guides of", "title": "Ellen Fairclough" }, { "id": "10482313", "score": "1.6154572", "text": "coming at #22 out of Canada's first 22 Prime Ministers (through Stephen Harper). In 2004, she was included in the list of 50 most important political leaders in history in the \"Almanac of World History\" compiled by the National Geographic Society. She was cited for her status as the only woman head of government of a North American country (defined variously), but controversy ensued among academics in Canada over the merit of this honour, since her brief term in office was marked by very few, if any, major political accomplishments. On November 30, 2004, Campbell's official portrait for the parliamentary", "title": "Kim Campbell" }, { "id": "1878290", "score": "1.6153529", "text": "role, few to no research sources exist to provide a complete list of everyone who was ever named as acting prime minister. However, John Diefenbaker's selection of Ellen Fairclough as acting prime minister on February 19 and 20, 1958, is historically noteworthy as Fairclough was the first woman ever designated. Prior to the creation of this position, the position of \"Senior Minister\" was a ceremonial position used in a similar manner, heading the order of precedence. Upon the absence of the Prime Minister, the Senior Minister would become the Acting Prime Minister. Deputy Prime Minister of Canada The Deputy Prime", "title": "Deputy Prime Minister of Canada" }, { "id": "628594", "score": "1.612648", "text": "Hornet squadron with support personnel, as well as a field hospital to deal with casualties. Following Mulroney's resignation as prime minister in 1993, Kim Campbell took office and became Canada's first female prime minister. Campbell remained in office for only a few months: the 1993 election saw the collapse of the Progressive Conservative Party from government to two seats, while the Quebec-based sovereigntist Bloc Québécois became the official opposition. Prime Minister Jean Chrétien of the Liberals took office in November 1993 with a majority government and was re-elected with further majorities during the 1997 and 2000 elections. In 1995, the", "title": "History of Canada" }, { "id": "820859", "score": "1.6073284", "text": "that she intervene to break the deadlock, Sauvé maintained that it was up to the parties to resolve it themselves through negotiation. Sauvé was the first female governor general in Canada's history, and only the second woman amongst all the Commonwealth realms—both previous and contemporary to the time—to assume the equivalent office, after Elmira Minita Gordon, who was in 1981 appointed Governor-General of Belize. It was in December 1983 announced from the Office of the Prime Minister of Canada that Trudeau had put forward Sauvé's name to Queen Elizabeth II as his recommendation on who should succeed Edward Schreyer as", "title": "Jeanne Sauvé" }, { "id": "10482312", "score": "1.6066296", "text": "the youngest women to have ever assumed the office of Prime Minister in any country, and thus also one of the youngest to have left the office. Campbell was ranked No. 20 out of the first 20 Prime Ministers of Canada (through Jean Chrétien) by a survey of 26 Canadian historians used by J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer in their 1997 book \"Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders\". A follow-up article co-authored by Hillmer in 2011 for \"Maclean's Magazine\" broadened the number of historians surveyed; in this new survey of over 100 Canadian historians, Campbell again finished dead last, this time", "title": "Kim Campbell" }, { "id": "8348898", "score": "1.6052475", "text": "at the PC leadership convention in 1967. Although she was perceived as a strong candidate for the position, MacDonald fared worse than expected, winning just 214 votes on the first ballot despite having over 300 pledged delegates in her camp. This led pundits to coin the phrase \"the Flora Syndrome\" for the phenomenon of a female politician's promised support failing to materialise. MacDonald dropped off after the second ballot, and encouraged her supporters to vote for Joe Clark, the eventual winner. Clark and MacDonald, both moderates, became allies throughout their careers. When Clark became Prime Minister of Canada in 1979,", "title": "Flora MacDonald (politician)" }, { "id": "10482280", "score": "1.6008358", "text": "Kim Campbell Avril Phaedra Douglas \"Kim\" Campbell (born March 10, 1947) is a Canadian politician, diplomat, lawyer and writer who served as the 19th Prime Minister of Canada from June 25, 1993 to November 4, 1993. Campbell was the first and, to date, only female Prime Minister of Canada. Campbell was also the first baby boomer to hold that office, and the only Prime Minister born in British Columbia. She is Canada's third-shortest serving Prime Minister at 132 days in office. She currently is the chairperson for Canada's Supreme Court Advisory Board. Campbell was born in Port Alberni, British Columbia,", "title": "Kim Campbell" }, { "id": "4151759", "score": "1.5992917", "text": "published its report in 1970. She won election to the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal candidate in the 1972 election. Bégin, Albanie Morin and Jeanne Sauvé, all elected in 1972, were the first women ever elected to the House of Commons from Quebec. She was appointed to the Canadian Cabinet by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau as Minister of National Revenue in 1976, and served as Minister of Health and Welfare from 1977 to 1979 and from 1980 to 1984 during which the Canada Health Act was enacted. In 1986, she joined the University of Ottawa and Carleton", "title": "Monique Bégin" } ]

[ "sam mendes", "Sam Mendes", "Samuel Alexander Mendes", "samuel alexander mendes" ]

[ { "id": "1782514", "score": "1.6270807", "text": "York. The cast included Bernadette Peters as Rose, Tammy Blanchard as Louise and John Dossett as Herbie. Mendes also directed the 2014 Olivier Award-nominated stage adaptation of Roald Dahl's \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\". Mendes directed Jez Butterworth's \"The Ferryman\" for the Royal Court Theatre in London in 2017, of which he won an Olivier Award for best director. In 1999 Mendes made his film directorial debut with \"American Beauty\", starring Kevin Spacey. The film grossed $356.3 million worldwide. The film won the Golden Globe Award, the BAFTA Award and the Academy Award for Best Picture. Mendes won the Golden", "title": "Sam Mendes" }, { "id": "11065822", "score": "1.6054158", "text": "joined by Kathleen Turner, Eileen Atkins, Roger Rees and Cynthia Nixon. It earned nine Tony Award nominations including Best Director of a Play. Mathias directed his first Stephen Sondheim musical, \"A Little Night Music\", at the West End National Theatre in October 1995, with Judi Dench and Siân Phillips. Other London directorial credits include \"Antony and Cleopatra\", starring Alan Rickman and Helen Mirren, in 1998, and Tennessee Williams' \"Suddenly Last Summer\" with Sheila Gish in April to July 1999 at the Comedy Theatre. Mathias' career then moved to New York, where, in October 2001, he directed McKellen and Helen Mirren", "title": "Sean Mathias" }, { "id": "2825677", "score": "1.600984", "text": "on theatrical productions. Stephen Daldry Stephen David Daldry, CBE (born 2 May 1960) is an English director and producer of film, theatre, and television. He has won two Olivier Awards for his work in the West End and two Tony Awards for his work on Broadway. He has directed several feature films that have been nominated for Best Director and/or Best Picture at the Academy Awards. These films are \"Billy Elliot\" (2000), \"The Hours\" (2002), \"The Reader\" (2008) and \"Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close\" (2011). In 2016, he produced and directed Netflix television series \"The Crown\", for which he received", "title": "Stephen Daldry" }, { "id": "3600635", "score": "1.5935055", "text": "director for \"The Cider House Rules\" (1999). The film earned six additional Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, with Michael Caine winning the Best Supporting Actor award and John Irving winning Best Adapted Screenplay. He followed that success the following year by directing \"Chocolat\" (2000), starring Johnny Depp, Juliette Binoche and Judi Dench. The film was a critical and box-office success, earning Golden Globe, BAFTA and Academy Award nominations, including for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Binoche and Dench won Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress respectively at both the European Film Awards and the Screen Actors' Guild awards.", "title": "Lasse Hallström" }, { "id": "545533", "score": "1.5819376", "text": "and \"Magnolia\"). In 2006, the Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay number 38 on its list of the 101 greatest screenplays. Annotations Footnotes Bibliography American Beauty (1999 film) American Beauty is a 1999 American drama film written by Alan Ball and directed by Sam Mendes in his feature film directorial debut. Kevin Spacey stars as Lester Burnham, a 42-year-old advertising executive who has a midlife crisis when he becomes infatuated with his teenage daughter's best friend, Angela (Mena Suvari). Annette Bening co-stars as Lester's materialistic wife, Carolyn, and Thora Birch plays their insecure daughter, Jane. Wes Bentley, Chris Cooper,", "title": "American Beauty (1999 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "American Beauty (1999 film)\n\nAmerican Beauty is a 1999 American black comedy-drama film written by Alan Ball and directed by Sam Mendes in his directorial debut. Kevin Spacey stars as Lester Burnham, an advertising executive who has a midlife crisis when he becomes infatuated with his teenage daughter's best friend, played by Mena Suvari. Annette Bening stars as Lester's materialistic wife, Carolyn, and Thora Birch plays their insecure daughter, Jane. Wes Bentley, Chris Cooper, and Allison Janney co-star. Academics have described the film as satirizing how beauty and personal satisfaction are perceived by the American middle class; further analysis has focused on the film's explorations of romantic and paternal love, sexuality, materialism, self-liberation, and redemption.\n\nAfter being filmed in California from December 1998 to February 1999, \"American Beauty\" was released in North America on September 17, 1999, receiving widespread critical and popular acclaim. It was the second-best-reviewed American film of the year behind \"Being John Malkovich\" and grossed over $350 million worldwide against its $15-million budget. Reviewers praised most aspects of the production, with particular emphasis on Mendes, Spacey and Ball; criticism tended to focus on the familiarity of the characters and setting. DreamWorks launched a major campaign to increase \"American Beauty\"s chances of Oscar success following its controversial Best Picture snubs for \"Saving Private Ryan\" (1998) the previous year. \n\nAt the 72nd Academy Awards, the film won several Oscars, including Best Picture, along with Best Director for Mendes, Best Actor for Spacey, Best Original Screenplay for Ball, and Best Cinematography for Hall. The film was nominated for and won many other awards and honors, mainly for directing, writing, and acting. Retrospective reviews have been more mixed, with criticism towards the screenplay, social commentary, and parallels between the film's protagonist and allegations of sexual misconduct against Spacey.", "title": "American Beauty (1999 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of American films of 1999\n\nA list of American films released in 1999.\n\n\"American Beauty\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture.\n\n", "title": "List of American films of 1999" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1999 in film\n\nThe year 1999 in film included Stanley Kubrick's final film \"Eyes Wide Shut\", Pedro Almodóvar's first Oscar-winning film \"All About My Mother\", the science-fiction hit \"The Matrix\", the animated works \"The Iron Giant\", \"\" and \"My Neighbors the Yamadas\", the Best Picture-winner \"American Beauty\", the well-received \"The Green Mile\", the Pixar sequel film \"Toy Story 2\", and the Deep Canvas-pioneering Disney animated feature \"Tarzan\". Other noteworthy releases include M. Night Shyamalan's breakout film \"The Sixth Sense\", the controversial cult classic \"Fight Club\" and Paul Thomas Anderson's \"Magnolia\". The year also featured George Lucas' top-grossing \"\". Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated their 75th anniversaries in 1999.", "title": "1999 in film" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mena Suvari\n\nMena Alexandra Suvari (; born February 13, 1979) is an American actress, producer, fashion designer and model. After beginning her career as a model and guest-starring on several television shows, she made her film debut in the 1997 drama \"Nowhere\".\n\nSuvari rose to international prominence with her appearances in the critically acclaimed comedy-drama \"American Beauty\" (1999), for which she received a BAFTA nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and in three of the \"American Pie\" films (1999–2001, 2012). Her other notable film credits include \"Kiss the Girls\" (1997), \"Slums of Beverly Hills\" (1998), \"\" (1999), \"Loser\" (2000), \"Sugar & Spice\", \"The Musketeer\" (both 2001), \"Sonny\" (2002), \"Spun\" (2003), \"Trauma\" (2004), \"Beauty Shop\", \"Domino\", \"Rumor Has It\" (all 2005), \"Factory Girl\" (2006), \"Brooklyn Rules\", \"Stuck\" (both 2007), \"Day of the Dead\" (2008), and \"You May Not Kiss the Bride\" (2010).\n\nSuvari played recurring roles on the fourth season of the HBO drama series \"Six Feet Under\" (2004), for which she earned a Screen Actors Guild nomination, and on the second season of \"Chicago Fire\" (2013). She also portrayed Elizabeth Short in the anthology series \"\" (2011), and reprised the part in \"\" (2018). Her other television credits include the supernatural horror series \"South of Hell\" (2015) and the short-lived Paramount sitcom \"American Woman\" (2018).\nSuvari has been a model for Lancôme cosmetics and print ads for Lancôme Paris Adaptîve, as well as a long-time supporter and activist for the Starlight Children's Foundation and the African Medical and Research Foundation. She is married and has one child.", "title": "Mena Suvari" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1995 in film\n\nThis is a list of films released in 1995. The highly anticipated sequel \"Die Hard with a Vengeance\" was the year's biggest box-office hit, and \"Braveheart\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "title": "1995 in film" }, { "id": "2825670", "score": "1.5696954", "text": "Stephen Daldry Stephen David Daldry, CBE (born 2 May 1960) is an English director and producer of film, theatre, and television. He has won two Olivier Awards for his work in the West End and two Tony Awards for his work on Broadway. He has directed several feature films that have been nominated for Best Director and/or Best Picture at the Academy Awards. These films are \"Billy Elliot\" (2000), \"The Hours\" (2002), \"The Reader\" (2008) and \"Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close\" (2011). In 2016, he produced and directed Netflix television series \"The Crown\", for which he received two Primetime Emmy", "title": "Stephen Daldry" }, { "id": "1211573", "score": "1.5658514", "text": "for Cannes International Film Festival and won the 45th Anniversary Award. In 1993, the film received nine Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture for Ismail Merchant and Best Director for James Ivory. The film won three awards, including for Best Art Direction (Art Direction: Luciana Arrighi; Set Decoration: Ian Whittaker). Ruth Prawer Jhabvala earned her second Academy Award for Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published, while Emma Thompson won the 1992 Academy Award for Best Actress. In Edwardian Britain, Helen Schlegel becomes engaged to Paul Wilcox during a moment of passion, while she is staying at the", "title": "Howards End (film)" }, { "id": "10103590", "score": "1.5589578", "text": "production manager Paul Handley, with whom she has two sons. Daniel Radcliffe is godfather to their son Misha. </div> Notes Sources Thea Sharrock Thea Sharrock (born 1976) is an English theatre and film director. In 2001, when at age 24 she became artistic director of London's Southwark Playhouse, she was the youngest artistic director in British theatre. Sharrock was born to journalist parents in London, England, but spent part of her childhood living in Kenya. She attended the Anna Scher Theatre School from the age of nine. After her secondary education, Sharrock spent a gap year working in theatre. She", "title": "Thea Sharrock" }, { "id": "12243028", "score": "1.5581353", "text": "1990, McDiarmid and Jonathan Kent served as the artistic directors of the Almeida Theatre in Islington, London, gaining the commitment of prominent actresses such as Glenda Jackson and Claire Bloom for their productions. The two men resigned in 2001 with the venue in good shape. In 1998, they shared the Special \"Evening Standard\" Award for Theatrical Achievement of the Year. Their tenure was marked by a string of highly successful performances involving actors such as Kevin Spacey and Ralph Fiennes. While connected with the Almeida, McDiarmid directed plays such as \"Venice Preserv'd\" (1986) and \"Hippolytus\" (1991). In 2002, McDiarmid won", "title": "Ian McDiarmid" }, { "id": "2825674", "score": "1.5541961", "text": "for Nicole Kidman. Recently, he directed a stage musical adaptation of \"Billy Elliot\", and in 2009 his work on it earned him a Tony Award for Best Director of a Musical. He has also made a film version of \"The Reader\" (2008), based on the book of the same name and starring Kate Winslet, David Kross and Ralph Fiennes. The film won Best Actress at the Academy Awards for Kate Winslet. He has received Academy Award nominations for directing three of his five films. Daldry was planning to direct a film adaptation of Michael Chabon's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel \"The Amazing", "title": "Stephen Daldry" }, { "id": "3730679", "score": "1.5515945", "text": "1978 and 1980. He directed \"The Ploughman's Lunch\" (written by Ian McEwan) in 1983, which won the Evening Standard Award for Best Film, \"Iris\", a biographical film of writer and philosopher Iris Murdoch (starring Judi Dench, Kate Winslet and Jim Broadbent), and \"Stage Beauty\". Broadbent won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in \"Iris\", and Dench and Winslet were nominated for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, respectively. He returned to the BBC in 1988 to direct the Falklands War story \"Tumbledown\" (starring Colin Firth), which won him the BAFTA Award for Best Director and the", "title": "Richard Eyre" }, { "id": "10794081", "score": "1.5504766", "text": "(2010), starring Colin Firth and Geoffrey Rush, which was met with critical acclaim. Hooper's next film was \"Les Misérables\" (2012), which featured an all-star cast led by Hugh Jackman. His 2015 film, \"The Danish Girl\", was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Film. Hooper's work was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for \"Prime Suspect\" and \"John Adams\", won one for \"Elizabeth I\", and was nominated for the British Academy (BAFTA) TV Craft Award for Best Director for \"Longford\". \"The King's Speech\" won multiple awards, including Best Director wins for Hooper from the Directors Guild of", "title": "Tom Hooper" }, { "id": "768769", "score": "1.5476384", "text": "Awards: including six for Best Director of either a play or a musical, one for Best Play, and one for Best Musical. In 1966, Nichols was a star stage director and \"Time\" magazine called him \"the most in-demand director in the American theatre.\" Although he had no experience in filmmaking, after befriending Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, Warner Bros. invited Nichols to direct a screen adaptation of Edward Albee's \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\" starring Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, George Segal, and Sandy Dennis. The film was critically acclaimed, with critics calling Nichols \"the new Orson Welles\", and a financial", "title": "Mike Nichols" }, { "id": "13448248", "score": "1.5474362", "text": "At the 2012 British Independent Film Awards it won the award for Best British Independent Film. In 2013 his production of Tanya Ronder's play \"Table\" launched the new space, The Shed, at the National Theatre. He subsequently directed James Baldwin's \"The Amen Corner\" at the National Theatre. In March 2015, Norris replaced Nicholas Hytner as Artistic Director of the National Theatre. During his first season he directed the medieval play \"Everyman\" in a new adaptation by Carol Anne Duffy starring Chiwetel Ejiofor in the title role and for the Christmas season, the premiere of a new musical, \"Wonder.land\" (following a", "title": "Rufus Norris" }, { "id": "13922756", "score": "1.5444674", "text": "with Will Patton) and \"The Day Room\"; \"Othello\", \"How I Learned to Drive\" starring Debra Winger and Arliss Howard, \"Nobody Dies on Friday\", \"Waiting For Godot\" (1995), \"Picasso at the Lapin Agile\", \"What the Butler Saw\", \"True West\", \"Angel City\", \"Cannibal Masque\", \"Gillette\", \"\", and David Mamet's adaptation of Chekhov's \"Uncle Vanya\" (with Christopher Walken as Astrov and Lindsay Crouse). At the A.R.T., he directed Harold Pinter's \"No Man's Land\" in 2007, starring Paul Benedict and Max Wright, which won Elliot Norton Awards for Wheeler for Best Director and for Max Wright as Best Actor. \"No Man's Land\" was Wheeler's", "title": "David Wheeler (stage director)" }, { "id": "730864", "score": "1.5428545", "text": "directed by Richard Brooks; \"The Parallax View\" (1974), directed by Alan Pakula; and \"The Fortune\" (1975), directed by Mike Nichols. Beatty produced, co-wrote and acted in \"Shampoo\" (1975), directed by Hal Ashby, which was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Original Screenplay, as well as five Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture and Best Actor. In 1978, Beatty directed, produced, wrote and acted in \"Heaven Can Wait\" (1978) (sharing co-directing credit with Buck Henry). The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Director, Actor, and Adapted Screenplay. It also won three Golden Globe Awards, including", "title": "Warren Beatty" }, { "id": "7505631", "score": "1.5419867", "text": "Branagh, \"Suddenly Last Summer\" with Diana Rigg and Victoria Hamilton, \"The Tempest\" with Derek Jacobi and \"Don Carlos\" with Derek Jacobi. He produced over forty plays with predominantly young directors and designers. He is credited with delivering consistently high quality work as well as bringing in new audiences and in 2001, Sheffield Theatres won the TMA Theatre of the Year. From 2002 to 2012 he was Artistic Director of the Donmar Warehouse where he succeeded Sam Mendes. During his tenure, he expanded the theatre's repertoire to include European work, touring productions and an extensive education programme as well as taking", "title": "Michael Grandage" }, { "id": "5297397", "score": "1.5416327", "text": "as part of the Directors' Fortnight section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Queer Palm award on 23 May 2014. In May 2014 Warchus was announced as the new Artistic Director of the Old Vic Theatre London, succeeding Kevin Spacey. His first season began in September 2015 directing a new play, \"Future Conditional\" by Tamsin Oglesby, starring Rob Brydon. He also directed \"The Master Builder\" by Henrik Ibsen starring Ralph Finnes, \"The Caretaker\" by Harold Pinter starring Timothy Spall, Daniel Mays and George Mackay, and reunited with the same creative team as \"Matilda\" to create the", "title": "Matthew Warchus" }, { "id": "19333934", "score": "1.540196", "text": "both sides of the camera. However, there was again criticism at the lack of representation of Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) actors, directors and films in the nominations. In the leading actor, actress and director fields there were no BAME nominees, with the omission of director Barry Jenkins for \"Moonlight\" and actor/director Denzel Washington for \"Fences\" highlighted as particularly noteworthy. \"La La Land\" won the most awards at the event, winning five including Best Film. Damien Chazelle won Best Director, Emma Stone won Best Actress in a Leading Role, Linus Sandgren won Best Cinematography, and Justin Hurwitz won Best", "title": "70th British Academy Film Awards" }, { "id": "5917491", "score": "1.5384223", "text": "1993 Sundance Film Festival, the film was named as co-winner of the Grand Jury Prize with Ruby in Paradise. In 1994, he founded the production company Bad Hat Harry Production, in homage to Steven Spielberg and the famous line from \"Jaws\". Singer followed this by directing \"The Usual Suspects\", which was screened out of competition at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. It was a success, winning Christopher McQuarrie an Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay), and actor Kevin Spacey an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 1998, Singer obtained the rights to adapt Stephen King's novella \"Apt Pupil\",", "title": "Bryan Singer" } ]

[ "Rugby (disambiguation)", "rubgy", "rugby", "Rubgy", "Rugby", "rugby disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "7629103", "score": "2.042645", "text": "Webb Ellis Cup The Webb Ellis Cup is the trophy awarded to the winner of the Rugby World Cup, the premier competition in men's international rugby union. The Cup is named after William Webb Ellis, who is often credited as the inventor of rugby football. The trophy is silver gilt and has been presented to the winner of the Rugby World Cup since the first competition in 1987. It has been held three times by New Zealand (1987, 2011 & 2015), twice by Australia (1991 & 1999) and South Africa (1995 & 2007), and once by England in 2003. The", "title": "Webb Ellis Cup" }, { "id": "7629107", "score": "1.9824154", "text": "the 2015 Final in England. The trophy was on display in Newlands, South Africa until 2007, where it had stayed for two years following their victory. Later it was returned to the home of World Rugby, Ireland. One cup recently went on tour around the New Zealand provinces along with the Dave Gallaher Trophy, Bledisloe Cup, Hillary Shield, Women's World Cup, Rugby Sevens World Series and the Junior World Cup trophies. Webb Ellis Cup The Webb Ellis Cup is the trophy awarded to the winner of the Rugby World Cup, the premier competition in men's international rugby union. The Cup", "title": "Webb Ellis Cup" }, { "id": "341824", "score": "1.9334478", "text": "successfully defend a title. It was also New Zealand's first title victory on foreign soil. The Webb Ellis Cup is the prize presented to winners of the Rugby World Cup, named after William Webb Ellis. The trophy is also referred to simply as the \"Rugby World Cup\". The trophy was chosen in 1987 as an appropriate cup for use in the competition, and was created in 1906 by Garrard's Crown Jewellers. The trophy is restored after each game by fellow Royal Warrant holder Thomas Lyte. The words 'The International Rugby Football Board' and 'The Webb Ellis Cup' are engraved on", "title": "Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "7629106", "score": "1.8835154", "text": "Dawson of Ireland, Keith Rowlands of Wales, Bob Stuart and Dick Littlejohn of New Zealand and the Australians Nick Shehadie and Ross Turnbull approved of the choice of the trophy. The trophy is cared for and restored after each tournament by silversmiths Thomas Lyte. It was soon named \"The Webb Ellis Cup\". New Zealand became the first nation to win the Webb Ellis Cup when they won the 1987 Rugby World Cup. The Webb Ellis Cup has been held by four nations; New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and England. The current holders are New Zealand after beating Australia 34–17 in", "title": "Webb Ellis Cup" }, { "id": "7629105", "score": "1.8451113", "text": "One cup is a 1906 trophy made by Carrington and Co. of London, which was a Victorian design of a 1740s cup by Paul de Lamerie, while the other is a 1986 replica. John Kendall-Carpenter, former England forward and the organizer of the first Rugby World Cup and Bob Weighill, the secretary of the International Rugby Board also a former England forward, visited Garrard & Co, the crown jeweller in Regent Street, London. Director Richard Jarvis, brought the particular cup down from the vault and showed it to both of them. It was chosen for use in February 1987. Ronnie", "title": "Webb Ellis Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Webb Ellis Cup\n\nThe Webb Ellis Cup is the trophy awarded to the winner of the men's Rugby World Cup, the premier competition in men's international rugby union. The Cup is named after William Webb Ellis, who is often credited as being the inventor of rugby football. The trophy is silver gilt and has been presented to the winner of the Rugby World Cup since the first competition in 1987. It has been won three times by New Zealand (1987, 2011 & 2015) and South Africa (1995, 2007 & 2019), twice by Australia (1991 & 1999), and once by England (2003).\n\nThe 38-centimeter trophy weighs 4.5 kg, is gilded silver and has two cast scroll handles. One handle bears the head of a satyr, the other the head of a nymph. On the face of the trophy, the words \"International Rugby Football Board\", and below that arch \"The Webb Ellis Cup\" are engraved.<ref name=\" history\"/> The Webb Ellis Cup is also referred to (incorrectly) as the \"Webb Ellis Trophy\" or colloquially as \"Bill,\" a nickname coined by the 1991 Rugby World Cup winners, the Wallabies.", "title": "Webb Ellis Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rugby World Cup\n\nThe Rugby World Cup is a men's rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams. The tournament is administered by World Rugby, the sport's international governing body. The winners are awarded the Webb Ellis Cup, named after William Webb Ellis, who according to a popular legend, invented rugby by picking up the ball during a football game.\n\nThe tournament was first held in 1987 and was co-hosted by New Zealand and Australia. Four countries have won the trophy; New Zealand and South Africa three times, Australia twice, and England once. South Africa is the current champion, having defeated England in the 2019 tournament final.\n\nSixteen teams participated in the tournament from 1987 until 1995; since 1999, twenty teams have participated in each tournament. Japan hosted the 2019 Rugby World Cup and France will host the next in 2023.\n\nBeginning 2021, the women's equivalent tournament was officially renamed Rugby World Cup to promote equality with the men's game.", "title": "Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Rugby World Cup finals\n\nThe Rugby World Cup is an international rugby union competition established in 1987. It is contested by the men's national teams of the member unions of the sport's governing body, World Rugby, and takes place every four years. The winners of the first final were New Zealand, who beat France. South Africa are the latest winners, having won the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan.\n\nThe Rugby World Cup final is the last match of the competition. The winning team is declared world champion and receives the Webb Ellis Cup. If the score is a draw after 80 minutes of regular play, an additional 20-minute period of play, called extra time, is added. If the score remains tied, an additional 10 minutes of sudden-death extra time are played, with the first team to score points immediately declared the winner. If no team is able to break the tie during extra time, the winner is ultimately decided by a penalty shootout. Two of the eight finals contested have gone to extra time: South Africa's victory against New Zealand in the 1995 final, and England's triumph against Australia in the 2003 final.\n\nNew Zealand and South Africa are the most successful teams in the history of the tournament, with three wins each. New Zealand is the only team to have won consecutive tournaments, with their victories in the 2011 and 2015 Rugby World Cup. Australia have won the competition twice, while England have one win; they are the only nation from the Northern Hemisphere to have won the competition. France are the only team to appear in a final without ever winning one, losing all three finals they have contested.", "title": "List of Rugby World Cup finals" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "William Webb Ellis\n\nWilliam Webb Ellis (24 November 1806 – 24 January 1872) was an English Anglican clergyman who, by tradition, has been credited as the inventor of rugby football while a pupil at Rugby School. According to legend, Webb Ellis picked up the ball and ran with it during a school football match in 1823, thus creating the \"rugby\" style of play. Although the story has become firmly entrenched in the sport's folklore, it is not supported by substantive evidence, and is discounted by most rugby historians as an origin myth.\n\nThe Webb Ellis Cup is presented to the winners of the Rugby World Cup.<ref name=\"Davies10-08-07\" /><ref name=\"Dunning-Sheard2005\"/>", "title": "William Webb Ellis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1995 Rugby World Cup\n\nThe 1995 Rugby World Cup was the third Rugby World Cup. It was hosted and won by South Africa, and was the first Rugby World Cup in which every match was held in one country.\n\nThe World Cup was the first major sporting event to take place in South Africa following the end of apartheid. It was also the first World Cup in which South Africa was allowed to compete; the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB, now World Rugby) had only readmitted South Africa to international rugby in 1992, following negotiations to end apartheid. The World Cup was also the last major event of rugby union's amateur era; two months after the tournament, the IRFB opened the sport to professionalism.\n\nIn the final, held at Ellis Park in Johannesburg on 24 June, South Africa defeated New Zealand 15–12, with Joel Stransky scoring a drop goal in extra time to win the match. Following South Africa's victory, Nelson Mandela, the President of South Africa, wearing a Springboks rugby shirt and cap, presented the Webb Ellis Cup to the South African captain François Pienaar.", "title": "1995 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "7629104", "score": "1.8445767", "text": "38 centimeter trophy weighs 4.5 kg, is gilded silver and is supported by two cast scroll handles. On one handle there is a head of a satyr, on the other there is the head of a nymph. On the face of the trophy, the words \"International Rugby Football Board\" and below that arch \"The Webb Ellis Cup\" are engraved. The Webb Ellis Cup is also referred to (incorrectly) as the \"Webb Ellis Trophy\" or colloquially as \"Bill\", a nickname coined by the 1991 Rugby World Cup winners, the Wallabies. There are two official Webb Ellis Cups, which are used interchangeably.", "title": "Webb Ellis Cup" }, { "id": "341810", "score": "1.7617264", "text": "Rugby World Cup The Rugby World Cup is a men's rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams. The tournament was first held in 1987, when the tournament was co-hosted by New Zealand and Australia. The winners are awarded the Webb Ellis Cup, named after William Webb Ellis, the Rugby School pupil who, according to a popular legend, invented rugby by picking up the ball during a football game. Four countries have won the trophy; New Zealand three times, Australia and South Africa each twice, and England once. New Zealand are the current champions, having defeated", "title": "Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "2803841", "score": "1.7586167", "text": "moment in the history of the sport. Nelson Mandela, wearing a Springbok rugby jersey and baseball cap, presented the Webb Ellis Cup to South African captain François Pienaar to the delight of the capacity crowd. The moment is thought by some to be one of the most famous finals of any sport. The event was broadcast in Australia by Network Ten and in the United Kingdom by ITV. The South African Mint issued a one-ounce gold proof \"Protea\" coin with a total mintage of 406 pieces to commemorate the event being hosted by South Africa. Mandela and Pienaar's involvement in", "title": "1995 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "14051782", "score": "1.7247162", "text": "one drop goal) and Joel Stransky tallying all 15 points (three penalties and two drop goals) for the Springboks, including his famous dramatic drop goal in extra time, which sealed the victory and their first Rugby World Cup title. They won a second, in 2007, with a team that featured only one player from the 1995 squad, loosehead prop Os du Randt. At the end of the match, South African President Nelson Mandela, famously wearing a No. 6 Springbok rugby shirt and cap, presented the Webb Ellis Cup to South African captain François Pienaar. The final was contested by the", "title": "1995 Rugby World Cup Final" }, { "id": "3864675", "score": "1.6651468", "text": "Joel Stransky. During the remarkable post-match presentation ceremony Nelson Mandela, wearing a Springbok jersey bearing Pienaar's number, presented him with the Webb Ellis Cup. During his acceptance speech, Pienaar made it clear that the team had won the trophy not just for the 60,000 fans at Ellis Park, but also for all 43,000,000 South Africans. Pienaar is portrayed by Matt Damon in the film \"Invictus\", released in December 2009, which focuses on the story of the 1995 World Cup. Within a month of the World Cup's conclusion Pienaar had a stand-off with SARFU after he led South African players in", "title": "Francois Pienaar" }, { "id": "1923832", "score": "1.6649182", "text": "win the Webb Ellis Cup twice. The cup was presented by the queen to Australian captain John Eales. The overall attendance for the tournament was 1.75 million. British television rights holders ITV acted as the host broadcaster for the tournament, with coverage shown in 209 countries, to an audience of 3.1 billion viewers. In Australia, the event was broadcast by Seven Network. 1999 Rugby World Cup The 1999 Rugby World Cup was the fourth Rugby World Cup, the quadrennial international rugby union championship. It was principally hosted by Wales, and was won by Australia. This was the first Rugby World", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "341834", "score": "1.6579839", "text": "lock Huw Richards was the first, while playing against New Zealand in 1987. No player has been red carded more than once. Rugby World Cup The Rugby World Cup is a men's rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams. The tournament was first held in 1987, when the tournament was co-hosted by New Zealand and Australia. The winners are awarded the Webb Ellis Cup, named after William Webb Ellis, the Rugby School pupil who, according to a popular legend, invented rugby by picking up the ball during a football game. Four countries have won the", "title": "Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "7993524", "score": "1.6326525", "text": "said in Pretoria where he was handed the Webb Ellis Cup by the Springboks following their World Cup victory against England. \"\"We don't put sufficient development in sports and we haven't committed resources needed and this is one of our biggest mistakes\"\". He said development needed to be built from below. Sports and Recreation Minister Makhenkesi Stofile recently emphasised the development of talent, ruled out racial quotas for national teams pointing out that this resulted merely in window dressing for international consumption, as a failed experiment in South African rugby showed a few years ago. However the issue remains politically", "title": "Rugby union in South Africa" }, { "id": "19098411", "score": "1.6317323", "text": "Ellis Cup to winning captain Richie McCaw after the match, once the team's name had been engraved on the base of the trophy. 2015 Rugby World Cup Final The 2015 Rugby World Cup Final was a rugby union match to determine the winner of the 2015 Rugby World Cup, played between reigning champions New Zealand and their rivals Australia on 31 October 2015 at Twickenham Stadium in London. New Zealand beat Australia 34–17, winning the World Cup for a record third time, and becoming the first team to retain the Webb Ellis Cup. This match saw a new record for", "title": "2015 Rugby World Cup Final" }, { "id": "7628315", "score": "1.6297644", "text": "food poisoning just days before the final with many All Blacks still affected on the day of the final. Nelson Mandela, wearing a Springbok jersey and matching cap, famously presented the Webb Ellis Cup to South African captain Francois Pienaar. The tournament also saw the emergence of rugby's first global superstar, All Blacks winger Jonah Lomu. He and Marc Ellis finished the tournament as the top try scorers. The 1999 Rugby World Cup was hosted by Wales with matches played in England, France, Scotland and Ireland. There were further changes to the rules of automatic qualification for this tournament, where", "title": "History of the Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "2803833", "score": "1.629226", "text": "Cup would also be the last major event of rugby union's amateur era; two months after the tournament, the IRFB opened the sport to professionalism. In the final, held at Ellis Park in Johannesburg on 24 June, South Africa defeated New Zealand 15–12, with Joel Stransky scoring a drop goal in extra time to win the match. Following South Africa's victory, Nelson Mandela, the President of South Africa, wearing a Springboks rugby shirt and cap, presented the Webb Ellis Cup to the South African captain François Pienaar. The eight quarter-finalists from the 1991 Rugby World Cup all received automatic entry,", "title": "1995 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "341825", "score": "1.6133082", "text": "the face of the cup. It stands thirty-eight centimetres high and is silver gilded in gold, and supported by two cast scroll handles, one with the head of a satyr, and the other a head of a nymph. In Australia the trophy is colloquially known as \"Bill\" — a reference to William Webb Ellis. Tournaments are organised by Rugby World Cup Ltd (RWCL), which is itself owned by World Rugby. The selection of host is decided by a vote of World Rugby Council members. The voting procedure is managed by a team of independent auditors, and the voting kept secret.", "title": "Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "14051786", "score": "1.6123253", "text": "Africans. Seven minutes from time it was Stransky who scored the final points of the match. From thirty metres out he struck the drop goal, securing South Africa’s victory and the Rugby World Championship crown. What happened after the match would became an iconic moment in the history of sport. Nelson Mandela, wearing a Springbok rugby shirt and cricket cap, presented the William Webb Ellis Cup to South African captain François Pienaar to the delight of the capacity crowd. The moment is thought by some to be one of the most famous finals of any sporting event in recent years.", "title": "1995 Rugby World Cup Final" }, { "id": "1558677", "score": "1.6039943", "text": "William Webb Ellis The Reverend William Webb Ellis (24 November 1806 – 24 January 1872) was an English Anglican clergyman and the alleged inventor of rugby football while a pupil at Rugby School. According to legend, Webb Ellis picked up the ball and ran with it during a school football match in 1823, thus creating the 'rugby' style of play. Although the story has become firmly entrenched in the sport's folklore, it is not supported by substantive evidence, and is discounted by most rugby historians as an origin myth. The William Webb Ellis Cup is presented to the winners of", "title": "William Webb Ellis" }, { "id": "1362544", "score": "1.6011481", "text": "the overseas service of New Zealanders. It is an important part of our history as a country and a team.\" During the 2011 Rugby World Cup the All Blacks had an embroidered William Webb Ellis cup on the sleeve of their jerseys with the year '1987' underneath. This was to signify which year the team had won the tournament. Each of the four teams who had won the competition had the same detailing on their jerseys. Adidas is paying the NZRFU $200 million over nine years, expecting New Zealand to win around 75% of their matches. Nike also looked at", "title": "New Zealand national rugby union team" } ]

[ "phû tô gâ", "portugalsko", "republica portuguesa", "republic of portugal", "bo dao nha", "Portunga", "o papagaio", "Potiti", "Republica Portuguesa", "Portugalio", "Portugalska", "república portuguesa", "Portugale", "Portugaleje", "portugaul", "Portugal", "portekîz", "portegal", "Phû-tô-gâ", "Portuguese Republic", "pòtigal", "portugalija", "portugual", "portugalujo", "Portûnga", "portekiz", "portogallo", "An Phortaingéil", "Portegal", "bồ đào nha", "Portekîz", "Portugalujo", "Portugál", "portyngal", "Portugalija", "Portogallo", "iso 3166 1 pt", "potiti", "Portgual", "Phu-to-ga", "portogało", "portogalo", "portingale", "portúgal", "portugali", "Portogalo", "Portuga", "portugaleje", "portugall", "portugál", "Potigal", "Portugalėjė", "Portugual", "portugul", "portiwgal", "Portogało", "An Phortaingeil", "portugalska", "Portugul", "ISO 3166-1:PT", "portuguese republic", "Portúgal", "Portugali", "Portyngal", "portugal", "Portugall", "O Papagaio", "Yn Phortiugal", "Portugaul", "pertual", "portugalėjė", "PORTUGAL", "Bo Dao Nha", "portugāle", "portunga", "Bồ Đào Nha", "Portugāle", "Portugalsko", "phortaingéil", "Pòtigal", "Portingale", "potigal", "yn phortiugal", "portugale", "Portiwgal", "Portekiz", "República Portuguesa", "portugalio", "phortaingeil", "Portugallu", "portûnga", "Republic of Portugal", "portugallu", "portuga", "phu to ga", "Pertual", "portgual" ]

[ { "id": "553501", "score": "1.6893938", "text": "the Moors in 1249, and in 1255 the capital shifted to Lisbon. Neighboring Spain would not complete its \"Reconquista\" until 1492, almost 250 years later. Portugal's land boundaries have been notably stable for the rest of the country's history. The border with Spain has remained almost unchanged since the 13th century. The Treaty of Windsor (1386) created an alliance between Portugal and England that remains in effect to this day. Since early times, fishing and overseas commerce have been the main economic activities. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal became a leading European power that ranked with England, France", "title": "History of Portugal" }, { "id": "1546448", "score": "1.634669", "text": "to conquer Ceuta (1415); King Afonso V was born and died at the palace (1433–1481); and here King John II (1481–1495) was acclaimed sovereign. In a document issued in 1435 by King Edward (1433–1438), the region was described as: \"\"A land of good air and water and of the Comarcas with an abundance in the sea and land [...] our most loyal city of Lisbon being so near, and being in it sufficient diversions, and the distractions of the mountains and hunting...\"\". During the Portuguese Age of Discovery, several people born in Sintra were written into history. In 1443 Gonçalo", "title": "Sintra" }, { "id": "16464", "score": "1.6249268", "text": "throne, Afonso III then proceeded to make war with the Muslim communities that still thrived in the south. In his reign the Algarve became part of the kingdom, following the capture of Faro. Following his success against the Moors, Afonso III had to deal with a political situation concerning the country's borders with Castile. The neighbouring kingdom considered that the newly acquired lands of the Algarve should be Castilian, not Portuguese, which led to a series of wars between the two kingdoms. Finally, in 1267, the Treaty of Badajoz (1267) was signed in Badajoz, determining that the southern border between", "title": "Afonso III of Portugal" }, { "id": "553469", "score": "1.6243596", "text": "in 1255 Lisbon became the capital. Portugal's land boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the 13th century. The Treaty of Windsor (1386) created an alliance between Portugal and England that remains in effect to this day. From the late Middle Ages, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal ascended to the status of a world power during Europe's \"Age of Discovery\" as it built up a vast empire, including possessions in South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Over the following two centuries, Portugal kept most of its colonies, but gradually lost much of its wealth and status as the Dutch,", "title": "History of Portugal" }, { "id": "551599", "score": "1.5986676", "text": "III has been called the \"Grocer King\". On the eve of his death in 1557, the Portuguese empire spanned almost 1 billion acres (about 4 million square kilometers). During his reign, the Portuguese became the first Europeans to make contact with both China, under the Ming Dynasty, and Japan, during the Muromachi period (see Nanban trade). John III abandoned Muslim territories in North Africa in favor of trade with India and investment in Brazil. In Europe, he improved relations with the Baltic region and the Rhineland, hoping that this would bolster Portuguese trade. Sebastian of Portugal was the penultimate Portuguese", "title": "History of Portugal (1415–1578)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Portugal in the Middle Ages\n\nThe kingdom of Portugal was established from the county of Portugal in the 1130s, ruled by the Portuguese House of Burgundy. During most of the 12th and 13th centuries, its history is chiefly that of the gradual reconquest of territory from the various Muslim principalities (\"taifas\") of the period.\n\nThis process was essentially complete with the ascension of Afonso III of Portugal, the first to claim the title of \"King of Portugal and the Algarve\". The history of Portugal in the period between the death of Afonso III in 1279 and the beginning of the Portuguese Empire in 1415 includes the 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum and the subsequent transition from the Portuguese House of Burgundy to the House of Aviz.", "title": "Portugal in the Middle Ages" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Afonso II of Portugal\n\nAfonso II (; English: \"Alphonzo\"; Archaic Portuguese: \"Affonso\"; Portuguese-Galician: \"Alfonso\" or \"Alphonso\"; Latin: \"Alphonsus\"; 23 April 118525 March 1223), nicknamed the Fat (\"o Gordo\") or the Leper (\"o Gafo\"), was the third king of Portugal and the second but eldest surviving son of Sancho I of Portugal and Dulce of Aragon. Afonso succeeded his father on 27 March 1211.", "title": "Afonso II of Portugal" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of Spanish history\n\nThis is a timeline of Spanish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Spain and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Spain.", "title": "Timeline of Spanish history" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of regents\n\nA regent is a person selected to act as head of state (ruling or not) because the ruler is a minor, not present, or debilitated. Currently there is only one ruling Regency in the world, sovereign Liechtenstein. The following is a list of regents.", "title": "List of regents" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1270s\n\nThe 1270s is the decade starting January 1, 1270, and ending December 31, 1279.\n", "title": "1270s" }, { "id": "17997256", "score": "1.5971524", "text": "his claim to suzerainty over the Kingdom of the Algarve. Lisbon was henceforth recognized as the capital. Afonso III continued to reign until his death on 16 February 1279, but the peace of his later years was broken by the rebellion (1277–1279) of Dinis. The chief problems now confronting the monarchy were no longer military, but social, economic and constitutional. The reign of Denis was not a period of uninterrupted peace. At the outset his legitimacy was disputed by his brother Afonso, and a brief civil war ensued. Hostilities between Portugal and the reunited kingdoms of León and Castile were", "title": "Portugal in the Middle Ages" }, { "id": "309337", "score": "1.5867018", "text": "recognized in 1143 by King Alfonso VII of León, and in 1179 by Pope Alexander III. During the Reconquista period, Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from Moorish domination. Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military monastic orders, pushed southward to drive out the Moors. At this time, Portugal covered about half of its present area. In 1249, the Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve and complete expulsion of the last Moorish settlements on the southern coast, giving Portugal its present-day borders, with minor exceptions. In one of these situations of conflict with the kingdom of Castile, Dinis", "title": "Portugal" }, { "id": "309339", "score": "1.5856407", "text": "Christian kingdoms of Iberia. In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. Over time, this went far beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day. In 1383, John I of Castile, husband of Beatrice of Portugal and", "title": "Portugal" }, { "id": "1760150", "score": "1.5790482", "text": "which he believed to be Asia, led to disputes between the Spanish and Portuguese. These were eventually settled by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, which divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive duopoly between the Portuguese and the Spanish along a north-south meridian 370 leagues, or , west of the Cape Verde islands. However, as it was not possible at the time to correctly measure longitude, the exact boundary was disputed by the two countries until 1777. The completion of these negotiations with Spain is one of several reasons proposed by historians for why it took nine", "title": "Portuguese Empire" }, { "id": "17997277", "score": "1.5774595", "text": "evolved over time from a simple blue cross on a white field to a complex design involving a red border with many different shapes. Portugal in the Middle Ages The kingdom of Portugal was established from the county of Portugal in the 1130s, ruled by the Portuguese House of Burgundy. During most of the 12th and 13th centuries, its history is chiefly that of the gradual reconquest of territory from the various petty Muslim principalities (\"taifas\") of the period. This process was essentially complete with the ascension of Afonso III of Portugal, the first to claim the title of \"King", "title": "Portugal in the Middle Ages" }, { "id": "3204252", "score": "1.5764015", "text": "struggled to determine it for centuries. Using the caravel, systematic exploration continued ever more southerly, advancing on average one degree a year. Senegal and Cape Verde Peninsula were reached in 1445 and in 1446, Álvaro Fernandes pushed on almost as far as present-day Sierra Leone. In 1453 the fall of Constantinople to the hands of the Ottomans was a blow to Christendom and the established business relations linking with the east. In 1455 Pope Nicholas V issued the bull \"Romanus Pontifex\" reinforcing the previous \"Dum Diversas\" (1452), granting all lands and seas discovered beyond Cape Bojador to King Afonso V", "title": "Age of Discovery" }, { "id": "309345", "score": "1.5738173", "text": "Portugal and Spain, specified the anti-meridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas. All these factors made Portugal one of the world's major economic, military, and political powers from the 15th century until the late 16th century. Portugal voluntarily entered a dynastic union between 1580 and 1640. This occurred because the last two kings of the House of Aviz – King Sebastian, who died in the battle of Alcácer Quibir in Morocco, and his great-uncle and successor, King-Cardinal Henry of Portugal – both died without heirs, resulting in the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580. Subsequently, Philip", "title": "Portugal" }, { "id": "3204264", "score": "1.5736945", "text": "Portugal was not pleased with the arrangement, feeling that it gave him far too little land—preventing him from reaching India, his main goal. He then negotiated directly with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to move the line west, and allowing him to claim newly discovered lands east of it. An agreement was reached in 1494, with the Treaty of Tordesillas that divided the world between the two powers. In this treaty the Portuguese received everything outside Europe east of a line that ran 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (already Portuguese), and the islands discovered by", "title": "Age of Discovery" }, { "id": "356051", "score": "1.5735768", "text": "the definitive capture of the Algarve in 1249. With all of Portugal now under the control of Afonso III of Portugal, religious, cultural and ethnic groups became gradually homogenized. After the completion of the \"Reconquista\", the Portuguese territory was a Roman Catholic realm. Nonetheless, Denis of Portugal carried out a short war with Castile for possession of the towns of Serpa and Moura. After this, Denis avoided war; he signed the Treaty of Alcanizes with Ferdinand IV of Castile in 1297, establishing the present-day borders. During the suppression of the Knights Templar all over Europe, under the influence of Philip", "title": "Reconquista" }, { "id": "12062269", "score": "1.568847", "text": "Iberian Union (1580–1640), due to the Portuguese dynastic succession crisis, Portugal and all its territorial possessions in Africa, Asia and the Americas came under the control of the Philippine Dynasty, of Spain. Because both countries had come under the same rule, there ceased to be boundaries between their territories in their colonies, which had been established by the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) in America and the Treaty of Zaragoza (1529) in Asia. Hence, the colonial explorers (bandeirantes) from the Portuguese colony of Brazil expanded westwards into the centre of the continent, occupying what was once Spanish and Amerindian territory. In", "title": "Alexandre de Gusmão" }, { "id": "4548806", "score": "1.5687017", "text": "com sonetos, oitavas, tercetos, canções, etc. reduzidos a versos octosilabos 7a : \"Engenho\" de acrostichos, esdrúxulos, ecos, etc. Is the same work amplified later with the title of \"Europa portuguesa\". Say Faria, That begins this work in 1614, using 25 years, examining more than thousand authors, and between this ones 300 Italians. 1° Lisboa, Henrique Valente de Oliveira, 1666 : History of Índia, since it discovery until 1538. 2° Lisboa, Antonio Craesbeeck de Mello, 1674 : History of Índia, from 1538 to 1581 3° Lisboa, ibidem, 1675 : History of Índia, during the Spanish dominion (1581 - 1640). 1° Lisboa,", "title": "Manuel de Faria e Sousa" }, { "id": "4331844", "score": "1.5635772", "text": "between 1242 and 1249, including Silves. In March 1249, King Afonso III of Portugal captured Faro, the last Muslim stronghold in Algarve, ending the Portuguese Reconquista. The entitlement of Afonso III of Portugal as \"King of Portugal and the Algarve\" would serve as a reaction to Alfonso X of Castile's claim to the Algarve and was designed to demonstrate the rights of the Portuguese monarch on the region concerned. The issue between the sovereigns of Castille and Portugal was eventually settled by the Treaty of Badajoz (1267), where King Alfonso X gave up his claims of the Algarve, making his", "title": "Kingdom of the Algarve" }, { "id": "4193734", "score": "1.5626578", "text": "other toward the west or east, respectively, on the other side of the globe and still possess whatever lands they were first to discover. The bull was silent regarding whether lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal, which had only recently reached the southern tip of Africa (1488) and had not yet reached India (1498). These lands yet \"to be discovered\" lay beyond those along the west coast of Africa as far as Guinea, and were given to Portugal via the 1481 bull \"Aeterni regis\", which had ratified the Treaty of Alcáçovas. For the time being,", "title": "Inter caetera" }, { "id": "2075143", "score": "1.5601356", "text": "in Sagres, the southernmost and westernmost tip of Portugal - and Europe. There, living a secluded and religious life, he concentrated his efforts on the sailing expeditions of his men, becoming worldly renowned as discoverer of never before seen oceans and coasts (Madeira, Azores, the African coast to Guinea, and after his death Cape of Good Hope, India, Japan, Canada, Brasil, etc.). Afonso V ignored the travels of his uncle and immersed himself in the battles of Castile, trying to take the throne to himself, but his claim was defeated in the indecisive Battle of Toro by Queen Isabella the", "title": "Battle of Alfarrobeira" }, { "id": "551590", "score": "1.5588648", "text": "a delimitation of the Spanish and Portuguese spheres of exploration. This was accomplished by the Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7, 1494), which modified the delimitation authorized by Pope Alexander VI in two bulls issued on May 4, 1493. The treaty gave to Portugal all lands that might be discovered east of a straight line drawn from the Arctic Pole to the Antarctic, at a distance of 370 leagues west of Cape Verde. Spain received the lands discovered west of this line. The known means of measuring longitude were so inexact, however, that the line of demarcation could not in practice", "title": "History of Portugal (1415–1578)" } ]

[ "stave disambiguation", "stave", "Stave", "Stave (disambiguation)" ]

[ { "id": "266222", "score": "1.604086", "text": "interval as well as the direction. This quickly led to one or two lines, each representing a particular note, being placed on the music with all of the \"neumes\" relating back to them. At first, these lines had no particular meaning and instead had a letter placed at the beginning indicating which note was represented. However, the lines indicating middle C and the F a fifth below slowly became most common. Having been at first merely scratched on the parchment, the lines now were drawn in two different colored inks: usually red for F, and yellow or green for C.", "title": "Medieval music" }, { "id": "19282717", "score": "1.5593545", "text": "of a given interval as well as the direction. This quickly led to one or two lines, each representing a particular note, being placed on the music with all of the neumes relating back to them. The line or lines acted as a reference point to help the singer gauge which notes were higher or lower. At first, these lines had no particular meaning and instead had a letter placed at the beginning indicating which note was represented. However, the lines indicating middle C and the F a fifth below slowly became most common. The completion of the four-line staff", "title": "Music technology" }, { "id": "3592099", "score": "1.5323784", "text": "note, indicating that they are to be played very rapidly either before the start of the main note or after the end. In some versions of the numbered musical notation, underlines indicating note length are written above the note instead. Ties and slurs may be written below the music line. In some versions, octave change is represented in a different way. Instead of dots above or below the numbers, a horizontal line is drawn and the number is written on, above, or below the line. Another variation is to put octave bar \"|\" on the side of the number. An", "title": "Numbered musical notation" }, { "id": "247242", "score": "1.5218604", "text": "would include all the notes on the keyboard, including the \"white notes\" and \"black notes\" and unusual scales, such as the whole tone scale (a whole tone scale in the key of C would contain the notes C, D, E, F, G and A). A low, deep musical line played by bass instruments such as double bass, electric bass or tuba is called a bassline. Harmony refers to the \"vertical\" sounds of pitches in music, which means pitches that are played or sung together at the same time to create a chord. Usually this means the notes are played at", "title": "Music" }, { "id": "3592080", "score": "1.5104213", "text": "below a musical note raise or lower it to other octaves. The number of dots equals the number of octaves. For example, \"\" is an octave lower than \"6\". Musical scales can thus be written as follows: Where there is more than one dot above or below the number, the dots are vertically stacked. Where there are note length lines (see following section) underneath the numbers, any dots are placed below the lines. Thus the dots below numbers do not always vertically align with each other, since some of them may be moved slightly downward so as not to collide", "title": "Numbered musical notation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Staff (music)\n\nIn Western musical notation, the staff (US and UK) or stave (UK) (plural: staffs or staves)<ref name=collins/> is a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces that each represent a different musical pitch or in the case of a percussion staff, different percussion instruments. Appropriate music symbols, depending on the intended effect, are placed on the staff according to their corresponding pitch or function. Musical notes are placed by pitch, percussion notes are placed by instrument, and rests and other symbols are placed by convention.\n\nThe absolute pitch of each line of a non-percussive staff is indicated by the placement of a clef symbol at the appropriate vertical position on the left-hand side of the staff (possibly modified by conventions for specific instruments). For example, the treble clef, also known as the G clef, is placed on the second line (counting upward), fixing that line as the pitch first G above \"middle C\".\n\nThe lines and spaces are numbered from bottom to top; the bottom line is the \"first line\" and the top line is the \"fifth line\".\n\nThe musical staff is analogous to a mathematical graph of pitch with respect to time. Pitches of notes are given by their vertical position on the staff and notes are played from left to right. Unlike a graph, however, the number of semitones represented by a vertical step from a line to an adjacent space depends on the key, and the exact timing of the beginning of each note is not directly proportional to its horizontal position; rather, exact timing is encoded by the musical symbol chosen for each note in addition to the tempo.\n\nA time signature to the right of the clef indicates the relationship between timing counts and note symbols, while bar lines group notes on the staff into measures.", "title": "Staff (music)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Musical notation\n\nMusic notation or musical notation is any system used to visually represent aurally perceived music played with instruments or sung by the human voice through the use of written, printed, or otherwise-produced symbols, including notation for durations of absence of sound such as rests.\n\nThe types and methods of notation have varied between cultures and throughout history, and much information about ancient music notation is fragmentary. Even in the same time period, such as in the 2010s, different styles of music and different cultures use different music notation methods; for example, for professional classical music performers, sheet music using staves and noteheads is the most common way of notating music, but for professional country music session musicians, the Nashville Number System is the main method.\n\nThe symbols used include ancient symbols and modern symbols made upon any media such as symbols cut into stone, made in clay tablets, made using a pen on papyrus or parchment or manuscript paper; printed using a printing press (c. 1400s), a computer printer (c. 1980s) or other printing or modern copying technology.\n\nAlthough many ancient cultures used symbols to represent melodies and rhythms, none of them was particularly comprehensive, which has limited today's understanding of their music. The seeds of what would eventually become modern Western notation were sown in medieval Europe, starting with the Christian Church's goal for ecclesiastical uniformity. The church began notating plainchant melodies so that the same chants could be used throughout the church. Music notation developed further during the Renaissance and Baroque music eras. In the classical period (1750–1820) and the Romantic music era (1820–1900), notation continued to develop as new musical instrument technologies were developed. In the contemporary classical music of the 20th and 21st century, music notation has continued to develop, with the introduction of graphical notation by some modern composers and the use, since the 1980s, of computer-based score writer programs for notating music. Music notation has been adapted to many kinds of music, including classical music, popular music, and traditional music.", "title": "Musical notation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of musical symbols\n\nMusical symbols are marks and symbols in musical notation that indicate various aspects of how a piece of music is to be performed. There are symbols to communicate information about many musical elements, including pitch, duration, dynamics, or articulation of musical notes; tempo, metre, form (e.g., whether sections are repeated), and details about specific playing techniques (e.g., which fingers, keys, or pedals are to be used, whether a string instrument should be bowed or plucked, or whether the bow of a string instrument should move up or down).", "title": "List of musical symbols" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ruled paper\n\nRuled paper (or lined paper) is writing paper printed with lines as a guide for handwriting. The lines often are printed with fine width and in light colour and such paper is sometimes called \"feint-ruled paper\". Additional vertical lines may provide margins, act as tab stops or create a grid for plotting data; for example, graph paper (\"squared paper\" or \"grid paper\") is divided into squares by horizontal and vertical lines.", "title": "Ruled paper" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Neume\n\nA neume (; sometimes spelled neum) is the basic element of Western and Eastern systems of musical notation prior to the invention of five-line staff notation.\n\nThe earliest neumes were inflective marks that indicated the general shape but not necessarily the exact notes or rhythms to be sung. Later developments included the use of heightened neumes that showed the relative pitches between neumes, and the creation of a four-line musical staff that identified particular pitches. Neumes do not generally indicate rhythm, but additional symbols were sometimes juxtaposed with neumes to indicate changes in articulation, duration, or tempo. Neumatic notation was later used in medieval music to indicate certain patterns of rhythm called rhythmic modes, and eventually evolved into modern musical notation. Neumatic notation remains standard in modern editions of plainchant.", "title": "Neume" }, { "id": "979154", "score": "1.5041995", "text": "and every fourth horizontal line (completing a \"gatra\") are darkened for legibility. Symbols on the left indicate the colotomic or metric structure of gongs and so forth, while specific drum features are notated in symbols to the right. The Solonese notation reads horizontally, like Western notation, but does not use barlines. Instead, note values and rests are squiggled between the notes. Today this notation is relatively rare, and has been replaced by kepatihan notation, which is a cipher system. Kepatihan notation developed around 1900 at the kepatihan Palace in Surakarta, which had become a high-school conservatory. The pitches are numbered", "title": "Gamelan" }, { "id": "598233", "score": "1.5002493", "text": "notation, using letter names similar to modern note names in conjunction with the neumes, made a brief appearance in a few manuscripts, but a number of manuscripts used one or more horizontal lines to indicate particular pitches. The treatise Musica enchiriadis (AD 900) uses Daseian notation for indicating specific pitches, but the modern use of staff lines is attributed to Guido d'Arezzo (AD 990–1050), whose four-line staff is still used (though without the red and yellow coloring he recommended) in Gregorian chant publications today. Five-line staves appeared in Italy in the 13th century and it was promoted by Ugolino da", "title": "Staff (music)" }, { "id": "295115", "score": "1.4842947", "text": "thirty-second note (demisemiquaver), sixty-fourth note (hemidemisemiquaver), and hundred twenty-eighth note. In a score, each note is assigned a specific vertical position on a staff position (a line or space) on the staff, as determined by the clef. Each line or space is assigned a note name. These names are memorized by musicians and allow them to know at a glance the proper pitch to play on their instruments. <score vorbis=\"true\"> \\relative c' { c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 g1 f1 e1 d1 c1 \\layout { \\midi { </score> The staff above shows the notes C,", "title": "Musical note" }, { "id": "19370656", "score": "1.4763205", "text": "had a letter placed at the beginning indicating which note was represented. However, the lines indicating middle C and the F a fifth below slowly became most common. The completion of the four-line staff is usually credited to Guido d' Arezzo (c. 1000–1050), one of the most important musical theorists of the Middle Ages. It should be noted that the neumatic notational system, even in its fully developed state, did not clearly define any kind of rhythm for the singing of notes. Singers were expected to be able to improvise the rhythm, using established traditions and norms. Instruments used to", "title": "Music technology (mechanical)" }, { "id": "7456448", "score": "1.4713243", "text": "bottom. Each note has its own individual position, low notes on the left and high notes on the right as on the piano. This stave consists of groups of two and three vertical lines corresponding to the black keys (notes) of the piano. White notes are written in the seven white spaces between the lines. Therefore sharps and flats are no longer needed, as each note has its own place in the octave. The evident correspondence between the stave and a piano induced Pot to use the name Klavarskribo. Though the klavar notation is a universal notation that can be", "title": "Klavarskribo" }, { "id": "3592094", "score": "1.4690187", "text": "an inverted triangle. Dynamics (, , , etc.) and hairline crescendos and diminuendos are written below the line of music to which they apply, as in Western notation. The font of the dynamics is usually lighter than the font used in Western notation, so as not to be as heavy as the font for the numbers. Instrument-specific symbols can be written above notes. For example, in music for stringed instruments it is common to see wavy lines representing rolls. Fingering can be marked using four different kinds of finger symbol, respectively appearing like a lightning strike, the top half of", "title": "Numbered musical notation" }, { "id": "598224", "score": "1.456319", "text": "of a clef symbol at the appropriate vertical position on the left-hand side of the staff (possibly modified by conventions for specific instruments). For example, the treble clef, also known as the G clef, is placed on the second line (counting upwards), fixing that line as the pitch first G above 'middle C'. The lines and spaces are numbered from bottom to top; the bottom line is the \"first line\" and the top line is the \"fifth line\". The musical staff is analogous to a mathematical graph of pitch with respect to time. Pitches of notes are given by their", "title": "Staff (music)" }, { "id": "16687044", "score": "1.4395416", "text": "5, 6, 7 standing for \"do\", \"re\", \"mi\", \"fa\", \"sol\", \"la\", \"si\". Dots above or below a numeral indicate the octave of the note it represents. Key signatures, barlines, and time signatures are also employed. Many symbols from Western standard notation, such as bar lines, time signatures, accidentals, tie and slur, and the expression markings are also used. The number of dashes following a numeral represents the number of crotchets (quarter notes) by which the note extends. The table above shows how the numbers represent the note respectively. The Jianpu uses dots above or below the number to show its", "title": "Chinese musical notation" }, { "id": "598212", "score": "1.4336977", "text": "and the even higher \"ff\" clef (e.g., in the \"Mulliner Book\") were used to represent the notes written on the fourth and top lines of the treble clef, respectively. Varying shapes of different clefs persisted until very recent times. The F-clef was, until as late as the 1980s in some cases (such as hymnals), or in British and French publications, written like this: In printed music from the 16th and 17th centuries, the C clef often assumed a ladder-like form, in which the two horizontal rungs surround the stave line indicated as C: ; this form survived in some printed", "title": "Clef" }, { "id": "1262510", "score": "1.4336491", "text": "has two completely horizontal strokes in this place. In addition, while the sharp also always has two perfectly vertical lines, the number sign (#) may or may not contain perfectly vertical lines (according to typeface and writing style). The order of sharps in key signature notation is F, C, G, D, A, E, B, each extra sharp being added successively in the following sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of", "title": "Sharp (music)" }, { "id": "598234", "score": "1.4287999", "text": "Forlì; staves with four, five, and six lines were used as late as 1600. Staff (music) In Western musical notation, the staff (US) or stave (UK) (plural for either: staves) is a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces that each represent a different musical pitch or, in the case of a percussion staff, different percussion instruments. Appropriate music symbols, depending on the intended effect, are placed on the staff according to their corresponding pitch or function. Musical notes are placed by pitch, percussion notes are placed by instrument, and rests and other symbols are placed by convention. The", "title": "Staff (music)" }, { "id": "1775818", "score": "1.4276042", "text": "notes, or with the note head itself being a small cross. Schoenberg's later notation (first used in his \"Ode to Napoleon Bonaparte\", 1942) replaced the 5-line staff with a single line having no clef. The note stems no longer bear the \"x\", as it is now clear that no specific pitch is intended, and instead relative pitches are specified by placing the notes above or below the single line (sometimes on ledger lines). Berg notates several degrees of \"Sprechstimme\", e. g. in \"Wozzeck\", using single-line staff for rhythmic speaking, five-line staffs with x through the note stem, and a single", "title": "Sprechgesang" }, { "id": "598232", "score": "1.4201272", "text": "on the manuals and one for the feet on the pedalboard. Early Western medieval notation was written with neumes, which did not specify exact pitches but only the shape of the melodies, i.e. indicating when the musical line went up or down; presumably these were intended as mnemonics for melodies which had been taught by rote. During the 9th through 11th centuries a number of systems were developed to specify pitch more precisely, including diastematic neumes whose height on the page corresponded with their absolute pitch level (Longobardian and Beneventan manuscripts from Italy show this technique around AD 1000). Digraphic", "title": "Staff (music)" }, { "id": "655573", "score": "1.4154241", "text": "symbols (notes) placed on a staff or staves, the vertical axis corresponding to pitch and the horizontal axis corresponding to time. Note head shapes, stems, flags, ties and dots are used to indicate duration. Additional symbols indicate keys, dynamics, accents, rests, etc. Verbal instructions from the conductor are often used to indicate tempo, technique, and other aspects. In Western music, a range of different music notation systems are used. In Western Classical music, conductors use printed scores that show all of the instruments' parts and orchestra members read parts with their musical lines written out. In popular styles of music,", "title": "Music theory" }, { "id": "269273", "score": "1.4153738", "text": "for right-to-left scripts difficult. A staff (or stave, in British English) of written music generally begins with a clef, which indicates the position of one particular note on the staff. The treble clef or G clef was originally a letter G and it identifies the second line up on the five line staff as the note G above middle C. The bass clef or F clef shows the position of the note F below middle C. While the treble and bass clef are the most widely used clefs, other clefs are used, such as the alto clef (used for viola", "title": "Musical notation" } ]

[ "Stanley Laurel", "Arthur Stanley Jefferson", "Arthur Jefferson", "arthur stanley jefferson", "Stan Laurel", "stanley laurel", "stan laurel", "arthur jefferson" ]

[ { "id": "1507099", "score": "1.7219958", "text": "town of Morley, West Yorkshire where he won a talent contest in 1936. The statue was commissioned by the Morley Murals Committee and funded by Doreen. Ernie Wise Ernest Wiseman, (27 November 1925 – 21 March 1999), known by his stage name Ernie Wise, was an English comedian, best known as one half of the comedy duo Morecambe and Wise, who became a national institution on British television, especially for their Christmas specials. Ernest Wiseman, born in Bramley (a district of Leeds) to Harry and Connie Wiseman (née Wright) who married in St Thomas Stanningley, was the eldest of five", "title": "Ernie Wise" }, { "id": "3583927", "score": "1.7039723", "text": "acts and seventh overall in a 2005 UK poll to find the \"Comedians' Comedian\". In 2009, a bronze statue of the duo was unveiled in Laurel's home town of Ulverston. Arthur Stanley Jefferson was born in his grandparents' house on 16 June 1890 in Argyll Street, Ulverston, Lancashire, to Arthur Jefferson, a theatre manager from Bishop Auckland, and Margaret (née Metcalfe), an actress from Ulverston. He was one of five children. His parents were both active in the theatre and always very busy. In his early years, the boy spent much time living with his maternal grandmother, Sarah Metcalfe. He", "title": "Stan Laurel" }, { "id": "10617697", "score": "1.6778413", "text": "Frankie Jaxon Frankie \"Half-Pint\" Jaxon, born Frank Devera Jackson (March 3, 1896 or 1897 – May 15, 1953), was an African American vaudeville singer, stage designer and comedian, popular in the 1920s and 1930s. He was born in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, orphaned, and raised in Kansas City, Missouri. His nickname of \"Half Pint\" referred to his 5'2\" height. He started in show business around 1910 as a singer in Kansas City, before travelling extensively with medicine shows in Texas, and then touring the eastern seaboard. His feminine voice and outrageous manner, often as a female impersonator, established him as", "title": "Frankie Jaxon" }, { "id": "12302578", "score": "1.6718979", "text": "and revue. He lived in the Blackpool area from the early 1930s in 1940 began a thirteen-year run in the resort's summer season shows, starting at the North Pier, as a northern comic in his famous straw hat and very thick glasses. He had extremely bad eyesight as a result of having been gassed in the trenches in World War I and thus was not conscripted for the Second World War. After nine years, he refused to go on playing matinees and transferred to a long run at the Blackpool Palace for George and Alfred Black. He worked as a", "title": "Dave Morris (comedian)" }, { "id": "8994021", "score": "1.6534503", "text": "Formby's birthplace. George Formby Sr George Formby (born James Lawler Booth; 4 October 1875 – 8 February 1921) was an English comedian and singer in musical theatre, known as one of the greatest music hall performers of the early 20th century. His comedy played upon Lancashire stereotypes, and he was popular around Britain. His nickname, \"The Wigan Nightingale\", was coined because of the way he would use his bronchial cough as a comedic device in his act. Formby was born into poverty in the industrial north west of England; his mother was an alcoholic and part-time prostitute, and during much", "title": "George Formby Sr" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.\n\nOldham Athletic Association Football Club is a professional football club in Oldham, Greater Manchester, England,<ref name=\"ContactInfo\" /> which competes in the National League, the fifth tier of the English football league system. \n\nThe history of Oldham Athletic began with the founding of Pine Villa F.C. in 1895, a team that played in the Manchester and Lancashire leagues. When neighbours Oldham County folded in 1899, Pine Villa moved into their stadium and changed their name to Oldham Athletic. They won the Lancashire Combination title in 1906–07 and were elected into the Football League. They won promotion out of the Second Division in 1909–10 and went on to finish second in the First Division in 1914–15, before being relegated in 1923. Another relegation in 1935 left them in the Third Division North, which they won at the end of the 1952–53 campaign, only to be relegated back into the following year. Placed in the Fourth Division, they secured promotion in 1962–63, and again in 1970–71 after another relegation in 1969.\n\nJimmy Frizzell managed the club from 1970 to 1982 and under his leadership, Oldham won the Third Division title in 1973–74. He was succeeded by Joe Royle, who also had a 12-year spell in charge, during which time Oldham reached the League Cup final in 1990, before winning the Second Division title in 1990–91, which took them back into the top-flight for the first time in 68 years. Oldham were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but were relegated two years later and fell to the third tier by 1997. The club ended a 21-season-long stay in the third tier – which encompassed numerous financial crises – with relegation out of League One in 2018. At the end of the 2021–22 season, relegation from League Two was confirmed and the club fell into the National League, becoming the first former Premier League team to play non-League football.\n\nThey play home matches at Boundary Park. Known as the \"Latics\", Oldham traditionally play in blue shirts. The club has a rivalry known as the Roses derby with Huddersfield Town, as well as long-standing local rivalries with Bolton Wanderers, Rochdale and Stockport County.", "title": "Oldham Athletic A.F.C." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Freemasons (A–D)\n\n\n</ref>\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of Freemasons (A–D)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of people from the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chester\n\nChester is a cathedral city and the county town of Cheshire, England. It is located on the River Dee, close to the English–Welsh border. With a population of 79,645 in 2011, it is the most populous settlement of Cheshire West and Chester (a unitary authority which had a population of 329,608 in 2011)<ref name=2011_census /> and serves as its administrative headquarters. It is also the historic county town of Cheshire and the second-largest settlement in Cheshire after Warrington.\n\nChester was founded in 79 AD as a \"castrum\" or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix during the reign of Emperor Vespasian. One of the main army camps in Roman Britain, Deva later became a major civilian settlement. In 689, King Æthelred of Mercia founded the Minster Church of West Mercia, which later became Chester's first cathedral, and the Angles extended and strengthened the walls to protect the city against the Danes. Chester was one of the last cities in England to fall to the Normans, and William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a castle to dominate the town and the nearby Welsh border. Chester was granted city status in 1541.\n\nThe city walls of Chester are some of the best-preserved in the country and have Grade I listed status. It has a number of medieval buildings, but many of the black-and-white buildings within the city centre are Victorian restorations, originating from the Black-and-white Revival movement. Apart from a section, the walls are almost complete.", "title": "Chester" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Buffalo Bill\n\nWilliam Frederick Cody (February 26, 1846January 10, 1917), known as \"Buffalo Bill\", was an American soldier, bison hunter, and showman. He was born in Le Claire, Iowa Territory (now the U.S. state of Iowa), but he lived for several years in his father's hometown in modern-day Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, before the family returned to the Midwest and settled in the Kansas Territory.\n\nBuffalo Bill started working at the age of eleven, after his father's death, and became a rider for the Pony Express at age 15. During the American Civil War, he served the Union from 1863 to the end of the war in 1865. Later he served as a civilian scout for the U.S. Army during the Indian Wars, receiving the Medal of Honor in 1872.\n\nOne of the most famous and well-known figures of the American Old West, Buffalo Bill's legend began to spread when he was only 23. Shortly thereafter he started performing in shows that displayed cowboy themes and episodes from the frontier and Indian Wars. He founded \"Buffalo Bill's Wild West\" in 1883, taking his large company on tours in the United States and, beginning in 1887, in Great Britain and continental Europe.", "title": "Buffalo Bill" }, { "id": "7329309", "score": "1.647248", "text": "is best remembered for the characters in his sketches, which uniquely reflected the character of the people of Belfast. These included \"Orange Lil\", \"The Lady from Cherryvalley\", and \"Derek the Window Cleaner\" from the BBC Radio Ulster series \"The McCooeys\". He was also one of the first comedians to confront the Troubles in his material, while still appealing to both sides of the divided community. A blue plaque in his memory is displayed at his birthplace in Union Street, Ballymoney and at his family's home in Fernwood Street, Ormeau Road, Belfast. James Alexander Young was born on 23 June 1918", "title": "James Young (comedian)" }, { "id": "12302577", "score": "1.6310899", "text": "Dave Morris (comedian) Dave Morris was a music hall comedian who made a successful transition to radio and television. He was born on 5 July 1896, son of Samuel Morris and Lily Reubens. Samuel, a tailor, lived at 110 Wilson Street, Middlesbrough. His first stage appearance was on 10 December 1908 at the Oxford Playhouse, Middlesbrough and his first London appearance in 1913 at the London Shoreditch. He started with a juvenile troupe, then as a blackface comic. He was called up into the Army in World War 1 and resumed his stage career in 1918, touring constantly in variety", "title": "Dave Morris (comedian)" }, { "id": "11092289", "score": "1.6274322", "text": "hall. Tommy Trafford Tommy Trafford (30 December 1927 – 20 March 1993) was a Lancashire comedian and a noted pantomime dame. He lived his early life in Blacko, near Nelson, where he performed in church productions alongside Jimmy Clitheroe, \"The Clitheroe Kid\", with whom he went to school. Tommy owned a traditional Blackpool guest house, as did many performers, which gave him the experience to run a country hotel and restaurant for Jimmy during a temporary 'retirement' from Showbiz. Of the many routines and characters that Tommy portrayed, his best known routine was a homage to Norman Evans’ ‘Over the", "title": "Tommy Trafford" }, { "id": "2866146", "score": "1.6180215", "text": "Arthur Askey Arthur Bowden Askey, CBE (6 June 190016 November 1982) was an English comedian and actor. Askey's humour owed much to the playfulness of the characters he portrayed, his improvisation, and his use of catchphrases, which included \"Hello playmates!\", \"I thank you\" (pronounced \"Ay-Thang-Yaw\"), and \"Before your very eyes\". Askey was born at 29 Moses Street, Dingle, Liverpool, the eldest child and only son of Samuel Askey (d. 1958), secretary of the firm Sugar Products of Liverpool, and his wife, Betsy Bowden (d. 1949), of Knutsford, Cheshire. Six months after his birth the family moved to 90 Rosslyn Street,", "title": "Arthur Askey" }, { "id": "11983449", "score": "1.6153557", "text": "was a sergeant in the Northumberland Fusiliers but was invalided out after being gassed on the Western Front. James appeared in Stockton as a double act with his great uncle Jimmy Howells and they were known as The Two Jimmies. James became a comedian by chance. In 1925, he took over for one night at Longton, Stoke-on-Trent, standing in when the regular comedian walked out. His next big break came when he took over from a young Max Miller who had walked out of a show. In 1929, James was talent spotted at the Sunderland Empire by impresario George Black,", "title": "Jimmy James (comedian)" }, { "id": "7031232", "score": "1.6083999", "text": "from 1853 until his death in 1876. The cartographer, printer and publisher George Bradshaw was born in 1801 and James Agate the theatre critic was also born here. Tommy White, the Everton and England footballer, was born in Pendleton. Pat Kirkwood, who became one a stars of musical theatre, was born in Pendleton, and the actors Albert Finney, born in the Charlestown area and baptised at St George's Church, Charlestown, and Christopher Eccleston, known for his role in the TV series Doctor Who, was brought up in Langworthy. Notes Bibliography Pendleton, Greater Manchester Pendleton is an inner city suburb of", "title": "Pendleton, Greater Manchester" }, { "id": "16615184", "score": "1.6078912", "text": "Les Dawson, Eartha Kitt, Roy Orbison, The Walker Brothers, The Beatles and many more. Jack married Marie Ashton of the \"Roly Polys\" in 1992 and retired because of health problems in 2004, moving to Southport where he died on 12 May 2016. Jack Diamond (comedian) Jack Diamond (Manchester, 12 August 1941 - 12 May 2016) was a British comedian, known for his work in clubs and theatres in northwest England. He was described as a \"Blackpool favourite\" by \"The Stage\" magazine and \"a very funny man\" by Bernard Manning. Jack was born in Manchester on 12 August 1941. He went", "title": "Jack Diamond (comedian)" }, { "id": "4984705", "score": "1.6076512", "text": "Jimmy Clitheroe James Robinson Clitheroe (24 December 1921 – 6 June 1973), popularly known as Jimmy Clitheroe, was an English comic entertainer. He is best remembered for his BBC Radio programme, \"The Clitheroe Kid\" (1958–72), a version of which was produced for television on the ITV network under the title \"Just Jimmy\" (1964–68). He was born in Clitheroe, Lancashire, England on Christmas Eve 1921 at 58 Wilkin Street, (now called Highfield Road), to weavers Emma Pye and James Robert Clitheroe, who had married in 1918. He was born at his maternal grandparents' house. Within days the family moved to Blacko,", "title": "Jimmy Clitheroe" }, { "id": "11983446", "score": "1.6074772", "text": "although other sources consider that he was born in South Bank, Middlesbrough, and moved to Stockton-on-Tees at the age of seven in 1899. At the age of ten he won a boy soprano contest at the Stockton Hippodrome and shortly afterwards ran away, hitching a ride to Darlington to join a travelling show. The police located him a few years later at the age of twelve by which time he had become a seasoned performer. His father, an amateur clog dancer himself, encouraged his son's show business talents. At the Sunderland Empire James met Isabelle Darby, a music hall dancer", "title": "Jimmy James (comedian)" }, { "id": "2211679", "score": "1.6048932", "text": "world, which is located in the city centre. The folk singer, comedian and broadcaster Mike Harding, was born in the area in 1944. Frontman for the pop band Freddie and the Dreamers, singer Freddie Garrity, was born in Crumpsall in 1936. The Moors murderer Myra Hindley was born in Crumpsall in 1942. Howard Jacobson was brought up in Crumpsall and some of his novels, \"Kalooki Nights\" and \"The Mighty Walzer\" feature descriptions of Jewish life in the area. Actor and singer Don Estelle (Gunner \"Lofty\" Sugden in It Ain't Half Hot Mum), real name Ronald Edwards, was born and brought", "title": "Crumpsall" }, { "id": "2860067", "score": "1.5983007", "text": "in London and obtained a booking in the Shoreditch Hall in 1919. He was not experienced enough for the type of venue and lasted only a week. Returning to Brighton he saw an advertisement for artists to join Jack Sheppard’s concert party in an alfresco theatre on Brighton beach. He applied and joined as a light comedian for the 1919 summer season. While with the concert party, he met his wife Frances Kathleen Marsh, who was a contralto in the group. Kathleen Marsh came from a middle-class family whose parents came to Brighton from Dorset shortly before she was born", "title": "Max Miller (comedian)" }, { "id": "16615181", "score": "1.5982077", "text": "Jack Diamond (comedian) Jack Diamond (Manchester, 12 August 1941 - 12 May 2016) was a British comedian, known for his work in clubs and theatres in northwest England. He was described as a \"Blackpool favourite\" by \"The Stage\" magazine and \"a very funny man\" by Bernard Manning. Jack was born in Manchester on 12 August 1941. He went to Nansen St Junior School and then to Ardwick Secondary Technical School. He passed the Town Hall exams and went to work as Junior in the Education Department at the age of 15. He went on holiday to Butlins at Filey at", "title": "Jack Diamond (comedian)" }, { "id": "8993989", "score": "1.5972155", "text": "George Formby Sr George Formby (born James Lawler Booth; 4 October 1875 – 8 February 1921) was an English comedian and singer in musical theatre, known as one of the greatest music hall performers of the early 20th century. His comedy played upon Lancashire stereotypes, and he was popular around Britain. His nickname, \"The Wigan Nightingale\", was coined because of the way he would use his bronchial cough as a comedic device in his act. Formby was born into poverty in the industrial north west of England; his mother was an alcoholic and part-time prostitute, and during much of his", "title": "George Formby Sr" }, { "id": "18039914", "score": "1.5967646", "text": "was born in the town of Brynmawr, Brecknockshire, South Wales, in 1906. He moved to Essex where he became a policeman in 1927 for the Southend Borough Constabulary, which later amalgamated into Essex Police in 1969. He was forced into medical retirement with a duodenal ulcer on 27 April 1937. Davies took up acting soon after. In 1942 he appeared at the Stoll Theatre in London in the role of Sergeant Malone in the operetta \"Rose-Marie\". At 6' 4\" Davies, found himself often portraying authority figures, especially police officers. In 1948 he appeared in the Dylan Thomas-written film \"The Three", "title": "David Davies (actor, born 1906)" }, { "id": "1507090", "score": "1.594162", "text": "his \"Band Waggon\" radio show, billed as Britain's Mickey Rooney. Gradually, Wise and Morecambe formed a close friendship, and, in 1941, they began their comedy double act, which was to last until Morecambe's death in 1984. They made their debut together as \"Bartholomew and Wise\" on Thursday 28 August 1941, at the Liverpool Empire. A change of name followed in the autumn: after agreeing that the combination of their respective places of birth—Morecambe and Leeds—would make the act sound too much like a cheap day return, they settled on \"Morecambe and Wise\" During World War II, Morecambe was a Bevin", "title": "Ernie Wise" } ]

[ "Gold rings", "gold rings" ]

[ { "id": "9457962", "score": "1.874107", "text": "associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin, who first introduced the familiar prolongation of the verse \"five gold rings\" (now often \"five golden rings\"). \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" is a cumulative song, meaning that each verse is built on top of the previous verses. There are twelve verses, each describing a gift given by \"my true love\" on one of the twelve days of Christmas. There are many variations in the lyrics. The lyrics given here are from Frederic Austin's 1909 publication that first established the current", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457961", "score": "1.8514521", "text": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that make up the Christmas season, starting with Christmas Day). The song, published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme, is thought to be French in origin. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68. The tunes of collected versions vary. The standard tune now", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457974", "score": "1.8296181", "text": "1780 publication includes an illustration that clearly depicts the \"five gold rings\" as being jewellery. In 1979, a Canadian hymnologist, Hugh D. McKellar, published an article, \"How to Decode the Twelve Days of Christmas\" in which he suggested that \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" lyrics were intended as a catechism song to help young Catholics learn their faith, at a time when practising Catholicism was criminalised in England (1558 until 1829). McKellar offered no evidence for his claim. Three years later, in 1982, Fr. Hal Stockert wrote an article (subsequently posted on-line in 1995) in which he suggested a similar", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457978", "score": "1.8289528", "text": "four give the song its hallmark \"hurried\" quality. The second to fourth verses' melody is different from that of the fifth to twelfth verses. Before the fifth verse (when \"five gold(en) rings\" is first sung), the melody, using solfege, is \"sol re mi fa re\" for the fourth to second items, and this same melody is thereafter sung for the twelfth to sixth items. However, the melody for \"four colly birds, three French hens, two turtle doves\" changes from this point, differing from the way these lines were sung in the opening four verses. In the final verse, Austin inserted", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457977", "score": "1.796715", "text": "made up of two 4/4 bars, while most of the lines naming gifts receive one 3/4 bar per gift with the exception of \"Five gold(en) rings,\" which receives two 4/4 bars, \"Two turtle doves\" getting a 4/4 bar with \"And a\" on its fourth beat and \"Partridge in a pear tree\" getting two 4/4 bars of music. In most versions, a 4/4 bar of music immediately follows \"Partridge in a pear tree.\" \"On the\" is found in that bar on the 4th (pickup) beat for the next verse. The successive bars of three for the gifts surrounded by bars of", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457966", "score": "1.792218", "text": "Christmas\". Its final verse, as published in de Coussemaker, \"Chants Populaires des Flamands de France\" (1856), runs as follows: According to de Coussemaker, the song was recorded \"in the part of [French] Flanders that borders on the Pas de Calais\". The exact origins and the meaning of the song are unknown, but it is highly probable that it originated from a children's memory and forfeit game. The twelve days in the song are the twelve days starting with Christmas Day, or in some traditions, the day after Christmas (26 December) (Boxing Day or St. Stephen's Day, as being the feast", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457976", "score": "1.7917863", "text": "and so would hardly need to be secretly encoded. The now-standard melody for the carol was published in 1909 by Novello & Co.. English composer Frederic Austin fitted the words to a traditional melody, to which he added his own two-bar motif for \"Five gold rings\". Many of the decisions Austin made with regard to the lyrics subsequently became widespread: The time signature of this song is not constant, unlike most popular music. This irregular meter perhaps reflects the song's folk origin. The introductory lines, such as \"On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love gave to me\", are", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457968", "score": "1.7660393", "text": "players repeated the verse, the leader added another verse, and so on until one of the players made a mistake, with the player who erred having to pay a penalty, such as offering up a kiss or a sweet. In the northern counties of England, the song was often called the \"Ten Days of Christmas\", as there were only ten gifts. It was also known in Somerset, Dorsetshire, and elsewhere in England. The kinds of gifts vary in a number of the versions, some of them becoming alliterative tongue-twisters. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" was also widely popular in the", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457970", "score": "1.7543316", "text": "\"[e]ach child in succession repeats the gifts of the day, and forfeits for each mistake.\" Salmon, writing from Newcastle, claimed in 1855 that the song \"[had] been, up to within twenty years, extremely popular as a schoolboy's Christmas chant\". Husk, writing in 1864, stated: Thomas Hughes, in a short story published in 1864, described a fictional game of Forfeits involving the song: Barnes (1882), stated that the last verse \"is to be said in one breath\". Scott (1892), reminiscing about Christmas and New Year's celebrations in Newcastle around the year 1844, described a performance thus: Lady Gomme wrote in 1898:", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457963", "score": "1.751599", "text": "form of the carol. The first three verses run, in full, as follows: Subsequent verses follow the same pattern, each adding one new gift and repeating all the earlier gifts so that each verse is one line longer than its predecessor: The earliest known version of the lyrics was published in London under the title \"The Twelve Days of Christmas sung at King Pepin's Ball\", as part of a 1780 children's book, \"Mirth without Mischief\". Subsequent versions have shown considerable variation: For ease of comparison with Austin's 1909 version given above:<br> (a) differences in wording, ignoring capitalisation and punctuation, are", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457979", "score": "1.7489481", "text": "a flourish on the words \"Five Gold Rings\". This has not been copied by later versions, which simply repeat the melody from the earlier verses. In the 19th century, most sources for the lyrics do not include music, and those that do often include music different from what has become the standard melody. Cecil Sharp's \"Folk Songs from Somerset\" (1905) contains two different melodies for the song, both distinct from the now-standard melody. Since 1984, the cumulative costs of the items mentioned in the song have been used as a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator. Assuming the gifts are repeated in full", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457964", "score": "1.7328303", "text": "indicated in \"italics\";<br> (b) items that do not appear at all in Austin's version are indicated in bold italics. A similar cumulative verse from Scotland, \"The Yule Days\", has been likened to \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" in the scholarly literature. It has thirteen days rather than twelve, and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of \"The Twelve Days\". Its final verse, as published in Chambers, \"Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland\" (1842), runs as follows: \"Pippin go aye\" (also spelled \"papingo-aye\" in later editions) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot. In", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457965", "score": "1.7247931", "text": "the Faroe Islands, there is a comparable counting Christmas song. The gifts include: one feather, two geese, three sides of meat, four sheep, five cows, six oxen, seven dishes, eight ponies, nine banners, ten barrels, eleven goats, twelve men, thirteen hides, fourteen rounds of cheese and fifteen deer. These were illustrated in 1994 by local cartoonist Óli Petersen (born 1936) on a series of two stamps issued by the Faroese Philatelic Office. \"Les Douze Mois\" (\"The Twelve Months\") (also known as \"La Perdriole\"—\"The Partridge\") is another similar cumulative verse from France that has been likened to \"The Twelve Days of", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457981", "score": "1.7077591", "text": "the song are hired, not purchased. The total costs of all goods and services for the 2015 Christmas Price Index is US$34,130.99, or $155,407.18 for all 364 items. The original 1984 cost was $12,623.10. The index has been criticised for not accurately reflecting the true cost of the gifts featured in the Christmas carol. The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "17271128", "score": "1.7009577", "text": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The song reached #5 on the Billboard Christmas Chart in 1963. A noted jukebox record supplier stated that if the record was released earlier, it \"might have been a hot number.\" The song subsequently appeared on Sherman's 1964 album, \"For Swingin' Livers Only!\" The song was arranged by Lou Busch. He lists off the gifts in successive verses, and after some of them he adds more details about the", "title": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas" }, { "id": "9457975", "score": "1.6880912", "text": "possible use of the twelve gifts as part of a catechism. The possibility that the twelve gifts were used as a catechism during English and Irish Catholic penal times was also hypothesized in this same time period (1987 and 1992) by Fr. James Gilhooley, chaplain of Mount Saint Mary College of Newburgh, New York. Snopes.com, a website reviewing urban legends, Internet rumours, e-mail forwards, and other stories of unknown or questionable origin, also concludes that the hypothesis of the twelve gifts of Christmas being a surreptitious Catholic catechism is incorrect. None of the enumerated items would distinguish Catholics from Protestants,", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457971", "score": "1.6845978", "text": "According to \"The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes\", \"Suggestions have been made that the gifts have significance, as representing the food or sport for each month of the year. Importance [certainly has] long been attached to the Twelve Days, when, for instance, the weather on each day was carefully observed to see what it would be in the corresponding month of the coming year. Nevertheless, whatever the ultimate origin of the chant, it seems probable [that] the lines that survive today both in England and France are merely an irreligious travesty.\" (It is also worth noting that exactly 364 gifts", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "17271131", "score": "1.6840065", "text": "day: A pair of Teakwood shower clogs. Tenth day: A chromium combination manicure, scissors, and cigarette lighter. Eleventh day: An automatic vegetable slicer that works when you see it on television, but not when you get it home. Twelfth day: \"Although it may seem strange, I'm going to exchange\" all the gifts, which he then lists off. Sherman ends the song by saying \"MERRY CHRISTMAS EVERYBODY\". The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The song reached", "title": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas" }, { "id": "9457980", "score": "1.6605382", "text": "in each round of the song, then a total of 364 items are delivered by the twelfth day. This custom began with and is maintained by PNC Bank. Two pricing charts are created, referred to as the Christmas Price Index and The True Cost of Christmas. The former is an index of the current costs of one set of each of the gifts given by the True Love to the singer of the song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The latter is the cumulative cost of all the gifts with the repetitions listed in the song. The people mentioned in", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "1355693", "score": "1.6484406", "text": "\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has been revised to fit the Australian context, as an example: \"On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me: 12 parrots prattling, 11 numbats nagging, 10 lizards leaping, 9 wombats working, 8 dingoes digging, 7 possums playing, 6 brolgas dancing, 5 kangaroos, 4 koalas cuddling, 3 kookaburras laughing, 2 pink galahs, and an emu up a gum tree.\" Other popular Australian Christmas songs include: 'White Wine in the Sun\" by Tim Minchin, \"Aussie Jingle Bells\" by Bucko & Champs, \"Christmas Photo\" by John Williamson, \"Go Santa, Go\" by The Wiggles, and", "title": "Christmas music" } ]

[ "dadaism", "Dadism", "Dadaesque", "Dadist", "dadaist", "Dada", "dadaist poetry", "Dadaists", "dada movement", "Dadaistic movement", "dada theatre", "Dadaist poetry", "dadaists", "Dadaist", "dadaist art", "dadaistic movement", "art is shit", "Dada movement", "dadaesque", "Dadaism", "dadist", "Dada theatre", "Art is shit", "dada", "Dadaist art", "Dadaism,", "dadism" ]

[ { "id": "474006", "score": "1.8674724", "text": "the group. With his departure, Gendron argues, Tzara was able to move Dada vaudeville-like performances into more of \"an incendiary and yet jocularly provocative theater.\" He is often credited with having inspired many young modernist authors from outside Switzerland to affiliate with the group, in particular the Frenchmen Louis Aragon, André Breton, Paul Éluard, Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes and Philippe Soupault. Richter, who also came into contact with Dada at this stage in its history, notes that these intellectuals often had a \"very cool and distant attitude to this new movement\" before being approached by the Romanian author. In June 1916, he", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "474018", "score": "1.8516426", "text": "of Dada. In late 1919, Tristan Tzara left Switzerland to join Breton, Soupault and Claude Rivière in editing the Paris-based magazine \"Littérature\". Already a mentor for the French avant-garde, he was, according to Hans Richter, perceived as an \"Anti-Messiah\" and a \"prophet\". Reportedly, Dada mythology had it that he entered the French capital in a snow-white or lilac-colored car, passing down Boulevard Raspail through a triumphal arch made from his own pamphlets, being greeted by cheering crowds and a fireworks display. Richter dismisses this account, indicating that Tzara actually walked from Gare de l'Est to Picabia's home, without anyone expecting", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "474010", "score": "1.839485", "text": "avant-garde trends), and contributed articles on African art to both \"Nord-Sud\" and Pierre Albert-Birot's \"SIC\" magazine. In early 1918, through Huelsenbeck, Zürich Dadaists established contacts with their more explicitly left-wing disciples in the German Empire—George Grosz, John Heartfield, Johannes Baader, Kurt Schwitters, Walter Mehring, Raoul Hausmann, Carl Einstein, Franz Jung, and Heartfield's brother Wieland Herzfelde. With Breton, Soupault and Aragon, Tzara traveled Cologne, where he became familiarized with the elaborate collage works of Schwitters and Max Ernst, which he showed to his colleagues in Switzerland. Huelsenbeck nonetheless declined to Schwitters membership in Berlin Dada. As a result of his campaigning,", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "5810147", "score": "1.796279", "text": "Radicaux\" (\"Radical Artists\"), a more political section of the Neue Leben group. During this time, in 1918, Tristan Tzara introduced him to Hans Richter, with whom he would work intimately for a couple of years, and in 1919 the two of them left Switzerland for Germany. Richter later wrote that \"The contrast between us, which was that between method and spontaneity, only served to strengthen our mutual attraction...for three years we marched side by side, although we fought on separate fronts.\" In Germany his first stop was Berlin, where he met with Raoul Hausmann, Hannah Höch and other radical artists.", "title": "Viking Eggeling" }, { "id": "101719", "score": "1.7867676", "text": "place at the Spiegelgasse 1 in the Niederdorf. Zürich Dada, with Tzara at the helm, published the art and literature review \"Dada\" beginning in July 1917, with five editions from Zürich and the final two from Paris. Other artists, such as André Breton and Philippe Soupault, created “literature groups to help extend the influence of Dada.” After the fighting of the First World War had ended in the armistice of November 1918, most of the Zürich Dadaists returned to their home countries, and some began Dada activities in other cities. Others, such as the Swiss native Sophie Taeuber, would remain", "title": "Dada" }, { "id": "473986", "score": "1.7752942", "text": "briefly collaborating on Vinea's \"Chemarea\", he joined Janco in Switzerland. There, Tzara's shows at the Cabaret Voltaire and Zunfthaus zur Waag, as well as his poetry and art manifestos, became a main feature of early Dadaism. His work represented Dada's nihilistic side, in contrast with the more moderate approach favored by Hugo Ball. After moving to Paris in 1919, Tzara, by then one of the \"presidents of Dada\", joined the staff of \"Littérature\" magazine, which marked the first step in the movement's evolution toward Surrealism. He was involved in the major polemics which led to Dada's split, defending his principles", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "473999", "score": "1.7599342", "text": "had written before, which were the result of poetic dialogues between him and his friend, were left in Vinea's care. Most of these pieces were first printed only in the interwar period. It was in Zürich that the Romanian group met with the German Hugo Ball, an anarchist poet and pianist, and his young wife Emmy Hennings, a music hall performer. In February 1916, Ball had rented the Cabaret Voltaire from its owner, Jan Ephraim, and intended to use the venue for performance art and exhibits. Hugo Ball recorded this period, noting that Tzara and Marcel Janco, like Hans Arp,", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "474013", "score": "1.7491342", "text": "to stimulate their respective propaganda efforts. While active as a promoter, Tzara also published his first volume of collected poetry, the 1918 \"Vingt-cinq poèmes\" (\"Twenty-five Poems\"). A major event took place in autumn 1918, when Francis Picabia, who was then publisher of \"391\" magazine and a distant Dada affiliate, visited Zürich and introduced his colleagues there to his nihilistic views on art and reason. In the United States, Picabia, Man Ray and Marcel Duchamp had earlier set up their own version of Dada. This circle, based in New York City, sought affiliation with Tzara's only in 1921, when they jokingly", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "474061", "score": "1.7478876", "text": "nationalisms, and addressed himself directly to the center of European culture, with Zürich serving as a stage on his way to Paris. The 1916 \"Monsieur's Antipyrine's Manifesto\" featured a cosmopolitan appeal: \"DADA remains within the framework of European weaknesses, it's still shit, but from now on we want to shit in different colors so as to adorn the zoo of art with all the flags of all the consulates.\" With time, Tristan Tzara came to be regarded by his Dada associates as an exotic character, whose attitudes were intrinsically linked with Eastern Europe. Early on, Ball referred to him and", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "473985", "score": "1.7471205", "text": "Tristan Tzara Tristan Tzara (; ; born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; – 25 December 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist. Also active as a journalist, playwright, literary and art critic, composer and film director, he was known best for being one of the founders and central figures of the anti-establishment Dada movement. Under the influence of Adrian Maniu, the adolescent Tzara became interested in Symbolism and co-founded the magazine \"Simbolul\" with Ion Vinea (with whom he also wrote experimental poetry) and painter Marcel Janco. During World War I, after", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "474007", "score": "1.7392321", "text": "began editing and managing the periodical \"Dada\" as a successor of the short-lived magazine \"Cabaret Voltaire\"—Richter describes his \"energy, passion and talent for the job\", which he claims satisfied all Dadaists. He was at the time the lover of Maja Kruscek, who was a student of Rudolf Laban; in Richter's account, their relationship was always tottering. As early as 1916, Tristan Tzara took distance from the Italian Futurists, rejecting the militarist and proto-fascist stance of their leader Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Richter notes that, by then, Dada had replaced Futurism as the leader of modernism, while continuing to build on its", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "101716", "score": "1.7307832", "text": "that transposed to Switzerland when a group of Jewish modernist artists (Tzara, Janco, Arthur Segal, and others) settled in Zürich. In the years prior to the First World War similar art had already risen in Bucharest and other Eastern European cities; it is likely that Dada's catalyst was the arrival in Zürich of artists like Tzara and Janco. Having left Germany and Romania during the Great War, the artists found themselves in Switzerland, a country recognized for its neutrality. Inside this space of political neutrality they decided to use abstraction to fight against the social, political, and cultural ideas of", "title": "Dada" }, { "id": "474011", "score": "1.7303591", "text": "Tzara created a list of so-called \"Dada presidents\", who represented various regions of Europe. According to Hans Richter, it included, alongside Tzara himself, figures ranging from Ernst, Arp, Baader, Breton and Aragon to Kruscek, Evola, Rafael Lasso de la Vega, Igor Stravinsky, Vicente Huidobro, Francesco Meriano and Théodore Fraenkel. Richter notes: \"I'm not sure if all the names who appear here would agree with the description.\" The shows Tzara staged in Zürich often turned into scandals or riots, and he was in permanent conflict with the Swiss law enforcers. Hans Richter speaks of a \"pleasure of letting fly at the", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "473988", "score": "1.7233346", "text": "Assembly. Having spoken in favor of liberalization in the People's Republic of Hungary just before the Revolution of 1956, he distanced himself from the French Communist Party, of which he was by then a member. In 1960, he was among the intellectuals who protested against French actions in the Algerian War. Tristan Tzara was an influential author and performer, whose contribution is credited with having created a connection from Cubism and Futurism to the Beat Generation, Situationism and various currents in rock music. The friend and collaborator of many modernist figures, he was the lover of dancer Maja Kruscek in", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "474014", "score": "1.7172793", "text": "asked him to grant them permission to use \"Dada\" as their own name (to which Tzara replied: \"Dada belongs to everybody\"). The visit was credited by Richter with boosting the Romanian author's status, but also with making Tzara himself \"switch suddenly from a position of balance between art and anti-art into the stratospheric regions of pure and joyful nothingness.\" The movement subsequently organized its last major Swiss show, held at the Saal zur Kaufleutern, with choreography by Susanne Perrottet, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, and with the participation of Käthe Wulff, Hans Heusser, Tzara, Hans Richter and Walter Serner. It was there that", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "474015", "score": "1.715657", "text": "Serner read from his 1918 essay, whose very title advocated \"Letzte Lockerung\" (\"Final Dissolution\"): this part is believed to have caused the subsequent mêlée, during which the public attacked the performers and succeeded in interrupting, but not canceling, the show. Following the November 1918 Armistice with Germany, Dada's evolution was marked by political developments. In October 1919, Tzara, Arp and Otto Flake began publishing \"Der Zeltweg\", a journal aimed at further popularizing Dada in a post-war world were the borders were again accessible. Richter, who admits that the magazine was \"rather tame\", also notes that Tzara and his colleagues were", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "474100", "score": "1.7141213", "text": "Irish modernist author James Joyce (who is also known to have resided in Zürich after 1915). His role was notably played by David Westhead in the 1993 British production, and by Tom Hewitt in the 2005 American version. Alongside his collaborations with Dada artists on various pieces, Tzara himself was a subject for visual artists. Max Ernst depicts him as the only mobile character in the Dadaists' group portrait \"Au Rendez-vous des Amis\" (\"A Friends' Reunion\", 1922), while, in one of Man Ray's photographs, he is shown kneeling to kiss the hand of an androgynous Nancy Cunard. Years before their", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "5301847", "score": "1.7060596", "text": "Dada movement. In 1920, Tzara solicited over four dozen Dadaist artists, among which were Tauber-Arp, Jean Arp, Jean Cocteau, Marcel Duchamp, and Hannah Hoch. Tzara planned to use the contributed text and images to create an anthology of Dada work entitled \"Dadaglobe\". A worldwide release of 10,000 copies was planned, but the project was abandoned when its main backer, Francis Picabia, distanced himself from Tzara in 1921. In 1926 Taeuber-Arp and Jean Arp moved to Strasbourg, where both took up French citizenship; after which they divided their time between Strasbourg and Paris. There Taeuber-Arp received numerous commissions for interior design", "title": "Sophie Taeuber-Arp" }, { "id": "474003", "score": "1.7030516", "text": "of the Cabaret Voltaire, which has as its sole purpose to draw attention, across the barriers of war and nationalism, to the few independent spirits who live for other ideals. The next objective of the artists who are assembled here is to publish a \"revue internationale\" [French for \"international magazine\"].\" Ball completed his message in French, and the paragraph translates as: \"The magazine shall be published in Zürich and shall carry the name 'Dada' ('Dada'). Dada Dada Dada Dada.\" The view according to which Ball had created the movement was notably supported by writer Walter Serner, who directly accused Tzara", "title": "Tristan Tzara" }, { "id": "989582", "score": "1.7027516", "text": "States. In Zurich, seeking treatment for depression and suicidal impulses, he had met Tristan Tzara, whose radical ideas thrilled Picabia. Back in Paris, and now with his mistress Germaine Everling, he was in the city of \"les assises dada\" where André Breton, Paul Éluard, Philippe Soupault and Louis Aragon met at Certa, a Basque bar in the Passage de l'Opera. Picabia, the provocateur, was back home. Picabia continued his involvement in the Dada movement through 1919 in Zürich and Paris, before breaking away from it after developing an interest in Surrealist art. (See \"Cannibale\", 1921.) He denounced Dada in 1921,", "title": "Francis Picabia" } ]

[ "cymru", "climate of wales", "cymru wales", "Climate of Wales", "Wales, UK", "Communications in Wales", "Autonomous Province of Wales", "Welsh nation", "wales united kingdom", "welsh mountains", "The Principality of Wales", "Wales", "wales uk", "Wales, U.K.", "etymology of wales", "WALES", "welsh nation", "CYMRU", "Cymru", "wales u k", "welsh peninsula", "Welsh mountains", "Rain in Wales", "West of the Rhymney", "rain in wales", "Gymru", "wales", "autonomous province of wales", "west of rhymney", "Pays de Galles", "cymru am byth", "cyrmu", "Etymology of Wales", "Welsh Nation", "communications in wales", "Cymru / Wales", "Cymru / wales", "pays de galles", "Cyrmu", "Welsh Peninsula", "Cymru am byth", "principality of wales", "gymru", "Wales, United Kingdom" ]

[ { "id": "15498623", "score": "1.9401729", "text": "1999 Rugby World Cup Final The 1999 Rugby World Cup Final was the final match in the 1999 Rugby World Cup. It was played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales on 6 November 1999, between and with 72,500 in attendance. Australia won the game by 35 points to 12, and with it, their second World Cup, having also won the 1991 tournament in England. In front of a capacity crowd of 72,500 at the recently completed Millennium Stadium, Australia met France in the fourth Rugby World Cup Final. For both teams it was their second Final. Australia were resilient", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup Final" }, { "id": "15498627", "score": "1.865518", "text": "though the modern approach of effective defensive lines and an outstanding goal kicking display proved to be rewarded. Australia were rewarded for their efforts with a second World Cup win and captain John Eales accepted the Webb Ellis Cup from Elizabeth II. 1999 Rugby World Cup Final The 1999 Rugby World Cup Final was the final match in the 1999 Rugby World Cup. It was played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales on 6 November 1999, between and with 72,500 in attendance. Australia won the game by 35 points to 12, and with it, their second World Cup, having", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup Final" }, { "id": "1923823", "score": "1.7729679", "text": "their semi-final victory over pre-tournament favourites New Zealand. The overall attendance for the tournament was 1.75 million. The following 20 teams, shown by region, qualified for the 1999 Rugby World Cup. Of the 20 teams, only four of those places were automatically allocated and did not have to play any qualification matches. These went to the champions, runners-up and the third-placed nations at the 1995 and the tournament host, Wales. A record 65 nations from five continents were therefore involved in the qualification process designed to fill the remaining 16 spots. Wales won the right to host the World Cup", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "11014395", "score": "1.7433068", "text": "be joined by several New Zealanders who won in 2011 and 2015). 2007 Rugby World Cup Final The 2007 Rugby World Cup Final was a rugby union match, played on Saturday, 20 October 2007 at the Stade de France, Saint-Denis, Paris, to determine the winner of the 2007 Rugby World Cup. South Africa beat England 15-6. Having also won the 1995 tournament, South Africa became the second country to win two World Cups, following Australia, who won in 1991 and 1999. The two teams, who won their semi-finals against France and Argentina respectively, had met earlier in the competition, during", "title": "2007 Rugby World Cup Final" }, { "id": "1923830", "score": "1.7412719", "text": "to decide the remaining three places in the quarter-finals. The matches were played in mid-week between the completion of the pool stage and the start of the quarter-finals. The matches produced fairly easy wins for England, beating Fiji 45–24, and also for Scotland, beating Samoa 35–20. However, the final match produced the shock of the round where Argentina upset Ireland 28–24 in Lens. The winners from the quarter-final play-offs, who had played in mid-week, joined the pool winners, who had enjoyed a week long rest, in the quarter-finals. England, hosts Wales and Scotland were all knocked out, and France, who", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1999 Rugby World Cup\n\nThe 1999 Rugby World Cup was the fourth Rugby World Cup, the quadrennial international rugby union championship. It was principally hosted by Wales, and was won by Australia. This was the first Rugby World Cup to be held in the sport's professional era.\n\nAlthough the majority of matches were played outside Wales (shared between England, France, Scotland and Ireland) the opening ceremony, the first match and the final were held in Cardiff.\n\nFour automatic qualification places were available for the 1999 tournament; Wales qualified automatically as hosts, and the other three places went to the top three teams from the previous World Cup in 1995: champions South Africa, runners-up New Zealand and third-placed France. Qualification for the final 16 places took place between 63 other nations.\n\nThe tournament was expanded to 20 teams (from 16), divided into five pools of four teams, a scenario that necessitated a quarter-final play-off round involving the five runners-up and best third-placed team to decide who would join the pool winners in the last eight. The 1999 tournament saw the introduction of a repechage, effectively a second chance for teams that had finished runners-up in each qualifying zone. Uruguay and Tonga were the first nations to profit from the repechage, and took their places alongside fellow qualifiers Australia, England, Ireland, Scotland, Italy, Argentina, Fiji, Samoa, Romania, Canada, Namibia, Japan, Spain and the United States.\n\nThe tournament began with the opening ceremony in the newly built Millennium Stadium, with Wales beating Argentina 23–18, and Colin Charvis scoring the first try of the tournament. Australia won the tournament, becoming the first nation to do so twice and also to date the only team ever to win after having to qualify for the tournament, with a 35–12 triumph over France, who were unable to repeat their semi-final victory over pre-tournament favourites New Zealand.\n\nThe overall attendance for the tournament was 1.75 million.", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup final" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1999 Rugby World Cup – Africa qualification\n\nThe Confederation of African Rugby was allotted one place in the 1999 Rugby World Cup by direct qualification (Africa 1) and one place in the repechage tournament. This was in addition to the automatic qualifying place granted to as champions of the 1995 tournament.\n\nNine teams participated in the qualification tournament for Africa which was held in four stages. The first two stages (Rounds 1 and 2) were played in 1997 and the last two stages (Rounds 3 and 4) were played in 1998.\n\nThe three lowest ranked sides played a single round robin tournament (drawn for home or away), with top placed team progressing to the next round and the other two teams dropping out. Rounds two and three were played in a similar fashion – the three lowest ranked remaining sides (i.e. the winner of the previous round and the next two lowest ranked teams) played a single round robin tournament (drawn for home or away). \n\nThe final stage changed the pattern in that the top two teams from round three progressed to round four, and all matches were played in Rabat, Morocco. A four team single round robin was played and secured the (Africa 1) qualification for RWC 1999 as the top placed side, with in second place progressing to the repechage.<ref name = espn-results/><ref name = espn-table/>", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup – Africa qualification" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ireland at the Rugby World Cup\n\nThe Ireland national rugby union team have played all eight Rugby World Cup tournaments. They have played in the quarter-finals at all but two tournaments, but have yet to progress to the semi-finals. They have finished top of their pool twice. Ireland has never played either South Africa or England in a World Cup match.\n\nIreland has competed at every Rugby World Cup since the tournament was first held in Australia and New Zealand in 1987.", "title": "Ireland at the Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1999 Rugby World Cup – Americas qualification\n\nFor the 1999 Rugby World Cup qualifiers, the Americas were allocated three places in the final tournament and one place in the repechage.\n\nEleven teams played in the American qualifiers that were held over four stages from 1996 to 1998. , and were the top three sides and secured their places as Americas 1, Americas 2 and Americas 3, respectively, for RWC 99. qualified for the repechage tournament.<ref name = espn-results/><ref name = espn-table/>", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup – Americas qualification" }, { "id": "1923820", "score": "1.7312202", "text": "1999 Rugby World Cup The 1999 Rugby World Cup was the fourth Rugby World Cup, the quadrennial international rugby union championship. It was principally hosted by Wales, and was won by Australia. This was the first Rugby World Cup to be held in the sport's professional era. Although the majority of matches were played outside Wales (shared between England, France, Scotland and Ireland) the opening ceremony, the first match and the final were held in Cardiff. Four automatic qualification places were available for the 1999 tournament; Wales qualified automatically as hosts, and the other three places went to the top", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "2324730", "score": "1.7264156", "text": "for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Around 6,000 volunteers helped to organise the competition. Although the 2007 tournament was the first to be hosted primarily by France, a number of matches during the 1991 and 1999 tournaments were played in France. In 1991, matches in Pool D (which included France) were played in Béziers, Bayonne, Grenoble, Toulouse, Brive and Agen, while Parc des Princes and Stadium Lille-Metropole each hosted a quarter-final. Similarly, in 1999, fixtures in Pool C (which included France) were played in Béziers, Bordeaux and Toulouse, Stade Félix-Bollaert was the venue for one of the quarter-final play-offs, and", "title": "2007 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "14666758", "score": "1.7179124", "text": "1999 Cricket World Cup Final The final of the 1999 ICC Cricket World Cup was played at Lord's, London on 20 June 1999. This was the fourth time Lord's had hosted the final of an ICC Cricket World Cup, previously hosting finals in 1975, 1979 and 1983. Australia won their second title by defeating Pakistan by 8 wickets in the final. Shane Warne was declared Man of the Match. Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat. In a fine bowling display, Australia bundled out Pakistan for a score of 132. Pakistan failed to build any substantial partnerships. The pick", "title": "1999 Cricket World Cup Final" }, { "id": "1923831", "score": "1.7124364", "text": "beat Argentina, were the only team left from the Northern Hemisphere. The semi-finals, which were both played at Twickenham, produced two of the most dramatic matches of the tournament, with Australia beating South Africa 27–21 in extra-time after normal time ended with the scores locked at 21–21. The second semi-final between favourites New Zealand and underdogs France was an all-time classic, as France overturned a 24–10 half-time deficit to win 43–31 and reach their second World Cup final. France and Australia met at the Millennium Stadium on 6 November 1999, with Australia winning 35–12 to become the first team to", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "1923832", "score": "1.7113104", "text": "win the Webb Ellis Cup twice. The cup was presented by the queen to Australian captain John Eales. The overall attendance for the tournament was 1.75 million. British television rights holders ITV acted as the host broadcaster for the tournament, with coverage shown in 209 countries, to an audience of 3.1 billion viewers. In Australia, the event was broadcast by Seven Network. 1999 Rugby World Cup The 1999 Rugby World Cup was the fourth Rugby World Cup, the quadrennial international rugby union championship. It was principally hosted by Wales, and was won by Australia. This was the first Rugby World", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "19134701", "score": "1.704901", "text": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final The 2000 Rugby League World Cup final was the conclusive game of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup tournament and was played between Australia and New Zealand on November 25, 2000 at Old Trafford, Manchester, England. The 2000 Rugby League World Cup was the twelfth staging of the Rugby League World Cup since its inauguration in 1954, and the first since the 1995 tournament. The tournament was held in the United Kingdom, Ireland and France from 28 October, culminating in the final between Australia and New Zealand on 25 November. Australia were undefeated going", "title": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final" }, { "id": "3522702", "score": "1.6985495", "text": "captain François Pienaar, handed him the William Webb Ellis Trophy. The 1999 Rugby World Cup was held in Wales and was won by Australia, who defeated France in the final after the latter had come from behind to record a shock win against tournament favourites, the All Blacks, at the semi-final stage. In 2003, Australia hosted the tournament and reached the final for the third time. In a closely fought game, which went into extra time, Australia narrowly lost to England, thanks to a last-minute drop goal by Jonny Wilkinson. France was the host nation for the 2007 Rugby World", "title": "History of rugby union" }, { "id": "7628315", "score": "1.6903515", "text": "food poisoning just days before the final with many All Blacks still affected on the day of the final. Nelson Mandela, wearing a Springbok jersey and matching cap, famously presented the Webb Ellis Cup to South African captain Francois Pienaar. The tournament also saw the emergence of rugby's first global superstar, All Blacks winger Jonah Lomu. He and Marc Ellis finished the tournament as the top try scorers. The 1999 Rugby World Cup was hosted by Wales with matches played in England, France, Scotland and Ireland. There were further changes to the rules of automatic qualification for this tournament, where", "title": "History of the Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "11014381", "score": "1.6889732", "text": "2007 Rugby World Cup Final The 2007 Rugby World Cup Final was a rugby union match, played on Saturday, 20 October 2007 at the Stade de France, Saint-Denis, Paris, to determine the winner of the 2007 Rugby World Cup. South Africa beat England 15-6. Having also won the 1995 tournament, South Africa became the second country to win two World Cups, following Australia, who won in 1991 and 1999. The two teams, who won their semi-finals against France and Argentina respectively, had met earlier in the competition, during the pool stage, when South Africa won 36–0. South Africa began the", "title": "2007 Rugby World Cup Final" }, { "id": "1923821", "score": "1.6832564", "text": "three teams from the previous World Cup in 1995: champions South Africa, runners-up New Zealand and third-placed France. Qualification for the final 16 places took place between 63 other nations. The tournament was expanded to 20 teams (from 16), divided into five pools of four teams, a scenario that necessitated a quarter-final play-off round involving the five runners-up and best third-placed team to decide who would join the pool winners in the last eight. The 1999 tournament saw the introduction of a repechage, effectively a second chance for teams that had finished runners-up in each qualifying zone. Uruguay and Tonga", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "1923825", "score": "1.6830541", "text": "included Murrayfield Stadium, the home of the Scottish Rugby Union ; Hampden Park, the home of the Scottish Football Association ; and the smallest venue in the 1999 tournament, Netherdale, in Galashiels, in the Scottish Borders. Venues in Ireland included Lansdowne Road, the traditional home of the Irish Rugby Football Union, Ravenhill and Thomond Park. France used five venues, the most of any nation, including the French national stadium, Stade de France, which hosted the final of both the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2007 Rugby World Cup. With the expansion of the Rugby World Cup from 16 to", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "14051788", "score": "1.6788476", "text": "Clint Eastwood's Oscar-nominated 2009 film \"Invictus\", featuring Morgan Freeman as Mandela and Matt Damon as Pienaar (and including Chester Williams, a member of the 1995 champions, as a technical consultant), with the final as the climactic scene and filmed on location at Ellis Park. 1995 Rugby World Cup Final The 1995 Rugby World Cup Final was the final match of the 1995 Rugby World Cup, played in South Africa. The match was played at Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg on 24 June 1995 between the host nation, South Africa, and New Zealand. South Africa won the encounter by three points in", "title": "1995 Rugby World Cup Final" }, { "id": "1923824", "score": "1.675609", "text": "in 1999. The centrepiece venue for the tournament was the Millennium Stadium, built on the site of the old National Stadium at Cardiff Arms Park at a cost of £126 million from Lottery money and private investment. Other venues in Wales were the Racecourse Ground and Stradey Park. An agreement was reached so that the other unions in the Five Nations Championship (England, France, Ireland and Scotland) also hosted matches. Venues in England included Twickenham and Welford Road, rugby union venues, as well as Ashton Gate in Bristol and the McAlpine Stadium in Huddersfield, which normally host football. Scottish venues", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "9492039", "score": "1.6749771", "text": "the Club World Championship at the group stage after losing to hosts Vasco da Gama and drawing with Mexican club Necaxa, their only victory coming against Australian representatives South Melbourne. Their misery was compounded by the suggestion from FIFA that their participation in the competition would have no bearing on the vote to host the 2006 World Cup, which was ultimately won by the German Football Association. 1999 FA Cup Final The 1999 FA Cup Final was a football match that took place on 22 May 1999 at the old Wembley Stadium, London, to determine the winner of the 1998–99", "title": "1999 FA Cup Final" }, { "id": "1923822", "score": "1.6691291", "text": "were the first nations to profit from the repechage, and took their places alongside fellow qualifiers Australia, England, Ireland, Scotland, Italy, Argentina, Fiji, Samoa, Romania, Canada, Namibia, Japan, Spain and the United States. The tournament began with the opening ceremony in the newly-built Millennium Stadium, with Wales beating Argentina 23–18, and Colin Charvis scoring the first try of the tournament. Australia won the tournament, becoming the first nation to do so twice and also to date the only team ever to win after having to qualify for the tournament, with a 35–12 triumph over France, who were unable to repeat", "title": "1999 Rugby World Cup" } ]

[ "enharmonic interval", "enharmonic equivalence", "Enharmonic equivalency", "Enharmonic equivalence", "Enharmonic equivalent", "enharmonic", "Enharmonic spelling", "enharmonics", "enharmonic spelling", "enharmonic equivalency", "Enharmonic key signature", "enharmonicity", "enharmonically", "enharmonic relation", "Enharmonics", "Enharmonic", "enharmonic change", "enharmonically equivalent", "Enharmonically", "Enharmonicity", "Enharmonic relation", "Enharmonic interval", "enharmonic equivalent", "Enharmonic tone", "enharmonic key signature", "enharmonic tone", "Enharmonically equivalent", "Enharmonic change" ]

[ { "id": "5775942", "score": "1.7831455", "text": "of three octaves. Reading from left to right could, within certain limits, permit notes within different octaves to be distinguished from each other. Thus, C (modern \"c\") was \"C fa ut\" (or \"Cefaut\"), c (modern c′) was \"C sol fa ut\", and cc (modern c″) was \"C sol fa\". Since the lowest pitch was designated by the Greek letter Γ (gamma, for 'g'), the pitch was known as \"Gamma ut\" or \"Gamut\", a term which came to designate the range of notes available, and later, a complete range of anything. The hexachordal system also distinguished between B (\"fa\" in the", "title": "Guidonian hand" }, { "id": "2500783", "score": "1.7469413", "text": "and the A on the bottom or vice versa. A few even use the /, writing C/A or A/C, but this notation is more commonly used for specifying a bass note and will confuse most guitarists. In the context of a piece of music, notes must be named for their diatonic functionality. For example, in the key of D major, it is not generally correct to specify G as a melodic note, although its pitch may be the same as F. (Note that in many tuning systems other than twelve tone equal temperament, the pitch of G is \"not\" the", "title": "Letter notation" }, { "id": "2456412", "score": "1.7225194", "text": "standard Western equal temperament, distinct spellings can refer to the same sounding object: B, C, and D all refer to the same pitch, hence share the same chroma, and therefore belong to the same pitch class; a phenomenon called enharmonic equivalence. To avoid the problem of enharmonic spellings, theorists typically represent pitch classes using numbers beginning from zero, with each successively larger integer representing a pitch class that would be one semitone higher than the preceding one, if they were all realised as actual pitches in the same octave. Because octave-related pitches belong to the same class, when an octave", "title": "Pitch class" }, { "id": "838958", "score": "1.7223282", "text": "pitch that someone playing a non-transposing instrument like a violin calls B.\" Pitches are labeled using: For example, one might refer to the A above middle C as \"a′\", \"A\", or \"440 Hz\". In standard Western equal temperament, the notion of pitch is insensitive to \"spelling\": the description \"G double sharp\" refers to the same pitch as \"A\"; in other temperaments, these may be distinct pitches. Human perception of musical intervals is approximately logarithmic with respect to fundamental frequency: the perceived interval between the pitches \"A220\" and \"A440\" is the same as the perceived interval between the pitches \"A440\" and", "title": "Pitch (music)" }, { "id": "2174838", "score": "1.6955345", "text": "D-flat), and are often tuned to match B brass instruments when the two are required to play together. The Stuttgart Conference of 1834 recommended C264 (A440) as the standard pitch based on Scheibler's studies with his Tonometer. For this reason A440 has been referred to as Stuttgart pitch or Scheibler pitch. In 1939, an international conference recommended that the A above middle C be tuned to 440 Hz, now known as \"concert pitch\". As a technical standard this was taken up by the International Organization for Standardization in 1955 and reaffirmed by them in 1975 as ISO 16. The difference", "title": "Concert pitch" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of guitar tunings\n\nThis article contains a list of guitar tunings that supplements the article guitar tunings. In particular, this list contains more examples of open and regular tunings, which are discussed in the article on guitar tunings. In addition, this list also notes dropped tunings.", "title": "List of guitar tunings" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Just intonation\n\nIn music, just intonation or pure intonation is the tuning of musical intervals as whole number ratios (such as 3:2 or 4:3) of frequencies. An interval tuned in this way is said to be pure, and is called a just interval. Just intervals (and chords created by combining them) consist of tones from a single harmonic series of an implied fundamental. For example, in the diagram, if the notes G3 and C4 (labelled 3 and 4) are tuned as members of the harmonic series of the lowest C, their frequencies will be 3 and 4 times the fundamental frequency. The interval ratio between C4 and G3 is therefore 4:3, a just fourth. \n\nIn Western musical practice, instruments are rarely tuned using only pure intervals—the desire for different keys to have identical intervals in Western music makes this impractical. Some instruments of fixed pitch, such as electric pianos, are commonly tuned using equal temperament, in which all intervals other than octaves consist of irrational-number frequency ratios. Acoustic pianos are usually tuned with the octaves slightly widened, and thus with no pure intervals at all.", "title": "Just intonation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tritone\n\nIn music theory, the tritone is defined as a musical interval composed of three adjacent whole tones (six semitones). For instance, the interval from F up to the B above it (in short, F–B) is a tritone as it can be decomposed into the three adjacent whole tones F–G, G–A, and A–B.\n\nNarrowly defined, each of these whole tones must be a step in the scale, so by this definition, within a diatonic scale there is only one tritone for each octave. For instance, the above-mentioned interval F–B is the only tritone formed from the notes of the C major scale. More broadly, a tritone is also commonly defined as any interval with a width of three whole tones (spanning six semitones in the chromatic scale), regardless of scale degrees. According to this definition, a diatonic scale contains two tritones for each octave. For instance, the above-mentioned C major scale contains the tritones F–B (from F to the B above it, also called augmented fourth) and B–F (from B to the F above it, also called diminished fifth, semidiapente, or semitritonus); the latter is decomposed as a semitone B–C, a whole tone C–D, a whole tone D–E, and a semitone E–F, for a total width of three whole tones, but composed as four steps in the scale. In twelve-equal temperament, the tritone divides the octave exactly in half as 6 of 12 semitones or 600 of 1,200 cents.\n\nIn classical music, the tritone is a harmonic and melodic dissonance and is important in the study of musical harmony. The tritone can be used to avoid traditional tonality: \"Any tendency for a tonality to emerge may be avoided by introducing a note three whole tones distant from the key note of that tonality.\"<ref>\n</ref> The tritone found in the dominant seventh chord can also drive the piece of music towards resolution with its tonic. These various uses exhibit the flexibility, ubiquity, and distinctness of the tritone in music.\n\nThe condition of having tritones is called tritonia; that of having no tritones is atritonia. A musical scale or chord containing tritones is called tritonic; one without tritones is atritonic.", "title": "Tritone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pentatonic scale\n\nA pentatonic scale is a musical scale with five notes per octave, in contrast to the heptatonic scale, which has seven notes per octave (such as the major scale and minor scale).\n\nPentatonic scales were developed independently by many ancient civilizations and are still used in various musical styles to this day.\nThere are two types of pentatonic scales: those with semitones (hemitonic) and those without (anhemitonic).", "title": "Pentatonic scale" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier, BWV 846–893, consists of two sets of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys for keyboard by Johann Sebastian Bach. In the composer's time, \"clavier\", meaning keyboard, referred to a variety of instruments, most typically the harpsichord or clavichord, but not excluding the organ.\n\nThe modern German spelling for the collection is (WTK; ). Bach gave the title to a book of preludes and fugues in all 24 keys, major and minor, dated 1722, composed \"for the profit and use of musical youth desirous of learning, and especially for the pastime of those already skilled in this study\". Some 20 years later, Bach compiled a second book of the same kind (24 pairs of preludes and fugues), which became known as \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Part Two (in German: \"Zweyter Theil\", modern spelling: \"Zweiter Teil\").\n\nModern editions usually refer to both parts as \"The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I\" (WTC I) and \"The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II\" (WTC II), respectively. The collection is generally regarded as one of the most important works in the history of classical music.\nSection::::Composition history.\nEach set contains twenty-four pairs of prelude and fugue. The first pair is in C major, the second in C minor, the third in C major, the fourth in C minor, and so on. The rising chromatic pattern continues until every key has been represented, finishing with a B minor fugue. The first set was compiled in 1722 during Bach's appointment in Köthen, the second followed 20 years later in 1742 while he was in Leipzig.\n\nBach recycled some of the preludes and fugues from earlier sources: the 1720 \"Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach\", for instance, contains versions of eleven of the preludes of the first book of the \"Well-Tempered Clavier\". The C major prelude and fugue in book one was originally in C major – Bach added a key signature of seven sharps and adjusted some accidentals to convert it to the required key.\n\nIn Bach's own time just one similar collection was published, by Johann Christian Schickhardt (1681–1762), whose Op. 30 \"L'alphabet de la musique\", contained 24 sonatas in all keys for flute or violin and basso continuo, and included a transposition scheme for alto recorder.", "title": "The Well-Tempered Clavier" }, { "id": "3592088", "score": "1.689176", "text": "3 4 5 6 7\" to raise or lower the pitch and placed after the note names \"C D E F G A B\", which are used for key signature and chord markings in the numbered system. But these accidentals are relative to the diatonic scale (1 2 3...) rather than the note names (C D E...). For example, even though the leading note for the harmonic C minor scale is \"B natural\", it is written as \"5\". Key signature changes are marked above the line of music. They may be accompanied by symbols that represent the note's degrees at", "title": "Numbered musical notation" }, { "id": "295107", "score": "1.6746516", "text": "but has double its frequency. The name octave is also used to indicate the span between a note and another with double frequency. To differentiate two notes that have the same pitch class but fall into different octaves, the system of scientific pitch notation combines a letter name with an Arabic numeral designating a specific octave. For example, the now-standard tuning pitch for most Western music, 440 Hz, is named a′ or A4. There are two formal systems to define each note and octave, the Helmholtz pitch notation and the scientific pitch notation. Letter names are modified by the accidentals.", "title": "Musical note" }, { "id": "2500784", "score": "1.6686049", "text": "same as that of F.) This is normally only an issue in describing the notes corresponding to the black keys of the piano; there is little temptation to write C as B although both may be valid names of the same note. Each is correct in its context. Note names are also used for specifying the natural scale of a transposing instrument such as a clarinet, trumpet, or saxophone. The note names used are conventional, for example a clarinet is said to be in B, E, or A (the three most common registers), never in A, and D, and B", "title": "Letter notation" }, { "id": "3863958", "score": "1.6517502", "text": "frequencies, in other words, standard concert pitch and twelve-tone equal temperament). When a piano is tuned to just intonation, C refers to the same key on the keyboard, but a slightly different frequency. Mathematically, given the number formula_1 of semitones above middle C, the fundamental frequency in hertz is given by formula_2 (see twelfth root of two). Given the MIDI NoteOn number formula_3, the frequency of the note is normally formula_4 Hz, using standard tuning. Scientific pitch (q.v.) is an absolute pitch \"standard\", first proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur. It was defined so that all Cs are", "title": "Scientific pitch notation" }, { "id": "295123", "score": "1.6487054", "text": "and the English word gamut, from \"Gamma-Ut\", the lowest note in Medieval music notation.) The remaining five notes of the chromatic scale (the black keys on a piano keyboard) were added gradually; the first being B, since B was flattened in certain modes to avoid the dissonant tritone interval. This change was not always shown in notation, but when written, B (B-flat) was written as a Latin, round \"b\", and B (B-natural) a Gothic script (known as Blackletter) or \"hard-edged\" b. These evolved into the modern flat () and natural () symbols respectively. The sharp symbol arose from a barred", "title": "Musical note" }, { "id": "295105", "score": "1.6441112", "text": "to a specific musical event; in the latter, one uses the term to refer to a class of events sharing the same pitch. (See also: Key signature names and translations.) Two notes with fundamental frequencies in a ratio equal to any integer power of two (e.g., half, twice, or four times) are perceived as very similar. Because of that, all notes with these kinds of relations can be grouped under the same pitch class. In traditional music theory, most countries in the world use the solfège naming convention Do–Re–Mi–Fa–Sol–La–Si, including for instance Italy, Portugal, Spain, France, Poland, Romania, most Latin", "title": "Musical note" }, { "id": "514403", "score": "1.6411023", "text": "note (in this case B, D and F) provide the harmony. In the musical scale, there are twelve pitches. Each pitch is referred to as a \"degree\" of the scale. The names A, B, C, D, E, F, and G are insignificant. The intervals, however, are not. Here is an example: As can be seen, no note always corresponds to a certain degree of the scale. The \"tonic\", or 1st-degree note, can be any of the 12 notes (pitch classes) of the chromatic scale. All the other notes fall into place. For example, when C is the tonic, the fourth", "title": "Harmony" }, { "id": "20944963", "score": "1.640336", "text": "one note from each of the enharmonically alternative pairs, F/G, C/D, G/A, D/E, A/B, can be assigned to any one of the appropriate black keys. The assignments traditionally chosen were either F, C, G, E and B, or F, C, A, E and B. The size of the intervals G–E and C–A (and of the other diminished sixths, B–G, F–D, D–B and A–F) is 7 − 11\"f\" of an octave. For most of the regular temperaments used in practice in the past, these intervals were too dissonant to perform acceptably as perfect fifths, and were then referred to pejoratively as", "title": "Regular tuning and temperament" }, { "id": "14702996", "score": "1.6348648", "text": "for five pairs of successive notes the ratios of the steps remain the same, but one note, D, the steps C-D and D-E have switched their ratios. The three major thirds are still 5:4, and three of the minor thirds are still 6:5 with the fourth being 32:27, except that now it's BD instead of DF that is 32:27. FAC and CEG still form just major triads (4:5:6), but GBD is now (108:135:160), and BDF is now (135:160:192). There are other possibilities such as raising A instead of lowering D, but each adjustment breaks something else. It is evidently not", "title": "Five-limit tuning" }, { "id": "20944962", "score": "1.6346219", "text": "temperament. Unless \"f\" = 7/12, as in 12-tone equal temperament, the first five notes in the list above, G, D, A, E, B, will not belong to the same pitch classes as the last five, F, C, G, D, A, and therefore not be enharmonically equivalent to them. If \"f\" > 7/12, each sharp is 12\"f\" − 7 of an octave sharper than its otherwise enharmonically equivalent flat, whereas, if \"f\" < 7/12, it is 7 − 12\"f\" of an octave flatter. On a standard musical keyboard, with only the 12 notes of the chromatic scale in each octave, only", "title": "Regular tuning and temperament" }, { "id": "2268067", "score": "1.6334444", "text": "\"C/E\", meaning that the lowest note is a C, played on a key that normally would sound E. A second type of short octave used the keys to play the G major scale Here, the exotic bass notes C and D are sacrificed to obtain the more essential A and B. The notation for the pitch range of such an instrument is \"G/B\". The following diagram illustrates this kind of short octave: In stringed instruments like the harpsichord, the short octave system created a defect: the strings which were tuned to mismatch their keyboard notes were in general too short", "title": "Short octave" }, { "id": "295110", "score": "1.6299784", "text": "commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete chromatic scale adds five additional pitch classes to the original seven lettered notes for a total of 12 (the 13th note completing the octave), each separated by a half-step. Notes that belong to the diatonic scale relevant in the context are sometimes called \"diatonic notes\";", "title": "Musical note" }, { "id": "295117", "score": "1.6295357", "text": "for this note is 440 Hz, although this varies in actual practice (see History of pitch standards). The note-naming convention specifies a letter, any accidentals, and an octave number. Each note is an integer number of half-steps away from concert A (A). Let this distance be denoted \"n\". If the note is above A, then \"n\" is positive; if it is below A, then \"n\" is negative. The frequency of the note (\"f\") (assuming equal temperament) is then: For example, one can find the frequency of C, the first C above A. There are 3 half-steps between A and C", "title": "Musical note" }, { "id": "10688223", "score": "1.6281831", "text": "also be given a name based on the \"German method\" (see below). For example, the octave from c′–b′ is called the \"one-line octave\" or (less common) \"once-accented octave\". Correspondingly, the notes in the octave may be called \"one-lined C\", etc. This diagram gives examples of the lowest and highest note in each octave, giving their name in the Helmholtz system, and the \"German method\" of octave nomenclature. (The octave below the contra octave is known as the sub-contra octave). Helmholtz pitch notation Helmholtz pitch notation is a system for naming musical notes of the Western chromatic scale. Developed by the", "title": "Helmholtz pitch notation" }, { "id": "9471856", "score": "1.6247642", "text": "thereof. A more modern name for tunings uses the word \"jun\" 〔均〕 to mean \"key\" or \"pitch\" of the piece, so for example, \"zhonglü jun\" 〈仲吕均〉 means \"F key\", since zhonglü is the name of the Chinese pitch which Western equivalent is \"F\". There are more than 20 different tunings used in qin music, out of which only between two and four are commonly used. Some of these, however, are actually alternate names for the same tuning. A single tuning can have several different names depending on which system the composer was taught and used; an additional confusion is caused", "title": "Guqin tunings" } ]

[ "roderick stewart", "Roderick Stewart", "roderick d stewart", "rod stuart", "Rod Steward", "Roderick D. Stewart", "rod steward", "Roderick David Stewart", "roderick david stewart", "Rod Stewart", "Rod stewart", "rod stewart", "Rod Stuart" ]

[ { "id": "1678286", "score": "1.7989516", "text": "Maggie Reilly Maggie Reilly (born 15 September 1956 in Glasgow) is a Scottish singer best known for her collaborations with the composer and instrumentalist Mike Oldfield. Most notably, she performed lead vocals on the Oldfield songs \"Family Man\", \"Moonlight Shadow\", \"To France\" and \"Foreign Affair\", all of which were international hits in the early 1980s. Reilly first came to prominence as a member of the 1970s soul outfit Cado Belle (previously named Joe Cool), and released one album with them in 1976. She is best known for her collaborations with the composer Mike Oldfield between 1980 and 1984, especially by", "title": "Maggie Reilly" }, { "id": "1678288", "score": "1.6579299", "text": "Fairport Convention, Stefan Zauner of Münchener Freiheit, Runrig, The Sisters of Mercy, and Smokie. \"Moonlight Shadow 2k14\" (Michael Fall remix) was released on 23 May 2014 on the German label ZYX Music. 1983 \"Moonlight Shadow\" 1984 \"To France\" 1992 \"Everytime We Touch\" 1992 \"Wait\" 1992 \"Tears in the Rain\" 1993 \"Follow the Midnight Sun\" Trio line-up Band line-up Maggie Reilly Maggie Reilly (born 15 September 1956 in Glasgow) is a Scottish singer best known for her collaborations with the composer and instrumentalist Mike Oldfield. Most notably, she performed lead vocals on the Oldfield songs \"Family Man\", \"Moonlight Shadow\", \"To France\"", "title": "Maggie Reilly" }, { "id": "12177878", "score": "1.6505715", "text": "Maggie MacNeal Maggie MacNeal (born Sjoukje van't Spijker; 5 May 1950) is a Dutch singer. She was a member of Mouth & MacNeal, a pop duo from the Netherlands, who are best known for their million selling recording of \"How Do You Do\" in 1972, which topped the Dutch chart and became a US top ten hit, and for representing the Netherlands at the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest, finishing third with the song \"I See a Star\", which went on to become a UK top ten hit. MacNeal had released one solo single – a cover, produced by Hans van", "title": "Maggie MacNeal" }, { "id": "6763869", "score": "1.6341882", "text": "own include The Answer To Everything, Legend In My Time, Crying Time, When You & I Were Young, Maggie and one that was written for him by his good friend Tommy Scott, Scotland Forever. He is one of \"Scotland’s most successful performers\" of all time (Evening Times, 17 October 2007), and \"Scotland's most successful crooner\" who is an \"ever-present part of the Scottish entertainment industry,\" (\"Sydney Devine and the jingle that rings a bell with his fans\" The Herald, 22 December 2005). His career began with the Wild Heather group back in the fifties, but it was in 1968 while", "title": "Sydney Devine" }, { "id": "7680456", "score": "1.6314151", "text": "2014 production of \"Tonight's The Night\" In 1985 he toured as Michael St James with French star Julien Clerc and worked with legendary French singer/songwriter Serge Gainsbourg. McKell released an EP, \"Shower Over Moon Street\", in 2009 and performed tracks from his album \" Shower Over Moon Street\" at The Royal Albert Hall in November 2009. \"Save Me\" the first single from the album was released 25 July 2010. Michael McKell Michael McKell (born 10 February 1959, Bethnal Green, London) is an English actor and singer/songwriter. He is best known for appearing in two British soap operas, \"Doctors\", in which", "title": "Michael McKell" }, { "id": "7423453", "score": "1.608104", "text": "Maggie Bell Margaret Bell (born 12 January 1945 in Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish rock vocalist. From a musical family, she sang from her teenage years, leaving school at the age of fifteen, to work as a window dresser by day and singer at night. Bell was introduced to Leslie Harvey, by his older brother Alex, after getting up on stage to sing with the latter. Leslie Harvey was, at that time, a guitarist with the Kinning Park Ramblers. Bell joined the group as one of the vocalists. After the band split up, Bell moved to the Mecca Band", "title": "Maggie Bell" }, { "id": "8338187", "score": "1.6015768", "text": "appealing. Bob Seger's The song's composer and original singer Bob Seger would say of the Rogers/Easton version of the song: \"I know my mom will love it.\" Rebranded as a Country & Western song due to the Rogers/Easton duet, \"We've Got Tonight\" would be honored by ASCAP as the Most Performed Country Song of 1983, with Seger, an iconic Detroit rocker, personally acknowledging the honor by attending the October 1984 ASCAP Country Music Awards fête held at the Opryland Hotel in Nashville. \"We've Got Tonight\" was remade by Irish singer Ronan Keating and Scottish singer Lulu for Lulu's twelfth studio", "title": "We've Got Tonite" }, { "id": "6070045", "score": "1.5946395", "text": "of All Time. In 1997, the song was remixed by English techno-house group N-Trance for their second album \"Happy Hour\" and features lyrics from the Millie Jackson version (as performed by vocalist Kelly Llorenna). It was featured in the film \"A Night at the Roxbury\" the following year. In 2017, Stewart released a remix version featuring American band DNCE. They performed the song at 2017 MTV Video Music Awards. Da Ya Think I'm Sexy? \"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?\" (sic) is a song by British singer Rod Stewart from his 1978 album \"Blondes Have More Fun\". It was written by", "title": "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" }, { "id": "6070040", "score": "1.591393", "text": "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy? \"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?\" (sic) is a song by British singer Rod Stewart from his 1978 album \"Blondes Have More Fun\". It was written by Stewart, Carmine Appice and Duane Hitchings, though it incorporates the melody from the song \"Taj Mahal\" by Jorge Ben Jor and the string arrangement from the song \"Put Something Down On It\" by Bobby Womack. The song featured on Stewart's album \"Blondes Have More Fun\", and was released as a single in November 1978. It spent one week at the top of the British charts in December 1978 and", "title": "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" }, { "id": "13975520", "score": "1.5905485", "text": "\"cross-vocals\" would be Bing Crosby and his recording of \"Ain't No Sweet Man Worth the Salt of My Tears\".) Also in the late 1920s and 1930s was The Pansy Craze. This was when openly gay performers suddenly became popular in major city nightclubs. Two of the most popular performers to emerge from this craze were Jean Malin, who sang \"I'd Rather Be Spanish Than Mannish\" and Bruz Fletcher in 1937 with \"She's My Most Intimate Friend\". Between the 30s and the 60s, Ray Bourbon was one of the most well-known female impersonators, in 1956 Ray changed his name to Rae", "title": "Media portrayal of LGBT people" }, { "id": "995829", "score": "1.5719928", "text": "Stewart's look had evolved to include a glam element, including make-up and spandex clothes. Stewart scored another UK number one and US number one single with \"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?\", which was a crossover hit reaching number five on the \"Billboard\" black charts due to its disco sound. This was the lead single from 1978's \"Blondes Have More Fun...or do they?,\" which went to number one on the \"Billboard\" album charts and sold 3 million albums. A focal point of criticisms about this period was his biggest-selling 1978 disco hit \"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?\", which was atypical of", "title": "Rod Stewart" }, { "id": "2764573", "score": "1.5649116", "text": "Got Tonight\" with Kenny Rogers (country) and \"Sugar Walls\" (both R&B and dance). Easton's other hits include the James Bond theme \"For Your Eyes Only\", \"Strut\", \"U Got the Look\" and \"The Arms of Orion\" with Prince, \"The Lover in Me\" and \"What Comes Naturally\". She has worked with prominent vocalists and producers, such as Prince, Christopher Neil, Kenny Rogers, David Foster, Luis Miguel, L.A. Reid & Babyface, Patrice Rushen and Nile Rodgers. Easton was born Sheena Shirley Orr on 27 April 1959 in the Scottish town of Bellshill, the youngest of six children of steel mill labourer Alex Orr", "title": "Sheena Easton" }, { "id": "8085819", "score": "1.5612366", "text": "she became known as \"Britain's Blonde Bombshell\". However, although she looked terrific, and had a good voice, no other record of hers ever made the UK chart, leaving her with the unfortunate one hit wonder tag. Her two follow up discs, \"Teach Me Tonight\" and \"No More\", went almost unnoticed. In January 1955, Stuart Hamblin, the American country & western singer-songwriter and composer of \"This Ole House\", came to London and, because he was so impressed with Anthony's version of his song, met her and presented her with the choice of another number from the material he had not yet", "title": "Billie Anthony" }, { "id": "7724611", "score": "1.5608325", "text": "in 1964, as \"Peggy-O\" \"(The Bonny Lass O Fyvie)\" on the album \"Wednesday Morning 3AM\". The Corries recorded it in 1965. On the album, Strachan sings \"Lang Johnnie More\", 43 verses long, lasting almost 13 minutes, to the tune of \"Caul Kail in Aberdeen\". Just afterwards, he said \"Noo it's too long that\". In 1851, probably nobody would have thought it unusual to sing songs as long as that. Strachan must have known many bawdy songs but seemed reluctant to sing them. He gave us a fragment of \"The Ball of Kirriemuir\", also known as \"Four and Twenty Virgins went", "title": "John Strachan (singer)" }, { "id": "10728532", "score": "1.5567576", "text": "Maggie Moone Maggie Moone (Sandra Lippitt) is a British singer, best remembered for her role on the UK version of \"Name That Tune\". Sandra Lippitt was born in Birmingham, to a fireman father. In 1980 she participated in \"A Song For Europe\", aiming to become the United Kingdom's entry to that year's Eurovision Song Contest to be staged in The Hague, The Netherlands. Her song \"Happy Everything\", was defeated by Prima Donna singing \"Love Enough For Two\", who won the UK heat. The voting sequence had ended in a tie, with the 14 regional juries having awarded both songs the", "title": "Maggie Moone" }, { "id": "7048572", "score": "1.5548346", "text": "Ever\". Martin is the only Scottish songwriter to pen four UK number one hits for four different acts. There were also numerous Top 10 hits including the Bay City Rollers' \"Shang-A-Lang\", \"Fancy Pants\" by the glam rock band Kenny, \"Requiem\" by the Scottish pop group Slik, and \"Surround Yourself with Sorrow\" by Cilla Black. In 1975, Martin and Coulter were joint recipients of an Ivor Novello Award for 'Songwriter of the Year'. The Bay City Rollers had a No. 1 hit in 1976 in the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart with \"Saturday Night\", a song that was not released as", "title": "Bill Martin (musician)" }, { "id": "16038094", "score": "1.5497512", "text": "\"Tonight Is the Night\" is being played, renowned \"icon\" artists appear, namely (in order of appearance) Michael Jackson, Alfonso Ribeiro, Ray Charles, Britney Spears, Kanye West, and Mariah Carey. The final shot goes back to the new aspiring artist while \"who's next?\" slogan is splashed on the screen. The ad ends with the catch phrase: \"Where there's Pepsi, there's music\". Tonight Is the Night (song) \"Tonight Is the Night\" is the official debut single by Outasight and was released on Warner Bros. Records. It was produced by Cook Classics and is featured on his debut album \"Nights Like These\". The", "title": "Tonight Is the Night (song)" }, { "id": "8338191", "score": "1.5490923", "text": "single German single Italian single Weekly charts Year-end charts Weekly charts Year-end charts \"We've Got Tonight\" has also been recorded by Rein Alexander (duet with Trine Rein) (album \"Song For You\"/ 2007), Bill Anderson (album \"Nashville Mirrors\"/ 1980), Anne Lise (album \"First Dance\"/ 2006), Patti Austin (album \"Body Language\"/ 1980), Shirley Bassey (album \"Show Must Go On\"/ 1980), Elkie Brooks (album \"Nor More the Fool\"/ 1986: 1987 UK chart single@No. 67), Rhonda Burchmore (album \"Midnight Rendezvous\"/ 2001), Rita Coolidge (as \"...Tonite\": duet with Jermaine Jackson) (album \"Never Let You Go\"/ 1983), Dozi & Nianell (album \"It Takes Two\"/ 2009), Allison", "title": "We've Got Tonite" }, { "id": "3906771", "score": "1.5449344", "text": "a lift up the road to a mock-Texan bar somewhere in his native Scotland. There is a mid-Atlantic blandness lurking behind the rococo roots veneer.\" In the early 1990s, Rafferty recorded a cover version of the Bob Dylan song \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\" with Barbara Dickson, who had contributed backing vocals to both \"City to City\" and \"Night Owl\". The track appeared on Dickson's albums \"Don't Think Twice It's All Right\" (1992) and \"The Barbara Dickson Collection\" (2006). Rafferty released two further albums in the 1990s in what musician Tom Robinson later described as \"a major return to form\".", "title": "Gerry Rafferty" }, { "id": "10728534", "score": "1.544857", "text": "the show confirmed that this was the correct result, despite all the on screen confusion. Her first husband was Colin Davies; she married secondly, in 2004, Sir William Edward Doran Gibbons, 9th Baronet. Maggie Moone Maggie Moone (Sandra Lippitt) is a British singer, best remembered for her role on the UK version of \"Name That Tune\". Sandra Lippitt was born in Birmingham, to a fireman father. In 1980 she participated in \"A Song For Europe\", aiming to become the United Kingdom's entry to that year's Eurovision Song Contest to be staged in The Hague, The Netherlands. Her song \"Happy Everything\",", "title": "Maggie Moone" } ]

[ "Herman Knight", "herman knight", "Helene Hanff", "helene hanff" ]

[ { "id": "3562056", "score": "2.6888328", "text": "84, Charing Cross Road 84, Charing Cross Road is a 1970 book by Helene Hanff, later made into a stage play, television play, and film, about the twenty-year correspondence between the author and Frank Doel, chief buyer of Marks & Co antiquarian booksellers, located at the eponymous address in London, England. Hanff was in search of obscure classics and British literature titles that she had been unable to find in New York City when she noticed an ad in the \"Saturday Review of Literature\". She first contacted the shop in 1949 and it fell to Doel to fulfil her requests.", "title": "84, Charing Cross Road" }, { "id": "11594593", "score": "2.3437543", "text": "and British literature titles that she has been unable to find in New York City. She notices an ad in the \"Saturday Review of Literature\" placed by antiquarian booksellers Marks & Co, located at the titular address in London. She contacts the shop, where chief buyer and manager Frank Doel fulfills her requests. A long-distance friendship develops over time between the two and between Hanff and other staff members, as well, including birthday gifts, holiday packages and food parcels to compensate for post–World War II food shortages in Britain. Their correspondence includes discussions about topics as diverse as the sermons", "title": "84 Charing Cross Road (film)" }, { "id": "11594592", "score": "2.3278985", "text": "84 Charing Cross Road (film) 84 Charing Cross Road is a 1987 British-American drama film directed by David Jones. The screenplay by Hugh Whitemore is based on a play by James Roose-Evans, which itself was an adaptation of the 1970 epistolary memoir of the same name by Helene Hanff, a compilation of letters between herself and Frank Doel dating from 1949 to 1968. The play has only two characters, but the dramatis personae for the film were expanded to include Hanff's Manhattan friends, the bookshop staff and Doel's wife Nora. In 1949, Helene Hanff is in search of obscure classics", "title": "84 Charing Cross Road (film)" }, { "id": "10673194", "score": "2.314496", "text": "will be greatly missed by us all and his many friends throughout the country. - Messrs. MARKS & CO., 84, Charing Cross Road, London, W.C.2.\". When Hanff belatedly heard of his death she wrote a short autobiographical book which became the cult classic \"84, Charing Cross Road\". The book was subsequently turned into a play and a film starring Anthony Hopkins and Anne Bancroft, \"84 Charing Cross Road\". Frank Doel Frank Percy Doel (14 July 1908 – 22 December 1968) was a British antiquarian bookseller for Marks & Co in London who achieved posthumous fame as the recipient of a", "title": "Frank Doel" }, { "id": "11594599", "score": "2.2426353", "text": "Award for their contributions to the screenplay. 84 Charing Cross Road (film) 84 Charing Cross Road is a 1987 British-American drama film directed by David Jones. The screenplay by Hugh Whitemore is based on a play by James Roose-Evans, which itself was an adaptation of the 1970 epistolary memoir of the same name by Helene Hanff, a compilation of letters between herself and Frank Doel dating from 1949 to 1968. The play has only two characters, but the dramatis personae for the film were expanded to include Hanff's Manhattan friends, the bookshop staff and Doel's wife Nora. In 1949, Helene", "title": "84 Charing Cross Road (film)" }, { "id": "3562061", "score": "2.229947", "text": "to the project to write the screenplay for the 1987 film adaptation starring Anne Bancroft and Anthony Hopkins. The \"dramatis personae\" were expanded to include Hanff's Manhattan friends, the bookshop staff, and Doel's wife Nora, played by Judi Dench. Bancroft won a BAFTA Award as Best Actress; Whitemore and Dench were nominated for Director and Supporting Actress, respectively. The Chinese-Hong Kong film \"Book of Love\" or \"Finding Mr. Right 2\" (Chinese: 北京遇上西雅圖之不二情書) (2016) references, and is loosely inspired by, \"84, Charing Cross Road\". 84, Charing Cross Road 84, Charing Cross Road is a 1970 book by Helene Hanff, later made", "title": "84, Charing Cross Road" }, { "id": "10673189", "score": "2.195562", "text": "Frank Doel Frank Percy Doel (14 July 1908 – 22 December 1968) was a British antiquarian bookseller for Marks & Co in London who achieved posthumous fame as the recipient of a series of humorous letters from American author Helene Hanff, to which he scrupulously and, at first, very formally replied. The shop where he worked was at 84 Charing Cross Road, the title of a bestselling 1970 novel written by Hanff which became a cult classic, a 1981 stage play, and a 1987 film starring Anthony Hopkins as Doel and Anne Bancroft as Hanff. He was born in Wallasey,", "title": "Frank Doel" }, { "id": "6370792", "score": "2.174971", "text": "authorship of the book. In London, a bronze plaque on the site of the original building commemorates the bookshop at \"84, Charing Cross Road\". Helene Hanff Helene Hanff (April 15, 1916April 9, 1997) was an American writer born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is best known as the author of the book \"84, Charing Cross Road\", which became the basis for a stage play, television play, and film of the same name. Helene Hanff's career saw her move from unproduced playwright to writer of some of the earliest television dramas to becoming a noted writer and personality in her own right,", "title": "Helene Hanff" }, { "id": "542679", "score": "2.169208", "text": "venerable Foyles. A long-standing correspondence between New York City-based author Helene Hanff and the staff of a bookshop on the street, Marks & Co., was the inspiration for the book \"84, Charing Cross Road\" (1970). The book was made into a 1987 film starring Anne Bancroft and Anthony Hopkins and also into a play and a BBC radio drama. 84 Charing Cross Road, located just north of Cambridge Circus, has not been a bookshop for many years; at street level it is now a restaurant (entered round the corner in Cambridge Circus), but the upper levels of the building remain", "title": "Charing Cross Road" }, { "id": "19630738", "score": "2.1529765", "text": "her 20-year correspondence with British bookseller Frank Doel, whose shop was at 84 Charing Cross Road in London. Daniel and Jiao, both in foul moods and blaming the book for recent misfortunes in their lives, decide to get rid of it by mailing the book to the address in the title. Unbeknown to either of them, the current proprietor of 84 Charing Cross Road, Mr Thomas, is an elderly gentleman who enjoys matchmaking and redirects the letters from Jiao and Daniel to each other. Over the course of the next year, Daniel and Jiao begin a regular correspondence by sending", "title": "Finding Mr. Right 2" }, { "id": "5133718", "score": "2.0856671", "text": "and Peter Kroger with New Zealand passports. They set up an antiquarian book business which was cover for their activities of running the London Illegal Rezidentura. Gordon Lonsdale worked with them as part of the Portland Spy Ring. While in London, the Cohens were friends with Frank and Nora Doel. Frank Doel is the bookseller whose correspondence with the author Helene Hanff became the bestseller, \"84 Charing Cross Road\". In her follow-up book, \"The Duchess of Bloomsbury Street\", Hanff reported an anecdote told her by Nora Doel. One New Year's Eve, the Doels gave a party at which Lona Cohen", "title": "Lona Cohen" }, { "id": "10673192", "score": "2.0850723", "text": "was a Committee Member. Doel knew the Soviet double agent Peter Kroger, who was later imprisoned for spying, because he opened a rare bookshop near St Clement Danes's church as a cover for his activities. This friendship is mentioned in Helene Hanff’s \"The Duchess of Bloomsbury Street\", a sequel to \"84, Charing Cross Road\". Nora Doel describes a New Year's Eve at which Lona Cohen (aka Helen Kroger) ...arrived looking very exotic in a long black evening dress. 'Helen, you look like a Russian spy!' said Nora. And Helen laughed and Peter laughed and a few months later Nora picked", "title": "Frank Doel" }, { "id": "6370788", "score": "2.0389009", "text": "Doel's wife Nora and their daughter Sheila. In the 1987 film adaptation \"84 Charing Cross Road\", Hanff was played by Anne Bancroft, while Anthony Hopkins took the part of Frank Doel. Anne Jackson had earlier played Hanff and Frank Finlay had played Doel in a 1975 adaptation of the book for British television. Ellen Burstyn recreated the role on Broadway in 1982 at the Nederlander Theater in New York City. Elaine Stritch also played Helene Hanff in a television adaptation of \"84, Charing Cross Road\". Hanff later put to good use her obsession with British scholar Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch in", "title": "Helene Hanff" }, { "id": "4237513", "score": "2.0247145", "text": "Charing Cross Road\", which was first published in 1970, is a bittersweet comedy based on the extraordinary true story of the remarkable relationship that developed over 20 years, chronicling New York writer Hanff's correspondence with Frank Doel, the chief buyer for Marks & Co, a London bookshop. In the stage production, Powers portrays Helene Hanff, and Clive Francis portrays Frank Doel. The production opened at Darlington Hippodrome on Wednesday 23 May, before touring to Wolverhampton, Malvern, Richmond, Oxford and finishing at Cambridge Arts Theatre on 30 June 2018. For her role as Jennifer Hart, Powers received two Emmy Best Television", "title": "Stefanie Powers" }, { "id": "11594594", "score": "1.9681349", "text": "of John Donne, how to make Yorkshire pudding, the Brooklyn Dodgers and the coronation of Elizabeth II. Hanff postpones visiting her English friends until too late: Doel dies in December 1968 and the bookshop eventually closes. She finally visits Charing Cross Road and the vacant shop in the summer of 1971. The film was shot on location in London and New York City. London settings include Buckingham Palace, Soho Square, Trafalgar Square, St James's, Westminster, White Hart Lane in Tottenham and suburban Richmond. Manhattan settings include Central Park, Madison Avenue, and Saint Thomas Church. Interiors were filmed at Lee International", "title": "84 Charing Cross Road (film)" }, { "id": "12225609", "score": "1.9438174", "text": "Marks & Co Marks & Co, also incorrectly referred to as \"Marks & Company\" or colloquially as \"84\", was a well-known antiquarian bookseller located at Cambridge Circus - 84, Charing Cross Road, London. The shop was founded in the 1920s by Benjamin Marks and Mark Cohen. Cohen was persuaded to allow his name to be abbreviated in the company's name. It provided the basis for the book of correspondence between Helene Hanff and Frank Doel, together with other members of the staff between 1949 and 1968, published by Hanff as \"84 Charing Cross Road\". It was later made into a", "title": "Marks & Co" }, { "id": "3562059", "score": "1.9417256", "text": "that Helene Hanff ordered from Marks & Co. and mentioned in \"84 Charing Cross Road\" (alphabetical order): Hugh Whitemore adapted \"84, Charing Cross Road\" for the BBC's \"Play for Today\", a television anthology series. It was first broadcast on 4 November 1975, starring Frank Finlay and Anne Jackson. In 1981, James Roose-Evans adapted it for the stage in a two-character version first produced at the Salisbury Playhouse with Rosemary Leach and David Swift. It transferred to the West End, where it opened to universally ecstatic reviews. A second production at the Playhouse ran from 5–28 February 2015, with Clive Francis", "title": "84, Charing Cross Road" }, { "id": "244515", "score": "1.9348905", "text": "of the book \"84, Charing Cross Road\", which was based on correspondence between American writer Helene Hanff and the shop's chief buyer, Frank Doel. Marks was conscripted in January 1942, and trained as a cryptographer; apparently he demonstrated the ability to complete one week's work in decipherment exercise in a few hours. Unlike the rest of his intake, who were sent to the main British codebreaking centre at Bletchley Park, Marks was regarded as a misfit and he was assigned the newly formed Special Operations Executive (SOE) in Baker Street, which was set up to train agents to operate behind", "title": "Leo Marks" }, { "id": "3562057", "score": "1.9171269", "text": "In time, a long-distance friendship developed between the two and between Hanff and other staff members, as well, with an exchange of Christmas packages, birthday gifts and food parcels to help with the post-World War II food shortages in Britain. Their letters included discussions about topics as diverse as the sermons of John Donne, how to make Yorkshire Pudding, the Brooklyn Dodgers and the coronation of Elizabeth II. Hanff postponed visiting her English friends until too late; Doel died in December 1968 from peritonitis from a burst appendix, and the bookshop eventually closed in December 1970. Hanff did finally visit", "title": "84, Charing Cross Road" }, { "id": "11594596", "score": "1.9023094", "text": "creating one of her most memorable characterizations.\" Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" observed, \"The film is based on a hit London and New York play, which was based on a best-selling book. Given the thin and unlikely subject matter, that already is a series of miracles. And yet there are people who are pushovers for this material. I should know. I read the book and I saw the play and now I am reviewing the movie, and I still don't think the basic idea is sound... Miss Fiske... was the librarian at the Urbana Free Library when I was", "title": "84 Charing Cross Road (film)" } ]

[ "she went mad and committed suicide", "She went mad and committed suicide" ]

[ { "id": "494779", "score": "1.8838671", "text": "Lucia di Lammermoor Lucia di Lammermoor is a \"dramma tragico\" (tragic opera) in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti. Salvadore Cammarano wrote the Italian-language libretto loosely based upon Sir Walter Scott's historical novel \"The Bride of Lammermoor\". Donizetti wrote \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" in 1835, a time when several factors led to the height of his reputation as a composer of opera. Gioachino Rossini had recently retired and Vincenzo Bellini had died shortly before the premiere of \"Lucia\" leaving Donizetti as \"the sole reigning genius of Italian opera\". Not only were conditions ripe for Donizetti's success as a composer, but there was", "title": "Lucia di Lammermoor" }, { "id": "494798", "score": "1.7990348", "text": "He returned to the original key structure and the Mad Scene is quite different. He recorded this version for Sony in 1997. Notes Cited sources Other sources Lucia di Lammermoor Lucia di Lammermoor is a \"dramma tragico\" (tragic opera) in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti. Salvadore Cammarano wrote the Italian-language libretto loosely based upon Sir Walter Scott's historical novel \"The Bride of Lammermoor\". Donizetti wrote \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" in 1835, a time when several factors led to the height of his reputation as a composer of opera. Gioachino Rossini had recently retired and Vincenzo Bellini had died shortly before the", "title": "Lucia di Lammermoor" }, { "id": "494794", "score": "1.7432783", "text": "(Edgardo)</poem> After \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" was produced in Paris, a French version was commissioned for the Théâtre de la Renaissance in Paris. Donizetti was living there at the time, preparing the revision of \"Poliuto\" into its French version (which became \"Les Martyrs\"). \"Lucie\" opened on 6 August 1839 and this version toured extensively throughout France. The libretto, written by Alphonse Royer and Gustave Vaëz, is not simply a translation, as Donizetti altered some of the scenes and characters. One of the more notable changes is the disappearance of Alisa, Lucia's handmaid and confidante. This allows the French version to isolate", "title": "Lucia di Lammermoor" }, { "id": "11724383", "score": "1.7316942", "text": "di Lammermoor\" in Naples in 1835, one of the immortal roles of Romantic opera. Duprez was her Edgardo. Donizetti (remarking that she was \"not the brightest star\") told in a letter how in rehearsal she made an almighty row (which terrified Duprez) because, after Lucia's finale (the Mad Scene) there remained the finale of Edgardo ('Fra poco a me ricovero') before the curtain fell, displacing the final applause from herself to the tenor. She also sang Lucia in the first Paris performance, in December 1837, opposite Rubini (for whom Edgardo became one of his most celebrated roles), a performance received", "title": "Fanny Tacchinardi Persiani" }, { "id": "494783", "score": "1.7310131", "text": "is: Additionally an off-stage wind band is used; Donizetti did not provide instrumentation. Also, occasionally the glass harmonica is substituted for solo flute in Lucia’s mad scene, per Donizetti’s original score. \"Scene 1: The gardens of Lammermoor Castle\" Normanno, captain of the castle guard, and other retainers are searching for an intruder. He tells Enrico that he believes that the man is Edgardo of Ravenswood, and that he comes to the castle to meet Enrico's sister, Lucia. It is confirmed that Edgardo is indeed the intruder. Enrico reaffirms his hatred for the Ravenswood family and his determination to end the", "title": "Lucia di Lammermoor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lucia di Lammermoor\n\nLucia di Lammermoor () is a (tragic opera) in three acts by Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti. Salvadore Cammarano wrote the Italian-language libretto loosely based upon Sir Walter Scott's 1819 historical novel \"The Bride of Lammermoor\".<ref>The plot of Sir Walter Scott's original novel is based on an actual incident that took place in 1669 in the Lammermuir Hills area of Lowland Scotland. The real family involved were the Dalrymples.\n\nWhile the libretto retains much of Scott's basic intrigue, it also contains very substantial changes in terms of characters and events. In Scott's novel, it is her mother, Lady Ashton, not Enrico, who is the villain and evil perpetrator of the whole intrigue. Also, Bucklaw was only wounded by Lucy after their unfortunate wedding, and he later recovered, went abroad, and survived them all. In the opera, Lucia's descent into insanity is more speedy and dramatic and very spectacular, while, in the book, it is more mysterious and ambiguous. Also, in the novel, Edgar and Lucy's last talk and farewell (supervised by her mother) is far less melodramatic and more calm, though the final effect is equally devastating for both of them. At the end of the novel, Edgar disappears (his body never found) and is presumably killed in some sort of an accident on his way to have his duel with Lucy's older brother; therefore, he does not commit a spectacular, operatic style suicide with a stiletto on learning of Lucy's death.</ref>\n\nDonizetti wrote \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" in 1835, when he was reaching the peak of his reputation as an opera composer. Gioachino Rossini had recently retired and Vincenzo Bellini had died shortly before the premiere of \"Lucia\" leaving Donizetti as \"the sole reigning genius of Italian opera\". Not only were conditions ripe for Donizetti's success as a composer, but there was also a widespread interest in the history and culture of Scotland. The perceived romance of its violent wars and feuds, as well as its folklore and mythology, intrigued 19th century readers and audiences.\n\nThe story concerns the emotionally fragile Lucy Ashton (Lucia) who is caught in a feud between her own family and that of the Ravenswoods. The setting is the Lammermuir Hills of Scotland (Lammermoor) in the 17th century.", "title": "Lucia di Lammermoor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lucia di Lammermoor discography\n\nThis is a partial discography of Lucia di Lammermoor, an opera by Gaetano Donizetti. It premiered on September 26, 1835 at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples.", "title": "Lucia di Lammermoor discography" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Gaetano Donizetti" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Il dolce suono\n\n\"Il dolce suono\" (\"The Sweet Sound\") is the incipit of the recitativo of a \"scena ed aria\" taken from Act III scene 2, \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" by Gaetano Donizetti. It is also commonly known as the \"mad scene\" sung by the leading soprano, Lucia.\n\nLucia descends into madness, and on her wedding night, while the festivities are still being held in the Great Hall, she stabs her new husband, Arturo, in the bridal chamber. Disheveled, unaware of what she has done, she wanders in the Great Hall, recalling her meetings with Edgardo and imagining herself married to him.\n\nDonizetti intended the aria to be accompanied by the eerie sound of the glass harmonica, though this instrument is often replaced in performance by a flute.\n\nAn arrangement of the aria was featured in the film \"The Fifth Element\", sung by the alien character Diva Plavalaguna voiced by Inva Mula. Russian pop countertenor Vitas recorded a similar shortened version under the title \"Lucia Di Lammermoor\". While singing the part, Vitas changed the lyric \"Edgardo\" to \"Esther\" (hence the text \"Esther! io ti son reso!\").", "title": "Il dolce suono" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Bride of Lammermoor\n\nThe Bride of Lammermoor is a historical novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1819, one of the Waverley novels. The novel is set in the Lammermuir Hills of south-east Scotland, shortly before the Act of Union of 1707 (in the first edition), or shortly after the Act (in the 'Magnum' edition of 1830). It tells of a tragic love affair between young Lucy Ashton and her family's enemy Edgar Ravenswood. Scott indicated the plot was based on an actual incident. \"The Bride of Lammermoor\" and \"A Legend of Montrose\" were published together anonymously as the third of Scott's \"Tales of My Landlord\" series. The story is the basis for Donizetti's 1835 opera \"Lucia di Lammermoor\".", "title": "The Bride of Lammermoor" }, { "id": "10721378", "score": "1.7288513", "text": "National Opera in the role of Lucia in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. Since making her debut, she has been engaged by Opera Verdi Europa to perform Lucia and a number of other prominent roles, including Gilda (Rigoletto) and Musetta (La Bohème). She also sang with the Bourgass and Varna Opera companies, and toured the United States with the Plovdiv Opera. Veleva has appeared in prominent classical music venues in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Poland in addition to her native country, Bulgaria, where she performed in the New Years Gala Concert at the National Palace of Culture in Sofia, conducted by", "title": "Anna Veleva" }, { "id": "494784", "score": "1.7272078", "text": "relationship. \"Scene 2: By a fountain at the entrance to the park, beside the castle\" Lucia waits for Edgardo. In her famous aria \"\", Lucia tells her maid Alisa that she has seen the ghost of a girl killed on the very same spot by a jealous Ravenswood ancestor. Alisa tells Lucia that the apparition is a warning and that she must give up her love for Edgardo. Edgardo enters; for political reasons, he must leave immediately for France. He hopes to make his peace with Enrico and marry Lucia. Lucia tells him this is impossible, and instead they take", "title": "Lucia di Lammermoor" }, { "id": "17214556", "score": "1.7148821", "text": "\"Tancredi\" in Lausanne, among others. The 2016 performances included her debut at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona as Desdemona in Rossini's \"Otello\", her debut at the ABAO Bilbao in \"La sonnambula\", followed by performances of her highly acclaimed Lucia di Lammermoor held for Teatro Regio di Torino and Victorian Opera in Melbourne. The year also marked the addition of two new Donizetti operas to her repertoire with Linda di Chamounix performed for Teatro dell'Opera di Roma and Rosmonda d'Inghilterra first premiered in Florence with Maggio Musicale in concert form and then fully staged for the new Donizetti Festival", "title": "Jessica Pratt (soprano)" }, { "id": "8170921", "score": "1.7058455", "text": "years in Italy and who had starred in \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" two years earlier. Donizetti wrote that he had written the opera \"in accordance with French taste\", his offer was ignored and \"L'assedio\" was not performed in Paris. The opera was recorded in London by Opera Rara in 1988 in its three-act version. The first modern stage revival was presented by the Donizetti Festival at the Teatro Donizetti in Bergamo in September 1990. At the Wexford Festival Opera in Ireland in October 1991 the three-act version was also given. \"L'assedio\" was given its London stage premiere by the Guildhall School", "title": "L'assedio di Calais" }, { "id": "1795503", "score": "1.7042453", "text": "on 24 November 1859 in the title role of Donizetti's \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" at the Academy of Music, New York. On 24 August 1860, she and Emma Albani were soloists in the world premiere of Charles Wugk Sabatier's \"Cantata\" in Montreal which was performed in honour of the visit of the Prince of Wales. In 1861, at the age of 18, she was invited to Covent Garden, to execute the role of Amina in Bellini's \"La sonnambula\". She had such remarkable success at Covent Garden that season, she bought a house in Clapham and, using London as a base, went", "title": "Adelina Patti" }, { "id": "5046487", "score": "1.7013552", "text": "she went under contract with Alessandro Lanari of Florence, then known as \"the king of impresarios\", who was able to secure important engagements for her in the years following. However, within a very short time, she found herself pregnant and had to sing through three pregnancies during the time with Lanari. That same year she reprised the role of Elvira and portrayed the roles of Elena in Donizetti's \"Marino Faliero\" and the title role in Donizetti's \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna. In 1838 she sang the title roles in Donizetti's \"Maria di Rudenz\", Bellini's \"Beatrice di", "title": "Giuseppina Strepponi" }, { "id": "5114063", "score": "1.6967547", "text": "Figaro\", and Lucia in Gaetano Donizetti's \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" (in both the standard Italian version and the French version \"Lucie de Lammermoor\" of 1839). Ciofi has also made a number of recordings, including the \"Le nozze di Figaro\", conducted by René Jacobs, which won the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording. Another example is the recording of Giacomo Meyerbeer's Opera \"Il crociato in Egitto\" together with the Male Soprano Michael Maniaci at La Fenice in Venice. In December 2012, she was brought in at very short notice to sing Isabelle in the revival of Giacomo Meyerbeer's \"Robert le diable\"", "title": "Patrizia Ciofi" }, { "id": "20953131", "score": "1.6919973", "text": "Rossini's \"Mosè in Egitto.\" Two years later, she performed at the Ghent Theatre. Her debut took place on 8 November 1842 in Donizetti's \"Lucia di Lammermoor\", opera that she sang for the first time in French. In May 1843, she made her first appearance on stage at the theatre of La Monnaie, in Brussels in Lucia. On August 22 of the same year, she married the tenor Jean-Auguste Dur-Laborde. She held the position of light singer at the same time in the grand opéra and the opéra comique until 1848. Engaged at the Paris Opera, she began on 8 April", "title": "Rosine Laborde" }, { "id": "488093", "score": "1.6907201", "text": "oversee the translation of \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" into \"Lucie de Lammermoor\" as well as to write \"La fille du régiment\", his first opera written specifically to a French libretto. This became another success. After leaving Paris in June 1840, Donizetti was to write ten new operas, although not all were performed in his lifetime. Before arriving in Milan by August 1840, he visited Switzerland and then his hometown of Bergamo, eventually reaching Milan where he was to prepare an Italian version of \"La fille du régiment\". No sooner was that accomplished than he was back in Paris to adapt the", "title": "Gaetano Donizetti" }, { "id": "494788", "score": "1.6882793", "text": "kill himself on Enrico's sword. He learns that Lucia is dying and then Raimondo comes to tell him that she has already died. Edgardo stabs himself with a dagger, hoping to be reunited with Lucia in heaven. The aria \"\" following the more recitative \"\" from the \"mad scene\" (Act 3, Scene 2), has historically been a vehicle for several coloratura sopranos (providing a breakthrough for Dame Joan Sutherland) and is a technically and expressively demanding piece. Donizetti wrote it in F major, but it is often transposed down a tone (two half-steps) into E-flat. Some sopranos, including Maria Callas,", "title": "Lucia di Lammermoor" }, { "id": "494780", "score": "1.685212", "text": "also a European interest in the history and culture of Scotland. The perceived romance of its violent wars and feuds, as well as its folklore and mythology, intrigued 19th century readers and audiences. Sir Walter Scott dramatized these elements in his novel \"The Bride of Lammermoor\", which inspired several musical works including \"Lucia\". The story concerns the emotionally fragile Lucy Ashton (Lucia) who is caught in a feud between her own family and that of the Ravenswoods. The setting is the Lammermuir Hills of Scotland (Lammermoor) in the 17th century. The opera premiered on 26 September 1835 at the Teatro", "title": "Lucia di Lammermoor" }, { "id": "494795", "score": "1.6848472", "text": "Lucia, thus increasing the story's emotional impact. Furthermore, Lucia loses most of Raimondo's support; his role is dramatically diminished while Arturo's is increased. Donizetti also added a new character, Gilbert, who is loosely based on the huntsman in the Italian version. However, Gilbert is a more developed figure who serves both Edgardo and Enrico, divulging their secrets to the other for money. The French version is performed far less frequently than the Italian, but it was revived to great acclaim by Natalie Dessay and Roberto Alagna at the Opéra National de Lyon in 2002. It was co-produced by the Boston", "title": "Lucia di Lammermoor" }, { "id": "19962359", "score": "1.6819282", "text": "She also sings the title role of \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" in Limoges, Rheims and Rouen; Giulietta \"I Capuleti e i Montecchi\" at the Deutsche Oper Berlin; and Elvira, \"I puritani\" at the Teatro Real Madrid, where she also sang Violetta in the acclaimed David McVicar's production of \"La traviata\". The 2016-17 season had three more debuts for Venera; La Monnaie in Brussels, Zurich Opera House, and Santa Fe Opera. In Brussels, she performed the role of Queen of Shemakha, which was released on video by BelAir Classique in 2018. In February, she played Lucia in \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" at the", "title": "Venera Gimadieva" }, { "id": "488087", "score": "1.6816175", "text": "reputation was further consolidated, and Donizetti followed the paths of both Rossini and Bellini by visiting Paris, where his \"Marin Faliero\" was given at the Théâtre-Italien in March 1835. However, it suffered by comparison to Bellini's \"I puritani\" which appeared at the same time. Donizetti returned from Paris to oversee the staging of \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" on 26 September 1835. It was set to a libretto by Salvadore Cammarano, the first of eight for the composer. The opera was based on \"The Bride of Lammermoor\", the novel by Sir Walter Scott, and it was to become his most famous opera,", "title": "Gaetano Donizetti" }, { "id": "8188522", "score": "1.680033", "text": "its premiere in Naples on 8 March 1828 and received only six performances. The 1824 version \"was revived in 1838 for three performances, and again in 1871\". It was not until 1957 that it received another presentation of any kind, until its UK premiere on 12 June in Liverpool. In September 1957 the BBC presented an abridged radio version which starred the young Joan Sutherland,\"who gave a stunning exhibition of her Donizetti style a good eighteen months before her Covent Garden success in \"Lucia di Lammermoor\". Emilia, daughter of Claudio, the \"Count of Liverpool\", lives in a hermitage doing good", "title": "Emilia di Liverpool" } ]

[ "Reductivities", "reduced", "Reductivenesses", "Reduces", "Reduction (disambiguation)", "reducibility", "Reduction", "reductively", "Reducible", "Reductional", "reduction", "Reductively", "Reducing", "reductiveness", "Reductiveness", "Reductivity", "Reductions (disambiguation)", "reductionality", "Reductive", "reductive", "Reduction (linguistics)", "reductional", "Reductionality", "Reduced", "reduction linguistics", "reduce", "reducing", "reductions disambiguation", "Reducibility", "Reduce", "reduces", "reduction disambiguation", "Reductionally", "reductivenesses", "reducible", "reductivity", "reductionally", "reductivities" ]

[ { "id": "631762", "score": "1.5888336", "text": "Boiling Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere. There are two main types of boiling: nucleate boiling where small bubbles of vapour form at discrete points, and critical heat flux boiling where the boiling surface is heated above a certain critical temperature and a film of vapor forms on the surface. Transition boiling is an intermediate, unstable form of boiling with elements of both types.", "title": "Boiling" }, { "id": "631765", "score": "1.5870758", "text": "by an increasing surface temperature. An irregular surface of the boiling vessel (i.e., increased surface roughness) or additives to the fluid (i.e., surfactants and/or nanoparticles) can create additional nucleation sites, while an exceptionally smooth surface, such as plastic, lends itself to superheating. Under these conditions, a heated liquid may show boiling delay and the temperature may go somewhat above the boiling point without boiling. As the boiling surface is heated above a critical temperature, a film of vapor forms on the surface. Since this vapor film is much less capable of carrying heat away from the surface, the temperature rises", "title": "Boiling" }, { "id": "631777", "score": "1.5851645", "text": "whether it is at its boiling point or not. Boiling Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere. There are two main types of boiling: nucleate boiling where small bubbles of vapour form at discrete points, and critical heat flux boiling where the boiling surface is heated above a certain critical temperature and a film of vapor forms on the surface. Transition boiling is an intermediate,", "title": "Boiling" }, { "id": "631772", "score": "1.5719105", "text": "This is called boiling-point elevation. At palatable concentrations of salt, the effect is very small, and the boiling point elevation is difficult to notice and this is why experiments to prove this are considered inconclusive. However, while making thick sugar syrup, such as for Gulab Jamun, one will notice boiling point elevation. Due to variations in composition and pressure, the boiling point of water is almost never exactly 100 °C, but rather close enough for cooking. Foods suitable for boiling include vegetables, starchy foods such as rice, noodles and potatoes, eggs, meats, sauces, stocks, and soups. Boiling has several advantages.", "title": "Boiling" }, { "id": "1979462", "score": "1.5314928", "text": "Superheating In physics, superheating (sometimes referred to as boiling retardation, or boiling delay) is the phenomenon in which a liquid is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point, without boiling. This is a so-called metastable state or metastate, where boiling might occur at any time, induced by external or internal effects. Superheating is achieved by heating a homogeneous substance in a clean container, free of nucleation sites, while taking care not to disturb the liquid. Water is said to \"boil\" when bubbles of water vapor grow without bound, bursting at the surface. For a vapor bubble to expand,", "title": "Superheating" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Volatility (chemistry)\n\nIn chemistry, volatility is a material quality which describes how readily a substance vaporizes. At a given temperature and pressure, a substance with high volatility is more likely to exist as a vapour, while a substance with low volatility is more likely to be a liquid or solid. Volatility can also describe the tendency of a vapor to condense into a liquid or solid; less volatile substances will more readily condense from a vapor than highly volatile ones. Differences in volatility can be observed by comparing how fast substances within a group evaporate (or sublimate in the case of solids) when exposed to the atmosphere. A highly volatile substance such as rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) will quickly evaporate, while a substance with low volatility such as vegetable oil will remain condensed. In general, solids are much less volatile than liquids, but there are some exceptions. Solids that sublimate (change directly from solid to vapor) such as dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) or iodine can vaporize at a similar rate as some liquids under standard conditions.", "title": "Volatility (chemistry)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Reduction (cooking)\n\nIn cooking, reduction is the process of thickening and intensifying the flavor of a liquid mixture such as a soup, sauce, wine, or juice by simmering or boiling.\n\nReduction is performed by simmering or boiling a liquid such as a stock, fruit or vegetable juices, wine, vinegar, or a sauce until the desired concentration is reached by evaporation. This is done without a lid, enabling the vapor to escape from the mixture. Different components of the liquid will evaporate at slightly different temperatures, and the goal of reduction is to drive away those with lowest points of evaporation.\n\nWhile reduction does concentrate the flavors left in the pan, reducing too much will drive away all liquid in the sauce, leaving a \"sticky, burnt coating\" on the pan.\n\nSauces from basic brown sauce to Béchamel sauce and even tomato sauce are simmered for long periods (from 1 to 10 hours) but not boiled. Simmering not only develops the maximum possible flavor, but also allows impurities to collect at the top and be skimmed off periodically as the sauce cooks. Boiling diffuses the impurities into the liquid and results in a bitter taste and unclear stock. Broths are also simmered rather than boiled, and for the same reasons.<ref name=\"CIA\"/>", "title": "Reduction (cooking)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sodium hypochlorite\n\nSodium hypochlorite (commonly known in a dilute solution as bleach) is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula NaOCl (or NaClO), comprising a sodium cation () and a hypochlorite anion (or ). It may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. The anhydrous compound is unstable and may decompose explosively.\n\nSodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution referred to as liquid bleach, which is a household chemical widely used (since the 18th century) as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent. In solution, the compound is unstable and easily decomposes, liberating chlorine, which is the active principle of such products. Sodium hypochlorite is the oldest and still most important chlorine-based bleach. \n\nIts corrosive properties, common availability, and reaction products make it a significant safety risk. In particular, mixing liquid bleach with other cleaning products, such as acids found in limescale-removing products, will produce chlorine gas, which was used as a poison gas in World War I. A common urban legend states that mixing bleach with ammonia also releases chlorine, but in reality the two chemicals react differently, producing chloramines and/or nitrogen trichloride. With excess ammonia and sodium hydroxide, hydrazine may be generated.", "title": "Sodium hypochlorite" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Steam explosion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Boiling\n\nBoiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere. There are two main types of boiling: nucleate boiling where small bubbles of vapour form at discrete points, and critical heat flux boiling where the boiling surface is heated above a certain critical temperature and a film of vapor forms on the surface. Transition boiling is an intermediate, unstable form of boiling with elements of both types. The boiling point of water is 100 °C or 212 °F but is lower with the decreased atmospheric pressure found at higher altitudes.\n\nBoiling water is used as a method of making it potable by killing microbes and viruses that may be present. The sensitivity of different micro-organisms to heat varies, but if water is held at for one minute, most micro-organisms and viruses are inactivated. Ten minutes at a temperature of 70 °C (158 °F) is also sufficient to inactivate most bacteria.\n\nBoiling water is also used in several cooking methods including boiling, steaming, and poaching.", "title": "Boiling" }, { "id": "631775", "score": "1.5287914", "text": "bacon if a less saline product is required. Also known as \"boil-in-bag\", this involves heating or cooking ready-made foods sealed in a thick plastic bag. The bag containing the food, often frozen, is submerged in boiling water for a prescribed time. The resulting dishes can be prepared with greater convenience as no pots or pans are dirtied in the process. Such meals are available for camping as well as home dining. At any given temperature, all the molecules in a liquid do not have the same kinetic energy. Some high energy particles on the liquid surface may have enough energy", "title": "Boiling" }, { "id": "631776", "score": "1.5265583", "text": "to escape the intermolecular forces of attraction of the liquid and become a gas. This is called evaporation. Evaporation only happens on the surface while boiling happens throughout the liquid. When a liquid reaches its boiling point bubbles of gas form in it which rise into the surface and burst into the air. This process is called boiling. If the boiling liquid is heated more strongly the temperature does not rise but the liquid boils more quickly. This distinction is exclusive to the liquid-to-gas transition; any transition directly from solid to gas is always referred to as sublimation regardless of", "title": "Boiling" }, { "id": "631767", "score": "1.5076327", "text": "a surface heating the liquid is significantly hotter than the liquid then film boiling will occur, where a thin layer of vapor, which has low thermal conductivity, insulates the surface. This condition of a vapor film insulating the surface from the liquid characterizes \"film boiling\". As a method of disinfecting water, bringing it to its boiling point at , is the oldest and most effective way since it does not affect the taste, it is effective despite contaminants or particles present in it, and is a single step process which eliminates most microbes responsible for causing intestine related diseases. According", "title": "Boiling" }, { "id": "1979468", "score": "1.5037518", "text": "it comes out of solution and forms bubbles. However, an impurity such as salt or sugar, dissolved in water to form a homogeneous solution, does not prevent superheating. Other liquids are known to superheat including 2% milk and almond milk. Superheating In physics, superheating (sometimes referred to as boiling retardation, or boiling delay) is the phenomenon in which a liquid is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point, without boiling. This is a so-called metastable state or metastate, where boiling might occur at any time, induced by external or internal effects. Superheating is achieved by heating a homogeneous", "title": "Superheating" }, { "id": "631770", "score": "1.4982436", "text": "can be seen without the help of a thermometer, and by this time, the water is disinfected. Though the boiling point decreases with increasing altitude, it is not enough to affect the disinfecting process. \"Boiling\" is the method of cooking food in boiling water or other water-based liquids such as stock or milk. Simmering is gentle boiling, while in poaching the cooking liquid moves but scarcely bubbles. The boiling point of water is typically considered to be 100 °C or 212 °F. Pressure and a change in the composition of the liquid may alter the boiling point of the liquid.", "title": "Boiling" }, { "id": "3201673", "score": "1.4867973", "text": "a portion of the liquid to \"instantaneously\" boil, which in turn causes an extremely rapid expansion. Depending on temperatures, pressures and the substance involved, that expansion may be so rapid that it can be classified as an explosion, fully capable of inflicting severe damage on its surroundings. For example, a tank of pressurized liquid water held at might be pressurized to above atmospheric (\"gauge\") pressure. If the tank containing the water were to rupture, there would for a brief moment exist a volume of liquid water which would be at: At atmospheric pressure the boiling point of water is -", "title": "Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion" }, { "id": "102384", "score": "1.475853", "text": "one boiling point is that lighter components never cleanly \"boil first\". At boiling point, all volatile components boil, but for a component, its percentage in the vapor is the same as its percentage of the total vapor pressure. Lighter components have a higher partial pressure and, thus, are concentrated in the vapor, but heavier volatile components also have a (smaller) partial pressure and necessarily vaporize also, albeit at a lower concentration in the vapor. Indeed, batch distillation and fractionation succeed by varying the composition of the mixture. In batch distillation, the batch vaporizes, which changes its composition; in fractionation, liquid", "title": "Distillation" }, { "id": "4273261", "score": "1.4736048", "text": "by a renewable resource. A cooking technique called flash boiling uses a small amount of water to quicken the process of boiling. For example, this technique can be used to melt a slice of cheese onto a hamburger patty. The cheese slice is placed on top of the meat on a hot surface such as a frying pan, and a small quantity of cold water is thrown onto the surface near the patty. A vessel (such as a pot or frying-pan cover) is then used to quickly seal the steam-flash reaction, dispersing much of the steamed water on the cheese", "title": "Steam explosion" }, { "id": "635118", "score": "1.4582136", "text": "times faster than ordinary boiling. Because of a much higher heat capacity, steam and liquids transfer heat more rapidly than air. For example, the hot air inside an oven at will not immediately burn your skin, but the steam from a boiling kettle at will scald skin almost instantly and feel hotter, despite the steam (and water) in the kettle being at a lower temperature than the air inside a hot oven. Thus the internal temperature of material in a pressure cooker will rise to the desired value much more quickly than if it were in an oven. Some recipes,", "title": "Pressure cooking" }, { "id": "4134513", "score": "1.4553282", "text": "Boiling chip A boiling chip, boiling stone, porous bits or anti-bumping granule is a tiny, unevenly shaped piece of substance added to liquids to make them boil more calmly. Boiling chips are frequently employed in distillation and heating. When a liquid becomes superheated, a particle of dust or a stirring rod can cause violent flash boiling. Boiling chips work by providing nucleation sites so the liquid boils smoothly without becoming superheated or bumping. Boiling chips should not be added to liquid that is already near its boiling point, as this could also induce flash boiling. The structure of a boiling", "title": "Boiling chip" }, { "id": "12378294", "score": "1.4524031", "text": "rate as the liquid evaporates. Thus, a liquid cannot exist permanently if the evaporated liquid is continually removed. A liquid at its boiling point will evaporate more quickly than the gas can condense at the current pressure. A liquid at or above its boiling point will normally boil, though superheating can prevent this in certain circumstances. At a temperature below the freezing point, a liquid will tend to crystallize, changing to its solid form. Unlike the transition to gas, there is no equilibrium at this transition under constant pressure, so unless supercooling occurs, the liquid will eventually completely crystallize. Note", "title": "Liquid" }, { "id": "6047204", "score": "1.4440341", "text": "flow, or excessive heat is applied, the liquid may boil. Since the gas is more buoyant than the liquid, the convective pressure is greater. This is a well known invention called a reboiler. A group of reboilers attached to a pair of plena is called a calandria. In some circumstances, for example the cooling system for an older (pre 1950s) car, the boiling of the fluid will cause the system to stop working, as the volume of steam created displaces too much of the water and circulation stops. The term \"phase change thermosiphon\" is a misnomer and should be avoided.", "title": "Thermosiphon" }, { "id": "5485986", "score": "1.4430975", "text": "ebullioscopic increase, one of them leads to adding salt when cooking pasta only after water has started boiling. The misconception is that since the water boils at a higher temperature, food will cook faster. However, at the approximate concentration of salt in water for cooking (10 g of salt per 1 kg of water, or 1 teaspoon per quart), the ebullioscopic increase is approximately 0.17 °C (0.31 °F), which will arguably make no practical difference for cooking, although salt may add to flavors. Boiling-point elevation Boiling-point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will", "title": "Boiling-point elevation" }, { "id": "631774", "score": "1.4404497", "text": "water and left to cook, the heat can be turned down and the food can be simmered or the food can also be placed into the pot, and cold water may be added to the pot. This may then be boiled until the food is satisfactory. Water on the outside of a pot, i.e., a wet pot, increases the time it takes the pot of water to boil. The pot will heat at a normal rate once all excess water on the outside of the pot evaporates. Boiling is also often used to remove salt from certain foodstuffs, such as", "title": "Boiling" }, { "id": "635151", "score": "1.4355226", "text": "than stovetop pressure cookers. Foods cook much faster with pressure cooking than with other methods (except for small quantities in microwave ovens). Pressure cooking requires much less water than conventional boiling, so food can be ready sooner. Less energy is required than that of boiling, steaming, or oven cooking. Since less water or liquid has to be heated, the food reaches its cooking temperature faster. Using more liquid than necessary wastes energy because it takes longer to heat up; the liquid quantity is stated in the recipe. Pressure cookers can use much less liquid than the amount required for boiling", "title": "Pressure cooking" } ]

[ "Hawái", "howaii", "US-HI", "Hawai'i State", "religion in hawaii", "hawai 60i", "Geography of Hawaii", "owhyhee", "Mokuʻa-ina o Hawaiʻi", "Hawii", "Owhyhee", "us hi", "Demographics of Hawaii", "state of hawaiʻi", "Haiwii", "U.S. (HI)", "Mokuʻāina o Hawaiʻi", "Hawai'i Resident", "geography of hawaii", "hawaii usa", "State of Hawaii", "Moku%60a-ina o Hawai%60i", "The State of Hawaii", "Fiftieth State", "Demographics of Hawaiʻi", "Hawai'i", "hawaï", "Hawaii Resident", "State of Hawai%60i", "demographics of hawaii", "hawii", "moku 60a ina o hawai 60i", "hawai i resident", "hawaii resident", "moku 60aina o hawai 60i", "demographics of hawaiʻi", "mokuʻāina o hawaiʻi", "Hawaiʻi", "mokuʻa ina o hawaiʻi", "Haiwaii", "u s hi", "Hawaii", "Aloha State", "50th State", "Hawaii, United States", "State of Hawai'i", "hawaii u s state", "Hawaii, USA", "hawaii state", "health in hawaii", "hawaií", "languages of hawaii", "culture of hawaii", "Hawai%60i", "economy of hawaii", "hawwaii", "hawaiian culture", "Hawaii (state)", "fiftieth state", "Hawaiian culture", "hawai i", "education in hawaii", "ハワイ", "hawaii", "hawaii united states", "haiwaii", "The Aloha State", "state of hawai 60i", "Hawaï", "Health in Hawaii", "Hawwaii", "Hawai‘i", "State of Hawaiʻi", "haway", "Haway", "Hawai’i", "Hawaií", "hawai i state", "aloha state", "Education in Hawaii", "Hawaii (U.S. state)", "Howaii", "state of hawai i", "hawaiʻi", "Transport in Hawaii", "hawái", "Culture of Hawaii", "Economy of Hawaii", "50th state", "Moku%60aina o Hawai%60i", "state of hawaii", "Religion in Hawaii", "Languages of Hawaii", "haiwii", "transport in hawaii" ]

[ { "id": "15138872", "score": "1.6566226", "text": "Naval Station Pearl Harbor Naval Station Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base adjacent to Honolulu, in the U.S. state of Hawaii. In 2010, along with the United States Air Force's Hickam Air Force Base, the facility was merged to form Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. Pearl Harbor is the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on Sunday, 7 December 1941 brought the United States into World War II. Naval Station Pearl Harbor provides berthing and shore side support to surface ships and submarines, as well as maintenance and training.", "title": "Naval Station Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": "15138896", "score": "1.6529145", "text": "she was donated to the USS \"Missouri\" Memorial Association and became a museum ship at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Naval Station Pearl Harbor Naval Station Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base adjacent to Honolulu, in the U.S. state of Hawaii. In 2010, along with the United States Air Force's Hickam Air Force Base, the facility was merged to form Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. Pearl Harbor is the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on Sunday, 7 December 1941 brought the United States into World War II. Naval Station Pearl", "title": "Naval Station Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": "14967679", "score": "1.5725837", "text": "Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam (JBPHH) is a United States military base adjacent to Honolulu, Hawaii. It is an amalgamation of the United States Air Force Hickam Air Force Base and the United States Navy Naval Station Pearl Harbor, which were merged in 2010. Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam is one of 12 Joint Bases the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission created. It is part of Navy Region Hawaii and provides Navy and joint operations Base Operating Support that is capabilities-based and integrated. Pearl Harbor is 8 miles from Honolulu. Naval Station Pearl Harbor provides berthing and", "title": "Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam" }, { "id": "12746725", "score": "1.546174", "text": "its most modern facility. NAS Fallon, Nevada serves as the primary training ground for navy strike aircrews, and is home to the Naval Strike Air Warfare Center. Master Jet Bases are also located at NAS Lemoore, California and NAS Whidbey Island, Washington, while the carrier-based airborne early warning aircraft community and major air test activities are located at NAS Point Mugu, California. The naval presence in Hawaii is centered on NS Pearl Harbor, which hosts the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet and many of its subordinate commands. Guam, an island strategically located in the Western Pacific Ocean, maintains a sizable", "title": "United States Navy" }, { "id": "12962333", "score": "1.5421913", "text": "Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. It has been long visited by the Naval fleet of the United States, before it was acquired from the Hawaiian Kingdom by the U.S. with the signing of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is now a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here", "title": "Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Naval Station Pearl Harbor\n\nNaval Station Pearl Harbor is a United States naval base on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. In 2010, along with the United States Air Force's Hickam Air Force Base, the facility was merged to form Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. Pearl Harbor is the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. \n", "title": "Naval Station Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pearl Harbor\n\nPearl Harbor is an American lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. It was often visited by the Naval fleet of the United States, before it was acquired from the Hawaiian Kingdom by the U.S. with the signing of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands are now a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887. The surprise attack by the Imperial Japanese Navy on December 7, 1941, led the United States to declare war on the Empire of Japan, making the attack on Pearl Harbor the immediate cause of the United States' entry into World War II.", "title": "Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Attack on Pearl Harbor\n\nThe attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, just before 8:00a.m. (local time) on Sunday, December 7, 1941. The United States was a neutral country at the time; the attack led to its formal entry into World War II the next day. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning.\n\nJapan intended the attack as a preventive action. Its aim was to prevent the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and those of the United States. Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the US-held Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong.\n\nThe attack commenced at 7:48a.m. Hawaiian Time (6:18p.m. GMT). The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft (including fighters, level and dive bombers, and torpedo bombers) in two waves, launched from six aircraft carriers. 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded. Important base installations such as the power station, dry dock, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the intelligence section) were not attacked. Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, and 64 servicemen killed. Kazuo Sakamaki, the commanding officer of one of the submarines, was captured.\n\nJapan announced declarations of war on the United States and the British Empire later that day (December 8 in Tokyo), but the declarations were not delivered until the following day. The British government declared war on Japan immediately after learning that their territory had also been attacked, while the following day (December 8) the United States Congress declared war on Japan. On December 11, though they had no formal obligation to do so under the Tripartite Pact with Japan, Germany, and Italy each declared war on the US, which responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. There were numerous historical precedents for the unannounced military action by Japan, but the lack of any formal warning (required by part III of the Hague Convention of 1907), particularly while peace negotiations were still apparently ongoing, led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7, 1941, \"a date which will live in infamy\". Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime.", "title": "Attack on Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam\n\nJoint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam (JBPHH) is a United States military base on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. It is an amalgamation of the United States Air Force's Hickam Air Force Base and the United States Navy's Naval Station Pearl Harbor, which were merged in 2010.\n\nJoint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam is one of 12 Joint Bases the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission created.\n\nIt is part of Navy Region Hawaii and provides Navy and joint operations Base Operating Support that is capabilities-based and integrated.", "title": "Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ford Island\n\nFord Island () is an islet in the center of Pearl Harbor, Oahu, in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It has been known as Rabbit Island, Marín's Island, and Little Goats Island, and its native Hawaiian name is Mokuumeume. The island had an area of when it was surveyed in 1825, which was increased during the 1930s to with fill dredged out of Pearl Harbor by the United States Navy to accommodate battleships.\n\nIt was the site of an ancient Hawaiian fertility ritual, which was stopped by Christian missionaries during the 1830s. The island was given by Kamehameha I to Spanish deserter Francisco de Paula Marín, and later returned to the monarchy. After the island was bought at auction by James Isaac Dowsett and sold to Caroline Jackson, it became the property of Dr. Seth Porter Ford by marriage and was renamed Ford Island. After Ford's death, his son sold the island to the John Papa ʻĪʻī estate and it was converted into a sugarcane plantation.\n\nIn 1916, part of Ford Island was sold to the U.S. Army for use by an aviation division in Hawaii, and by 1939 it was taken over by the U.S. Navy as a station for battleship and submarine maintenance. From the 1910s to the 1940s, the island continued to grow as a strategic center of operations for the U.S. Navy in the Pacific Ocean. Ford Island was at the center of the attack on Pearl Harbor and on the U.S. Pacific Fleet by the Imperial Japanese fleet on December 7, 1941. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, and in the National Trust for Historic Preservation listed the island as one of the United States' most-endangered historic sites.<ref name=\"theinq2001\" />\n\nBy the late 1990s, hundreds of millions of dollars had been invested in real estate development and infrastructure, including a new bridge. Ford Island continues to serve an active role in the Pacific, hosting military functions at the Pacific Warfighting Center and civilian functions at NOAA's Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. The island has been featured in films such as \"Tora! Tora! Tora!\" and \"Pearl Harbor\" and receives tourists from the U.S. and abroad at the USS \"Arizona\" memorial and the USS \"Missouri\" museum.", "title": "Ford Island" }, { "id": "15138874", "score": "1.5167778", "text": "is located in the central section of the island of Oahu, approximately three miles north of Wahiawa. Following the annexation of Hawaii, Pearl Harbor was refitted to allow for more navy ships. In May 1899, Commander John F. Merry was made naval representative with authority to transact business for the Navy Department and its Bureaus. He immediately assumed control of the Coal Depot and its equipment. To supplement his facilities, he was assigned the Navy tug and two coal barges. Inquiries that commenced in June culminated in the establishment of the \"Naval Station, Honolulu\" on 17 November 1899. On 2", "title": "Naval Station Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": "14967682", "score": "1.5109615", "text": "Commander, Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). In 2009 the base was used as the temporary operating location for Air Force One during Barack Obama's Christmas vacation at Kailua, Hawaii. Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam (JBPHH) is a United States military base adjacent to Honolulu, Hawaii. It is an amalgamation of the United States Air Force Hickam Air Force Base and the United States Navy Naval Station Pearl Harbor, which were merged in 2010. Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam is one of 12 Joint Bases the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission created. It is part of Navy Region Hawaii", "title": "Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam" }, { "id": "15138878", "score": "1.5085179", "text": "a naval station at Pearl Harbor and the improvement of the channel to the Lochs. The Commandant, under the direction of the Bureau of Equipment, attempted to obtain options on lands surrounding Pearl Harbor that were recommended for naval use. This endeavor was unsuccessful when the owners of the property refused to accept what was deemed to be a fair price. Condemnation proceedings, under the Hawaiian law of eminent domain, were begun on 6 July 1901. The land acquired by this suit included the present Navy Yard, Kauhua Island, and a strip on the southeast coast of Ford Island. The", "title": "Naval Station Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": "4405719", "score": "1.4985158", "text": "Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard The Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard is a United States Navy shipyard located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It is one of just four shipyards operated by the United States Navy. The shipyard is physically a part of Naval Station Pearl Harbor. The Naval Station had existed in Pearl Harbor since 1898, but in 1908 the United States Congress allocated $3 million to build the shipyard, then called Navy Yard Pearl Harbor. The shipyard grew quickly, and work began on the first drydock, which collapsed before opening in 1913. After rebuilding, Dry Dock #1 was opened August 21,", "title": "Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard" }, { "id": "12962345", "score": "1.4969796", "text": "was the first official visit by a sitting Japanese leader. Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. It has been long visited by the Naval fleet of the United States, before it was acquired from the Hawaiian Kingdom by the U.S. with the signing of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is now a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right", "title": "Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": "12746723", "score": "1.491945", "text": "Washington, DC is the Navy's oldest shore establishment and serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy, home to the Chief of Naval Operations, and is headquarters for numerous commands. The navy's largest complex is Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, California, which covers of land, or approximately 1/3 of the United States Navy's total land holdings. Naval Base San Diego, California, is the main homeport of the Pacific Fleet (although its headquarters is located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii). NAS North Island is located on the north side of Coronado, and is home to Headquarters for Naval", "title": "United States Navy" }, { "id": "15138873", "score": "1.4919", "text": "Pearl Harbor can accommodate the largest ships in the fleet, to include dry dock services, and is now home to over 160 commands. Housing, personnel, and family support are also provided and are an integral part of the shore side activities, which encompasses both permanent and transient personnel. Because Pearl Harbor is the only intermediate maintenance facility for submarines in the Middle Pacific, it serves as host to a large number of visiting submariners. The Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station, Pacific (NCTAMS PAC), Wahiawa, Hawaii is the world's largest communication station. The headquarters site of this shore command", "title": "Naval Station Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": "15138893", "score": "1.4918349", "text": "Escape Immersion Equipment in the 2000s. The Navy base itself was recognized on 29 January 1964 as a National Historic Landmark district and with the National Register of Historic Places since 1976. Within its bounds, it contains several other National Historic Landmarks associated with the attack on Pearl Harbor, including the \"Arizona\", , and . As an active Navy base, many of the historic buildings that contributed to the NHL designation are under threat of demolition and rebuilding. s (9) s (1) s (10) s (6) As part of the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review, the Navy announced in early 2006", "title": "Naval Station Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": "14967680", "score": "1.4855702", "text": "shore side support to surface ships and submarines, as well as maintenance and training. Pearl Harbor can accommodate the largest ships in the fleet, to include dry dock services, and is now home to over 160 commands. Housing, personnel, and family support are also provided and are an integral part of the shore side activities, which encompasses both permanent and transient personnel. Because Pearl Harbor is the only intermediate maintenance facility for submarines in the Middle Pacific, it serves as host to a large number of visiting submariners. The Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station, Pacific (NCTAMS PAC), Wahiawa,", "title": "Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam" }, { "id": "12962344", "score": "1.481863", "text": "a main base for the US Pacific Fleet after World War II along with Naval Base San Diego. In 2010, the Navy and the Air Force merged their two nearby bases; Pearl Harbor joined with Hickam Air Force Base to create Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam. On February 18, 2016, a tourist helicopter fell into Pearl Harbor, injuring four people; one person was missing and is thought to be dead. In December 2016, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe made a joint visit to Pearl Harbor with US President Barack Obama. This trip marked the 75 year anniversary of the attack, and", "title": "Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": "12746726", "score": "1.4782839", "text": "U.S. Navy presence, including NB Guam. The westernmost U.S. territory, it contains a natural deep water harbor capable of harboring aircraft carriers in emergencies. Its naval air station was deactivated in 1995 and its flight activities transferred to nearby Andersen Air Force Base. Puerto Rico in the Caribbean formerly housed NS Roosevelt Roads, which was shut down in 2004 shortly after the controversial closure of the live ordnance training area on nearby Vieques Island. The largest overseas base is the United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka, Japan, which serves as the home port for the navy's largest forward-deployed fleet and is", "title": "United States Navy" }, { "id": "4603001", "score": "1.4615688", "text": "USS Pearl Harbor USS \"Pearl Harbor\" (LSD 52) is a dock landing ship of the United States Navy. She was named for Pearl Harbor, where World War II began for the United States. \"Pearl Harbor\" was laid down on 27 January 1995, by the Avondale Shipyards, New Orleans, La.; launched on 24 February 1996; and commissioned on 30 May 1998. As of September 06, 2018, \"Pearl Harbor\" is homeported to NS San Diego, California, and assigned to Commander Amphibious Squadron 3 (COMPHIBRON 3). On 4 May 2008 the ship departed San Diego for assignment in the Persian Gulf as part", "title": "USS Pearl Harbor" }, { "id": "4405720", "score": "1.4582486", "text": "1919. Through these years, the shipyard was just a part of the Naval Station. The shipyard officially became its own entity in December 1945 as part of the Navy's effort to separate military from industrial operations. The shipyard has grown to four drydocks, which are mainly used for repairing and maintaining nuclear submarines. Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard The Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard is a United States Navy shipyard located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It is one of just four shipyards operated by the United States Navy. The shipyard is physically a part of Naval Station Pearl Harbor. The Naval Station", "title": "Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard" }, { "id": "4438171", "score": "1.4557825", "text": "World War II the Royal Navy and later the United States Navy have continued to base forces in Bahrain for operations in the Persian Gulf. The military importance and value of overseas basing is primarily dependent on geographical location. A base located at choke points in narrow or enclosed seas can be of high value, especially if positioned near, or within striking distance of an enemy's sea lines of communications. However advanced operating bases (\"or\" forward operating bases) can be equally as valuable. Naval Station Pearl Harbor acts as a \"gateway\" for the US Navy to \"operate forward\" in the", "title": "Blue-water navy" }, { "id": "14484882", "score": "1.4482864", "text": "the U.S. Navy's Eleventh Naval District and is the Navy's principal location for West Coast and Pacific Ocean operations. Naval Base San Diego, California is principal home to the Pacific Fleet (although the headquarters is located in Pearl Harbor). NAS North Island is located on the north side of Coronado, and is home to Headquarters for Naval Air Forces and Naval Air Force Pacific, the bulk of the Pacific Fleet's helicopter squadrons, and part of the West Coast aircraft carrier fleet. The Naval Special Warfare Center is the primary training center for SEALs, and is also located on Coronado. The", "title": "San Diego County, California" } ]

[ "in hills", "In the hills" ]

[ { "id": "11781830", "score": "2.216275", "text": "morale of the British. It was in describing the success of the operation to the House of Commons on 4 June 1940 that Churchill made his famous \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech: We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we", "title": "Little Ships of Dunkirk" }, { "id": "4211755", "score": "2.1661663", "text": "We shall fight on the beaches \"We shall fight on the beaches\" is a common title given to a speech delivered by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom on 4 June 1940. This was the second of three major speeches given around the period of the Battle of France; the others are the \"Blood, toil, tears, and sweat\" speech of 13 May and the \"This was their finest hour\" speech of 18 June. Events developed dramatically over the five-week period, and although broadly similar in themes, each speech addressed a different military", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "4211778", "score": "2.04697", "text": "the British Empire.\" No audio record was made at the time of the original speech; Churchill only produced an audio recording in 1949, by repeating his previous oration. Despite this many people after the war misremembered that they had heard Churchill speaking on the radio in 1940 when all there had been were BBC news reports that quoted his words. We shall fight on the beaches \"We shall fight on the beaches\" is a common title given to a speech delivered by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom on 4 June 1940.", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "4211775", "score": "2.0285757", "text": "will fight [the Germans] in front of Paris, I will fight in Paris, and I will fight behind Paris\"). Both orators used the accumulation of similar-sounding statements to emphasise their uncompromising will to fight. It is said that immediately after giving the speech, Churchill muttered to a colleague, \"And we’ll fight them with the butt ends of broken beer bottles because that's bloody well all we've got!\" Nonetheless, Churchill impressed his listeners and the speech was immediately recognised to be historic. One of Churchill's secretaries noted in his diary \"A magnificent oration, which obviously moved the House\". A Conservative MP", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "4211757", "score": "2.010292", "text": "on 10 May, 1940, eight months after the outbreak of World War II in Europe. He had done so as the head of a multiparty coalition government, which had replaced the previous government (led by Neville Chamberlain) as a result of dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war, demonstrated by the Norway debate on the Allied evacuation of Southern Norway. Coincidentally, the German Wehrmacht offensive in the Low Countries and France had begun on 10 May with the invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Churchill had spoken to the House of Commons as Prime Minister for the first time", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "4211756", "score": "2.0043945", "text": "and diplomatic context. In this speech, Churchill had to describe a great military disaster, and warn of a possible invasion attempt by the Nazis, without casting doubt on eventual victory. He also had to prepare his domestic audience for France's falling out of the war without in any way releasing France to do so, and wished to reiterate a policy and an aim unchanged – despite the intervening events – from his speech of 13 May, in which he had declared the goal of \"victory, however long and hard the road may be\". Winston Churchill took over as Prime Minister", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "4211758", "score": "1.9910419", "text": "on 13 May, to announce the formation of the new administration: I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this Government: \"I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.\" In that speech he had said nothing about the military situation in France and the Low Countries. Expecting that the German offensive would develop along much the same lines as it did in 1914, the lines of communication of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) did not run through the \"short crossing\" Channel ports – Boulogne, Calais, Dunkirk, etc. – but rather through", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "4211762", "score": "1.966552", "text": "June, and indeed the major part of the speech is an account of military events – so far as they affected the BEF – since the German breakthrough at Sedan. The German breakthrough had not been exploited southwards, and the French had improvised a relatively thinly held defensive line along the Aisne and the Somme. The British military evaluation was that this was unlikely to withstand any major attack by the Wehrmacht. In the air, the French were short of fighter planes and the shortage was worsening due to their many losses in combat. The French military commanders had hence", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "4211766", "score": "1.8998923", "text": "way releasing France to do so; in his subsequent speech of 18 June immediately after the French had sued for peace Churchill said:The military events which have happened during the past fortnight have not come to me with any sense of surprise. Indeed, I indicated a fortnight ago as clearly as I could to the House that the worst possibilities were open, and I made it perfectly clear then that whatever happened in France would make no difference to the resolve of Britain and the British Empire to fight on, if necessary for years, if necessary alone. Finally, he needed", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "4211772", "score": "1.8789731", "text": "of their strength.\" \"Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "4066328", "score": "1.87888", "text": "in the House of Commons was not recorded.): \"\"... We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender ...\"\" It was later used for their Ed Hunter Tour, Somewhere Back in Time World Tour,", "title": "Live After Death" }, { "id": "4211776", "score": "1.8720477", "text": "wrote in his diary \"he was eloquent and oratorical and used magnificent English; several Labour members cried\". A Labour MP, Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood, friend and admirer of Churchill since the Dardanelles campaign, wrote to him, \"My dear Winston. That was worth 1,000 guns and the speeches of 1,000 years\". Unlike his subsequent This was their finest hour speech, Churchill's 4 June speech in the House of Commons was not repeated by him as a live radio broadcast that evening. Rather, as with his earlier Blood, toil, tears, and sweat speech, extracts were read by the newsreader on that", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "16440743", "score": "1.8677113", "text": "being mobilized to come to Britain's aid. In the ringing words of Winston Churchill, he defiantly proclaims, \"We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills ...\" \"Britain at Bay\" was produced with the purpose of raising morale. The film is an example of compilation documentary. Various newsreel extracts were assembled into a coherent whole, accompanied by a commentary. This form of documentary was used for other British wartime propaganda films, such as \"Words for Battle\" (1941). Author and social", "title": "Britain at Bay" }, { "id": "4211768", "score": "1.8614349", "text": "our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be. The peroration is perhaps the best known part of the speech, and is widely held to be one of the finest oratorical moments of the war and of Churchill's career. \"Turning once again, and this time more generally, to the question of invasion, I would observe that there has never been a period in all these long centuries of which we boast when an", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "4211767", "score": "1.8575066", "text": "to reiterate a policy and an aim unchanged – despite the intervening events – from his speech of 13 May, in which he had said:We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war, by sea, land, and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "4211765", "score": "1.8557305", "text": "one observer claiming that everyone looked suicidal. Only half the population expected Britain to fight on and the feelings of thousands were summed up as: This is not our war – this is a war of the high-up people who use long words and have different feelings. Therefore, when talking about the future course and conduct of the war in this speech, Churchill had to describe a great military disaster, and warn of a possible German invasion attempt, without casting doubt on eventual victory. He needed to prepare his domestic audience for France's departure from the war without in any", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "15608172", "score": "1.8478878", "text": "Abbey, Royal Air Force recruits in flight training and Adolf Hitler speaking with Nazi officers. The words from William Blake's poem \"Jerusalem\" punctuates a scene of children being evacuated from London. Images of Royal Navy destroyers at sea are backed by Robert Browning's \"Home-thoughts, from the Sea\". Firemen and police officers searching through the remains of damaged houses during the Blitz are accompanied by a recitation of Rudyard Kipling's ' \"The Beginnings\". Winston Churchill inspecting a parade of soldiers has his 1940 speech, \"We shall fight on the beaches\" in the background. Post-Blitz, as Churchill's speech continues, rebuilding of homes", "title": "Words for Battle" }, { "id": "4211774", "score": "1.8357968", "text": "to some sources. However, it is often forgotten that other words used in the speech such as \"confidence\", \"defend\", \"Empire\" and \"liberation\" among others originated from Old French. The popular yet false idea that only the word \"surrender\" does not have Old English roots is most likely grounded in Francophobia. There is no similar overwhelming preponderance in the peroration as a whole; nor do the perorations of other Churchill speeches largely exclude words with foreign origins. However, Churchill himself had attended a speech given by Georges Clemenceau in Paris in June 1918, in which Clemenceau had used similar diction (\"I", "title": "We shall fight on the beaches" }, { "id": "4211803", "score": "1.8266757", "text": "significant defeat for the hitherto unstoppable \"Luftwaffe\". This speech was a great inspiration to the embattled United Kingdom during what was probably its most dangerous phase of the entire war. Together with the three famous speeches that he gave during the period of the Battle of France (the \"Blood, toil, tears, and sweat\" speech of 13 May, the \"We shall fight on the beaches\" speech of 4 June and the \"This was their finest hour\" speech of 18 June), they form his most stirring rhetoric. At the end of the speech, he introduced the first phase of the growing strategic", "title": "Never was so much owed by so many to so few" }, { "id": "3992535", "score": "1.8248098", "text": "had the full support of the whole House) Other great speeches followed, including the \"We shall fight on the beaches\" speech of 4 June and the \"This was their finest hour\" speech of 18 June, and were a great inspiration and unifying force to Britain after its defeats in the first year of the war. On 26 April 2013, the Bank of England announced that beneath a portrait of Churchill the phrase \"I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.\" was to adorn the new 5 pound note. It was issued in September 2016. Blood, toil, tears,", "title": "Blood, toil, tears, and sweat" } ]

[ "3 and a half days", "3 and half days" ]

[ { "id": "9031828", "score": "1.9574666", "text": "Great Fire of London The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London from Sunday, 2 September to Thursday, 6 September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall. It threatened but did not reach the aristocratic district of Westminster, Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums. It consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St Paul's Cathedral, and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": "8369947", "score": "1.8265672", "text": "Europe at the time, was the scene of several great fires in the 16th century. As a consequence, King Charles IX disbanded the residents' night watches and left the king's watches as the only one responsible for checking crimes and fires. London suffered great fires in 798, 982, 989, 1212 and above all in 1666 (the Great Fire of London). The Great Fire of 1666 started in a baker's shop on Pudding Lane, consumed about two square miles (5 km²) of the city, leaving tens of thousands homeless. Prior to this fire, London had no organized fire protection system. Afterwards,", "title": "History of firefighting" }, { "id": "9031893", "score": "1.8192397", "text": "was in session from February 1667 to September 1672. Cases were heard and a verdict usually given within a day; without the Fire Court, lengthy legal wrangles would have seriously delayed the rebuilding which was so necessary if London was to recover. Radical rebuilding schemes poured in for the gutted City and were encouraged by Charles. If it had been rebuilt under some of these plans, London would have rivalled Paris in Baroque magnificence (see Evelyn's plan on the right). The Crown and the City authorities attempted to establish \"to whom all the houses and ground did in truth belong\"", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": "9031852", "score": "1.8169153", "text": "both recorded the events and their own reactions day by day, and made great efforts to keep themselves informed of what was happening all over the City and beyond. After two rainy summers in 1664 and 1665, London had lain under an exceptional drought since November 1665, and the wooden buildings were tinder-dry after the long hot summer of 1666. A fire broke out at Thomas Farriner's bakery in Pudding Lane a little after midnight on Sunday 2 September. The family was trapped upstairs but managed to climb from an upstairs window to the house next door, except for a", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": "9031831", "score": "1.803997", "text": "foreigners setting fires. The fears of the homeless focused on the French and Dutch, England's enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo-Dutch War; these substantial immigrant groups became victims of lynchings and street violence. On Tuesday, the fire spread over most of the City, destroying St Paul's Cathedral and leaping the River Fleet to threaten King Charles II's court at Whitehall. Coordinated firefighting efforts were simultaneously mobilising; the battle to quench the fire is considered to have been won by two factors: the strong east winds died down, and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks to", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Great Fire of London\n\nThe Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through central London from Sunday 2 September to Thursday 6 September 1666, gutting the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall, while also extending past the wall to the west. The death toll is generally thought to have been relatively small,\n\nThe fire started in a bakery in Pudding Lane shortly after midnight on Sunday 2 September, and spread rapidly. The use of the major firefighting technique of the time, the creation of firebreaks by means of removing structures in the fire's path, was critically delayed due to the indecisiveness of the Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas Bloodworth. By the time large-scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night, the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm which defeated such measures. The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City. Order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires. The fears of the homeless focused on the French and Dutch, England's enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo-Dutch War; these substantial immigrant groups became victims of street violence. On Tuesday, the fire spread over nearly the whole City, destroying St Paul's Cathedral and leaping the River Fleet to threaten Charles II's court at Whitehall. Coordinated firefighting efforts were simultaneously getting underway. The battle to put out the fire is considered to have been won by two key factors: the strong east wind dropped, and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks, halting further spread eastward.\n\nThe social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming. Flight from London and settlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II, who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees. Various schemes for rebuilding the city were proposed, some of them very radical. After the fire, London was reconstructed on essentially the same medieval street plan which still exists today.", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Great Plague of London\n\nThe Great Plague of London, lasting from 1665 to 1666, was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in England. It happened within the centuries-long Second Pandemic, a period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics that originated in Central Asia in 1331 (the first year of the Black Death), and included related diseases such as pneumonic plague and septicemic plague, which lasted until 1750.\n\nThe Great Plague killed an estimated 100,000 people—almost a quarter of London's population—in 18 \nmonths. The plague was caused by the \"Yersinia pestis\" bacterium, which is usually transmitted through the bite to a human by a flea or louse.\n\nThe 1665–66 epidemic was on a much smaller scale than the earlier Black Death pandemic. It became known afterwards as the \"great\" plague mainly because it was the last widespread outbreak of bubonic plague in England during the 400-year Second Pandemic.", "title": "Great Plague of London" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:History/Featured article/2007" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Capital city - London" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of town and city fires\n\nThis is a list of major urban conflagrations. Before the 20th century, fires were a major hazard to urban areas and the cause of massive amounts of damage to cities.\n\nFor notable fires that involved a single structure, see list of building or structure fires. Other lists record wildfires (including forest fires) and transportation fires, though those that caused significant urban damage also appear on that list.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of town and city fires" }, { "id": "9031864", "score": "1.7935927", "text": "the bridge, a long gap between the buildings which had saved the south side of the Thames in the fire of 1632 and now did so again. Flying embers started a fire in Southwark but it was quickly stopped. The fire's spread to the north reached the financial heart of the City. The houses of the bankers in Lombard Street began to burn on Monday afternoon, prompting a rush to get their stacks of gold coins to safety before they melted away, so crucial to the wealth of the city and the nation. Several observers emphasise the despair and helplessness", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": "9031835", "score": "1.7875384", "text": "City, especially after it was hit by a devastating outbreak of bubonic plague in the Plague Year of 1665. The relationship was often tense between the City and the Crown. The City of London had been a stronghold of republicanism during the Civil War (1642–1651), and the wealthy and economically dynamic capital still had the potential to be a threat to Charles II, as had been demonstrated by several republican uprisings in London in the early 1660s. The City magistrates were of the generation that had fought in the Civil War, and could remember how Charles I's grab for absolute", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": "236579", "score": "1.7860218", "text": "two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century, culminating in the Great Plague of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population. The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the city and quickly swept through the wooden buildings. Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by Robert Hooke as Surveyor of London. In 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral", "title": "London" }, { "id": "9031834", "score": "1.7847154", "text": "about 80,000 people, or one sixth of London's inhabitants. The City was surrounded by a ring of inner suburbs where most Londoners lived. The City was then, as now, the commercial heart of the capital, and was the largest market and busiest port in England, dominated by the trading and manufacturing classes. The aristocracy shunned the City and lived either in the countryside beyond the slum suburbs, or in the exclusive Westminster district (the modern West End), the site of King Charles II's court at Whitehall. Wealthy people preferred to live at a convenient distance from the traffic-clogged, polluted, unhealthy", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": "9031863", "score": "1.7836453", "text": "it\". Pepys described this arch of fire as \"a bow with God's arrow in it with a shining point\". The fire was principally expanding north and west by dawn on Monday, 3 September, the turbulence of the fire storm pushing the flames both farther south and farther north than the day before. The spread to the south was mostly halted by the river, but it had torched the houses on London Bridge and was threatening to cross the bridge and endanger the borough of Southwark on the south bank of the river. Southwark was preserved by a pre-existent firebreak on", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": "9031830", "score": "1.7827157", "text": "(or Farynor) on Pudding Lane shortly after midnight on Sunday, 2 September, and spread rapidly west across the City of London. The major firefighting technique of the time was to create firebreaks by means of demolition; this was critically delayed owing to the indecisiveness of Lord Mayor of London Sir Thomas Bloodworth. By the time large-scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night, the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm that defeated such measures. The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City. Order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": "9031851", "score": "1.7765887", "text": "were designed to use, but parts of the river bank could still be reached. Gangs of men tried desperately to manoeuvre the engines right up to the river to fill their reservoirs, and several of the engines toppled into the Thames. The heat from the flames by then was too great for the remaining engines to get within a useful distance; they could not even get into Pudding Lane. The personal experiences of many Londoners during the fire are glimpsed in letters and memoirs. The two best-known diarists of the Restoration are Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) and John Evelyn (1620–1706), and", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": "9031892", "score": "1.7752621", "text": "in failure on 17 September when they encountered a larger English fleet led by Thomas Allin off Dungeness. In the chaos and unrest after the fire, Charles II feared another London rebellion. He encouraged the homeless to move away from London and settle elsewhere, immediately issuing a proclamation that \"all Cities and Towns whatsoever shall without any contradiction receive the said distressed persons and permit them the free exercise of their manual trades.\" A special Fire Court was set up to deal with disputes between tenants and landlords and decide who should rebuild, based on ability to pay. The Court", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": "9031832", "score": "1.7602134", "text": "halt further spread eastward. The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming. Evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II, who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees. Despite several radical proposals, London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire. By the 1660s, London was by far the largest city in Britain, estimated at half a million inhabitants. John Evelyn, contrasting London to the Baroque magnificence of Paris, called it a \"wooden, northern, and inartificial congestion of Houses\", and expressed alarm about the fire hazards posed by", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": "6673500", "score": "1.7565784", "text": "fire occurred in London in 1087, at the beginning of the reign of William Rufus. It consumed much of the Norman city. St Paul's Cathedral was the most significant building to be destroyed in this blaze, which also damaged the Palatine tower built by William the Conqueror on the banks of the River Fleet so badly that the remains had to be pulled down. Part of the stone from the tower was then used in the reconstruction of the cathedral. Before 1666, the phrase \"Great Fire of London\" was generally used by Londoners to denote one of two major conflagrations", "title": "Early fires of London" }, { "id": "6673506", "score": "1.7565563", "text": "of the Great Fire of 1212. Another fire broke out in 1633, destroying 42 premises on the northern third of London Bridge and a further eighty buildings on Thames Street. Some of these buildings were not repaired or replaced, and this accidental \"firebreak\" prevented the bridge from being damaged by the Great Fire of London three decades later in September 1666. Early fires of London In common with all old cities, London has experienced numerous serious fires in the course of its history. The earliest fire of which there is definitive evidence occurred in 60 AD, during the revolt led", "title": "Early fires of London" }, { "id": "6673502", "score": "1.7454894", "text": "wealth, based largely on his London property, which declined sharply in its aftermath. The second of the two great medieval fires of London, also known as \"the Great Fire of , began on 10 July 1212 in Southwark, the borough directly to the south of London Bridge. The flames destroyed Our Lady of the Canons (Southwark Cathedral, also known as St Mary Overie) and strong southerly winds pushed them towards the bridge, which also caught fire. London Bridge had only just been rebuilt in stone, and the structure itself survived the blaze. However, King John had authorised the construction of", "title": "Early fires of London" }, { "id": "9031865", "score": "1.7411108", "text": "which seemed to seize Londoners on this second day, and the lack of efforts to save the wealthy, fashionable districts which were now menaced by the flames, such as the Royal Exchange—combined bourse and shopping centre – and the opulent consumer goods shops in Cheapside. The Royal Exchange caught fire in the late afternoon, and was a smoking shell within a few hours. John Evelyn, courtier and diarist, wrote: Evelyn lived in Deptford, four miles (6 km) outside the City, and so he did not see the early stages of the disaster. He went by coach to Southwark on Monday,", "title": "Great Fire of London" }, { "id": "157474", "score": "1.7381334", "text": "they had ever been seen ...\". Plague cases continued to occur sporadically at a modest rate until the summer of 1666. On the second and third of September that year, the Great Fire of London destroyed much of the City of London, and some people believed that the fire put an end to the epidemic. However, it is now thought that the plague had largely subsided before the fire took place. In fact, most of the later cases of plague were found in the suburbs, and it was the City of London itself that was destroyed by the Fire. According", "title": "Great Plague of London" }, { "id": "9031829", "score": "1.7275717", "text": "the City's 80,000 inhabitants. The death toll is unknown but was traditionally thought to have been small, as only six verified deaths were recorded. This reasoning has recently been challenged on the grounds that the deaths of poor and middle-class people were not recorded; moreover, the heat of the fire may have cremated many victims, leaving no recognisable remains. A melted piece of pottery on display at the Museum of London found by archaeologists in Pudding Lane, where the fire started, shows that the temperature reached . The Great Fire started at the bakery (or baker's house) of Thomas Farriner", "title": "Great Fire of London" } ]

[ "ningizimu afrika", "southafrica", "Soufrica", "Republiek van Suid-Afrika", "S Afr", "Zuid-Afrika", "Saffa", "third republic south africa", "s afr", "Mzansi", "saffa", "afrique du sud", "Capital of South Africa", "seth efrika", "South Africans", "capital of south africa", "South-Africa", "south african", "Azania/South Africa", "South Africaà", "south africa", "South-African", "South africa", "S Africa", "Zuidafrika", "Sou'frica", "South Africa's", "Seth efrika", "S. Africa", "Suid-Afrika", "Suid Africa", "beloved country", "Zuid Africa", "zuid afrika", "south africaà", "rep of south africa", "iso 3166 1 za", "zuid africa", "Republic of South Africa", "soufrica", "Rep. of South Africa", "mzansi", "South Africa", "azania south africa", "Afrique du sud", "The Republic of South Africa", "Rep. of SOUTH AFRICA", "republic of south africa", "zuidafrika", "The Beloved Country", "South African", "south africans", "republiek van suid afrika", "Third Republic (South Africa)", "suid africa", "Republic of south africa", "sou frica", "suid afrika", "ISO 3166-1:ZA", "s africa", "south africa s", "Southafrica", "Ningizimu Afrika", "Zuid Afrika" ]

[ { "id": "13699478", "score": "2.403032", "text": "leaked in the press and are widely discussed, resulting in claims about Semenya having an intersex trait. In November 2009 South Africa's sports ministry issued a statement that Semenya had reached an agreement with the IAAF to keep her medal and award. Eight months later, in July 2010, she was cleared again to compete in women's competitions. News that the IAAF requested the test broke three hours before the 2009 World Championships 800 m final. IAAF president Lamine Diack stated, \"There was a leak of confidentiality at some point and this led to some insensitive reactions.\" The IAAF's handling of", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "13699473", "score": "2.3963041", "text": "Caster Semenya Mokgadi Caster Semenya OIB (born 7 January 1991) is a South African middle-distance runner and 2016 Olympic gold medalist. Semenya won gold in the women's 800 metres at the 2009 World Championships with a time of 1:55.45 and at the 2017 World Championships in her new personal best, 1:55.16. Semenya also won the silver medal at the 2011 World Championships in the 800 metres. She was the winner of the gold medal in the 800 metre events at the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. Following her victory at the 2009 World Championships, it was announced that", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "13699483", "score": "2.3522196", "text": "to release its findings from her gender test. On 6 July, the IAAF cleared Semenya to return to international competition. The results of the gender tests, however, were not released for privacy reasons. She returned to competition nine days later winning two minor races in Finland. On 22 August 2010, running on the same track as her World Championship victory, Semenya started slowly but finished strongly, dipping under 2:00 for the first time since the controversy, while winning the ISTAF meet in Berlin. Not being on full form, she did not enter the World Junior Championships or the African Championships,", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "13699484", "score": "2.3268216", "text": "both held in July 2010, and opted to target the Commonwealth Games to be held in October 2010. She improved her season's best to 1:58.16 at the Notturna di Milano meeting in early September and returned to South Africa to prepare for the Commonwealth Games. Eventually, she was forced to skip the games due to injury. In September, the British magazine \"New Statesman\" included Semenya in its annual list of \"50 People That Matter\" for unintentionally instigating \"an international and often ill-tempered debate on gender politics, feminism, and race, becoming an inspiration to gender campaigners around the world\". After the", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "14405061", "score": "2.300552", "text": "known as Stella Walsh) was the subject of posthumous controversy. The South African middle-distance runner Caster Semenya won gold at the World Championships in the women's 800 meter and won silver in the 2012 Summer Olympics. When Semenya won gold in the World Championships, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) requested sex verification tests. The results were not released, but Semenya was cleared to race with other women. Katrina Karkazis, Rebecca Jordan-Young, Georgiann Davis and Silvia Camporesi argued that new IAAF policies on \"hyperandrogenism\" in female athletes (applied for example to the case of Dutee Chand), established in response", "title": "Intersex" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia talk:Biographies of living persons/Archive 24" }, { "id": "13699477", "score": "2.3002343", "text": "by four seconds at the African Junior Championships just a month earlier, her quick improvements came under scrutiny. The combination of her rapid athletic progression and her appearance culminated in the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) asking her to take a sex verification test to ascertain whether she was female. The IAAF says it was \"obliged to investigate\" after she made improvements of 25 seconds at 1500 m and eight seconds at 800 m – \"the sort of dramatic breakthroughs that usually arouse suspicion of drug use\". The sex test results were never published officially, but some results were", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "13699492", "score": "2.2937448", "text": "Semenya. In 2012, Semenya was awarded South African Sportswoman of the Year Award at the SA Sports Awards in Sun City. Semenya received the bronze Order of Ikhamanga on 27 April 2014, as part of Freedom Day festivities. Semenya is married to her long-term partner, Violet Raseboya. In October 2016, the IAAF announced that Semenya was shortlisted for women's 2016 World Athlete of the Year. Caster Semenya Mokgadi Caster Semenya OIB (born 7 January 1991) is a South African middle-distance runner and 2016 Olympic gold medalist. Semenya won gold in the women's 800 metres at the 2009 World Championships with", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "13699475", "score": "2.2522683", "text": "began running as training for soccer. In July Semenya participated in the 2008 World Junior Championships, and won the gold in the 800 m. She also won gold at the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games with a time of 2:04.23. In the African Junior Championships Semenya won both the 800 m and 1500 m races with the times of 1:56.72 and 4:08.01 respectively. With that race she improved her 800 m personal best by seven seconds in less than nine months, including four seconds in that race alone. The 800 m time was the world leading time in 2009 at that", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "13699485", "score": "2.2309184", "text": "controversy of the previous year, Semenya returned to action with a moderately low profile, only running 1:58.61 at the Bislett Games as her best prior to the World Championships. During the championships, she easily won her semi-final heat. In the final, she remained in the front of the pack leading into the final straightaway. While she separated from the rest of the field, Mariya Savinova followed her, then sprinted past Semenya before the finish line, leaving her to finish second. Caster Semenya was chosen to carry the country's flag during the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics. She later", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "13699491", "score": "2.22091", "text": "400 m of 50.40 at the 2016 Memorial Van Damme track and field meet in Brussels. Semenya won the bronze medal in the 1500 metres at the 2017 World Championships held in London. She also won the gold medal in the women's 800m event. In April 2018, the IAAF announced new rules that required hyperandrogenous athletes to take medication to lower their testosterone levels, effective beginning in November 2018. Due to the narrow scope of the changes, which only apply to athletes competing in the 400m, 800m, and 1500m, many people thought the rule change was designed specifically to target", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "13699474", "score": "2.216724", "text": "she had been subjected to gender testing. She was withdrawn from international competition until 6 July 2010 when the IAAF cleared her to return to competition. In 2010, the British magazine \"New Statesman\" included Semenya in a list of \"50 People That Matter 2010\". Semenya was born in Ga-Masehlong, a village in South Africa near Polokwane (previously called Pietersburg), called Ga-Semenya and grew up in the village of Fairlie, deep in South Africa's northern Limpopo province. She has three sisters and a brother. Semenya attended Nthema Secondary School and the University of North West as a sports science student. She", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "13699488", "score": "2.2056549", "text": "The IAAF policy on hyperandrogenism, or high natural levels of testosterone in women, was suspended following the case of \"Dutee Chand v. Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations\", in the Court of Arbitration for Sport, decided in July 2015. The ruling found that there was a lack of evidence provided that testosterone increased female athletic performance and notified the IAAF that it had two years to provide the evidence. On 16 April, Semenya became the first person to win all three of the 400 m, 800 m, and 1500 m titles at the South", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "13699479", "score": "2.1932788", "text": "the case spurred many negative reactions. A number of athletes, including retired sprinter Michael Johnson, criticised the organisation for its response to the incident. There was additional outcry from South Africans, alleging undertones of European racism and imperialism embedded in the gender testing. Many local media reports highlighted these frustrations and challenged the validity of the tests with the belief that through Semenya's testing, members of the Global North did not want South Africans to excel. The IAAF said it confirmed the requirement for a sex verification test after the news had already been reported in the media, denying charges", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "17545013", "score": "2.1924052", "text": "could guarantee what will happen in the future.\"\" Citing Caster Semenya ongoing fight, she said, \"\"Caster Semenya is still fighting. There is always fear but you need to overcome it.\"\" Caster Semenya is the present Olympics Champion and World Champion in Women's 800 metres. She is also affected by the Hyperandrogenism rule of IAAF like that of Dutee but faced different fate. In April 2018, the IAAF announced new rules that required hyperandrogenous athletes to take medication to lower their testosterone levels, effective beginning in November 2018. Due to the narrow scope of the changes, which only apply to athletes", "title": "Dutee Chand" }, { "id": "13699476", "score": "2.174528", "text": "date. It was also a national record and a championship record. Semenya simultaneously beat the Senior and Junior South African records held by Zelda Pretorius at 1:58.85, and Zola Budd at 2:00.90, respectively. In August Semenya won gold in the 800 metres at the World Championships with a time of 1:55.45 in the final, again setting the fastest time of the year. In December 2009 \"Track and Field News\" voted Semenya the Number One Women's 800-metre runner of the year. Following her victory at the world championships, questions were raised about her sex. Having beaten her previous 800 m best", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "13699486", "score": "2.1194034", "text": "won a silver medal in the women's 800 metres of these games, with a time of 1:57.23 seconds, her season's best. She passed six competitors in the last 150 metres, but did not pass world champion Mariya Savinova of Russia, who took gold in a time of 1:56.19, finishing 1.04 seconds before Semenya. During the BBC coverage after the race, former British hurdler, Colin Jackson raised the question whether Semenya had thrown the race, as the time that had been run was well within her capability, though it is worth noting that Semenya had at that point only once in", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "13703685", "score": "2.0488243", "text": "the events that followed. Having beaten her previous 800 m best by four seconds at the African Junior Championships just a month earlier, her quick improvements came under scrutiny. The combination of her rapid athletic progression and her appearance culminated in the IAAF asking her to take a gender test to ascertain whether she was female. A number of South African governing bodies came to the defence of Semenya, saying the athlete had been treated unfairly, and world record holder Michael Johnson was highly critical of the way that the sensitive issue had been dealt with publicly. Qualification: First 3", "title": "2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres" }, { "id": "13699482", "score": "2.008121", "text": "Makhenkesi Stofile, Semenya retained the legal firm Dewey & LeBoeuf, acting pro bono, \"to make certain that her civil and legal rights and dignity as a person are fully protected\". In an interview with South African magazine \"YOU\" Semenya stated, \"God made me the way I am and I accept myself.\" Following the furore, Semenya received great support within South Africa, to the extent of being called a \"cause célèbre\". In March 2010, Semenya was denied the opportunity to compete in the local Yellow Pages Series V Track and Field event in Stellenbosch, South Africa, because the IAAF had yet", "title": "Caster Semenya" }, { "id": "4220801", "score": "1.9952636", "text": "the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, in particular related to the participation and performance of South African middle distance runner Caster Semenya. Competitors Lynsey Sharp and Joanna Jóźwik spoke out about their belief that Semenya has a competitive advantage, Jóźwik reportedly claimed that she was the \"first European\" and \"second white\" to finish the race. Many bioethicists and gender equality advocates argue that preventing women with higher levels of testosterone from participating is a form of discrimination, penalizing the athlete for a natural trait of her body, much akin to the natural advantage possessed by taller basketball players or marathoners who", "title": "Hyperandrogenism" }, { "id": "13699480", "score": "1.9937544", "text": "of racism and expressing regret about \"the allegations being made about the reasons for which these tests are being conducted\". The federation also explained that the motivation for the test was not suspected cheating but a desire to determine whether she had a \"rare medical condition\" giving her an \"unfair advantage\". The president of the IAAF stated that the case could have been handled with more sensitivity. On 7 September 2009, Wilfred Daniels, Semenya's coach with Athletics South Africa (ASA), resigned because he felt that ASA \"did not advise Ms. Semenya properly\". He apologised for personally having failed to protect", "title": "Caster Semenya" } ]

[ "business and trade should not be hampered by government intervention", "Business and trade should not be hampered by government intervention" ]

[ { "id": "14354428", "score": "1.8459728", "text": "of Adam Smith and the classical economists, and Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Adam Smith's \"The Wealth of Nations\", published in 1776, was to provide most of the ideas of economics, at least until the publication of J. S. Mill's \"Principles\" in 1848. Smith addressed the motivation for economic activity, the causes of prices and the distribution of wealth, and the policies the state should follow in order to maximise wealth. Smith's economics was carried into practice in the 19th century with the lowering of tariffs in the 1820s, the repeal of the Poor Relief Act, that had restricted", "title": "History of liberalism" }, { "id": "3273086", "score": "1.7901633", "text": "The Wealth of Nations An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the \"magnum opus\" of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in 1776, the book offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations' wealth, and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. By reflecting upon the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the book touches upon such broad topics as the division of labour, productivity, and free markets. \"The Wealth of Nations\"", "title": "The Wealth of Nations" }, { "id": "17866", "score": "1.7864331", "text": "Adam Smith Adam Smith ( 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith wrote two classic works, \"The Theory of Moral Sentiments\" (1759) and \"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations\" (1776). The latter, often abbreviated as \"The Wealth of Nations\", is considered his \"magnum opus\" and the first modern work of economics. Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was one", "title": "Adam Smith" }, { "id": "17914", "score": "1.7565656", "text": "Justice, Police, Revenue, and Arms\" (1763) (first published in 1896); and \"Essays on Philosophical Subjects\" (1795). \"The Wealth of Nations\" was a precursor to the modern academic discipline of economics. In this and other works, Smith expounded how rational self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity. Smith was controversial in his own day and his general approach and writing style were often satirised by Tory writers in the moralising tradition of Hogarth and Swift, as a discussion at the University of Winchester suggests. In 2005, \"The Wealth of Nations\" was named among the 100 Best Scottish Books of all", "title": "Adam Smith" }, { "id": "3273097", "score": "1.7494361", "text": "believed that \"The Wealth of Nations\" gave a \"scientific backbone to liberal sentiment\" and that it was the \"classic English philosophy of history\". Smith's biographer John Rae contends that \"The Wealth of Nations\" shaped government policy soon after it was published. In 1777, in the first budget after the book was published, the Prime Minister Lord North, got the idea for two new taxes from the book: one on man-servants and the other on property sold at auction. The budget of 1778 introduced the inhabited house duty and the malt tax, both recommended by Smith. In 1779, Smith was consulted", "title": "The Wealth of Nations" }, { "id": "17884", "score": "1.7242656", "text": "the young man's education. In May 1773, Smith was elected fellow of the Royal Society of London, and was elected a member of the Literary Club in 1775. \"The Wealth of Nations\" was published in 1776 and was an instant success, selling out its first edition in only six months. In 1778, Smith was appointed to a post as commissioner of customs in Scotland and went to live with his mother (who died in 1784) in Panmure House in Edinburgh's Canongate. Five years later, as a member of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh when it received its royal charter, he", "title": "Adam Smith" }, { "id": "401787", "score": "1.7195097", "text": "the 16th century, the Dutch Republic in the 17th century, and the British in the 18th century. The Spanish Empire developed regular trade links across both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. In 1776, Adam Smith published the paper \"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations\". It criticised Mercantilism, and argued that economic specialisation could benefit nations just as much as firms. Since the division of labour was restricted by the size of the market, he said that countries having access to larger markets would be able to divide labour more efficiently and thereby become", "title": "Trade" }, { "id": "9662338", "score": "1.7097664", "text": "essence, Wales decided that it was \"better to push the decision making out to the endpoints - out to the people who actually have the information [rather than trying to] gather all of the world's information and have it sent in to a group of experts who then make editorial decisions.\" Concepts from Adam Smith's essential 1776 book \"The Wealth of Nations\" are mentioned frequently by Roberts and many of his guests. Smith's division of labor plays a recurring role in the podcasts, particularly in how it contributes to the creation of wealth. These increases in productivity are notably striking", "title": "EconTalk" }, { "id": "3273087", "score": "1.7096913", "text": "was published March 9, 1776 during the Scottish Enlightenment and the Scottish Agricultural Revolution. It influenced several authors and economists, such as Karl Marx, as well as governments and organisations, setting the terms for economic debate and discussion for the next century and a half. For example, Alexander Hamilton was influenced in part by \"The Wealth of Nations\" to write his \"Report on Manufactures\", in which he argued against many of Smith's policies. Hamilton based much of this report on the ideas of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, and it was, in part, Colbert's ideas that Smith responded to, and criticised, with \"The", "title": "The Wealth of Nations" }, { "id": "12444283", "score": "1.702794", "text": "of the \"natural order\". The development into maturity of classical liberalism took place before and after the French Revolution in Britain. Adam Smith's \"The Wealth of Nations\", published in 1776, was to provide most of the ideas of economics at least until the publication of John Stuart Mill's \"Principles\" in 1848. Smith addressed the motivation for economic activity, the causes of prices and the distribution of wealth and the policies the state should follow in order to maximise wealth. The radical liberal movement began in the 1790s in England and concentrated on parliamentary and electoral reform, emphasizing natural rights and", "title": "Liberalism" }, { "id": "86382", "score": "1.6951337", "text": "that the individual had the right to follow his own religious beliefs and that the state should not impose a religion against Dissenters, but there were limitations. No tolerance should be shown for atheists, who were seen as amoral, or to Catholics, who were seen as owing allegiance to the Pope over their own national government. Adam Smith's \"The Wealth of Nations\", published in 1776, was to provide most of the ideas of economics, at least until the publication of John Stuart Mill's \"Principles of Political Economy\" in 1848. Smith addressed the motivation for economic activity, the causes of prices", "title": "Classical liberalism" }, { "id": "3273095", "score": "1.6951083", "text": "support our manufactures, to encourage industry, to feed our poor, to pay taxes, to reward ingenuity, to diffuse riches among all classes of people. But for the full understanding of this beneficial circulation of wealth, we must refer to Dr. Adam Smith's incomparable \"Treatise on the Wealth of Nations\"\". In 1810, a correspondent writing under the pseudonym of Publicola included at the head of his letter Smith's line that \"Exclusive Companies are \"nuisances\" in every respect\" and called him \"that learned writer\". In 1812, Robert Southey of the \"Quarterly Review\" condemned \"The Wealth of Nations\" as a \"tedious and hard-hearted", "title": "The Wealth of Nations" }, { "id": "115055", "score": "1.6879637", "text": "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations\" (1776), Adam Smith foresaw the essence of industrialism by determining that division of labour represents a substantial increase in productivity. Like du Monceau, his example was the making of pins. Unlike Plato, Smith famously argued that the difference between a street porter and a philosopher was as much a consequence of the division of labour as its cause. Therefore, while for Plato the level of specialization determined by the division of labour was externally determined, for Smith it was the dynamic engine of economic progress. However, in a further", "title": "Division of labour" }, { "id": "17895", "score": "1.6873413", "text": "attracted considerable controversy. In 1759, Smith published his first work, \"The Theory of Moral Sentiments,\" sold by co-publishers Andrew Millar of London and Alexander Kincaid of Edinburgh. Smith continued making extensive revisions to the book until his death. Although \"The Wealth of Nations\" is widely regarded as Smith's most influential work, Smith himself is believed to have considered \"The Theory of Moral Sentiments\" to be a superior work. In the work, Smith critically examines the moral thinking of his time, and suggests that conscience arises from dynamic and interactive social relationships through which people seek \"mutual sympathy of sentiments.\" His", "title": "Adam Smith" }, { "id": "3273114", "score": "1.6862113", "text": "propounding a rigid subsistence-wage theory of labour supply. In noting the last words of the \"Wealth of Nations\", Ronald Coase suggests that if Smith's earlier proposal of granting colonies representation in the British parliament proportional to their contributions to public revenues had been followed, \"there would have been no 1776, … America would now be ruling England, and we [in America] would be today celebrating Adam Smith not simply as the author of the \"Wealth of Nations\", but hailing him as a founding father.\" Mark Blaug argues that it was Smith's achievement to shift the burden of proof against those", "title": "The Wealth of Nations" }, { "id": "9111632", "score": "1.6848961", "text": "the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations\" happened to coincide not only with the American Revolution, shortly before the Europe-wide upheavals of the French Revolution, but also the dawn of a new industrial revolution that allowed more wealth to be created on a larger scale than ever before. Smith was a Scottish moral philosopher, whose first book was \"The Theory of Moral Sentiments\" (1759). He argued in it that people's ethical systems develop through personal relations with other individuals, that right and wrong are sensed through others' reactions to one's behaviour. This gained Smith more popularity than his", "title": "History of economic thought" }, { "id": "3273088", "score": "1.6848552", "text": "Wealth of Nations.\" The Wealth of Nations was the product of seventeen years of notes and earlier works, as well as an observation of conversation among economists of the time concerning economic and societal conditions during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, and it took Smith some ten years to produce. The result, An Inquiry to the Wealth of Nations, was a treatise which sought to offer a practical application for reformed economic theory to replace the mercantilist and physiocratic economic theories that were becoming less relevant in the time of industrial progress and innovation. It provided the foundation for", "title": "The Wealth of Nations" }, { "id": "110993", "score": "1.6804264", "text": "The publication of Adam Smith's \"The Wealth of Nations\" in 1776, has been described as \"the effective birth of economics as a separate discipline.\" The book identified land, labour, and capital as the three factors of production and the major contributors to a nation's wealth, as distinct from the physiocratic idea that only agriculture was productive. Smith discusses potential benefits of specialization by division of labour, including increased labour productivity and gains from trade, whether between town and country or across countries. His \"theorem\" that \"the division of labor is limited by the extent of the market\" has been described", "title": "Economics" }, { "id": "3273103", "score": "1.6801217", "text": "book in his criticism of bills of exchange given in consideration of other bills. During a debate on the price of corn in 1800 Lord Warwick said: \"There was hardly any kind of property on which the law did not impose some restraints and regulations with regard to the sale of them, except that of provisions. This was probably done on the principles laid down by a celebrated and able writer, Doctor Adam Smith, who had maintained that every thing ought to be left to its own level. He knew something of that Gentleman, whose heart he knew was as", "title": "The Wealth of Nations" }, { "id": "17867", "score": "1.6694963", "text": "of the first students to benefit from scholarships set up by fellow Scot John Snell. After graduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at Edinburgh, leading him to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow, teaching moral philosophy and during this time, wrote and published \"The Theory of Moral Sentiments\". In his later life, he took a tutoring position that allowed him to travel throughout Europe, where he met other intellectual leaders of his day. Smith laid the foundations of classical free market economic theory. \"The Wealth of Nations\" was a", "title": "Adam Smith" } ]

[ "in bottom of competitors suitcase", "In the bottom of a competitors suitcase" ]

[ { "id": "3284274", "score": "1.8981012", "text": "flag. For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase. The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste, by then 103 years old, in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Games in Sydney. The original Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland, with a plaque thanking him for donating it. The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC by the mayor of Oslo, Norway, during the 1952 Winter Olympics. Since then, it has been passed to the next organizing city for the Winter Olympics. Currently, the actual", "title": "Olympic symbols" }, { "id": "3348990", "score": "1.870918", "text": "eliminated in the first round. He is known for taking the original five-interlocking-ring Olympic flag as a prank at the 1920 Summer Olympics hosted by the city of Antwerp, Belgium. At the end of the Games, the flag could not be found. In 1997, at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee, a reporter was interviewing him and the reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag. \"I can help you with that,\" Prieste said, \"It's in my suitcase.\" At the end of the Antwerp Olympics, spurred", "title": "Hal Haig Prieste" }, { "id": "1065724", "score": "1.8447495", "text": "Cupérus, president of the Belgian Gymnastics Federation. The first action of the committee was to send an official letter to the IOC in Paris, confirming Antwerp as the city for the Belgian Olympic bid. On 13 September 1913, Pierre de Coubertin, president of the IOC, visited the grounds of the future Olympic Stadion in Beerschot. In 1914, a 109-page brochure was created to promote the idea of Antwerp as a host city for the Olympics: \"Aurons-nous la VIIème Olympiade à Anvers?\" (\"Will we have the 7th Olympiad at Antwerp?\"). It was sent to all IOC members and was used during", "title": "1920 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "3284272", "score": "1.8273276", "text": "At the end of the Games, the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. Despite it being a replacement, the IOC officially still calls this the \"Antwerp Flag\" instead of the \"Paris Flag\". It was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics or Winter Olympics until the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at the Winter Olympics \"(see below)\". The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics", "title": "Olympic symbols" }, { "id": "800582", "score": "1.8129538", "text": "Antwerp flag. Following a brief dance, that flag was then passed from the Mayor of Munich to the IOC President and then to the Mayor of Montreal. Next came a presentation of traditional Québécois folk dancers. The two troupes merged in dance together to the strains of \"Vive le Compagnie\" and exited the stadium with the Antwerp Flag, which would be displayed at Montreal City Hall until the opening of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Three cannons were then fired, as the 80-member troupe of female dancers unfolded special crates that released doves and ribbons in the five Olympic", "title": "1976 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1980 Summer Olympics\n\nThe 1980 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad () and commonly known as Moscow 1980 (), were an international multi-sport event held from 19 July to 3 August 1980 in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia. The games were the first to be staged in an Eastern Bloc country, as well as the first Olympic Games and only Summer Olympics to be held in a Slavic language-speaking country. They were also the only Summer Olympic Games to be held in a self-proclaimed communist country until the 2008 Summer Olympics held in China. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin before he was succeeded by Juan Antonio Samaranch, a Spaniard, shortly afterwards. \n\nEighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games, the smallest number since 1956. Led by the United States, 66 countries boycotted the games entirely, because of the Soviet–Afghan War. Several alternative events were held outside of the Soviet Union. Some athletes from some of the boycotting countries (not included in the list of 66 countries that boycotted the games entirely) participated in the games under the Olympic Flag. The Soviet Union later boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals, with the USSR and East Germany winning 127 out of 203 available golds.", "title": "1980 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Canada men's national ice hockey team\n\nThe Canada men's national ice hockey team (popularly known as Team Canada; ) is the ice hockey team representing Canada internationally. The team is overseen by Hockey Canada, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. From 1920 until 1963, Canada's international representation was by senior amateur club teams. Canada's national men's team was founded in 1963 by Father David Bauer as a part of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association, playing out of the University of British Columbia.\nThe nickname \"Team Canada\" was first used for the 1972 Summit Series and has been frequently used to refer to both the Canadian national men's and women's teams ever since.\n\nCanada is the leading national ice hockey team in international play, having won the 1972 Summit Series against the Soviet Union, a record four Canada Cups dating back to 1976, a record two World Cups of Hockey, a record nine Olympic gold medals, and a record 27 World Championship titles.\n\nCanada is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called \"Big Six\", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Russia, the United States, Sweden, Finland, and the Czech Republic.", "title": "Canada men's national ice hockey team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Water polo at the Summer Olympics\n\nWater polo has been part of the Summer Olympics program since the second games, in 1900. A women's water polo tournament was introduced for the 2000 Summer Olympics. Hungary has been the most successful country in men's tournament, while the United States is the only team to win multiple times at the women's tournament since its introduction. Italy is the first and only country to win both the men's and women's water polo tournaments.", "title": "Water polo at the Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ghent\n\nGhent ( ; ; traditional English: Gaunt) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province, and the third largest in the country, exceeded in size only by Brussels and Antwerp. It is a port and university city.\nThe city originally started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Leie and in the Late Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe, with some 50,000 people in 1300.\n\nThe municipality comprises the city of Ghent proper and the surrounding suburbs of Afsnee, Desteldonk, Drongen, Gentbrugge, Ledeberg, Mariakerke, Mendonk, Oostakker, Sint-Amandsberg, Sint-Denijs-Westrem, Sint-Kruis-Winkel, Wondelgem and Zwijnaarde. With 262,219 inhabitants at the beginning of 2019, Ghent is Belgium's second largest municipality by number of inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of and had a total population of 560,522 as of 1 January 2018, which ranks it as the fourth most populous in Belgium. The current mayor of Ghent, Mathias De Clercq is from the liberal & democratic party Open VLD.\n\nThe ten-day-long Ghent Festival (\"Gentse Feesten\" in Dutch) is held every year and attended by about 1–1.5 million visitors.", "title": "Ghent" }, { "id": "1279757", "score": "1.812816", "text": "the stadium in the same order they followed for the opening ceremonies. That evening four medal ceremonies were also held for the women's cross-country race, the men's cross-country relay, the ski jumping competition, and the ice hockey tournament. Since 1920, the \"Antwerp flag\" has been passed from host city to host city during closing ceremonies for the Summer Games. The city of Oslo gave an Olympic flag to establish the same tradition for the Winter Games. Brynjulf Bull, Oslo's mayor, passed the flag to the president of the IOC, Sigfrid Edström, who declared the flag was to pass from host", "title": "1952 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "3348991", "score": "1.8068224", "text": "on by team-mate Duke Kahanamoku, he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic flag. For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase. The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste, by then 103 years old, in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. At the handover, IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch gave him a commemorative Olympic medal in a box, to which the hard-of-hearing Prieste responded, \"What is it? Kleenex?\" The Antwerp Olympic Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland, with a plaque thanking", "title": "Hal Haig Prieste" }, { "id": "3284273", "score": "1.8041136", "text": "until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired. In 1997, at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee, a reporter was interviewing Hal Haig Prieste who had won a bronze medal in platform diving as a member of the 1920 US Olympic team. The reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag. \"I can help you with that,\" Prieste said, \"It's in my suitcase.\" At the end of the Antwerp Olympics, spurred on by teammate Duke Kahanamoku, he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic", "title": "Olympic symbols" }, { "id": "1065727", "score": "1.7652824", "text": "Antwerp was officially declared the host city for the games of the VIIth Olympiad. An executive committee was established on 17 April 1919, with Henri de Baillet-Latour as chairman and Alfred Verdyck, the secretary of the Belgian Union of Football Clubs, as general secretary. Seven commissions were created, to deal with finances, accommodation, press relations, propaganda, schedules, transport, and festivities. Finances and scheduling proved to be the two hardest parts to tackle: the program of events only was published in February 1920, six months before the official start of the Games. Between 23 and 30 April 1920, an ice hockey", "title": "1920 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "12608601", "score": "1.7639391", "text": "the next games host (in 2000) and in 2004, because Greece was hosting the games. Then, while the Olympic Hymn is played, the Olympic flag that was hoisted during the opening ceremonies is lowered from the flagpole and carried from the stadium. In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony (because the tradition began at the Antwerp Games), the mayor of the city that organized the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC, who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games. The receiving mayor then waves the", "title": "Olympic Games ceremony" }, { "id": "3284271", "score": "1.7634277", "text": "it will then be taken to the new host and displayed at city hall. These flags should not be confused with the larger Olympic flags designed and created specifically for each games, which are flown over the host stadium and then retired. Because there is no specific flag for this purpose, the flags flown over the stadiums generally have subtle differences, including minor color variations, and, more noticeably, the presence (or lack) of white outlines around each ring. The first Olympic flag was presented to the Jr National Olympics at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp, Belgium.", "title": "Olympic symbols" }, { "id": "3284267", "score": "1.7569747", "text": "to the outbreak of World War I, but the symbol and flag were later adopted. They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp, Belgium, in 1920. The symbol's popularity and widespread use began during the lead-up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Carl Diem, president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics, wanted to hold a torchbearers' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi, site of the famous oracle, where the Pythian Games were also held. For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the", "title": "Olympic symbols" }, { "id": "298699", "score": "1.7517824", "text": "Australia and Europe). The coloured version of the rings—blue, yellow, black, green, and red—over a white field forms the Olympic flag. These colours were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its national flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time only at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. It has since been hoisted during each celebration of the Games. The Olympic motto, \"Citius, Altius, Fortius\", a Latin expression meaning \"Faster, Higher, Stronger\" was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 and has been official since 1924. The motto was", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "id": "3284270", "score": "1.7468326", "text": "no evidence that Coubertin had intended it (the quotation above was probably an afterthought). Nevertheless, the logo of the Association of National Olympic Committees places the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding colour. The Olympic flag was created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1925. There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games. During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp Ceremony, the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host, where", "title": "Olympic symbols" }, { "id": "20014190", "score": "1.7298367", "text": "Antwerp flag was then present to Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley as Bradley was not present at the closing ceremonies of the 1980 Moscow games. Speeches are made by LAOOC President Peter Ueberroth and IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch. The first time a sitting US president officially opened the games in person. President Ronald Reagan declared the competition officially open. The Olympic Flag entered the stadium. The Olympic Hymn is played with no words. Homing Pigeons were released. The same cauldron was used as in the 1932 Summer Games. The orchestra played \"The Olympian\" composed and conducted by Philip Glass.", "title": "1984 Summer Olympics opening ceremony" }, { "id": "3284275", "score": "1.7258894", "text": "Oslo flag is kept preserved in a special box, and a replica has been used during recent closing ceremonies instead. As a successor to the Antwerp Flag, the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul, South Korea, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics. The Seoul flag is currently on display at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building. As a successor to the Seoul Flag, the Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of", "title": "Olympic symbols" }, { "id": "1065728", "score": "1.7248354", "text": "tournament marked the early start of the Games. Held in the \"Palais de Glace\" or Ice Palace in Antwerp, it was the first time that ice hockey was an Olympic sport. The first stone of the new Olympic Stadium at Beerschot was laid on 4 July 1919 by Jan De Vos, mayor of Antwerp, and inaugurated less than a year later on 23 May 1920 with a gymnastics demonstration. The nautical stadium or Stade Nautique d'Antwerp was built at the end of the Jan Van Rijswijcklaan, using the city ramparts there as a spectator's stand. Other events, like shooting, boxing,", "title": "1920 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "5207861", "score": "1.6998087", "text": "ceremonies. There was one awards ceremony where three Olympic flags were raised. Other modifications were made in the Games activities, such as when the Boycott prevented Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau from attending the Moscow Games. Sandra Henderson and Stéphane Préfontaine, the final torchbearers at the previous games, were sent in his stead to participate in the Antwerp Ceremony at the opening ceremony, and at the closing ceremony, the Los Angeles city flag (rather than the United States flag) was raised to symbolize the next host of the Olympic Games. The Antwerp flag was received by an IOC member from the", "title": "1980 Summer Olympics boycott" }, { "id": "298702", "score": "1.6974185", "text": "Olympian Games, which were an inspiration to Pierre de Coubertin for the Olympic Games. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, various elements frame the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. This ceremony takes place before the events have occurred. Most of these rituals were established at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theatre representative of its culture. The artistic presentations have grown in scale and complexity as successive hosts", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "id": "1065726", "score": "1.695313", "text": "and Budapest, in an enemy state, made no chance for the 1920 games against Antwerp. New candidacies from American cities did not have that disadvantage and bids were received from Cleveland, Philadelphia, and Atlanta (which would eventually host the 1996 Summer Olympics), and Cuba also planned a bid for Havana. But shortly after the armistice in November 1918, the IOC decided to give Antwerp the first choice, if they still wanted to host the 1920 Games. In March 1919, the Belgian Olympic Committee decided to go ahead with the organization, and on 5 April 1919, in a meeting in Lausanne,", "title": "1920 Summer Olympics" } ]

[ "CRT television", "television set", "Television sets", "TV Set", "Outdoor tv", "retroprojector", "rear screen projection tv", "Retroprojector", "Television receiver", "crt television", "TV receiver", "Rear screen-projection TV", "Television set", "📺", "Outdoor television", "Television screen", "tv set", "television receiver", "tv receiver", "outdoor television", "television screen", "outdoor tv", "television sets", "Tv set", "TV set" ]

[ { "id": "729677", "score": "1.5720738", "text": "\"Miami Herald\" Rene Rodriguez and \"USA Today\" Claudia Puig found themselves confused and thought that by the end of the movie \"[the plot] still doesn't make much sense\". The film ranked number 20 on the cable channel Bravo's list of \"The 100 Scariest Movie Moments\". Bloody Disgusting ranked the film sixth in their list of the \"Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade\", with the article saying that \"The Ring was not only the first American 'J-Horror' remake out of the gate; it also still stands as the best.\" Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of", "title": "The Ring (2002 film)" }, { "id": "15346412", "score": "1.56916", "text": "(prior to the deer attack) has also been removed from this version. Also, some musical cues were changed such as when Samara leaps out of the well in the opening scene. The opening scene was also longer. The scene when the power went out was changed with a scene of the lights in Aidan's room going on and off, as well as the oven downstairs catching fire. The Ring Two The Ring Two (stylized as the ring twO) is a 2005 American supernatural psychological horror film and a sequel to the 2002 film \"The Ring\", which was a remake of", "title": "The Ring Two" }, { "id": "729675", "score": "1.5533843", "text": "the extended, detailed ending. IGN's Jeremy Conrad praised the movie for its atmospheric set up and cinematography, and said that \"there are 'disturbing images'… but the film doesn't really rely on gore to deliver the scares… \"The Ring\" relies on atmosphere and story to deliver the jumps, not someone being cleaved in half by a glass door\" (referencing a scene from \"Thirteen Ghosts\"). Film Threat's Jim Agnew called it \"dark, disturbing and original throughout. You know that you're going to see something a little different than your usual studio crap.\" Verbinski was praised for slowly revealing the plot while keeping", "title": "The Ring (2002 film)" }, { "id": "20901460", "score": "1.5397975", "text": "houses are haunted. The team utilizes such things as recordings and trip wires to convince clients they've caught evidence of spirits, and uses the reputation of the siblings' late mother to promote Angela's powers as a medium. During their latest job, Angela sees something paranormal. The strange incidences continue, causing Angela to worry about the parallels to her mother, who heard voices and wound up killing herself because she saw people who weren't there. A new client, Mrs. Green, calls, desperate, requesting the team come immediately to stop the girls' \"screaming.\" Angela is disturbed and turns down the request, though", "title": "Malevolent (2018 film)" }, { "id": "729668", "score": "1.5304456", "text": "shows Samara explaining her powers during a psychotherapy session. Richard discovers her and strikes her. Horrified that Samara's evil is still at large, he electrocutes himself in the bathtub. Noah arrives and he and Rachel enter the barn. In a loft converted to a bedroom to isolate Samara from her mother, they find an image of a tree behind the wallpaper; Rachel recognizes it as a tree at the Shelter Mountain Inn. Rachel returns with Noah to the cabin at Shelter Mountain Inn, where they are led to a well beneath the floorboards. They remove the lid and Rachel is", "title": "The Ring (2002 film)" }, { "id": "1527267", "score": "1.5303035", "text": "alike. While Adam Smith of \"Empire\" Online finds the film \"throttled by its over complexity, duff plotting and a distinct lack of actual action,\" Kermode emphasizes that \"one is inclined to conclude that it is the telling, rather than the content of the tale, that is all-important.\" Variety agrees that the slow pace, with \"its gradual evocation of evil lying await beneath the surface of normality,\" is one of the film's biggest strengths. \"Ring\" has been described as the most frightening film of all time by Peter Bradshaw, \"The Guardian\"'s film critic. \"Ring\" is also listed as the twelfth best", "title": "Ring (film)" }, { "id": "729663", "score": "1.5080788", "text": "million production budget, making it one of the highest-grossing horror remakes. It is the first installment of the American \"Ring\" series, and was followed by \"The Ring Two\" (2005) and \"Rings\" (2017). \"The Ring\" paved the way for English-language remakes of Asian horror films, such as \"The Grudge\", \"Dark Water\", \"Pulse\", \"One Missed Call\", \"The Eye\", \"Shutter\", \"Mirrors\" and \"The Uninvited\". Teenagers Katie and Becca discuss a legend about a cursed videotape; whoever watches it dies seven days later. Katie confesses that she watched the tape with her friends the previous week. That night, Katie is killed by an unseen", "title": "The Ring (2002 film)" }, { "id": "1527254", "score": "1.4994925", "text": "ago, she and three of her friends watched a weird tape and received a call after watching. Tomoko goes downstairs and witnesses her TV turn on by itself. She later hears startling noises and turns around, only to be killed by an unseen force. Days later, Reiko Asakawa (Nanako Matsushima), a reporter investigating the popularity of the video curse, discovers that her niece Tomoko, and her three other friends, mysteriously died at the same time, on the same night, with their faces twisted in fear. She also discovers that Masami became insane from witnessing Tomoko's death and is institutionalised in", "title": "Ring (film)" }, { "id": "20901459", "score": "1.4957232", "text": "Malevolent (2018 film) Malevolent is a 2018 horror film directed by Olaf de Fleur Johannesson and with a screenplay written by Ben Ketai and Eva Konstantopoulos. A team consisting of a brother and sister who are making money from faked paranormal encounters discovers during a job at a haunted house a case where they get less and less certain of what’s actually real. The film was released on October 5, 2018, by Netflix. In 1986, in Scotland, Angela and Jackson are siblings who, with a small team of paranormal investigators, run a fake medium scam on clients who believe their", "title": "Malevolent (2018 film)" }, { "id": "729674", "score": "1.4938979", "text": "on 201 reviews, with a rating average of 6.6/10. The site's consensus reads: \"With little gore and a lot of creepy visuals, \"The Ring\" gets under your skin, thanks to director Gore Verbinski's haunting sense of atmosphere and an impassioned performance from Naomi Watts.\" Metacritic gave the film a score of 57/100 (mixed or average) from 36 reviews. On \"Ebert & Roeper\", Richard Roeper gave the film \"Thumbs Up\" and said it was very gripping and scary despite some minor unanswered questions. Roger Ebert gave the film \"Thumbs Down\" and felt it was boring and \"borderline ridiculous\"; he also disliked", "title": "The Ring (2002 film)" }, { "id": "729662", "score": "1.4930382", "text": "The Ring (2002 film) The Ring (stylized as the ring) is a 2002 American supernatural horror film directed by Gore Verbinski and starring Naomi Watts, Martin Henderson, David Dorfman, and Brian Cox. It is a remake of the 1998 Japanese horror film \"Ring\" based on the novel of the same name by Koji Suzuki. \"The Ring\" was released theatrically on October 18, 2002, and received mostly positive reviews. Many critics praised direction, screenplay, Watts's performance, and reliance on dread and visuals over gore, but criticized the lack of character development. The film grossed over $249 million worldwide on a $48", "title": "The Ring (2002 film)" }, { "id": "1527268", "score": "1.4796065", "text": "horror film of all time by \"The Guardian\". \"Ring\" was ranked #69 in \"Empire\" magazine's \"The 100 Best Films of World Cinema\" in 2010. In the early 2010s, \"Time Out\" conducted a poll with several authors, directors, actors and critics who have worked within the horror genre to vote for their top horror films. \"Ring\" placed at number 61 on their top 100 list. The international success of the Japanese films launched a revival of horror filmmaking in Japan that resulted in such pictures as Kiyoshi Kurosawa's 2001 film \"Pulse\" (known as in Japan), Takashi Shimizu's (2000), Hideo Nakata's ,", "title": "Ring (film)" }, { "id": "10871731", "score": "1.4758996", "text": "crazy. The episode makes a direct comparison with Samara driving the horses crazy in her barn with her nensha powers The 2013 season 5 episode of \"Castle\", \"Scared to Death\", contains a haunted DVD so scary that it kills people three days after they watch it. The episode makes a direct comparison between the curse and \"The Ring\". Ring (novel series) Ring (リング Ringu) is a series of horror novels written by Koji Suzuki. The novels were initially a trilogy, consisting of \"Ring\", \"Spiral\", and \"Loop.\" A short story collection called \"Birthday\" was released shortly after, introducing extra stories interconnecting", "title": "Ring (novel series)" }, { "id": "729665", "score": "1.4744794", "text": "friends' stay, she notices an unmarked videotape on a nearby shelf advertising rental videos for guests; while the manager's back is turned, she slips the tape into her purse. She rents the same cabin that Katie stayed in and reluctantly watches the tape; it contains gruesome and disturbing imagery, culminating in the static image of a lone well in an empty field. After the tape ends, she receives a phone call from an unknown caller who whispers \"seven days\". Rachel recruits the help of her ex-boyfriend Noah, a skeptical video analyst. He watches the tape and Rachel makes him a", "title": "The Ring (2002 film)" }, { "id": "20901465", "score": "1.4731495", "text": "her grandfather, Angela tells him, \"I'm not alone\" as a dark shadow passes over her. It was released on October 5, 2018 by Netflix. Malevolent (2018 film) Malevolent is a 2018 horror film directed by Olaf de Fleur Johannesson and with a screenplay written by Ben Ketai and Eva Konstantopoulos. A team consisting of a brother and sister who are making money from faked paranormal encounters discovers during a job at a haunted house a case where they get less and less certain of what’s actually real. The film was released on October 5, 2018, by Netflix. In 1986, in", "title": "Malevolent (2018 film)" }, { "id": "20901464", "score": "1.4639426", "text": "back to the house. Elliot arrives as Mrs. Green begins to sew Angela's mouth shut and he manages to kill Herman. As Mrs Green, enraged, attacks the weakened Elliot, the spirits of the dead girls appear. Angela pleads with them to help, and they begin to scream, distracting Mrs. Green long enough for Angela to free herself and kill Mrs. Green. Limping to the road to find help, Angela sees Jackson's ghost searching for Beth before wandering away. Angela collapses as passersby stop to help her. Angela and Elliot are brought to the hospital for treatment. On the phone to", "title": "Malevolent (2018 film)" }, { "id": "729676", "score": "1.4605575", "text": "the audience interested, \"the twists keep on coming, and Verbinski shows a fine-tuned gift for calibrating and manipulating viewer expectations.\" Despite the praise given to Verbinski's direction, critics described the characters as weak. The \"Chicago Reader\"'s Jonathan Rosenbaum said that the film was \"an utter waste of Watts… perhaps because the script didn't bother to give her a character\", whereas other critics such as William Arnold from \"Seattle Post-Intelligencer\" said the opposite: \"she projects intelligence, determination and resourcefulness that carry the movie nicely.\" Many critics regarded Dorfman's character as a \"creepy-child\" \"\"Sixth Sense\" cliché.\" A large sum of critics, like", "title": "The Ring (2002 film)" }, { "id": "9063822", "score": "1.4508739", "text": "by the Makai practitioners in \"\" to detect Horrors during the Middle Ages. The vibrations from the ring pinpoint a Horror's location in a crowded area, causing the eyes of a Horror's human host to glow a reddish lavender and sometimes forcing it to assume its true form. is a forbidden Madō Tool invented by Mendoza that allows one to summon Horrors directly from the Demon World and control them. However, the Madō Tool requires a large amount of human blood and Inga. A larger version of the Ring exists on Vazelia Lake, made up of several tall statues and", "title": "Realm of Garo" }, { "id": "1527270", "score": "1.4504743", "text": "terror to the audience's imagination. The film initiated global interest in Japanese cinema in general and Japanese horror cinema in particular, a renaissance which led to the coining of the term \"J-Horror\" in the West. This \"New Asian Horror\" resulted in further successful releases, such as \"\" and \"Dark Water\". In addition to Japanese productions this boom also managed to bring attention to similar films made in other East Asian nations at the same time such as Korea (\"A Tale of Two Sisters\") and Hong Kong (\"The Eye\"). All of these films would later be remade in the US. Released", "title": "Ring (film)" }, { "id": "20901463", "score": "1.4496033", "text": "to abandon the job after Mrs. Green hints she was involved in the girls' murder. Attempting to flee the house, they find Beth, the technician and Jackson's girlfriend, has gone missing. Jackson eventually finds Beth unconscious, her mouth sewn shut. Attempting to drive away from the house with the others, Jackson crashes the car, killing Beth. Herman, alive and hiding in the East Wing, collects Jackson from the accident. Mrs. Green, disappointed over Jackson's shyster act, sews his mouth shut before ordering Herman to take him to the shed and kill him. Angela is captured by Herman on his way", "title": "Malevolent (2018 film)" } ]

[ "Subdivisions of the Netherlands", "netheralands", "subdivisions of netherlands", "iso 3166 1 nl", "Netherlands", "nederlandia", "mainland netherlands", "netherlands european territory", "Metropolitan Netherlands", "administrative divisions of netherlands", "Olanda", "netherlands dut hol", "ISO 3166-1:NL", "Northern Netherlands", "metropolitan netherlands", "The netherlands", "Netherlands, The", "Netherlands (European territory)", "Nehterlands", "The Netheralands", "Administrative divisions of the netherlands", "neatherlands", "Nyderlandai", "Holland (country)", "European Netherlands", "olanda", "netherlands", "northern netherlands", "The Netherlands", "The netherland", "holland country", "climate of netherlands", "nehterlands", "Climate of the Netherlands", "Dutch inhabitants", "Netherlands/HistoryTalk", "Capitals of Holland", "NETHERLANDS", "pays bas", "Administrative divisions of the Netherlands", "capitals of holland", "nyderlandai", "european netherlands", "netherland", "Netherlands, (Dut/Hol)", "Mainland Netherlands", "Neatherlands", "Nederlandia", "Pays-Bas", "dutch inhabitants", "netherlands historytalk" ]

[ { "id": "12673658", "score": "1.875829", "text": "championship trophy was named the Hazel McCallion World Cup, in honor of Mississauga mayor Hazel McCallion. The following teams played at the tournament. It is assumed that these teams were selected on an invitational basis, but that is not confirmed. The seven participating teams played in a single round robin format. The top four teams from the group proceeded to the Medal Round, while the remaining teams played in the placing games. 1987 World Women's Hockey Tournament The 1987 World Women's Hockey Tournament was held April 21-April 26, 1987, in North York in Canada. This was the first major world", "title": "1987 World Women's Hockey Tournament" }, { "id": "8541986", "score": "1.8683982", "text": "Women's Hockey World Cup The Women's Hockey World Cup is the field hockey World Cup competition for women, whose format for qualification and final tournament is similar to the men's. It has been held since 1974. The tournament has been organized by the International Hockey Federation (FIH) since they merged with the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) in 1982. Since 1986, it has been held regularly once every four years, in the same year as the men's competition, which is mid cycle between Summer Olympic games. Of the fourteen tournaments held so far, only four teams have won", "title": "Women's Hockey World Cup" }, { "id": "3757246", "score": "1.8090084", "text": "India won all five of its games without conceding a goal, and went on to win in 1932 until 1956, and then in 1964 and 1980. Pakistan won in 1960, 1968, and 1984. Women's hockey developed separately from men's hockey. Women do not seem to have played hockey widely before the modern era. Women's hockey was first played at British Universities and schools, and the first club, Molesey Ladies Hockey Club, was founded in 1887. The first national association was the Irish Ladies Hockey Union in 1894, and though rebuffed by the Hockey Association, women's hockey grew rapidly around the", "title": "History of field hockey" }, { "id": "15590279", "score": "1.7996533", "text": "thirty-one games and only losing five. That same year, they competed in the 9th World Championship where they finished in the top four alongside national teams from South Africa, England and the Netherlands. The Australian women participated in the first Women's World Cup for field hockey that was held in 1979. The team finished fourth. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Australia and New Zealand were both leading women's field hockey nations that were competitive with their European counterparts. In 1981, the Australians won the America's Cup, the first year this competition was held. That same year, the team", "title": "Women's field hockey in Australia" }, { "id": "3688100", "score": "1.7940392", "text": "Hockey World Cup The Men's Hockey World Cup is an international field hockey competition organised by the International Hockey Federation (FIH). The tournament was started in 1971. It is held every four years, bridging the four years between the Summer Olympics. There is also a Women's Hockey World Cup, which has been held since 1974 and was organised by the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) until 1981, when the governing bodies merged into the current International Hockey Federation in 1982. Pakistan is the most successful team, having won the tournament four times. The Netherlands and Australia have each", "title": "Hockey World Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Women's FIH Hockey World Cup\n\nThe Women's FIH Hockey World Cup is the field hockey World Cup competition for women, whose format for qualification and the final tournament is similar to the men's. It has been held since 1974. The tournament has been organized by the International Hockey Federation (FIH) since they merged with the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) in 1982. Since 1986, it has been held regularly once every four years, in the same year as the men's competition, which is mid-cycle between Summer Olympic games.\n\nOf the fourteen tournaments held so far, only four teams have won the event. Netherlands is by far the most successful team, having won the title nine times. Argentina, Germany and Australia are joint second best teams, having each won the title twice. So far, the Netherlands and Australia are the two champions able to defend their titles. At the end of the 2018 World Cup, fifteen nations had reached the semifinal of the tournament.\n\nThe size of the tournament has changed over time. The 1974 and 1978 World Cups featured 10 nations (smallest); the 1976 World Cup featured 11 nations; the 2002 World Cup featured 16 nations (largest), and the remaining seven World Cups have featured 12 nations. The World Cup was again expanded to 16 teams in 2018, and the FIH will evaluate the possibility of increasing it to 24 in 2022.\n\nThe 2022 tournament was held in Amstelveen and Terrassa from 1st to 17th July, with Netherlands winning a third consecutive title and a record ninth title after beating Argentina 3–1 in the final.", "title": "Women's FIH Hockey World Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sport in the Netherlands\n\nApproximately 5 million of the 17 million people in the Netherlands are registered to one of the 35,000 sports clubs in the country. About two thirds of the population older than 15 years participates in sports weekly.\n\nFootball (soccer) is the most popular sport in the Netherlands, with field hockey and korfball as the second and third most popular team sports. Speed skating, cycling, tennis and golf are the four most widely played individual sports. A number of native Dutch sports are also practiced, such as fierljeppen (Polsstokverspringen), beugelen, kaatsen, klootschieten, kolven and korfball.\n\nOrganization of sports began at the beginning of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Federations for sports were established (such as the speed skating federation in 1882), rules were unified and sports clubs came into existence. A Dutch National Olympic Committee was established in 1912. Thus far, the nation has won 230 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 95 medals at the Winter Olympic Games.\n\nAn influential figure in Dutch sport was Pim Mulier. In 1879 he founded the first rugby and football club in the Netherlands, he was involved in forming the first tennis club in 1884, established the predecessor of the Royal Dutch Football Association five years later, and introduced field hockey in 1896. He also introduced bandy. His hometown Haarlem and the English Bury Fen Bandy Club played the first international match.", "title": "Sport in the Netherlands" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "India women's national field hockey team\n\nThe Indian women's national field hockey team represents India in international field hockey, and is governed by Hockey India. Nabhvarna are currently ranked 6th in the FIH World Rankings, and are ranked as the best team in Asia. They have won the gold medals at the 2002 Commonwealth Games and 1982 Asian Games. They have also won the Women's Asia Cup twice, i.e. in 2004 and 2017. They also won the Asian Champions Trophy in 2016.", "title": "India women's national field hockey team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "FIS Alpine Ski World Cup\n\nThe FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is the top international circuit of alpine skiing competitions, launched in 1966 by a group of ski racing friends and experts which included French journalist Serge Lang and the alpine ski team directors from France (Honore Bonnet) and the USA (Bob Beattie). It was soon backed by International Ski Federation president Marc Hodler during the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1966 at Portillo, Chile, and became an official FIS event in the spring of 1967 after the FIS Congress at Beirut, Lebanon.\n\nOn January 5, 1967, the inaugural World Cup race was held in Berchtesgaden, West Germany, a slalom won by Heinrich Messner of Austria. Jean-Claude Killy of France and Nancy Greene of Canada were the overall winners for the first two seasons.", "title": "FIS Alpine Ski World Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Ice Hockey World Championships" }, { "id": "3757247", "score": "1.7932608", "text": "world. This led to the formation of the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) in 1927, though this did not include initially many continental European countries where women played as sections of men's associations and were affiliated to the FIH. The IFWHA held conferences every three years, and the tournaments associated with these were the primary IFWHA competitions. These tournaments were non-competitive until 1975. By the early 1970s there were 22 associations with women's sections in the FIH and 36 associations in the IFWHA. Discussions were started about a common rule book. The FIH introduced competitive tournaments in 1974,", "title": "History of field hockey" }, { "id": "136056", "score": "1.7814724", "text": "IFWHA. Discussions started about a common rule book. The FIH introduced competitive tournaments in 1974, forcing the acceptance of the principle of competitive field hockey by the IFWHA in 1973. It took until 1982 for the two bodies to merge, but this allowed the introduction of women's field hockey to the Olympic games from 1980 where, as in the men's game, The Netherlands, Germany, and Australia have been consistently strong. Argentina has emerged as a team to be reckoned with since 2000, winning the world championship in 2002 and 2010 and medals at the last three Olympics. Outside North America,", "title": "Field hockey" }, { "id": "8686311", "score": "1.7713244", "text": "2002 Women's Hockey World Cup The 2002 Women's Hockey World Cup was the 10th edition of the Women's Hockey World Cup field hockey tournament. It was held from 24 November to 8 December 2002 in Perth, Australia. Argentina won the tournament for the first time after defeating the Netherlands 4–3 in the final on penalty strokes after a 1–1 draw. China won the third place match by defeating defending champions Australia 2–0 to claim their first ever World Cup medal. For this tournament, the participating nations were increased from the standard 12 (as in the 6 previous editions) to 16.", "title": "2002 Women's Hockey World Cup" }, { "id": "20808535", "score": "1.7682428", "text": "silver and bronze respectively, finishing in second and third place in the pool. In 1980, there was an International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) separate from the mainly male Fédération Internationale de Hockey (FIH). Because the FIH was the international federation affiliated to the International Olympic Committee, it supervised the Olympic tournament. The FIH and IFWHA agreed that qualification for the Olympics would be decided by a joint FIH–IFWHA committee based on the results over the previous two years, including the 1978 (FIH) and 1979 (IFWHA) women's world championships. Five teams were chosen to join the host Soviet team,", "title": "Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament" }, { "id": "15590281", "score": "1.767747", "text": "Hockey Federation, an international governing body that for the first time represented both sexes. The World Cup was held in April in Kuala Lumpur. Australia was in pool A with Scotland, the United States, Wales, the Netherlands and India. Players for the team included Lorraine Wharton. Players for the team included Lorraine Wharton and Elspeth Clement. The team was coached by Brian Glencross. Elspeth Clement was the second leading scorer in the tournament, scoring seven goals, three less than Jane Swinnerton of England who scored ten. The Australians led in penalty scorners awarded in the tournament, with seventy-one, where they", "title": "Women's field hockey in Australia" }, { "id": "16802309", "score": "1.7595401", "text": "2014 Women's Hockey World Cup The 2014 Women's Hockey World Cup was the 13th edition of the Women's Hockey World Cup field hockey tournament. It was held from 31 May to 14 June 2014 at the Kyocera Stadion in The Hague, Netherlands. simultaneously with the men's tournament. It was the third time that the Netherlands hosted the Women's World Cup after 1986 and 1998. The Netherlands won the tournament for a seventh time after defeating Australia 2–0 in the final. Defending champions Argentina won the third place match by defeating the United States 2–1. The host was announced on 11", "title": "2014 Women's Hockey World Cup" }, { "id": "11259069", "score": "1.7534884", "text": "Women's Hockey Junior World Cup The Women's Hockey Junior World Cup is the field hockey Junior World Cup competition for women, with the format for qualification and the final tournament similar to the men's. It is organised by the International Hockey Federation (FIH) and has been played since 1989. The tournament features players who are under 21 years of age and is held once every four years. Four teams have dominated in past events. Netherlands is the most successful team, having won the tournament three times, this followed by Korea and Argentina. Germany have won the tournament once. Argentina, Korea,", "title": "Women's Hockey Junior World Cup" }, { "id": "136055", "score": "1.7524891", "text": "the Irish Ladies Hockey Union in 1894, and though rebuffed by the Hockey Association, women's field hockey grew rapidly around the world. This led to the International Federation of Women's Hockey Association (IFWHA) in 1927, though this did not include many continental European countries where women played as sections of men's associations and were affiliated to the FIH. The IFWHA held conferences every three years, and tournaments associated with these were the primary IFWHA competitions. These tournaments were non-competitive until 1975. By the early 1970s, there were 22 associations with women's sections in the FIH and 36 associations in the", "title": "Field hockey" }, { "id": "16272272", "score": "1.7524054", "text": "(5), Iftikhar Ahmed (6), Islahuddin (7 Captain), Mohammad Azam (15), Manzoor ul Hasan Jr (9), Mohammad Zahid (10), Samiullah Khan (11), Safdar Abbas (16) 1975 Men's Hockey World Cup The 1975 Hockey World Cup was the third edition of the Hockey World Cup men's field hockey tournament. It was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In the final, India defeated Pakistan from a goal difference of 2–1. It was the second World Cup Final appearance for both the nations, Pakistan was the winner of the inaugural World Cup in 1971, and India was the runner-up of 1973 World Cup, held in", "title": "1975 Men's Hockey World Cup" }, { "id": "11794863", "score": "1.7518882", "text": "negotiate an agreement so that NHL players could compete at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. The first Women's World Championship was contested in 1990 in the Canadian capital of Ottawa. Canada and the United States have dominated the event, winning all 15 tournaments (10 by the Canadians and five by the U.S.) since its inception. The 1998 Winter Olympics were the first to feature women's ice hockey as part of its program. Numerous other tournaments have been created by the IIHF during the 1990s and 2000s. The IIHF World U18 Championships (1999), the Women's Pacific Rim Championships (played", "title": "International Ice Hockey Federation" }, { "id": "17657741", "score": "1.7510576", "text": "2018 Women's Hockey World Cup The 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup was the 14th edition of the Women's Hockey World Cup, a field hockey tournament. It was held from 21 July to 5 August 2018 at the Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre in London, England. Defending champions the Netherlands won the tournament for a record eighth time after defeating Ireland 6–0 in the final, who claimed their first ever World Cup medal. Spain won the third place match by defeating Australia 3–1 to claim their first ever World Cup medal as well. In March 2013, one month after the", "title": "2018 Women's Hockey World Cup" }, { "id": "20263392", "score": "1.7488747", "text": "in the round robin stage, which the United States won 10–5. Alongside the host nation, 5 teams competed in the tournament. Field hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament The women's field hockey tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics was the 2nd edition of the field hockey event for women at the Summer Olympic Games. It was held from July 31 – August 10, 1984. Six teams competed in a single round-robin tournament. The Netherlands won the tournament, finishing top of the pool at the culmination of the tournament, West Germany won the silver medal finishing second. The", "title": "Field hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament" }, { "id": "16772489", "score": "1.746167", "text": "(1976) where the won their first gold medal, beating Australia 1-0 in the final. During that time, the Women’s team competed in the International Federation of Women’s Hockey Associations (IFWHA) tournaments in London (1953), Australia (1956), Scotland (1959), USA (1963), where they stayed undefeated in all 6 matches. They also participated in the IFWHA tournaments in Amsterdam (1973) and in Scotland (1975). In 1984, in Los Angeles, the Women’s team appeared at the Olympic Games for the first time. Followed by this, in 1988, hockey was played for the first time in the Commonwealth Games: The Men’s team did not", "title": "New Zealand Hockey Federation" }, { "id": "6853352", "score": "1.7453058", "text": "2003, after the implementation of an official World Ranking System, Argentina reached the top of the FIH World Rankings for the first time, reaching it again in 2010 after obtaining the World Cup title and once more in late 2013. Hockey was introduced in Argentina by English immigrants in the beginning of the 20th century, and the first women's teams were officially formed in 1909. In 1997, Sergio Vigil, a former player for the men's national team, was appointed coach. Under his leadership, \"Las Leonas\" achieved their first World Hockey Cup title, their first Olympic medals, their first Champions Trophy", "title": "Argentina women's national field hockey team" }, { "id": "8770016", "score": "1.7447593", "text": "Bosch, Jorge Fábregas, Vicente Llorach, Juan Quintana, Francisco Amat, José Sallés, Agustín Masaña 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup The 1971 Men's Hockey World Cup was the inaugural tournament of the Hockey World Cup men's field hockey tournament. It was held from 15–24 October 1971. Pakistan defeated the host team with a 1–0 victory to lift the trophy. <nowiki>#</nowiki> \"West Germany and Kenya have to go for second place play-off\" <nowiki>#</nowiki> \"Better in head to head record\" Pakistan<br> Mohammed Aslam, Akhtar-ul Islam, Munawwaruz Zaman, Jahangir Butt, Riaz Ahmed, Ur Fazal, Khalid Mahmood, Ashfaque Rashid, Abdul Rashid, Islahuddin Siddique, Mohammed Shanaz Spain<br>", "title": "1971 Men's Hockey World Cup" } ]

[ "PetShop Boys", "watapalava", "Petshop boys", "petshopboys", "pet shop boys biography", "wotapalava", "Petshopboys", "Watapalava", "Pet Shop Boys", "Pet Shop Boys biography", "pet shop boys", "Wotapalava", "rescue shelter boys", "Petshop Boys", "Pet shop boys", "The Pet Shop Boys", "Rescue Shelter Boys", "petshop boys" ]

[ { "id": "3259859", "score": "1.7096016", "text": "a skilled pianist. Lowe studied architecture at the University of Liverpool from 1978 but never graduated, as he stated various times on television appearances and the Life in Pop documentary, due to the formation of the Pet Shop Boys. During a work placement in 1981 at a London architectural practice, he designed a staircase for an industrial estate in Milton Keynes. It was at this time that he met Neil Tennant in a hi-fi shop on the Kings Road in London. Lowe generally performs as the Pet Shop Boys' keyboardist; he occasionally provides spoken-word vocals. On the song \"I Want", "title": "Chris Lowe" }, { "id": "623813", "score": "1.7042538", "text": "Chris Lowe met in a hi-fi shop on King's Road in Chelsea, London, in 1981. With a mutual interest in dance music, they began to work together on material, first in Tennant's flat in Chelsea, then, from 1982, in a small studio in Camden Town. Their band name was taken from friends who worked in a pet shop in Ealing, and were known as the \"pet shop boys\". In August 1983, Tennant who was an assistant editor at \"Smash Hits\", went to New York to interview Sting. While there he arranged to meet Hi-NRG producer Bobby Orlando, and gave him", "title": "Pet Shop Boys" }, { "id": "623834", "score": "1.690659", "text": "their \"Jealousy\" single as a B-side. Neil Tennant worked with Bernard Sumner and Johnny Marr on their first album as Electronic, whose first single, \"Getting Away with It\", co-written and co-produced by Tennant, was released on 4 December 1989. Later, in 1991, Lowe also contributed to the Electronic project, contributing the chord sequence to \"The Patience of a Saint\" on their 1991 album. In 1992, Tennant sang lead vocals on the non-album single \"Disappointed\", which was featured on the soundtrack to the movie \"Cool World\". In addition, a remix of \"So Hard\", by notorious electronic music duo The KLF, released", "title": "Pet Shop Boys" }, { "id": "623893", "score": "1.684277", "text": "but otherwise passive, in the foreground. Tennant and Lowe both became well known for standing still throughout performances. In a 2016 interview, Chris Lowe said the duo's live performances was a response to the music scene in the 1980s: \"Everyone was so active. It was a big party where everyone was having a great time and smiling at the camera. Thumbs aloft! We just didn’t want to do that. So we ignored the cameras and the jollity of the situations. Let’s face it, it’s easier to stand stock-still isn’t it?\". However, when they first began touring, in 1989, they were", "title": "Pet Shop Boys" }, { "id": "623904", "score": "1.6784075", "text": "language, so that they could refer to any gender. ! Year !! Awards !! Work !! Category !! Result Pet Shop Boys Pet Shop Boys are an English synth-pop duo, formed in London in 1981 and consisting of Neil Tennant (lead vocals, keyboards, occasional guitar) and Chris Lowe (keyboards, vocals). Pet Shop Boys have sold more than 50 million records worldwide, and are listed as the most successful duo in UK music history by \"The Guinness Book of Records\". Three-time Brit Award winners and six-time Grammy nominees, since 1985 they have achieved 42 Top 30 singles, 22 of them Top", "title": "Pet Shop Boys" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pet Shop Boys\n\nThe Pet Shop Boys are an English synth-pop duo formed in London in 1981. Consisting of primary vocalist Neil Tennant and keyboardist Chris Lowe, they have sold more than 50 million records worldwide, and were listed as the most successful duo in UK music history in the 1999 edition of \"The Guinness Book of Records\".\n\nThree-time Brit Award winners and six-time Grammy nominees, since 1984 they have achieved 42 top 30 singles, 22 of these being top 10 hits on the UK Singles Chart, including four UK number ones: \"West End Girls\" (also number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100), \"It's a Sin\", a synth-pop version of \"Always on My Mind\", and \"Heart\". Other hit songs include a cover of \"Go West\", and their own \"Opportunities (Let's Make Lots of Money)\", and \"What Have I Done to Deserve This?\" in a duet with Dusty Springfield. With five US top ten singles in the 1980s, they are associated with the Second British Invasion.\n\nAt the 2009 Brit Awards in London, the Pet Shop Boys received an award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. In 2016, \"Billboard\" magazine named the Pet Shop Boys the number one dance duo/group over the 40 years since the chart's inception in 1976. In 2017, the duo received \"NME\"'s Godlike Genius Award.", "title": "Pet Shop Boys" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Electronic (band)\n\nElectronic were an English alternative dance supergroup formed by singer/guitarist Bernard Sumner (of New Order) and guitarist Johnny Marr (of The Smiths). They co-wrote the majority of their output between 1989 and 1998, collaborating with Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe, of Pet Shop Boys, on three tracks in their early years, and former Kraftwerk member Karl Bartos on nine songs in 1995.", "title": "Electronic (band)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Neil Tennant\n\nNeil Francis Tennant (born 10 July 1954) is an English musician, singer, songwriter and music journalist, and co-founder of the synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys, which he formed with Chris Lowe in 1981. He was a journalist for \"Smash Hits\", and assistant editor for the magazine in the mid-1980s.\n\nTennant coined the phrase imperial phase to describe the period in which a musical artist is regarded to be at their commercial and creative peak simultaneously. This observation was initially self-referential, made as the Pet Shop Boys had achieved commercial success with four British number one hits (\"It's a Sin\", \"What Have I Done to Deserve This\", \"Heart\", and \"Always on My Mind\"), had received unanimous critical praise for their first three albums, and had expanded their creative horizons through innovative collaborations in the visual and performing arts.", "title": "Neil Tennant" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chris Lowe\n\nChristopher Sean Lowe (born 4 October 1959) is an English musician, singer and songwriter, and co-founder of the synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys, which he formed with Neil Tennant in 1981.", "title": "Chris Lowe" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "West End Girls\n\n\"West End Girls\" is a song by English synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys. Written by Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe, the song was released twice as a single. The song's lyrics are concerned with class and the pressures of inner-city life which were inspired partly by T. S. Eliot's poem \"The Waste Land\". It was generally well received by contemporary music critics and has been frequently cited as a highlight in the duo's career.\n\nThe first version of the song was produced by Bobby Orlando and was released on Columbia Records' Bobcat Records imprint in April 1984, becoming a club hit in the United States and some European countries. After the duo signed with EMI, the song was re-recorded with producer Stephen Hague for their first studio album, \"Please\". In October 1985, the new version was released, reaching number one in the United Kingdom and the United States in 1986.\n\nIn 1987, the song won Best Single at the Brit Awards, and Best International Hit at the Ivor Novello Awards. In 2005, 20 years after its release, the song was awarded Song of The Decade between the years 1985 and 1994 by the British Academy of Composers and Songwriters. A critic's poll in 2020 by \"The Guardian\" selected \"West End Girls\" as the greatest UK number-one single.\n\nThe song was performed by the Pet Shop Boys at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony.", "title": "West End Girls" }, { "id": "2128680", "score": "1.6484103", "text": "Neil Tennant Neil Francis Tennant (born 10 July 1954) is an English musician, singer, songwriter, music journalist and co-founder of the synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys, which he formed with Chris Lowe in 1981. He also was a journalist for \"Smash Hits,\" and was assistant editor for the magazine for a period in the mid-1980s. Neil Francis Tennant was born in North Shields, a fishing port near Newcastle upon Tyne to William W. Tennant (1923–2009), a sales representative, and Sheila M. (Watson) Tennant (1923–2008). He has an older sister, Susan, and two younger brothers, Simon and Philip. The family moved", "title": "Neil Tennant" }, { "id": "623892", "score": "1.6209455", "text": "this sentiment. Lowe and Tennant have since reputed this claim by mentioning since the rise of House, Rave and Disco, they are not so against rock as stated in multiple interviews when asked about it. This band dynamic has played a role in their public image as well. Early in their career, the duo were frequently accused of lacking stage presence, said to be a deliberate reaction to the hyper-cheerful music of the time, demonstrated by bands such as Wham!. A typical early performance featured Lowe in the background playing the bassline on a Fairlight synthesiser keyboard and Tennant singing,", "title": "Pet Shop Boys" }, { "id": "7145032", "score": "1.6151549", "text": "music project. When former Statemachine member Albion left the band in 2001 it felt natural to bring Leo in. That's when they started to talk about Lowe, and luckily Statemachine has decided to take a small break at the time. They agreed of naming the band Lowe, as a kind of mixture between the English words \"love\" and \"low\", which describes their music very well. It is also quite probable that \"Lowe\" refers to \"Chris Lowe\" from the Pet Shop Boys since they called their first album \"Tenant\" - the singer of the Pet Shop Boys is called \"Neil Tennant\".", "title": "Lowe (band)" }, { "id": "3259858", "score": "1.6142526", "text": "Chris Lowe Christopher Sean Lowe (born 4 October 1959) is an English musician, singer, songwriter and co-founder of the synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys which he formed with Neil Tennant in 1981. Lowe attended Arnold School, an independent school in his home in the town of Blackpool, Lancashire. He also worked in the Solarium. While there, Lowe played trombone in a seven-piece dance band called One Under the Eight, that played old-time favourites like \"Hello Dolly\", \"La Bamba\" and \"Moon River\". Lowe's grandfather had been a trombonist and was a member of comedy jazz troupe The Nitwits. Lowe also became", "title": "Chris Lowe" }, { "id": "623896", "score": "1.6087503", "text": "to place themselves in a modern computer graphic world. This concept of re-invention was revisited for the promotion of their \"Nightlife\" album, in which they transformed their look, wearing wigs and glasses, with stylised futuristic urban wardrobes. In 2006, both Tennant and Lowe were seen on stage and in photographs wearing clothes designed by Hedi Slimane/Dior Homme. The duo have always been interested in the artwork, design and photography of their own releases. Photographer Eric Watson helped shape the original image of Pet Shop Boys, creating many of their photographs and videos from 1984 to 1991. In design they have", "title": "Pet Shop Boys" }, { "id": "2128684", "score": "1.58779", "text": "He also edited the 1982, 1983, 1984 and 1985 editions of \"The Smash Hits Yearbook\". At \"Smash Hits\", an opportunity arose for him to go to New York to interview The Police. While there, Tennant arranged to meet Bobby Orlando, a producer whom both he and Lowe admired. Tennant mentioned that he was writing songs in his spare time and Orlando agreed to record some tracks with him and Lowe at a later date. Orlando subsequently produced the Pet Shop Boys' first single, \"West End Girls\". Alongside his work with Chris Lowe as Pet Shop Boys, Tennant has worked on", "title": "Neil Tennant" }, { "id": "3259862", "score": "1.5760199", "text": "a spectator standing slightly behind Tennant. In live performances he rarely interacts with the audience and often stands still while playing keyboards. In 1995, \"The Guardian\" commented that he was \"possibly more famous for not doing anything than almost anyone else in the history of popular entertainment.\". Lowe has also been well known for his multiplicity of outfits. He also had everal different hairstyles throughout the 1980s, ranging from long to short to shaven. He then regrew his hair through the 1990s to early 2000s. From 2002-2003 he sported a long style; in 2004 he shaved his hair and has", "title": "Chris Lowe" }, { "id": "623811", "score": "1.5690305", "text": "Pet Shop Boys Pet Shop Boys are an English synth-pop duo, formed in London in 1981 and consisting of Neil Tennant (lead vocals, keyboards, occasional guitar) and Chris Lowe (keyboards, vocals). Pet Shop Boys have sold more than 50 million records worldwide, and are listed as the most successful duo in UK music history by \"The Guinness Book of Records\". Three-time Brit Award winners and six-time Grammy nominees, since 1985 they have achieved 42 Top 30 singles, 22 of them Top 10 hits in the UK Singles Chart, including four UK number ones: \"West End Girls\" (also number one on", "title": "Pet Shop Boys" }, { "id": "623903", "score": "1.5623566", "text": "in the show. Neil Tennant, who neither denied nor confirmed gay rumours throughout the 1980s, \"came out\" in a 1994 interview for \"Attitude\", a UK gay lifestyle magazine. Lowe, meanwhile, has not disclosed his own orientation. He has said (in the two-part 1996 BBC Radio 1 documentary, \"About\"), rather, that there is only \"[human] sexuality\". In the 1990 biography \"Pet Shop Boys, Literally\", Tennant recalls that for a time their ex-manager, Tom Watkins, incorrectly assumed the duo to be a couple. Neil Tennant has stated that his lyrics are not specifically gay. Many of their songs are written using gender-neutral", "title": "Pet Shop Boys" }, { "id": "5754966", "score": "1.552866", "text": "Lowe. The young Neil and Chris (Nicholas and Jonathan Haley) look in a Victorian era Mutoscope and see a short bedroom farce: a slapstick performance featuring a squire (Chris Lowe) and a butler (Neil Tennant) making advances to a French maid (Barbara Windsor). The priest catches up with the boys and shouts more verses at them. The boys escape into the amusement arcade where they see a rock star (Neil Tennant) in a gold tasselled suit. Then they pass into a theatre, where they see a group of nuns perform a risqué dance routine to \"It's a Sin\". The priest", "title": "It Couldn't Happen Here" }, { "id": "3259863", "score": "1.5314815", "text": "retained that look since then. A \"Guardian\" profile of the group from 1993 noted that Lowe's image of \"silent Chris walking two steps behind singing Neil\" was an intentional choice, developed in discussion with photographer and music video director Eric Watson; Watson has commented that \"Chris didn't want to be seen playing keyboards or anything. We realised there was something about somebody singing and somebody else doing nothing – just looking, then looking away – that adds a hideous tension.\" Chris Lowe Christopher Sean Lowe (born 4 October 1959) is an English musician, singer, songwriter and co-founder of the synthpop", "title": "Chris Lowe" }, { "id": "2139813", "score": "1.5310581", "text": "Electronic (band) Electronic was an English alternative dance supergroup formed by New Order singer and guitarist Bernard Sumner and ex-Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr. They co-wrote the majority of their output between 1989 and 1998, collaborating with Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe, of Pet Shop Boys, on three tracks in their early years, and former Kraftwerk member Karl Bartos on nine songs in 1995. The two first met in 1984 when the Smiths guitarist contributed to a Quando Quango track that Sumner was producing. Later in 1988, Sumner was frustrated because his New Order bandmates were not receptive to his desire", "title": "Electronic (band)" }, { "id": "7961591", "score": "1.501893", "text": "various aspects of downtempo and chillout, Lowe's disc is oriented around upbeat disco music. Tennant's disc, meanwhile, with classical and ambient music included, is more aligned with the series' overall style (though the inclusion of classical compositions is also relatively novel for the series). The album cover is by the band's traditional designer Mark Farrow, differentiating it from the series' usual appearance. Both discs include a song by Dusty Springfield, in tribute to the singer's considerable link to the band's history; as fans of Springfield's work, Tennant and Lowe went on to collaborate with her in several projects in the", "title": "Back to Mine: Pet Shop Boys" }, { "id": "10436658", "score": "1.4923804", "text": "and Lowe dancing on an invisible glass floor, with the camera angle facing upwards. Tennant and Lowe are joined by several acrobats who are also seen from the same camera angle. At one point, balloons are also visible. MTV declined to show the video due to its dimly-lit nature. Turkey's longest weekly video-music programme \"Pop Saati\" (lit. \"Pop Hour\") begins with the intro of the song, which continues from 1987 until today on TRT. Left to My Own Devices \"Left to My Own Devices\" is a song recorded by Pet Shop Boys, released as the second single from their third", "title": "Left to My Own Devices" }, { "id": "2463592", "score": "1.4882369", "text": "Lover\" to the album; these would be the only entries to be recorded outside the United Kingdom. Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe, better known as Pet Shop Boys, were approached by Minogue's camp after the pair finished work on their 1993 album \"Very\". Speaking to \"Attitude\", Tennant states: \"Well, we always had to work with Kylie, of course, because she’s such a trademark: Kylie!\" They initially declined, being creatively spent, before writing a song that sounded like \"Stock Aitken Waterman Kylie\"–Tennant came to realise it was the exact \"opposite\" of her motivations behind the record. The demo to \"Falling\" was", "title": "Kylie Minogue (album)" } ]

[ "dront", "extinct bird dodo", "Dodo bird", "The Dodo", "Raphus", "Do do", "raphus genus", "Gallinaceus Gallus peregrinus", "Doodars", "Do-do", "diricawl", "oiseau de nazareth", "White Dodo", "Do-Do Bird", "struthio cucullatus", "Struthio cucullatus", "Dront", "Dodology", "Walghvogel", "walghvogel", "drontes", "cygnus cucullatus", "Mauritius Dodo", "dodology", "dodoor", "dodologist", "white dodos", "White dodos", "didus ineptus", "Dodoor", "Didus", "Dodoers", "dodo", "Extinct bird dodo", "do do bird", "Raphus cucullatus", "didus", "raphus", "raphus cucullatus", "mauritius dodo", "gallinaceus gallus peregrinus", "white dodo", "Do do bird", "doodars", "dodos", "White dodo", "Drontes", "Didus ineptus", "Oiseau de Nazareth", "dodo bird", "Cygnus cucullatus", "Do-Do", "Dodaars", "Dodo", "Dodo Bird", "Dodologist", "Raphus (genus)", "dronte", "dodoers", "dodaars", "do do", "Dodo (bird)", "Dronte", "Diricawl", "Dodos" ]

[ { "id": "8908348", "score": "1.7420945", "text": "flight of bitterns\". Mauritius night heron The Mauritius night heron (\"Nycticorax mauritianus\") is an extinct night heron species from Mauritius. It is only known by seven subfossil bone remains consisted of cranium, pelvis, coracoid, ulna, radius, and tarsometatarsus found in Mare aux Songes. Only the coracoid and the tarsometatarsus are left today. It was scientifically discussed in 1893 by Alfred Newton and Hans Gadow from the Cambridge University. Newton and Gadow measured the tarsometatarsus with 81 to 87 mm. It became presumedly extinct in the late 17th century and was probably first mentioned by François Leguat in 1693 who described", "title": "Mauritius night heron" }, { "id": "8103250", "score": "1.7208018", "text": "one can find references to a supposed \"Mauritius swan\" or \"Mauritius comb goose\". These refer to the initial misidentification of the \"Alopochen mauritianus\" bones as belonging to the genus \"Sarkidiornis\", but as early as 1897 the true nature of this bird was realized. Johannes Pretorius' 1660s report about his stay on Mauritius is the most detailed contemporary account about the behaviour of the Mauritius sheldgoose: Like its Réunion relative, the Mauritian shelduck was rapidly hunted to extinction. Still reasonably plentiful in 1681, the population collapsed soon afterwards, and Leguat found \"wild geese\" to be \"already rare\" in 1693. In 1698,", "title": "Mauritius sheldgoose" }, { "id": "6797188", "score": "1.6977072", "text": "visited by Arab vessels in the Middle Ages and Portuguese ships between 1507 and 1513, they did not settle on the island. The Dutch Empire acquired the island in 1598, renaming it after Maurice of Nassau, and it was used from then on for the provisioning of trade vessels of the Dutch East India Company. To the Dutch sailors who visited Mauritius from 1598 and onwards, the fauna was mainly interesting from a culinary standpoint. Of the eight or so parrot species endemic to the Mascarenes, only the echo parakeet (\"Psittacula echo\") of Mauritius has survived. The others were likely", "title": "Broad-billed parrot" }, { "id": "15234780", "score": "1.686943", "text": "easy prey meant that they were extensively hunted. Coupled with deforestation, this pushed them into extinction. This had happened by the 1730s on Réunion and by the 1760s on Mauritius. In 1973, English ornithologist Daniel T. Holyoak described some small parrot bones that he had discovered among a collection of broad-billed parrot (\"Lophopsittacus mauritianus\") subfossils in the Zoology Museum of Cambridge University. These remains had been collected by French amateur naturalist Louis Etienne Thirioux in the early 20th century, who had found them in a cave on Le Pouce mountain, on the Mascarene island of Mauritius. They were placed in", "title": "Mascarene grey parakeet" }, { "id": "8110423", "score": "1.6829575", "text": "Clark wrote that the bird was extinct. Mauritius owl The extinct Mauritius owl (\"Mascarenotus sauzieri\"), also called Commerson's, Sauzier's or Newton's owl, was endemic to the Mascarene island of Mauritius. It is known from a collection of subfossil bones from the Mare aux Songes swamp, a detailed sketch made by de Jossigny in 1770, a no less detailed description by Desjardins of a bird shot in 1836, and a number of brief reports about owls, the first being those of Van Westzanen in 1602 and Matelief in 1606. No descriptions of owls were recorded between the mid-17th and the late", "title": "Mauritius owl" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dodo\n\nThe dodo (Raphus cucullatus) is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius, which is east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. The dodo's closest genetic relative was the also-extinct Rodrigues solitaire. The two formed the subfamily Raphinae, a clade of extinct flightless birds that were a part of the family which includes pigeons and doves. The closest living relative of the dodo is the Nicobar pigeon. A white dodo was once thought to have existed on the nearby island of Réunion, but it is now believed that this assumption was merely confusion based on the also-extinct Réunion ibis and paintings of white dodos.\n\nSubfossil remains show the dodo was about tall and may have weighed in the wild. The dodo's appearance in life is evidenced only by drawings, paintings, and written accounts from the 17th century. Since these portraits vary considerably, and since only some of the illustrations are known to have been drawn from live specimens, the dodos' exact appearance in life remains unresolved, and little is known about its behaviour. It has been depicted with brownish-grey plumage, yellow feet, a tuft of tail feathers, a grey, naked head, and a black, yellow, and green beak. It used gizzard stones to help digest its food, which is thought to have included fruits, and its main habitat is believed to have been the woods in the drier coastal areas of Mauritius. One account states its clutch consisted of a single egg. It is presumed that the dodo became flightless because of the ready availability of abundant food sources and a relative absence of predators on Mauritius. Though the dodo has historically been portrayed as being fat and clumsy, it is now thought to have been well-adapted for its ecosystem. \n\nThe first recorded mention of the dodo was by Dutch sailors in 1598. In the following years, the bird was hunted by sailors and invasive species, while its habitat was being destroyed. The last widely accepted sighting of a dodo was in 1662. Its extinction was not immediately noticed, and some considered it to be a myth. In the 19th century, research was conducted on a small quantity of remains of four specimens that had been brought to Europe in the early 17th century. Among these is a dried head, the only soft tissue of the dodo that remains today. Since then, a large amount of subfossil material has been collected on Mauritius, mostly from the Mare aux Songes swamp. The extinction of the dodo within less than a century of its discovery called attention to the previously unrecognised problem of human involvement in the disappearance of entire species. The dodo achieved widespread recognition from its role in the story of \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", and it has since become a fixture in popular culture, often as a symbol of extinction and obsolescence.", "title": "Dodo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tristan da Cunha\n\nTristan da Cunha (), colloquially Tristan, is a remote group of volcanic islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying approximately from Cape Town in South Africa, from Saint Helena and from the Falkland Islands.\n\nThe territory consists of the inhabited island, Tristan da Cunha, which has a diameter of roughly and an area of ; the wildlife reserves of Gough Island and Inaccessible Island; and the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands. , the main island has 250 permanent inhabitants, who all carry British Overseas Territories citizenship. The other islands are uninhabited, except for the South African personnel of a weather station on Gough Island.\n\nTristan da Cunha is a British Overseas Territory with its own constitution. There is no airstrip on the main island; the only way of travelling in and out of Tristan is by boat, a six-day trip from South Africa.", "title": "Tristan da Cunha" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:Dodo/Archive 1" }, { "id": "258501", "score": "1.6827826", "text": "project in order to promote the conservation of the atoll. When it was discovered, Mauritius was the home of a previously unknown species of bird, the dodo, descendants of a type of pigeon which settled in Mauritius over four million years ago. With no predators to attack them, they had lost their ability to fly. Arabs became the first humans to set foot on Mauritius, followed by Portuguese around 1505. The island quickly became a stopover for ships engaged in the spice trade. Weighing up to , the dodo was a welcome source of fresh meat for the sailors. Large", "title": "Mauritius" }, { "id": "8908347", "score": "1.6740541", "text": "Mauritius night heron The Mauritius night heron (\"Nycticorax mauritianus\") is an extinct night heron species from Mauritius. It is only known by seven subfossil bone remains consisted of cranium, pelvis, coracoid, ulna, radius, and tarsometatarsus found in Mare aux Songes. Only the coracoid and the tarsometatarsus are left today. It was scientifically discussed in 1893 by Alfred Newton and Hans Gadow from the Cambridge University. Newton and Gadow measured the tarsometatarsus with 81 to 87 mm. It became presumedly extinct in the late 17th century and was probably first mentioned by François Leguat in 1693 who described them as \"great", "title": "Mauritius night heron" }, { "id": "2312234", "score": "1.667902", "text": "this time no living residents of Rodrigues remembered having seen live specimens. In 1831, a man who had lived on Rodrigues for 40 years said that he had never seen birds large enough to be Rodrigues solitaires. Rodrigues covers only , making it implausible that the bird would have survived undetected. Subfossils were also recovered during the 1860s, but more complete remains were found during the 1874 transit of Venus, since an observation station was located on the island. Many of these excavations were requested by Alfred and Edward Newton, who used them to describe the osteology of the bird", "title": "Rodrigues solitaire" }, { "id": "2312198", "score": "1.6614921", "text": "Rodrigues in 1691–1693. It was hunted by humans and introduced animals, and was extinct by the late 18th century. Apart from Leguat's account and drawing, and a few other contemporary descriptions, nothing was known about the bird until a few subfossil bones were found in a cave in 1789. Thousands of bones have subsequently been excavated. It is the only extinct bird with a former star constellation named after it, Turdus Solitarius. The French explorer François Leguat was the first to refer to the bird as the \"solitaire\" (referring to its solitary habits), but it has been suggested that he", "title": "Rodrigues solitaire" }, { "id": "8158747", "score": "1.6598493", "text": "describe the behaviour of living specimens. Several stuffed and at least one live specimen reached Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. Only three stuffed specimens exist today, and only one bird was ever depicted when alive. The species is thought to have become extinct in the 1830s due to deforestation and predation. The first record of the Mauritius blue pigeon is two sketches in the 1601–1603 journal of the Dutch ship \"Gelderland\". The birds appear to have been freshly killed or stunned. The drawings were made by the Dutch artist Joris Joostensz Laerle on Mauritius, but were not published", "title": "Mauritius blue pigeon" }, { "id": "8158767", "score": "1.659509", "text": "the centre of the island. Convinced that the pigeon still survived, the British ornithologist Edward Newton interviewed two inhabitants of Mauritius about the Mauritius blue pigeon in 1863, and these accounts suggest that the bird survived until at least 1837. The first interviewee claimed he had killed two specimens when the British Colonel James Simpson stayed on the island, which was 1826–37. The second was a woman who had last seen a bird around this time, and recalled hunts of it in approximately 1815, in a swampy area near Black River Gorges, south western Mauritius: It can be concluded that", "title": "Mauritius blue pigeon" }, { "id": "8110422", "score": "1.6553876", "text": "owl was the largest carnivore on the island before the start of human settlement. Thus, unlike other local species of birds, it was not much affected by the introduction of predators such as cats, rats, and crab-eating macaques. In the 1830s, the species seems to have been not uncommonly found in the southeastern part of the island, between Souillac and the Montagnes Bambous due east of Curepipe, with the last testimony of observations referring to several encounters in 1837. However, as the cultivation of sugarcane and tea encroached upon its habitat, combined with reckless shooting, it disappeared rapidly. In 1859,", "title": "Mauritius owl" }, { "id": "2310069", "score": "1.6387858", "text": "the human settlement of the islands in the 17th century. Settlers cleared most of the forests for agriculture and grazing, and introduced many exotic species, including pigs, rats, cats, monkeys, and mongooses. Many of the Mascarene birds evolved into flightless forms; the most famous of which was the extinct flightless pigeon, the dodo of Mauritius. As well as the dodo thirteen additional species of birds became extinct including the Réunion flightless ibis, broad-billed parrot, red rail, Rodrigues rail, Rodrigues solitaire. Today sixteen endemic bird species survive on the islands. Contemporary sources state that the dodo used gizzard stones and could", "title": "Mascarene Islands" }, { "id": "104010", "score": "1.6358466", "text": "are reliable, as many seem to be based on earlier accounts, and none were written by scientists. One of the earliest accounts, from van Warwijck's 1598 journal, describes the bird as follows: One of the most detailed descriptions is by Sir Thomas Herbert in \"A Relation of Some Yeares Travaille into Afrique and the Greater Asia\" from 1634: The travel journal of the Dutch ship \"Gelderland\" (1601–1603), rediscovered in the 1860s, contains the only known sketches of living or recently killed specimens drawn on Mauritius. They have been attributed to the professional artist Joris Joostensz Laerle, who also drew other", "title": "Dodo" }, { "id": "8109529", "score": "1.6343267", "text": "mentions in contemporary accounts. It was last mentioned in 1761, and probably became extinct soon after, perhaps due to a combination of predation by rats, deforestation, and hunting by humans. Birds thought to be the Rodrigues parrot were first mentioned by François Leguat in his 1708 memoir, \"A New Voyage to the East Indies\". Leguat was the leader of a group of nine French Huguenot refugees who colonised Rodrigues between 1691 and 1693 after they were marooned there. Subsequent accounts were by Julien Tafforet, who was marooned on the island in 1726, in his \"Relation de l'Île Rodrigue\", and then", "title": "Rodrigues parrot" }, { "id": "9089471", "score": "1.6325636", "text": "Tafforet was marooned on the Mascarene island of Rodrigues for nine months, and his report of his time there was later published as \"Relation d'île Rodrigue\". In the report, he described encounters with various indigenous species, including a white and black bird which fed on eggs and dead tortoises. He stated that it was confined to the offshore islet of Île Gombrani, which was then called au Mât. François Leguat, a Frenchman who was also marooned on Rodrigues from 1691 to 1693 and had written about several species there (his account was published in 1708), did not have a boat,", "title": "Rodrigues starling" }, { "id": "6797189", "score": "1.6310487", "text": "all made extinct by a combination of excessive hunting and deforestation. Because of its poor flying ability, large size and possible island tameness, the broad-billed parrot was easy prey for sailors who visited Mauritius, and their nests would have been extremely vulnerable to predation by introduced crab-eating macaques and rats. Various sources indicate the bird was aggressive, which may explain why it held out so long against introduced animals after all. The bird is believed to have become extinct by the 1680s, when the palms it may have sustained itself on were harvested on a large scale. Unlike other parrot", "title": "Broad-billed parrot" }, { "id": "8103761", "score": "1.6302528", "text": "theodori\", but as more remains of the latter were unearthed this appears far less likely. Apart from a few, brief descriptions, not much is known about the bird in life, but its habits probably did not differ significantly from those of its close relatives. Bones have been found in the Mare aux Songes swamp on Mauritius and more recently on Réunion also. The scientific name honours Thé́odore Sauzier, who made many bones of extinct birds found on Mauritius available to science. The bird became extinct on both islands almost simultaneously and for the same reason: overhunting. On Mauritus, the \"grey", "title": "Mascarene teal" }, { "id": "8158751", "score": "1.6302197", "text": "collected by Colonel M. Mathieu for the French ornithologist Louis Dufresne. It was sold in 1819 among other items, was sent to Edinburgh, and is now in the National Museum of Scotland as specimen MU No. 624. It was not identified as a Mauritius blue pigeon until the British ornithologist Alfred Newton saw it in 1879. The last specimen recorded was shot in Savanne in 1826 and given to Julien Desjardins, founder of the Mauritius Natural History Museum in Port Louis, where it is still located, though in poor condition. Only these three taxidermic specimens still exist. Subfossil remains of", "title": "Mauritius blue pigeon" }, { "id": "8691058", "score": "1.6263819", "text": "cats, mongooses and crab-eating macaques which killed the kestrels and their eggs. What was probably this species' closest relative in Recent times, the Réunion kestrel, became extinct around 1700 for fairly mysterious reasons. The recorded population dropped to an all-time low of only 4 individuals in 1974 and it was considered the rarest bird in the world. Stanley Temple from Cornell University studied this species for two years and the first attempt in 1973 to breed the birds in captivity failed because the hatchling died when the incubator had a breakdown. Though conservation measures were immediately undertaken with the help", "title": "Mauritius kestrel" } ]

[ "silver stain glass", "painted glass", "stain glass", "Stain Glass", "stained glass window", "Stain glass", "Stained-glass windows", "Silver stain (glass)", "Stained-glass", "Stained glass window", "Stained-glass window", "Stained glass", "Stained Glass", "Painted glass", "Stained glass windows", "stained glass windows", "stained glass" ]

[ { "id": "1602388", "score": "1.6965796", "text": "after her. Marcelle Ferron Marcelle Ferron, (January 29, 1924 – November 19, 2001), a \"Québécoise\" painter and stained glass artist, was a major figure in the Quebec contemporary art scene, associated with the Automatistes. Ferron was born in Louiseville, Quebec on January 29, 1924. Her brother Jacques Ferron and her sister Madeleine Ferron were both writers. She studied at the École des beaux-arts before dropping out, unsatisfied with the way the school's instructors addressed modern art. Ferron was an early member of Paul-Émile Borduas's \"Automatistes\" art movement. She signed the manifesto Refus global, a watershed event in the Quebec cultural", "title": "Marcelle Ferron" }, { "id": "1602385", "score": "1.687941", "text": "Marcelle Ferron Marcelle Ferron, (January 29, 1924 – November 19, 2001), a \"Québécoise\" painter and stained glass artist, was a major figure in the Quebec contemporary art scene, associated with the Automatistes. Ferron was born in Louiseville, Quebec on January 29, 1924. Her brother Jacques Ferron and her sister Madeleine Ferron were both writers. She studied at the École des beaux-arts before dropping out, unsatisfied with the way the school's instructors addressed modern art. Ferron was an early member of Paul-Émile Borduas's \"Automatistes\" art movement. She signed the manifesto Refus global, a watershed event in the Quebec cultural scene, in", "title": "Marcelle Ferron" }, { "id": "10461300", "score": "1.6431377", "text": "magnificent windows for Christ Church (Episcopal) in Hamilton, Massachusetts. Gabriel Loire Gabriel Loire (April 21, 1904 – December 25, 1996) was a French stained glass artist of the twentieth century whose extensive works, portraying various persons or historical scenes, appear in many venues around the world. He founded the Loire Studio in Chartres, France which continues to produce stained glass windows. Loire was a leader in the modern use of \"slab glass\" (French: \"dalle de verre\"), which is much thicker and stronger than the stained glass technique of the Middle Ages. The figures in his windows are mostly Impressionistic in", "title": "Gabriel Loire" }, { "id": "15958003", "score": "1.6404424", "text": "large oil paintings called Mizpe Ramon focousing on the Israeli deseret. Sculptor Dov Feigin produced \"Wheat Sheaves\" in 1956, and Dadaist Janco painted \"Soldiers\", \"Air raid Alarms\" and \"Maabarot\" (jerry-built communities housing new Jewish immigrants in the 1950s). Some of the New Horizons artists belonged to the \"Center for Advanced Culture\" run by the Socialist-Zionist youth movement \"Hashomer Hatzair\". This activity culminated in the founding of the artists' village Ein Hod by a group of artists headed by Marcel Janco. There, Janco hoped to found a new socialist and artistic utopia. Mordechai Ardon's work stands out from that of other", "title": "Visual arts in Israel" }, { "id": "1602387", "score": "1.625377", "text": "Mousseau. Other examples of her works can be seen at Vendôme metro station, Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, and the ICAO headquarters, in Montreal; the Place du Portage in Gatineau, Quebec; and the Granby, Quebec courthouse. In 1983, she was awarded the Paul-Émile-Borduas medal for the visual arts by the government of Quebec. In 1985, she was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec and was promoted to Grand Officer in 2000. She was a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. She died in Montreal. A nursing home in Brossard, Quebec, the Centre d'Accueil Marcelle-Ferron, is named", "title": "Marcelle Ferron" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Stained glass\n\nStained glass is coloured glass as a material or works created from it. Throughout its thousand-year history, the term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches and other significant religious buildings. Although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture. Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term \"stained glass\" to include domestic lead light and \"objets d'art\" created from foil glasswork exemplified in the famous lamps of Louis Comfort Tiffany.\n\nAs a material \"stained glass\" is glass that has been coloured by adding metallic salts during its manufacture, and usually then further decorating it in various ways. The coloured glass is crafted into \"stained glass windows\" in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together (traditionally) by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame. Painted details and yellow stain are often used to enhance the design. The term \"stained glass\" is also applied to windows in enamelled glass in which the colours have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln; very often this technique is only applied to parts of a window.\nStained glass, as an art and a craft, requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design, and the engineering skills to assemble the piece. A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made, must resist wind and rain, and also, especially in the larger windows, must support its own weight. Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the Late Middle Ages. In Western Europe, together with illuminated manuscripts, they constitute the major form of medieval pictorial art to have survived. In this context, the purpose of a stained glass window is not to allow those within a building to see the world outside or even primarily to admit light but rather to control it. For this reason stained glass windows have been described as \"illuminated wall decorations\".\n\nThe design of a window may be abstract or figurative; may incorporate narratives drawn from the Bible, history, or literature; may represent saints or patrons, or use symbolic motifs, in particular armorial. Windows within a building may be thematic, for example: within a church – episodes from the life of Christ; within a parliament building – shields of the constituencies; within a college hall – figures representing the arts and sciences; or within a home – flora, fauna, or landscape.", "title": "Stained glass" }, { "id": "10461290", "score": "1.5990629", "text": "Gabriel Loire Gabriel Loire (April 21, 1904 – December 25, 1996) was a French stained glass artist of the twentieth century whose extensive works, portraying various persons or historical scenes, appear in many venues around the world. He founded the Loire Studio in Chartres, France which continues to produce stained glass windows. Loire was a leader in the modern use of \"slab glass\" (French: \"dalle de verre\"), which is much thicker and stronger than the stained glass technique of the Middle Ages. The figures in his windows are mostly Impressionistic in style. Loire was born in Pouancé, France, on April", "title": "Gabriel Loire" }, { "id": "7763146", "score": "1.5939593", "text": "was closed, due to the death of its proprietor. Subsequently, he showed with Peter Tatistcheff. His work, starting in the 1980s was usually of the figure including a number of major paintings with subject matter. The early subject matter paintings were all about crimes, and several were based on the Maigret series of detective novels by the Belgian author Georges Simenon, including the series \"Murder and its Consequences\", and his most famous painting \"The House of Death and Life\". Laderman died of heart failure at age 81, on March 10, 2011, in Manhattan. Gabriel Laderman Gabriel Laderman (December 26, 1929", "title": "Gabriel Laderman" }, { "id": "864894", "score": "1.5880573", "text": "and the geese). Several of her works are visible at the Petiet Museum in Limoux. \"Les blanchisseuses\" (The Laundresses) depicting a laundry lesson is particularly remarkable and well-known. Finally, Paul Sibra, an expert in landscape-painting, nicknamed \"\"le peintre du Lauragais\"\", produced thousands of paintings and drawings of scenes from or based on the rural life of the people of \"Lauragais\" in the 1940s. Achilles Laugé (born 1861 in Arzens, died 1944 in Cailhau), misunderstood because of his pointillist technique, was able to show the dawning of spring especially with the broom and almond trees in bloom. Another artist, Lina Bill", "title": "Aude" }, { "id": "2863003", "score": "1.5749973", "text": "a teacher and director of the \"New Bezalel\", Ardon conveyed his sense of social involvement, his tendency towards Jewish mysticism and local mythology, and the combination of personal national symbols with reality-always stressing masterful technique. Pupils such as Avigdor Arikha, Yehuda Bacon, Naftali Bezem, Shraga Weil and Shmuel Boneh absorbed these influences and integrated them into their later work. Ardon was seen as the father of the regional approach in Israeli art. One of his most famous creations are the \"Ardon Windows\" (1980–1984), a set of large stained-glass windows displayed prominently in the National Library of Israel in Jerusalem, incorporating", "title": "Mordecai Ardon" }, { "id": "20025509", "score": "1.5641023", "text": "Kaduri, Maimonides, Shneur Zalman of Liadi, and Ovadia Yosef. Arab personalities are also represented, including Lucy Aharish, Sheikh Fari al-Jabari of Hebron, Si Ali Sakkat, and the Queen of Sheba. Biblical paintings include Moses, Solomon, and panels depicting the seven days of creation. Some of the early paintings are of the stall owners themselves, or their grandfathers, by personal request. The murals have become an after-hours and Saturday attraction, when stalls are closed and the shutters and metal doors are visible. Solomon Souza Solomon Souza (born 1993) is a British-Israeli street artist. He is best known for spray painting portraits", "title": "Solomon Souza" }, { "id": "8539165", "score": "1.5618819", "text": "André Masson. He furthered his art studies by taking classes at the École des Beaux-Arts. During this period, Michonze met and developed a strong friendship with the Jewish École de Paris artist Chaim Soutine. Between the period 1934-1936, Michonze exhibited at the Salon des Surindépendants. He described his work at these exhibitions as \"Surreal naturalism\". Michonze fought in the war and, after 1943, settled into a studio on Paris's Rue de Seine. He took up French citizenship in 1947, and in 1949, the French Fund for Modern Art acquired his now seminal canvas \"La moisson\" (\"The Harvest\"). From 1954-1977, Michonze", "title": "Grégoire Michonze" }, { "id": "16336981", "score": "1.5531378", "text": "of romanesque murals. In its novel \" La chapelle des damnés \" Samuel Gance named the main character Ivo Varmon which is Yves Morvan's anagram. In 2015, in a book on the colors harmony, he denounces The Michel-Eugène Chevreul's Laws of Contrast of Colour. Yves Morvan Yves Morvan (French:; born January 13, 1932 in Uzel) is a French archaeologist, specialist of the romanesque art and of the iconography of Blaise Pascal. He is also a restorer, sculptor of religious characters, as well as member of the Academy of Science, Literature and Arts of Clermont-Ferrand. During more than 40 years he", "title": "Yves Morvan" }, { "id": "2863001", "score": "1.5486276", "text": "Mordecai Ardon Mordecai Ardon (, July 13, 1896 – June 18, 1992) was an Israeli painter. Ardon was born Max Bronstein in 1896 in Tuchów, Galicia (then Austria-Hungary, now Poland). In 1933 he emigrated to Jerusalem in Mandate Palestine. He was granted Palestinian citizenship in 1936 and changed his name to Mordecai Ardon. He participated in the Venice Biennale of 1968. Beginning in the 1950s Ardon adopted a complex system of symbolic images in his paintings, taken from the Jewish Mystical tradition (Kabbalah), from the Bible and from a tangible reality. In his painting \"Gates of Light\", for example, he", "title": "Mordecai Ardon" }, { "id": "15958007", "score": "1.5480168", "text": "Jewish tradition are given a place of prominence. These paintings in particular, and Aroch's work in general, are generally viewed as the antithesis of the \"Caananite\" approach seen, for example, in Itzhak Danziger's early works. Aviva Uri created expressive abstract drawings with motifs and images that called to mind birds, circus images, and landscapes. Another artist, Lea Nikel, painted highly colored abstracts in the style of French art of that period. Avigdor Arikha also painted in Israel during those years according to the principles outlined by the \"New Horizons\" group. Arikha painted large works in dark colors until he emigrated", "title": "Visual arts in Israel" }, { "id": "17577991", "score": "1.5405746", "text": "the floor, walking over them as she works. Her work aligns with surrealism, with some aspects of automatism. Other artists who explore this territory include in Quebec, Alfred Pellan and Jean Dallaire; and internationally, Joan Miró, Paul Klee, and Wassily Kandinsky. Through her career, Bruneau has been awarded support for her work, including: She has collaborated with Leonard Cohen, Claude Haeffely, Françoise Bujold, Michaël La Chance and other poets to produce work that combines literature and the visual arts. Between 1982 and 1992, she painted seven murals in various places in Quebec. Bruneau's work is represented in the collections of", "title": "Kittie Bruneau" }, { "id": "12382259", "score": "1.54055", "text": "are Kerry James Marshall, Dan Peterman, Gregg Bordowitz, Julia Fish, Wesley Kimler, Tony Fitzpatrick and Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle. Robert Guinan paints psychologically penetrating portraits of bar patrons and jazz musicians which are very popular in France, but he is almost unknown in Chicago. Laurie Hogin continues the grotesque Chicago tradition with lush, Dutch-style portraits of cartoonishly savage animals. Ellen Lanyon's paintings show \"fairy-tale gentleness and antiquarian whimsy.\" Riva Lehrer, herself disabled, paints intense, sympathetic, surreal portraits of disabled persons. Richard Loving paints luminous, spiritual abstractions. Tim Lowly, who has mastered the difficult medium of egg tempera, paints heartbreaking spiritual pictures of", "title": "Visual arts of Chicago" }, { "id": "1602386", "score": "1.5348862", "text": "1948. In 1953, she moved to Paris, where she worked for 13 years in drawing and painting and was introduced to the art of stained glass, for which she would become best known. One of her stained-glass windows is at Champ-de-Mars metro station in Montreal, Quebec. It was one of the first non-figurative works to be installed in the metro, in defiance of the didactic style present in other works of the period, and signalled a major shift in public art in Montreal between the policies of then art director Robert Lapalme and future art director and fellow \"automatiste\" Jean-Paul", "title": "Marcelle Ferron" }, { "id": "7291413", "score": "1.5335261", "text": "among the best known American artists of Armenian origin. Other notable figures include Abstract Expressionist sculptors Reuben Nakian and Raoul Hague, painters John Altoon, Edward Avedisian, Charles Garabedian, Ludwig Mactarian, Paul Sarkisian, Sam Tchakalian, and Arman Tateos Manookian. The New Mexico-based printmaker Garo Antreassian was very influential for his work as a master printer at Tamarind Institute and teacher at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, NM, while photographer and printmaker Ivan Dmitri (born Levon West) was influential for his promotion of photography as a fine art, which included the co-curation of a series of exhibitions called 'Photography in", "title": "Armenian Americans" }, { "id": "2863004", "score": "1.5302451", "text": "visual elements from the Kabbalah. Ardon died in Jerusalem in 1992. In 2014 his painting \"The Awakening\" (1969) was sold at Sotheby's for $821,000. In 2006 his painting \"The Woodpecker of Time\" (1963) was sold at Christie's for $643,200. Search results Mordecai Ardon Mordecai Ardon (, July 13, 1896 – June 18, 1992) was an Israeli painter. Ardon was born Max Bronstein in 1896 in Tuchów, Galicia (then Austria-Hungary, now Poland). In 1933 he emigrated to Jerusalem in Mandate Palestine. He was granted Palestinian citizenship in 1936 and changed his name to Mordecai Ardon. He participated in the Venice Biennale", "title": "Mordecai Ardon" }, { "id": "16336980", "score": "1.5274187", "text": "Yves Morvan Yves Morvan (French:; born January 13, 1932 in Uzel) is a French archaeologist, specialist of the romanesque art and of the iconography of Blaise Pascal. He is also a restorer, sculptor of religious characters, as well as member of the Academy of Science, Literature and Arts of Clermont-Ferrand. During more than 40 years he worked on the medieval art from Auvergne. His works are quoted by numerous experts in various books. He undertook an important work of archaeology and discovered numerous murals in the churches of the region. He realized more than three hundred archeological explorations and restorations", "title": "Yves Morvan" } ]

[ "Crystal City, Texas, USA", "crystal city texas usa" ]

[ { "id": "2757366", "score": "1.8618637", "text": "of Swanwick and W. Holmes Streets, in front of Buena Vista Bank. The 2009 statue of Castor Oyl and Bernice the Whiffle Hen stands in front of Chester Memorial Hospital. One additional statue has been unveiled each year. A few businesses in Chester are named after Popeye characters: Spinach Can Collectibles/Popeye Museum (Opera House) and Rough-House Pizza On December 8, 2009, Google celebrated Segar's 115th birthday with a Google Doodle of Popeye. The doodle used Popeye's body as the 'g', had 'oogl', drawn to resemble Segar's drawing style, and a spinach can as the 'e', and featured Popeye punching the", "title": "E. C. Segar" }, { "id": "1238451", "score": "1.8256526", "text": "a dominant industry. By March 26, 1937, the growers had erected a statue of the cartoon character Popeye in the town because his reliance on spinach for strength led to greater popularity for the vegetable, which had become a staple cash crop of the local economy. Early in its history, the area known as the \"Winter Garden District\" was deemed the \"Spinach Capital of the World\" (a title contested by Alma, Arkansas). The first Spinach Festival was held in 1936. It was put on hold during World War II and later years. The Festival was resumed in 1982. The Spinach", "title": "Crystal City, Texas" }, { "id": "13514876", "score": "1.8235356", "text": "of Popeye's positive effects on the spinach industry. There is another Popeye statue in Segar's hometown, Chester, Illinois, and statues in Springdale and Alma, Arkansas (which claims to be \"The Spinach Capital of the World\"), at canning plants of Allen Canning, which markets Popeye-branded canned spinach. In addition to Allen Canning's Popeye spinach, Popeye Fresh Foods markets bagged, fresh spinach with Popeye characters on the package. In 2006, when spinach contaminated with \"E. coli\" was accidentally sold to the public, many editorial cartoonists lampooned the affair by featuring Popeye in their cartoons. A frequently circulated story claims that Fleischer's choice", "title": "Popeye" }, { "id": "2757367", "score": "1.8046067", "text": "'oogl' to cause the spinach to fly at him through the air. E. C. Segar Elzie Crisler Segar (December 8, 1894 – October 13, 1938) was an American cartoonist, best known as the creator of Popeye, a pop culture character who first appeared in 1929 in Segar's comic strip \"Thimble Theatre\". Segar was born on December 8, 1894, and raised in Chester, Illinois, a small town near the Mississippi River. Segar was Jewish. The son of a handyman, his earliest work experiences included assisting his father in house painting and paper hanging. Skilled at playing drums, he also provided musical", "title": "E. C. Segar" }, { "id": "1013528", "score": "1.7955949", "text": "one was erected in 2007. Cast in bronze, it sits atop a fountain holding a can of spinach. It is the centerpiece of Popeye Park. Crystal City Texas is also considered the Spinach Capital of the World. The annual Spinach Festival is hosted at the City Park and Community Center on the third weekend in April. First held in 1986, the festival is sponsored by the Alma Chamber of Commerce and the Alma Advertising & Promotion Commission. The festival brings carnival rides, crafts, food and live music. A spinach eating contest takes place at noon, followed by a spinach drop.", "title": "Alma, Arkansas" }, { "id": "2757365", "score": "1.7312125", "text": "parade, film festival and other activities, is held the first weekend after Labor Day. In 2006, Chester launched the \"Popeye & Friends Character Trail\", which links a series of statues of Segar's characters located throughout town. Each stands on a base inscribed with the names of donors who contributed to its cost and is unveiled and dedicated during the Popeye Picnic. The 2006 debut sculpture of hamburger-loving Wimpy stands in Gazebo Park. A statue of Olive Oyl, Swee'Pea and the Jeep, located near the Randolph County Courthouse, followed in 2007. In 2008, a Bluto statue was dedicated at the corner", "title": "E. C. Segar" }, { "id": "13514879", "score": "1.7191257", "text": "Popeye Picnic is held every year in Chester, Illinois on the weekend after Labor Day. Popeye fans attend from across the globe, including a visit by a film crew from South Korea in 2004. The one-eyed sailor's hometown strives to entertain devotees of all ages. In honor of Popeye’s 75th anniversary, the Empire State Building illuminated its notable tower lights green the weekend of January 16–18, 2004 as a tribute to the icon’s love of spinach. This special lighting marked the only time the Empire State Building ever celebrated the anniversary/birthday of a comic strip character. theatrical cartoons: TV Cartoons:", "title": "Popeye" }, { "id": "12080827", "score": "1.7141345", "text": "Goons and Eugene the Jeep arrived onscreen by the late 1930s. Popeye was also given more family exclusive to the shorts, specifically his look-alike nephews Pipeye, Peepeye, Pupeye, and Poopeye. Spinach became a main component of the \"Popeye\" cartoons and were used for the energetic finale in each. Eventually, the Fleischers paired Popeye and spinach together far more than Segar ever did. In 1934, a statistic was released noting that spinach sales had increased 33% since the creation of the \"Popeye\" cartoons. Segar received crates of spinach at his home because of the \"Popeye\" association. The huge child following \"Popeye\"", "title": "Popeye the Sailor (film series)" }, { "id": "14715014", "score": "1.7099729", "text": "and [adult swim] as part of its anthology show, The Popeye Show. \"Spinach Fer Britain\" is available on DVD collection. Spinach Fer Britain Spinach Fer Britain is a 1943, anti-Nazi propaganda cartoon, produced by Famous Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film centers around Popeye the Sailor trying to deliver a shipment of spinach to 10 Downing Street in London, while fighting off Nazi Kriegsmarine soldiers pursuing him in a U-boat. Like its predecessor, \"You're a Sap, Mr. Jap\", \"Spinach Fer Britain\" was kept out of distribution for several decades, due to its propagandistic nature and frequent display of", "title": "Spinach Fer Britain" }, { "id": "912571", "score": "1.7036555", "text": "Segar who created the spinach-eating Popeye received a letter of appreciation from the Winter Garden Chamber of Commerce, thanking him for his support of Spinach in the American diet. Segar's written response appeared in two newspapers exhorting children everywhere to enjoy Segar’s favorite vegetable. He later approved a 1937 statue of Popeye to be erected in Crystal City, dedicated \"To All The Children of the World\". Bermuda onions became a major crop. Spinach, sorghum, and cotton were the three biggest crops. The principal crops grown in Zavala County in 1989 were spinach, cotton, pecans, corn, and onions. The Crystal City,", "title": "Zavala County, Texas" }, { "id": "13514848", "score": "1.6979871", "text": "quickly opens the can and consumes its contents. Upon swallowing the spinach, Popeye's physical strength immediately becomes superhuman, and he is easily able to save the day (and very often rescue Olive Oyl from a dire situation). It did not stop there, as spinach could also give Popeye the skills and powers he needed, as in \"The Man on the Flying Trapeze\", where it gave him acrobatic skills. In May 1942, Paramount Pictures assumed ownership of Fleischer Studios, fired the Fleischers and began reorganizing the studio, which they renamed Famous Studios. The early Famous-era shorts were often World War II-themed,", "title": "Popeye" }, { "id": "14715009", "score": "1.6942813", "text": "Spinach Fer Britain Spinach Fer Britain is a 1943, anti-Nazi propaganda cartoon, produced by Famous Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film centers around Popeye the Sailor trying to deliver a shipment of spinach to 10 Downing Street in London, while fighting off Nazi Kriegsmarine soldiers pursuing him in a U-boat. Like its predecessor, \"You're a Sap, Mr. Jap\", \"Spinach Fer Britain\" was kept out of distribution for several decades, due to its propagandistic nature and frequent display of Nazism, until it received an official release on November 2003 in a DVD collection of Popeye cartoons produced between 1941–1943.", "title": "Spinach Fer Britain" }, { "id": "14715013", "score": "1.6897404", "text": "U-boat toward Britain. He enters a heavy fog and the U-boat ends up crashing into traffic right outside 10 Downing Street in London, where all the cans of spinach spill out of the sub to the cheers of the Londoners. Popeye exits the sub along with the Nazi captain, who salutes and says \"Heil Hitler!\" Popeye stuffs him back into the U-boat and puffs his tobacco pipe to \"V for Victory\" before the short irises out. Due to the short's World War II ethnic stereotyping of Nazi stereotypes, The short was Banned from TV, but was presented on Cartoon Network", "title": "Spinach Fer Britain" }, { "id": "14715010", "score": "1.6825641", "text": "It also had limited airings on Cartoon Network as part of \"The Popeye Show\". The short opens with five Nazi soldiers patrolling the coast Europe in a U-boat, destroying everything they encounter (even a fellow U-boat). Each time they defeat an enemy, one of them jumps onto the bow of the U-boat and the Nazi captain emerges as they shout \"Heil Hitler!\" while exchanging salutes. Meanwhile, Popeye the Sailor is heading for Britain with a shipment of spinach to donate as a war ration; his ship is attacked and sunk by the Nazi patrol before he can reach Britain. Popeye", "title": "Spinach Fer Britain" }, { "id": "1054303", "score": "1.6524572", "text": "which honors Popeye's creator, Elzie Segar. The park is located next to the Chester Bridge. Several of Mr. Segar's characters were created from experiences with people of Chester. Chester's big event is its annual Popeye Picnic and parade, held the weekend after Labor Day. Popeye fans travel from all over the United States and the world to partake in the weekend activities. Most of the events and entertainment are free and family friendly. New statues honoring the other Thimble Theater characters are added each year. This character trail is spread throughout Chester and to date includes: Popeye's Picnic is an", "title": "Chester, Illinois" }, { "id": "3912428", "score": "1.6293061", "text": "1930s; Mike Sutton published an article in 2010 questioning Hamblin's story. In a later article, Sutton discovered that, contrary to popular belief, Hamblin was not the original source of the spinach, Popeye, decimal error myth. Hamblin died in 2012 of cancer. T. J. Hamblin Terence John Hamblin (12 March 1943 – 8 January 2012) was professor of Immunohaematology at the University of Southampton from 1987 until his death. Born in Worcester, England, Terry Hamblin's early years were spent in Aldershot in Hampshire; he was educated at Farnborough Grammar School (1954–1961) and the University of Bristol. He was appointed as Consultant", "title": "T. J. Hamblin" }, { "id": "2757364", "score": "1.6264169", "text": "Bill Gallo and Mort Walker. The award was discontinued in 1999. In 2012, cartoonists Roger Langridge and Bruce Ozella teamed to revive the spirit of Segar in a 12-issue limited series, \"Popeye\", published by IDW. Asked how to say his name, he told \"The Literary Digest\" it was \"SEE-gar\". He commonly signed his work simply Segar or E. Segar above a drawing of a cigar. In 1977, Segar's hometown of Chester, Illinois, named a park in his honor. The park contains a six-foot-tall bronze statue of Popeye. The annual Popeye Picnic, a weekend-long event that celebrates the character with a", "title": "E. C. Segar" }, { "id": "1552079", "score": "1.6082249", "text": "and PA 437 between Wilkes-Barre and the town of Mountain Top. In September 1948, a limestone Joe Palooka statue (in a flowing cape) was erected on a hill overlooking Route 37 in Indiana. In 1984, the nine-foot high, ten-ton statue and its base were moved and rededicated to the Town Hall in Oolitic, Indiana. In \"Sometimes a Great Notion\", Ken Kesey skewers one of his characters with this paragraph: \"'Tsk, tsk,' said Brother Walker. And, as he had learned the comment from \"Joe Palooka\", it came out 'tisk tisk', the way he assumed it was pronounced.\" Lyrics of Popeye's theme", "title": "Joe Palooka" }, { "id": "13514877", "score": "1.6029731", "text": "of spinach to give Popeye strength was based on faulty calculations of its iron content. In the story, a scientist misplaced a decimal point in an 1870 measurement of spinach's iron content, leading to an iron value ten times higher than it should have been. This faulty measurement was not noticed until the 1930s. While this story has gone through longstanding circulation, recent study has shown that this is a myth, and it was chosen for its vitamin A content alone; see Spinach: Popeye and iron. The strip is also responsible for popularizing, although not inventing, the word \"goon\" (meaning", "title": "Popeye" }, { "id": "14715011", "score": "1.601198", "text": "manages to escape with his spinach in a rowboat but is pursued by the Nazis. Popeye flips the U-boat upside-down and quickly withdraws. But Popeye rows into a minefield and his boat is destroyed before he can escape. Popeye quickly collects all his spinach before the U-boat catches up with him. The Nazis ready their U-boat's turret but smoke from Popeye's tobacco pipe causes it to sneeze and fire uncontrollably, knocking Popeye out cold and sending his spinach flying into the air. The Nazis, believing Popeye to be dead, emerge from their U-boat and salute; all of Popeye's spinach falls", "title": "Spinach Fer Britain" } ]

[ "Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel", "prince albert of saxe coburg and gotha", "prince albert saxe coburg and gotha", "albert of saxe coburg", "The Prince Consort", "Prince Albert", "prince albert of saze coburg gotha", "Albert Charles Augustus Emmanuel", "Prince Consort Albert", "albert of saxe coburg saalfield", "prince albert", "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg", "albert of united kingdom", "Prince Albert, Prince Consort", "Albert of Saxe-Coburg", "francis charles augustus albert", "Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom", "Francis Charles Augustus Albert", "albert of saxe coburg gotha", "prince consort albert", "albert prince consort of united kingdom", "prince albert of saxe coburg saalfield", "albert saxe gotha", "Albert, prince consort of Victoria of Great Britain", "albert of saxe coburg and gotha", "Prince Albert Of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha", "prince albert of saxe coburg gotha", "Prince Albert of Saze-Coburg-Gotha", "Prince Consort of Great Britain and Ireland Albert", "francis albert augustus charles emmanuel", "Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield", "prince albert of united kingdom", "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield", "prince albert prince consort", "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha", "albert charles augustus emmanuel", "prince consort", "Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "Albert of the United Kingdom", "Albert, Prince Consort", "albert prince consort of victoria of great britain", "Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg-Gotha", "Albert Saxe-Gotha", "Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha", "Prince Albert Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "albert prince consort", "prince consort of great britain and ireland albert", "Albert of Saxe Coburg-Gotha", "Prince Albert of the United Kingdom", "prince albert of saxe coburg", "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" ]

[ { "id": "1362698", "score": "1.8258417", "text": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco Rainier III (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi; 31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005) ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest ruling monarchs in European history. Though internationally known for his marriage to American actress Grace Kelly, he was also responsible for reforms to Monaco's constitution and for expanding the principality's economy beyond its traditional casino gambling base. Gambling accounts for only approximately three percent of the nation's annual revenue today; when Rainier ascended the throne in 1949, it accounted for more than 95 percent. Rainier", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": "1362711", "score": "1.7955999", "text": "of Monaco, the Palais Princier announced that Rainier's son, Hereditary Prince Albert, would take over the duties of his father as regent since Rainier was no longer able to exercise his royal functions. On 1 April 2005, the Palace announced that Rainier's doctors believe his chances of recovery were \"slim\". On 6 April, Prince Rainier died at the Cardiothoracic Center of Monaco at 6:35 AM local time at the age of 81. He was succeeded by his only son, who became Prince Albert II. He was buried on 15 April 2005, beside his wife, Princess Grace, at the Cathedral of", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": "12652306", "score": "1.7824552", "text": "(born 1947) and Christine Alix (1951–1989). By 1951, Rainier was the Prince of Monaco, but was unmarried and had no children. Some have reported that, citing the need for an heir to continue the throne of Monaco, Christian's mother Princess Antoinette sought to gauge support among Monegasque citizenry for a change to the constitution to place Christian upon the throne as a child, with his mother exercising sovereign authority as regent until his adulthood. The Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1918 already provided that a childless sovereign of Monaco could adopt an heir to the throne. Therefore, had Rainier then chosen to", "title": "Christian Louis de Massy" }, { "id": "1362701", "score": "1.778761", "text": "direct heir. In World War II Rainier joined the Free French Army in September 1944, and serving under General de Monsabert as a second lieutenant, and seeing action during the German counter-offensive in Alsace. He received the French Croix de Guerre with bronze star (representing a brigade level citation) and was given the rank of Chevalier in the French Legion of Honor in 1947. Following his decommission from the French Army, he was promoted by the French government as a captain in April 1949 and a colonel in December 1954. In the 1940s and 1950s, Rainier had a ten-year relationship", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": "1362702", "score": "1.7485576", "text": "with the French film actress Gisèle Pascal, whom he had met while a student at Montpellier University, and the couple lived at Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat. Rainier's sister, Princess Antoinette, wishing her own son to ascend the throne, spread rumours that Pascal was infertile. The rumours combined with a snobbery over Pascal's family origins ultimately ended the relationship. Rainier became the Sovereign Prince of Monaco on the death of Louis II on 9 May 1949. After ascending the throne, Rainier worked assiduously to recoup Monaco's lustre, which had become tarnished through neglect (especially financial) and scandal (his mother, Princess Charlotte, took a noted", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Albert II, Prince of Monaco\n\nAlbert II (Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre Grimaldi; born 14 March 1958) is Prince of Monaco since 2005.\n\nAlbert was born at the Prince's Palace of Monaco, and he is the second child and only son of Prince Rainier III and Grace Kelly. He attended the Lycée Albert Premier before studying political science at Amherst College. In his youth, he competed in bobsleigh during Winter Olympic finals before retiring in 2002. Albert was appointed regent in March 2005 after his father fell ill, and became sovereign prince upon his death a week later. Since his ascension, he has been outspoken in the field of environmentalism and an advocate of ocean conservation, and adoption of renewable energy sources to tackle global climate change, and founded The Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation in 2006, to directly raise funds and initiate action for such causes and greater ecological preservation.\n\nWith assets valued at more than $1 billion, Albert owns shares in the Société des Bains de Mer, which operates Monaco's casino and other entertainment properties in the principality.\n\nIn July 2011, Prince Albert married South African Olympic swimmer Charlene Wittstock. He has four children, American-born Jazmin Grace Grimaldi, French-born Alexandre Grimaldi-Coste and the twins Princess Gabriella and Hereditary Prince Jacques.", "title": "Albert II, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco\n\nRainier III (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi; 31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005) was Prince of Monaco from 1949 to his death in 2005. Rainier ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest-ruling monarchs in European history.\n\nRainier was born at the Prince's Palace of Monaco, the only son of Prince Pierre and Hereditary Princess Charlotte of Monaco. He was crucially responsible for the transformation of Monaco's economy, shifting from its traditional casino gambling base to its current status as a tax haven and cultural destination. The Prince also coordinated the substantial reforms of Monaco's constitution, which limited the powers of sovereign rule.\n\nRainier married American film star Grace Kelly in 1956, which generated global media attention. They had three children: Caroline, Albert and Stéphanie. He died in April 2005 from complications relating to a lung infection as a result of frequent smoking; he was succeeded by his son, Albert II.", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Albert I, Prince of Monaco\n\nAlbert I (Albert Honoré Charles Grimaldi; 13 November 1848 – 26 June 1922) was Prince of Monaco from 10 September 1889 until his death. He devoted much of his life to oceanography, exploration and science. Alongside his expeditions, Albert I made reforms on political, economic and social levels, bestowing a constitution on the principality in 1911.", "title": "Albert I, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Prince's Palace of Monaco\n\nThe Prince's Palace of Monaco (French: \"Palais princier de Monaco\") is the official residence of the Sovereign Prince of Monaco. Built in 1191 as a Genoese fortress, during its long and often dramatic history it has been bombarded and besieged by many foreign powers. Since the end of the 13th century, it has been the stronghold and home of the Grimaldi family who first captured it in 1297. The Grimaldi ruled the area first as feudal lords, and from the 17th century as sovereign princes, but their power was often derived from fragile agreements with their larger and stronger neighbours.\n\nThus while other European sovereigns were building luxurious, modern Renaissance and Baroque palaces, politics and common sense demanded that the palace of the Monegasque rulers be fortified. This unique requirement, at such a late stage in history, has made the palace at Monaco one of the most unusual in Europe. Indeed, when its fortifications were finally relaxed during the late 18th century, it was seized by the French and stripped of its treasures, and fell into decline, while the Grimaldi were exiled for over 20 years.\n\nThe Grimaldis' occupation of their palace is also unusual because, unlike other European ruling families, the absence of alternative palaces and land shortages have resulted in their use of the same residence for more than seven centuries. Thus, their fortunes and politics are directly reflected in the evolution of the palace. Whereas the Romanovs, Bourbons, and Habsburgs could, and frequently did, build completely new palaces, the most the Grimaldi could achieve when enjoying good fortune, or desirous of change, was to build a new tower or wing, or, as they did more frequently, rebuild an existing part of the palace. Thus, the Prince's Palace reflects the history not only of Monaco, but of the family which in 1997 celebrated 700 years of rule from the same palace.\n\nDuring the 19th and early 20th centuries, the palace and its owners became symbols of the slightly risqué glamour and decadence that were associated with Monte Carlo and the French Riviera. Glamour and theatricality became reality when the American film star Grace Kelly became the chatelaine of the palace in 1956. In the 21st century, the palace remains the residence of the current Prince of Monaco.", "title": "Prince's Palace of Monaco" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois\n\nPrincess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois (Charlotte Louise Juliette Grimaldi; 30 September 1898 – 16 November 1977), was the daughter of Louis II, Prince of Monaco, and the mother of Prince Rainier III. From 1922 until 1944, she was the Hereditary Princess of Monaco, heiress presumptive to the throne.", "title": "Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois" }, { "id": "1787649", "score": "1.7427678", "text": "since Rainier was no longer able to exercise his royal functions. On 6 April 2005, Rainier III died and Albert succeeded him as Albert II. The first part of Prince Albert II's enthronement as ruler of the Principality was on 12 July 2005, after the end of the three-month mourning period for his father. A morning Mass at Saint Nicholas Cathedral presided over by the Archbishop of Monaco, the Most Reverend Bernard Barsi, formally marked the beginning of his reign. Afterward Albert II returned to the princely palace to host a garden party for 7,000 Monégasques born in the principality.", "title": "Albert II, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": "1362712", "score": "1.7315481", "text": "Our Lady Immaculate, the resting place of previous sovereign princes of Monaco and several of their wives, and the place where Prince Rainier and Princess Grace had been married in 1956. Because his death occurred shortly after that of Pope John Paul II, Rainier's death was overshadowed in the media. \"See also: List of titles of the Monegasque Crown\" Rainier III, Prince of Monaco Rainier III (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi; 31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005) ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest ruling monarchs in European history. Though", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": "7722745", "score": "1.7210057", "text": "for their approval and \"never approved of the adoption\".' \" By a declaration of 30 May 1944 in Paris, Charlotte ceded her rights to the throne to her only son (with a reservation if he should pre-decease), and Rainier accepted in Paris on 1 June. An ordinance of 2 June 1944 acknowledged and confirmed the Sovereign Prince's assent to those declarations, and Rainier was made Hereditary Prince. When the \"Journal de Monaco\" published the ordinance on 22 June 1944, it added: \"His Excellency the \"comte\" de Maleville, minister of Monaco in France, has been asked to inform the French government", "title": "Monaco succession crisis of 1918" }, { "id": "254528", "score": "1.7177584", "text": "specified that, should there be no heirs to carry on the Grimaldi dynasty, the principality would still remain an independent nation rather than revert to France. Monaco's military defence, however, is still the responsibility of France. On 31 March 2005, Rainier III, who was too ill to exercise his duties, relinquished them to his only son and heir, Albert. He died six days later, after a reign of 56 years, with his son succeeding him as Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco. Following a period of official mourning, Prince Albert II formally assumed the princely crown on 12 July 2005,", "title": "Monaco" }, { "id": "254526", "score": "1.710542", "text": "home and held in the Drancy deportation camp outside the French capital before being transported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was later killed. Blum's colleague Raoul Gunsbourg, the director of the Opéra de Monte-Carlo, helped by the French Resistance, escaped arrest and fled to Switzerland. In August 1944, the Germans executed René Borghini, Joseph-Henri Lajoux and Esther Poggio, who were Resistance leaders. Rainier III, who ruled until 2005, succeeded to the throne following the death of his grandfather, Prince Louis II, in 1949. On 19 April 1956, Prince Rainier married the American actress Grace Kelly; the event was", "title": "Monaco" }, { "id": "1362704", "score": "1.7099369", "text": "Onassis, who took control of the Société des Bains de Mer (SBM) and envisioned Monaco as solely a gambling resort. Prince Rainier regained control of SBM in 1964, effectively ensuring that his vision of Monaco would be implemented. In addition, the Societé Monégasque de Banques et de Métaux Précieux, a bank which held a significant amount of Monaco's capital, was bankrupted by its investments in a media company in 1955, leading to the resignation of Monaco's cabinet. As Prince of Monaco, Rainier was also responsible for the principality's new constitution in 1962 which significantly reduced the power of the sovereign.", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": "2293222", "score": "1.6993897", "text": "Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois Prince Pierre of Monaco, Duke of Valentinois (French: \"Duc de Valentinois\"; 24 October 1895 – 10 November 1964) was the father of Rainier III of Monaco. He was a promoter of art, music, and literature in Monaco and served as the head of the country's delegation to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and to the International Olympic Committee. Born at the Château de Kerscamp, Hennebont, Morbihan, France, as Count Pierre Marie Xavier Raphaël Antoine Melchior de Polignac, he was the fourth son and youngest child of Count Maxence Melchior Edouard Marie", "title": "Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois" }, { "id": "1362700", "score": "1.696837", "text": "his father-in-law. Rainier had one sibling, Princess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy. Rainier's early education was conducted in England, at the prestigious public schools of Summerfields in St Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex, and later at Stowe, in Buckinghamshire. After England, Rainier attended the Institut Le Rosey in Rolle and Gstaad, Switzerland from 1939, before continuing to the University of Montpellier in France, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1943, and finally to the Institut d'études politiques de Paris in Paris. In 1944, upon his 21st birthday, Rainier's mother renounced her right to the Monegasque throne and Rainier became Prince Louis's", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": "1362699", "score": "1.6967578", "text": "was born at Prince's Palace in Monaco, the only son of Prince Pierre of Monaco, Duke of Valentinois and his wife, the Monegasque Hereditary Princess, Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois. Rainier was the first native-born hereditary prince of Monaco since Honoré IV in 1758. Rainier's mother was the only child of Prince Louis II of Monaco and Marie Juliette Louvet; she was later legitimized through formal adoption and subsequently named heir presumptive to the throne of Monaco. Rainier's father was a half-French, half-Mexican who adopted his wife's surname, Grimaldi, upon marriage and was made a prince of Monaco by Prince Louis,", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": "9855144", "score": "1.6948266", "text": "By 1946 he was spending most of his time in Paris, and on 27 July of that year, he married for the first time. Absent from Monaco during most of the final years of his reign, he and his wife lived on their estate in France. Prince Louis died in 1949 and was succeeded by his grandson, Prince Rainier III. Prince Rainier III was responsible for not only turning around the fortune and reputation of Monaco but also for overseeing the restoration of the palace. Upon his accession in 1949 Prince Rainier III immediately began a program of renovation and", "title": "Prince's Palace of Monaco" }, { "id": "7722746", "score": "1.6944318", "text": "of this event, pursuant to the clauses of the treaty of 17 July 1918.\" The French government at the time was still the Vichy regime. Louis II died on 9 May 1949. The Principality of Monaco passed to his grandson, Rainier III. In the absence of an heir male, the ducal titles of Valentinois and Estouteville became extinct in French nobiliary law. Before Rainier III married Grace Kelly in April 1956, he notified the French government of his plans; the French ministry of foreign affairs replied with a message of official congratulations. Count Louis de Causans is suing the French", "title": "Monaco succession crisis of 1918" }, { "id": "1362705", "score": "1.6746919", "text": "(He suspended the previous constitution in 1959, saying that it \"has hindered the administrative and political life of the country.\") The changes ended autocratic rule, placing power with the prince and a National Council of eighteen elected members. At the time of his death, he was the world's second longest-serving living head of state (independent), ranking just below the King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej. After a year-long courtship described as containing \"a good deal of rational appraisal on both sides\" (\"The Times\", 7 April 2005, page 59), Prince Rainier married Oscar-winning American actress Grace Kelly (1929–1982) in 1956. The ceremonies", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": "1362706", "score": "1.663111", "text": "in Monaco were on 18 April 1956 (civil) and 19 April 1956 (religious). Their children are: In 1979, Prince Rainier made his acting debut alongside his wife Grace in a 33-minute independent film called \"Rearranged\", produced in Monaco. According to co-star Edward Meeks, after premiering it in Monaco, Grace showed it to ABC TV executives in New York in 1982, who expressed interest if extra scenes were shot to make it an hour long. However, Grace died in a car crash caused by a stroke in 1982, making it impossible to expand the film for American release. Rainier then may", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": "4786148", "score": "1.6630352", "text": "doctors who were called to give their independent opinions.) Then-Hereditary Prince Albert was informed of the Crown Council's incapacity finding regarding Rainier III and, following the Constitution, was duly called upon to rule over Monaco as Regent. The Crown Council noted, nevertheless, that if the health of Rainier III were to improve sufficiently, he would be in a position to re-assume his functions as ruler. Prince Albert's Regency lasted but a few days into April 2005, when Rainier III died at the age of 82. He was then formally succeeded as Monaco's sovereign by Albert in his own right as", "title": "Crown Council of Monaco" }, { "id": "4906286", "score": "1.6575711", "text": "no longer imply ownership or territorial authority, although the Princes of Monaco have long been substantial owners of land and in France. Most were granted or recognised by the Kingdom of France or the Papal States and could only pass through the male line; they therefore became extinct as French dignities on the death of Albert's great-grandfather Prince Louis II in 1949. Thereafter, some of these titles were implicitly re-created as distinctly Monegasque titles. The father of Prince Rainier III was Pierre Grimaldi, Duke of Valentinois, \"né\" Count Pierre de Polignac, whose legitimate male-line descendants (including Rainier III \"et al.\")", "title": "Monarchy of Monaco" } ]

[ "Scramble (golf)", "golf sport", "Golf technology", "Duffed", "Golf Conditioning", "Texas scramble", "duffed", "The Development of Golf Technology", "golfer", "scotch foursomes", "golf", "Men's Golf", "texas scramble", "duffs", "golf conditioning", "Golfing", "Golf", "golf tournament", "Golf (Sport)", "Golfer", "scramble golf", "Golf Tournament", "golfing", "golf technology", "🏌", "GOLF", "men s golf", "Golf conditioning", "Scotch foursomes", "development of golf technology", "Golf tournament", "Duffs" ]

[ { "id": "1676417", "score": "1.335033", "text": "PGA of America. The mission of PGA Reach is to positively impact the lives of youth, military, and diverse populations by enabling access to PGA professionals, PGA Sections and the game of golf. Professional Golfers' Association of America The Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA of America) is an American organization of golf professionals. Founded in 1916 and currently headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida , the PGA of America is made up of 29,000 men and women golf professional members. The PGA announced on December 4, 2018 that the organization plans to relocate to a planned 600 arce mixed-use", "title": "Professional Golfers' Association of America" }, { "id": "5571962", "score": "1.33267", "text": "these holding its first edition in 2018. The PGA of America organizes the PGA Championship, Senior PGA Championship and Women's PGA Championship. Three legs of the Grand Slam of Golf are based in the United States: the PGA Championship, U.S. Open and The Masters. (The Open Championship, known in the U.S. as the British Open, is played in the United Kingdom.) The PGA Tour is the main professional golf tour in the United States, and the LPGA Tour is the main women's professional tour. Also of note is PGA Tour Champions, where players 50 and older compete. Golf is aired", "title": "Sports in the United States" }, { "id": "5571961", "score": "1.3111072", "text": "other motorsports enjoy varying degrees of popularity in the United States: short track motor racing, motocross, monster truck competitions (including the popular Monster Jam circuit), demolition derby, figure 8 racing, mud bogging and tractor pulling. Golf is played in the United States by about 25 million people. The sport's national governing body, the United States Golf Association (USGA), is jointly responsible with The R&A for setting and administering the rules of golf. The USGA conducts four national championships open to professionals: the U.S. Open, U.S. Women's Open, U.S. Senior Open, and the U.S. Senior Women's Open, with the last of", "title": "Sports in the United States" }, { "id": "1676414", "score": "1.3055862", "text": "hired its own commissioner and was renamed the \"PGA Tour\" in the mid-1970s. In October 2014, PGA President Ted Bishop responded to Ian Poulter's criticism of the Ryder Cup captaincy of Nick Faldo and Tom Watson by calling Poulter a \"lil' girl\", which led to Bishop's firing. The PGA called Bishop's statements \"unacceptable\" and \"insensitive gender-based\". The PGA conducts major events including the PGA Championship, the KPMG Women's PGA Championship, and the Senior PGA Championship. The PGA conducts more than 30 tournaments for its members and apprentices, including the PGA Professional Championship and the Assistant PGA Professional Championship. It also", "title": "Professional Golfers' Association of America" }, { "id": "1676403", "score": "1.3006659", "text": "Professional Golfers' Association of America The Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA of America) is an American organization of golf professionals. Founded in 1916 and currently headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida , the PGA of America is made up of 29,000 men and women golf professional members. The PGA announced on December 4, 2018 that the organization plans to relocate to a planned 600 arce mixed-use development in Frisco, Texas. The PGA of America's undertaking is to establish and elevate the standards of the profession and to grow interest and participation in the game of golf. The Professional Golfers'", "title": "Professional Golfers' Association of America" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Tiger Woods" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "PGA Tour\n\nThe PGA Tour (stylized in all capital letters as PGA TOUR by its officials) is the organizer of professional golf tours in the United States and North America. It organizes most of the events on the flagship annual series of tournaments also known as the PGA Tour, as well as PGA Tour Champions (age 50 and older) and the Korn Ferry Tour (for professional players who have not yet qualified to play on the PGA Tour), as well as PGA Tour Canada, PGA Tour Latinoamérica, and PGA Tour China. The PGA Tour is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, a suburb southeast of Jacksonville. Originally established by the Professional Golfers' Association of America, it was spun off in December 1968 into a separate organization for tour players, as opposed to club professionals, the focal members of today's PGA of America. Originally the \"Tournament Players Division\", it adopted the name \"PGA Tour\" in 1975 and runs most of the week-to-week professional golf events on the tournament known as the PGA Tour, including The Players Championship, hosted at TPC Sawgrass; the FedEx Cup, with its finale at The Tour Championship at East Lake Golf Club; and the biennial Presidents Cup. The remaining events on the PGA Tour are run by different organizations, as are the U.S.-based LPGA Tour for women and other men's and women's professional tours around the world.", "title": "PGA Tour" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of golf\n\nThe origins of golf are unclear and much debated. However, it is generally accepted that modern golf developed in Scotland from the Middle Ages onwards. The game did not find international popularity until the late 19th century, when it spread into the rest of the United Kingdom and then to the British Empire and the United States.", "title": "History of golf" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cannabis and sports\n\nThe use of cannabis by athletes has been banned by many sports commissions. However, some have relaxed their policies as societal attitudes towards its use have shifted. The prohibition \"is one of the most controversial issues in anti-doping\".\n\nThere is no scientific consensus regarding the performance-enhancing effects of cannabis, with one 2018 paper reporting \"there is no evidence for cannabis use as a performance-enhancing drug\". Other reasons cited for banning its use include an increased risk of injury in-competition and the subjective view that users of cannabis are not good role models.\n\nCalls for eliminating cannabis testing have come from the perspective of better pain management and reducing usage of opioids. Athletes such as Eugene Monroe and Derrick Morgan have called for further investigation into its potential for treating and preventing concussions.", "title": "Cannabis and sports" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Golf course\n\nA golf course is the grounds on which the sport of golf is played. It consists of a series of holes, each consisting of a tee box, a fairway, the rough and other hazards, and a green with a cylindrical hole in the ground, known as a \"cup\". The cup holds a flagstick, known as a \"pin\". A standard round of golf consists of 18 holes,\n\nThe vast majority of golf courses have holes of varying length and difficulties that are assigned a standard score, known as par, that a proficient player should be able to achieve; this is usually three, four or five strokes. Par-3 courses consist of holes all of which have a par of three. Short courses have gained in popularity; these consist of mostly par 3 holes, but often have some short par 4 holes.\n\nMany older courses are links, often coastal. The first golf courses were based on the topography of sand dunes and dune slacks with a ground cover of grasses, exposed to the wind and sea. Courses are private, public, or municipally owned, and typically feature a pro shop. Many private courses are found at country clubs.", "title": "Golf course" }, { "id": "1676415", "score": "1.2986012", "text": "co-organizes the biennial Ryder Cup, PGA Cup and in 2019, the inaugural Women's PGA Cup. In 2003, the PGA of America created the Player Development department within the Association in an endeavor to reach out to new, past and sporadic adult golfers. This is accomplished through the growth, promotion and support of instructional programs and events at PGA Member facilities that support adults and families to play golf. Included in these programs is Play Golf America, instigated in 2004 with the help of the Allied Associations (LPGA, National Golf Course Owners Association, PGA Tour, USGA, and others involved in the", "title": "Professional Golfers' Association of America" }, { "id": "4613534", "score": "1.2816505", "text": "Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland) The Professional Golfers' Association (PGA) is the professional body which represents the interests of teaching and club golf professionals in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. It was established in 1901 and is based at The Belfry near Birmingham, England. It has a membership of over 7,500 professionals with 1,500 working overseas in more than 70 countries worldwide. Since 2017 the chairman of the board has been Alan White, club professional at Lanark Golf Club. It is just one of many Professional Golfers Associations around the world, but like British organisations", "title": "Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland)" }, { "id": "1738977", "score": "1.2807559", "text": "cited the addition of golf to the Summer Olympics, as well as cooler weather enabling a wider array of options for host courses, as reasoning for the change. It was also believed that the PGA Tour wished to re-align its season so that the FedEx Cup Playoffs would not have to compete with the start of football season in late-August. The PGA Championship is primarily played in the eastern half of the United States; only ten times has it ventured west. It was last played in the Pacific time zone in 1998, at Sahalee east of Seattle. The last time", "title": "PGA Championship" }, { "id": "1738981", "score": "1.2788403", "text": "is possible for amateurs to get into the field, although the only viable ways are by winning one of the other major championships, or winning a PGA Tour event while playing on a sponsor's exemption), and the only one that reserves a large number of places, 20 of 156, for club professionals. These slots are determined by the top finishers in the club pro championship, which is held in June. Since December 1968, the PGA Tour has been independent of the PGA of America. The PGA Tour is an elite organization of tournament professionals, but the PGA Championship is still", "title": "PGA Championship" }, { "id": "18964457", "score": "1.2757761", "text": "the PGA Professional National Championship (since 1968) for club players. The PGA of America also co-organizes the Ryder Cup and PGA Cup. The PGA Tour is the main professional golf tour in the United States. It was established by the PGA of America in 1929 and was spun off in 1968. Its calendar features the four major tournaments and World Golf Championships, but do not organize them. The PGA Tour organizes several tournaments, most notably The Players Championship and Tour Championship. In addition it co-organizes the biennial Presidents Cup. The PGA Tour also operates other professional tours. The Web.com Tour", "title": "Golf in the United States" }, { "id": "3459120", "score": "1.2751864", "text": "with the PGA of America. The PGA European Tour has a 60% interest in Ryder Cup Europe, with each of its junior partners holding 20%. Professional golf began in Europe, specifically in Scotland. The first professionals were clubmakers and greenkeepers who also taught golf to the wealthy men who could afford to play the game (early handmade equipment was expensive) and played \"challenge matches\" against one another for purses put up by wealthy backers. The first multi-competitor stroke play tournament was The Open Championship, which was introduced in 1860. That year it was for professionals only, and it attracted a", "title": "PGA European Tour" }, { "id": "6517053", "score": "1.2635958", "text": "Rabat, Morocco in December 2014. PGA’s Peace and Democracy Program focuses on marshalling global parliamentary support for improved regulation of the international arms trade, in particular where its inadequacies play a demonstrated role in destabilising countries, causing or fuelling conflict and/or delay the emergence of countries from conflict. In particular, PGA Members worldwide advocate in favour of improved regulation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) exports through strengthened domestic legislation, broader adherence to relevant regional Conventions and the UN Programme of Action on SALW. As of November 5, 2014, PGA Members have made important contributions to moving the Arms", "title": "Parliamentarians for Global Action" }, { "id": "4613536", "score": "1.2624725", "text": "members; the organisation of golf tournaments, including tournaments for its members such as the PGA Cup, contested between Great Britain and Ireland, and the Ryder Cup organized in conjunction with the Professional Golfers Association of America; the promotion of pro-am golf tournaments and amateur golf, which provide work for its members; and the promotion of junior golf. The PGA, on behalf of the sport of golf, also leads on the development of coach education and training. A full review of the existing coach education structure, following guidance from the quality standards of the UK Coaching Certificate, has led to the", "title": "Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland)" }, { "id": "18370953", "score": "1.2591765", "text": "PGA Cup The PGA Cup is a men's golf competition for club professionals played between a Great Britain and Ireland team and a United States team. The winning team is presented with the Llandudno Trophy. The competition is run by the British PGA and the PGA of America. It was first played in 1973 and was an annual event until 1984, after which it became biennial. The 2017 PGA Cup, the 28th contest, was held on the Longcross course at Foxhills Golf Club, Ottershaw, Surrey from 15 to 17 September and was won by Great Britain and Ireland by a", "title": "PGA Cup" }, { "id": "4613544", "score": "1.2549796", "text": "through to golf business and marketing. The PGA has strong links to Europe as a member of the PGAs of Europe and is committed to growing the game and helping ordinary golfers enjoy the game to its maximum. Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland) The Professional Golfers' Association (PGA) is the professional body which represents the interests of teaching and club golf professionals in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. It was established in 1901 and is based at The Belfry near Birmingham, England. It has a membership of over 7,500 professionals with 1,500 working overseas in", "title": "Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland)" }, { "id": "20326744", "score": "1.2546804", "text": "the Masters Tournament, the U.S. Open, and the PGA Championship. Three of the five women's major golf championships are also played on the continent: the ANA Inspiration, the Women's PGA Championship, and the United States Women's Open Championship. The PGA Tour and the LPGA Tour are both headquartered in Florida. Auto racing is also popular in North America. INDYCAR and NASCAR are both headquartered in the United States, with the Indianapolis 500 and the NASCAR Cup Series being their top competitions, respectively. Grands Prix in Formula One are held in Canada, Mexico and the United States. Tennis is popular in", "title": "Sports in North America" }, { "id": "14019385", "score": "1.2533123", "text": "Association of America (PGA) fought hard and until 1961, successfully maintained its all-white status. Black golfers (then) created their own organization of touring professionals.” Tiger Woods has had a major impact on the game of golf, especially among minorities. The article, African-Americans and Golf, a Brief History, states “With the assent of Tiger Woods and his golf game comes an increased interest and participation from young minorities in the game. He himself envisions this impacting in the next ten years as they come of age and develop physically as well.\" Woods hopes minority participation will continue to increase in the", "title": "Race and sports" }, { "id": "13566683", "score": "1.2528563", "text": "PGA Tour The PGA Tour (stylized in all capital letters as PGA TOUR by its officials) is the organizer of the main professional golf tours played primarily by men in the United States and North America. It organizes most of the events on the flagship annual series of tournaments also known as the PGA Tour, as well as PGA Tour Champions (for golfers age 50 and older) and the Web.com Tour (for professional players who have not yet qualified to play in the PGA Tour), as well as PGA Tour Canada, PGA Tour Latinoamérica, and PGA Tour China. The PGA", "title": "PGA Tour" }, { "id": "1738969", "score": "1.2490592", "text": "PGA Championship The PGA Championship (often referred to as the U.S. PGA Championship or U.S. PGA outside the United States) is an annual golf tournament conducted by the Professional Golfers' Association of America. It is one of the four major championships in professional golf. It was formerly played in mid-August on the third weekend before Labor Day weekend, serving as the fourth and final major of the golf season. Beginning 2019, the tournament will be played in May on the weekend before Memorial Day, as the season's second major. It is an official money event on the PGA Tour, European", "title": "PGA Championship" }, { "id": "5393773", "score": "1.2489988", "text": "Oregon. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661 (2001), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States involving the applicability of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 to professional golf tours. The PGA Tour, the main organizer of professional golf tours in the United States, had required all golfers to walk between shots during the third stage of its qualifying tournament, which it argued was an important aspect of the game. Golfer Casey Martin, whose circulatory condition impaired his ability to walk, sued the PGA Tour under the ADA, asserting", "title": "PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin" } ]

[ "Thyskaland", "Bundesrepublik Deutschland", "f r germany", "geramny", "iso 3166 1 de", "deutchland", "germeny", "nimska", "united states of germany", "GERMANY", "Deutchland", "F.R. Germany", "Germeny", "vokietija", "Foederal Republic of Germany", "němska", "bundesrepublik deutschland", "Jermany", "ISO 3166-1:DE", "Federal Republic Of Germany", "Geramny", "Germanio", "land der dichter und denker", "bundesdeutsch", "federal republic of germany", "Vokietija", "Almanya", "Deutschland", "BR Deutschland", "Alemanha", "duitsland", "Etymology of Germany", "Teutonica", "THyskaland", "Bundesdeutsch", "almanya", "Niemcy", "teutonica", "foederal republic of germany", "Deuchland", "Nimska", "Federal Republic of Germany", "thyskaland", "deutschland", "germny", "fr germany", "nemska", "Tyskland", "FR Germany", "germanio", "Nemska", "jermany", "br deutschland", "etymology of germany", "GerMany", "tyskland", "niemcy", "Němska", "deuchland", "GermanY", "Land der Dichter und Denker", "germany", "Duitsland", "Germny", "alemanha", "United States of Germany", "Germany" ]

[ { "id": "1107883", "score": "1.4445524", "text": "and in a few years had outgrown its \"competitors\" in the Achterhoek, namely Doesburg, Winterswijk and Zutphen. The Dutch company, Philips, had a factory for some years in the city. From 2003 till 2005, the city grew enormously as new districts such as Dichteren were built, and as Doetinchem incorporates outlying villages such as Wehl into its municipality. In 2011, the city is still growing. By building new district as \"het Loo\" and \"Isseldoks\", and the opening of a brand new theatre and cinema, Doetinchem is the biggest growing city in Gelderland. The main church in the central square, St", "title": "Doetinchem" }, { "id": "2231401", "score": "1.404758", "text": "is the television tower in the suburb of Dansenberg, southwest of the city centre. Kaiserslautern's large botanical gardens feature a Japanese-style garden. Another unusual feature is the Waschmühle (also known as \"Wesch\"), an enormous 160-metre public swimming pool that is the largest in Europe. There are several pedestrian-only shopping zones with numerous and varied restaurants and bars located in the city centre surrounding the old city (\"Altstadt\"). In the Altstadt you will find the \"Kaiserbrunnen\", a large ornamental fountain with symbols of the city's history such as a sewing machine, as produced by the Pfaff company in the city, a", "title": "Kaiserslautern" }, { "id": "19445908", "score": "1.3836052", "text": "and city gates. Reminding of these are the street names in the district and the piece of wall remaining by the riverbank of the Oude IJssel. In this district you will find the regular services to be found within any city centre, such as shops (with mostly regional functions), multiple restaurants, bars and cafés and a hotel. Cultural services can be found in the district as well. City centre (Doetinchem) Stadscentrum or Centrum is the most central district of Doetinchem, the biggest city in the Gelderse Achterhoek. On the south side of the district is the Oude IJssel river, which", "title": "City centre (Doetinchem)" }, { "id": "6552845", "score": "1.3826857", "text": "Music, Twentieth Century Fox and Universal Pictures. Besides acquired companies, which either used the closeness to RWTH Aachen University or which saw the favourable location near the borders to Belgium and the Netherlands as advantage. Alsdorf is located in the heart of Europe, within approximately 200 km of the most important economic centers of the European Union. The town lies in the center of the tri-border region of Germany / Netherlands / Belgium. The nearest airports are Maastricht Aachen Airport, Cologne Bonn Airport and Düsseldorf Airport. Alsdorf has a direct connection to Bundesautobahn 4 and Bundesautobahn 44; both are German", "title": "Alsdorf" }, { "id": "19445907", "score": "1.3680966", "text": "City centre (Doetinchem) Stadscentrum or Centrum is the most central district of Doetinchem, the biggest city in the Gelderse Achterhoek. On the south side of the district is the Oude IJssel river, which can be crossed via three bridges; the Europabrug, the Oude IJsselbrug and the Saap Roelofsbrug. The city centre consists of what used to be the historical city of Doetinchem, until it got bombed by the British in 1945, who presumably mistook the city for the city of Kleve, Germany. During this bombing, large parts of the district went up in dust, including most of the city wall", "title": "City centre (Doetinchem)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Düsseldorf" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Düsseldorf Airport" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:City quality of life indices" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:German language/Archive 3" }, { "id": "3255337", "score": "1.3558282", "text": "for ; its granite sluices date from 1836. Shlisselburg Shlisselburg (; ; ) is a town in Kirovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the head of the Neva River on Lake Ladoga, east of St. Petersburg. From 1944 to 1992, it was known as Petrokrepost (). Population: The fortress and the town center are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. A wooden fortress named Oreshek () or Orekhov () was built by Grand Prince Yury of Moscow (in his capacity as Prince of Novgorod) on behalf of the Novgorod Republic in 1323. It guarded the northern approaches to Novgorod and", "title": "Shlisselburg" }, { "id": "3255317", "score": "1.3431966", "text": "Shlisselburg Shlisselburg (; ; ) is a town in Kirovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the head of the Neva River on Lake Ladoga, east of St. Petersburg. From 1944 to 1992, it was known as Petrokrepost (). Population: The fortress and the town center are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. A wooden fortress named Oreshek () or Orekhov () was built by Grand Prince Yury of Moscow (in his capacity as Prince of Novgorod) on behalf of the Novgorod Republic in 1323. It guarded the northern approaches to Novgorod and access to the Baltic Sea. The fortress is", "title": "Shlisselburg" }, { "id": "13486585", "score": "1.3421481", "text": "Dössel Dössel is a village and constituent community \"(stadtteil)\" of the town of Warburg, in the district of Höxter in the east of the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Dössel has historically been known by the names of Dosele and Dozele. Dössel has a population of 682. The village of Dössel is in the north-east of Kreis Höxter (within the administrative region of Detmold), north of central Warburg and south of the adjacent municipality of Borgentreich. The nearest cities are Paderborn and Kassel. It adjoins the Warburg communities of Daseburg, Hohenwepel and central Warburg. The first reference to the", "title": "Dössel" }, { "id": "4235188", "score": "1.3374021", "text": "Neustadt (Dosse) Neustadt (Dosse) is a town in the district of Ostprignitz-Ruppin, Brandenburg, Germany with a population of 3,575 (as of 2010). It has a total area of 75.43 km², and lies close to the river Dosse. Neustadt was founded in 1407 by the Count of Ruppin. In 1788, the Prussian king Friedrich William II expanded the town and his stud. Until today, the national stud of Brandenburg (Brandenburgisches Haupt- und Landgestüt, i.e. Brandenburgian Main and State Stud) is located in Neustadt which is thus a principal place of the horse breeding in Brandenburg, especially for horses of the Brandenburger", "title": "Neustadt (Dosse)" }, { "id": "12076351", "score": "1.321292", "text": "Osdorf, Hamburg Osdorf (German language: pronounced ) is a quarter in the city of Hamburg, Germany. It belongs to the Altona borough. In 2016 the population was 26,140. In 1927 the former independent settlement Osdorf was made a part of the town Altona; in 1938 it was merged into the Hanseatic city of Hamburg with the Greater Hamburg Act. After World War II, from 1950 to 1952, first new residential buildings were constructed near the streets of \"Blomkamp\" and \"Am Landpflegeheim\". A major estate of prefabricated houses with 5,000 flats for 12,000 people, Osdorfer Born settlement, had been planned since", "title": "Osdorf, Hamburg" }, { "id": "10086912", "score": "1.3206863", "text": "(German-West Hungary) in the 1919 Treaty of St. Germain and the Treaty of Trianon and was awarded to Austria in 1919. Since 1921, the town has been part of the newly founded State of Burgenland. Podersdorf is the biggest most popular touristic town within the Seewinkel. The village is favored by ornithologists, water sport enthusiasts and nature lovers. The protected pannonian landscape and the countless local Heurigen serve as destinations for cyclists and hikers. Podersdorf am See Podersdorf am See () is a market town in the district of Neusiedl am See in Burgenland in the east of Austria on", "title": "Podersdorf am See" }, { "id": "13486587", "score": "1.3202928", "text": "town and a memorial was erected in 1980. Dössel was liberated by U.S. forces in April 1945. It was in the British zone of occupation from 1945, then from 1949, following the political division of occupied Germany, Dössel became part of the Federal Republic of West Germany until German reunification in 1990. Dössel's nearest links to the national rail network are located in Warburg and Volkmarsen. The autobahn A44 (E331) from Dortmund to Kassel runs to the south-east of Dössel. The closest regional airports are KSF Kassel-Calden (27 km) and PAD Paderborn-Lippstadt (46 km). Dössel Dössel is a village and", "title": "Dössel" }, { "id": "2454355", "score": "1.3168442", "text": "length amounted to 13.1 km. In 1975, the line was closed for passenger transport, and in 2003 for goods as well. Afterwards the railway line was replaced by a bus line. The former train station which was transformed into a residential building is well preserved. Dassel is easily accessible by bus from the neighbouring towns of Einbeck and Stadtoldendorf. Dassel Dassel is a town in southern Lower Saxony, Germany, located in the district Northeim. It is located near the hills of the Solling mountains. The city covers an area of . Buildings and streets make up about 10% of this", "title": "Dassel" }, { "id": "11287944", "score": "1.3132788", "text": "municipality. It is the fifth largest shopping center in Austria. The name G3 designates the three building complexes consisting of the shopping center, the specialist market center and the adjoining Hornbach building, which has existed since 1997. In Gerasdorf there is an important railway junction on the part of the route from Vienna-Stadlau to Wolkersdorf / Mistelbach / Laa an der Thaya. On the other hand, the route runs from Vienna-Floridsdorf to Gänserndorf / Hohenau / Breclav through Gerasdorf. In the municipal area of Gerasdorf near Vienna there is not only the station Gerasdorf (core zone border Vienna, route S2),", "title": "Gerasdorf bei Wien" }, { "id": "12076355", "score": "1.3121463", "text": "is serviced by the rapid transit system of the city train lines S1 and S11 with the stations Hochkamp and Klein Flottbek. According to the Department of Motor Vehicles (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), in the quarter Osdorf were 9,445 private cars registered (474 cars/1000 people). There were 123 traffic accidents total, including 106 traffic accidents with damage to persons. Osdorf, Hamburg Osdorf (German language: pronounced ) is a quarter in the city of Hamburg, Germany. It belongs to the Altona borough. In 2016 the population was 26,140. In 1927 the former independent settlement Osdorf was made a part of the town Altona; in", "title": "Osdorf, Hamburg" }, { "id": "7050067", "score": "1.3111073", "text": "out and was rescued and eventually handed back to West-Berlin by Soviet forces. After having incorporated 18 neighboring towns and villages in 2011, Gardelegen is now Germany's third largest city by area, trailing only Berlin and Hamburg. It is actually the largest municipality in area in what was formerly East Germany. The population however is small, with only about 23,000. Gardelegen is twinned with: Gardelegen Gardelegen () is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Milde, 20 m. W. from Stendal, on the main line of railway Berlin-Hanover. Since 2009 it has included", "title": "Gardelegen" }, { "id": "14247625", "score": "1.3099542", "text": "Majori Majori is the central district of Jūrmala resort town in Latvia famous for its spa hotels, historic Art Nouveau wooden summer houses as well as cultural activities and festivals. Landmarks of Majori are the sandy Majori beach and pedestrian street \"Jomas iela\" dotted with crafts shops, restaurants and hotels. The old Dzintari concert hall (built in 1936) is extended to a large open-type hall with no walls merging with the surrounding dune park. The Jūrmala City museum offers a permanent exhibition on the history of Jūrmala resorts, collections of historic swimwear, old postcards, paintings, pieces of underwater archaeology, as", "title": "Majori" }, { "id": "662067", "score": "1.3080467", "text": "inhabitants. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger. Apart", "title": "Vienna" }, { "id": "3445122", "score": "1.307506", "text": "etc. Leopoldshöhe Leopoldshöhe is a municipality in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with ca. 16,000 inhabitants (2015). Located in the rolling plains north of the Teutoburger Wald range, Leopoldshöhe consists of eight formerly independent municipalities: Asemissen, Bechterdissen and Greste to the south, Leopoldshöhe proper, Krentrup and Schuckenbaum at the center, and Nienhagen and Bexterhagen to the north. Both Asemissen and Leopoldshöhe proper have a pronounced infrastructure (supermarkets, gas stations, specialized shops, etc.). Located only 10 km from the city of Bielefeld, the southern and central parts of the municipality today have a mostly suburban feel to them, but", "title": "Leopoldshöhe" }, { "id": "4235189", "score": "1.3036096", "text": "breed. Babe, Helenenhof, Kampehl, Köritz, Leddin, Lindenau, Neuhof, Neuroddahn, Plänitz, Schönfeld, Spiegelberg, and Strubbergshof. Sabine Ehrlich (SPD) was elected in May 2014 with 54,3 % of the votes for a term of five years. The mummy of Christian Friedrich von Kahlbutz is located in Kampehl, which is a locality of Neustadt (Dosse). At Neustadt, there is a train stop of the regional express on the Berlin–Hamburg Railway. Neustadt (Dosse) Neustadt (Dosse) is a town in the district of Ostprignitz-Ruppin, Brandenburg, Germany with a population of 3,575 (as of 2010). It has a total area of 75.43 km², and lies close", "title": "Neustadt (Dosse)" } ]