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[ "triathlons", "triathlete", "tri athlete", "long distance triathlon", "Triathlon training", "Iron distance triathlon", "Long Distance Triathlon", "Triathletes", "triathalon", "beginner triathlon training", "full distance triathlon", "Sprint Distance Triathlon", "Triathlons", "Triathlete", "triathlon distance", "sprint distance triathlon", "triathletes", "Triathalon", "triathlon", "Full distance triathlon", "triathlon training", "iron distance triathlon", "Tri-athlete", "Full Distance Triathlon", "Beginner triathlon training", "Triathlon Distance", "Long distance triathlon", "Olympic Distance Triathlon", "olympic distance triathlon", "Triathlon", "Beginner Triathlon Training" ]

[ { "id": "12806449", "score": "2.1377974", "text": "Ironman World Championship The Ironman World Championship has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978, with an additional race in 1982. It is owned and organized by the World Triathlon Corporation. It is the annual culmination of a series of Ironman triathlon qualification races held throughout the world. From 1978 through 1980 the race was held on the island of Oahu, the course combining that of three events already held there: the Waikiki Roughwater Swim (2.4 mi./3.86 km), the Around-Oahu Bike Race (115 mi./185.07 km, originally a two-day event), and the Honolulu Marathon. The bike stage was reduced by 3", "title": "Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "865300", "score": "2.065591", "text": "Island became The Ironman World Championship. In 1983, admission to the race began following a qualification based system, whereby athletes had to obtain entry to the race by competing in another Ironman race and gaining a slot, allocated on a proportional basis. The Hawaii race consists of a swim in the bay of Kailua-Kona, a bike ride across the Hawaiian lava desert to Hāwī and back, and a marathon run along the coast (from Keauhou to Keahole Point and back to Kailua-Kona); finishing on Alii Drive. The most recent Ironman World Championship took place on October 14, 2017 and was", "title": "Ironman Triathlon" }, { "id": "12806451", "score": "2.040882", "text": "in 1982. The most recent Ironman World Championship took place on October 13, 2018. Qualifying for the World Championship is achieved through placement in one of the other Ironman races or some Ironman 70.3 races. For the 2017 event there were 40 qualifying Ironman races and 4 at the 70.3 distance . The current Ironman Hawaii course record was set in 2018 by Patrick Lange (Germany), whose winning time was 7 hrs 52 min 39 sec. The women's course record is 8 hrs 26 mins 18 sec, set in 2018 by Daniela Ryf (Switzerland). Athletes with disabilities compete in the", "title": "Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "16091740", "score": "1.981294", "text": "2012 series consisted of 28 Ironman races plus the 2011 Ironman World Championship which was itself a qualifier for the 2012 Championship. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Event shortened to 70.3 distance. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Event shortened to 70.3 distance. 2012 Ironman World Championship The 2012 Ironman World Championship was a long distance triathlon competition held on October 13, 2012 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. The championship won by Pete Jacobs of Australia and Leanda Cave of England. It was the 36th such Ironman Triathlon World Championship, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978, with an additional race in 1982. The championship is organized by the", "title": "2012 Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "429507", "score": "1.9706836", "text": "organizes the Ironman and Ironman 70.3 races each year. These races serve as qualifying events for their own annual World Championships. The Ironman World Championship is held annually in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii in October while the Ironman 70.3 World Championship is held in September and changes location each year. The \"Ironman\" and \"Iron\" brands are property of the WTC. Therefore, long-distance multi-sport events organized by groups other than the WTC may not officially be called \"Ironman\" or \"Iron\" races. For its part, the ITU does not sanction WTC races; however, USAT uses a combination of ITU and WTC rules to sanction", "title": "Triathlon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ironman Triathlon\n\nAn Ironman Triathlon is one of a series of long-distance triathlon races organized by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC), consisting of a swim, a bicycle ride and a marathon run completed in that order, a total of . It is widely considered one of the most difficult one-day sporting events in the world.\n\nMost Ironman events have a time limit of 16 or 17 hours to complete the race, course dependent, with the race typically starting at 7:00am. The mandatory cut off time to complete the swim is 2 hours 20 minutes. The mandatory bike cut off time for when an athlete must have completed their swim, transition and bike varies generally between 10 hours and 10 hours 30 minutes from when an athlete began their swim. The mandatory run cut off varies between 16 and 17 hours from when athlete began their swim. Many races will also have intermediate bike, run, and transition cut off times specific to each race venue. Any participant who completes the triathlon within these time constraints is designated an Ironman.\n\nThe name \"Ironman Triathlon\" is also associated with the original Ironman triathlon what is now the Ironman World Championship. Held in Kailua-Kona, the world championship has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978 (with an additional race in 1982). Originally taking place in Oahu, the race moved to Kailua-Kona in 1981 and it continues today.\n\nThere are other races that are the same distance as an Ironman triathlon but are not produced, owned, or licensed by the WTC. They include The Challenge Family series' Challenge Roth and the Norseman Triathlon.\n\nThe event series is owned by The Ironman Group, which is owned by Advance Publications, following the acquisition from the Wanda Sports Group in August 2020.", "title": "Ironman Triathlon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ironman World Championship\n\nThe Ironman World Championship has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978, with an additional race in 1982. It is owned and organized by the World Triathlon Corporation. It is the annual culmination of a series of Ironman triathlon qualification races held throughout the world.\nSection::::History.\nFrom 1978 through 1980 the race was held on the island of Oahu, the course combining that of three events already held there: the Waikiki Roughwater Swim (2.4 mi./3.86 km), the Around-Oahu Bike Race (115 mi./185.07 km, originally a two-day event), and the Honolulu Marathon. The bike stage was reduced by 3 miles to link it to the start of the marathon course. In 1981 the race was moved to the less urbanized Big Island, keeping the distances the same: a open water swim in Kailua-Kona Bay, a bike ride across the Hawaiian lava desert to Hāwī and back, and a marathon (26 miles 385 yards, 42.195 km) run along the coast of the Big Island from Keauhou to Keahole Point and back to Kailua-Kona, finishing on Alii Drive.\n\nSince 1982, the race has been held in the fall each year, before which it was held in the spring, giving two races in 1982. The most recent Ironman World Championship took place on 8 October 2022, following a two-year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualifying for the World Championship is achieved through placement in one of the other Ironman races or some Ironman 70.3 races. Because of COVID-19, the 2020 race was initially postponed to February 2021. However, the race was ultimately canceled with that year's qualifiers able to defer to race in 2021 or 2022.\n\nThe current Ironman Hawaii course record was set in 2022 by Gustav Iden (Norway), whose winning time was 7 hrs 40 min 24 sec. The women's course record is 8 hrs 26 mins 18 sec, set in 2018 by Daniela Ryf (Switzerland).\n\nAthletes with disabilities compete in the event in the physically challenged category, which was instituted in 1997, and are required to meet the same cutoff times as able bodied competitors. Australian John Maclean was the first physically challenged athlete to complete the event under the cut-off time.\n\nThe 2021 World Championship was held in St. George, Utah on May 7, 2022. The delay and change from the original Kona, Hawaii venue were due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nPaula Newby Fraser was a citizen and represented the United States for the 1996 race", "title": "Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Triathlon\n\nA triathlon is an endurance multisport race consisting of swimming, cycling, and running over various distances. Triathletes compete for fastest overall completion time, racing each segment sequentially with the time transitioning between the disciplines included. The word is of Greek origin, from τρεῖς or \"treis\" (three) and ἆθλος or \"athlos\" (competition).\n\nThe sport originated in the late 1970s in Southern California as sports clubs and individuals developed the sport. This history has meant that variations of the sport were created and still exist. It also led to other three-stage races using the name triathlon despite not being continuous or not consisting of swim, bike, and run elements.\n\nTriathletes train to achieve endurance, strength and speed. The sport requires focused persistent and periodised training for each of the three disciplines, as well as combination workouts and general strength conditioning.", "title": "Triathlon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of events broadcast on Wide World of Sports (American TV ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sports in the United States by state", "title": "Sports in the United States by state" }, { "id": "16091737", "score": "1.9641933", "text": "2012 Ironman World Championship The 2012 Ironman World Championship was a long distance triathlon competition held on October 13, 2012 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. The championship won by Pete Jacobs of Australia and Leanda Cave of England. It was the 36th such Ironman Triathlon World Championship, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978, with an additional race in 1982. The championship is organized by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC). For entry into the 2012 World Championship race, amateur athletes were required to qualify through a performance at an Ironman or selected Ironman 70.3 race. Entry into the championship race", "title": "2012 Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "12806454", "score": "1.9614258", "text": "lottery since October 24, 2012. The attorney representing the United States in the matter was 8-time Ironman finisher James A. Muench. Winners of the 2015 lottery were notified on March 17, 2015, prior to the announcement of the complaint. WTC stated that these winners would be unaffected by this decision and that their slots for the upcoming championship race would be honored. Ironman World Championship The Ironman World Championship has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978, with an additional race in 1982. It is owned and organized by the World Triathlon Corporation. It is the annual culmination of a", "title": "Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "17944124", "score": "1.9540585", "text": "2014 Ironman World Championship The 2014 Ironman World Championship was a long distance triathlon competition that was held on October 11, 2014 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. The event was won by Sebastian Kienle of Germany and Australia's Mirinda Carfrae. It was the 38th edition of the Ironman World Championship, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978, with an additional race in 1982. The championship was organized by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC) and awarded a total purse prize of $650,000. For entry into the 2014 World Championship race, amateur athletes were required to qualify through a performance at an", "title": "2014 Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "12806450", "score": "1.9531648", "text": "miles to link it to the start of the marathon course. In 1981 the race was moved to the less urbanized Big Island, keeping the distances the same: a open water swim in Kailua-Kona Bay, a bike ride across the Hawaiian lava desert to Hāwī and back, and a marathon (26 miles 385 yards, 42.195 km) run along the coast of the Big Island from Keauhou to Keahole Point and back to Kailua-Kona, finishing on Alii Drive. Since 1982, the race has been held in the fall each year, before which it was held in the spring, giving two races", "title": "Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "12962280", "score": "1.9458417", "text": "2008 Ironman World Championship The 2008 Ford Ironman World Championship was held on October 11, 2008 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. It was the 32nd such Ironman Triathlon World Championship, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978. The champions were Craig Alexander and Chrissie Wellington. The championship was organised by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC). The championship race had a total of 1,731 athletes competing (1,256 men and 475 women) from 51 countries started the race with 1,634 finished, 94 did not finish and 3 were disqualified. A maximum temperature of 81.6 °F (27.6 °C) made for warm racing conditions", "title": "2008 Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "15110535", "score": "1.9371915", "text": "2011 Ironman World Championship The 2011 Ironman World Championship was held on October 8, 2011 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii and won by Craig Alexander of Australia and Chrissie Wellington of England. It was the 35th such Ironman Triathlon World Championships, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978, with an additional race in 1982. The championship is organised by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC). Alexander's overall time broke the previous course record by 12 seconds, which was set by Luc Van Lierde in 1996. Both Carfrae and Wellington broke the championship course record for the marathon, set last year by", "title": "2011 Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "18692835", "score": "1.9369104", "text": "2015 Ironman World Championship The 2015 Ironman World Championship was a long distance triathlon competition held on October 10, 2015 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii and won by Jan Frodeno of Germany and Daniela Ryf of Switzerland. The race was the 39th edition of the Ironman World Championship, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978. The championship was organized by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC) and awarded a total purse prize of $650,000. The division of athletes was divided into professional, age group, physically challenged, and hand cycle divisions. For entry into the 2015 World Championship race professional triathletes qualified", "title": "2015 Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "12131955", "score": "1.9284699", "text": "later, she again placed third, in a time of 4:14.17, a faster time than the second place racer, Betsy Davis. In the U.S. National Road Race Championships, she placed 7th in the 1975 event (35 mi) and 10th in the 1977 event (38.24 mi). The second annual Hawaii Ironman race was held January 1979 during Honolulu's stormy season and in the middle of some of the worst weather for several years. The weather forced the postponement of the race by one day, and remained sufficiently bad that only 15 out of the original 28 entrants attempted the race. Among these", "title": "Lyn Lemaire" }, { "id": "19581416", "score": "1.9263577", "text": "2016 Ironman World Championship The 2016 Ironman World Championship was a long distance triathlon competition that was held on October 8, 2016 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. It was won by Jan Frodeno of Germany and Daniela Ryf of Switzerland, both repeat champions from 2015. The race was the 40th edition of the Ironman World Championship, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978. The championship was organized by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC) and awarded a total purse prize of $650,000. The division of athletes was divided into professional, age group, physically challenged, hand cycle, and military divisions. For entry", "title": "2016 Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "13888037", "score": "1.9259217", "text": "of 24 Ironman qualifying races plus the Ironman World Championship 2009 which was itself a qualifier for the 2010 Ironman World Championship. The series started with Ironman Wisconsin 2009 held on September 13, 2009. 2010 Ironman World Championship The 2010 Ford Ironman World Championship was held on October 9, 2010 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. It was the 34th such Ironman Triathlon World Championships, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978. The 2010 Championship was won by Chris McCormack and Mirinda Carfrae. The championship is organised by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC). To enter for the 2010 World Championship race,", "title": "2010 Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "20826875", "score": "1.9227538", "text": "2017 Ironman World Championship The 2017 Ironman World Championship was a long distance triathlon competition held on October 14, 2017 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii that was won by Patrick Lange of Germany and Daniela Ryf of Switzerland. It was the 41st edition of the Ironman World Championship, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978. The championship was organized by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC). For Ryf it was her third consecutive Ironman World Championship win. This was Lange's first championship win and in doing so he set a new overall course record previously set by Craig Alexander in 2011.", "title": "2017 Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "20826874", "score": "1.9227538", "text": "2017 Ironman World Championship The 2017 Ironman World Championship was a long distance triathlon competition held on October 14, 2017 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii that was won by Patrick Lange of Germany and Daniela Ryf of Switzerland. It was the 41st edition of the Ironman World Championship, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978. The championship was organized by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC). For Ryf it was her third consecutive Ironman World Championship win. This was Lange's first championship win and in doing so he set a new overall course record previously set by Craig Alexander in 2011.", "title": "2017 Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "13882104", "score": "1.9213306", "text": "2009 Ironman World Championship The 2009 Ford Ironman World Championship was held on October 10, 2009 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. It was the 33rd such Ironman Triathlon World Championship, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978. The champions were Craig Alexander and Chrissie Wellington. The championship was organised by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC). A total of 1,778 athletes from more than 48 countries started the race and 1,653 (1,200 men and 453 women) finished, 3 were disqualified. Hot weather conditions prevailed with temperatures well above 90 °F (32.2 °C) during the bike and run portions. Both Chrissie Wellington", "title": "2009 Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "13888036", "score": "1.9078561", "text": "2010 Ironman World Championship The 2010 Ford Ironman World Championship was held on October 9, 2010 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. It was the 34th such Ironman Triathlon World Championships, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978. The 2010 Championship was won by Chris McCormack and Mirinda Carfrae. The championship is organised by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC). To enter for the 2010 World Championship race, athletes are required to qualify through performance at an Ironman or selected Ironman 70.3 race, through Hawaii residency, through a random allocation lottery, or by invitation from the WTC. The Ironman 2010 Series consists", "title": "2010 Ironman World Championship" }, { "id": "12962282", "score": "1.9003708", "text": "finishing times during the 2008 series, with the fastest time of 7:59:55 set by Chris McCormack in the Ironman European Championship 2008. 2008 Ironman World Championship The 2008 Ford Ironman World Championship was held on October 11, 2008 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. It was the 32nd such Ironman Triathlon World Championship, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978. The champions were Craig Alexander and Chrissie Wellington. The championship was organised by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC). The championship race had a total of 1,731 athletes competing (1,256 men and 475 women) from 51 countries started the race with 1,634", "title": "2008 Ironman World Championship" } ]

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[ { "id": "2287584", "score": "1.7679446", "text": "documentary about the congressman's Afghan war efforts and his personal life. Charlie Wilson (Texas politician) Charles Nesbitt Wilson (June 1, 1933 – February 10, 2010) was a United States naval officer and former 12-term Democratic United States Representative from Texas's 2nd congressional district. Wilson is best known for leading Congress into supporting Operation Cyclone, the largest-ever Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) covert operation, which, under the Carter and Reagan administration, supplied military equipment including weapons such as obsolete FIM-43 Redeye MANPADS surface-to-air anti-aircraft missiles and paramilitary officers from their Special Activities Division to the Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War. His", "title": "Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)" }, { "id": "2287552", "score": "1.7157304", "text": "Charlie Wilson (Texas politician) Charles Nesbitt Wilson (June 1, 1933 – February 10, 2010) was a United States naval officer and former 12-term Democratic United States Representative from Texas's 2nd congressional district. Wilson is best known for leading Congress into supporting Operation Cyclone, the largest-ever Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) covert operation, which, under the Carter and Reagan administration, supplied military equipment including weapons such as obsolete FIM-43 Redeye MANPADS surface-to-air anti-aircraft missiles and paramilitary officers from their Special Activities Division to the Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War. His behind-the-scenes campaign was the subject of the non-fiction book \"\" by", "title": "Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)" }, { "id": "2287582", "score": "1.6547287", "text": "Houston gas titan Oscar Wyatt and his wife Lynn. After Sunday's service, his widow Barbara welcomed a small group of her late husband's intimates to their home on the golf course in Lufkin. Next to an American eagle sculpture in the living room, the words of Abdur Rahman Khan, emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901, are emblazoned on a brass plaque: \"My spirit will remain in Afghanistan even though my soul will go to God. My last words to you my son and successor are: Never Trust the Russians.\" Wilson's successful effort to increase the funding of the anti-Soviet", "title": "Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)" }, { "id": "3755796", "score": "1.6077819", "text": "at the time. His wife, Jane, committed suicide on July 13, 1977 by a gunshot to the head. The scandal caused his defeat to Joseph P. Wyatt, Jr. in the primary election in 1978 and he left office in 1979. Afterwards, he worked as a consultant until his death on January 22, 2002. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved on 2008-03-31 John Andrew Young John Andrew Young (November 10, 1916 – January 22, 2002) was a Democratic politician from Texas who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1957 to 1979. Born in Corpus", "title": "John Andrew Young" }, { "id": "2287579", "score": "1.5986265", "text": "retired from Congress in October 1996 and became a lobbyist for Pakistan before retiring to Lufkin. He donated his congressional papers to Stephen F. Austin State University. In 1999, he married Barbara Alberstadt, his second wife. Wilson received a heart transplant in 2007, and continued to follow the situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan, where he expressed concerns about events in that region. In July 2009, the University of Texas System Board of Regents established the Charles N. Wilson Chair in Pakistan Studies, which encourages research in the geopolitical importance of Pakistan, as well as its culture, history, and literature. Wilson", "title": "Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Soviet–Afghan War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Jimmy Carter" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Lyndon B. Johnson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "John McCain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Ronald Reagan" }, { "id": "10138739", "score": "1.5957141", "text": "one step-son, Kenneth. White died on February 18, 1998. His ashes are interred at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia, near the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, in area 7A. Richard Crawford White Richard Crawford White (April 29, 1923 – February 18, 1998) was a Democratic politician from El Paso, Texas, who served in the Texas House of Representatives from 1955 to 1959 and in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1965 to 1983. Born in El Paso, Texas, White graduated from Dudley Primary School, El Paso High School, and the Citizens' Military Training Camp at San Antonio, Texas. Subsequently,", "title": "Richard Crawford White" }, { "id": "5864119", "score": "1.5779388", "text": "in McAllen, Texas, with his wife Lucille until he died on March 13, 2017, of kidney failure. Kika de la Garza Eligio \"Kika\" de la Garza II (September 22, 1927March 13, 2017) was an American politician who served as the Democratic representative for the 15th congressional district of Texas from January 3, 1965, to January 3, 1997. De la Garza grew up in Mission in Hidalgo County. At the age of seventeen, he entered the United States Navy and served for two years. De la Garza chose to continue his education at Edinburg Junior College and the United States Army", "title": "Kika de la Garza" }, { "id": "3110947", "score": "1.5427122", "text": "and Afghanistan during a personal visit. Murtha immediately took action and convinced the Army to fix the camouflage problem resulting in MultiCam being selected by the Secretary of the Army John McHugh for all incoming Soldiers deploying to Afghanistan in 2010, only weeks after Murtha had died. In 1980, during his fourth term as a Congressman, Murtha became embroiled in the Abscam investigation, which targeted dozens of congressmen. The investigation entailed FBI operatives posing as intermediaries for Saudi nationals hoping to bribe their way through the immigration process into the United States. Murtha met with these operatives and was videotaped.", "title": "John Murtha" }, { "id": "15916449", "score": "1.5418396", "text": "an honor student at Bowie High School in Arlington, died at the age of seventeen in 1979. He is interred at Moore Memorial Gardens Cemetery in Arlington. From 1982 to 1984, Grusendorf served on the elected Texas State Board of Education (SBOE). He won a five-candidate primary rae and then defeated a prominent Democrat in the general election to win his seat on the SBOE. At that time, the geographic boundaries for SBOE districts were exactly the same as Congressional district lines. Grusendorf won the SBOE race in exactly the same district as Democrat Tom Vandergriff won election to Congress.", "title": "Kent Grusendorf" }, { "id": "10926179", "score": "1.5308557", "text": "Mary, Betty, Bill, Barbara and Robert. Son Robert McFarlane was the National Security Advisor to President Ronald Reagan from 1983 until late 1985. William McFarlane and his wife Inez resided in Graham, Texas, where he died February 18, 1980. He was interred in Oak Grove Cemetery. William D. McFarlane William Doddridge McFarlane (July 17, 1894 – February 18, 1980) was a United States Representative from Texas. Born in Greenwood, Arkansas, McFarlane attended public schools and the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville 1909-1914. He engaged in the mercantile business in Greenwood, Arkansas from 1914 to 1918. During the First World War", "title": "William D. McFarlane" }, { "id": "7389725", "score": "1.5305656", "text": "Khan made many local enemies in southern Afghanistan over the years, within his own and competing tribes, and his death may have been the result of such a local feud. Jan Mohammad Khan Jan Mohammad Khan (died July 17, 2011) was a politician in Afghanistan, who served as Governor of Oruzgan Province from January 2002 to March 2006, member of the National Assembly, and a special adviser to President Hamid Karzai. He was an elder of the Popolzai Pashtun tribe in Oruzgan and a close ally of Hamid Karzai. Khan was illiterate. During the war against the Soviets he served", "title": "Jan Mohammad Khan" }, { "id": "8216526", "score": "1.5283608", "text": "at MIT. He was introduced to Russian language study by the pioneering teacher, Alexander (Isaacovich) Lipson who was teaching at Harvard and MIT at the time. Ritter's experience with Afghanistan began with the Soviet Union's invasion of that country in 1979. He spent the next 10 years in Congress working with Afghans to evict the Soviet invaders. He authored the \"Material Assistance\" to Afghanistan legislation in the Congress (Ritter-Tsongas) in 1982, created the Congressional Task Force on Afghanistan (Ritter-Humphrey) to promote such \"material assistance\" of all kinds to the Afghan resistance, convened meetings on Afghanistan with representatives of the United", "title": "Donald L. Ritter" }, { "id": "2287569", "score": "1.5273452", "text": "those hospitals and seeing, especially those children with their hands blown off from the mines that the Soviets were dropping from their helicopters. That was perhaps the deciding thing ... and it made a huge difference for the next 10 or 12 years of my life because I left those hospitals determined, as long as I had a breath in my body and was a member in Congress, that I was going to do what I could to make the Soviets pay for what they were doing!\" In 2008, Wilson said he had \"got involved in Afghanistan because I went", "title": "Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)" }, { "id": "2302762", "score": "1.5271184", "text": "the Texas House of Representatives from 1973 to 1977 and as the chairman of the Texas Republican Party from 1976 to 1977. He died on March 30, 2014, at the age of 81. Hutchison and her family have their primary residence in Belgium, her daughter attends school at Chatham Hall in Virginia. She had a second house in Virginia, where she lived when the U.S. Senate was in session. In August 2009 she put her Virginia house up for sale, and her campaign stated, \"She's no longer going to be in the United States Senate. She's coming home to Texas.", "title": "Kay Bailey Hutchison" }, { "id": "8161983", "score": "1.5262501", "text": "Space Center (closed in 1992). Olin E. Teague Olin Earl \"Tiger\" Teague (April 6, 1910 – January 23, 1981) was a notable World War II veteran and congressional representative for Texas's 6th congressional district for 32 years, from 1946 to 1978. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Born in Oklahoma and raised in Mena, Arkansas, Teague graduated from the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (now Texas A&M University) in 1932. He joined the Army in 1940 as a lieutenant and was discharged in 1946 as a colonel. He participated in the D-Day invasion of Normandy, and was a", "title": "Olin E. Teague" }, { "id": "2287580", "score": "1.5176929", "text": "died on February 10, 2010, at Lufkin Memorial Hospital in Lufkin, Texas, after collapsing earlier in the day. He suffered from cardiopulmonary arrest. He was pronounced dead at 12:16 p.m. Central Time. \"America has lost an extraordinary patriot whose life showed that one brave and determined person can alter the course of history,\" said Robert Gates, then United States Secretary of Defense. Wilson received a graveside service with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery on February 23, 2010. A six-piece jazz band punctuated each eulogy with Charlie's favorites \"As Time Goes By\", \"My Way\", and in honor of his", "title": "Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)" }, { "id": "2287570", "score": "1.5175495", "text": "there and I saw what the Soviets were doing. And I saw the refugee camps.\" For his efforts, Wilson was presented with the Honored Colleague Award by the CIA. He became the first civilian to receive the award. However, Wilson's role remains controversial because most of the aid was supplied to Islamist hardliner Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, who has been accused of serious war crimes and later allied with the Taliban after the U.S. invasion. The decision of the Soviet Union to withdraw from Afghanistan and declare the invasion a mistake led to Wilson commending the Soviet leadership on the floor of", "title": "Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)" }, { "id": "2623484", "score": "1.5161588", "text": "his pancreatic cancer. Idaho Senator Jim McClure introduced the measure in the Senate in late February, and President Reagan signed the act on March 14, less than four weeks before Frank Church's death on April 7. Frank Church was considered a progressive (remarkable considering that he represented one of the most conservative states in the nation), though he was a strong opponent of gun control. He, in 1979, was the first in Congress to disclose and protest the presence of Soviet combat troops in Cuba. According to the Christian Science Monitor, this stance somewhat disarmed his opponent's charge in the", "title": "Frank Church" }, { "id": "15160866", "score": "1.5141444", "text": "daughters, Kathryn Ann Winter, Alisa Karen Hudson, and Kristina Kay O'Connor. Services were held at Hyde Park Baptist Church, 3901 Speedway in Austin. Interment was at the Texas State Cemetery, a prerogative for all Texas legislators and their spouses. Randy Pendleton Randall George Pendleton (March 15, 1937 – October 4, 2009), was a businessman from Andrews, Texas, and later a lobbyist in Austin, who served as a Democrat in the Texas House of Representatives from 1963 to 1969, first in District 75 (1963-1967) and then in District 73 (1967-1969). Pendleton was born to George H. Pendleton (1908–1993) and the former", "title": "Randy Pendleton" }, { "id": "17256769", "score": "1.5138168", "text": "Ronald Reagan. Abbott died from complications of congestive heart failure in Coronado, California. Shirley Abbott (ambassador) Dr. Shirley Levoy \"S.L.\" Abbott (July 23,1924 – April 23, 2013) was an American businessman, rancher, politician, and ambassador. Born in Fairview, Oklahoma, Abbott lived on a dairy farm in Minnesota with his family and then moved to El Paso, Texas. He served in the United States Army during World War II. He received his bachelor and optometrist degrees from Pacific University. He then practiced optometry in El Paso and was a rancher. He served in the Texas House of Representatives as a Republican", "title": "Shirley Abbott (ambassador)" } ]

[ "stellar radius", "stars", "Stellar radius", "intermediate mass star", "End of the Sun", "stellar diameter", "star", "Intermediate mass stars", "🌟", "Massive star", "intermediate star", "intermediate mass stars", "Stellar diameter", "Intermediate mass star", "Wishstar", "massive star", "Stars", "Intermediate star", "Star fission", "Stellum", "wishstar", "end of sun", "stellum", "star fission", "Star" ]

[ { "id": "462176", "score": "1.6520991", "text": "White Dwarf (magazine) White Dwarf is a magazine published by British games manufacturer Games Workshop, which has long served as a promotions and advertising platform for Games Workshop and Citadel Miniatures products. During the first ten years of its publication, it covered a wide variety of fantasy and science-fiction role-playing games (RPGs) and board games, particularly the role playing games \"Advanced Dungeons & Dragons\" (\"AD&D\"), \"RuneQuest\" and \"Traveller\". These games were all published by other games companies and distributed by Games Workshop stores. The magazine underwent a major change in style and content in the late 1980s. It is now", "title": "White Dwarf (magazine)" }, { "id": "17594736", "score": "1.6386106", "text": "White Dwarf (film) White Dwarf is a 1995 science fiction TV movie written by Bruce Wagner, directed by Peter Markle, and produced by Francis Ford Coppola, Robert Halmi Sr. and Bruce Wagner for American Zoetrope. Originally intended as a television pilot, the film first aired on the Fox Network on May 23, 1995. While expected to be well received, the film instead garnered generally negative reception. Negative reception notwithstanding, the project received a 1995 ASC Awards nomination for 'Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography'. In the year 3040, New York medical student Driscoll Rampart (Neal McDonough) is completing his internship on Rusta,", "title": "White Dwarf (film)" }, { "id": "462188", "score": "1.6221519", "text": "one cost something, printed, comparatively long, monthly, white, and a Dwarf. The e-zine was cancelled in 2008 during the revision of GW's online strategy. The USA publication number is one less than the corresponding issue for the UK publication. White Dwarf (magazine) White Dwarf is a magazine published by British games manufacturer Games Workshop, which has long served as a promotions and advertising platform for Games Workshop and Citadel Miniatures products. During the first ten years of its publication, it covered a wide variety of fantasy and science-fiction role-playing games (RPGs) and board games, particularly the role playing games \"Advanced", "title": "White Dwarf (magazine)" }, { "id": "462819", "score": "1.6067557", "text": "White dwarf A white dwarf, also called a degenerate dwarf, is a stellar core remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter. A white dwarf is very dense: its mass is comparable to that of the Sun, while its volume is comparable to that of Earth. A white dwarf's faint luminosity comes from the emission of stored thermal energy; no fusion takes place in a white dwarf wherein mass is converted to energy. The nearest known white dwarf is Sirius B, at 8.6 light years, the smaller component of the Sirius binary star. There are currently thought to be eight white dwarfs", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "id": "17594746", "score": "1.5914209", "text": "a time when interstellar travel was commonplace, dependence on stagecoaches and horseback was nonsense, and the \"medical facilities, equipment and medications seem as primitive as the transportation system.\" They concluded the \"participation of Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Halmi Sr. as executive producers with Wagner, as well as a fine production team, still doesn't make this movie worth more than about the 30 seconds it takes to watch one of Fox' promos for it.\" White Dwarf (film) White Dwarf is a 1995 science fiction TV movie written by Bruce Wagner, directed by Peter Markle, and produced by Francis Ford Coppola,", "title": "White Dwarf (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nova\n\nA nova (plural novae or novas) is a transient astronomical event that causes the sudden appearance of a bright, apparently \"new\" star (hence the name \"nova\", which is Latin for \"new\") that slowly fades over weeks or months. Causes of the dramatic appearance of a nova vary, depending on the circumstances of the two progenitor stars. All observed novae involve white dwarfs in close binary systems. The main sub-classes of novae are classical novae, recurrent novae (RNe), and dwarf novae. They are all considered to be cataclysmic variable stars.\n\nClassical nova eruptions are the most common type. They are likely created in a close binary star system consisting of a white dwarf and either a main sequence, subgiant, or red giant star. When the orbital period falls in the range of several days to one day, the white dwarf is close enough to its companion star to start drawing accreted matter onto the surface of the white dwarf, which creates a dense but shallow atmosphere. This atmosphere, mostly consisting of hydrogen, is thermally heated by the hot white dwarf and eventually reaches a critical temperature causing ignition of rapid runaway fusion.\n\nThe sudden increase in energy expels the atmosphere into interstellar space creating the envelope seen as visible light during the nova event. Such were taken in past centuries to be a new star. A few novae produce short-lived nova remnants, lasting for perhaps several centuries. Recurrent nova processes are the same as the classical nova, except that the fusion ignition may be repetitive because the companion star can again feed the dense atmosphere of the white dwarf.\n\nNovae most often occur in the sky along the path of the Milky Way, especially near the observed Galactic Center in Sagittarius; however, they can appear anywhere in the sky. They occur far more frequently than galactic supernovae, averaging about ten per year. Most are found telescopically, perhaps only one every 12–18 months reaching naked-eye visibility. Novae reaching first or second magnitude occur only several times per century. The last bright nova was V1369 Centauri reaching 3.3 magnitude on 14 December 2013.", "title": "Nova" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sirius\n\nSirius is the brightest star in the night sky. Its name is derived from the Greek word , or , meaning 'glowing' or 'scorching'. The star is designated α Canis Majoris, Latinized to Alpha Canis Majoris, and abbreviated Alpha CMa or α CMa. With a visual apparent magnitude of −1.46, Sirius is almost twice as bright as Canopus, the next brightest star. Sirius is a binary star consisting of a main-sequence star of spectral type A0 or A1, termed Sirius A, and a faint white dwarf companion of spectral type DA2, termed Sirius B. The distance between the two varies between 8.2 and 31.5 astronomical units as they orbit every 50 years.<ref name=\"Schaaf2008\"/>\n\nSirius appears bright because of its intrinsic luminosity and its proximity to the Solar System. At a distance of , the Sirius system is one of Earth's nearest neighbours. Sirius is gradually moving closer to the Solar System, so it is expected to increase in brightness slightly over the next 60,000 years, reaching a peak magnitude of −1.68. After that time, its distance will begin to increase, and it will become fainter, but it will continue to be the brightest star in the Earth's night sky for approximately the next 210,000 years, before Vega, another A-type star and more luminous than Sirius, becomes the brightest star.\n\nSirius A is about twice as massive as the Sun () and has an absolute visual magnitude of +1.43. It is 25 times as luminous as the Sun,<ref name=\"Liebert2005\"/> but has a significantly lower luminosity than other bright stars such as Canopus, Betelgeuse, or Rigel. The system is between 200 and years old.<ref name=\"Liebert2005\"/> It was originally composed of two bright bluish stars. The initially more massive of these, Sirius B, consumed its hydrogen fuel and became a red giant before shedding its outer layers and collapsing into its current state as a white dwarf around years ago.<ref name=\"Liebert2005\"/>\n\nSirius is known colloquially as the \"Dog Star\", reflecting its prominence in its constellation, Canis Major (the Greater Dog).<ref name=\"Allen1899\"/> The heliacal rising of Sirius marked the flooding of the Nile in Ancient Egypt and the \"dog days\" of summer for the ancient Greeks, while to the Polynesians, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, the star marked winter and was an important reference for their navigation around the Pacific Ocean.", "title": "Sirius" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Type Ia supernova\n\nA Type Ia supernova (read: \"type one-A\") is a type of supernova that occurs in binary systems (two stars orbiting one another) in which one of the stars is a white dwarf. The other star can be anything from a giant star to an even smaller white dwarf.\n\nPhysically, carbon–oxygen white dwarfs with a low rate of rotation are limited to below 1.44 solar masses ().<ref name=\"aaa419\">\n</ref><ref name=\"Mazzali2007\">\n</ref> Beyond this \"critical mass\", they reignite and in some cases trigger a supernova explosion; this critical mass is often referred to as the Chandrasekhar mass, but is marginally different from the absolute Chandrasekhar limit, where electron degeneracy pressure is unable to prevent catastrophic collapse. If a white dwarf gradually accretes mass from a binary companion, or merges with a second white dwarf, the general hypothesis is that a white dwarf's core will reach the ignition temperature for carbon fusion as it approaches the Chandrasekhar mass. Within a few seconds of initiation of nuclear fusion, a substantial fraction of the matter in the white dwarf undergoes a runaway reaction, releasing enough energy (1–)<ref name=\"aaa270\">\n</ref> to unbind the star in a supernova explosion.<ref>\n</ref>\n\nThe Type Ia category of supernova produces a fairly consistent peak luminosity because of this fixed critical mass at which a white dwarf will explode. Their consistent peak luminosity allows these explosions to be used as standard candles to measure the distance to their host galaxies: the visual magnitude of a type Ia supernova, as observed from Earth, indicates its distance from Earth.\n\nIn May 2015, NASA reported that the \"Kepler\" space observatory observed KSN 2011b, a Type Ia supernova in the process of exploding. Details of the pre-nova moments may help scientists better judge the quality of Type Ia supernovae as standard candles, which is an important link in the argument for dark energy. \n\nIn September 2021, astronomers reported that the Hubble Space Telescope had taken three images of a Type Ia supernova through a gravitational lens. This supernova appeared at three different times in the evolution of its brightness due to the differing path length of the light in the three images; at −24, 92, and 107 days from peak luminosity. A fourth image will appear in 2037 allowing observation of the entire luminosity cycle of the supernova.", "title": "Type Ia supernova" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chandrasekhar limit\n\nThe Chandrasekhar limit () is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star. The currently accepted value of the Chandrasekhar limit is about ().\n\nWhite dwarfs resist gravitational collapse primarily through electron degeneracy pressure, compared to main sequence stars, which resist collapse through thermal pressure. The Chandrasekhar limit is the mass above which electron degeneracy pressure in the star's core is insufficient to balance the star's own gravitational self-attraction. Consequently, a white dwarf with a mass greater than the limit is subject to further gravitational collapse, evolving into a different type of stellar remnant, such as a neutron star or black hole. Those with masses up to the limit remain stable as white dwarfs. Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit is theoretically a next level to reach in order for a neutron star to collapse into a denser form such as a black hole.\n\nThe limit was named after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. Chandrasekhar improved upon the accuracy of the calculation in 1930 by calculating the limit for a polytrope model of a star in hydrostatic equilibrium, and comparing his limit to the earlier limit found by E. C. Stoner for a uniform density star. Importantly, the existence of a limit, based on the conceptual breakthrough of combining relativity with Fermi degeneracy, was indeed first established in separate papers published by Wilhelm Anderson and E. C. Stoner in 1929. The limit was initially ignored by the community of scientists because such a limit would logically require the existence of black holes, which were considered a scientific impossibility at the time. The fact that the roles of Stoner and Anderson are often overlooked in the astronomy community has been noted. ", "title": "Chandrasekhar limit" }, { "id": "462181", "score": "1.5895567", "text": "games as well as a means to showcase developments. It often includes scenarios, campaigns, hobby news, photos of recently released miniatures and tips on building terrain and constructing or converting miniatures. Grombrindal the White Dwarf is also a special character for the Dwarf army, whose rules are published only in certain issues of \"White Dwarf\" (being revamped for the most recent edition of the rules). It is never stated who exactly the White Dwarf is, but it is implied that he is the spirit of Snorri Whitebeard, the last king of the Dwarfs to receive respect from an Elf. The", "title": "White Dwarf (magazine)" }, { "id": "462820", "score": "1.576998", "text": "among the hundred star systems nearest the Sun. The unusual faintness of white dwarfs was first recognized in 1910. The name \"white dwarf\" was coined by Willem Luyten in 1922. White dwarfs are thought to be the final evolutionary state of stars whose mass is not high enough to become a neutron star, that of about 10 solar masses. This includes over 97% of the other stars in the Milky Way. After the hydrogen-fusing period of a main-sequence star of low or medium mass ends, such a star will expand to a red giant during which it fuses helium to", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "id": "17594740", "score": "1.5767238", "text": "Rustia ), Germany as \"Rusta - Planet der Tränen\" (Rusta - Planet of Tears ), Spain as \"Enana blanca\" (White Dwarf), Hungary as \"Fehér törpe\" (White Dwarf), and Sweden as \"Den vita dvärgen\" (The White Dwarf). The film was reviewed as having promise, but received generally negative reviews. \"The New York Times\" wrote that the film began with a \"shamelessly incredible premise\" which \"takes off into a wholly unbelievable stratosphere\". They also observed that the film's collection of protagonists and antagonists do nothing to improve it, and while keeping track of them is \"often exasperating\", it \"is hardly boring. The", "title": "White Dwarf (film)" }, { "id": "17594737", "score": "1.5681762", "text": "a rural planet which due to it being tidally locked to its primary, is divided into contrasting halves of day and night with the halves separated by a wall. The two sides are involved in a civil war: The day side containing a Victorian-styled colony is at odds with the night containing a medieval kingdom. The differences between the two cultures leaves Rampart in a state of wonder. Rampart arrives from Earth for a six-month stint at the Light Side clinic run by Dr. Akada (Paul Winfield). Rampart's ambition is to eventually set up a private practice in Manhattan on", "title": "White Dwarf (film)" }, { "id": "462893", "score": "1.5613692", "text": "white dwarf accreting matter from a stellar companion are called cataclysmic variables. As well as novae and dwarf novae, several other classes of these variables are known, including polars and intermediate polars, both of which feature highly magnetic white dwarfs. Both fusion- and accretion-powered cataclysmic variables have been observed to be X-ray sources. White dwarf A white dwarf, also called a degenerate dwarf, is a stellar core remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter. A white dwarf is very dense: its mass is comparable to that of the Sun, while its volume is comparable to that of Earth. A white dwarf's", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "id": "462182", "score": "1.5452292", "text": "image of the White Dwarf has graced the covers of many issues of the magazine. The image was also used on the character sheet for the Dwarf character in \"HeroQuest\". In December 2004, \"White Dwarf\" published its 300th issue. in the United Kingdom and North America. Each issue contained many special \"freebies\" as well as articles on the history of the magazine and the founding of Games Workshop. The monthly battle reports are a regular feature. Battle reports detail a battle between two or more forces, usually with their own specific victory conditions. The reports follow the gamers through their", "title": "White Dwarf (magazine)" }, { "id": "5827393", "score": "1.5391526", "text": "\"Better Than Life\" (1990), Rimmer and Cat use \"White Giant\" to find Lister on Garbage World. Given that \"Starbug\" was destroyed by acid rain, and the destruction of \"Blue Midget\", \"White Giant\" was left as the only remaining shuttlecraft for \"Red Dwarf\". However, in the two sequel novels \"Last Human\" (1995) and \"Backwards\" (1996), \"Starbug\" has been rebuilt and \"White Giant\" never appears. White Giant may be the white ship which appears in Series VIII as the shuttle used by the Canaries, the so-called suicide squad who attempt dangerous missions. The wreck of the Nova 5 was discovered in the", "title": "Spacecraft in Red Dwarf" }, { "id": "462884", "score": "1.5391126", "text": "that white dwarfs could be orbited by the stripped cores of rocky planets, that would have survived the red giant phase of their star but losing their outer layers and, given those planetary remnants would likely be made of metals, to attempt to detect them looking for the signatures of their interaction with the white dwarf's magnetic field. There is a planet in the white dwarf–pulsar binary system PSR B1620-26. There are two circumbinary planets around the white dwarf–red dwarf binary NN Serpentis. The metal-rich white dwarf WD 1145+017 is the first white dwarf observed with a disintegrating minor planet", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "id": "462870", "score": "1.5303454", "text": "is able to reveal the presence of a magnetic field of 1 megagauss or more. Thus the basic identification process also sometimes results in discovery of magnetic fields. It has been estimated that at least 10% of white dwarfs have fields in excess of 1 million gauss (100 T). The highly magnetized white dwarf in the binary system AR Scorpii was identified in 2016 as the first pulsar in which the compact object is a white dwarf instead of a neutron star. The magnetic fields in a white dwarf may allow for the existence of a new type of chemical", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "id": "462179", "score": "1.526714", "text": "form of an attractive and interesting single task for either existing or new characters to resolve. These could either be slipped into existing campaign plots, or be used stand-alone, just for a fun evening, and were easily grasped by those familiar with RPG rules. During this period the magazine included lots of features such as the satirical comic strip \"Thrud the Barbarian\" and Dave Langford's \"Critical Mass\" book review column, as well as a comical advertising series \"The Androx Diaries\", and always had cameos and full scenarios for a broad selection of the most popular games of the time, as", "title": "White Dwarf (magazine)" }, { "id": "364438", "score": "1.5235493", "text": "outer shell of gas that it will push those layers away, forming a planetary nebula. If what remains after the outer atmosphere has been shed is less than 1.4 , it shrinks to a relatively tiny object about the size of Earth, known as a white dwarf. White dwarfs lack the mass for further gravitational compression to take place. The electron-degenerate matter inside a white dwarf is no longer a plasma, even though stars are generally referred to as being spheres of plasma. Eventually, white dwarfs fade into black dwarfs over a very long period of time. In massive stars,", "title": "Star" }, { "id": "462177", "score": "1.5123253", "text": "dedicated exclusively to the miniature wargames produced by Games Workshop. Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone initially produced a newsletter called \"Owl and Weasel\", which ran for twenty-five issues from February 1975 before it evolved into \"White Dwarf\". Originally scheduled for May/June 1977, White Dwarf was first published one month later. The magazine had a bimonthly schedule, with an initial (and speculative) print run of 4,000. \"White Dwarf\" continued the fantasy and science fiction role-playing and board-gaming theme developed in \"Owl and Weasel\". Due to the increase in available space, there was an opportunity to produce reviews, articles and scenarios to", "title": "White Dwarf (magazine)" }, { "id": "10762696", "score": "1.5090201", "text": "GD 362 GD 362 is a white dwarf approximately 150 light years from Earth. In 2004, spectroscopic observations showed that it had a relatively high concentration of metals in its atmosphere. Since the high gravitational field of white dwarfs quickly forces heavy elements to settle towards the bottom of the atmosphere, this meant that the atmosphere was being polluted by an external source. In 2005, infrared photometric observations suggested that it was surrounded by a ring of dust with size comparable to the rings of Saturn, providing an explanation for this pollution. In 2006, Benjamin Zuckerman, Michael Jura and other", "title": "GD 362" }, { "id": "462859", "score": "1.5066533", "text": "dwarf will eventually, in many trillions of years, cool and become a non-radiating \"black dwarf\" in approximate thermal equilibrium with its surroundings and with the cosmic background radiation. No black dwarfs are thought to exist yet. Although white dwarf material is initially plasma—a fluid composed of nuclei and electrons—it was theoretically predicted in the 1960s that at a late stage of cooling, it should crystallize, starting at its center. The crystal structure is thought to be a body-centered cubic lattice. In 1995 it was suggested that asteroseismological observations of pulsating white dwarfs yielded a potential test of the crystallization theory,", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "id": "19107291", "score": "1.5065644", "text": "WD 1145+017 WD 1145+017 (also known as EPIC 201563164) is a white dwarf approximately from Earth in the constellation of Virgo. It is the first white dwarf to be observed with a transiting planetary-mass object orbiting it. The white dwarf has a mass of 0.6 , radius of 0.02 (1.4 ) and a temperature of 15,900 K, typical for white dwarf stars. It has been a white dwarf for 175 million years. The star included strong absorption lines due to magnesium, aluminium, silicon, calcium, iron and nickel. These elements commonly found in rocky planets are polluting the surface of the", "title": "WD 1145+017" } ]

[ "honor blackman", "Honor Blackman" ]

[ { "id": "4565649", "score": "2.1503105", "text": "Pussy Galore Pussy Galore is a fictional character in the 1959 Ian Fleming James Bond novel \"Goldfinger\" and the 1964 film of the same name. In the film, she is played by Honor Blackman. The character returns in the 2015 Bond continuation novel \"Trigger Mortis\" by Anthony Horowitz, set in the 1950s two weeks after the events of \"Goldfinger\". Blanche Blackwell, a Jamaican of Anglo-Jewish descent, is thought to have been the love of Fleming's later life and his model for Pussy Galore. In Fleming's 1959 novel \"Goldfinger\", Pussy Galore is the only woman in the United States known to", "title": "Pussy Galore" }, { "id": "4565657", "score": "2.099966", "text": "to force the pilot to fly him to Cuba. However, Bond defeats Goldfinger, who is blown out the window at high altitude, thus suffering what, in the novel, had been Oddjob's fate. Bond then saves Galore from the crashing plane: they both bail out (this is shown only on radar), land safely in an unidentified tropical region, and make love under their parachute. Pussy ranked second in a poll of favourite Bond girls by \"Entertainment Weekly\" in 2007, beaten only by Ursula Andress' character Honey Rider. Yahoo! Movies had her name included in the 2012 list of the best Bond", "title": "Pussy Galore" }, { "id": "4565654", "score": "2.0973678", "text": "after the events of \"Goldfinger\". The novel contains material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming. In the film, Galore is first seen when Bond wakes up in Goldfinger's private jet, having been knocked out with a tranquiliser gun by a Goldfinger henchman. He is lying on a couch when he regains consciousness, and since the first thing he sees when he opens his eyes is her stunning blonde-framed visage leaning over him, the dialog runs as follows: She then asserts that the nature of her employment for Goldfinger is that she's \"a damn good pilot\", clearly intending to suggest that", "title": "Pussy Galore" }, { "id": "4565655", "score": "2.0899847", "text": "there is no relationship of a more intimate nature between them, and tells Bond, \"You can turn off the charm. I'm immune.\" She is the leader of Pussy Galore's Flying Circus, a group of women aviators connected with Goldfinger's \"Operation Grand Slam\" (played in certain scenes by stuntmen in blonde wigs). In a later scene, Pussy uses judo to attack Bond after she catches him eavesdropping on Goldfinger's plan, and turns him over to Goldfinger. However, Bond corners Galore in a barn and forcibly holds her down (while she tries hard to fight him off) and kisses her. The film", "title": "Pussy Galore" }, { "id": "4565658", "score": "1.9793055", "text": "girl names, calling it \"The most famous Bond Girl name, and also the rudest – US censors almost cut it from \"Goldfinger\".\" The 1997 parody film \"\" features a character named Alotta Fagina in an apparent reference to Galore (and perhaps also to the many other double-entendre named Bond girls, such as Octopussy and Holly Goodhead). The Rolex GMT-Master reference 6542 is nicknamed \"Pussy Galore\" because the movie character wears this particular watch. Her name is also the inspiration for a character, Pussy LaGore, in the \"Carmageddon\" video game series. Pussy Galore Pussy Galore is a fictional character in the", "title": "Pussy Galore" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pussy Galore\n\nPussy Galore is a fictional character in the 1959 Ian Fleming James Bond novel \"Goldfinger\" and the 1964 film of the same name. In the film, she is played by Honor Blackman. The character returns in the 2015 Bond continuation novel \"Trigger Mortis\" by Anthony Horowitz, set in the 1950s; two weeks after the events of \"Goldfinger\".\n\nBlanche Blackwell, a Jamaican of Anglo-Jewish descent, is thought to have been the love of Fleming's later life and his model for Pussy Galore.", "title": "Pussy Galore" }, { "id": "2013161", "score": "1.954334", "text": "men, though upon encountering Bond they overcome their earlier antipathy and sleep with him not only willingly but eagerly. The cliché reaches its most extreme level in \"Goldfinger\". In this novel Pussy Galore is portrayed as a practising lesbian when she first meets Bond, but at the end of the novel she sleeps with him. When, in bed, he says to her, \"They told me you only liked women,\" she replies, \"I never met a man before.\" In Fleming's novels, many Bond girls have some sort of independent job or even career, often one that was considered inappropriate for women", "title": "Bond girl" }, { "id": "2013166", "score": "1.9247911", "text": "and Zena Marshall as Miss Taro in the same film. \"Goldfinger\" (1964), the third, established the Bond girl as regularly appearing in Bond films. There have been many attempts to break down the numerous Bond girls into a top 10 list for the entire series; characters who often appear in these lists include Anya Amasova (from \"The Spy Who Loved Me\", portrayed by Barbara Bach); Pussy Galore (from \"Goldfinger\", portrayed by Honor Blackman); Contessa Teresa di Vicenzo (from \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", portrayed by Diana Rigg); and often ranked Number 1 on the list, Honey Ryder (from \"Dr. No\",", "title": "Bond girl" }, { "id": "4565656", "score": "1.9231149", "text": "then shows a massive change in personality where she seems to welcome the earlier assault, putting her arms around Bond. She then secretly turns against Goldfinger; she alerts the CIA to her employer's scheme, and they help her replace the deadly nerve gas that Goldfinger is planning to have her aviators spray over Fort Knox with a different, harmless substance (the soldiers below appear to die, but are actually faking). Having foiled Goldfinger's plan, Bond boards the President's private plane to travel to the White House. Goldfinger, now a fugitive, forces Galore to participate in hijacking the plane in order", "title": "Pussy Galore" }, { "id": "208213", "score": "1.916208", "text": "success, a second story was adapted and on 3 April 2010 BBC Radio 4 broadcast \"Goldfinger\" with Stephens again playing Bond. Sir Ian McKellen was Goldfinger and Stephens' \"Die Another Day\" co-star Rosamund Pike played Pussy Galore. The play was adapted from Fleming's novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by Martin Jarvis. In 2012 the novel \"From Russia, with Love\" was dramatized for Radio 4; it featured a full cast again starring Stephens as Bond. In May 2014 Stephens again played Bond, in \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", with Alfred Molina as Blofeld, and Joanna Lumley as Irma Bunt.", "title": "James Bond" }, { "id": "15940324", "score": "1.9071891", "text": "demonstrates Western society's patriarchal, individualistic culture. Academic Tricia Jenkins, meanwhile, sees that Bond as \"hyperheterosexual\", as he is \"\"more\" masculine, \"more\" sexually desirable, \"more\" heterosexual than the others around him\". Bond girls became a major theme in many Bond film posters, beginning with \"Dr. No\"; the suggestiveness of the images used had to be toned down in some countries. Bond girls often have highly suggestive names, including \"Goldfinger\"'s Pussy Galore, which the American censor refused to allow on promotional materials and for the US market she was subsequently referred to as \"Miss Galore\" or \"Goldfinger's personal pilot\"; however Honor Blackman", "title": "Motifs in the James Bond film series" }, { "id": "1454475", "score": "1.89347", "text": "memorable figure in the Bond periphery.\" Galore was introduced by Fleming in order for Bond to seduce her, thereby proving Bond's masculinity in being able to seduce a lesbian. To some extent the situation also reflected Fleming's own opinions, expressed in the novel as part of Bond's thoughts, where \"her sexual confusion is attributable to women's suffrage\"; in addition, as Fleming himself put it in the book: \"Bond felt the sexual challenge all beautiful Lesbians have for men.\" Ladenson points out that, unlike some Bond girls, Galore's role in the plot is crucial and she is not just there as", "title": "Goldfinger (novel)" }, { "id": "4565650", "score": "1.8840864", "text": "be running an organised crime gang. Initially trapeze artists, her group of performing catwomen, \"Pussy Galore and her Abrocats\", is unsuccessful, and so the women train as cat burglars instead. Her group evolves into an all-lesbian organisation, based in Harlem, known as the Cement Mixers. In the novel, she has black hair, pale skin, and (according to Bond) the only violet eyes that Bond has ever seen. She is in her thirties, her voice low and attractive. Pussy tells Bond that she became a lesbian after she was sexually abused by her uncle at the age of 12. Auric Goldfinger", "title": "Pussy Galore" }, { "id": "1454481", "score": "1.8840214", "text": "where he partnered the Open winner Peter Thomson: much of the background went into the match between Bond and Goldfinger. One of Fleming's neighbours in Jamaica, and later his lover, was Blanche Blackwell, mother of Chris Blackwell of Island Records; Fleming used Blanche as the model for Pussy Galore, although the name \"Pussy\" came from Mrs \"Pussy\" Deakin, formerly Livia Stela, an SOE agent and friend of his wife's. Fleming's golf partner, John Blackwell, (a cousin to Blanche Blackwell) was also a cousin by marriage to Ernő Goldfinger and disliked him: it was Blackwell who reminded Fleming of the name.", "title": "Goldfinger (novel)" }, { "id": "1389377", "score": "1.8678412", "text": "a lead role in the film \"Jackboots on Whitehall\" and lent her voice to a new series of James Bond audio-books, narrating \"The Spy Who Loved Me\". In 2010 Pike played the part of Pussy Galore in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Fleming's \"Goldfinger\". In 2011, Pike played the part of Kate Sumner in the Bond spoof film \"Johnny English Reborn\", playing a psychologist and English's love interest. The film is a sequel to the 2003 film \"Johnny English\" and was a box office success, taking over $160 million. In 2012, she played the role of Queen Andromeda in", "title": "Rosamund Pike" }, { "id": "8465253", "score": "1.8502642", "text": "Goldfinger (film) Goldfinger is a 1964 British spy film and the third installment in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, starring Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It is based on the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. The film also stars Honor Blackman as Bond girl Pussy Galore and Gert Fröbe as the title character Auric Goldfinger, along with Shirley Eaton as the iconic Bond girl Jill Masterson. \"Goldfinger\" was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman and was the first of four Bond films directed by Guy Hamilton. The film's", "title": "Goldfinger (film)" }, { "id": "4565652", "score": "1.8468213", "text": "Leiter foil \"Grand Slam\", Galore runs into Bond while impersonating a stewardess on Goldfinger's hijacked escape flight to the Soviet Union (which carries his remaining fortune in gold). Bond, having previously been drugged by a fake vaccination, has been kidnapped and transported onto the plane to join Goldfinger, who is determined to kill him at last. However, Bond punctures one of the airplane's windows with a knife (causing Goldfinger's henchman Oddjob to be blown out and plunge to his death), then tackles Goldfinger, and, in the ensuing struggle, kills him. Bond then forces the crew of the airplane to reverse", "title": "Pussy Galore" }, { "id": "2738078", "score": "1.8410741", "text": "\"The Brits would love her because they knew her as Mrs. Gale, the Yanks would like her because she was so good, it was a perfect combination\". During the 1960s, Blackman practised judo at the famous Budokwai dojo. This helped her prepare for her roles as Cathy Gale in \"The Avengers\" and Pussy Galore in \"Goldfinger.\" At 38, she was one of the oldest actresses to play a Bond girl,five years older than Sean Connery. In 1968 Blackman appeared opposite John Neville and Hylda Baker in the musical play \"Mr & Mrs\", based on the plays of Noël Coward. In", "title": "Honor Blackman" }, { "id": "19239005", "score": "1.8231161", "text": "beckoned; appearing in numerous television shows, theatre productions and films. The latter included \"A Hard Day's Night\" with the Beatles, \"Ferry Cross the Mersey\" with Gerry and the Pacemakers and Marcel Carné's \"Three Rooms in Manhattan\". In 1964, Nolan played the small role of Dink, Bond's masseuse, in the James Bond film \"Goldfinger\". She was painted gold and wore a gold bikini for Robert Brownjohn's title-sequence, advertisements and soundtrack-cover (not Shirley Eaton as in the narrative of the film). This led to photographs in \"Playboy\" magazine's \"James Bond's Girls\" edition of November 1965. In the 1971 film \"Carry On at", "title": "Margaret Nolan" }, { "id": "4565651", "score": "1.7919879", "text": "enlists the help of Pussy and her Cement Mixers to carry out \"Operation Grand Slam\", a scheme to kill all the soldiers guarding Fort Knox by poisoning their water supply with a water-borne nerve agent (GB, also called sarin), and then to use a stolen nuclear weapon to blow open the U.S. Bullion Depository there and steal one billion dollars in gold bullion from it. Goldfinger chooses the Cement Mixers because he needs a group of women to impersonate the nurses in the fake emergency medical teams he plans to send into the poison-stricken Fort Knox. After Bond and Felix", "title": "Pussy Galore" }, { "id": "3470885", "score": "1.7890648", "text": "Pussy Galore (band) Pussy Galore was an American garage rock band that formed in Washington, D.C. in 1985. They had a constantly fluid line-up until their demise in 1990. They took their name from the character in the James Bond film, \"Goldfinger\", and their sound was inspired by the Velvet Underground and the New York Dolls. The band's earliest incarnation consisted of guitarist and vocalist Jon Spencer, guitarist and occasional vocalist Julia Cafritz and drummer John Hammill, though this line-up would be subject to both change and expansion in later years. Following the self-released 7\" \"Feel Good About Your Body\",", "title": "Pussy Galore (band)" } ]

[ "Kelly's Kids", "brady bunch", "The Brady Brides", "The brady bunch", "The Brady Bunch", "brady brunch", "brady brides", "The Brady Girls Get Married", "The Brady Bunch (reboot)", "brady girls get married", "Kellys kids", "kelly s kids", "brady bunch kids", "We'll Always be Friends", "we ll always be friends", "brady bunch reboot", "Brady Bunch", "The Brady Bunch reboot", "Brady Bunch Kids", "The Brady Bunch Kids", "Brady bunch", "The Brady Brunch", "kellys kids" ]

[ { "id": "3841933", "score": "1.7550149", "text": "Eilbacher) and Randy Whipple as the kids, Cindy and Randy. Veteran movie and television character actors played supporting roles, including Bill Daily, Harold Peary, Byron Foulger, Bob Jellison, Sam Flint, and Willis Bouchey. The show was created by Allan Burns and Chris Hayward, who had better success with \"Rocky & Bullwinkle\", \"The Munsters\", and \"Get Smart\" (which debuted the same season). Aluminum Model Toys (AMT), a well-known producer of plastic model car kits, introduced a 1/25-scale kit of the Porter in late 1965. The theme music was composed and conducted by Ralph Carmichael. It was written and sung by Paul", "title": "My Mother the Car" }, { "id": "510123", "score": "1.7334362", "text": "three daughters: Marcia (Maureen McCormick), Jan (Eve Plumb), and Cindy (Susan Olsen). The wife and daughters take the Brady surname. Included in the blended family are Mike's live-in housekeeper, Alice Nelson (Ann B. Davis), and the boys' dog, Tiger. (In the pilot episode, the girls also have a pet: a cat named Fluffy. Fluffy never appeared in any episodes following the pilot.) The setting is a large, suburban, two-story house designed by Mike, in a Los Angeles suburb. In the first season, awkward adjustments, accommodations, gender rivalries, and resentments inherent in blended families dominate the stories. In an early episode,", "title": "The Brady Bunch" }, { "id": "6691738", "score": "1.6977607", "text": "out of college to become a race car driver but has not revealed this to his parents; Marcia's husband Wally was fired from his job at a toy company; Jan is separating from her husband Philip and Cindy is fighting for her independence since she is the youngest and still gets treated like the baby of the family. Cindy is currently a college undergraduate and in an issue similar to Bobby's, Cindy lies to her parents about overwhelming college student issues, when in actuality she plans to go skiing in Aspen with her roommates. Even their former housekeeper Alice is", "title": "A Very Brady Christmas" }, { "id": "4352441", "score": "1.6729138", "text": "Today's Children Today's Children was a name shared by two thematically related American radio soap operas created and written by Irna Phillips, the earliest of which was her first nationally networked series. The original series, which debuted on September 11, 1933, revolved around the large Moran clan, headed by widow Mary \"Mother\" Moran, who was voiced by Phillips herself. Mother Moran had three adult children—Terry, Frances, and Eileen—whose troubles she dealt with using what promotional materials called \"warm-hearted understanding and a common-sense philosophy.\" The creation of the series was a direct result of Phillips' resignation from her pioneering WGN series", "title": "Today's Children" }, { "id": "510142", "score": "1.6701682", "text": "a real-estate agent, Greg is a doctor, Marcia is a fashion designer, Peter is in the Air Force, Jan is also an architect, Bobby and Cindy are in college, and Alice has married Sam. Eventually, they all reunite for Marcia and Jan's double wedding. \"The Brady Brides\" features Maureen McCormick (Marcia) and Eve Plumb (Jan) in regular roles. The series begins with Marcia and Jan and their new husbands buying a house and living together. The clashes between Jan's uptight and conservative husband, Philip Covington III (a college professor in science who is several years older than Jan, played by", "title": "The Brady Bunch" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of The Brady Bunch characters\n\nThe following is a list and description of the primary characters from the classic American television series \"The Brady Bunch\", that was broadcast from September 1969 to March 1974. The characters also appeared in all subsequent reunions, remakes, and theatrical/TV films.", "title": "List of The Brady Bunch characters" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Brady Bunch\n\nThe Brady Bunch is an American sitcom created by Sherwood Schwartz that aired from September 26, 1969, to March 8, 1974, on ABC. The series revolves around a large blended family with six children. The show aired for five seasons and, after its cancellation in 1974, went into syndication in September 1975. Though it was never a ratings hit or a critical success during its original run, the program has since become a popular syndicated staple, especially among children and teenage viewers.\n\n\"The Brady Bunch\"s success in syndication led to several television reunion films and spin-off series: \"The Brady Bunch Hour\" (1976–77), \"The Brady Girls Get Married\" (1981), \"The Brady Brides\" (1981), \"A Very Brady Christmas\" (1988), and \"The Bradys\" (1990). In 1995, the series was adapted into a satirical comedy theatrical film titled \"The Brady Bunch Movie\", followed by \"A Very Brady Sequel\" in 1996. A second sequel, \"The Brady Bunch in the White House\", aired on Fox in November 2002 as a made-for-television film.\n\nIn 1997, \"Getting Davy Jones\" (season three, episode 12) was ranked number 37 on \"TV Guide\"s 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time. The show's enduring popularity has resulted in its widespread recognition as an American cultural icon.", "title": "The Brady Bunch" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Brady Bunch Movie\n\nThe Brady Bunch Movie is a 1995 American comedy film that parodies the 1969–1974 television series \"The Brady Bunch\". The film was directed by Betty Thomas, with a screenplay by Laurice Elehwany, Rick Copp, and Bonnie and Terry Turner, and stars Shelley Long, Gary Cole, and Michael McKean. It also features cameos from Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz, Peter Tork, and RuPaul, along with some of the original cast of \"The Brady Bunch\" in small roles. The film places the original sitcom characters, with their 1970s fashion sense and sitcom family morality, in a contemporary 1990s setting, drawing humor from the resulting culture clash.\n\n\"The Brady Bunch Movie\" was released in the United States on February 17, 1995, and grossed $54 million. A sequel titled \"A Very Brady Sequel\" was released on August 23, 1996, and a television film titled \"The Brady Bunch in the White House\" was aired on November 29, 2002.", "title": "The Brady Bunch Movie" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alan Arkin\n\nAlan Wolf Arkin (born March 26, 1934) is an American actor, director and screenwriter known for his performances on stage and screen. Throughout his career spanning over six decades, he has received various accolades, including an Academy Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, a British Academy Film Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Tony Award. \n\nArkin started his career on the Broadway stage acting in \"Enter Laughing\" in 1963 for which he received the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play, and the comedic play \"Luv\" (1964). He is also was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play for \"The Sunshine Boys\" in 1973.\n\nHe gained stardom acting in \"The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming\" (1966), \"Wait Until Dark\" (1967), \"The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter\" (1968), \"Popi\" (1969), \"Catch-22\" (1970), \"The In-Laws\" (1979), \"Edward Scissorhands\" (1990), \"Glengarry Glen Ross\" (1992), \"Grosse Point Blank\" (1997), \"Thirteen Conversations About One Thing\" (2001), \"Little Miss Sunshine\" (2006), \"Get Smart\" (2008), and \"Argo\" (2012). For his performance in \"Little Miss Sunshine\", he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role.\n\nHe is also known for his roles in television including his performances as Leon Felhendler in \"Escape from Sobibor\" (1987), and as Harry Rowen in \"The Pentagon Papers\" (2003) which he earned Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited or Series or Movie nominations. From 2015 to 2016 he voiced J.D. Salinger in the Netflix animated series \"BoJack Horseman\". From 2018 to 2019 he starred in the Netflix comedy series \"The Kominsky Method\", earning two consecutive Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series nomination.", "title": "Alan Arkin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of unsolved murders (1980–1999)\n\nThis list of unsolved murders includes notable cases where victims have been murdered under unknown circumstances.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of unsolved murders (1980–1999)" }, { "id": "717089", "score": "1.6634524", "text": "to the bonds of humanity. \"All My Children\" was the first new network daytime drama to debut in the 1970s. Originally owned by Creative Horizons, Inc., the company created by Nixon and her husband, Bob, the show was sold to ABC in January 1975. The series started at a half-hour in per-installment length, then was expanded to a full hour on April 25, 1977. Earlier, the show had experimented with the full-hour format for one week starting on June 30, 1975, after which \"Ryan's Hope\" premiered. From 1970 to 1990, \"All My Children\" was recorded at ABC's TV18 at 101", "title": "All My Children" }, { "id": "6848238", "score": "1.6550992", "text": "In 1970, she lent her voice to a redesigned Chatty Cathy doll. McCormick played the beautiful eldest daughter, Marcia, who had five siblings. She had a perky and popular personality in \"The Brady Bunch\", an American television sitcom about a blended family that aired from late 1969 to early 1974 on ABC, on Friday nights. After its cancellation, the series was later rebroadcast in syndication for decades, as children's programming, gathering a long-lasting, cross-generational popularity that led to spinoffs and movies. \"The Brady Brides\" aired briefly in 1981 as a miniseries that was spun off from the movie \"The Brady", "title": "Maureen McCormick" }, { "id": "1486489", "score": "1.6426007", "text": "a full-time caregiver is in the household. With Charley meeting that role, and having had a change of heart about Ernie, Charley assents to a legal fiction declaring him \"housemother\" to the Douglas family. While the three sons were always central to the storyline, several major changes took place by the late 1960s. In the spring of 1967, the ratings for the series began to sag and \"My Three Sons\" finished its seventh season in 31st place in the Nielsen ratings. It was decided that the 1967-1968 season would bring the program not only a new time slot, but also", "title": "My Three Sons" }, { "id": "7420918", "score": "1.6343745", "text": "Vietnam War) and drug abuse. Some stories were light comedy, although most were serious. The series began under the title \"The Fisher Family\", and premiered on the DuMont Television Network in September 1952, and aired on both DuMont and ABC until the fall of 1953. The show entered syndication shortly after its network run ended. The show's stories revolved around the Fishers, a typical family from Middleburg in an unnamed Midwestern state. The family included Carl, the father, who was a pharmacist; Anna, the mother (though they were referred to only as Mr. and Mrs. Fisher); their children Emily (18),", "title": "This Is the Life (TV series)" }, { "id": "4352444", "score": "1.6339823", "text": "Street. The new serial followed the family of Mama and Papa Schultz, played Virginia Payne and Murray Forbes. Originally, the series was one of three Phillips-created serials which made up the \"General Mills Hour\", with characters and plots crossing over between \"Children\", \"The Guiding Light\", and \"Woman In White\". Although Phillips was integral in plotting the revived series, the dialogue was written by Virginia Cooke. The second version of \"Today's Children\" ended on June 2, 1950. Today's Children Today's Children was a name shared by two thematically related American radio soap operas created and written by Irna Phillips, the earliest", "title": "Today's Children" }, { "id": "510124", "score": "1.6267847", "text": "Carol tells Bobby that the only \"steps\" in their household lead to the second floor (in other words, that the family contains no \"stepchildren\", only \"children\"). Thereafter, the episodes focus on typical preteen and teenaged adjustments such as sibling rivalry, puppy love, self-image, character building, and responsibility. Noticeably absent was any political commentary, especially regarding the Vietnam War, which was being waged at its largest extent during the height of the series. The regular cast appeared in an opening title sequence in which video head shots were arranged in a three-by-three grid, with each cast member appearing to look at", "title": "The Brady Bunch" }, { "id": "3282655", "score": "1.6242707", "text": "Ames family, a prominent clan in the fictional Northeastern town of Woodbridge (eventually identified as being located in New York). The Ames family initially consisted of Peter, his wife Ellen, and their three children: Susan, Jerry, and Amy. However, Ellen was killed in the first episode and subsequent stories focused on Peter raising his three children. Lending a hand, however dubiously, was Peter's sister-in-law, as well as his former fiancée Pauline Rysdale (Haila Stoddard). Despite Susan's and Pauline's efforts to derail any new romances in Peter's life, he eventually remarried two more times. His first remarriage was to Myra Lake", "title": "The Secret Storm" }, { "id": "2859910", "score": "1.6118991", "text": "and \"To Tell The Truth\" in which the panel had to identify the real Barbara Cowsill, which was #2; she received two votes while one of the two \"imposters\" also received two votes. During game play, the siblings stood behind the three contestants. They starred in their own television special, called \"A Family Thing\", in November 1968 on NBC, which guest-starred Buddy Ebsen. By 1969 Screen Gems approached the family to portray themselves in their own TV sitcom, but when they were told that their mother was to be replaced by actress Shirley Jones the deal fell through. Screen Gems", "title": "The Cowsills" }, { "id": "5443371", "score": "1.6087356", "text": "a plan to turn the area into a shopping mall. At the Bradys' house, Mike and Carol are having breakfast prepared by their housekeeper, Alice, while the six children prepare for school. Jan is jealous of her elder, popular sister Marcia. Cindy is tattling about everything she's hearing. Greg is dreaming of becoming a singer (but sings folk songs more appropriate to the seventies). Peter is nervous that his voice is breaking. Bobby is excited about his new role as hall monitor at school. Cindy gives Mike and Carol a tax delinquency notice (which was earlier mistakenly delivered to the", "title": "The Brady Bunch Movie" }, { "id": "12801484", "score": "1.6043978", "text": "Doris, Chet Allen (1939–1984) as Jerry; Oliver Andes as Carlo, Gaye Huston as Fancesca, and Van Dyke Parks (born 1943) as Andrew, the youngest. Allen had earlier appeared as Amahl in Gian Carlo Menotti's \"Amahl and the Night Visitors\" on NBC's \"Hallmark Hall of Fame\" in 1951–1952. Parks, who grew up in Lake Charles, Louisiana, became a rock-music producer and composer who cowrote with Brian Wilson the Beach Boys' hits \"Heroes and Villains\" and \"Surf's Up\".Mike Kellin (1922–1983), who was cast the following year in Celeste Holm's short-lived CBS sitcom \"Honestly, Celeste!\", appeared in the role of Rusty. David Opatoshu", "title": "Bonino (TV series)" }, { "id": "5188955", "score": "1.5977758", "text": "knew while growing up in the '50s and '60s. Mama first appeared as a supporting character in \"The Family\" sketches on \"The Carol Burnett Show\" which aired on CBS from 1967 until 1978. In 1982, \"Eunice\" was a made-for-TV movie based on \"The Family\" sketches characters. \"Mama's Family\" (first on NBC, then revolutionized in first-run syndication), and finally in the ongoing \"Vicki Lawrence & Mama: A Two-Woman Show\". With Lawrence continuing to play the role into the present day, the \"Mama\" character has made numerous other post-television show appearances, such as on \"Hollywood Squares\"; \"The Talk\"; \"\"Larry the Cable Guy's", "title": "Thelma Harper" }, { "id": "7066712", "score": "1.5959499", "text": "and Lipton. The married duo focused on core characters, giving Bert her first real story line in years when her husband Bill came back from the dead. The Dobsons also gave a last name to a character introduced near the end of the last writing regime, in September 1975. Under The Dobsons this character became one of the sexiest and most complicated \"vixens\" (The Dobsons are credited with making her a complicated \"vixen\") in the show's history when nurse Rita Stapleton arrived in \"Springfield\" and later was joined, in the summer of 1976, by her sweet sister Eve and mother", "title": "Guiding Light (1970–79)" }, { "id": "9607450", "score": "1.5955455", "text": "American institutions, were finally canceled after multi-decade spans. The \"family sitcom\", popularized by the travails of Ozzie and Harriet Nelson in the 1950s and 1960s, saw its last breath at the start of the new decade with \"The Brady Bunch\", which ran for five seasons. Although the show was never highly rated during its original run, it has been broadcast in syndication continuously since 1974, and many children have grown up with it, causing them to think of the Bradys as the quintessential family — not only in 1970s television, but quite possibly all of American television. In the early", "title": "1970s in television" }, { "id": "7620857", "score": "1.5941027", "text": "re-tooled in an effort to boost ratings. The characters of Abby and Jill Stone were written out and new characters, Jess and Jojo Ashton (played by Telma Hopkins and Janet Jackson respectively), were added to the series. Despite the cast change, the show was cancelled in January 1980. A New Kind of Family A New Kind of Family is an American sitcom that aired on ABC from September 1979 to January 1980. The series stars Eileen Brennan, Rob Lowe, and Telma Hopkins. It is not to be confused with, nor is it related to, the series \"Family\", which aired concurrently", "title": "A New Kind of Family" }, { "id": "1486479", "score": "1.5923566", "text": "illness. In September 1965, eldest son Mike (Tim Considine) married, and his character was written out of the show. To keep the emphasis on \"three sons\", original youngest son Chip's friend Ernie was adopted. In the program's later years, Steven Douglas remarried and adopted his new wife's young daughter Dorothy (\"Dodie\") (Dawn Lyn). The series was a cornerstone of the ABC and CBS lineups in the 1960s. With 380 episodes produced, it is third only to \"The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet\" (14 seasons, 1952–1966, 434 episodes) and \"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia\" (13 seasons) as television's longest-running live-action sitcom.", "title": "My Three Sons" } ]

[ "Solidus Line", "solidus", "solidus disambiguation", "Solidus", "solidus line", "Solidus line", "Solidus (disambiguation)" ]

[ { "id": "4873443", "score": "1.5148271", "text": "horizontal (as in ), oblique (as in 1/5), or diagonal (as in ). These marks are respectively known as the horizontal bar, the slash (US) or stroke (UK), the division slash, and the fraction slash. In typography, horizontal fractions are also known as \"en\" or \"nut fractions\" and diagonal fractions as \"em fractions\", based on the width of a line they take up. The denominators of English fractions are generally expressed as ordinal numbers, in the plural if the numerator is not one. (For example, and are both read as a number of \"fifths\".) Exceptions include the denominator 2, which", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873442", "score": "1.4827131", "text": "a fraction, the number of equal parts being described is the numerator (from Latin ', \"counter\" or \"numberer\"), and the type or variety of the parts is the denominator (from Latin ', \"thing that names or designates\"). As an example, the fraction amounts to eight parts, each of which is of the type named \"fifth.\" In terms of division, the numerator corresponds to the dividend, and the denominator corresponds to the divisor. Informally, the numerator and denominator may be distinguished by placement alone but in formal contexts they are always separated by a fraction bar. The fraction bar may be", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873463", "score": "1.4772818", "text": "the numerator and denominator are both multiplied by 2, the result is formula_59, which has the same value (0.5) as formula_1. To picture this visually, imagine cutting a cake into four pieces; two of the pieces together (formula_59) make up half the cake (formula_1). Dividing the numerator and denominator of a fraction by the same non-zero number will also yield an equivalent fraction. This is called reducing or simplifying the fraction. A simple fraction in which the numerator and denominator are coprime (that is, the only positive integer that goes into both the numerator and denominator evenly is 1) is", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873466", "score": "1.4284561", "text": "up the whole, then each piece must be larger. When two positive fractions have the same numerator, they represent the same number of parts, but in the fraction with the smaller denominator, the parts are larger. One way to compare fractions with different numerators and denominators is to find a common denominator. To compare formula_3 and formula_77, these are converted to formula_78 and formula_79. Then \"bd\" is a common denominator and the numerators \"ad\" and \"bc\" can be compared. This modification of the two fractions is known as \"cross multiplying\", and it is not necessary to determine the value of", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873438", "score": "1.4260405", "text": "with positive common fractions, where the numerator and denominator are natural numbers. The numerator represents a number of equal parts, and the denominator indicates how many of those parts make up a unit or a whole. The denominator cannot be zero because zero parts can never make up a whole. For example, in the fraction 3/4, the numerator, 3, tells us that the fraction represents 3 equal parts, and the denominator, 4, tells us that 4 parts make up a whole. The picture to the right illustrates formula_2 or of a cake. A common fraction is a numeral which represents", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Mathematics/Did you know/20" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fraction\n\nA fraction (from , \"broken\") represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts. When spoken in everyday English, a fraction describes how many parts of a certain size there are, for example, one-half, eight-fifths, three-quarters. A \"common\", \"vulgar\", or \"simple\" fraction (examples: formula_1 and formula_2) consists of a numerator, displayed above a line (or before a slash like ), and a non-zero denominator, displayed below (or after) that line. Numerators and denominators are also used in fractions that are not \"common\", including compound fractions, complex fractions, and mixed numerals.\n\nIn positive common fractions, the numerator and denominator are natural numbers. The numerator represents a number of equal parts, and the denominator indicates how many of those parts make up a unit or a whole. The denominator cannot be zero, because zero parts can never make up a whole. For example, in the fraction , the numerator 3 indicates that the fraction represents 3 equal parts, and the denominator 4 indicates that 4 parts make up a whole. The picture to the right illustrates of a cake.\n\nA common fraction is a numeral which represents a rational number. That same number can also be represented as a decimal, a percent, or with a negative exponent. For example, 0.01, 1%, and 10 are all equal to the fraction 1/100. An integer can be thought of as having an implicit denominator of one (for example, 7 equals 7/1).\n\nOther uses for fractions are to represent ratios and division. Thus the fraction can also be used to represent the ratio 3:4 (the ratio of the part to the whole), and the division (three divided by four). The non-zero denominator rule, which applies when representing a division as a fraction, is an example of the rule that division by zero is undefined.\n\nWe can also write negative fractions, which represent the opposite of a positive fraction. For example, if represents a half-dollar profit, then − represents a half-dollar loss. Because of the rules of division of signed numbers (which states in part that negative divided by positive is negative), −, and all represent the same fraction negative one-half. And because a negative divided by a negative produces a positive, represents positive one-half.\n\nIn mathematics the set of all numbers that can be expressed in the form , where \"a\" and \"b\" are integers and \"b\" is not zero, is called the set of rational numbers and is represented by the symbol Q, which stands for quotient. A number is a rational number precisely when it can be written in that form (i.e., as a common fraction). However, the word \"fraction\" can also be used to describe mathematical expressions that are not rational numbers. Examples of these usages include algebraic fractions (quotients of algebraic expressions), and expressions that contain irrational numbers, such as formula_3 (see square root of 2) and (see proof that π is irrational).", "title": "Fraction" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Mathematics/Did you know archive" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Slash (punctuation)\n\nThe slash is the oblique slanting line punctuation mark . Also known as a stroke, a solidus or several other historical or technical names including oblique and virgule. Once used to mark periods and commas, the slash is now used to represent division and fractions, exclusive 'or' and inclusive 'or', and as a date separator. \n\nA slash in the reverse direction is known as a backslash.", "title": "Slash (punctuation)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Mathematics/Did you know" }, { "id": "4873460", "score": "1.4158862", "text": "or for mixed numerals. They lost their meaning as technical terms and the attributes \"complex\" and \"compound\" tend to be used in their every day meaning of \"consisting of parts\". In a complex fraction, either the numerator, or the denominator, or both, is a fraction or a mixed number, corresponding to division of fractions. For example, formula_42 and formula_43 are complex fractions. To reduce a complex fraction to a simple fraction, treat the longest fraction line as representing division. For example: If, in a complex fraction, there is no unique way to tell which fraction lines takes precedence, then this", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873465", "score": "1.4155767", "text": "formula_69 can be reduced to lowest terms by dividing the numerator and denominator by 21: The Euclidean algorithm gives a method for finding the greatest common divisor of any two positive integers. Comparing fractions with the same positive denominator yields the same result as comparing the numerators: If the equal denominators are negative, then the opposite result of comparing the numerators holds for the fractions: If two positive fractions have the same numerator, then the fraction with the smaller denominator is the larger number. When a whole is divided into equal pieces, if fewer equal pieces are needed to make", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "645253", "score": "1.4138545", "text": "the order of calculation traditionally goes from left to right, which is called left-associative: Division is often shown in algebra and science by placing the \"dividend\" over the \"divisor\" with a horizontal line, also called a fraction bar, between them. For example, \"a\" divided by \"b\" is written This can be read out loud as \"\"a\" divided by \"b\"\", \"\"a\" by \"b\"\" or \"\"a\" over \"b\"\". A way to express division all on one line is to write the \"dividend\" (or numerator), then a slash, then the \"divisor\" (or denominator), like this: This is the usual way to specify division", "title": "Division (mathematics)" }, { "id": "13690254", "score": "1.4136398", "text": "the same point and the line is |\"ax\" + \"c\"| / |\"a\"|, as measured along a horizontal line segment. If the line passes through two points \"P\"=(\"x\",\"y\") and \"P\"=(\"x\",\"y\") then the distance of (x,y) from the line is: The denominator of this expression is the distance between \"P\" and \"P\". The numerator is twice the area of the triangle with its vertices at the three points, (x,y), \"P\" and \"P\". See: . The expression is equivalent to formula_4, which can be obtained by rearranging the standard formula for the area of a triangle: formula_5, where \"b\" is the length of", "title": "Distance from a point to a line" }, { "id": "2088089", "score": "1.4093676", "text": "is exactly formula_1, the same as the coefficient of formula_36 in the sum on the left. Therefore, the sum equals the product. The function that appears in the denominator in the third and fourth lines of the formula is the Euler function. The equality between the product on the first line and the formulas in the third and fourth lines is Euler's pentagonal number theorem. The exponents of formula_37 in these lines are the pentagonal numbers formula_38 for formula_39 (generalized somewhat from the usual pentagonal numbers, which come from the same formula for the positive values of formula_40). The pattern", "title": "Partition function (number theory)" }, { "id": "4873475", "score": "1.4008298", "text": "fraction by a whole number, you may either divide the numerator by the number, if it goes evenly into the numerator, or multiply the denominator by the number. For example, formula_114 equals formula_35 and also equals formula_116, which reduces to formula_35. To divide a number by a fraction, multiply that number by the reciprocal of that fraction. Thus, formula_118. To change a common fraction to a decimal, do a long division of the decimal representations of the numerator by the denominator (this is idiomatically also phrased as \"divide the denominator into the numerator\"), and round the answer to the desired", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873467", "score": "1.394757", "text": "the common denominator to compare fractions – one can just compare \"ad\" and \"bc\", without evaluating \"bd\", e.g., comparing formula_35 ? formula_1 gives formula_82. For the more laborious question formula_83 ? formula_84 multiply top and bottom of each fraction by the denominator of the other fraction, to get a common denominator, yielding formula_85 ? formula_86. It is not necessary to calculate formula_87 – only the numerators need to be compared. Since 5×17 (= 85) is greater than 4×18 (= 72), the result of comparing is formula_88. Because every negative number, including negative fractions, is less than zero, and every positive", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "10457589", "score": "1.3946414", "text": "name for numerator and denominator, respectively. As shown on the right, 1 is the numerator remainder, 7 is the denominator divisor, formed a fraction . The quotient of the division is 44 + . Liu Hui's used a lot of calculations with fraction in Haidao Suanjing. This form of fraction with numerator on top and denominator at bottom without a horizontal bar in between, was transmitted to Arabic country in an 825AD book by al Khwarizmi via India, and in use by 10th century Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi and 15th century Jamshīd al-Kāshī's work \"Arithematic Key\". 3 × 5 The algorithm for", "title": "Rod calculus" }, { "id": "1562255", "score": "1.3927057", "text": "This formula cannot be applied if the set \"X\" has zero measure, or if either integral diverges. Another formula for the centroid is where \"C\" is the \"k\"th coordinate of \"C\", and \"S\"(\"z\") is the measure of the intersection of \"X\" with the hyperplane defined by the equation \"x\" = \"z\". Again, the denominator is simply the measure of \"X\". For a plane figure, in particular, the barycenter coordinates are where \"A\" is the area of the figure \"X\"; \"S\"(\"x\") is the length of the intersection of \"X\" with the vertical line at abscissa \"x\"; and \"S\"(\"y\") is the analogous", "title": "Centroid" }, { "id": "4873486", "score": "1.3890108", "text": "is a monomial square root, it can be rationalized by multiplying both the top and the bottom of the fraction by the denominator: The process of rationalization of binomial denominators involves multiplying the top and the bottom of a fraction by the conjugate of the denominator so that the denominator becomes a rational number. For example: Fraction (mathematics) A fraction (from Latin \"\", \"broken\") represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts. When spoken in everyday English, a fraction describes how many parts of a certain size there are, for example, one-half, eight-fifths, three-quarters.", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873485", "score": "1.3873818", "text": "rational expressions with denominators of lesser degree. For example, the rational expression formula_156 can be rewritten as the sum of two fractions: formula_157. This is useful in many areas such as integral calculus and differential equations. A fraction may also contain radicals in the numerator and/or the denominator. If the denominator contains radicals, it can be helpful to rationalize it (compare Simplified form of a radical expression), especially if further operations, such as adding or comparing that fraction to another, are to be carried out. It is also more convenient if division is to be done manually. When the denominator", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "35501", "score": "1.3871496", "text": "the denominator. The vertical asymptotes occur only when the denominator is zero (If both the numerator and denominator are zero, the multiplicities of the zero are compared). For example, the following function has vertical asymptotes at \"x\" = 0, and \"x\" = 1, but not at \"x\" = 2. When the numerator of a rational function has degree exactly one greater than the denominator, the function has an oblique (slant) asymptote. The asymptote is the polynomial term after dividing the numerator and denominator. This phenomenon occurs because when dividing the fraction, there will be a linear term, and a remainder.", "title": "Asymptote" }, { "id": "4673276", "score": "1.3860567", "text": "located between the first and second lines. The answer is In mathematics, especially in elementary arithmetic, division is an arithmetic operation which is the inverse of multiplication. Specifically, if \"c\" times \"b\" equals \"a\", written: where \"b\" is not zero, then \"a\" divided by \"b\" equals \"c\", written: For instance, since In the above expression, \"a\" is called the dividend, \"b\" the divisor and \"c\" the quotient. Division by zero (i.e. where the divisor is zero) is not defined. Division is most often shown by placing the \"dividend\" over the \"divisor\" with a horizontal line, also called a vinculum, between", "title": "Elementary arithmetic" }, { "id": "4873472", "score": "1.3849173", "text": "its numerator will be the result of subtracting the numerators of the original fractions. For instance, To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators. Thus: To explain the process, consider one third of one quarter. Using the example of a cake, if three small slices of equal size make up a quarter, and four quarters make up a whole, twelve of these small, equal slices make up a whole. Therefore, a third of a quarter is a twelfth. Now consider the numerators. The first fraction, two thirds, is twice as large as one third. Since one third of", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" }, { "id": "4873446", "score": "1.3823199", "text": "and right of a slash mark. (For example, ½ may be read \"one-half\", \"one half\", or \"one over two\".) Fractions with large denominators that are \"not\" powers of ten are often rendered in this fashion (e.g., as \"one over one hundred seventeen\") while those with denominators divisible by ten are typically read in the normal ordinal fashion (e.g., as \"six-millionths\", \"six millionths\", or \"six one-millionths\"). A simple fraction (also known as a common fraction or vulgar fraction) is a rational number written as \"a\"/\"b\" or formula_3, where \"a\" and \"b\" are both integers. As with other fractions, the denominator (\"b\")", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)" } ]

[ "Algérie", "Algerie", "name of algeria", "Algerian Peoples Democratic Republic", "administrative divisions of algeria", "Algerian State", "Ad-Dimuqratiyah ash-Sha'biyah", "الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية", "algérie", "algeria", "Algeria", "Algerian People's Democratic Republic", "Algeria country", "popular democratic republic of algeria", "republic of algeria", "people s republic of algeria", "Etymology of Algeria", "algerian peoples democratic republic", "AlgeriA", "algerian state", "subdivision of algeria", "Al-Jumhuriyah al-Jaza'iriyah", "République algérienne démocratique et populaire", "Subdivision of Algeria", "ISO 3166-1:DZ", "al jumhūrīyah al jazā irīyah", "Algery", "algery", "People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria", "Dzayer", "Al-Jumhūrīyah al-Jazā’irīyah", "People's Democratic Algerian Republic", "people s democratic republic of algeria", "Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Shabiyah", "al jumhuriyah al jaza iriyah", "iso 3166 1 dz", "الجزائر", "Administrative divisions of Algeria", "People's Republic of Algeria", "dzayer", "people s democratic algerian republic", "république algérienne démocratique et populaire", "Ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah ash-Sha’bīyah", "Name of Algeria", "Subdivisions of Algeria", "ad dimuqratiyah ash sha biyah", "Republic of Algeria", "People's Democratic Republic of Algeria", "subdivisions of algeria", "etymology of algeria", "ad dīmuqrāṭīyah ash sha bīyah", "al jumhuriyah al jaza iriyah ad dimuqratiyah ash shabiyah", "algerie", "algerian people s democratic republic", "algeria country", "Popular Democratic Republic of Algeria" ]

[ { "id": "2419751", "score": "1.9899671", "text": "the Évian Accords, a ceasefire agreement with the FLN. In July the same year, the Algerian people approved the cease-fire agreement with France in a referendum, supporting economic and social cooperation between the two countries as well. Full independence followed, and the FLN seized control of the country. Political opposition in the form of the MNA and communist organizations was outlawed, and Algeria was constituted as a one-party state. The FLN became its only legal and ruling party. Immediately after independence, the party experienced a severe internal power struggle. Political leaders coalesced into two grand camps: a Political Bureau formed", "title": "National Liberation Front (Algeria)" }, { "id": "2419748", "score": "1.9329517", "text": "By 1956 nearly all the nationalist organizations in Algeria had joined the FLN, which had established itself as the main nationalist group through both co-opting and coercing smaller organizations; the most important group that remained outside the FLN was Messali Hadj's Algerian National Movement (MNA). At this time the FLN reorganized into something like a provisional government, consisting of a five-man executive and legislative body, and was organized territorially into six wilayas, following the Ottoman-era administrative boundaries. The FLN's armed wing during the war was called the National Liberation Army (ALN). It was divided into guerrilla units fighting France and", "title": "National Liberation Front (Algeria)" }, { "id": "2419746", "score": "1.8970635", "text": "National Liberation Front (Algeria) The National Liberation Front ( \"Jabhatu l-Taḥrīru l-Waṭanī\"; , FLN) is a socialist political party in Algeria. It was the principal nationalist movement during the Algerian War and the sole legal and the ruling political party of the Algerian state until other parties were legalised in 1989. The FLN was established on 10 October 1954 after a split in the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties, and was formed largely by former members of the Special Organisation paramilitary group who were in hiding. It succeeded the Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action (CRUA), which had", "title": "National Liberation Front (Algeria)" }, { "id": "5516970", "score": "1.8674079", "text": "after finished the independence war, Communist were attracting members to the party and publishing \"Alger Républicain\", so the FLN with fear about this, banned the PCA, but they tolerated the communists themselves. Ben Bella’s constitution of 1963 put the FLN as the only legal party. A curious fact is that FLN took people from the PCA later to work on state, because they were prepared and educated. At 1965 some of the leaders of the PCA, with the left wing of the FLN created an Organization to combat the military coup of Boumediene, the \"Organization de la résistance populaire\" (OPR).", "title": "Algerian Communist Party" }, { "id": "8754046", "score": "1.8594732", "text": "overthrew British rule, and shortly thereafter the Muslim Brotherhood went underground in the face of a massive crackdown. Though sometimes banned or otherwise oppressed, the group continues to exist in present-day Egypt. The National Liberation Front (FLN) was a nationalist group founded in French-controlled Algeria in 1954. The group became a large-scale resistance movement against French rule, with terrorism only part of its operations. The FLN leadership took inspiration from the Viet Minh rebels who had made French troops withdraw from Vietnam. The FLN was one of the first anti-colonial groups to use large-scale compliance violence. The FLN would establish", "title": "History of terrorism" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Decolonisation of Africa\n\nThe decolonisation of Africa was a process that took place in the mid-to-late 1950s to 1975 during the Cold War, with radical government changes on the continent as colonial governments made the transition to independent states. The process was often marred with violence, political turmoil, widespread unrest, and organised revolts in both northern and sub-Saharan countries including the Algerian War in French Algeria, the Angolan War of Independence in Portuguese Angola, the Congo Crisis in the Belgian Congo, the Mau Mau Uprising in British Kenya, the Zanzibar Revolution in the Sultanate of Zanzibar, and the Nigerian Civil War in the secessionist state of Biafra.", "title": "Decolonisation of Africa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Angolan War of Independence\n\nThe Angolan War of Independence (; 1961–1974), called in Angola the (\"Armed Struggle of National Liberation\"), began as an uprising against forced cultivation of cotton, and it became a multi-faction struggle for the control of Portugal's overseas province of Angola among three nationalist movements and a separatist movement. The war ended when a leftist military coup in Lisbon in April 1974 overthrew Portugal's \"Estado Novo\" dictatorship, and the new regime immediately stopped all military action in the African colonies, declaring its intention to grant them independence without delay.\n\nThe conflict is usually approached as a branch or a theater of the wider Portuguese Overseas War, which also included the independence wars of Guinea-Bissau and of Mozambique.\n\nIt was a guerrilla war in which the Portuguese army and security forces waged a counter-insurgency campaign against armed groups mostly dispersed across sparsely populated areas of the vast Angolan countryside. Many atrocities were committed by all forces involved in the conflict. In the end, the Portuguese achieved overall military victory.\n\nIn Angola, after the Portuguese withdrew, an armed conflict broke out among the nationalist movements. This war formally came to an end in January 1975 when the Portuguese government, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) signed the Alvor Agreement. Informally, this civil war resumed by May 1975, including street fighting in Luanda and the surrounding countryside.", "title": "Angolan War of Independence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "South Vietnam" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Suez Crisis\n\nThe Suez Crisis, or the Second Arab–Israeli war, also called the Tripartite Aggression () in the Arab world and the Sinai War in Israel,\nwas an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain control of the Suez Canal for the Western powers and to remove Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had just swiftly After the fighting had started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders. The episode humiliated the United Kingdom and France and strengthened Nasser.\n\nOn 26 July 1956, Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal Company, which prior to that was owned primarily by British and French shareholders. On 29 October, Israel invaded the Egyptian Sinai. Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to cease fire, which was ignored. On 5 November, Britain and France landed paratroopers along the Suez Canal. Before the Egyptian forces were defeated, they had blocked the canal to all shipping by sinking 40 ships in the canal. It later became clear that Israel, France and Britain had conspired to plan the invasion. The three allies had attained a number of their military objectives, but the canal was useless. Heavy political pressure from the United States and the USSR led to a withdrawal. U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower had strongly warned Britain not to invade; he threatened serious damage to the British financial system by selling the U.S. government's pound sterling bonds. Historians conclude the crisis \"signified the end of Great Britain's role as one of the world's major powers\".\n\nThe Suez Canal was closed from October 1956 until March 1957. Israel fulfilled some of its objectives, such as attaining freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran, which Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since 1948–1950.\n\nAs a result of the conflict, the United Nations created the UNEF Peacekeepers to police the Egyptian–Israeli border, British prime minister Anthony Eden resigned, Canadian external affairs minister Lester Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize, and the USSR may have been emboldened to invade Hungary.", "title": "Suez Crisis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Guatemalan Civil War" }, { "id": "6520658", "score": "1.8573284", "text": "in 1926. However the War of Independence was started November 1954 without him being consulted. The creation of the MNA was his revenge. He found support among Algerian expatriates in France who had idolized him in the past and also among the French authorities. In spite of that, the FLN's armed wing, the Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN), succeeded in destroying the MNA's small armed groups in Algeria early on in the war. The MNA and FLN also fought each other on French soil in the so-called café wars, resulting in hundreds of casualties, but FLN gradually gained the upper", "title": "Algerian National Movement" }, { "id": "870681", "score": "1.8510886", "text": "d'elle même en sérénité\"\"). The opposition of the UNEF student trade-union to the participation of conscripts in the war led to a secession in May 1960, with the creation of the \"Fédération des étudiants nationalistes\" (FEN, Federation of Nationalist Students) around Dominique Venner, a former member of Jeune Nation and of MP-13, François d'Orcival and Alain de Benoist, who would theorize in the 1980s the \"New Right\" movement. The FEN then published the \"Manifeste de la classe 60\". A Front national pour l'Algérie française (FNAF, National Front for French Algeria) was created in June 1960 in Paris, gathering around de", "title": "Algerian War" }, { "id": "18455123", "score": "1.8466809", "text": "subject in France to this day. In the early morning hours of November 1, 1954, the National Liberation Front (Front de Libération Nationale—FLN) launched attacks throughout Algeria in the opening salvo of a war of independence. An important watershed in this war was the massacre of civilians by the FLN near the town of Philippeville in August 1955. The government claimed it killed 1,273 guerrillas in retaliation; according to the FLN, 12,000 Muslims perished in an orgy of bloodletting by the armed forces and police, as well as colon gangs. After Philippeville, all-out war began in Algeria. The FLN fought", "title": "Independence Day (Algeria)" }, { "id": "9777290", "score": "1.8349109", "text": "French military opposed to the independence of Algeria. Jean-Marie Le Pen founded the Front National (FN) party in 1972. At the 1986 legislative elections, the FN managed to obtain 35 seats, with 10% of the votes. Mark Frederiksen, a French Algeria activist, created in April 1966 a neo-Nazi group, the FANE (\"Fédération d'action nationaliste et européenne\", Nationalist and European Federation of Action). However, in 1978, neo-Nazi members of the GNR-FANE broke again with the FN. During the 1980s, the National Front managed to gather, under Jean-Marie Le Pen's leadership, most rival far-right tendencies of France, following a succession of splits", "title": "History of far-right movements in France" }, { "id": "6728919", "score": "1.8212886", "text": "Front (FLN) and the National Liberation Army (ALN). At a meeting at the Climat de France, a house overlooking Bab El Oued, the FLN decided to launch an insurrection, which broke out in the early morning of 1 November 1954, and quickly escalated into the Algerian War. The outbreak soon became known as \"Toussaint Rouge\" (Red All Saints Day) as it coincided with the Catholic festival. The rebellion was conducted internally by Ben M'hidi, Mourad Didouche, Rabah Bitat, Krim Belkacem, Mohammed Boudiaf, and Mostefa Ben Boulaïd, while three more members (Hocine Ait Ahmed, Ahmed Ben Bella, and Mohammed Khider) were", "title": "Larbi Ben M'hidi" }, { "id": "6501128", "score": "1.8208202", "text": "the Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques in 1946. The start of the Algerian War of Independence on November 1, 1954 marked the merger of the military, religious, and political independence associations into the Front de Libération nationale (FLN). Radjef became a permanent member of this organization's central committee in 1956 and remained so until the Algerian Independence in 1962. He then joined the new Algerian government as a special attaché to the Minister of Labor and Social Affairs (Bachir Boumaza). At the same time he founded Le Secours National Algerien, whose mission was to feed, lodge, and educate", "title": "Belkacem Radjef" }, { "id": "2815439", "score": "1.8165288", "text": "Hadj sought to compete with the Front de Libération Nationale by mobilising the Mouvement National Algérien (MNA) in December 1954. After the outbreak of the Algerian War of Independence in 1954 which was started against his wishes, Messali created the Mouvement National Algérien, or MNA (French \"Algerian National Movement\"). Messali's followers clashed with the FLN; his was the only socialist faction not absorbed into the Front's fight for independence. The FLN's armed wing, the Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN) wiped out the MNA's guerrilla apparatus in Algeria early on in the war; the infighting then continued in France, during the", "title": "Messali Hadj" }, { "id": "1758799", "score": "1.8163772", "text": "leaving the part, the FN appeared moribund until in 1997 \"Agir\", a far-right party with support in Liège, merged into them following internal difficulties of their own. With the influx of new members they were able to regroup for the 1999 elections, gaining a new member of the Senate and three members of the regional parliament. The party's original leader, Daniel Féret, was sentenced to 250 hours of community service on April 18, 2006, for the incitement of hatred, discrimination and segregation in the party's flyers and website. He is also barred from running for political office for 10 years.", "title": "National Front (Belgium)" }, { "id": "10136785", "score": "1.812875", "text": "movement, \"Front de la jeunesse\", was formed, although the party was also closely linked to GUD. The ON militants had formed a group called the \"Faire Front\" and in September 1973 merged into the Front National, isolating leader Jean-Marie le Pen by taking two-thirds of the seats on the party's national executive. However, in a court case that followed le Pen succeeded in gaining the upper hand, forcing the group to split from his party and establish the PFN as an alternative group in 1975. Positioned on the far right, the PFN also sought links with the more mainstream right", "title": "Party of New Forces" }, { "id": "2419771", "score": "1.8114696", "text": "the state structure in ca. 1988–1990, the FLN has been in favor of multi-party democracy, whereas before that, it upheld itself as the only organization representing the Algerian people. The FLN was admitted into Socialist International (SI) as a consultative member at the SI's spring congress on 4–5 February 2013. National Liberation Front (Algeria) The National Liberation Front ( \"Jabhatu l-Taḥrīru l-Waṭanī\"; , FLN) is a socialist political party in Algeria. It was the principal nationalist movement during the Algerian War and the sole legal and the ruling political party of the Algerian state until other parties were legalised in", "title": "National Liberation Front (Algeria)" }, { "id": "870614", "score": "1.8036427", "text": "by members of the National Liberation Front (FLN) on November 1, 1954, during the (\"Red All Saints' Day\"), the conflict led to serious political crises in France, causing the fall of the Fourth French Republic (1946–58) replaced by the Fifth Republic with a strengthened Presidency. The brutality of the methods employed by the French forces failed to win hearts and minds in Algeria, alienated support in metropolitan France and discredited French prestige abroad. After major demonstrations in Algiers and several other cities in favor of independence (1960) and a United Nations resolution recognizing the right to independence, De Gaulle decided", "title": "Algerian War" }, { "id": "4432454", "score": "1.8032811", "text": "the country ended the war as an ally. The Free French Forces (FFF) of the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), a London-based exile group led by Charles de Gaulle, were formed in 1940 to maintain the French commitment to the Allies and liberate French territory occupied by Germany. Together with the French Resistance, they played a part in the Mediterranean Theatre and the liberation of western Europe, including France in 1944. By 1943, free France had a vast land (but no war industry, it remained dependent on US aid). It regrouped with the Vichy authority that joined it and", "title": "World War II by country" }, { "id": "11766560", "score": "1.7981751", "text": "by information leaked by the FLN. Less than a month later, on 1 July 1956, an agreement was signed, integrating the PCA and the CDL into the FLN. Combattants de la Libération Les Combattants de la Libération (CDL), also known as \"Le Maquis Rouge\", were a guerrilla group established by the Algerian Communist Party (PCA) after the outbreak of the Algerian War of Independence. The FLN did not welcome a rival on the scene and its mistrust was heightened by memories of the participation of the Algerian Communist Party in the repression after the Setif riot in 1945. The FLN", "title": "Combattants de la Libération" }, { "id": "17340905", "score": "1.7978324", "text": "from Tunisia and Morocco, which were granted independence in 1956 by the \"loi-cadre Defere\". Mollet's government was left with the issue of the three departments of Algeria, where the presence of a million French settlers made a simple withdrawal politically difficult. At first, Mollet's policy was to negotiate with the National Liberation Front (FLN). Once in office, however, he changed his mind and argued that the FLN insurgents must be defeated before negotiations could begin. Mollet's visit to Algiers, the Algerian capital, was a stormy one, with almost everyone against him. He was pelted with rotten tomatoes at a demonstration", "title": "Guy Mollet" }, { "id": "617448", "score": "1.7973723", "text": "the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. France pulled out that summer under Prime Minister Pierre Mendès France. The independence of Morocco and Tunisia was arranged by Mendès France and proclaimed in March 1956. Meanwhile, in Algeria some 350,000 French troops were fighting 150,000 combatants of the Algerian Liberation Movement (FLN). Within a few years, the Algerian war of independence reached a summit in terms of savagery and bloodshed and threatened to spill into metropolitan France itself. Between 1946 and 1958 the Fourth Republic had 24 separate ministries. Frustrated by the endless divisiveness, de Gaulle famously asked \"How can you govern", "title": "Charles de Gaulle" } ]

[ "Manuel Noriega Moreno", "noriega moreno manuel antonio", "manuel noriega", "Manny Noriega", "Manuel Noriega", "manuel noriega moreno", "manuel antonio noriega", "Manuel Noriega Morena", "manuel noregia", "manuel noriega morena", "manuel antonio noriega moreno", "Manuel Noreiga", "Manuel noriega", "manny noriega", "manuel antonio noriega morena", "Manuel Antonio Noriega Morena", "Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno", "general noriega", "General Noriega", "manuel noreiga", "Noriega Moreno, Manuel Antonio", "Manuel Noregia", "Manuel Antonio Noriega" ]

[ { "id": "14812825", "score": "2.1388826", "text": "from power, captured, detained as a prisoner of war, and flown to the United States. Noriega was tried on eight counts of drug trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering in April 1992. Noriega's U.S. prison sentence ended in September 2007; pending the outcome of extradition requests by both Panama and France, for convictions \"in absentia\" for murder in 1995 and money laundering in 1999, respectively. France was granted its extradition request in April 2010. He arrived in Paris on April 27, 2010, and after a re-trial as a condition of the extradition, he was found guilty and sentenced to seven years", "title": "Illegal drug trade in Panama" }, { "id": "790722", "score": "2.001408", "text": "addition, the court ordered the seizure of €2.3 million (approximately U.S. $3.6 million) that had long been frozen in Noriega's French bank accounts. Panama asked France to extradite Noriega so he could face trial for human rights violations in Panama. The French government had previously stated that extradition would not happen before the case in France had run its course. On September 23, 2011, United States and a French court ordered a conditional release for Noriega to be extradited to Panama on October 1, 2011. Noriega was extradited to Panama on December 11, 2011, and incarcerated at El Renacer prison", "title": "Manuel Noriega" }, { "id": "1655698", "score": "2.0006912", "text": "requesting that the Panamanian leader step down after he was publicly exposed in \"The New York Times\" by Seymour Hersh, and was later implicated in the Iran-Contra Scandal. Reagan pressured him with several drug-related indictments in U.S. courts; however, since extradition laws between Panama and the U.S. were weak, Noriega deemed this threat not credible and did not submit to Reagan's demands. In 1988, Elliot Abrams and others in the Pentagon began pushing for a U.S. invasion, but Reagan refused, due to Bush's ties to Noriega through his previous positions in the CIA and the Task Force on Drugs, and", "title": "United States invasion of Panama" }, { "id": "150951", "score": "1.994327", "text": "using Panama to traffic drugs into the United States, was one of the most recognizable names in America and was constantly in the press. The struggle to remove him from power began in the Reagan administration, when economic sanctions were imposed on the country; this included prohibiting American companies and government from making payments to Panama and freezing $56 million in Panamanian funds in American banks. Reagan sent more than 2,000 American troops to Panama as well. Unlike Reagan, Bush was able to remove Noriega from power, but his administration's unsuccessful post-invasion planning hindered the needs of Panama during the", "title": "George H. W. Bush" }, { "id": "1655734", "score": "1.9777712", "text": "On 10 February 1990, the Endara government abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by creating the Panamanian Public Forces. In 1994, a constitutional amendment permanently abolished the military of Panama. Concurrent with a severe recession in Latin America throughout the 1990s, Panama's GDP recovered by 1993, but very high unemployment remained a serious problem. Noriega was brought to the U.S. to stand trial. He was subsequently convicted on eight counts of drug trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering and sentenced to 40 years in prison. His sentence was later reduced to 30 years. On 20 December 2015, Vice President", "title": "United States invasion of Panama" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "2010s" }, { "id": "19277566", "score": "1.963293", "text": "this demand was declined by the US. In April 2010, the US decided to extradite Noriega to France where he was charged for money laundering, convicted in 1999, and sentenced to serve thirty years. The President at the time, Martin Torrijos – General Torrijos' son – called for Noriega's extradition to Panama. As a way to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary President Juan Carlos Varela announced the creation of a commission to investigate the deaths and disappearances during Operation Just Cause. This commission's goal is to \"heal the wounds, and promote national reconciliation.\" The Panamanian government is demanding Washington recognize the", "title": "Panama Truth Commission" }, { "id": "13219684", "score": "1.962026", "text": "listed as president. Bilonick Paredes passed millions of dollars in bribes to deposed Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega in the 1980s in exchange for the ability to fly planes packed with tons of cocaine from Panama to the United States. Bilonick netted $47 million for providing drug smuggling and money laundering services over a four-year period. More than a year after his arrest, while still in prison, Porter filed a $150 million lawsuit against the Republic of Panama, claiming damages incurred from his arrest and imprisonment in the country. That suit cited Panamanian Law 2502, which states that if a person", "title": "Arthur Porter (physician)" }, { "id": "7402481", "score": "1.9407092", "text": "depicted actor Jeremy Renner as Gary Webb. In 1989, the United States invaded Panama as part of Operation Just Cause, which involved 25,000 American troops. General Manuel Noriega, head of government of Panama, had been giving military assistance to Contra groups in Nicaragua at the request of the U.S.—which, in exchange, allowed him to continue his drug-trafficking activities—which they had known about since the 1960s. When the DEA tried to indict Noriega in 1971, the CIA prevented them from doing so. The CIA, which was then directed by future president George H. W. Bush, provided Noriega with hundreds of thousands", "title": "Allegations of CIA drug trafficking" }, { "id": "7402483", "score": "1.9186313", "text": "His trial took place in Miami, where he was sentenced to 45 years in prison. Noriega's prison sentence was reduced from 30 years to 17 years for good behavior. After serving 17 years in detention and imprisonment, his prison sentence ended on September 9, 2007. He was held in U.S. custody before being extradited to France where he was sentenced to 7 years for laundering money from Colombian drug cartels. Noriega was extradited to Panama on December 11, 2011 (incarcerated at El Renacer prison, in Gamboa), but hospitalized on February 5, 2012 (diagnosed with a brain tumor), and sent back", "title": "Allegations of CIA drug trafficking" }, { "id": "12085970", "score": "1.9099622", "text": "island, eventually fled Norman’s Cay after authorities threatened to shut down the illicit billion-dollar drug smuggling operation for good. In February 1987, days after Lehder was captured in the Colombian jungle, Reed was apprehended in Panama. The co-defendants were charged with conspiring to smuggle 3.3 tons of cocaine into the United States from Colombia from 1978 to 1980. Reed was convicted of conspiracy to distribute cocaine and operating a continuing criminal enterprise. Prosecutors said Reed was an important player in the Lehder organization, flying drug shipments from Colombia, hiring ground crews, and working with distributors. Lehder lost his fight against", "title": "Jack Carlton Reed" }, { "id": "5081833", "score": "1.9029222", "text": "charged with slander for calling comptroller Alvin Weeden a narcocriminal. The former president was convicted on February 17, 2012 and sentenced to a $3,000 fine or a year in prison. Ernesto Pérez Balladares Ernesto Pérez Balladares González-Revilla (born June 29, 1946), nicknamed \"El Toro\" (\"The Bull\"), was the President of Panama between 1994 and 1999. Educated in the United States, Pérez Balladares worked as a banker before becoming part of the government of military ruler Omar Torrijos; in 1989, he also served as campaign manager for the pro-Manuel Noriega presidential candidate Carlos Duque. He was elected president in 1994 as", "title": "Ernesto Pérez Balladares" }, { "id": "150953", "score": "1.9022751", "text": "shot by Panamanian forces in December 1989, Bush ordered 24,000 troops into the Central American nation with an objective of removing Noriega from power; \"Operation Just Cause\" was a large-scale American military operation, and the first in more than 40 years that was not related to the Cold War. The mission was controversial, but American forces achieved control of the country and Endara assumed the presidency. Noriega surrendered to the United States and was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and drug trafficking charges in April 1992. President Bush and First Lady Barbara Bush visited Panama in June 1992, to give", "title": "George H. W. Bush" }, { "id": "10378741", "score": "1.898778", "text": "by the end of Bush's tenure, Republican appointees made up a majority of the membership of each of the thirteen federal appeals courts. During the 1980s, the U.S. had supplied aid to Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, an anti-Communist dictator who engaged in drug trafficking. In May 1989, Noriega annulled the results of a democratic presidential election in which Guillermo Endara had been elected. Bush objected to the annulment election, and worried about the status of the Panama Canal with Noriega still in office. Bush dispatched 2,000 soldiers to the country, where they began conducting regular military exercises in violation of", "title": "Presidency of George H. W. Bush" }, { "id": "8269420", "score": "1.8978791", "text": "maritime smuggling chief who became an FBI informant in 1999. Valencia was sentenced to a prison term of 40 years and ordered to forfeit $110 million. Operation Panama Express Operation Panama Express is a long-running Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF) comprising participants from the Coast Guard Investigative Service, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the Drug Enforcement Administration and the United States Attorney's Office for the Middle District of Florida. According to a March 2006 Congressional testimony by DEA Chief of Operations Michael Braun, Operation Panama Express has resulted in the seizure of 350", "title": "Operation Panama Express" }, { "id": "19838839", "score": "1.8951936", "text": "This led to the U.S. invasion of Panama two months later. For their part in the execution of Giroldi, Noriega and military captain Heráclides Sucre Medina were sentenced to 20 years in prison and banned from public service for 10 years. Evidelio Quiel Peralta, who had fled to Costa Rica, was tried in absentia and sentenced to 20 years in prison. On 4 October 2015, Panamanian President Juan Carlos Varela announced the construction of a monolith in memory of the victims. The monolith and plaque in memory of the 11 was unveiled on 25 October 2016. In May 2016, Gabriel", "title": "1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt" }, { "id": "790649", "score": "1.8835399", "text": "1991 to April 1992, ended with Noriega's conviction on most of the charges. He was sentenced to 40 years in prison, and ultimately served 17 years after a reduction in his sentence and time off for good behavior. Noriega's U.S. prison sentence ended in September 2007. In 2010, Noriega was extradited to France, where he was sentenced to seven years of imprisonment for money laundering. In 2011 France extradited him to Panama, where he was incarcerated for crimes committed during his rule. Diagnosed with a brain tumor in March 2017, Noriega suffered complications during surgery, and died two months later.", "title": "Manuel Noriega" }, { "id": "19277565", "score": "1.8834696", "text": "other countries like El Salvador, Chile and Guatemala and the role that the US played in backing them. The persecutions that have been made are directed at General Noriega and come from various countries. He was first charged in 1992 was for drug trafficking by the United States and sentenced to forty years imprisonment. This sentence was eventually reduced to twenty years. Following this sentence in 1995, Panamanian courts found Noriega to be guilty of murder during his dictatorship. This sentence encouraged Panama to demand Noriega be extradited from the US to complete his persecution time on his national soil;", "title": "Panama Truth Commission" }, { "id": "790719", "score": "1.8823069", "text": "up to 10 years in French prison if convicted. France had previously made Noriega a \"Commandeur\" of the Légion d'honneur in 1987. In August 2007, a U.S. federal judge approved the French government's request to extradite Noriega to France after his release. Noriega appealed his extradition because he claimed France would not honor his legal status as a prisoner of war. In 1999, the Panamanian government sought the extradition of Noriega to face murder charges in Panama because he had been found guilty \"in absentia\" in 1995 and sentenced to 20 years in prison. On February 20, 2010, Noriega's lawyers", "title": "Manuel Noriega" }, { "id": "5081831", "score": "1.880728", "text": "the Panama Canal beginning on January 1, 2000, with his own business associates and \"cronies\". In November 1999, following allegations that he had participated in the illegal sale of US visas to Chinese immigrants, the US revoked Pérez Balladares' tourist visa. The Panamanian government opened an investigation of the former president for money laundering in September 2009, however not enough evidence was available to prove such allegations. On January 14, 2010, he was placed under house arrest over accusations that he accepted money from Lucky Games SA casino. It was the first arrest of a former Panamanian president. In April,", "title": "Ernesto Pérez Balladares" }, { "id": "3059959", "score": "1.8738954", "text": "Luis Enrique are accused of having received at least 22 million dollars of the Brazilian company Odebrecht, involved in a vast scandal of corruption. The money had then been hidden on bank accounts in Switzerland. On 12 June 2017, Martinelli was arrested at Coral Gables in south Florida after a provisional arrest warrant issued by the U.S. Justice Department in response to a request from Panama and was set to appear on Federal Court. Ricardo Martinelli Ricardo Alberto Martinelli Berrocal, (born March 11, 1952) is a Panamanian politician and businessman who was the 36th President of Panama from 2009 to", "title": "Ricardo Martinelli" } ]

[ "Bourne (series)", "operation treadstone", "Jason Bourne (character)", "medusa bourne series", "Bourne franchise", "The Bourne Ascendancy", "Jason Charles Bourne", "The Bourne Trilogy", "bourne series", "Bourne trilogy", "Operation Treadstone", "jason charles bourne", "bourne trilogy", "bourne ascendancy", "jason bourne", "Bourne Series", "Bourne series", "Jason Bourne", "Bourne Trilogy", "Medusa (Bourne Series)", "jason bourne character", "bourne franchise" ]

[ { "id": "647848", "score": "1.654074", "text": "Robert Ludlum Robert Ludlum (May 25, 1927 – March 12, 2001) was an American author of 27 thriller novels, best known as the creator of Jason Bourne from the original \"The Bourne Trilogy\" series. The number of copies of his books in print is estimated between 300 million and 500 million. They have been published in 33 languages and 40 countries. Ludlum also published books under the pseudonyms Jonathan Ryder and Michael Shepherd. Ludlum was born in New York City, the son of Margaret (née Wadsworth) and George Hartford Ludlum. His maternal grandparents were English. He was educated at The", "title": "Robert Ludlum" }, { "id": "18982565", "score": "1.5945196", "text": "Robert Ludlum bibliography Robert Ludlum (1927–2001) was an American author of twenty-seven novels between 1971 and 2006, the last being issued five years after his death. Of his twenty-seven novels, two were originally published under the pseudonym of Jonathan Ryder and another under the pseudonym of Michael Shepherd. Ludlum also created the \"Covert-One\" series, overseeing the first three novels with Gayle Lynds and Philip Shelby before his death. Following Ludlum's death, his estate has continued to publish novels under his name with eight authors having written a combined twenty-three novels under the Ludlum brand, a trademark inscription of \"Robert Ludlum's\"", "title": "Robert Ludlum bibliography" }, { "id": "647851", "score": "1.5544708", "text": "with Gayle Lynds, was originally conceived as a mini-series; the book evolved from a short treatment Ludlum wrote for NBC. The Bourne movies, starring Matt Damon in the title role, have been commercially and critically successful (\"The Bourne Ultimatum\" won three Academy Awards in 2008), although the story lines depart significantly from the source material. During the 1970s, Ludlum lived in Leonia, New Jersey, where he spent hours each day writing at his home. Ludlum died on March 12, 2001, at his home in Naples, Florida, while recovering from severe burns caused by a mysterious fire which occurred on February", "title": "Robert Ludlum" }, { "id": "647854", "score": "1.5353565", "text": "of Ludlum's works are published under the trademark Treadstone, which is held by \"The Executor Of The Robert Ludlum Estate\". Robert Ludlum Robert Ludlum (May 25, 1927 – March 12, 2001) was an American author of 27 thriller novels, best known as the creator of Jason Bourne from the original \"The Bourne Trilogy\" series. The number of copies of his books in print is estimated between 300 million and 500 million. They have been published in 33 languages and 40 countries. Ludlum also published books under the pseudonyms Jonathan Ryder and Michael Shepherd. Ludlum was born in New York City,", "title": "Robert Ludlum" }, { "id": "10479309", "score": "1.5054426", "text": "Robert Ludlum's The Bourne Conspiracy Robert Ludlum's The Bourne Conspiracy is a third-person action stealth video game developed by High Moon Studios and published by Vivendi Games for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game expands upon Robert Ludlum's character Jason Bourne. The game was released in North America on June 3, June 5 in Australia and June 27, 2008 in Europe. \"Robert Ludlum's The Bourne Conspiracy\" mostly derives from the film version of \"The Bourne Identity\". Although the game does not use the likeness of Matt Damon (who portrays Bourne in the films), due to creative differences with", "title": "Robert Ludlum's The Bourne Conspiracy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bourne (franchise)\n\nThe Bourne franchise consists of action-thriller installments based on the character Jason Bourne, created by author Robert Ludlum. The franchise includes five films and a spin-off prequel/sequel television series. The overall plot centers around Jason Bourne, a CIA assassin suffering from dissociative amnesia, portrayed by Matt Damon.\n\nAll three of Ludlum's novels were adapted for the screen, featuring Matt Damon as the title character in each. Doug Liman directed \"The Bourne Identity\" (2002) and Paul Greengrass directed \"The Bourne Supremacy\" (2004), \"The Bourne Ultimatum\" (2007), and \"Jason Bourne\" (2016). Tony Gilroy co-wrote each film except for \"Jason Bourne\" and directed \"The Bourne Legacy\" (2012).\n\nDamon chose not to return for the fourth film, \"The Bourne Legacy\", which introduces a new main character, Aaron Cross (Jeremy Renner), a Department of Defense operative who runs for his life because of Bourne's actions in \"Ultimatum\". The character of Jason Bourne does not appear in \"Legacy\", but mention of his name and pictures of Damon as Bourne are shown throughout the film. Damon returned for the fifth installment, \"Jason Bourne\".\n\nThe \"Bourne\" series has received generally positive critical reception and grossed over billion. Unlike many contemporary action series, it is distinguished by its use of real stunt work, in contrast to the growing use of computer-generated imagery in action scenes.", "title": "Bourne (franchise)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jason Bourne\n\nJason Bourne () is the title character and the protagonist in a series of novels and subsequent film adaptations. The character was created by novelist Robert Ludlum. He first appeared in the novel \"The Bourne Identity\" (1980), which was adapted for television in 1988. The novel was adapted into a feature film of the same name in 2002 and starred Matt Damon in the lead role.\n\nThe character originally featured in three novels by Ludlum, released between 1980 and 1990, followed by eleven novels written by Eric Van Lustbader since 2004. Along with the first feature film, Jason Bourne also appears in three sequel films \"The Bourne Supremacy\" (2004), \"The Bourne Ultimatum\" (2007), and \"Jason Bourne\" (2016), with Damon again in the lead role. Jeremy Renner stars in the fourth film of the franchise, \"The Bourne Legacy\", released in August 2012. Damon stated in interviews that he would not do another \"Bourne\" film without Paul Greengrass, who had directed the second and third installments. Greengrass agreed to direct Damon in the fifth installment in the franchise. Greengrass jointly wrote the screenplay with editor Christopher Rouse.", "title": "Jason Bourne" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Bourne Identity (2002 film)\n\nThe Bourne Identity is a 2002 action-thriller film based on Robert Ludlum's 1980 novel. It was directed and co-produced by Doug Liman and written by Tony Gilroy and William Blake Herron. It stars Matt Damon as Jason Bourne, a man suffering from psychogenic amnesia attempting to discover his identity amidst a clandestine conspiracy within the CIA. It also features Franka Potente, Chris Cooper, Clive Owen, Brian Cox, Walton Goggins, and Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje. The first installment in the \"Bourne\" film series, it was followed by \"The Bourne Supremacy\" (2004), \"The Bourne Ultimatum\" (2007), \"The Bourne Legacy\" (2012), and \"Jason Bourne\" (2016).\n\nAlthough Robert Ludlum died in 2001, he is credited as an executive producer alongside Frank Marshall. Universal Pictures released the film to theatres in the United States on June 14, 2002. The film opened to critical and commercial success, grossing $214 million on a $60 million budget.", "title": "The Bourne Identity (2002 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Bourne Ultimatum (film)\n\nThe Bourne Ultimatum is a 2007 action-thriller film directed by Paul Greengrass loosely based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Robert Ludlum. The screenplay was written by Tony Gilroy, Scott Z. Burns and George Nolfi and based on a screen story of the novel by Gilroy. \"The Bourne Ultimatum\" is the third installment in the \"Jason Bourne\" film series, after \"The Bourne Identity\" (2002) and \"The Bourne Supremacy\" (2004). The fourth film, \"The Bourne Legacy\", was released in August 2012, without the involvement of Damon, and the fifth film (a direct sequel to \"Ultimatum\"), \"Jason Bourne\", was released in July 2016.\n\nMatt Damon reprises his role as Ludlum's signature character, former CIA assassin and psychogenic amnesiac Jason Bourne. In the film, Bourne continues his search for information about his past before he was part of Operation Treadstone and becomes a target of a similar assassin program.\n\n\"The Bourne Ultimatum\" was produced by Universal Pictures and was released on August 3, 2007, and grossed a total of $444.1 million worldwide becoming, at the time, Damon's highest-grossing film with him as the lead. The film received universal acclaim from critics, who considered it to be the best film in the series. It was chosen by National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2007 and went on to win all three of its nominations at the 80th Academy Awards: Best Film Editing, Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing.", "title": "The Bourne Ultimatum (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Robert Ludlum\n\nRobert Ludlum (May 25, 1927 – March 12, 2001) was an American author of 27 thriller novels, best known as the creator of Jason Bourne from the original \"The Bourne Trilogy\" series. The number of copies of his books in print is estimated between 300 million and 500 million. They have been published in 33 languages and 40 countries. Ludlum also published books under the pseudonyms Jonathan Ryder and Michael Shepherd.", "title": "Robert Ludlum" }, { "id": "3711683", "score": "1.4984041", "text": "The film was co-produced and directed by Doug Liman and adapted for the screen by Tony Gilroy and William Blake Herron. Although Robert Ludlum died in 2001, he is credited as an executive producer alongside Frank Marshall. Universal Pictures released the film to theatres in the United States on June 14, 2002, and it received a positive critical and public reaction. In the Mediterranean Sea, Italian fishermen rescue an unconscious American (Matt Damon) floating adrift with two gunshot wounds in his back. They tend to his wounds, and when the man wakes, they find he suffers from dissociative amnesia. He", "title": "The Bourne Identity (2002 film)" }, { "id": "17487984", "score": "1.461341", "text": "which was released in 2015. In 2013, Corleone was selected by the Estate of Robert Ludlum, creator of the Jason Bourne series, to continue Ludlum’s series of thrillers featuring ex-Navy SEAL and former government covert agent Paul Janson, who first appeared in the bestselling novel \"The Janson Directive\". Other books in the series include \"The Janson Command\" and \"The Janson Option\", both written by Paul Garrison. The fourth novel in the Paul Janson series, titled \"The Janson Equation\", was released in June 2015. Douglas Corleone Douglas Corleone (born 1975) is an American author of contemporary crime novels and international thrillers.", "title": "Douglas Corleone" }, { "id": "18982566", "score": "1.4585106", "text": "on every book (e.g. \"Robert Ludlum's The Bourne Dominion\"). Since 2007, publishing rights in the United States have been held by Grand Central Publishing, taking over from St. Martin's Press who held the rights from 2000 to 2006. The latest book to be published is \"The Bourne Initiative\" by Eric Van Lustbader, the fourteenth novel in the \"Jason Bourne\" series. The fifteenth novel in the \"Jason Bourne\" series, \"The Bourne Nemesis\", is scheduled for release in September 2019. Robert Ludlum bibliography Robert Ludlum (1927–2001) was an American author of twenty-seven novels between 1971 and 2006, the last being issued five", "title": "Robert Ludlum bibliography" }, { "id": "3596824", "score": "1.4212625", "text": "Jason Bourne Jason Bourne () is a fictional character created by novelist Robert Ludlum. Bourne is the antihero in a series of novels and subsequent film adaptations. He first appeared in the novel \"The Bourne Identity\" (1980), which was adapted for television in 1988. The novel was adapted in 2002 into a feature film under the same name and starred Matt Damon in the lead role. The character originally featured in three novels by Ludlum, released between 1980 and 1990, followed by nine novels written by Eric Van Lustbader since 2004. Along with the first feature film, \"The Bourne Identity\"", "title": "Jason Bourne" }, { "id": "18429566", "score": "1.4099766", "text": "of his character, Steven Hiller, who had been promoted to colonel, 11 years after the events of the first film when personally testing the first experimental prototype fighter designed with alien technology for the ESD. Later in June, it was officially confirmed that both Goldblum and Pullman would return in the sequel, and that a gay character would be featured. After \"Resurgence\"'s release, reviewers with an interest in LGBT issues accused the film of under-delivering on this commitment. On January 27, 2015, casting began with Fox offering the lead role to Liam Hemsworth. French-British actress Charlotte Gainsbourg was in talks", "title": "Independence Day: Resurgence" }, { "id": "3596837", "score": "1.3960346", "text": "and Bourne was unable to bring himself to kill him. He tried to abandon the mission by leaving the boat, but an unknown shooter shot him twice in the back, sending him off the yacht into the sea and triggering amnesia, causing Webb / Bourne to forget his identity. The series has included fourteen novels which have been written by two authors, Robert Ludlum and Eric Van Lustbader. Ludlum's series include the first three books, dubbed the Bourne trilogy. After Ludlum's death in 2001, Lustbader took over the character in his own series of novels, which span eleven books so", "title": "Jason Bourne" }, { "id": "8703198", "score": "1.3833404", "text": "Three (2006 film) Three (sometimes stylized Thr3e) is a 2006 Christian horror thriller film adaptation of the novel of the same name by Ted Dekker. Directed by Robby Henson and written by Alan B. McElroy, it stars Marc Blucas, Justine Waddell, Max Ryan, and Bill Moseley. It was shot on location in Łódź and Warsaw, Poland. The film grossed $1.4 million and has a 5% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, which called it a \"thrill-free thriller\" in its critical consensus. Jennifer Peters (Justine Waddell) attempts to save her brother Roy, who has been abducted by a serial killer known as", "title": "Three (2006 film)" }, { "id": "647850", "score": "1.381201", "text": "Playhouse on the Mall at Bergen Mall in Paramus, New Jersey. His theatrical experience may have contributed to his understanding of the energy, escapism and action that the public wanted in a novel. He once remarked: \"I equate suspense and good theater in a very similar way. I think it's all suspense and what-happens-next. From that point of view, yes, I guess, I am theatrical.\" Many of Ludlum's novels have been made into films and mini-series, including \"The Osterman Weekend\", \"The Holcroft Covenant\", \"The Apocalypse Watch\", \"The Bourne Identity\", \"The Bourne Supremacy\" and \"The Bourne Ultimatum\". \"\", a book co-written", "title": "Robert Ludlum" }, { "id": "12758998", "score": "1.379445", "text": "Award-winning Executive Producer Rodney Barnes of The Boondocks fame is attached as Show-runner. A six-minute animated teaser featuring the likenesses and voices of celebrities Frank Vincent Marky Ramone, Brea Grant, and Doyle Wolfgang Von Frankenstein, who all appeared as characters in the original comic series, launched on \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's website. On July 19, 2013, it was announced that Robert had signed a movie deal with the Spanish film production company, Rodar Y Rodar, to produce a full-length feature film based on the \"Crawl To Me\" comic book series. It was also announced that Robert would be co-producing the movie", "title": "Alan Robert" }, { "id": "4537382", "score": "1.3788707", "text": "and Panzer used his draft as the shooting script. Fine also wrote that Ludlum had stated to his friend Jason Robards that he would provide a free rewrite; if this is true the producers never accepted his offer. In spite of his distaste for the project, Peckinpah immediately accepted the job as he was desperate to re-establish himself within the film community. Multiple actors in Hollywood auditioned for the film, intrigued by the chance of working with the legendary director. Many of those who signed on, including John Hurt, Burt Lancaster and Dennis Hopper, did so for less than their", "title": "The Osterman Weekend (film)" }, { "id": "7910320", "score": "1.3783736", "text": "he realizes that he has been manipulated from the very start. The Osterman Weekend The Osterman Weekend is a thriller novel by Robert Ludlum. First published in 1972, it was the author's second book. The novel was the basis for the film of the same title. John Tanner, Director of News of a US TV network, is convinced by a CIA agent that the friends he has invited to a weekend in the country are engaged in a conspiracy, called Omega, that threatens national security. But then everything John Tanner thinks he knows about his closest friends is overturned, and", "title": "The Osterman Weekend" }, { "id": "18470893", "score": "1.3738033", "text": "South\" with Patrick Swayze and the 1989 miniseries \"Brotherhood of the Rose\" with Connie Sellecca. He had a reoccurring role in the TV series \"A Family for Joe\" (1990) and \"African Skies\" (1992). Robert Mitchum filmography Robert Mitchum was an American actor who was in over 110 films and TV series over the course of his career. He is ranked as #23 on the American Film Institute's list of the 50 greatest American screen legends of all time. His first credited named role was as Quinn in the 1943 film \"Border Patrol\". That same year he appeared in the films", "title": "Robert Mitchum filmography" }, { "id": "8408776", "score": "1.3732302", "text": "Covert One: The Hades Factor Covert One: The Hades Factor (a.k.a. \"Robert Ludlum's Covert One: The Hades Factor\", \"The Hades Factor\") is a made-for-TV thriller filmed in Toronto that first aired in 2006. Directed by Mick Jackson, the miniseries is loosely based on \"The Hades Factor\", a 2000 novel written by Gayle Lynds as part of the Covert-One series created by Robert Ludlum. While in a retrieve operation of a virus in Berlin, the Covert One agent Rachel Russell is double-crossed by two dirty agents; she kills them and escapes, trying to find a hiding place and someone to trust", "title": "Covert One: The Hades Factor" }, { "id": "889781", "score": "1.3690289", "text": "as a Stranger\", also released in 1955, was a box-office hit. The film starred Mitchum against type, as an idealistic young doctor, who marries an older nurse (Olivia de Havilland), only to question his morality many years later. However, the film was not well received, with most critics pointing out that Mitchum, Frank Sinatra, and Lee Marvin were all too old for their characters. Olivia de Havilland received top billing over Mitchum and Sinatra. On March 8, 1955, Mitchum formed DRM (Dorothy and Robert Mitchum) Productions to produce five films for United Artists; four films were produced. The first film", "title": "Robert Mitchum" }, { "id": "10946227", "score": "1.367003", "text": "He also acts as interactive creative adviser to the Robert Ludlum Estate. The Estate relies on Wolf to oversee Ludlum based interactive projects including \"The Bourne Conspiracy\" and the greater Jason Bourne franchise. Wolf will not comment on future Ludlum games as noted by \"The Hollywood Reporter\" in August 2007, \"Matt Wolf says the Ludlum estate won't talk about its plans for the franchise.\" Wolf has had similar roles with Gracie Films (\"\") and the Roald Dahl Estate (\"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\"). Matt Wolf Matt Wolf is an American video game and new media designer, director, producer, creator and", "title": "Matt Wolf" } ]

[ "new york mafia", "New York mafia" ]

[ { "id": "7206954", "score": "1.6523997", "text": "the gang said they wanted Alfano to meet the same fate as John F. Kennedy, the US President assassinated in an open-top car in Dallas in 1963. They also claimed the Sicilian Mafia was behind the murder of the American President; in fact a boss accused both Kennedy and Alfano of rising to power with Mafia support then dismissing the crime group. On 7 December 2016, Prime Minister Matteo Renzi announced his resignation, following the rejection of his proposals to overhaul the Italian Senate in the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum. A few days later, on 11 December 2016, the Foreign", "title": "Angelino Alfano" }, { "id": "6718729", "score": "1.6358206", "text": "firm control of all Veneto. The organisation has had a number of high-level political connections outside Italy (Croatia and Yugoslavia, Malta, Hungary and Austria). At one point, Maniero was a personal friend of the son of the former Croatian president Franjo Tuđman and was involved in the supply of guns to Croatia, in the early 1990s. The organisation had a firm hold of nearly every criminal venture in the region, from money laundering to loansharking and extortion, but its major source of income was drug dealing; the group bought massive amount of cocaine directly from the Sicilian and Colombian Mafia,", "title": "Mala del Brenta" }, { "id": "20178704", "score": "1.618044", "text": "operation that took place in Padua on 28 January 1982. Actually, in 1988, the tenth anniversary of the kidnapping of Aldo Moro, there was the assassination of the Christian Democrat senator Roberto Ruffini, who is considered by the Brigate Rosse the successor of Aldo Moro. Over the decade, the number of violent episodes waned, partially due to the loss of support of the Brigate Rosse as a result of the assassination of the communist worker Guido Rossa in 1979. The idea that the armed struggle could lead to the changing of the constitutional order progressively became weak, and, according to", "title": "Terrorism in Italy" }, { "id": "6126868", "score": "1.6176374", "text": "these assassination victims was the Chief Inspector of Turin's anti-terrorism task force. Curcio was arrested for his involvement with the Red Brigaes in 1976, but the assassinations and kidnappings continued during his incarceration, casting a suspicion about whether or not Curcio was the actual leader of the group. In February 1975, Cagol and a small commando group from the Red Brigades broke Curcio out of a poorly secured prison without having to use any violence. In June 1975, just months after Cagol broke Curcio out of prison, a shootout occurred at a safehouse between the Red Brigades and the Caribinieri", "title": "Renato Curcio" }, { "id": "12839428", "score": "1.6144092", "text": "Antonio Macrì, the undisputed head of the 'Ndrangheta in Siderno. Two years after the killing, the Cordì clan hit back, killing Giuseppe and Domenico Marafioti, respectively the brother and son of Bruno Marafioti, boss of the clan and allied with the Cataldos. A series of hostilities continued until 1975 after the murder of Macrì, when the adversaries, weakened by losses on both sides, agreed to a truce. The truce fell apart due a bomb attack on July 4, 1993, against the boss of the Cataldo clan, Giuseppe Cataldo. He was the target of a bomb thrown at the car driven", "title": "Cordì 'ndrina" }, { "id": "20414376", "score": "1.6096703", "text": "Calderone e Di Cristina was killed and the management of the \"Commissione interprovinciale\" went to Giuseppe Settecasi, but even him was murdered in 1981 during a mafia war in Agrigento province that saw the rising of the boss Carmelo Colletti (tied to Bernardo Provenzano), who became the new provincial delegate of Agrigento; so the management of the \"Commissione interprovinciale\" went to Greco (mafioso delegate of Palermo province because he managed the Cupola). According to the pentito Antonino Giuffrè, in 1983 there was a meeting in the Caccamo campaign in which several bosses participated: Salvatore Riina, Bernardo Provenzano, Michele Greco, Bernardo", "title": "Interprovincial Commission" }, { "id": "4117164", "score": "1.6076097", "text": "the assassination. On the day of the murder, Luciano was allegedly eating dinner with Masseria at the restaurant; after Luciano went to the restroom, his hitmen arrived and murdered Masseria. With Masseria's death, the Castellamarese War had ended. Now in control of New York, Maranzano took several important steps to solidify his victory. He reorganized the Italian-American gangs of New York into five new families, structured after the hierarchical and highly disciplined Mafia families of Sicily. His second big change was to appoint himself as the boss of all the families. As part of this reorganization, Maranzano designated Luciano as", "title": "Genovese crime family" }, { "id": "9987742", "score": "1.595093", "text": "4 in via Michelangelo Caetani, in downtown Rome. A consequence there was the fact that the PCI did not gain executive power. Moro's assassination was followed by a large clampdown on the social movement, including the arrest of many members of \"Autonomia Operaia\", including, Oreste Scalzone and political philosopher Antonio Negri (arrested on 7 April 1979). Active armed organization grew from 2 in 1969 to 91 in 1977 and 269 in 1979. In that year there were 659 attacks. On 19 January, Turin policeman Giuseppe Lorusso was killed by the \"Prima Linea\" organization. On 24 January, worker and trade unionist", "title": "Years of Lead (Italy)" }, { "id": "8777857", "score": "1.5948031", "text": "figures such as Licio Gelli, grand-master of the freemasonic lodge Propaganda Due (P2). Along with Gladio, the NATO clandestine anti-communist organization, P2 was involved in a strategy of tension during the years of lead which included false flag terrorist attacks. These ties, underground compared to their standard (i.e. \"run-of-the-mill\") activities (drug dealing, horserace betting, money laundering, etc.), have led the \"Banda\" to be related to the political events of the conflict which divided Italy into two during the Cold War, and in particular to events such as the 1979 assassination of journalist Carmine Pecorelli; the 1978 murder of former Prime", "title": "Banda della Magliana" }, { "id": "1318278", "score": "1.5914172", "text": "the corpses of two other Maranzano allies, Samuel Monaco and Louis Russo were retrieved from Newark Bay, showing evidence of torture. Meanwhile, Joseph Siragusa, leader of the Pittsburgh crime family, was shot to death in his home. The October 15 disappearance of Joe Ardizonne, head of the Los Angeles family, would later be regarded as part of this alleged plan to quickly eliminate the old-world Sicilian bosses. However, the idea of an organized mass purge, directed by Luciano, has been debunked as a myth. With the death of Maranzano, Luciano became the dominant crime boss in the United States. He", "title": "Lucky Luciano" }, { "id": "7561162", "score": "1.5873551", "text": "Massacre. Less than two months later, on July 19, 1992, the Mafia struck Falcone's replacement, Judge Paolo Borsellino, also in Palermo, Sicily. Borsellino and five bodyguards were killed outside the apartment of Borsellino's mother when a car packed with explosives was detonated by remote control as the judge approached the front door of his mother's apartment. In 1993 the authorities arrested Salvatore \"Totó\" Riina, believed at the time to be the Capo di tutti capi and responsible directly or indirectly for scores if not hundreds of killings, after years of investigation which some believe was delayed by Mafia influence within", "title": "Organized crime in Italy" }, { "id": "17717515", "score": "1.5868957", "text": "members did not understand why Moro had been chosen as a target. Aldo Moro's assassination caused a strong reaction against the Brigades by the Italian law enforcement and security forces. The murder of a popular political figure also drew condemnation from other Italian left-wing militant formations and even the imprisoned ex-leaders of the Brigades. The Brigades suffered a loss of support. These events were closely portrayed in the 2003 Italian film by Marco Bellocchio, \"Good Morning, Night\". A crucial turning point was the murder, in 1979, of Guido Rossa, a member of the PCI and a trade union organizer. Rossa", "title": "Red Brigades" }, { "id": "1348041", "score": "1.5849024", "text": "weeks after Masseria's murder, Maranzano called together several hundred Mafiosi to a banquet hall at an undisclosed location in Upstate New York. Maranzano confirmed and anointed the bosses of the crime families who had survived the war—Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano, Tommy Gagliano, Joe Profaci, Vincent Mangano, and himself. He also created an additional position for himself, that of \"boss of bosses.\" This came as a surprise to the assembled mafiosi, since Maranzano had previously claimed he'd wanted to end boss rule. However, Maranzano's scheming, his arrogant treatment of his subordinates, and his fondness for comparing his organization to the Roman Empire", "title": "Salvatore Maranzano" }, { "id": "15294025", "score": "1.5838755", "text": "\"Christ's lodge in paradise\". The likely allusion to P2 became clear only after the discovery of a list of the lodge members on 17 March 1981. Members of the lodge occupied important institutional positions and included: Giuseppe Santovito, director of SISMI; prefect Walter Pelosi, director of CESIS; general Giulio Grassini of SISDE; admiral Antonino Geraci, commander of SIOS; Federico Umberto D'Amato, director of the Office of Reserved Affairs of the Ministry of the Interiors; generals Raffaele Giudice and Donato Lo Prete, respectively commander and chief-of-staff of the Guardia di Finanza; and Carabinieri general Giuseppe Siracusano, responsible for road blocks in", "title": "Kidnapping of Aldo Moro" }, { "id": "13554181", "score": "1.5827923", "text": "Emanuele Iurilli. A few months, later, Donat-Cattin and Maurice Bignami killed the owner of the bar, considered responsible for the identification of the members who had been shot. On 13 July 1979 an unarmed traffic agent was killed during a robbery at Druento, near Turin. The following September the organization met at Bordighera to decide its subsequent line. At the end of the year, they assassinated a Fiat engineer, Carlo Ghiglieno. A little while later, PL's member Roberto Pautasso was killed by the police in Rivoli. In 1980 the radical faction within PL decided the assassination of magistrate and criminologist", "title": "Prima Linea" }, { "id": "15377327", "score": "1.5791998", "text": "Christian Democratic former prime minister of Italy (March 1978). Gallinari was one of the killers who ambushed the politician's car in Via Fani in Rome, assassinating three of the policemen who were part of Moro's armed escort. After Moro's kidnapping, Gallinari became a member of the executive committee of the BR. Moro was subsequently killed in obscure circumstances the following May. Gallinari was arrested on 24 September 1979 while changing number plates on cars which would be used in a Red Brigade action. He was shot twice by the Italian police before he was arrested and underwent a five-hour emergency", "title": "Prospero Gallinari" }, { "id": "9260696", "score": "1.5752742", "text": "Clan in New York City, and he was murdered on September 13, 1931, just days after Salvatore Maranzano was murdered. After the murder of Siragusa, the family came under the control of Sicilian John Bazzano, who was selling sugar and yeast to home breweries and thereby allowing them to manufacture illegal alcohol. Bazzano formed an alliance with the eight Volpe brothers, whom he allowed to operate out of a coffee shop in the Middle Hill. The Volpe brothers already had control over the \"Neapolitan faction\" and illegal rackets throughout the Turtle Creek Valley and Wilmerding. The alliance ended when the", "title": "Pittsburgh crime family" }, { "id": "4771843", "score": "1.5704134", "text": "the assassin got off the motorbike, shot Lima in the back and then ran over and finished him off with a bullet to the neck. The killer then sped away. The killing took place three weeks before Italy's national election, billed as a watershed in Italian politics. The murder of Lima meant a turning point in the relations between the Mafia and its reference points in politics. The Mafia felt betrayed by Lima and Andreotti. In their opinion they had failed to block the confirmation of the sentence of the Maxi Trial by the Court of Cassation (court of final", "title": "Salvatore Lima" }, { "id": "4988648", "score": "1.5687628", "text": "Emilio Taviani, the Christian Democrat co-founder of Gladio (NATO's stay-behind anti-Communist organization in Italy), told investigators that the SID military intelligence service was about to send a senior officer from Rome to Milan to prevent the bombing, but decided to send a different officer from Padua in order to put the blame on left-wing anarchists. In an August 2000 interview with \"Il Secolo XIX\" newspaper Taviani said that he did not believe the US Central Intelligence Agency was involved in organising the Milan bomb. However he alleged \"It seems to me certain, however, that agents of the CIA were among", "title": "Piazza Fontana bombing" }, { "id": "4771850", "score": "1.5675982", "text": "and offer him a seat.\" With the rise of power of the Corleonesi this changed profoundly. \"Now, it has become an imposition: do this or else,\" Messina said. In July 1998, a number of powerful Mafiosi, including Corleonesi boss Salvatore Riina and Giuseppe Calò, were convicted of ordering Lima's murder. In April 2001 the Supreme Court confirmed the sentence of Riina and some of the actual killers, but did not uphold the sentences for other members of the Mafia Commission because individual responsibility could not be established, thus challenging the Buscetta theorem. Salvatore Lima Salvatore Achille Ettore Lima (January 23,", "title": "Salvatore Lima" } ]

[ "Motor neuron disease", "Motor neuron diseases", "motor neuron disease", "motor neuron diseases" ]

[ { "id": "12486994", "score": "1.7314222", "text": "with Stephen\" appeared in 2007, and was made into a film, \"The Theory of Everything\", in 2014. Hawking had a rare early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease (also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, \"ALS\", or Lou Gehrig's disease), a terminal illness that affects and causes the deaths of neurones that control the brain and the spinal cord, that gradually paralysed him over the decades. Hawking had experienced increasing clumsiness during his final year at Oxford, including a fall on some stairs and difficulties when rowing. The problems worsened, and his speech became slightly slurred and his family noticed the", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": "12486957", "score": "1.6599555", "text": "was initially disappointed to find that he had been assigned Dennis William Sciama, one of the founders of modern cosmology, as a supervisor rather than noted Yorkshire astronomer Fred Hoyle, and he found his training in mathematics inadequate for work in general relativity and cosmology. After being diagnosed with motor neurone disease, Hawking fell into a depressionthough his doctors advised that he continue with his studies, he felt there was little point. His disease progressed more slowly than doctors had predicted. Although Hawking had difficulty walking unsupported, and his speech was almost unintelligible, an initial diagnosis that he had only", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": "12486947", "score": "1.5851182", "text": "United States. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. In 1963, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease (also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis \"ALS\" or Lou Gehrig's disease) that gradually paralysed him over the decades. Even after the loss of his speech, he was still able to communicate through a speech-generating device, initially through use of a hand-held switch, and eventually by using a single cheek muscle. He died on 14 March 2018 at the age of 76, after more than 50 years battling the", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": "12486998", "score": "1.5605854", "text": "ambivalent feelings about his role as a disability rights champion: while wanting to help others, he also sought to detach himself from his illness and its challenges. His lack of engagement in this area led to some criticism. During a visit to CERN on the border of France and Switzerland in mid-1985, Hawking contracted pneumonia, which in his condition was life-threatening; he was so ill that Jane was asked if life support should be terminated. She refused, but the consequence was a tracheotomy, which required round-the-clock nursing care and the removal of what remained of his speech. The National Health", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": "9610330", "score": "1.5517508", "text": "more than two years. Stephen returns to Cambridge where the new term has started without him. But he cannot hide from the reality of his condition through work because he can't find a subject for his PhD. While his colleagues throw themselves into academic and college life, Stephen's life seems to have been put on hold. He rejects the help of his supervisor Dennis Sciama and sinks into a depression. It is only Stephen's occasional meetings with Jane and her faith in him that seem to keep him afloat. The prevailing theory in cosmology at the time is Steady State,", "title": "Hawking (2004 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Stephen Hawking\n\nStephen William Hawking (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who, at the time of his death, was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge.\n\nHawking was born in Oxford into a family of physicians. In October 1959, at the age of 17, he began his university education at University College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA degree in physics. In October 1962, he began his graduate work at Trinity Hall at the University of Cambridge where, in March 1966, he obtained his PhD degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology. In 1963, at age 21, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease that gradually, over decades, paralysed him. After the loss of his speech, he communicated through a speech-generating device initially through use of a handheld switch, and eventually by using a single cheek muscle.\n\nHawking's scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. By the late 1970s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a major breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He was a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.\n\nHawking achieved commercial success with several works of popular science in which he discussed his theories and cosmology in general. His book \"A Brief History of Time\" appeared on the \"Sunday Times\" bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. He died in 2018 at the age of 76, after living with motor neurone disease for more than 50 years.", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of people with motor neuron disease\n\nThis is a list of notable people who have or had motor neuron diseases, a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders that selectively affect motor neurons, the cells which control voluntary muscles of the body. This includes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), progressive bulbar palsy (PBP), pseudobulbar palsy, progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and monomelic amyotrophy (MMA), as well as some rarer variants resembling ALS.\n\n\n", "title": "List of people with motor neuron disease" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jane Hawking\n\nJane Beryl Wilde Hawking Jones (born 29 March 1944) is an English author and teacher. She was married to Stephen Hawking for 30 years.", "title": "Jane Hawking" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Theory of Everything (2014 film)\n\nThe Theory of Everything is a 2014 biographical romantic drama film directed by James Marsh. Set at the University of Cambridge, it details the life of the theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking. It was adapted by Anthony McCarten from the 2007 memoir \"Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen\" by Jane Hawking, which deals with her relationship with her ex-husband Stephen Hawking, his diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and his success in the field of physics. The film stars Eddie Redmayne<ref name=BBFC /><ref name=WorkingTitleFilms118 /> and Felicity Jones,<ref name=BBFC /><ref name=WorkingTitleFilms118 /> with Charlie Cox, Emily Watson, Simon McBurney, Christian McKay, Harry Lloyd, and David Thewlis featured in supporting roles.<ref name=BBFC /> The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival<ref name=WorkingTitleFilms118 /> on 7 November 2014. It had its UK premiere on 1 January 2015.<ref name=BBFC />\n\nThe film received positive reviews, with praise for the musical score, cinematography, and the performances of Jones and especially Redmayne. The film gained numerous awards and nominations, including five Academy Award nominations: Best Picture, Best Actress (Jones), Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Original Score (Jóhannsson) and won Best Actor for Redmayne. The film received 10 British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA) nominations, and won Outstanding British Film, Best Leading Actor for Redmayne, and Best Adapted Screenplay for McCarten. It received four Golden Globe Award nominations, winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for Redmayne, and Best Original Score for Jóhannsson. It also received three Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations, and won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role for Redmayne.", "title": "The Theory of Everything (2014 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)" }, { "id": "9610329", "score": "1.5506294", "text": "BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor. Cumberbatch's portrayal of Hawking was the first portrayal of the physicist on screen not by himself. At Stephen Hawking's 21st birthday party he meets a new friend, Jane Wilde. There is a strong attraction between the two and Jane is intrigued by Stephen's talk of stars and the universe, but realises that there is something very wrong with Stephen when he suddenly finds that he is unable to stand up. A stay in hospital results in a horrifying diagnosis. Stephen is suffering from motor neurone disease and doctors don't expect him to survive for", "title": "Hawking (2004 film)" }, { "id": "9610334", "score": "1.5491558", "text": "decline, he writes and walks with difficulty and his speech is starting to slur. But he now has a focus for his energies and, with the support of Jane, enters a new phase. He also commits to his relationship with her, asking her to marry him and in doing so exhibiting a defiant determination to survive. With his mind fired up, Stephen begins to work away at the implications of Penrose's discovery and starts to home in on the idea of a singularity. With remarkable insight – a real Eureka moment – he asks himself: what would happen if you", "title": "Hawking (2004 film)" }, { "id": "12486995", "score": "1.5389266", "text": "changes when he returned home for Christmas, and medical investigations were begun. The diagnosis of motor neurone disease came when Hawking was 21, in 1963. At the time, doctors gave him a life expectancy of two years. In the late 1960s, Hawking's physical abilities declined: he began to use crutches and could no longer give lectures regularly. As he slowly lost the ability to write, he developed compensatory visual methods, including seeing equations in terms of geometry. The physicist Werner Israel later compared the achievements to Mozart composing an entire symphony in his head. Hawking was fiercely independent and unwilling", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": "17370045", "score": "1.5200284", "text": "Hawking begins a romantic relationship with literature student Jane Wilde. Although Stephen excels at mathematics and physics, his friends and professors are concerned over his lack of a thesis topic. After Stephen and his professor Dennis Sciama attend a lecture on black holes, Stephen speculates that black holes may have been part of the creation of the universe, and decides to write his thesis on time. While pursuing his research, Stephen's muscles begin to fail, eventually causing him to fall and hit his head. He learns he has motor neurone disease; he will be unable to talk, swallow, breathe, or", "title": "The Theory of Everything (2014 film)" }, { "id": "12487004", "score": "1.5184057", "text": "for disabled people, lecturing and participating in fundraising activities. At the turn of the century, he and eleven other luminaries signed the \"Charter for the Third Millennium on Disability\", which called on governments to prevent disability and protect the rights of the disabled. In 1999, Hawking was awarded the Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society. In August 2012, Hawking narrated the \"Enlightenment\" segment of the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony in London. In 2013, the biographical documentary film \"Hawking\", in which Hawking himself is featured, was released. In September 2013, he expressed support for the legalisation of", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": "12487005", "score": "1.5089883", "text": "assisted suicide for the terminally ill. In August 2014, Hawking accepted the Ice Bucket Challenge to promote ALS/MND awareness and raise contributions for research. As he had pneumonia in 2013, he was advised not to have ice poured over him, but his children volunteered to accept the challenge on his behalf. In late 2006, Hawking revealed in a BBC interview that one of his greatest unfulfilled desires was to travel to space; on hearing this, Richard Branson offered a free flight into space with Virgin Galactic, which Hawking immediately accepted. Besides personal ambition, he was motivated by the desire to", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": "12487003", "score": "1.501612", "text": "smartphone keyboards. By 2009 he could no longer drive his wheelchair independently, but the same people who created his new typing mechanics were working on a method to drive his chair using movements made by his chin. This proved difficult, since Hawking could not move his neck, and trials showed that while he could indeed drive the chair, the movement was sporadic and jumpy. Near the end of his life, Hawking experienced increased breathing difficulties, often resulting in his requiring the usage of a ventilator, and being regularly hospitalised. Starting in the 1990s, Hawking accepted the mantle of role model", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": "9610333", "score": "1.4899957", "text": "appears to continue indefinitely, until the star is infinitely dense, forming a black hole in space. And at the heart of this black hole, Penrose shows, is something scientists call a singularity. It is this which leads Stephen to his PhD subject. He has always had a niggling scepticism about Steady State Theory, and now he can begin to see a way of explaining the revolutionary and highly controversial idea that the universe might have had a beginning. Sciama is sceptical but supportive – glad to see his student fired up and ready to work. Meanwhile, Stephen's condition continues to", "title": "Hawking (2004 film)" }, { "id": "12486945", "score": "1.488849", "text": "Stephen Hawking Stephen William Hawking (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author, who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge at the time of his death. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009. His scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": "12486948", "score": "1.4854903", "text": "disease. Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 in Oxford to Frank (1905–1986) and Isobel Eileen Hawking (née Walker; 1915–2013). Hawking's mother was born into a family of doctors in Glasgow, Scotland. His wealthy paternal great-grandfather, from Yorkshire, over-extended himself buying farm land and then went bankrupt in the great agricultural depression during the early 20th century. His paternal great-grandmother saved the family from financial ruin by opening a school in their home. Despite their families' financial constraints, both parents attended the University of Oxford, where Frank read medicine and Isobel read Philosophy, Politics and Economics. Isobel worked as a", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": "13585218", "score": "1.4854112", "text": "the National Health Service would say the life of this brilliant man, because of his physical handicaps, is essentially worthless.\" The Investor's Business Daily editorialists had to beat a retreat and quickly retracted its claim after it was pointed out that Hawking is in fact British, and has lived his entire life in the United Kingdom with treatment from the NHS. Stephen Hawking responded, \"I wouldn’t be here today if it were not for the NHS. I have received a large amount of high-quality treatment without which I would not have survived.\" On a separate issue, physician and conservative commentator", "title": "America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009" }, { "id": "18395411", "score": "1.4646032", "text": "Jane Hawking Jane Beryl Wilde Hawking Jones (, born 29 March 1944) is an English author and teacher. She was married for 30 years to Professor Stephen Hawking. Hawking was born to Beryl () and George Wilde. She grew up in St Albans, Hertfordshire. She studied languages at the University of London's Westfield College. Jane and Stephen Hawking met through mutual college friends at a party in 1962. Hawking was diagnosed with motor neurone disease (also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS) in 1963. Even aware of his consequent shortened life expectancy and limitations, the couple became engaged in", "title": "Jane Hawking" }, { "id": "12486997", "score": "1.4578121", "text": "and witty colleague, but his illness, as well as his reputation for brashness, distanced him from some. Hawking's speech deteriorated, and by the late 1970s he could be understood by only his family and closest friends. To communicate with others, someone who knew him well would interpret his speech into intelligible speech. Spurred by a dispute with the university over who would pay for the ramp needed for him to enter his workplace, Hawking and his wife campaigned for improved access and support for those with disabilities in Cambridge, including adapted student housing at the university. In general, Hawking had", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": "12486996", "score": "1.4550586", "text": "to accept help or make concessions for his disabilities. He preferred to be regarded as \"a scientist first, popular science writer second, and, in all the ways that matter, a normal human being with the same desires, drives, dreams, and ambitions as the next person.\" His wife, Jane Hawking, later noted: \"Some people would call it determination, some obstinacy. I've called it both at one time or another.\" He required much persuasion to accept the use of a wheelchair at the end of the 1960s, but ultimately became notorious for the wildness of his wheelchair driving. Hawking was a popular", "title": "Stephen Hawking" }, { "id": "17370056", "score": "1.4375392", "text": "not easy. \"He had to take on enormous amounts of difficult preparation, as well as embracing the difficult physicality of the role. It's not just doing a disability. It's actually charting the course of an illness that erodes the body, and the mind has to project out from that erosion\", he said. He added that Hawking gave him his blessing, and also revealed that, \"[Hawking's] response was very positive, so much so that he offered to lend his voice, the real voice that he uses. The voice you hear in the latter part of the story is in fact Stephen's", "title": "The Theory of Everything (2014 film)" } ]

[ "\"\"\"Dictes or Sayenges of Phylosophers\"\"\"", "dictes or sayenges of phylosophers" ]

[ { "id": "1275274", "score": "1.7722664", "text": "requests for copies of it were the stimulus for him to set up a press. Bringing the knowledge back to England, he set up the country's first ever press in the almonry of the Westminster Abbey Church in 1476. The first book known to have been produced there was an edition of Chaucer's \"The Canterbury Tales\" (Blake, 2004–07). Another early title was \"Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres\" (\"Sayings of the Philosophers\"), first printed on 18 November 1477, translated by Earl Rivers, the king's brother-in-law. Caxton's translations of the \"Golden Legend\" (1483) and \"The Book of the Knight in the", "title": "William Caxton" }, { "id": "6302335", "score": "1.7248154", "text": "introduced the art of printing into Nuremberg in 1470. The most common types of books printed in large quantities were able to be cheaply produced like catechisms and almanacs and often not bound at all. The religious dissensions of the continent, and the Reformation in England under Henry VIII and Edward VI, created a great demand for books; but in England neither monarchs of the Tudor nor Stuart dynasties could easily tolerate a free press, and various efforts were made to curb it. The first patent for the office of king's printer was granted to Thomas Berthelet by Henry VIII", "title": "Bookselling" }, { "id": "1275273", "score": "1.6830682", "text": "observed the new printing industry and was significantly influenced by German printing. He wasted no time in setting up a printing press in Bruges, in collaboration with a Fleming named Colard Mansion, and the first book to be printed in English was produced in 1473: \"Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye\", a translation by Caxton himself. In the epilogue of the book, Caxton tells how his \"pen became worn, his hand weary, his eye dimmed\" with copying the book by hand, so he \"practiced and learnt\" how to print it. His translation had become popular in the Burgundian court, and", "title": "William Caxton" }, { "id": "588207", "score": "1.6827703", "text": "1480 and 1483. The first book printed in Oxford, in 1478, an edition of Rufinus's \"Expositio in symbolum apostolorum\", was printed by another, anonymous, printer. Famously, this was mis-dated in Roman numerals as \"1468\", thus apparently pre-dating Caxton. Rood's printing included John Ankywyll's \"Compendium totius grammaticae,\" which set new standards for teaching of Latin grammar. After Rood, printing connected with the university remained sporadic for over half a century. Records or surviving work are few, and Oxford did not put its printing on a firm footing until the 1580s; this succeeded the efforts of Cambridge University, which had obtained a", "title": "Oxford University Press" }, { "id": "1985303", "score": "1.6722856", "text": "of the Pope translation. This may be in part due to a significant number of copies of Ogilby's first edition probably perished in the Great Fire of London of 1666. The first English movable-type printer was Caxton in the late 15th century. Editions of his books from the 15th century are very rare. Occasionally, 16th-century editions similar to Caxton's books appear among antiquarian book dealers and auctions, often fetching very high prices. The last Shakespeare First Folio of 1623 (first edition of the collected works of William Shakespeare) garnered a record-breaking 5.5 million in 2006. Later 17th-century folios of William", "title": "Book collecting" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers\n\nDicts and Sayings of the Philosophers (\"The Sayings of the Philosophers\") is an incunabulum, or early printed book. The Middle English work is a translation, by Anthony Woodville, of an original book written in Arabic by the medieval Arab scholar al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik', titled Mukhtār al-ḥikam wa-maḥāsin al-kalim (مختار الحكم ومحاسن الكلم) which had been translated into several languages. Woodville based his version on an earlier French translation. His translation would come to be printed by William Caxton in 1477 as either the first, or one of the earliest, books printed in the English language.", "title": "Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "William Caxton\n\nWilliam Caxton ( – ) was an English merchant, diplomat and writer. He is thought to be the first person to introduce a printing press into England, in 1476, and as a printer to be the first English retailer of printed books.\n\nHis parentage and date of birth are not known for certain, but he may have been born between 1415 and 1424, perhaps in the Weald or wood land of Kent, perhaps in Hadlow or Tenterden. In 1438 he was apprenticed to Robert Large, a wealthy London silk mercer.\n\nShortly after Large's death, Caxton moved to Bruges, Belgium, a wealthy cultured city in which he was settled by 1450. Successful in business, he became governor of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London; on his business travels, he observed the new printing industry in Cologne, which led him to start a printing press in Bruges in collaboration with Colard Mansion. When Margaret of York, sister of Edward IV, married the Duke of Burgundy, they moved to Bruges and befriended Caxton. Margaret encouraged Caxton to complete his translation of the \"Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye\", a collection of stories associated with Homer's \"Iliad\", which he did in 1471.\n\nOn his return to England, heavy demand for his translation prompted Caxton to set up a press at Westminster in 1476. Although the first book that he is known to have produced was an edition of Chaucer's \"The Canterbury Tales\", he went on to publish chivalric romances, classical works and English and Roman histories and to edit many others. He was the first to translate \"Aesop's Fables\" in 1484. Caxton was not an adequate translator, and under pressure to publish as much as possible as quickly as possible, he sometimes simply transferred French words into English; but because of the success of his translations, he is credited with helping to promote the Chancery English that he used to the status of standard dialect throughout England.\n\nIn 2002, Caxton was named among the 100 Greatest Britons in a BBC poll.", "title": "William Caxton" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1477\n\nYear 1477 (MCDLXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "title": "1477" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1470s in England\n\nEvents from the 1470s in England.\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "1470s in England" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik\n\nAbu al-Wafa' al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik ( ) was an Arab philosopher and scholar well versed in the mathematical sciences and also wrote on logic and medicine. He was born in Damascus but lived mainly in Egypt during the 11th century Fatimid Caliphate. He also wrote an historical chronicle of the reign of al-Mustansir Billah. However, the book he is famed for and the only one extant, \"Kitāb mukhtār al-ḥikam wa-maḥāsin al-kalim\" (), the \"Selected Maxims and Aphorisms\", is a collection of sayings attributed to the ancient sages (mainly Greeks) translated into Arabic. The date of composition given by the author is 1048–1049.", "title": "Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik" }, { "id": "8788282", "score": "1.6635978", "text": "to master it. Early in his career he met the leading printer and bibliographer of the day, William Blades, from whom he acquired a lasting fascination with the printing and typefounding crafts. While still relatively inexperienced, Reed was asked by Blades to help organise a major exhibition to mark the 400th anniversary of William Caxton's printing of \"The Game and Playe of the Chesse\". This was thought to be the first book printed in England, in 1474, and the exhibition was originally planned for 1874. However, Blades's research indicated that Caxton's first printing in England had been in 1477, of", "title": "Talbot Baines Reed" }, { "id": "18446728", "score": "1.6522658", "text": "to publish titles gloablly. By the 14th century a commercial book trade had been established in the UK, and before printing was introduced to Europe by Johannes Gutenberg in 1439 the trade consisted of scribes who wrote manuscripts. By the early 15th century the majority of those engaged in these activities were situated in London and belonged to a trade guild called the Company of Stationers. By the 16th century publishers and printers controlled the book trade and introduced a commercial aspect, relying for much of their income on the sales of popular religious books, almanacs, prognostications and similar literature.", "title": "Book trade in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "1275266", "score": "1.6434257", "text": "William Caxton William Caxton (c. 1422 – c. 1491) was an English merchant, diplomat, and writer. He is thought to be the first person to introduce a printing press into England, in 1476, and as a printer was the first English retailer of printed books. Neither his parentage nor date of birth is known for certain, but he may have been born between 1415 and 1424, perhaps in the Weald or wood land of Kent, perhaps in Hadlow or Tenterden. In 1438 he was apprenticed to Robert Large, a wealthy London silk mercer. Shortly after Large's death, Caxton moved to", "title": "William Caxton" }, { "id": "15953174", "score": "1.6365128", "text": "which was probably begun for another patron, then completed for Edward. Edward's reign saw the beginning of printing, both in English in 1473-75 and in England itself from 1476, when William Caxton set up a press in Westminster. At the top end of the market the illuminated manuscript continued to retain a superior prestige for many decades. When Edward's brother in law, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers had Caxton print his own translation of the \"Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers\" in 1477, the book he presented to Edward was a special manuscript copied from the printed edition, with a", "title": "Royal manuscripts, British Library" }, { "id": "6302336", "score": "1.6323948", "text": "in 1529, but only such books as were first licensed were to be printed. At that time even the purchase or possession of an unlicensed book was a punishable offense. In 1556 the Company of Stationers was incorporated, and very extensive powers were granted in order that obnoxious books might be repressed. In the following reigns the Star Chamber exercised a rather effectual censorship; but, in spite of all precaution, such was the demand for books of a polemical nature, that many were printed abroad and surreptitiously introduced into England. In the course of the 16th and 17th centuries the", "title": "Bookselling" }, { "id": "15214140", "score": "1.6321676", "text": "the printing of law books. He first endeavoured to establish that printing in England began at Oxford; and that Stow, Sir Richard Baker, and Howell, in asserting that the art of printing was introduced into England in 1472, \"do most erroneously agree together\", although their error might have arisen \"through the mistake of the first writer only.\" His discovery of the \"Exposicio\" is his leading argument. He writes that: Atkyns naively adds that he would not have undertaken this work were it not for a double notion that he was too much a friend to truth and a friend to", "title": "Richard Atkyns" }, { "id": "4713626", "score": "1.6277404", "text": "lowered enormously, which in turn increased the distribution of books. The book in codex form and printed on paper, as we know it today, dates from the 15th century. Books printed before January 1, 1501, are called incunables. The spreading of book printing all over Europe occurred relatively quickly, but most books were still printed in Latin. The spreading of the concept of printing books in the vernacular was a somewhat slower process. During the Enlightenment more books began to pour off European presses, creating an early form of information overload for many readers. Nowhere was this more the case", "title": "History of books" }, { "id": "16114411", "score": "1.6261308", "text": "Myllar having obtained the type from France, probably from Rouen, they set up their press in a house at the foot of Blackfriars Wynd, in the Southgait, now the Cowgate, of Edinburgh, and on 4 April 1508 issued the first book known to have been printed in Scotland, \"The Maying or Disport of Chaucer\", better known as \"The Complaint of the Black Knight\", and written not by Chaucer but by Lydgate. This tract consists of fourteen leaves, and has Chepman's device on the title-page, and Myllar's device at the end. The only copy known has been held in the Library", "title": "Androw Myllar" }, { "id": "15156377", "score": "1.6247609", "text": "of the mayors and sheriffs is brought down to 1520 — doubtless the date of publication — is ascribed by typographical experts to Peter Treveris, the first printer who set up a press at Southwark. It is also without date, place, or printer's name. A third edition, with introduction by Francis Douce, appeared in 1811. Copies of the two original editions, which are now of excessive rarity, are in the British Library, and other copies may be found at the Huntington Library, the Folger Shakespeare Library, and other archives. A copy may be viewed through Early English Books On Line", "title": "Richard Arnold (chronicler)" }, { "id": "15953176", "score": "1.6235329", "text": "been begun as a present for Edward IV, then left aside until completed with new miniatures and Tudor roses in about 1490, as a present for Henry. By the time Henry VIII came to the throne in 1509, the printed book had become the norm, though the richest buyers, like Henry, could often order copies printed on vellum. But some manuscripts were still commissioned and illuminated, and Henry and his minister Cardinal Wolsey were the main English patrons in the 1520s. Henry retained a scribe with the title \"writer of the king's books\", from 1530 employing the Fleming Pieter Meghen", "title": "Royal manuscripts, British Library" }, { "id": "1275282", "score": "1.6232002", "text": "and change of language.\") Works published by Caxton from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress: William Caxton William Caxton (c. 1422 – c. 1491) was an English merchant, diplomat, and writer. He is thought to be the first person to introduce a printing press into England, in 1476, and as a printer was the first English retailer of printed books. Neither his parentage nor date of birth is known for certain, but he may have been born between 1415 and 1424, perhaps in the Weald or wood land of Kent, perhaps in Hadlow or", "title": "William Caxton" }, { "id": "1951101", "score": "1.6197762", "text": "Captain Hook, Cruella de Vil and Lord Voldemort. In 1476, William Caxton was the first person to introduce a printing press into England, and he became the first English retailer of printed books. The UK has remained among the largest publishers of books. , six firms in the United Kingdom rank among the world's biggest publishers of books in terms of revenue: Bloomsbury, Cambridge University Press, Informa, Oxford University Press, Pearson, and RELX Group. From its formation in 1707, the United Kingdom has had a vibrant tradition of theatre, much of it inherited from England and Scotland. The West End", "title": "Culture of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "10163553", "score": "1.6167536", "text": "Paris. In 1473 Kasper Straube published the \"Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474\" in Kraków. Dirk Martens set up a printing press in Aalst (Flanders) in 1473. He printed a book about the two lovers of Enea Piccolomini who became Pope Pius II. In 1476 a printing press was set up in England by William Caxton. The Italian Juan Pablos set up an imported press in Mexico City in 1539. The first printing press in Southeast Asia was set up in the Philippines by the Spanish in 1593. The Rev. Jose Glover intended to bring the first printing press to England's", "title": "History of printing" }, { "id": "20462372", "score": "1.6155434", "text": "Books in the United Kingdom As of 2018, seven firms in the United Kingdom rank among the world's biggest publishers of books in terms of revenue: Bloomsbury, Cambridge University Press, Informa, Oxford University Press, Pearson, Quarto, and RELX Group. In 1477 William Caxton in Westminster printed \"The Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres,\" considered \"the first dated book printed in England.\" The history of the book in the United Kingdom has been studied from a variety of cultural, economic, political, and social angles. The learned Bibliographical Society first met in 1892. In recent years influential scholars include Frederic Sutherland Ferguson,", "title": "Books in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "12459542", "score": "1.6155024", "text": "Caxton points to Woodville's omission of Socrates' remarks on women, which subsequently led to the inclusion of an additional chapter, titled \"Touching Women\". In 1476 Caxton had travelled to Westminster from Bruges, where he had been running a successful printing business. He wanted to practise his new printing skills in his native country. He had perhaps learned printing technology in Cologne. The first book Caxton printed with a date was \"Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers\", although it is not usually regarded as the first book he had printed in England. This is the first dated book printed in England.", "title": "Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers" } ]

[ "Neptune the blue ocean planet", "magnetosphere of neptune", "astronomy neptune", "Le Verrier's planet", "neptune s", "neptune planet", "Planet Neptune", "The planet exterior to Uranus", "planet exterior to uranus", "Neptune (planet)", "sol iix", "neptuno planet", "Sol 8", "Astronomy Neptune", "Neptunus (planet)", "le verrier s planet", "Neptuno (planet)", "Neptune's weather", "neptune astronomy", "atmosphere of neptune", "Neptune planet", "Neptune's", "Magnetosphere of Neptune", "neptune s atmosphere", "sol viii", "The Scooter (Neptune)", "Sol IIX", "planet neptune", "Neptune (Planet)", "Atmosphere of Neptune", "Weather of Neptune", "neptune s weather", "Neptune (astronomy)", "neptune", "neptunus planet", "Eighth planet", "8th planet", "♆", "Neptune's Atmosphere", "weather of neptune", "sun i", "Sun i", "sol 8", "Sol VIII", "eighth planet", "neptune blue ocean planet", "scooter neptune", "Sol-8", "Neptune's atmosphere", "Neptune" ]

[ { "id": "13247556", "score": "1.9359884", "text": "the more extensive set around Saturn and the simpler systems around Jupiter and Neptune. The rings of Uranus were discovered on March 10, 1977, by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, and Douglas J. Mink. More than 200 years ago, William Herschel also reported observing rings, but modern astronomers are skeptical that he could actually have noticed them, as they are very dark and faint. 1977 Upsilon mesons 1977 Bottom quark 1978 Restriction endonucleases 1978 Charon 1979 Metis 1979 Thebe 1979 Rings of Jupiter 1980 Oncogene 1980 Pandora 1980 Prometheus 1980 Atlas 1981 Larissa 1983 Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 1984 \"Whydah\"", "title": "Timeline of United States discoveries" }, { "id": "3740543", "score": "1.9106063", "text": "with only about one-third of them yielding positive results. Something (probably incomplete arcs) definitely existed around Neptune, but the features of the ring system remained a mystery. The \"Voyager 2\" spacecraft made the definitive discovery of the Neptunian rings during its fly-by of Neptune in 1989, passing by as close as above the planet's atmosphere on 25 August. It confirmed that occasional occultation events observed before were indeed caused by the arcs within the Adams ring (see below). After the \"Voyager\" fly-by the previous terrestrial occultation observations were reanalyzed yielding features of the ring's arcs as they were in 1980s,", "title": "Rings of Neptune" }, { "id": "3739164", "score": "1.850632", "text": "G ring. Voyager 2's closest approach occurred in August 1981 at a distance of 41,000 km. Voyager 2's working photopolarimeter allowed it to observe the ring system at higher resolution than Voyager 1, and to thereby discover many previously unseen ringlets. \"Cassini\" spacecraft entered into orbit around Saturn in July 2004. \"Cassini\" images of the rings are the most detailed to-date, and are responsible for the discovery of yet more ringlets. The rings are named alphabetically in the order they were discovered. The main rings are, working outward from the planet, C, B and A, with the Cassini Division, the", "title": "Rings of Saturn" }, { "id": "3740502", "score": "1.8255645", "text": "to the numbering of the occultation events in one paper. Uranus's ring system was the second to be discovered in the Solar System, after that of Saturn. The rings were directly imaged when the \"Voyager 2\" spacecraft flew through the Uranian system in 1986. Two more faint rings were revealed, bringing the total to eleven. The Hubble Space Telescope detected an additional pair of previously unseen rings in 2003–2005, bringing the total number known to 13. The discovery of these outer rings doubled the known radius of the ring system. Hubble also imaged two small satellites for the first time,", "title": "Rings of Uranus" }, { "id": "3740524", "score": "1.8244641", "text": "ring remains a mystery. In 1986 \"Voyager 2\" detected a broad and faint sheet of material inward of ring 6. This ring was given the temporary designation 1986U2R. It had a normal optical depth of 10 or less and was extremely faint. It was visible only in a single \"Voyager 2\" image. The ring was located between 37,000 and 39,500 km from the centre of Uranus, or only about 12,000 km above the clouds. It was not observed again until 2003–2004, when the Keck telescope found a broad and faint sheet of material just inside ring 6. This ring was", "title": "Rings of Uranus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rings of Neptune\n\nThe rings of Neptune consist primarily of five principal rings. They were first discovered (as \"arcs\") by simultaneous observations of a stellar occultation on 22 July 1984 by André Brahic's and William B. Hubbard's teams at La Silla Observatory (ESO) and at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory in Chile.<ref name=\"Miner2007b\" /> Neptune also has a faint unnamed ring coincident with the orbit of the moon Galatea. Three other moons orbit between the rings: Naiad, Thalassa and Despina.<ref name=\"Miner2007b\" />\n\nThe rings of Neptune are made of extremely dark material, likely organic compounds processed by radiation, similar to those found in the rings of Uranus.<ref name=\"SmithSoderblom1989\" /> The proportion of dust in the rings (between 20% and 70%) is high,<ref name=\"SmithSoderblom1989\" /> while their optical depth is low to moderate, at less than 0.1.<ref name=\"Horn1990\" /> Uniquely, the Adams ring includes five distinct arcs, named Fraternité, Égalité 1 and 2, Liberté, and Courage. The arcs occupy a narrow range of orbital longitudes and are remarkably stable, having changed only slightly since their initial detection in 1980.<ref name=\"SmithSoderblom1989\" /> How the arcs are stabilized is still under debate. However, their stability is probably related to the resonant interaction between the Adams ring and its inner shepherd moon, Galatea.<ref name=\"Burns2001\" />", "title": "Rings of Neptune" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Solar System/Selected article/29" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Neptune\n\nNeptune is the eighth planet from the Sun and the farthest known planet in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet in the Solar System by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. It is 17 times the mass of Earth, and slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus. Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus because its greater mass causes more gravitational compression of its atmosphere. Being composed primarily of gases and liquids, it has no well-defined solid surface. The planet orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of . It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol , representing Neptune's trident.\n\nNeptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to hypothesise that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. After Bouvard's death, the position of Neptune was predicted from his observations, independently, by John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 The advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.\n\nLike the gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn), Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proportion of \"ices\" such as water, ammonia and methane. Similar to Uranus, its interior is primarily composed of ices and rock; Newest data from the Gemini observatory shows the blue color is more saturated than the one present on Uranus due to thinner haze of Neptune's more active atmosphere.\n\nIn contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the \"Voyager 2\" flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. More recently, in 2018, a newer main dark spot and smaller dark spot were identified and studied. Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching . Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately .<ref name=hubbard/><ref name=\"nettelmann\"/> Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled \"arcs\"), which was discovered in 1984, then later confirmed by \"Voyager 2\".<ref name=ring1/>", "title": "Neptune" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Solar System/Selected article" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Voyager 2\n\nVoyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977, to study the outer planets and interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. As a part of the Voyager program, it was launched 16 days before its twin, \"Voyager 1\", on a trajectory that took longer to reach gas giants Jupiter and Saturn but enabled further encounters with ice giants Uranus and Neptune.<ref name=ESBS/> \"Voyager 2\" remains the only spacecraft to have visited either of the ice giant planets. \"Voyager 2\" was the fourth of five spacecraft to achieve Solar escape velocity, which allowed it to leave the Solar System.\n\n\"Voyager 2\" successfully fulfilled its primary mission of visiting the Jovian system in 1979, the Saturnian system in 1981, Uranian system in 1986, and the Neptunian system in 1989. The spacecraft is now in its extended mission of studying interstellar space. It has been operating for as of ; , it has reached a distance of from Earth.\n\nThe probe entered interstellar space on November 5, 2018, at a distance of (about 16:58 light-hours) from the Sun relative to the Sun. \"Voyager 2\" has left the Sun's heliosphere and is traveling through the interstellar medium, a region of outer space beyond the influence of the Solar System, joining \"Voyager 1\", which had reached the interstellar medium in 2012. \"Voyager 2\" has begun to provide the first direct measurements of the density and temperature of the interstellar plasma.\n\n\"Voyager 2\" remains in contact with Earth through the NASA Deep Space Network. In 2020, maintenance to the Deep Space Network cut outbound contact with the probe for eight months. Contact was reestablished on November 2, 2020, when a series of instructions was transmitted, subsequently executed, and relayed back with a successful communication message. On February 12, 2021, full communications with the probe were restored after a major antenna upgrade that took a year to complete. The DSS 43 communication antenna, which is solely responsible for communications with the probe, is located near Canberra, Australia.", "title": "Voyager 2" }, { "id": "3740541", "score": "1.8120847", "text": "1846 when William Lassell, the discoverer of Neptune's largest moon, Triton, thought he had seen a ring around the planet. However, his claim was never confirmed and it is likely that it was an observational artifact. The first reliable detection of a ring was made in 1968 by stellar occultation, although that result would go unnoticed until 1977 when the rings of Uranus were discovered. Soon after the Uranus discovery, a team from Villanova University led by Harold J. Reitsema began searching for rings around Neptune. On 24 May 1981, they detected a dip in a star's brightness during one", "title": "Rings of Neptune" }, { "id": "3740561", "score": "1.7996088", "text": "six inner moons of Neptune, including the Adams ring shepherd Galatea. \"*A question mark means that the parameter is not known.\" Rings of Neptune The rings of Neptune consist primarily of five principal rings and were first discovered (as \"arcs\") on 22 July 1984 in Chile by Patrice Bouchet, Reinhold Häfner and Jean Manfroid at La Silla Observatory (ESO) during an observing program proposed by André Brahic and Bruno Sicardy from Paris Observatory, and at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory by F. Vilas and L.-R. Elicer for a program led by William Hubbard. They were eventually imaged in 1989 by the", "title": "Rings of Neptune" }, { "id": "553129", "score": "1.7861207", "text": "by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, and Jessica Mink using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. The discovery was serendipitous; they planned to use the occultation of the star SAO 158687 (also known as HD 128598) by Uranus to study its atmosphere. When their observations were analysed, they found that the star had disappeared briefly from view five times both before and after it disappeared behind Uranus. They concluded that there must be a ring system around Uranus. Later they detected four additional rings. The rings were directly imaged when Voyager 2 passed Uranus in 1986. Voyager 2 also discovered two", "title": "Uranus" }, { "id": "3740473", "score": "1.7828429", "text": "a single overexposed image of the ring system. More extensive imaging was conducted by \"Voyager 2\" in the same year, which allowed rough determination of the ring’s structure. The superior quality of the images obtained by the \"Galileo\" orbiter between 1995 and 2003 greatly extended the existing knowledge about the Jovian rings. Ground-based observation of the rings by the Keck telescope in 1997 and 2002 and the HST in 1999 revealed the rich structure visible in back-scattered light. Images transmitted by the \"New Horizons\" spacecraft in February–March 2007 allowed observation of the fine structure in the main ring for the", "title": "Rings of Jupiter" }, { "id": "12383579", "score": "1.7796788", "text": "the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km. The first of these planetary rings was detected in 1968 by a team led by Edward Guinan. In the early 1980s, analysis of this data along with newer observations led to the hypothesis that this ring might be incomplete. Evidence that the rings might have gaps first arose during a stellar occultation in 1984 when the rings", "title": "Neptune" }, { "id": "3740538", "score": "1.7789857", "text": "Rings of Neptune The rings of Neptune consist primarily of five principal rings and were first discovered (as \"arcs\") on 22 July 1984 in Chile by Patrice Bouchet, Reinhold Häfner and Jean Manfroid at La Silla Observatory (ESO) during an observing program proposed by André Brahic and Bruno Sicardy from Paris Observatory, and at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory by F. Vilas and L.-R. Elicer for a program led by William Hubbard. They were eventually imaged in 1989 by the \"Voyager 2\" spacecraft. At their densest, they are comparable to the less dense portions of Saturn's main rings such as the", "title": "Rings of Neptune" }, { "id": "3740495", "score": "1.7679592", "text": "Rings of Uranus The rings of Uranus are a system of rings around the planet Uranus, intermediate in complexity between the more extensive set around Saturn and the simpler systems around Jupiter and Neptune. The rings of Uranus were discovered on March 10, 1977, by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, and Jessica Mink. William Herschel had also reported observing rings in 1789; modern astronomers are divided on whether he could have seen them, as they are very dark and faint. By 1978, nine distinct rings were identified. Two additional rings were discovered in 1986 in images taken by the", "title": "Rings of Uranus" }, { "id": "3739163", "score": "1.7669592", "text": "of Allegheny Observatory and Aristarkh Belopolsky of Pulkovo Observatory showed Maxwell's analysis was correct. Four robotic spacecraft have observed Saturn's rings from the vicinity of the planet. Pioneer 11's closest approach to Saturn occurred in September 1979 at a distance of 20,900 km. Pioneer 11 was responsible for the discovery of the F ring. Voyager 1's closest approach occurred in November 1980 at a distance of 64,200 km. A failed photopolarimeter prevented Voyager 1 from observing Saturn's rings at the planned resolution; nevertheless, images from the spacecraft provided unprecedented detail of the ring system and revealed the existence of the", "title": "Rings of Saturn" }, { "id": "3740496", "score": "1.7640104", "text": "\"Voyager 2\" spacecraft, and two outer rings were found in 2003–2005 in Hubble Space Telescope photos. In the order of increasing distance from the planet the 13 known rings are designated 1986U2R/ζ, 6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, λ, ε, ν and μ. Their radii range from about 38,000 km for the 1986U2R/ζ ring to about 98,000 km for the μ ring. Additional faint dust bands and incomplete arcs may exist between the main rings. The rings are extremely dark—the Bond albedo of the rings' particles does not exceed 2%. They are probably composed of water ice with", "title": "Rings of Uranus" }, { "id": "3740556", "score": "1.7634054", "text": "quite stable structures. They were detected by ground-based stellar occultations in the 1980s, by \"Voyager 2\" in 1989 and by Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based telescopes in 1997–2005 and remained at approximately the same orbital longitudes. However some changes have been noticed. The overall brightness of arcs decreased since 1986. The Courage arc jumped forward by 8° to 294° (it probably jumped over to the next stable co-rotation resonance position) while the Liberté arc had almost disappeared by 2003. The Fraternité and Égalité (1 and 2) arcs have demonstrated irregular variations in their relative brightness. Their observed dynamics is probably", "title": "Rings of Neptune" }, { "id": "771460", "score": "1.759837", "text": "power shift of the signal to determine the structure of the rings. In images captured September 5, 2005, \"Cassini\" detected spokes in Saturn's rings, previously seen only by the visual observer Stephen James O'Meara in 1977 and then confirmed by the Voyager space probes in the early 1980s. Radar images obtained on July 21, 2006 appear to show lakes of liquid hydrocarbon (such as methane and ethane) in Titan's northern latitudes. This is the first discovery of currently existing lakes anywhere besides on Earth. The lakes range in size from one to one-hundred kilometers across. On March 13, 2007, the", "title": "Cassini–Huygens" }, { "id": "1667212", "score": "1.7587667", "text": "1980. Images acquired from this distance had very poor spatial resolution, but revealed a highly reflective surface devoid of impact craters, indicating a youthful surface. \"Voyager 1\" also confirmed that Enceladus was embedded in the densest part of Saturn's diffuse E ring. Combined with the apparent youthful appearance of the surface, \"Voyager\" scientists suggested that the E ring consisted of particles vented from Enceladus's surface. \"Voyager 2\" passed closer to Enceladus (87,010 km) on August 26, 1981, allowing higher-resolution images to be obtained. These images showed a young surface. They also revealed a surface with different regions with vastly different", "title": "Enceladus" }, { "id": "2786019", "score": "1.7516708", "text": "the Voyager probe in 1981. Another picture, in infrared light, taken on February 16s shows cloud height differences and the same disturbance visible throughout the 1990s in Hubble Space Telescope images. 12 March 2004 – Pictures taken on 23 February do show a feature discovered by Voyager: Clumps in the outer \"F\"-ring. What could not be ascertained at the time was the exact lifetime of these clumps, and it is hoped that \"Cassini\" will provide conclusive data about this question. The first set of pictures shows a set of \"clumps\" moving along the \"F\" ring. 26 March 2004 – The", "title": "Timeline of Cassini–Huygens" }, { "id": "3740446", "score": "1.7425895", "text": "\"New Horizons\" in February–March 2007. The early observations by Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Keck and the \"Cassini\" spacecraft failed to detect it, probably due to insufficient spatial resolution. However the fine structure was observed by the Keck telescope using adaptive optics in 2002–2003. Observed in back-scattered light the main ring appears to be razor thin, extending in the vertical direction no more than 30 km. In the side scatter geometry the ring thickness is 80–160 km, increasing somewhat in the direction of Jupiter. The ring appears to be much thicker in the forward-scattered light—about 300 km. One of the discoveries", "title": "Rings of Jupiter" }, { "id": "450039", "score": "1.7404914", "text": "high-energy particles, were detected at the outer edge of the magnetosphere of Jupiter. The two Voyager space probes made a number of important discoveries about Jupiter, its satellites, its radiation belts, and its never-before-seen planetary rings. The gravitational assist trajectories at Jupiter were successfully carried out by both Voyagers, and the two spacecraft went on to visit Saturn and its system of moons and rings. \"Voyager 1\" encountered Saturn in November 1980, with the closest approach on November 12, 1980, when the space probe came within of Saturn's cloud-tops. The space probe's cameras detected complex structures in the rings of", "title": "Voyager 1" } ]

[ "Speedways", "Speedway (disambiguation)", "Speed ways", "Speed way", "speedway disambiguation", "speedways", "Speedway Racing", "speedway racing", "speed way", "Speedway racing", "speed ways", "Speedway", "speedway" ]

[ { "id": "11006027", "score": "1.4654402", "text": "produced up to the year 1979. Using the original no-stop rules unlike the stationary balance rules allowed in modern competition and riding on terrain including rock climbs, sand, mud, trees and other natural elements the riders get to test out their skills against both the course and each other. Classes range from Girder Fork Rigid models all the way through the Classic Japanese twin shocks such as the Yamaha TY and Honda RL range. In the spirit of the ISDT type events and Hare Scrambles of old, AHRMA Cross Country events provide a closed course event reminiscent of what is", "title": "American Historic Racing Motorcycle Association" }, { "id": "11006026", "score": "1.4547701", "text": "The second is Post-Vintage motocross which is for machines from 1975 through to the mid 80's. This event is usually run on a Sunday as many riders will compete both days on different machines. Class C, Brakeless, vintage and Seventies-era classes are all catered for in this form of American Motorcycling that has been around since the early days. . America is the main country in which this sport is practiced, with the only racing anything like it being Speedway which is mainly raced in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. Observed Trials events provide competition on vintage trials machinery", "title": "American Historic Racing Motorcycle Association" }, { "id": "1759711", "score": "1.451958", "text": "brakes, the clutch is used as a release mechanism at the start of races. FIM regulations state that the motorcycles must have no brakes, are fueled by pure methanol, use only one gear and weigh a minimum of . By using engine and rear wheel sprockets the gear ratio can be adjusted as required for track conditions. The use of methanol allows for an increased compression ratio to the engine producing more power than other fuels and resulting in higher speeds (approximately when cornering). Machines used must: Machines used cannot: In addition all motorcycles must have a safety cut out", "title": "Motorcycle speedway" }, { "id": "1874272", "score": "1.4406235", "text": "with four-stroke machines. European firms also experienced a resurgence with Husqvarna, Husaberg, and KTM winning world championships with four-stroke machinery. The sport evolved with sub-disciplines such as stadium events known as supercross and arenacross held in indoor arenas. Classes were also formed for all-terrain vehicles. Freestyle motocross (FMX) events where riders are judged on their jumping and aerial acrobatic skills have gained popularity, as well as supermoto, where motocross machines race both on tarmac and off-road. Vintage motocross (VMX) events take place - usually for motorcycles predating the 1975 model year. Many VMX races also include a \"Post Vintage\" portion,", "title": "Motocross" }, { "id": "3495018", "score": "1.4364238", "text": "wet conditions. Rider disquiet over the crash safety of disc brakes led to the introduction of versions with chamfered edges to reduce the risk of the rotating disc acting as a cutting blade. In 2018, the UCI concluded the trial and legalised the use of disc brakes in all road racing events. While some professional teams still use caliper brakes, which are lighter and may be marginally more aerodynamic, an increasing proportion of teams have switched to discs as of 2018. For recreational road cycling, the road-style bicycles with drop handlebars used to be the norm in the 1980s, along", "title": "Racing bicycle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Motorcycle speedway\n\nMotorcycle speedway, usually referred to simply as speedway, is a motorcycle sport involving four and sometimes up to six riders competing over four anti-clockwise laps of an oval circuit. The motorcycles are specialist machines that use only one gear and have no brakes. Racing takes place on a flat oval track usually consisting of dirt, loosely packed shale, or crushed rock (mostly used in Australia and New Zealand). Competitors use this surface to slide their machines sideways, powersliding or broadsiding into the bends. On the straight sections of the track, the motorcycles reach speeds of up to .\n\nThere are now both domestic and international competitions in a number of countries, including the Speedway World Cup, whilst the highest overall scoring individual in the Speedway Grand Prix events is pronounced the world champion. Speedway is popular in Central and Northern Europe and to a lesser extent in Australia and North America. A variant of track racing, speedway is administered internationally by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). Domestic speedway events are regulated by FIM-affiliated national motor sport federations.", "title": "Motorcycle speedway" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Grand Prix motorcycle racing\n\nGrand Prix motorcycle racing is the premier class of motorcycle road racing events held on road circuits sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). Independent motorcycle racing events have been held since the start of the twentieth century and large national events were often given the title Grand Prix. The foundation of the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme as the international governing body for motorcycle sport in 1949 provided the opportunity to coordinate rules and regulations in order that selected events could count towards official World Championships. It is the oldest established motorsport world championship.\n\nGrand Prix motorcycles are purpose-built racing machines that are unavailable for purchase by the general public and unable to be ridden legally on public roads. This contrasts with the various production-based categories of racing, such as the Superbike World Championship and the Isle of Man TT Races that feature modified versions of road-going motorcycles available to the public. The current top division is known as MotoGP since when the four-stroke era began. Prior to that, the largest class was 500cc, both of which form a historical continuum as the official World Championship, although all classes have official status.\n\nThe championship is currently divided into four classes: the eponymous MotoGP, Moto2, Moto3 and MotoE. The first three classes use four-stroke engines, while the MotoE class (new in 2019) uses electric motorcycles. \n\nThe most successful rider in Grand Prix history is Giacomo Agostini with 15 titles and 122 race wins. In the top-flight series, Agostini holds the title record with eight, followed by Valentino Rossi with seven and active rider Marc Márquez with six. As of 2020, Rossi holds the record for most top-flight race wins with 89.", "title": "Grand Prix motorcycle racing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fixed-gear bicycle\n\nA fixed-gear bicycle (or fixed-wheel bicycle, commonly known in some places as a fixie) is a bicycle that has a drivetrain with no freewheel mechanism. The freewheel was developed early in the history of bicycle design but the fixed-gear bicycle remained the standard track racing design. More recently the \"fixie\" has become a popular alternative among mainly urban cyclists, offering the advantage of simplicity compared with the standard multi-geared bicycle.\n\nMost bicycle hubs incorporate a freewheel to allow the pedals to remain stationary while the bicycle is in motion, so that the rider can coast, i.e., ride without pedalling using forward momentum. A fixed-gear drivetrain has the drive sprocket (or cog) threaded or bolted directly to the hub of the back wheel, so that the pedals are directly coupled to the wheel. During acceleration, the pedal crank drives the wheel, but in other situations, the rear wheel can drive the pedal cranks. This direct coupling allows a cyclist to apply a braking force with the legs and bodyweight, by resisting the rotation of the cranks. It also makes it possible to cycle backwards.\n\nAs a general rule, fixed-gear bicycles are single-speed. A derailleur for gear selection would introduce chain slack, which would interfere with braking. Gear selection can, however, be accomplished with the use of an internally geared hub. For example, a Sturmey-Archer fixed-gear three-speed hub is a fixed-gear multi-speed arrangement. Most fixed-gear bicycles only have a front brake, and some have no brakes at all.", "title": "Fixed-gear bicycle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Motorcycle racing\n\nMotorcycle racing (also called moto racing and motorbike racing) is the motorcycle sport of racing motorcycles. Major varieties include motorcycle road racing and off-road racing, both either on circuits or open courses, and track racing. Other categories include hill climbs, drag racing and land speed record trials.", "title": "Motorcycle racing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mountain biking\n\nMountain biking is a sport of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, usually using specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bikes but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain, such as air or coil-sprung shocks used as suspension, larger and wider wheels and tires, stronger frame materials, and mechanically or hydraulically actuated disc brakes. Mountain biking can generally be broken down into five distinct categories: cross country, trail riding, all mountain (also referred to as \"Enduro\"), downhill, and freeride.\n\nThis sport requires endurance, core strength and balance, bike handling skills, and self-reliance. Advanced riders pursue both steep technical descents and high incline climbs. In the case of freeride, downhill, and dirt jumping, aerial maneuvers are performed off both natural features and specially constructed jumps and ramps.\n\nMountain bikers ride on off-road trails such as singletrack, back-country roads, wider bike park trails, fire roads, and some advanced trails are designed with jumps, berms, and drop-offs to add excitement to the trail. Riders with enduro and downhill bikes will often visit ski resorts that stay open in the summer to ride downhill-specific trails, using the ski lifts to return to the top with their bikes. Because riders are often far from civilization, there is a strong element of self-reliance in the sport. Riders learn to repair broken bikes and flat tires to avoid being stranded. Many riders carry a backpack, including water, food, tools for trailside repairs, and a first aid kit in case of injury. Group rides are common, especially on longer treks. Mountain bike orienteering adds the skill of map navigation to mountain biking.", "title": "Mountain biking" }, { "id": "13253014", "score": "1.4288027", "text": "Sportbike motorcycle drag racing Sportbike motorcycle drag racing involves racing motorcycles, often imported from Japan. Many sportbikes such as the Suzuki Hayabusa, the Kawasaki ZX-14, or the BMW S1000RR can perform a 1/4-mile drag race in the 9-second range with little to no modifications. 1/8th-mile racing is also popular in some parts of the country. The largest drag racing organization is the NHRA, which has over a hundred different tracks where motorcycles can be raced in seven different divisions across the country. \"AMA Dragbike is the largest all-motorcycle drag racing sanctioning body in the world\" (About AMA Dragbike). AMA Dragbike", "title": "Sportbike motorcycle drag racing" }, { "id": "338841", "score": "1.4268326", "text": "single or twin cylinder. Riders are divided into two groups, \"Elite\" (Group 1) and Non-Elite (Group 2), with the latter subdivided into two further groups - the \"Super Production\" (Group 2.1) and \"Marathon\" (Group 2.2) classes. \"Marathon\" competitors are not permitted to change such key components as the engine (including the engine case, cylinders and cylinder heads), the frame, the forks or swinging arm, whereas those in the \"Super Production\" and \"Elite\" classes may replace these components. KTM has dominated the motorcycle class in recent years, although Honda, Yamaha, Sherco and Gas Gas also compete currently. BMW and Cagiva have", "title": "Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "9641123", "score": "1.4266951", "text": "rear wheel to scrub-off speed while still providing the drive to power the bike forward and around the bend. FIM regulations state that the motorcycles used must have no brakes, run on pure methanol, use only one gear and weigh a minimum of 78 kg. Races consist of between four and six riders competing over four to six laps. Originating in New South Wales, Australia in the 1920s, there are now both domestic and international competitions in a number of countries including the Speedway World Cup whilst the highest overall scoring individual in the Speedway Grand Prix events is pronounced", "title": "Track racing" }, { "id": "13253022", "score": "1.4251428", "text": "in no way comprehensive of all the females that compete. Sportbike motorcycle drag racing Sportbike motorcycle drag racing involves racing motorcycles, often imported from Japan. Many sportbikes such as the Suzuki Hayabusa, the Kawasaki ZX-14, or the BMW S1000RR can perform a 1/4-mile drag race in the 9-second range with little to no modifications. 1/8th-mile racing is also popular in some parts of the country. The largest drag racing organization is the NHRA, which has over a hundred different tracks where motorcycles can be raced in seven different divisions across the country. \"AMA Dragbike is the largest all-motorcycle drag racing", "title": "Sportbike motorcycle drag racing" }, { "id": "9641124", "score": "1.4236133", "text": "the Speedway world champion. Flat track racing, also known as dirt track racing, looks similar to Speedway racing but is quite different. Flat track motorcycles can have either two-stroke or four-stroke engines in amateur competition. Flat track bikes have front and rear suspension, and rear brakes. The brakes are what make it completely distinct from speedway, as the brakes allow for a different cornering technique. Four-stroke motorcycles dominate professional competition and depending on the venue, can be single or multi-cylinder. Racetracks vary in length from 1/4 mile (400 metres) to 1 mile (1600 metres). Successful riders will often move to", "title": "Track racing" }, { "id": "5240985", "score": "1.421267", "text": "due to the influx of cheap pocket bikes imported from China. Pit bikes are true to the original concept of a small scooter used to quickly move around the pit areas of motor racing tracks and events. Modern versions look like motocross motorcycles and are also used in some motocross competitions. Recently the sport of pitbike racing (racing pit bikes on motocross and supercross tracks) has taken off. There are numerous series in the United States and there are also full-fledged pitbike pros. The Las Vegas Mini Supercross is the biggest pitbike event of the year. The sport of mini-motard", "title": "Minibike" }, { "id": "3495638", "score": "1.4188325", "text": "that these rules are not exhaustive, are only for UCI-sanctioned events and may not be enforced at all cyclo-cross events. As of 2010, disc brakes have recently been allowed for UCI races. In recent years, some cyclocross bicycles available in the consumer market are supplied with disc brakes as a stock item. Some models include braze-ons to enable the use of cantilever style brakes instead. The growing popularity of disc brakes on cyclocross bicycles has allowed for improved and lighter rim designs due to a lack of brake track on the side of the rim. Cyclocross bikes are growing in", "title": "Cyclo-cross bicycle" }, { "id": "338840", "score": "1.4184275", "text": "win in the car category. The bike category saw the KTM works team rider, Australian Toby Price, take his first Dakar victory. The four major competitive groups in the Dakar are the motorcycles, quads, the cars class (which ranges from buggies to small SUVs), and the trucks class. Many vehicle manufacturers use the rally's harsh environment as both a testing ground and an opportunity to show off their vehicles' durability—though, in fact, most vehicles are heavily modified or purpose-built. As of 2011, the engine capacity limit for all motorbikes competing in the Dakar Rally is 450cc. Engines may be either", "title": "Dakar Rally" }, { "id": "18827487", "score": "1.4137423", "text": "of the race and can use disc brakes in conjunction with parachutes to slow them after the timed run. The Streamliner class of motorcycle land speed record machines are mandated to have parachutes fitted if the motorcycle is capable of exceeding . Electric motorcycles can use regenerative braking to both slow the motorcycle down and recharge the batteries at the same. KTM secretly raced a machine with a KERS style regenerative braking system during the 2008 Valenican 125 cc Grand Prix. Although deemed in contravention of the rules, the use of a KERS system preceded its use in Formula 1.", "title": "Motorcycle braking systems" }, { "id": "8962631", "score": "1.4111567", "text": "racing or sprints is a racing venue where two participants line up at a dragstrip with a signaled starting line. Upon the starting signal, the riders accelerate down a straight, quarter-mile long paved track where their elapsed time and terminal speed are recorded. The rider to reach the finish line first is the winner. This can occur upon purpose built venues (e.g., Santa Pod), temporary venues (e.g., runways or drives of country houses). In addition to \"regular\" motorcycles, top fuel motorcycles using Nitrous Oxide also compete in this category. The UK National Sprint Association was formed in 1958. The president", "title": "Motorcycle racing" }, { "id": "268549", "score": "1.4057062", "text": "racing counterpart to each type, such as road racing and street bikes, or motocross and dirt bikes. Street bikes include cruisers, sportbikes, scooters and mopeds, and many other types. Off-road motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross and are not street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the dual-sport style are made to go off-road but include features to make them legal and comfortable on the street as well. Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design creates a different riding posture. In some countries the use of pillions", "title": "Motorcycle" }, { "id": "2320824", "score": "1.4049042", "text": "a large area of open asphalt and an availability of dirt. Supermoto races have also been successfully held in busy urban centers using closed city streets for the road course and a vacant lot for the dirt sections. The motorcycles used are frequently custom-created combinations of off-road motorcycles and road-racing wheels/tires, known as 'supermotard' bikes. Riders also wear a combination of road race and offroad equipment, normally road racing leathers and motocross helmets and boots. Unlike normal motorcycle racing, the emphasis lies on slower speeds—typically less than — on short, technical tracks. Here, where flat-out acceleration and high top-speeds are", "title": "Supermoto" }, { "id": "9064360", "score": "1.4034114", "text": "or private asphalted roads). Another popular type of enduro competition that has spurred enduro motorcycle development is endurocross, a hybrid event combining enduro and supercross. In the UK, most enduro clubman bikes were 2-strokes, but many ACU events had a separate class for 4-stroke machines, such as the Honda XR series. Such 4-strokes tended to be effectively \"sporty trail bikes\" rather than de-tuned scramblers, but their much improved fuel economy (compared to 2-strokes) meant that they could complete lengthy laps of thirty miles or more without refuelling. This obviated the need for a back-up team to man refueling stops, allowing", "title": "Enduro motorcycle" }, { "id": "1874288", "score": "1.4021375", "text": "brake, and tire upgrades are sometimes performed to improve handling. Pit bikes also have their own separate competitions held with classes generally corresponding to wheel size. This is a notable difference from Motocross and Supercross competition, where classes are separated by engine displacement. Pit bike racing is a relatively new niche of motocross, and as such, there is no official governing body similar to the AMA. Manufacturers that have ceased production Motocross is governed worldwide by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM), with federations in many nations. Motocross Motocross is a form of off-road motorcycle racing held on enclosed off-road", "title": "Motocross" }, { "id": "8962623", "score": "1.4019293", "text": "different surface type. Indoor races consist of either: a polished concrete floor with coke syrup, or other media sprayed or mopped onto the concrete for traction for the tyres of the motorcycles, or on dirt that has been moistened and hard packed, or left loose (often called a cushion). Similar to size of the Arenacross Arenas or sometimes smaller the riders must have accurate throttle control to negotiate these tight Indoor Race Tracks. In the U.S., flat-track events are held on outdoor dirt ovals, ranging in length from one mile to half-mile, short-tracks and TTs. All are usually held outdoors,", "title": "Motorcycle racing" } ]

[ "imolensis", "Imolensis", "rocca sforzesca", "imola", "Ìmola", "Rocca Sforzesca", "ìmola", "forum cornelii", "Imola", "Forum Cornelii" ]

[ { "id": "9149210", "score": "2.119967", "text": "Death of Ayrton Senna Three-time Formula One World Champion Ayrton Senna died on 1 May 1994, as a result of his car crashing into a concrete barrier while he was leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Italy. The previous day, Roland Ratzenberger had died when his car crashed during qualification for the race. His and Senna's accidents were the worst of several accidents that took place that weekend and were the first fatal accidents to occur during a Formula One race meeting in twelve years. They became a turning point in", "title": "Death of Ayrton Senna" }, { "id": "6585204", "score": "2.06321", "text": "pm local time, Dr. Maria Teresa Fiandri announced that Ayrton Senna had died. The official time of death was given, however, as 2:17 pm local time, meaning that Senna had been killed instantly. The autopsy recorded the cause of death as head injuries likely caused by an impact from a wheel and suspension. BBC Television commentator Murray Walker described it as \"the blackest day for Grand Prix racing that I can remember\". On 3 May, the FIA called a meeting at the request of the Italian Automobile Club to review the events of the Weekend. Later on, the governing body", "title": "1994 San Marino Grand Prix" }, { "id": "6585210", "score": "2.0590131", "text": "was made compulsory from the start of the 2003 season. Senna was the last driver for twenty years to die in a Formula One accident, until the death of Jules Bianchi in 2015 from injuries sustained at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix. However, three trackside marshals were killed during those years as a direct result of such crashes: Paolo Gislimberti at the 2000 Italian Grand Prix, Graham Beveridge at the 2001 Australian Grand Prix and Mark Robinson at the 2013 Canadian Grand Prix. Italian prosecutors brought legal proceedings against six people in connection with Senna's death. They were Frank Williams,", "title": "1994 San Marino Grand Prix" }, { "id": "1302669", "score": "2.0195992", "text": "at the Adelaide Street Circuit was renamed the \"Senna Chicane\". Schumacher went on to win the driver's world championship title controversially after a collision that forced his retirement and that of his rival, and Senna teammate, Damon Hill. At the official FIA conference after the race, the German dedicated his title to Senna. Senna died aged 34 after succumbing to fatal injuries sustained during his final race at the San Marino Grand Prix, on 1 May 1994. The 1994 San Marino Grand Prix was held on the \"Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari\" circuit located in Imola, Italy, between 28 April,", "title": "Ayrton Senna" }, { "id": "3681120", "score": "2.016376", "text": "testing for the Williams team. The death of Ayrton Senna on 1 May 1994 sealed the fate of the corner being run flat out ever again. In the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, during Friday practice Rubens Barrichello was launched over a curb and into the top of a tyre barrier at the Variante Bassa, knocking the Brazilian unconscious, though quick medical intervention saved his life. During Saturday qualifying Austrian Roland Ratzenberger crashed head-on into a wall at over 310 km/h at the Villeneuve corner after his Simtek lost the front wing, dying instantly from a basilar skull fracture. The", "title": "Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Death of Ayrton Senna\n\nOn 1 May 1994, Brazilian Formula One driver Ayrton Senna was killed after his car crashed into a concrete barrier while he was leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Italy. The previous day, Austrian driver Roland Ratzenberger had died when his car crashed during qualification for the race. His and Senna's crashes were the worst of several that took place that weekend (including a serious one involving Rubens Barrichello) and were the first fatal collisions to occur during a Formula One race meeting in 12 years and not repeated until the fatal crash of Jules Bianchi at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka Circuit. This became a turning point in the safety of Formula One, prompting the implementation of new safety measures in both Formula One and the circuit, as well as the Grand Prix Drivers' Association to be reestablished. The Supreme Court of Cassation of Italy ruled that mechanical failure was the cause of the crash.", "title": "Death of Ayrton Senna" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ayrton Senna\n\nAyrton Senna da Silva (; 21 March 1960 – 1 May 1994) was a Brazilian racing driver who won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in , , and . Senna is one of three Formula One drivers from Brazil to win the World Championship and won 41 Grands Prix and 65 pole positions, with the latter being the record until 2006. He died in an accident while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, driving for the Williams team. Senna is considered by media, commentators and fans to be one of the greatest F1 drivers in the history of the sport.\n\nSenna began his motorsport career in karting, moved up to open-wheel racing in 1981 and won the 1983 British Formula Three Championship. He made his Formula One debut with Toleman-Hart in 1984, before moving to Lotus-Renault the following year and winning six Grands Prix over the next three seasons. In 1988, he joined Frenchman Alain Prost at McLaren-Honda. Between them, they won all but one of the 16 Grands Prix that year, and Senna claimed his first World Championship. Prost claimed the championship in 1989, and Senna his second and third championships in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, the Williams-Renault combination began to dominate Formula One. Senna nonetheless managed to finish the 1993 season as runner-up, winning five races and negotiating a move to Williams in 1994.\n\nSenna was recognised for his qualifying speed over one lap, and from 1989 until 2006 he held the record for most pole positions. He was also acclaimed for his wet weather performances, such as the 1984 Monaco Grand Prix, the 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix, and the 1993 European Grand Prix. He holds a record six victories at the Monaco Grand Prix, is the fifth-most successful driver of all time in terms of race wins and has won more races for McLaren than any other driver. Senna courted controversy throughout his career, particularly during his turbulent rivalry with Prost. In the Japanese Grands Prix of 1989 and 1990, each of which decided the championship of that year, collisions between Senna and Prost determined the eventual winner.", "title": "Ayrton Senna" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1994 San Marino Grand Prix\n\nThe 1994 San Marino Grand Prix (formally the 14º Gran Premio di San Marino) was a Formula One motor race held on 1 May 1994 at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, located in Imola, Italy. It was the third race of the 1994 Formula One World Championship. Austrian driver Roland Ratzenberger and three-time world champion Ayrton Senna were killed in separate accidents during the event. Michael Schumacher, driving for Benetton won the race. Nicola Larini, driving for Ferrari, scored the first points of his career when he finished in second position. Mika Häkkinen finished third in a McLaren.\n\nFatalities and injuries at this Grand Prix proved to be a major turning point in both the 1994 season, and in the development of Formula One itself, particularly with regard to safety. In addition to the two fatalities, other incidents saw driver Rubens Barrichello injured and several mechanics and spectators injured. The deaths were the first fatalities in the Formula One World Championship since the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix, and the first with two driver deaths since the 1960 Belgian Grand Prix.\n\nThe race led to an increased emphasis on safety in the sport as well as the reforming of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association after a 12-year hiatus, and the changing of many track layouts and car designs. Since the race, numerous regulation changes have been made to slow Formula One cars down and new circuits incorporate large run-off areas to slow cars before they collide with a wall. Senna was given a state funeral in his home town of São Paulo, Brazil, where around 500,000 people lined the streets to watch the coffin pass. Italian prosecutors charged six people with manslaughter in connection with Senna's death, all of whom were later acquitted. The case took more than 11 years to conclude due to an appeal and a retrial following the original verdict of not guilty.\n\nAs a result of increased standards in safety following this race, there was a 20-year gap between the deaths of Ratzenberger and Senna, and the crash of Jules Bianchi at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix which led to his death the following year.", "title": "1994 San Marino Grand Prix" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1994 Formula One World Championship\n\nThe 1994 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 48th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1994 Formula One World Championship for Drivers and the 1994 Formula One World Championship for Constructors, which were contested concurrently over a sixteen-race series that commenced on 27 March and ended on 13 November. Michael Schumacher won his first Drivers' Championship driving for Benetton, while Williams-Renault won their third consecutive Constructors' Championship, the seventh in all for Williams.\n\n1994 was one of the most tragic and controversial seasons in the sport's history. The San Marino Grand Prix saw the deaths of Austrian rookie Roland Ratzenberger and Brazilian three-time World Champion Ayrton Senna, while a number of other incidents throughout the season resulted in injuries to drivers, mechanics, spectators and a track marshal. The FIA subsequently made sweeping changes to the rules and regulations of F1 in an effort to improve safety. \n\nThe 1993 champion Alain Prost did not attempt to defend his title, having retired from the sport.\n\nForty-six drivers competed in the 1994 World Championship, including fourteen making their F1 debut, and numerous pay drivers. Mercedes-Benz returned to the sport for the first time since , as an engine supplier to Swiss team Sauber. The season also saw the first win for Ferrari since , whilst McLaren, following the departure of Senna, endured their first winless season since . 1994 was also the final season for the original Team Lotus, one of the most successful constructors in Formula One history, as well as the last Formula One season for runner-up Michele Alboreto.", "title": "1994 Formula One World Championship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "San Marino Grand Prix\n\nThe San Marino Grand Prix () was a Formula One championship race which was run at the Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari in the town of Imola, near the Apennine mountains in Italy, between 1981 and 2006. It was named after nearby San Marino as there already was an Italian Grand Prix held at Monza. In 1980, when Monza was under refurbishment, the Imola track was used for the 51st Italian Grand Prix.", "title": "San Marino Grand Prix" }, { "id": "18979489", "score": "2.013003", "text": "transferred in critical condition to the Maggiore ED, after an accident during qualifying for the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix at the Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari. He died on arrival at the Hospital. The next day, Ayrton Senna, three-time Formula One world champion, had an accident during the Grand Prix. He was airlifted to Maggiore, likely brain dead already. At 18:40, the head of the hospital's emergency department, Dr Fiandri, made the announcement that Senna had died, but said the official time of death under Italian law was 14:17, which is when he impacted the wall and his", "title": "Ospedale Maggiore di Bologna" }, { "id": "135521", "score": "2.003033", "text": "Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost became F1's central focus during , and continued until Prost retired at the end of . Senna died at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix after crashing into a wall on the exit of the notorious curve Tamburello, having taken over Prost's lead drive at Williams that year. The FIA worked to improve the sport's safety standards since that weekend, during which Roland Ratzenberger also lost his life in an accident during Saturday qualifying. No driver had died of injuries sustained on the track at the wheel of a Formula One car for 20 years,", "title": "Formula One" }, { "id": "6585206", "score": "1.9932935", "text": "streets to watch the coffin pass. Senna's rival Alain Prost was among the pallbearers. The majority of the Formula One community attended Senna's funeral; however the president of the sport's governing body, the FIA, Max Mosley attended the funeral of Ratzenberger instead which took place on 7 May 1994 in Salzburg, Austria. Mosley said in a press conference ten years later, \"I went to his funeral because everyone went to Senna's. I thought it was important that somebody went to his.\" The 1994 Imola layout, which had been in place since 1981, was never again used for a Formula One", "title": "1994 San Marino Grand Prix" }, { "id": "6585181", "score": "1.9774346", "text": "position. Mika Häkkinen finished third in a McLaren. The race led to an increased emphasis on safety in the sport as well as the reforming of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association after a 12-year hiatus, and the changing of many track layouts and car designs. Since the race, numerous regulation changes have been made to slow Formula One cars down and new circuits incorporate large run-off areas to slow cars before they collide with a wall. Senna was given a state funeral in his home town of São Paulo, Brazil, where around 500,000 people lined the streets to watch the", "title": "1994 San Marino Grand Prix" }, { "id": "6585180", "score": "1.9447551", "text": "and of three-time world champion Ayrton Senna in separate accidents. Other incidents saw driver Rubens Barrichello injured and several mechanics and spectators injured. They were the first fatalities in the Formula One World Championship, since the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix, and the first with two driver deaths since the 1960 Belgian Grand Prix. Michael Schumacher, driving for Benetton, won the race despite contact with Damon Hill (who dropped to the back of the field and battled back to finish sixth). Nicola Larini, driving for Ferrari, scored the first points of his career when he achieved a podium finish in second", "title": "1994 San Marino Grand Prix" }, { "id": "6585182", "score": "1.9422336", "text": "coffin pass. Italian prosecutors charged six people with manslaughter in connection with Senna's death, all of whom were later acquitted. The case took more than 11 years to conclude due to an appeal and a retrial following the original verdict of not guilty. As a result of increased standards in safety following this race, there was a 20-year gap between the deaths of Ratzenberger and Senna, and the crash of Jules Bianchi at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix which led to his death the following year. Heading into the third round of the season, Benetton driver Michael Schumacher was leading", "title": "1994 San Marino Grand Prix" }, { "id": "6585205", "score": "1.9409115", "text": "announced new safety measures for the next round in Monaco which included the entry and exit of the pitlane to be controlled by a curve to force cars to run at a reduced speed, no team mechanic would be allowed onto the pit lane surface except for pit stops and a draw would be arranged to determine the order in which cars make pit stops and be limited to emergencies with cars not taking on new tyres or allowed to refuel. Senna was given a state funeral in São Paulo, Brazil on 5 May 1994. Approximately 500,000 people lined the", "title": "1994 San Marino Grand Prix" }, { "id": "6585188", "score": "1.9385698", "text": "the weekend. The session was restarted approximately 25 minutes later, but several teams—including Williams and Benetton—took no further part. Later in hospital, it was announced that Ratzenberger had died as a result of his multiple injuries. His death marked the first Formula One race weekend fatality since the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix when Riccardo Paletti was killed. It had been eight years since Elio de Angelis died testing a Brabham car at the Circuit Paul Ricard. Professor Sid Watkins, then head of the Formula One on-track medical team, recalled in his memoirs Ayrton Senna's reaction to the news, stating that", "title": "1994 San Marino Grand Prix" }, { "id": "4028411", "score": "1.9346087", "text": "he suffered a basal skull fracture caused by the impact and was pronounced dead at Bologna's Maggiore Hospital shortly afterwards. After qualifying re-commenced, Senna took pole ahead of Schumacher, Berger, Hill, Lehto and Larini. During the race morning's driver meeting, all the drivers were talking about Ratzenberger's crash and were determined to improve safety for drivers, resulting in the inauguration of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association (GPDA). Senna offered to take the role of leader as he was the most senior driver. At the start of the race, Lehto's Benetton B194 stalled and was hit by Pedro Lamy's Lotus. Debris", "title": "1994 Formula One World Championship" }, { "id": "9149238", "score": "1.9333377", "text": "for 1994. Benetton driver Schumacher called for improvements in safety. BBC Sport commentator Murray Walker called Senna's death the \"blackest day for Grand Prix racing that I can remember\". A month later, following Brazil's victory over Italy in the 1994 FIFA World Cup held in the United States, the Brazilian squad had dedicated their World Cup victory to Ayrton Senna. On 3 May, the FIA called a meeting at the request of the Italian Automobile Club to review the events of the weekend. Later on, the governing body announced new safety measures for the next round in Monaco which included", "title": "Death of Ayrton Senna" }, { "id": "1302597", "score": "1.9207911", "text": "Ayrton Senna Ayrton Senna da Silva (; 21 March 1960 – 1 May 1994) was a Brazilian racing driver who won three Formula One world championships for McLaren in 1988, 1990 and 1991, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time. He died in an accident while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix for Williams. Senna began his motorsport career in karting, moved up to open-wheel racing in 1981, and won the 1983 British Formula Three Championship. He made his Formula One debut with Toleman-Hart in 1984, before moving to Lotus-Renault the", "title": "Ayrton Senna" }, { "id": "9149250", "score": "1.9180572", "text": "[who died the day before] indicated that his death had been instantaneous. Under Italian law, a death within the confines of the circuit would have required the cancellation of the entire race meeting. That, in turn, could have prevented Senna's death. The relevant Italian legislation stipulates that when a death takes place during a sporting event, it should be immediately halted and the area sealed off for examination. In the case of Ratzenberger, this would have meant the cancellation of both Saturday's qualifying session and the San Marino Grand Prix on Sunday. Medical experts are unable to state whether or", "title": "Death of Ayrton Senna" }, { "id": "6585195", "score": "1.9150898", "text": "their way back to the pit lane or starting grid unless notified of a restart. This protects race marshals and medical staff at the crash scene, and allows easier access for medical cars to the incident. Approximately 10 minutes after Senna's crash, the Larrousse team mistakenly allowed one of their drivers, Érik Comas, to leave the pits despite the circuit being closed under red flags. Marshals frantically waved him down as he approached the scene of the accident travelling at close to full speed. Eurosport commentator John Watson described the incident as \"the most ridiculous thing I have ever seen", "title": "1994 San Marino Grand Prix" }, { "id": "4028414", "score": "1.8991632", "text": "From the helicopter pictures, a slight movement of Senna's head gave a hint of hope. Doctor Sid Watkins was on the scene in less than two minutes. Senna was airlifted to hospital but nothing could be done and Senna was pronounced dead later that evening. After the race, a moving detail was revealed when an Austrian flag was found in the Brazilian's cockpit because it is thought Senna had planned to pay tribute to Ratzenberger after the race. The race was immediately stopped after Senna's crash. During the red flag period, the Larrousse team mistakenly released their driver Erik Comas", "title": "1994 Formula One World Championship" }, { "id": "2764665", "score": "1.8926806", "text": "accident looked heavy but seemed survivable, a piece of suspension and the right front wheel came off, these items both hit and pierced Senna's helmet at extremely high speeds and caused critical head injuries; the triple-world champion Brazilian died from his injuries at a hospital in Bologna hours later. Later in the race, a wheel from Michele Alboreto's Minardi came off while he was exiting the pitlane; it hit and injured 4 mechanics from Ferrari and Lotus. German Michael Schumacher won the race, with Ferrari temporary replacement Nicola Larini finishing second, but there were no celebrations at all. The reaction", "title": "San Marino Grand Prix" } ]

[ "The Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character", "mayor of casterbridge", "The Mayor Of Casterbridge", "Henchard", "Mayor Of Casterbridge", "donald farfrae", "Mayor of Casterbridge", "life and death of man of character", "richard newson", "The Life and Death of a Man of Character", "mayor of casterbridge life and death of man of character", "henchard", "Richard Newson", "The Mayor of Casterbridge", "michael henchard", "The mayor of casterbridge", "Michael Henchard", "Donald Farfrae" ]

[ { "id": "2479668", "score": "1.9073745", "text": "At a country fair near Casterbridge in Wessex Michael Henchard, a 21-year-old hay-trusser, argues with his wife Susan. Drunk on rum-laced furmity he auctions her off, along with their baby daughter Elizabeth-Jane, to Richard Newson, a passing sailor, for five guineas. Sober the next day, he is remorseful too late and, despite his strenuous efforts, cannot locate his family. He vows never to touch liquor again for 21 years. Believing the auction to be legally binding, Susan lives as Newson’s wife for 18 years until she learns otherwise. Soon after, he is lost at sea. Lacking any means of support,", "title": "The Mayor of Casterbridge" }, { "id": "9029571", "score": "1.8947946", "text": "purchased\". He was imprisoned for \"having deserted his wife\". The return of a wife after 18 years results in Michael Henchard's downfall in Thomas Hardy's novel \"Mayor of Casterbridge\" (1886). A bad-tempered, impulsive and cruel husband, feeling burdened by his wife, Henchard sells her to a stranger for five guineas. He becomes a successful businessman and rises to the position of mayor, but the return of his wife many years later prompts his fall back into penury. The custom was also referred to in the 19th-century French play, \"Le Marché de Londres\". Commenting on the drama and contemporary French attitudes", "title": "Wife selling (English custom)" }, { "id": "16288229", "score": "1.5891856", "text": "characters to get past the accidents of fate as in a Christian morality play. Difficult dilemmas require each character to summon up an enormous amount of forgiveness which, in many instances, is impossible to achieve. As in the original story, Michael Henchard, in a drunken moment, auctions his wife, Susan, and infant child to a passing seaman. Years later, Susan meets up with an apparently contrite Henchard and their future could have been set on a positive path had Henchard been able to get past his ingrained selfishness. But Henchard cannot. Henchard reverts to his original stubborn and unyielding character,", "title": "The Mayor of Casterbridge (2003 film)" }, { "id": "16343968", "score": "1.5789936", "text": "practiced in southern England and the Midlands.) Historian E. P. Thompson reported a sale of two children with a sale of a wife to an American in 1865 for £25 per child (the wife being sold for another £100). In atypical cases, a wife and four children were sold for a shilling each, apparently to preclude an expulsion to be forced by poor law officials, and a wife and child, born after she started living with her lover but before the sale, were sold. In another case, a wife and baby about a year old were sold at an auction,", "title": "Child-selling" }, { "id": "11852341", "score": "1.5675461", "text": "printed 4,000 copies of the novel at a cost of £5,500 and sold them direct to bookshops at a 40% discount on the cover price of £4.95 or to whoever wrote to him at his house in Kettering asking for a copy. The novel is still available from the Quince Tree Press. Harpole & Foxberrow General Publishers Harpole & Foxberrow General Publishers is the eighth and last novel by J.L. Carr, published in 1992, just after his 80th birthday. The narrator of the story is Hetty Beauchamp, the heroine of \"What Hetty Did\", who describes how George Harpole and Emma", "title": "Harpole & Foxberrow General Publishers" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Mayor of Casterbridge\n\nThe Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character is an 1886 novel by the English author Thomas Hardy. One of Hardy's Wessex novels, it is set in a fictional rural England with Casterbridge standing in for Dorchester in Dorset where the author spent his youth. It was first published as a weekly serialisation from January 1886.\n\nThe novel is considered to be one of Hardy's masterpieces, although it has been criticised for incorporating too many incidents, a consequence of the author trying to include something in every weekly published instalment.", "title": "The Mayor of Casterbridge" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wife selling (English custom)\n\nWife selling in England was a way of ending an unsatisfactory marriage that probably began in the late 17th century, when divorce was a practical impossibility for all but the very wealthiest. After parading his wife with a halter around her neck, arm, or waist, a husband would publicly auction her to the highest bidder. Wife selling provides the backdrop for Thomas Hardy's 1886 novel \"The Mayor of Casterbridge\", in which the central character sells his wife at the beginning of the story, an act that haunts him for the rest of his life, and ultimately destroys him.\n\nAlthough the custom had no basis in law and frequently resulted in prosecution, particularly from the mid-19th century onwards, the attitude of the authorities was equivocal. At least one early 19th-century magistrate is on record as stating that he did not believe he had the right to prevent wife sales, and there were cases of local Poor Law Commissioners forcing husbands to sell their wives, rather than having to maintain the family in workhouses.\n\nWife selling persisted in England in some form until the early 20th century; according to the jurist and historian James Bryce, writing in 1901, wife sales were still occasionally taking place during his time. In one of the last reported instances of a wife sale in England, a woman giving evidence in a Leeds police court in 1913 claimed that she had been sold to one of her husband's workmates for £1.", "title": "Wife selling (English custom)" }, { "id": "9029548", "score": "1.5341632", "text": "William Serjeant. In July the same year a wife was brought to Smithfield market by coach, and sold for 50 guineas and a horse. Once the sale was complete, \"the lady, with her new lord and master, mounted a handsome curricle which was in waiting for them, and drove off, seemingly nothing loath to go.\" At another sale in September 1815, at Staines market, \"only \"three shillings and four pence\" were offered for the lot, no one choosing to contend with the bidder, for the fair object, whose merits could only be appreciated by those who knew them. This the", "title": "Wife selling (English custom)" }, { "id": "12814981", "score": "1.5048673", "text": "money from his deceased son. Despite being able to live a comfortable, if not luxurious life, he spends only on necessities and lives like a poor man, keeping his fortune secret. In London he finds his granddaughter, Jane, a weak child whom he rescues from the tyranny of the Peckovers (mother and daughter), in whose house she is employed as a household drudge. Jane's father, Joseph, is another son of Michael's who disappeared a few years ago in search of work, leaving Jane with the Peckovers. Michael nurtures a plan to bestow his fortune on Jane after his death, but", "title": "The Nether World" }, { "id": "10987958", "score": "1.5027273", "text": "where he realized that his normally tight-fisted stepfather's family became overwhelmingly generous for a family wedding; Moira's stepfather, the Duke of Dorsetshire, is likewise poised to shower the couple with cash, checks, and gifts worth tens of thousands of dollars. Gilbert estimates that he and Moira might clear $100,000 each by marrying, living together for a decent interval, and then divorcing. But to make the plan work, Gilbert has to have a best man and someone who'll swear that his homosexuality was \"just a phase.\" That someone is Philip Cavanaugh, the narrator of the story: Gilbert's best friend, former lover,", "title": "Blue Heaven (Keenan novel)" }, { "id": "8205726", "score": "1.4951489", "text": "have done in a long time\" and audience feedback has been generally positive. Shaw's wife, Hayley, sold his Lotus Esprit, worth £25,000, for 50p on eBay after he told Jodie Marsh live on air that he would leave his wife and two children for her. Hayley placed the lot on the auction site at the 'buy it now' price of 50p with the description 'I need to get rid of this car in the next two to three hours before my husband gets home to find it gone and all his belongings in the street.' The car sold within five", "title": "Tim Shaw (presenter)" }, { "id": "1457920", "score": "1.4947184", "text": "the name \"Jean Plaidy\" and 3 million under the name \"Philippa Carr\". After her death, Mark Hamilton of the A.M. Heath Literary Agency took over as executor for her literary estate, estimated to be worth about £8,790,807 at probate. The book \"The Love Child\" published in 1950 by Eleanor Burford must not be mistaken for the same-titled novel by Philippa Carr published in 1978 as part of the Daughters of England Series. Many Jean Plaidy books were published under different titles in the United States. Her trilogies were also later republished as single books, often under different titles than those", "title": "Eleanor Hibbert" }, { "id": "13976316", "score": "1.4940374", "text": "says to Edward Ferrars that it is a nice sum for a single man, but \"insufficient to permit him to marry\". Four, or better, five hundred pounds: this is the level above which one can lead the life befitting a member of the gentry. It is the income enjoyed by Mrs Dashwood, which permits her to give her daughters a decent existence, with two maids and a serving man, but neither carriage nor horses. Seven hundred to a thousand pounds a year make a carriage possible: when George Austen, Jane's father, reaches an income of 700 pounds he buys himself", "title": "Georgian society in Jane Austen's novels" }, { "id": "13976317", "score": "1.49317", "text": "one, even though he realises that it is a pleasure that is slightly too expensive. Two thousand pounds a year might seem a very comfortable sum, even for a gentleman. It is, for example, Colonel Brandon's income in \"Sense and Sensibility\". But it is also the income of Mr Bennet, who, with a wife and five daughters, has difficulty living well on this sum. It is, however, true that his abilities in household management are very poor. Four thousand pounds and above are the level above which even a gentleman ceases to need to do too much counting. It is", "title": "Georgian society in Jane Austen's novels" }, { "id": "9029559", "score": "1.4884", "text": "seven shillings (£ in ); and in Ninfield in 1790, a man who swapped his wife at the village inn for half a pint of gin changed his mind and bought her back later. Public wife sales were sometimes attended by huge crowds. An 1806 sale in Hull was postponed \"owing to the crowd which such an extraordinary occurrence had gathered together\", suggesting that wife sales were relatively rare events, and therefore popular. Estimates of the frequency of the ritual usually number about 300 between 1780 and 1850, relatively insignificant compared to the instances of desertion, which in the Victorian", "title": "Wife selling (English custom)" }, { "id": "16961100", "score": "1.4848894", "text": "million pounds. Charles Dickens published \"Bleak House\" between March 1852 and September 1853, where a key plot device was the ongoing legal case \"Jarndyce vs Jarndyce\", which has facts similar to this case. William Jennens William Jennens (possibly Jennings) (1701–1798), also known as William the Miser, William the Rich, and The Miser of Acton, was a reclusive financier who lived at Acton Place in the village of Acton, Suffolk, England. He was described as the \"richest commoner in England\" when he died unmarried and intestate with a fortune estimated at £2 million, worth in excess of £230 million at 2015", "title": "William Jennens" }, { "id": "3838072", "score": "1.4739519", "text": "two children, Peter and Michael(in the American edition,Peter and Lucy). His desire to look after his family nearly costs him his political career in the British House of Commons: anxious to give his family the lifestyle he felt they desired, he makes some risky investments, accumulates a lot of debt and only narrowly avoids bankruptcy. Kerslake is a centrist Conservative, hard-working and honourable (despite his poor business judgment). With only a few political missteps, Kerslake rises steadily through the Conservative Party during his 30-year career. Boundary changes lead to the abolition of his constituency at the February 1974 general election", "title": "First Among Equals (novel)" }, { "id": "677695", "score": "1.4689479", "text": "of £30,000. Mr Elton displays his mercenary nature by quickly marrying another woman of lesser means after Emma rejects him. Augusta Elton, formerly Miss Hawkins, is Mr Elton's wife. She has 10,000 pounds, but lacks good manners, committing common vulgarities such as using people's names too intimately (as in \"Jane\", not \"Miss Fairfax\"; \"Knightley\", not \"Mr Knightley\"). She is a boasting, pretentious woman who expects her due as a new bride in the village. Emma is polite to her but does not like her. She patronises Jane, which earns Jane the sympathy of others. Her lack of social graces shows", "title": "Emma (novel)" }, { "id": "13976318", "score": "1.4656248", "text": "the income enjoyed by Henry Crawford, Mr Rushworth (\"Mansfield Park\"), Bingley, and Mr Darcy (\"Pride and Prejudice\") who actually has 10,000 pounds a year. At this level of income, one has a manor house or even a country estate, a carriage and everything that goes with it, and also no doubt a house in London to be able to make a comfortable stay in the capital. But these incomes, large as they are, are exceeded by the real-life 100,000 pounds a year at the disposal of the owner of Chatsworth House, the Duke of Devonshire. The fact remains, however, that", "title": "Georgian society in Jane Austen's novels" }, { "id": "11788503", "score": "1.4644153", "text": "August 1987 £399411\". Oliver Stonor Oliver Stonor (born \"Frederick Field Stoner\", and also using the pseudonym (E.) Morchard Bishop, FRSL) (3 July 1903 – 12 April 1987) was an English novelist, reviewer, translator, and man of letters. He was briefly the husband of the Irish writer Norah Hoult. He was born at Teddington, the son of Alfred Hills Stoner and Sarah Louise Stoner, and educated at Kingston Grammar School. His father and grandfather were quantity surveyors, and he was trained in this profession at the offices of the family firm in Broad Street, City of London. As soon as he", "title": "Oliver Stonor" }, { "id": "15975197", "score": "1.4636042", "text": "A Child for Sale A Child for Sale is a lost 1920 American silent drama film directed by Ivan Abramson, starring Gladys Leslie and Creighton Hale. Charles Stoddard (played by Hale) is a poor artist living with his wife and two children in Greenwich Village. Destitute after his wife dies, he is forced to sell one of his children for $1,000 to a childless rich woman. He soon comes to his senses however, and backs out of the deal. From there, the story takes a number of twists and turns involving Ruth Gardner (Leslie) (the wife of Dr. Gardner who", "title": "A Child for Sale" }, { "id": "19972407", "score": "1.4632099", "text": "sell the girl after initially asking for 400 guineas. Her new owner, Burnet, ran a shop in London and he toured the country with Lewsham, charging customers a shilling to see the unusual girl. Burnet showed her to both the Royal Society and the Royal Family and whilst touring she was baptised \"Amelia Harleguin\" in April 1766. Empowered by the baptism Lewsham left her owner and began exhibiting herself. Amelia married and had six children with a man named Lewsham or Newsham. Eleven years later she was seen by Olaudah Equiano in London. In 1795 she was being exhibited by", "title": "Amelia Lewsham" } ]

[ "㋄", "Month May", "May (month)", "may", "month may", "veliki traven", "may month", "May", "May sickness", "Veliki traven", "may sickness" ]

[ { "id": "3224910", "score": "1.627285", "text": "hawthorn, include the various-leaved hawthorn of the Caucasus, which is only very occasionally found in parks and gardens. The fruit of hawthorn, called haws, are edible raw but are commonly made into jellies, jams, and syrups, used to make wine, or to add flavour to brandy. Botanically they are pomes, but they look similar to berries. A haw is small and oblong, similar in size and shape to a small olive or grape, and red when ripe. Haws develop in groups of two or three along smaller branches. They are pulpy and delicate in taste. In this species (\"C. monogyna\")", "title": "Crataegus monogyna" }, { "id": "10922836", "score": "1.5606014", "text": "Crataegus pinnatifida Crataegus pinnatifida, also known as mountain hawthorn, Chinese haw, Chinese hawthorn or Chinese hawberry, refers to a small to medium-sized tree, as well as the fruit of the tree. The fruit is bright red, in diameter. In Chinese, the fruit is called \"shānzhā\" (Chinese: 山楂, literally meaning \"mountain hawthorn\") or \"dà hóng guǒ\" (大红果, literally meaning \"big red fruit\"). In northern Chinese cuisine, ripe \"C. pinnatifida\" fruits are used in the desserts \"tanghulu\" and \"shanzhagao\". It is also used to make the traditional candies haw flakes and haw rolls, as well as candied fruit slices, jam, jelly, and", "title": "Crataegus pinnatifida" }, { "id": "1465079", "score": "1.5421915", "text": "the small eggar moth, \"E. lanestris\". Haws are important for wildlife in winter, particularly thrushes and waxwings; these birds eat the haws and disperse the seeds in their droppings. The \"haws\" or fruits of the common hawthorn, \"C. monogyna\", are edible, but the flavour has been compared to over-ripe apples. In the United Kingdom, they are sometimes used to make a jelly or homemade wine. The leaves are edible, and if picked in spring when still young, are tender enough to be used in salads. The young leaves and flower buds, which are also edible, are known as \"bread and", "title": "Crataegus" }, { "id": "4464326", "score": "1.5417752", "text": "fruit (an Aril) are tasty, long, blue-purple in color, are eaten by Native American people in Chile, and a marmalade is produced with them. The tree is also occasionally grown as an ornamental tree and a hedge in oceanic climate areas in northwest Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America. In these areas, it is also sometimes known as \"Plum-yew\" or \"Plum-fruited Yew\", though these names are more commonly applied to plants in the genus \"Cephalotaxus\" (Cephalotaxaceae). The wood is a yellowish color and has a good quality. It is used in furniture and construction. Evidence suggests that very", "title": "Prumnopitys andina" }, { "id": "18093902", "score": "1.524535", "text": "Tajikistan borders, it is known as 'kisil alma': 'red apple'. \"Malus niedzwetzkyana\" has been used to breed some modern red-leaved, red-flowered, and red-fruited apples and crabapples. It is believed to be the ancestor of Surprise, a pink-fleshed apple that was brought to the United States by German immigrants around 1840 and was later used by the horticulturist Albert Etter to breed some 30 pink- and red-fleshed varieties, the best-known of which is Pink Pearl. Another horticulturist, Niels Ebbesen Hansen, encountered \"M. niedzwetzkyana\" in the Ili valley, where he also met Niedzwetzky, in what was then the Russian region of Turkestan", "title": "Malus niedzwetzkyana" }, { "id": "13627308", "score": "1.5160921", "text": "Viburnum rufidulum Viburnum rufidulum, also known as the rusty blackhaw, blue haw, rusty nanny-berry, or southern black haw, is a flowering species of shrub or small tree that is common in parts of the Eastern and Central United States. It produces attractive flowers and fall foliage, as well as fruits that are popular with some species of bird. Leathery deciduous leaves are simple and grow in opposite blades ranging from 0.5-3 inches in length and 1-1.5 inches in width. Petioles are \"rusty hairy\" with grooves and sometimes wings. Leaf margins are serrate. Autumn leaf colors are bronze to red. Twigs", "title": "Viburnum rufidulum" }, { "id": "3224907", "score": "1.5110242", "text": "a single style; they are moderately fragrant. The flowers are pollinated by midges, bees and other insects and later in the year bear numerous \"haws\". The haw is a small, oval dark red fruit about 10 mm long, berry-like, but structurally a pome containing a single seed. Haws are important for wildlife in winter, particularly thrushes and waxwings; these birds eat the haws and disperse the seeds in their droppings. The common hawthorn is distinguished from the related but less widespread Midland hawthorn (\"C. laevigata\") by its more upright growth, the leaves being deeply lobed, with spreading lobes, and in", "title": "Crataegus monogyna" }, { "id": "1465081", "score": "1.5022084", "text": "the \"piñatas\" broken during the traditional pre-Christmas celebration known as \"Las Posadas\". They are also cooked with other fruits to prepare a Christmas punch. The mixture of \"tejocote\" paste, sugar, and chili powder produces a popular Mexican candy called \"rielitos\", which is manufactured by several brands. In the southern United States, fruits of three native species are collectively known as mayhaws and are made into jellies which are considered a great delicacy. The Kutenai people of northwestern North America used red and black hawthorn fruit for food. On Manitoulin Island in Canada, some red-fruited species are called hawberries. They are", "title": "Crataegus" }, { "id": "18113644", "score": "1.4890186", "text": "of Surprise have been found elsewhere, such as varieties known as Aerlie's Red Flesh (also known as Airlie Red Flesh and Hidden Rose) and Bill's Red Flesh (also known as Scarlet Surprise), both found in abandoned orchards in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Surprise continues to be used in apple-breeding programs, and there is particular interest in the potential health benefits of this lineage. The anthocyanins that give red coloration to the skin of red apples and to the flesh of Surprise and its descendants possess antioxidant qualities. One group of scientists has been working since 1989 on breeding red-fleshed apples", "title": "Surprise (apple)" }, { "id": "10754269", "score": "1.4813304", "text": "like sepals, protect the flowerheads from damage and desiccation. The flowers produce abundant nectar and pollen and a faint smell unattractive to humans. Fruits are mostly globose and when ripe, range through bright red, to pink, orange and white, and are usually aromatic. Three of the species\", H. albiflos\", \"H. deformis\" and \"H. pauculifolius\" are evergreen; these three species have bulbs that are only partly buried, the exposed section often turning bright green. The winter rainfall region's bulbs on the other hand are mostly from arid habitats and are found fairly deep below the surface, usually flowering before producing leaves.", "title": "Haemanthus" }, { "id": "18113637", "score": "1.4802927", "text": "or light reddish flesh. The red pigmentation of the flesh comes mainly from a class of flavonoids called anthocyanins. Surprise began to circulate in Europe sometime before 1831, when it was reported growing in the London Horticultural Society Gardens. It was first brought to the United States by German immigrants to the Ohio Valley around 1840 and quickly intrigued plant breeders because of its unusually colored flesh. The horticulturist and landscape designer Andrew Jackson Downing and his brother Charles, a noted pomologist in his own right, had a tree of Surprise in their collection in Newburgh, New York. The Downings", "title": "Surprise (apple)" }, { "id": "3235636", "score": "1.4784033", "text": "of ripening. Twenty-five individual polyphenols and other nitrogen-containing phytochemicals in redcurrant juice have been isolated specifically with the astringent flavor profile sensed in the human tongue. Redcurrant The redcurrant, or red currant (\"Ribes rubrum\") is a member of the genus \"Ribes\" in the gooseberry family. It is native across Europe. The species is widely cultivated and has escaped into the wild in many regions. \"Ribes rubrum\" is a deciduous shrub normally growing to tall, occasionally , with five-lobed leaves arranged spirally on the stems. The flowers are inconspicuous yellow-green, in pendulous racemes, maturing into bright red translucent edible berries about", "title": "Redcurrant" }, { "id": "10922837", "score": "1.4705493", "text": "wine. In traditional Chinese medicine, the dried fruits of \"C. pinnatifida\" have been used as a digestive aid. Crataegus pinnatifida Crataegus pinnatifida, also known as mountain hawthorn, Chinese haw, Chinese hawthorn or Chinese hawberry, refers to a small to medium-sized tree, as well as the fruit of the tree. The fruit is bright red, in diameter. In Chinese, the fruit is called \"shānzhā\" (Chinese: 山楂, literally meaning \"mountain hawthorn\") or \"dà hóng guǒ\" (大红果, literally meaning \"big red fruit\"). In northern Chinese cuisine, ripe \"C. pinnatifida\" fruits are used in the desserts \"tanghulu\" and \"shanzhagao\". It is also used to", "title": "Crataegus pinnatifida" }, { "id": "1465078", "score": "1.4637809", "text": "clusters on spur shoots on the branches or twigs. The leaves of most species have lobed or serrated margins and are somewhat variable in shape. The fruit, sometimes known as a \"haw\", is berry-like but structurally a pome containing from one to five pyrenes that resemble the \"stones\" of plums, peaches, etc., which are drupaceous fruit in the same subfamily. Hawthorns provide food and shelter for many species of birds and mammals, and the flowers are important for many nectar-feeding insects. Hawthorns are also used as food plants by the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species, such as", "title": "Crataegus" }, { "id": "16256779", "score": "1.4627318", "text": "finely toothed margins, while its fruits are sweet-tasting and edible. The leathery flower spathes are golden-yellow, the lowermost are largest and about 1m in length. These give rise to cone-like fruits, 15–25 cm long, that are bright orange to red when mature and consist of 5-6 angled drupes. This species was first described by William Roxburgh in 1814 in \"Hortus Bengalensis\", from a specimen growing in the East India Company's Botanical Garden at Calcutta. Some two centuries later it has become a popular plant in cold climate gardens, though it is also cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropics. The tree", "title": "Pandanus furcatus" }, { "id": "14581968", "score": "1.4609716", "text": "Artocarpus anisophyllus Artocarpus anisophyllus, the entawak or mentawa, is a round, 3-4\", brown yellow fruit. The Entawak's flesh is orange-red and may taste like a pumpkin in flavor, while it also has edible seeds which are commonly roasted, salted and eaten. Rarely cultivated in its native range. It is a large rainforest tree growing up to 45 metres. The fruit is eaten fresh and its propagation is by seeds. Entawak is a native to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and intervening islands. It is also a distant relative to the well known jackfruit, breadfruit, and the tasty tarap fruit which it", "title": "Artocarpus anisophyllus" }, { "id": "5876108", "score": "1.4582675", "text": "Hura crepitans Hura crepitans, the sandbox tree, also known as possumwood and jabillo, is an evergreen tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), native to tropical regions of North and South America, including the Amazon Rainforest. It is recognized by the many dark, pointed spines and smooth brown bark. These spines have caused it to be called Monkey no-climb. Sandbox trees can grow to , and the large ovate leaves grow to two feet wide. They are monoecious. The red flowers have no petals. Male flowers grow on long spikes; female flowers are solitary in axils. The fruit is a large", "title": "Hura crepitans" }, { "id": "2554301", "score": "1.4577997", "text": "Mayhaw Mayhaw is the name given to the fruit of the species of Crataegus\" series \"Aestivales that are common in wetlands throughout the southern United States. The principal species are \"C. aestivalis\", the eastern mayhaw, and \"C. opaca\", the western mayhaw. Mayhaws grow in moist soil in river and creek bottoms under hardwood trees. The fruit ripens in late April through May, thus the name may-haw. The fruit is also found in bayous surrounding lakes, such as Caddo Lake on the Texas/Louisiana border. Mayhaws are often collected out of the water from boats, and the fruit is used to make", "title": "Mayhaw" }, { "id": "15991619", "score": "1.4472122", "text": "red fruit. However the fruit is poisonous, especially so to children, and has been known to cause permanent blindness. Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa is a species of the botanical family Myrtaceae. It grows into a tree, native to north-east Australia, New Guinea and the Aru Islands, and is also known as wannakai, finger cherry, or Cooktown loquat. In Australia, botanical sources describe it as occurring naturally from coastal central Queensland to the Wet Tropics, where it extends up to 800m above sea level, and through to Cape York Peninsula. It grows in complex wet rainforests, although it is more common", "title": "Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa" }, { "id": "1465077", "score": "1.446805", "text": "to the thorns of some species. The name haw, originally an Old English term for hedge, applies to the fruit. \"Crataegus\" species are shrubs or small trees, mostly growing to tall, with small pome fruit and (usually) thorny branches. The most common type of bark is smooth grey in young individuals, developing shallow longitudinal fissures with narrow ridges in older trees. The thorns are small sharp-tipped branches that arise either from other branches or from the trunk, and are typically 1–3 cm long (recorded as up to in one case). The leaves grow spirally arranged on long shoots, and in", "title": "Crataegus" } ]

[ "", "one thousand, nine hundred and sixty", "1960", "one thousand nine hundred and sixty" ]

[ { "id": "56460", "score": "1.9420023", "text": "stated the capital should be moved from Rio de Janeiro to a place close to the country's center. The plan was conceived in 1827 by José Bonifácio, an advisor to Emperor Pedro I. He presented a plan to the General Assembly of Brazil for a new city called Brasília, with the idea of moving the capital westward from the heavily populated southeastern corridor. The bill was not enacted because Pedro I dissolved the Assembly. According to legend, Italian saint Don Bosco in 1883 had a dream in which he described a futuristic city that roughly fitted Brasília's location. In Brasília", "title": "Brasília" }, { "id": "10949616", "score": "1.8579924", "text": "Janeiro became a far more practical export port than Salvador, and the colonial administration was moved in 1763. In 1808 the Portuguese royal family and most of the aristocracy in the Portuguese capital Lisbon fled Portugal ahead of Napoleon's invasion. The Portuguese capital was temporarily transferred from Europe to Rio de Janeiro. The city remained the capital after the independence of Brazil in 1822 and after the abolition of the monarchy in 1889. In the 1950s plans were considered for moving the federal capital from the east coast to the interior; the interior was sparsely populated and it was hoped", "title": "Capitals of Brazil" }, { "id": "10949617", "score": "1.799697", "text": "that moving the capital to the region would help populate the area. The new capital, Brasília, was inaugurated as the federal capital on 21 April 1960 after being purpose built at great cost of 2 trillion U.S. dollars. Capitals of Brazil The current capital of Brazil, since its construction in 1960, is Brasília. Rio de Janeiro was the country's capital between 1763 and 1960. The city of Salvador served as the seat for the Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil for its first two centuries and is usually called the \"first capital of Brazil\". Salvador was established in 1549 by the", "title": "Capitals of Brazil" }, { "id": "14535084", "score": "1.786207", "text": "chief architect of most public buildings and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956 to April 21, 1960, when it was officially inaugurated. From 1763 to 1960, Rio de Janeiro was the capital of Brazil. At this time, resources tended to be centered in Brazil's southeast region near Rio de Janeiro. Brasília's geographically more central location made for a more regionally neutral federal capital. The idea of locating the capital in the center of Brazil was first suggested in 1891 but was not defined until 1922. Right from the beginning, the growth", "title": "History of Brasília" }, { "id": "14535083", "score": "1.7744491", "text": "place close to the center of the country. The building of the new capital also fulfilled a campaign promise of Kubitschek. The plan was originally conceived in 1827 by José Bonifacio, an advisor to Emperor Pedro I, who presented a plan to the General Assembly for a new city called Brasilia with the initial idea of moving the capital further westward from the already heavily populated southeastern corridor. The bill was not enacted because Emperor Pedro I dissolved the Assembly. Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner. Oscar Niemeyer, a close friend of Lúcio's, was the", "title": "History of Brasília" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Brasília" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Capitals of Brazil\n\nThe current capital of Brazil, since its construction in 1960, is Brasilia. Rio de Janeiro was the country's capital between 1763 and 1960. The city of Salvador served as the seat for the Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil for its first two centuries and is usually called the \"first capital of Brazil.\"", "title": "Capitals of Brazil" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Rio de Janeiro" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of purpose-built national capitals\n\nThis is a list of capital cities that were specially designed, planned, and built to be a national or regional capital.\n\n", "title": "List of purpose-built national capitals" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of Brasília" }, { "id": "351006", "score": "1.7622743", "text": "Rio de Janeiro became a much more practical port for exporting wealth (gold, precious stones, besides the sugar) than Salvador, Bahia, much farther northeast. On 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The city remained primarily a colonial capital until 1808, when the Portuguese royal family and most of the associated Lisbon nobles, fleeing from Napoleon's invasion of Portugal, moved to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdom's capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, became the only European capital outside of Europe. As there was no physical space or urban", "title": "Rio de Janeiro" }, { "id": "13134461", "score": "1.7523297", "text": "Portugal on April 26, 1821. For thirteen years, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, functioned as the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal in what some historians call a \"metropolitan reversal\", i.e., a colony exercising governance over the entirety of the (in this case Portuguese) empire. The period in which the court was located in Rio brought significant changes to the city and its residents, and can be interpreted through several perspectives. It had profound impacts on Brazilian society, economics, infrastructure, and politics. The transfer of the king and the royal court \"represented the first step toward Brazilian independence, since the king", "title": "Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil" }, { "id": "351017", "score": "1.75104", "text": "Brazil had been occasionally discussed, and when Juscelino Kubitschek was elected president in 1955, it was partially on the strength of promises to build a new capital. Though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília and a new Federal District built, at great cost, by 1960. On 21 April of that year the capital of Brazil was officially moved to Brasília. The territory of the former Federal District became its own state, Guanabara, after the bay that borders it to the east, encompassing just the city of Rio de Janeiro. After the 1964 coup", "title": "Rio de Janeiro" }, { "id": "6009177", "score": "1.7509282", "text": "new sense of national agency in the population. Part of this grand vision for Brazil’s future was the relocation of the nation’s capital from the coastal Rio de Janeiro to a new inland site named Brasília. Essentially located in the wilderness, Brasília was to be a “single-function, strictly administrative capital,” says political scientist and anthropologist James C. Scott. Here, long-considered plans for a new capital were finally able to come to fruition thanks to global enthusiasm for the potential of technology. Brasília’s massive scale, rational design and cultural offerings, all built from the ground up in the forests of Brazil", "title": "High modernism" }, { "id": "351009", "score": "1.7392586", "text": "decided to keep Rio de Janeiro as the capital of his new empire while the province was enriched with sugar cane agriculture in the Campos region and, especially, with the new coffee cultivation in the Paraíba Valley. In order to separate the province from the capital of the Empire, the city was converted, in the year of 1834, in Neutral Municipality, passing the province of Rio de Janeiro to have Niterói as capital. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire. It was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in", "title": "Rio de Janeiro" }, { "id": "1311729", "score": "1.7180303", "text": "it became a province of the empire of Brazil. It became a state in 1889. The Brazilian constitution of 1891 specified that the nation's capital should be moved to the Brazilian Highlands (Planalto Central), and in 1956 Goiás was selected as the site for the federal district and capital national, Brasília. The seat of the federal government was officially moved to Brasília in 1960. Goiânia, the largest city and capital was planned in 1933 to replace the old, inaccessible former state capital of Goiás, northwest. In 1937 the state government moved there, and in 1942 the official inauguration was held.", "title": "Goiás" }, { "id": "14535082", "score": "1.7147188", "text": "History of Brasília The history of Brasília, the centrally located capital of Brazil, started with discussions in the eighteenth century. The name Brasília was first proposed in 1822, but construction only began in 1956, following the election of Juscelino Kubitschek as President of Brazil. Its official declaration as a city dates to 21. April 1960, and the process of moving the federal government offices started on that date. President Juscelino Kubitschek ordered the construction of Brasília, fulfilling an article of the country's constitution dating back to 1891 stating that the capital should be moved from Rio de Janeiro to a", "title": "History of Brasília" }, { "id": "351000", "score": "1.7095027", "text": "of a kingdom, within the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarves. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822, when the War of Brazilian Independence began. This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy, the Empire of Brazil, until 1889, and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP", "title": "Rio de Janeiro" }, { "id": "3112177", "score": "1.7030951", "text": "Brazil was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro, the title \"viceroy\" became permanent and, since then, granted to all governors of the State. The driving force for the move was the then tiny village of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga, and its capital was made São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro as a result of the Emboabas' War against Portuguese recent arrivals and colonizers from Bahia, and the consequent shift of economic power to the gold-producing Minas dos Matos Gerais: São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro was the port where the gold was sent to Portugal, and consequently", "title": "Viceroyalty of Brazil" }, { "id": "2746687", "score": "1.692544", "text": "Empire of Brazil, with the change of the whole court. Large numbers of inhabitants of the city of Rio de Janeiro also moved during the summer to Petropolis to escape the outbreaks of yellow fever. Emperor Pedro II ruled for 49 years and, in at least forty summers, remained in Petrópolis, possibly for up to five months. On 29 September 1857, the town was elevated to the status of a city. In 1861, the first Macadamized Highway in Brazil, Estrada União e Indústria, was inaugurated, connecting the city to the city of Juiz de Fora in Minas Gerais. In 1883,", "title": "Petrópolis" }, { "id": "12267817", "score": "1.6859863", "text": "newly built city of Brasilia became the Capital of Brazil. In 1898, after ceasing to be a presidential palace, the Itamaraty Palace became the seat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (when the Brazilian Capital was moved to Brasília the Ministry's Palace in that city was also given the name Itamaraty Palace, that had by then become synonymous with the Brazilian foreign service). Rio's Itamaraty Palace today houses a branch office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, while the Catete Palace is now a museum. From 1926 to 1946 the seat of the Presidency was housed in Guanabara Palace (that", "title": "Brazilian presidential inauguration" }, { "id": "10949615", "score": "1.6856705", "text": "Capitals of Brazil The current capital of Brazil, since its construction in 1960, is Brasília. Rio de Janeiro was the country's capital between 1763 and 1960. The city of Salvador served as the seat for the Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil for its first two centuries and is usually called the \"first capital of Brazil\". Salvador was established in 1549 by the first Governor-General of Portuguese South America shortly after colonisation began. The city became the seat of the first Catholic bishopric of Brazil in 1552, and is still the center of Brazilian Catholicism. In the 17th century Rio de", "title": "Capitals of Brazil" }, { "id": "1757796", "score": "1.6855049", "text": "became the capital of Rio de Janeiro, until 1902 when Niterói recovered its capital status. With the relocation of the federal capital to Brasília in 1960, the city of Rio de Janeiro became Guanabara State. Niterói remained the state capital for Rio de Janeiro state, while Rio de Janeiro served the same status for Guanabara. In 1975, the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro were merged under the name of Rio de Janeiro, with the city of Rio de Janeiro as state capital. The symbols of the former State of Rio de Janeiro were preserved, while the symbols of", "title": "Rio de Janeiro (state)" }, { "id": "13087596", "score": "1.6843672", "text": "of the Portuguese Court to Brazil in 1808 again brought prosperity to the colony. By 1815, when Brazil became a kingdom, Rio de Janeiro was large enough to accommodate a foreign population. At about that time the city's original appearance was being transformed; from 1808 to 1818 some 600 houses and 100 country houses were built and older buildings were restored. Many streets were lighted and paved, more land was reclaimed, new roads were opened, and new public fountains were installed. Among new institutions established were the Royal Press, the Royal Library, the Theatre of Saint John, the Academy of", "title": "History of Rio de Janeiro" }, { "id": "351010", "score": "1.6840231", "text": "the last half of the 19th century. At that time the number of African slaves was drastically reduced and the city was developed, with modern drains, animal trams, train stations crossing the city, gas and electric lighting, telephone and telegraph wiring, water and river plumbing. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic. On 6 February 1889 the Bangu Textile Factory was founded, with the name of Industrial Progress Company of Brazil (Companhia Progresso Industrial do Brasil). The factory was officially opened on 8 March 1893, in a complex with varying", "title": "Rio de Janeiro" } ]

[ "old mexico", "Estados Unidos de México", "Mexican coast", "United states of mexico", "central mexico", "mexic", "The United Mexican States", "Central Mexico", "messico", "Mexiko", "mexican united states", "EUM", "mexican", "Mexxico", "Estados Unidos de Mexico", "United State of Mexico", "mexican federal republic", "Mexican Federal Republic", "The United State of Mexico", "México", "Mehico", "eum", "mejico", "Mexico", "ISO 3166-1:MX", "Mejico", "republic of mexico", "united state of mexico", "United Mexican States", "Méjico", "mexicó", "mexican republic", "mexican union", "estados unidos de mexico", "united mexican states", "Mexico (country)", "The United States of Mexico", "estados unidos de méxico", "mexique", "Mexicó", "mountains of mexico", "Etymology of Mexico", "mehico", "Meixcan", "méxico", "mexican coast", "Messico", "Untied Mexican States", "Estados Unidos Mexicanos", "untied mexican states", "Mexican Republic", "Republic of Mexico", "Sierra de la Estrella", "mexico", "Mexican'", "The United States of Mexicans", "etymology of mexico", "united states of mexicans", "Old Mexico", "sierra de la estrella", "United States of Mexico", "mexiko", "United States of Mexicans", "Mexic", "Mexican Union", "meixcan", "Mexican United States", "Mountains of Mexico", "iso 3166 1 mx", "mexico country", "Mexique", "mexxico", "MEXICO", "united states of mexico", "estados unidos mexicanos", "méjico" ]

[ { "id": "402360", "score": "1.6306907", "text": "United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers. The Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south. The Red River forms a natural border with Oklahoma and Arkansas to the north. The Sabine River forms a natural border with Louisiana to the east. The Texas Panhandle has an eastern border with Oklahoma at 100° W, a northern border with Oklahoma at 36°30' N and a western border with New Mexico at 103° W. El Paso lies on the state's western tip at 32° N", "title": "Texas" }, { "id": "532320", "score": "1.621942", "text": "early 1840s, the river marked the disputed border between Mexico and the nascent Republic of Texas; Mexico marked the border at the Nueces River. The disagreement provided part of the rationale for the US invasion of Mexico in 1846, after Texas had been admitted as a new state. Since 1848, the Rio Grande has marked the boundary between Mexico and the United States from the twin cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, to the Gulf of Mexico. As such, crossing the river was the escape route used by some Texan slaves to seek freedom. Mexico had liberal", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "id": "532311", "score": "1.6195617", "text": "river system in North America. The river serves as part of the natural border between the U.S. state of Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. A very short stretch of the river serves as part of the boundary between the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. Since the mid–20th century, heavy water consumption of farms and cities along with many large diversion dams on the river has left only 20% of its natural discharge to flow to the Gulf. Near the river's mouth, the heavily irrigated lower Rio Grande Valley is an important", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "id": "532310", "score": "1.5975398", "text": "Rio Grande The Rio Grande ( or ; , or simply Río Bravo) is one of the principal rivers (along with the Colorado River) in the southwest United States and northern Mexico. The Rio Grande begins in south-central Colorado in the United States and flows to the Gulf of Mexico. Along the way, it forms part of the Mexico–United States border. According to the International Boundary and Water Commission, its total length was in the late 1980s, though course shifts occasionally result in length changes. Depending on how it is measured, the Rio Grande is either the fourth- or fifth-longest", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "id": "19952188", "score": "1.5697846", "text": "Ciudad Juárez. This in turn, has forced the bordering cities to rely on water from the Rio Grande. Consequently, residents living in the downriver cities east of El Paso, (whose primary source of water is the Rio Grande for uses such as cooking, bathing, and drinking) have been affected by the new distributions of water. Large water boundaries such as Rio Grande and the Santa Cruz river create natural borders between both nations. As noted in Executive Order 13767's text, the \"'Southern border' shall mean the contiguous land border between the United States and Mexico, including all points of entry.\"", "title": "Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rio Grande\n\nThe Rio Grande ( and ), known in Mexico as the Río Bravo del Norte or simply the Río Bravo, is one of the principal rivers (along with the Colorado River) in the southwestern United States and in northern Mexico.\n The length of the Rio Grande is . It originates in south-central Colorado, in the United States, and flows to the Gulf of Mexico. The Rio Grande drainage basin (watershed) has an area of ; however, the endorheic basins that are adjacent to and within the greater drainage basin of the Rio Grande increase the total drainage-basin area to .\n\nThe Rio Grande with its fertile valley, along with its tributaries, is a vital watersource for seven US and Mexican states, and flows primarily through arid and semi-arid lands. After traversing the length of New Mexico, the Rio Grande becomes the Mexico–United States border, between the U.S. state of Texas and the northern Mexican states of Chihuahua and Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas; a short segment of the Rio Grande is a partial state-boundary between the U.S. states of New Mexico and Texas. Since the mid–twentieth century, only 20 per cent of the Rio Grande's water reaches the Gulf of Mexico, because of the voluminous consumption of water required to irrigate farmland (e.g. the Lower Rio Grande Valley) and to continually hydrate cities (e.g. Albuquerque); such water usages are additional to the reservoirs of water retained with diversion dams. of the river in New Mexico and Texas are designated as the Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River.", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lower Rio Grande Valley\n\nThe Lower Rio Grande Valley (), commonly known as the Rio Grande Valley or locally as the Valley or RGV, is a region spanning the border of Texas and Mexico located in a floodplain of the Rio Grande near its mouth. The area is generally bilingual in English and Spanish, with a fair amount of Spanglish due to the region's diverse history and transborder agglomerations It is home to some of the poorest cities in the nation, as well as many unincorporated, persistent poverty communities called \"colonias\". A large seasonal influx occurs of \"winter Texans\" — people who come down from the north for the winter and then return north before summer arrives.", "title": "Lower Rio Grande Valley" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Texas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rio Grande Valley (New Mexico)\n\nThe Rio Grande Valley is the river valley carved out by the Rio Grande as it flows through the American Southwest and northeastern Mexico, forming a part of the border region. In the US state of New Mexico, the river flows mostly north to south, and forms a valley near Cochiti Pueblo to the state line near El Paso, Texas along the floors of the large sedimentary basins of the Rio Grande Rift, and includes the narrow sections between the basins. It has been historically settled first by the Pueblo peoples, the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally Anglo-Americans. As the largest river in the state, some of its most populous cities are located wholly or partially in the valley, including Albuquerque, New Mexico's largest city.\n\nThe Rio Grande Valley is vital to the state's surface and groundwater municipal water supply, recreation, and agriculture, including irrigated farmland, the Rio Grande Valley AVA, the Mesilla Valley AVA, and the largest acreages of land for growing chile peppers and pecans in the United States, accounting for 77% and 14% of US production, respectively.", "title": "Rio Grande Valley (New Mexico)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mexico–United States border\n\nThe Mexico–United States border () is an international border separating Mexico and the United States, extending from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Gulf of Mexico in the east. The border traverses a variety of terrains, ranging from urban areas to deserts. The Mexico–United States border is the most frequently crossed border in the world, with approximately 350 million documented crossings annually. It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world.\n\nThe total length of the continental border is . From the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the course of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) to the border crossing at Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, and El Paso, Texas. Westward from El Paso–Juárez, it crosses vast tracts of the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts to the Colorado River Delta and San Diego–Tijuana, before reaching the Pacific Ocean.\n\nFour American states border Mexico: California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. One definition of Northern Mexico includes only the six Mexican states that border the United States: Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sonora and Tamaulipas.", "title": "Mexico–United States border" }, { "id": "5590040", "score": "1.5656859", "text": "retain the Rio Grande and the Colorado River as the boundary. The 1906 Boundary Waters Convention (21 May) provided for the distribution between the United States and Mexico of the waters of the Rio Grande above Fort Quitman, Texas, for the 143-km (89-mile) international boundary reach of the Rio Grande through the El Paso–Juárez Valley. This convention allotted to Mexico annually of the waters of the Rio Grande to be delivered in accordance with a monthly schedule at the headgate to Mexico's Acequia Madre just above Ciudad Juárez. To facilitate such deliveries, the United States constructed, at its expense, the", "title": "International Boundary and Water Commission" }, { "id": "3001745", "score": "1.5598519", "text": "Rio Grande Valley The Rio Grande Valley is an area located in the southernmost tip of South Texas. It lies along the northern bank of the Rio Grande, which separates Mexico from the United States. The four-county region consists of Hidalgo, Cameron, Willacy, and Starr counties. It is one of the fastest growing regions in the United States, with its population having jumped from about 325,000 people in 1969 to more than 1,300,000 people by 2014. Some of the biggest cities in the region are: Brownsville, Harlingen, Weslaco, Pharr, McAllen, Edinburg, Mission, San Juan, and Rio Grande City. The Rio", "title": "Rio Grande Valley" }, { "id": "15332497", "score": "1.5570309", "text": "By 1912, the \"de facto\" western boundary of Texas was well beyond the Rio Grande in most places. Deeds for lands over a half-mile west of the Rio Grande were filed in Texas, taxes for these lands were paid in Texas, and the residents voted in Texas. The stakes of the dispute were more than trivial to these two vast states because of the value of the lands involved. As part of the Chihuahua Desert, lands in proximity to the Rio Grande were substantially more lush and fertile, and hence more valuable than similar sized tracts elsewhere in the region.", "title": "Country Club Dispute" }, { "id": "3001753", "score": "1.5564959", "text": "border and Rio Grande include: Matamoros, Nuevo Progreso, Río Bravo, and Reynosa, all located in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The Valley also attracts tourists from the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila, and Mexico, D.F. (México City). The Valley is historically reliant on agribusiness and tourism. Cotton, grapefruit, sorghum, maize, and sugarcane are its leading crops, and the region is the center of citrus production and the most important area of vegetable production in the State of Texas. Over the last several decades, the emergence of maquiladoras (factories or fabrication plants) has caused a surge of industrial development", "title": "Rio Grande Valley" }, { "id": "6107052", "score": "1.5553939", "text": "social, environmental and political issues. Rio Grande border disputes The Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) has changed course several times in recorded history, leading to a number of border disputes, both international (involving Mexico and the United States) and between individual U.S. states: Numerous border treaties are jointly administered by the International Boundary and Water Commission, which was established in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. Once viewed as a model of international cooperation, in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an", "title": "Rio Grande border disputes" }, { "id": "6140353", "score": "1.5474255", "text": "to the International Boundary and Water Commission, this continental border follows the middle of the Rio Grande—according to the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo between the two nations, \"along the deepest channel\" (also known as the thalweg)—from its mouth on the Gulf of Mexico a distance of to a point just upstream of El Paso and Ciudad Juárez. It then follows an alignment westward overland and it is marked by monuments for a distance of to the Colorado River, when it reaches its highest elevation at the intersection with the Continental Divide. It then follows the middle of that river", "title": "Mexico–United States border" }, { "id": "532326", "score": "1.5468243", "text": "and Brownsville and Matamoros. Other notable border towns are the Texas/Coahuila pairings of Del Rio–Ciudad Acuña and Eagle Pass–Piedras Negras. is Spanish for \"Big River\" and means \"Great River of the North\". In English, Rio Grande is pronounced either or . Because means \"river\" in Spanish, the phrase \"Rio Grande River\" is redundant. In Mexico, it is known as or , meaning (among other things) \"furious\" or \"agitated\". Historically, the Pueblo and Navajo peoples also had names for the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo: The four Pueblo names likely antedated the Spanish \"entrada\" by several centuries. By 1602, had become the standard", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "id": "6107051", "score": "1.5330905", "text": "Rio Grande border disputes The Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) has changed course several times in recorded history, leading to a number of border disputes, both international (involving Mexico and the United States) and between individual U.S. states: Numerous border treaties are jointly administered by the International Boundary and Water Commission, which was established in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. Once viewed as a model of international cooperation, in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism, by-passed by modern", "title": "Rio Grande border disputes" }, { "id": "5321870", "score": "1.5321031", "text": "Rio Grande. On the east, Texas bordered \"La Louisiane\" (French Louisiana). Although Spain claimed that the Red River formed the boundary between the two, France insisted that the border was the Sabine River, to the west. After Mexican independence from Spain, it was within Coahuila y Tejas from 1824 to 1835. Although Alonso Álvarez de Pineda claimed Texas for Spain in 1519, the area was largely ignored by Spain until the late seventeenth century. In 1685, the Spanish learned that France had established a colony in the area between New Spain and Florida. Believing the French colony was a threat", "title": "Spanish Texas" }, { "id": "1430639", "score": "1.5293367", "text": "Republic of Texas, Texas's unenforced boundary claims as far as the Rio Grande, and the 1845 annexation of Texas by the United States. Instead, Article V of the treaty simply described the new U.S.–Mexico border. From east to west, the border consisted of the Rio Grande northwest from its mouth to the point Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico (roughly 32 degrees north), as shown in the Disturnell map, then due west from this point to the 110th meridian west, then north along the 110th Meridian to the Gila River and down the river to its mouth. Unlike the New Mexico", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, { "id": "12908436", "score": "1.5277795", "text": "refused to accept these as valid, claiming that the Rio Grande in the treaty was the Nueces, and referred to the Rio Grande as the Rio Bravo. The ill-fated Texan Santa Fe Expedition of 1841 attempted to realize the claim to New Mexican territory East of the Rio Grande, but its members were captured and imprisoned. Reference to the Rio Grande boundary of Texas was omitted from the US Congress's annexation resolution to help secure passage after the annexation treaty failed in the Senate. President Polk claimed the Rio Grande boundary, and when Mexico sent forces over the Rio Grande,", "title": "Mexican–American War" }, { "id": "10805518", "score": "1.5213447", "text": "that the true boundary line is the middle of the channel of the Rio Grande in 1850. Neither alleged that there had been any change in this line by accretions. And the only issue was as to the true location of the channel in that year. New Mexico believed it was closer to the then-present course of the river. Texas had been issuing deeds for the area known as the Country Club Area, as this was the land in dispute, the case became known by the moniker the Country Club Dispute. This case was filed by the State of New", "title": "New Mexico v. Texas" }, { "id": "1398170", "score": "1.5176184", "text": "and the Sierra del Carmen, reach to the border with the United States at the Rio Grande. East of the range, the land slopes gently toward the Rio Grande, and is drained by several rivers, including the Salado and its tributary, the Sabinas River. The Tamaulipan mezquital, a dry shrubland ecoregion, occupies the eastern portion of the State, and extends across the Rio Grande into southern Texas. The portion of the State west of the Sierra Madre Oriental lies on the Mexican Plateau, and is part of the Chihuahuan Desert. The Bolsón de Mapimí is a large endorheic basin which", "title": "Coahuila" }, { "id": "6140355", "score": "1.5173557", "text": "fertile lands along the rivers in both countries. The Rio Grande frequently meanders along the Texas–Mexico border. As a result, the United States and Mexico have a treaty by which the Rio Grande is maintained as the border, with new cut-offs and islands being transferred to the other nation as necessary. The U.S. states along the border, from west to east, are California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The Mexican states along the border are Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. Among the U.S. states, Texas has the longest stretch of the border with Mexico, while California", "title": "Mexico–United States border" }, { "id": "2068982", "score": "1.5159413", "text": "dating back nearly 10,000 years to more recent pioneers, ranchers, and miners. The park encompasses an area of . For more than , the Rio Grande/Río Bravo forms the boundary between Mexico and the United States, and Big Bend National Park administers approximately along that boundary. The park was named after a large bend in the river, and the Texas—Mexico border. Because the Rio Grande serves as an international boundary, the park faces unusual constraints while administering and enforcing park rules, regulations, and policies. In accordance with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the park's territory extends only to the center", "title": "Big Bend National Park" } ]

[ "kesko tt", "Resimen Para Komando Angkatan Darat", "Kesatuan Komando Tentara Territorium III/Siliwangi", "ktt 3", "Kopassus", "special forces of indonesia", "indonesian special forces", "Special forces of Indonesia", "kesatuan komando tentara territorium iii siliwangi", "Kesko TT", "KTT 3", "kopassus", "Komando Pasukan Khusus", "resimen para komando angkatan darat", "komando pasukan khusus", "Indonesian special forces" ]

[ { "id": "5159593", "score": "2.0073853", "text": "Kopassus Kopassus (a portmanteau of Komando Pasukan Khusus or \"Special Forces Command\") is an Indonesian Army (TNI-AD) special forces group that conducts special operations missions for the Indonesian government, such as direct action, unconventional warfare, sabotage, counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism, intelligence gathering and Special reconnaissance (SR). Kopassus was founded on 16 April 1952. It gained worldwide attention after several operations such as the Indonesian invasion of East Timor and the release of hostages from Garuda Indonesia Flight 206. The Special Forces spearheaded some of the government's military campaigns: putting down regional rebellions in the late 1950s, the Operation Trikora (Western New Guinea", "title": "Kopassus" }, { "id": "850021", "score": "1.9193741", "text": "gathering and Special reconnaissance. Kopassus was founded on 16 April 1952 and like other special units within the TNI, it is able to conduct military operations in different dimensions namely Land, Sea, and Air. It gained worldwide attention after several operations such as during the Indonesian invasion of East Timor and hostage release of Garuda Indonesia Flight 206. Taifib <br>Taifib (Indonesian: \"Batalyon Intai Amfibi\") is an elite recon unit within the Indonesian Marine Corps which is tasked for conducting Amphibious reconnaissance and Special reconnaissance. It is operationally similar to the Combat Reconnaissance Platoon (Indonesian: \"Peleton Intai Tempur\", abbreviated \"Tontaipur\") from", "title": "Commando" }, { "id": "5159596", "score": "1.9047489", "text": "At that time, Indonesia's special force name was 3rd Territorial Army Command Commando Unit (Indonesian: \"Kesatuan Komando Teritorium Tiga (Kesko TT)\"). \"Kopassus\" was the final result of five name changes: KTT, KKAD (\"KK Angkatan Darat\", \"Army Commando Forces Unit\"), RPKAD, \"Puspassus\" (\"Army Special Forces Department\") and \"Kopassandha\". The first generation of this force was only around a hundred soldiers or one company, headquartered in Bandung. Among its pioneer instructors was a young veteran of the Indonesian National Revolution, future Minister of Defense Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani, who later became a battalion commander and later led his paratroopers to crush the two", "title": "Kopassus" }, { "id": "12152650", "score": "1.8799692", "text": "is also fully trained in conducting reconnaissance, unconventional warfare, and clandestine behind-enemy-lines operations. INSFOC The Indonesian Navy Special Force and Operations Command (Indonesian: Komando Operasi dan Pasukan Khusus TNI AL/INSFOC) is an elite special operations forces of the Indonesian Navy. It is a combined detachment formed from selected personnel of the Navy's Underwater Special Unit (KOPASKA), the Marine Corps' Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion (Yontaifib), and Detasemen Jala Mangkara (Denjaka). The Detachment was formed in 2006 by the Chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces to counter maritime strategic threats including terrorism and sabotage. Despite the specific reason for its formation, as in", "title": "INSFOC" }, { "id": "18114957", "score": "1.8577352", "text": "Defense Minister/Armed Forces Commander General. The nine activists who were released are: The 13 activists who are still missing were members of various organizations, such as the People's Democratic Party or Partai Rakyat Demokratik, PDI Pro Mega, Mega Bintang, and students organisations: Kopassus is an Indonesian Army special forces group that conducts special operations missions for the Indonesian government, such as direct action, unconventional warfare, sabotage, counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism, and intelligence gathering. Kopassus was founded on April 16, 1952. It gained worldwide attention after several successful operations such as Indonesian invasion of East Timor and hostage release of Garuda Indonesia Flight", "title": "1997–98 activists kidnappings in Indonesia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kopassus\n\nThe Kopassus (, Special Forces Command) is an Indonesian Army (TNI-AD) special forces group that conducts special operations missions for the Indonesian government, such as direct action, unconventional warfare, sabotage, counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism, intelligence gathering and special reconnaissance (SR). Kopassus was founded by Alexander Evert Kawilarang and Mochammad Idjon Djanbi on 16 April 1952. It gained worldwide attention after several operations such as the Indonesian invasion of East Timor and the release of hostages from Garuda Indonesia Flight 206.\n\nThe special forces spearheaded some of the government's military campaigns: putting down regional rebellions in the late 1950s, the Operation Trikora (Western New Guinea campaign) in 1961–1962, the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation from 1962–1966, the massacres of alleged communists in 1965, the East Timor invasion in 1975, and subsequent campaigns against separatists in various provinces.\n\nKopassus has been reported by national and international media, human rights-affiliated NGOs and researchers to have committed violations of human rights in East Timor, Aceh, Papua and Java. In 2019, the United States announced that it would conduct a combined exercise training with Kopassus in 2020. Kopassus has introduced internal reforms and undertaken human rights courses with the International Committee of the Red Cross. In response, Senator Patrick Leahy said Mattis needs to establish whether Kopassus has punished officers and is today \"accountable to the rule of law\".<ref name=\"WPJan18\"/> Human Rights Watch criticised plans to lift the ban as Kopassus officers had not been prosecuted.<ref name=\"HRW2018\"/>", "title": "Kopassus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of commando units\n\nThis is a list of current commando units.\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of commando units" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1997–98 activists kidnappings in Indonesia\n\nThe 1997/1998 activists kidnapping were abductions of pro-democracy activists which happened between the 1997 Indonesian Legislative Election and the fall of Suharto in 1998. The kidnappings took place in three different phases: before the May 1997 Indonesian legislative elections, two months before the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) session in March 1998 and in the period just before Soeharto's 21 May resignation. None of those abducted during the first and third period have reappeared. Some of the activists who were abducted in the second period have openly spoken about their experiences.", "title": "1997–98 activists kidnappings in Indonesia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United States Navy SEALs\n\nThe United States Navy Sea, Air, and Land (SEAL) Teams, commonly known as Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command. Among the SEALs' main functions are conducting small-unit special operation missions in maritime, jungle, urban, arctic, mountainous, and desert environments. SEALs are typically ordered to capture or to kill high level targets, or to gather intelligence behind enemy lines.\n\nAll active SEALs are members of the U.S. Navy. The CIA's highly secretive and elite Special Operations Group (SOG) recruits operators from SEAL Teams, with joint operations going back to the MACV-SOG during the Vietnam War. This cooperation still exists today, as evidenced by military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.", "title": "United States Navy SEALs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Special Activities Center\n\nThe Special Activities Center (SAC) is a division of the United States Central Intelligence Agency responsible for covert and paramilitary operations. The unit was named Special Activities Division (SAD) prior to 2015. Within SAC there are two separate groups: SAC/SOG (Special Operations Group) for tactical paramilitary operations and SAC/PAG (Political Action Group) for covert political action.\n\nThe Special Operations Group is responsible for operations that include clandestine or covert operations with which the US government does not want to be overtly associated. As such, unit members, called Paramilitary Operations Officers and Specialized Skills Officers, do not typically wear uniforms.\n\nIf they are compromised during a mission, the US government may deny all knowledge. SOG is considered the most secretive special operations force within the United States, with fewer than 100 operators. The group generally recruits personnel from special mission units within the U.S. Special Operations community.\n\nSOG Paramilitary Operations Officers account for a majority of Distinguished Intelligence Cross and Intelligence Star recipients during conflicts or incidents that elicited CIA involvement. These are the highest two awards for valor within the CIA in recognition of distinguished valor and excellence in the line of duty. SOG operatives also account for the majority of the stars displayed on the Memorial Wall at CIA headquarters, indicating that the officer died while on active duty. The Latin motto of SAC is \"Tertia Optio\", which means \"Third Option,\" as covert action represents an additional option within the realm of national security when diplomacy and military action are not feasible.\n\nThe Political Action Group is responsible for covert activities related to political influence, psychological operations, economic warfare, and cyberwarfare.\n\nTactical units within SAC can also carry out covert political action while deployed in hostile and austere environments. A large covert operation typically has components that involve many or all of these categories as well as paramilitary operations.\n\nPolitical and \"influence\" covert operations are used to support US foreign policy. As overt support for one element of an insurgency can be counterproductive due to the unfavorable impression of the United States in some countries, in such cases covert assistance allows the US to assist without damaging the reputation of its beneficiaries.", "title": "Special Activities Center" }, { "id": "850022", "score": "1.8514216", "text": "the Army's Kostrad corps. Taifib was previously known as \"Kipam\" (abbreviation from: \"Komando Intai Para Amfibi\") which literally means in English: the Para-Amphibious reconnaissance Commandos, it was formed on 1961 under the auspices of the Indonesian Navy and like other special units within the TNI, it is able to conduct military operations in different dimensions namely Land, Sea, and Air. Paskhas <br>Paskhas is the air force infantry and special forces corps of the Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU). Paskhas is trained to conduct Commando and air-oriented operations such as Combat-control team, airfield control and defense, combat search and rescue, Jumpmaster, airborne,", "title": "Commando" }, { "id": "18434097", "score": "1.8512813", "text": "more professional military approach, to contend with the Netherlands and the Allied invasion forces. In January 1946, TRI (\"Tentara Republik Indonesia\" – Republic of Indonesia Army) was formed, in a further step to professionalise the army and increase its ability to engage systematically. In June 1947 then, TRI changed its name to TNI (\"Tentara Nasional Indonesia\" - Indonesian National Armed Forces) which is a merger between the TRI with the independent paramilitary people's struggle organizations (\"laskar\") across the young republic. On 20 July 1947, the Dutch launched a major military offensive called \"Operatie Product\", with the intent of conquering the", "title": "Military history of Indonesia" }, { "id": "192274", "score": "1.8461773", "text": "Revolution, in which the 1945 Battle of Surabaya was especially important. In January 1946, TKR renamed onto \"Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat\" (People's Safety Military Forces), then succeeded by TRI (\"Tentara Republik Indonesia\" – Republic of Indonesia Military Forces), in a further step to professionalise the armed forces and increase its ability to engage systematically. In June 1947, the TRI, per a government decision, was renamed the TNI (\"Tentara Nasional Indonesia\" - Indonesian National Armed Forces) which is a merger between the TRI and the independent paramilitary organizations (\"laskar\") across Indonesia, becoming by 1950 the APRIS or \"Military Forces of the Republic", "title": "Indonesian National Armed Forces" }, { "id": "14204019", "score": "1.8459463", "text": "the Paskhas. This makes this organization the oldest active special forces unit in Indonesia and within all of Southeast Asia, and the first airborne and air force infantry unit to be founded in the region. (The Philippine 1st Scout Ranger Regiment, the 2nd oldest, was established 2 years later in 1949.) In each of the Dutch-led \"Politionele acties\" (police actions) in 1947 and 1948–49, PPP airmen bore the brunt of Royal Netherlands East Indies Army and Royal Netherlands Army attacks on the Republican air bases. In what is now the Adisutjipto Air Force Base in Yogyakarta alone, 96 airmen perished", "title": "Paskhas" }, { "id": "7428602", "score": "1.8393608", "text": "a special operations force for the Indonesian Navy (TNI-AL), then named \"Korps Komando Operasi\" abbreviated \"KKO\" (lit: \"Operational Commandos Corps\"). The Marine Corps was actively involved in various confrontations and conflicts in Indonesia. Marine Corps also maintain joint Navy-Marine special operations unit, known as \"Detasemen Jala Mangkara\" or \"DENJAKA\" (Jala Mangkara Detachment) created on 1 December 1984, and draws operators from the KOPASKA (Navy's Frogman Commando Force) and Taifib (Marine's Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion). The forerunner of the Marine Corps was by the name of \"Corps Mariniers/ CM\", formed on 15 November 1945 in Base IV of ALRI (previous name of", "title": "Indonesian Marine Corps" }, { "id": "7854228", "score": "1.8356926", "text": "The RPKAD was the Indonesian government's attempt at creating a special forces unit (it would go on to become Kopassus) and Sarwo Edhie's appointment as the elite unit's commander was thanks in no small part to Yani. By 1964, Yani had risen to become the army commander and wanted someone who he could trust as commander of RPKAD. It was during Sarwo Edhie's time as RPKAD Commander that the 30 September Movement happened. During the morning of October 1, 1965, six Army generals, including Ahmad Yani were kidnapped from their houses and taken to the Indonesian Air Force's Halim Airbase.", "title": "Sarwo Edhie Wibowo" }, { "id": "14204033", "score": "1.8335614", "text": "is tasked with carrying out intelligence operations, crippling enemy weaponry and installations in support of air operations, air piracy terror assault, and other operations in accordance with the policy of the TNI chief Commander. This unit is known as the youngest-formed Indonesian special operations unit within the Armed Forces (TNI). Newly formed in a limited setting within the Indonesian Air Force Military Forces Corps in 1990, Bravo was chosen as the name because of the meaning which is \"the best\". The concept of formation refers to General Guilio Douchet's thought; \"It is easier and more effective to destroy the opponent's", "title": "Paskhas" }, { "id": "12152649", "score": "1.8270903", "text": "INSFOC The Indonesian Navy Special Force and Operations Command (Indonesian: Komando Operasi dan Pasukan Khusus TNI AL/INSFOC) is an elite special operations forces of the Indonesian Navy. It is a combined detachment formed from selected personnel of the Navy's Underwater Special Unit (KOPASKA), the Marine Corps' Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion (Yontaifib), and Detasemen Jala Mangkara (Denjaka). The Detachment was formed in 2006 by the Chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces to counter maritime strategic threats including terrorism and sabotage. Despite the specific reason for its formation, as in the case of any other special operations forces around the world, the Detachment", "title": "INSFOC" }, { "id": "9938108", "score": "1.824775", "text": "Riyadi who was the commander of the government forces in the Maluku sector and an important participant during the offensive was killed on the final day of the campaign. The military engagements in Maluku prompted Kawilarang to establish what would later become Indonesia's special forces Kopassus. Some acknowledge that the idea of a specialized commando unit was the brainchild of both Kawilarang and Riyadi. On 15 April 1952, Kawilarang founded the Third Territorial Army Commando Unit or \"Kesatuan Komando Tentara Territorium III (Kesko TT)\" when he was territorial commander of Military Territory III in Bandung. He asked Moch. Idjon Djanbi,", "title": "Alexander Evert Kawilarang" }, { "id": "7768924", "score": "1.8209305", "text": "his family. June 6 was also the birthday of President Sukarno. \"Tjakrabirawa\" consisted of personnel from the army, navy, air force and police. In 1966, \"Resimen Tjakrabirawa\" was dissolved due to allegation of taking part in an abortive coup d'état in 1965 (the 1st Battalion's CO was the one who supposedly led the coup attempt) and the protection of the president was entrusted to a military police special task force in 1966. A new organization of presidential protection force named \"Paswalpres (Pasukan Pengawal Presiden)\" was formed on January 13, 1976, under the command of the Minister of Defence and Security/Commander", "title": "Paspampres" }, { "id": "5873386", "score": "1.8180218", "text": "Indonesian Marine Corps. It was first used for conflict management in Irian Jaya (Papua) in April 1962. Starting from November 1971 it was called \"Batalyon Intai Amphibi\" (\"Yon Taifib\") or Amphibious Recon Battalion. Today, two force recon battalions are deployed as part of the 1st (Surabaya) and 2nd (Jakarta) Marine Forces. Jala Mangkara Detachment (\"Detasemen Jala Mangkara\") or Denjaka is the special operations and counter-terrorism forces of the Indonesian Navy. This is a combined detachment formed from selected personnel of the Navy's Underwater Special Unit (Kopaska) and the Marine Corps' Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion (Taifib). The unit was formed in 1984", "title": "Indonesian Navy" }, { "id": "192298", "score": "1.8167229", "text": "Ministry of Defense and the Police Force under the direct auspices of the President of Indonesia. Before 1998, the Armed Forces of Indonesia (the then name \"ABRI\") was composed of four joint services which were the Indonesian Army, Indonesian Navy, Indonesian Air Force, and the Indonesian National Police. Then after 1998 (After reformation from Soeharto), the Armed Forces' name changed to TNI (\"Tentara Nasional Indonesia\") literally meaning: \"The National Military of Indonesia\" and the independent Indonesian Police Force changed its name to POLRI (\"Polisi Republik Indonesia\") literally meaning: \"The National Police Force of Indonesia\". Now specifically, although the Armed Forces", "title": "Indonesian National Armed Forces" }, { "id": "8429144", "score": "1.8128424", "text": "Army's 1st Special Forces Group (1st Bn, Okinawa, Japan) and United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance units. 1st Bn/1st SFG usually drops by a few times a year. The GGK and the Indonesian's Kopassus enjoy a close relationship. The 2nd Special Service Regiment was established on 1 January 1977, based at Sungai Udang Camp, Malacca. In 1979, Colonel Borhan Bin Ahmad was appointed the Commandant of Special Warfare Training Centre. A separate Special Forces Directorate was established in the Ministry of Defence on 4 April 1980 and the Markas Gerup Gerak Khas (\") was established in Imphal Camp, Kuala Lumpur.", "title": "Grup Gerak Khas" }, { "id": "4882699", "score": "1.811403", "text": "Indonesian Army The Indonesian Army ( (TNI-AD), literally \"\"Indonesian National Military-Land Service\"\"), the land component of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, has an estimated strength of 300,000 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its roots in 1945 when the \"Tentara Keamanan Rakyat\" (TKR) \"Civil Security Forces\" first emerged as a paramilitary and police corps. Since the nation's independence movement, the Indonesian Army has been involved in multifaceted operations ranging from the incorporation of Western New Guinea, the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, to the annexation of East Timor, as well as internal counter-insurgency operations in Aceh, Maluku, and Papua. The", "title": "Indonesian Army" }, { "id": "6432996", "score": "1.8090258", "text": "formed the TT III Siliwangi Commando Unit (Kesko TT III). Their success interested the Army Headquarters in Jakarta to endorse the formation of a Special Forces Unit. As such, in 1954, the Army Commando Unit (KKAD) was formed. Moerdani was assigned as a trainer for the soldiers wishing to join KKAD and was appointed Head of the Teaching Bureau. In 1956, KKAD went through a name change, and it was now known as the Army Paracommando Regiment (RPKAD). Not long after, Moerdani was appointed a Company Commander. As a member of RPKAD, Moerdani became part of the battle to suppress", "title": "Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani" } ]

[ "ISO 3166-1:RU", "Рочму", "Оьрсийн Федераций", "Урысей", "Рузмастор", "Российская Федерация", "Russland", "russia country", "российская федерация", "rossijskaja federatsija", "Federation of Russia", "The Russian Federation", "ресей федерациясы", "The Russian federation", "Россия", "Ресей", "Rossijskaja Federatsija", "venaejae", "Venaejae", "Rossiyskaya Federatsiya", "RusSia", "wildlife of russia", "рочму", "Оросын Холбооны Улс", "rossiyskaya federatsiya", "Russia", "iso 3166 1 ru", "России", "russian citizen", "оросын холбооны улс", "russland", "Раҫҫей", "russia federation", "русия", "RussiA", "Etymology of Russia", "Venaja", "рузмастор", "POCCNR", "Арассыыйа", "Русия", "novaya russia", "Ryssland", "Росси́я", "federation of russia", "Poccnr", "Рәсәй", "уæрæсе", "аьрасат", "Russia (country)", "урыстәыла", "Урыстәыла", "Russsia", "etymology of russia", "russiya", "country russia", "venaja", "russie", "россия", "Русија", "Resey", "раҫҫей", "росія", "Russie", "россии", "RUSSIA", "northern russia", "росси́я", "росси́йская федера́ция", "ресей", "Russian federation", "Russiya", "resey", "оьрсийн федераций", "ryssland", "арассыыйа", "Ородой Холбооной Улас", "poccnr", "russia 1990 1993", "Орсин Ниицән", "Росси́йская Федера́ция", "Russian Federation", "russian federation", "Росія", "рәсәй", "Wildlife of Russia", "Аьрасат", "русија", "Russian-born", "Northern Russia", "Russia (Federation)", "Ресей Федерациясы", "russsia", "ородой холбооной улас", "Russian (citizen)", "Novaya russia", "The Country Russia", "russia 1991 1993", "урысей", "russia", "russian born", "орсин ниицән", "Russia (1990-1993)", "Russia (1991-1993)", "Уæрæсе" ]

[ { "id": "17757751", "score": "1.5073643", "text": "her experiences abroad. Among them are: Many of her books are still in publication and include: The Russian play \"Ivan the Terrible\" was written circa 1866 about Ivan IV Vasilyevich, who ruled as the first Tsar of All the Russias. The play was one of a trilogy written by Count Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, a cousin of Count Leo Tolstoy. She attended a production of the play in Russia and determined to translate it into English. In 1901, Sophie sent the play to theatrical agent Elisabeth Marbury to show to actor Richard Mansfield. Mansfield signed a contract with Sophie February 1,", "title": "Sophie Radford de Meissner" }, { "id": "795035", "score": "1.4950247", "text": "Ivan the Terrible Ivan IV Vasilyevich (; ; 25 August 1530 – ), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible or Ivan the Fearsome (, \"Ivan Grozny\"; a better translation into modern English would be Ivan the Formidable), was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547, then Tsar of All Rus' until his death in 1584. The last title was used by all his successors. During his reign, Russia conquered the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan and Sibir, becoming a multiethnic and multicontinental state spanning approximately . He exercised autocratic control over Russia's hereditary nobility and developed a bureaucracy to", "title": "Ivan the Terrible" }, { "id": "795082", "score": "1.4948502", "text": "of sainthood to Ivan IV; the Russian Orthodox Church opposed the idea. Ivan the Terrible Ivan IV Vasilyevich (; ; 25 August 1530 – ), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible or Ivan the Fearsome (, \"Ivan Grozny\"; a better translation into modern English would be Ivan the Formidable), was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547, then Tsar of All Rus' until his death in 1584. The last title was used by all his successors. During his reign, Russia conquered the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan and Sibir, becoming a multiethnic and multicontinental state spanning approximately . He", "title": "Ivan the Terrible" }, { "id": "341352", "score": "1.4683728", "text": "Rome ideas, the Grand Duke Ivan IV (the \"Terrible\") was officially crowned first \"Tsar\" (\"Caesar\") of Russia in 1547. The \"Tsar\" promulgated a new code of laws (Sudebnik of 1550), established the first Russian feudal representative body (Zemsky Sobor) and introduced local self-management into the rural regions. During his long reign, Ivan the Terrible nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates (parts of the disintegrated Golden Horde): Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga River, and the Siberian Khanate in southwestern Siberia. Thus, by the end of the 16th century Russia was transformed into a", "title": "Russia" }, { "id": "795036", "score": "1.4605199", "text": "administer the new territories. He transformed Russia from a medieval state into an empire, though at immense cost to its people, and its broader, long-term economy. Historic sources present disparate accounts of Ivan's complex personality: he was described as intelligent and devout, given to rages and prone to episodic outbreaks of mental instability that increased with his age. In one such outburst, he killed his son and heir Ivan Ivanovich after also killing the latter's unborn son. This left his younger son, the pious and politically ineffectual Feodor Ivanovich, to inherit the throne. This later directly led to the end", "title": "Ivan the Terrible" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ivan the Terrible\n\nIvan IV Vasilyevich (; 25 August 1530 – ), commonly known in English as Ivan the Terrible, was the grand prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and the first Tsar of all Russia from 1547 to 1584.\n\nIvan was the son of Vasili III, the Rurikid ruler of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. He was appointed grand prince after his father's death, when he was three years old. A group of reformers known as the \"Chosen Council\" united around the young Ivan, declaring him tsar (emperor) of all Rus' in 1547 at the age of 16 and establishing the Tsardom of Russia with Moscow as the predominant state. Ivan's reign was characterised by Russia's transformation from a medieval state to an empire under the tsar but at an immense cost to its people and its broader, long-term economy.\n\nDuring his youth, he conquered the khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan. After he had consolidated his power, Ivan rid himself of the advisers from the \"Chosen Council\" and triggered the Livonian War, which ravaged Russia and resulted in the loss of Livonia and Ingria but allowed him to establish greater autocratic control over Russia's nobility, which he violently purged with the . The later years of Ivan's reign were marked by the Massacre of Novgorod and the burning of Moscow by Tatars.\n\nContemporary sources present disparate accounts of Ivan's complex personality. He was described as intelligent and devout, but also prone to paranoia, rage, and episodic outbreaks of mental instability that increased with age. In one fit of anger, he murdered his eldest son and heir, Ivan Ivanovich, and he might also have caused the miscarriage of the latter's unborn child. This left his younger son, the politically ineffectual Feodor Ivanovich, to inherit the throne, a man whose rule and subsequent childless death led directly to the end of the Rurikid dynasty and the beginning of the Time of Troubles.", "title": "Ivan the Terrible" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Russian monarchs\n\nThis is a list of all reigning monarchs in the history of Russia. It includes the princes of medieval Rus′ state (both centralised, known as Kievan Rus′ and feudal, when the political center moved northeast to Vladimir and finally to Moscow), tsars, and emperors of Russia. The list begins with the semi-legendary prince Rurik of Novgorod, sometime in the mid 9th century ( 862) and ends with emperor Nicholas II who abdicated in 1917, and was executed with his family in 1918.\n\nThe vast territory known today as Russia covers an area that has been ruled by various polities, including Kievan Rus', the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, and the sovereigns of these many nations and throughout their histories have used likewise as wide a range of titles in their positions as chief magistrates of a country. Some of the earliest titles include \"kniaz\" and \"velikiy kniaz\", which mean \"prince\" and \"grand prince\" respectively but are often rendered as \"duke\" and \"grand duke\" in Western literature; then the title of tsar, meaning \"caesar\", which was disputed to be the equal of either a king or emperor; finally culminating in the title of emperor. According to Article 59 of the 1906 Russian Constitution, the Russian emperor held several dozen titles, each one representing a region which the monarch governed.", "title": "List of Russian monarchs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "House of Romanov\n\nThe House of Romanov (also transcribed Romanoff; ) was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after the Tsarina, Anastasia Romanova, was married to the First Tsar of Russia, Ivan the Terrible.\n\nThe house became \"boyars\" (the highest rank in Russian nobility\")\" of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and later of the Tsardom of Russia under the reigning Rurik dynasty, which became extinct upon the death of Tsar Feodor I in 1598. The Time of Troubles, caused by the resulting succession crisis, saw several pretenders and imposters (False Dmitris) fight for the crown during the Polish–Muscovite War of 1605–1618. On 21 February 1613, a \"Zemsky Sobor\" elected Michael Romanov as Tsar of Russia, establishing the Romanovs as Russia's second reigning dynasty. Michael's grandson Peter I, who established the Russian Empire in 1721, transformed the country into a great power through a series of wars and reforms. The direct male line of the Romanovs ended when Empress Elizabeth of Russia died childless in 1762. As a result, her nephew Peter III, an agnatic member of the House of Holstein-Gottorp (a cadet branch of the German House of Oldenburg that reigned in Denmark), ascended to the throne and adopted his Romanov mother’s house name. Officially known as members of the House of Romanov, descendants after Elizabeth are sometimes referred to as \"Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov\". The abdication of Emperor Nicholas II on as a result of the February Revolution ended 304 years of Romanov rule and led to the establishing of the Russian Republic under the Russian Provisional Government in the lead-up to the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. In 1918 Bolshevik officials executed the ex-Emperor and his family. Of the House of Romanov's 65 members, 47 survivors went into exile abroad.<ref>\n</ref>\n\nIn 1924 Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, the senior surviving male-line descendant of Alexander II of Russia by primogeniture, claimed the headship of the defunct Imperial House of Russia. Since 1991 the succession to the former Russian throne has been in dispute.", "title": "House of Romanov" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tsar\n\nTsar ( or ), also spelled czar, tzar, or csar, is a title used by East and South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word \"caesar\", It lends its name to a system of government, tsarist autocracy or tsarism.\n\n\"Tsar\" and its variants were the official titles of the following states:\n\nThe first ruler to adopt the title \"tsar\" was Simeon I of Bulgaria. Simeon II, the last tsar of Bulgaria, is the last person to have borne the title tsar.", "title": "Tsar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tsar Ivan the Terrible\n\nTsar Ivan the Terrible () is a 1991 Soviet drama film directed by Gennady Vasilyev.", "title": "Tsar Ivan the Terrible" }, { "id": "795037", "score": "1.4598205", "text": "of the Rurikid dynasty as well as the beginning of the Time of Troubles as Feodor was unable to produce an heir. Ivan was an able diplomat, a patron of arts and trade, and founder of the Moscow Print Yard, Russia's first publishing house. He was popular among Russia's commoners (see Ivan the Terrible in Russian folklore), except for the people of Novgorod and surrounding areas (see Massacre of Novgorod) and he is also noted for his paranoia and harsh treatment of the Russian nobility. The English word \"terrible\" is usually used to translate the Russian word \"grozny\" in Ivan's", "title": "Ivan the Terrible" }, { "id": "2677075", "score": "1.4146276", "text": "been styled the \"Epic of Despotism\" and considered Ivan III as the architect of Russian greatness, a glory that he had earlier (perhaps while more under the influence of Western ideas) assigned to Peter the Great. (The deeds of Ivan the Terrible are described with disgust, though.) In the battle pieces, he demonstrates considerable powers of description, and the characters of many of the chief personages in the Russian annals are drawn in firm and bold lines. As a critic Karamzin was of great service to his country; in fact he may be regarded as the founder of the review", "title": "Nikolay Karamzin" }, { "id": "795043", "score": "1.4108982", "text": "was then passed on from generation to generation: \"succeeding Muscovite rulers ... benefited from the divine nature of the power of the Russian monarch ... crystallized during Ivan's reign.\" Despite calamities triggered by the Great Fire of 1547, the early part of Ivan's reign was one of peaceful reforms and modernization. Ivan revised the law code, creating the Sudebnik of 1550, founded a standing army (the streltsy), established the Zemsky Sobor (the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type) and the council of the nobles (known as the Chosen Council), and confirmed the position of the Church with the", "title": "Ivan the Terrible" }, { "id": "8398959", "score": "1.4081316", "text": "then wishes that Assad be named the official baker for Al-Rashid. Her wish is granted and the couple come under the caliph's protection. (40 minutes) The second episode, treated in a slower and more somber vein, deals with the Czar of Russia, Ivan the Terrible, whom the poet describes as making 'cities into cemeteries'. The czar takes physical delight in watching his victims die, after poisoning them. Ivan's \"Poison-Mixer\" writes the name of the victim on an hour glass, and once they are poisoned, the glass is turned over, the man dying just as the last sand falls. The Poison-Mixer,", "title": "Waxworks (film)" }, { "id": "16442875", "score": "1.4005799", "text": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard) Ivan the Terrible (born 1911) is the nickname given to notorious guard Ivan Marchenko, at the Treblinka extermination camp during the Holocaust. The moniker alluded to Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible, the infamous Tsar of Russia. \"Ivan the Terrible\" gained international recognition from the 1986 John Demjanjuk case. Already in 1944 a cruel guard named \"Ivan\", sharing the distinct duties and the extremely violent behavior with a guard named \"Nicholas\", is mentioned in survivor literature (\"Rok w Treblince\" by Jankiel Wiernik, translated into English as \"A Year in Treblinka\" in 1945); however,", "title": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard)" }, { "id": "2147630", "score": "1.3904157", "text": "Terrible accompanied the Russian army. Under Tsarina Sophia Alekseevna, it visited the Crimean campaigns, and under Peter the Great, the Azov campaigns and the Russo-Swedish War. In the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible, there is an image of the banner of Ivan the Terrible in the Kazan campaign — a bifurcated white one with the image of the Savior and an eight-pointed cross above it. According to other sources, the banner was red instead of white. A copy of this banner, which has been restored many times, is still kept in the Kremlin Armoury. In 1612, the Nizhny Novgorod", "title": "Flag of Russia" }, { "id": "5818281", "score": "1.3900472", "text": "dramatized account of his life, in which he is depicted as the second most powerful aristocrat in Russia, only after the Tsar, who is constantly put under pressure by boyars that want to make him revolt against the imperial authority at Moscow, can be found in the epic work of Soviet film director Sergei Eisenstein, \"Ivan the Terrible\". Andrey Kurbsky Knyaz Andrey Mikhailovich Kurbsky (; 1528–1583) was an intimate friend and then a leading political opponent of the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible. His correspondence with the tsar is a unique source for the history of 16th-century Russia. In the", "title": "Andrey Kurbsky" }, { "id": "10451675", "score": "1.3882995", "text": "“insofar as he is the friend of the common people, and the enemy of the boyars, he (Ivan IV) is seen as a ‘good tsar’”. Consequently, the image depicted of Ivan is not one in which he is a “meaningless, bloodletting” ruler, but rather he is kind and compassionate towards his lower subjects. By creating the tsar to be either a friend of the commoners or an enemy to the boyar, a positive image of Ivan IV is represented through the particular folktale. Primarily, throughout folktales, the tsar is typically described as an “ally and protector of the ordinary people", "title": "Ivan the Terrible in Russian folklore" }, { "id": "16442879", "score": "1.386536", "text": "Chil Rajchman testified that Ivan was about 25 years old at the time he worked in the camp. He was also known for his extreme cruelty. Ivan the Terrible used to cut off the ears of workers as they walked by, and these people were forced to continue working as they bled. Shortly after, he would proceed to killing them outright. He tortured victims with pipes, a sword, and whips before they entered the gas chambers. Ivan's true identity has not been conclusively discovered, however. Throughout the 1970s and eighties John Demjanjuk, a retired suburban Cleveland autoworker of Ukrainian descent,", "title": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard)" }, { "id": "795079", "score": "1.3850424", "text": "the system proved durable and practical, and sufficiently flexible to tolerate later modification. Ivan's expedition against Poland failed at a military level, but it helped extend Russia's trade, political and cultural links with Europe; Peter the Great built on these connections in his bid to make Russia a major European power. At Ivan's death, the empire encompassed the Caspian to the southwest, and Western Siberia to the east. Southwards, his conquests ignited several conflicts with expansionist Turkey, whose territories were thus confined to the Balkans and the Black Sea regions. Ivan's management of Russia's economy proved disastrous, both in his", "title": "Ivan the Terrible" }, { "id": "795080", "score": "1.3796436", "text": "lifetime and after. He had inherited a government in debt, and in an effort to raise more revenue for his expansionist wars, he instituted a series of increasingly unpopular and burdensome taxes. Successive wars drained Russia of manpower and resources, bringing it \"to the brink of ruin\". After Ivan's death, his empire's nearly ruined economy contributed to the decline of his own Rurik Dynasty, leading to the \"Time of Troubles\". Ivan's notorious outbursts and autocratic whims helped characterise the position of Tsar as one accountable to no earthly authority, only to God. Tsarist absolutism faced few serious challenges until the", "title": "Ivan the Terrible" }, { "id": "12372641", "score": "1.3785043", "text": "Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia Ivan Ivanovich (Ива́н Иванович) (28 March 1554 – 19 November 1581) of the House of Rurik, was a Tsarevich (heir apparent) of Russia. He was the son of Ivan the Terrible, who eventually killed him. Ivan was the second son of Ivan the Terrible by his first wife Anastasia Romanovna. His brother was Feodor. The young Ivan accompanied his father during the Massacre of Novgorod at the age of 15. For five weeks, he and his father would watch the Oprichniks with enthusiasm and retire to church for prayer. At age 27, Ivan was at", "title": "Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia" }, { "id": "16442880", "score": "1.3753283", "text": "was accused of being Ivan. Demjanjuk was born in 1920, making him almost a decade younger than \"Ivan the Terrible\". He was tried in Israel in 1988 and sentenced to death, but the conviction was overturned due to lack of evidence. One remarkable event during the trial in Israel, involved a star witness for the prosecution, Eliyahu Rosenberg. Asked by the prosecution if he recognized Demjanjuk, Rosenberg asked Demjanjuk to remove his glasses \"so I can see his eyes.\" Rosenberg approached and peered closely at Demjanjuk's face. When Demjanjuk smiled and offered his hand, Rosenberg recoiled and shouted \"Grozny!\" meaning", "title": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard)" }, { "id": "12372647", "score": "1.3732799", "text": "days, the elder Ivan prayed incessantly for a miracle, but to no avail, and the Tsarevich died on 19 November 1581. Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia Ivan Ivanovich (Ива́н Иванович) (28 March 1554 – 19 November 1581) of the House of Rurik, was a Tsarevich (heir apparent) of Russia. He was the son of Ivan the Terrible, who eventually killed him. Ivan was the second son of Ivan the Terrible by his first wife Anastasia Romanovna. His brother was Feodor. The young Ivan accompanied his father during the Massacre of Novgorod at the age of 15. For five weeks, he", "title": "Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia" }, { "id": "187676", "score": "1.3720212", "text": "leading British specialist on Ivan III, argues that his reign was also \"a period of cultural depression and spiritual barrenness. Freedom was stamped out within the Russian lands. By his bigoted anti-Catholicism Ivan brought down the curtain between Russia and the west. For the sake of territorial aggrandizement he deprived his country of the fruits of Western learning and civilization.\" The development of the Tsar's autocratic powers reached a peak during the reign of Ivan IV (1547–1584), known as \"Ivan the Terrible\". He strengthened the position of the monarch to an unprecedented degree, as he ruthlessly subordinated the nobles to", "title": "History of Russia" } ]

[ "The pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, New York, USA, to the crown", "pedestal of statue of liberty new york usa to crown" ]

[ { "id": "880753", "score": "1.4498862", "text": "to Buchan. They were replaced by concrete, and this set of steps still runs from the garden to the beach. The Thirty-Nine Steps The Thirty-Nine Steps is an adventure novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. It first appeared as a serial in \"Blackwood's Magazine\" in August and September 1915 before being published in book form in October that year by William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh. It is the first of five novels featuring Richard Hannay, an all-action hero with a stiff upper lip and a miraculous knack for getting himself out of sticky situations. The novel formed the basis", "title": "The Thirty-Nine Steps" }, { "id": "880727", "score": "1.43567", "text": "The Thirty-Nine Steps The Thirty-Nine Steps is an adventure novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. It first appeared as a serial in \"Blackwood's Magazine\" in August and September 1915 before being published in book form in October that year by William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh. It is the first of five novels featuring Richard Hannay, an all-action hero with a stiff upper lip and a miraculous knack for getting himself out of sticky situations. The novel formed the basis for a number of film adaptations: Alfred Hitchcock's 1935 version; a 1959 colour remake; a 1978 version which is perhaps", "title": "The Thirty-Nine Steps" }, { "id": "880729", "score": "1.4200964", "text": "in the story are unlikely and the reader is only just able to believe that they really happened. Buchan's son, William, later wrote that the name of the book originated when the author's daughter was counting the stairs at a private nursing home in Broadstairs, where Buchan was convalescing. \"There was a wooden staircase leading down to the beach. My sister, who was about six, and who had just learnt to count properly, went down them and gleefully announced: there are 39 steps.\" Some time later the house was demolished and a section of the stairs, complete with a brass", "title": "The Thirty-Nine Steps" }, { "id": "10275741", "score": "1.4019963", "text": "One Hundred Steps I cento passi (English: One Hundred Steps or The Hundred Steps) is an Italian film released in 2000, directed by Marco Tullio Giordana about the life of Peppino Impastato, a political activist who opposed the Mafia in Sicily. The story takes place in the small town of Cinisi in the province of Palermo, the home town of the Impastato family. One hundred steps was the number of steps it took to get from the Impastato house to the house of the Mafia boss Tano Badalamenti. The film has been released on Regions 2 and 4 DVDs but", "title": "One Hundred Steps" }, { "id": "14348352", "score": "1.3940196", "text": "elevations ranging from above sea level. Steps have defined Pittsburgh to many of its visitors. Writing in 1937, famed war correspondent Ernie Pyle wrote of the steps of Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh’s steps have been catalogued by author Bob Regan. He has counted over 712 individual sets of steps, including 44,645 risers, accounting for 24,108 vertical feet. Currently there are over 100 major stairways (having more than 100 individual steps each) documented on this CommunityWalk page . Steps of Pittsburgh The Steps of Pittsburgh refers to the collection of over 700 sets of city-owned steps in the City of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in", "title": "Steps of Pittsburgh" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Capital punishment in India\n\nCapital punishment in India is a legal penalty for some crimes under the country's main substantive penal legislation, the Indian Penal Code, as well as other laws. Executions are carried out by hanging as the primary method of execution as given under Section 354(5) of the Criminal Code of Procedure, 1973 is \"Hanging by the neck until dead\", and is awarded only in the 'rarest of cases'.<ref name=\":9\" /> \n\nCurrently, there are around 488 prisoners on death row in India. The most recent executions in India took place in March 2020, when the four 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder perpetrators were executed at the Tihar Jail in Delhi.", "title": "Capital punishment in India" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ancient Roman bathing\n\nBathing played a major part in ancient Roman culture and society. It was one of the most common daily activities and was practiced across a wide variety of social classes. Though many contemporary cultures see bathing as a very private activity conducted in the home, bathing in Rome was a communal activity. While the extremely wealthy could afford bathing facilities in their homes, private baths were very uncommon, and most people bathed in the communal baths (\"thermae\").<ref name=\":02\"/> In some ways, these resembled modern-day destination spas as there were facilities for a variety of activities from exercising to sunbathing to swimming and massage.<ref name=\":02\"/>\n\nSuch was the importance of baths to Romans that a catalogue of buildings in Rome from 354 AD documented 952 baths of varying sizes in the city. Public baths became common throughout the empire as a symbol of \"Romanitas\" or a way to define themselves as Roman. They were some of the most common and most important public buildings in the empire as some of the first buildings built after the empire would conquer a new area.<ref name=\":3\" />\n\nAlthough the wealthiest Romans might set up a bath in their townhouses or their country villas, heating a series of rooms or even a separate building especially for this purpose, and soldiers might have a bathhouse provided at their fort (as at Cilurnum on Hadrian's Wall, or at Bearsden fort), they still often frequented the numerous public bathhouses in the cities and towns throughout the empire.\n\nSmall bathhouses, called \"balneum\" (plural \"balnea\"), might be privately owned, while they were public in the sense that they were open to the populace for a fee. Larger baths called \"thermae\" were owned by the state and often covered several city blocks. The largest of these, the Baths of Diocletian, could hold up to 3,000 bathers. Fees for both types of baths were quite reasonable, within the budget of most free Roman males.", "title": "Ancient Roman bathing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pyramid of Djoser\n\nThe pyramid of Djoser (or Djeser and Zoser), sometimes called the Step Pyramid of Djoser, is an archaeological site in the Saqqara necropolis, Egypt, northwest of the ruins of Memphis. The 6-tier, 4-sided structure is the earliest colossal stone building in Egypt. It was built in the 27th century BC during the Third Dynasty for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser. The pyramid is the central feature of a vast mortuary complex in an enormous courtyard surrounded by ceremonial structures and decoration. Its architect was Imhotep, chancellor of the pharaoh and high priest of the god Ra.\n\nThe pyramid went through several revisions and redevelopments of the original plan. The pyramid originally stood tall, with a base of and was clad in polished white limestone. The step pyramid (or proto-pyramid) was considered to be the earliest large-scale cut stone construction made by man as of 1997, although the nearby enclosure wall \"Gisr el-Mudir\" is suggested by some Egyptologists to predate the complex, and the South American pyramids at Caral are contemporary.\n\nIn March 2020, the pyramid was reopened for visitors after a 14-year restoration.", "title": "Pyramid of Djoser" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Drumthwacket\n\nDrumthwacket ( ) is the official residence of the governor of New Jersey. The mansion sits at 354 Stockton Street in Princeton, near the state capital of Trenton. It is one of only four official governor's residences in the country not located within their respective state capitals; the others are in Wisconsin, Ohio, and Tennessee. \n\nBuilt in 1835 and expanded in 1893 and 1900, Drumthwacket was sold with its surrounding land to the state in 1966. Drumthwacket was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 10, 1975, for its significance in agriculture, architecture, commerce, landscape architecture, and politics. It was designated the governor's mansion in 1982.\n\nThe estate is administered by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. In addition to being an executive residence, the house is also a historic house museum.", "title": "Drumthwacket" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "LGBT rights in Chad\n\nLesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Chad face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity is illegal in the country. Before the new penal code took effect in August 2017, homosexual activity between adults had never been criminalised.\nThere is no legal protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.", "title": "LGBT rights in Chad" }, { "id": "396004", "score": "1.386754", "text": "1898 (as far as available evidence indicates). Loyd's original instructions were to: Start from that heart in the center and go three steps in a straight line in any one of the eight directions, north, south, east or west, or on the bias, as the ladies say, northeast, northwest, southeast or southwest. When you have gone three steps in a straight line, you will reach a square with a number on it, which indicates the second day's journey, as many steps as it tells, in a straight line in any of the eight directions. From this new point when reached,", "title": "Sam Loyd" }, { "id": "6915073", "score": "1.3851388", "text": "stairs counting each one as he ascends. Once he reaches the top he finds a brick wall. Instead of climbing back down, Grover slides down the banister. The 39 Steps (1935 film) The 39 Steps is a 1935 British thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Robert Donat and Madeleine Carroll. The film is very loosely based on the 1915 adventure novel \"The Thirty-Nine Steps\" by John Buchan. It is about an everyman civilian in London, Richard Hannay, who becomes caught up in preventing an organization of spies called the 39 Steps from stealing British military secrets. After being", "title": "The 39 Steps (1935 film)" }, { "id": "11348124", "score": "1.3846965", "text": "The 39 Steps (play) The 39 Steps is a parody adapted from the 1915 novel by John Buchan and the 1935 film by Alfred Hitchcock. The original concept and production of a four-actor version of the story was by Simon Corble and Nobby Dimon. Patrick Barlow rewrote this adaptation in 2005. The play's concept calls for the entirety of the 1935 adventure film \"The 39 Steps\" to be performed with a cast of only four. One actor plays the hero, Richard Hannay, an actress (or sometimes actor) plays the three women with whom he has romantic entanglements, and two other", "title": "The 39 Steps (play)" }, { "id": "17183391", "score": "1.374132", "text": "10.5 inches, and the shortest is 3.5 inches. An information sign posted at the trail entrance near the intersection of Jefferson Blvd. and Hetzler Rd. states that the staircase is 715 feet. In the center of the 13-foot landing between the 247th and 248th steps is a bronze marker stating the elevation, surrounded by two semi-circular engravings: Beginning in 2014, Aztlan Athletics has held annual races up the stairs. The current record from this officially timed race was set in 2015 by Leony Mendez at 2:09. Culver City Stairs The Baldwin Hills Scenic Overlook California State Park is located just", "title": "Culver City Stairs" }, { "id": "880752", "score": "1.3730066", "text": "Also, in 2008, Penguin Books adapted the story as interactive fiction under the authorship of Charles Cumming calling it \"The 21 Steps\". A digital adaptation of Buchan's book, created with Unity, was made by Scottish developer The Story Mechanics and released on 25 April 2013, for Windows, OS X, Linux and iPad. This version is entirely faithful to the plot of the book. Buchan wrote the book while he was recuperating from illness at a house called St Cuby, Cliff Promenade, Broadstairs. As mentioned in the Background section, the original steps were demolished, and a part of them was sent", "title": "The Thirty-Nine Steps" }, { "id": "1938333", "score": "1.369429", "text": "stiles, and 26,719 steps. In practice, any such calculation is soon out of date because of path diversions due to landslips or access changes. Many walkers take about eight weeks to complete the path, often dividing this into sections walked over several years. In contrast, a team of six Royal Marines, taking turns in pairs to run two-hour sections, completed the path in six days in 2004 and in 2012 a runner ran the entire path in 16 days, 9 hours and 57 minutes. New records for completing the path were set on 11 May 2013, when two runners completed", "title": "South West Coast Path" }, { "id": "6915047", "score": "1.3670444", "text": "The 39 Steps (1935 film) The 39 Steps is a 1935 British thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Robert Donat and Madeleine Carroll. The film is very loosely based on the 1915 adventure novel \"The Thirty-Nine Steps\" by John Buchan. It is about an everyman civilian in London, Richard Hannay, who becomes caught up in preventing an organization of spies called the 39 Steps from stealing British military secrets. After being mistakenly accused of the murder of a counter-espionage agent, Hannay goes on the run to Scotland and becomes tangled up with an attractive woman in the hopes", "title": "The 39 Steps (1935 film)" }, { "id": "17183591", "score": "1.3642341", "text": "Rosary. An additional 65 steps start at the base of Mt. Adams, with a pedestrian bridge over Columbia Parkway connecting the two paths. The steps were originally made of wood, but in 1911, the City of Cincinnati helped the church build concrete steps. In 1958 and 2009, the city again rebuilt the now 96 steps leading to the church. The guidebook \"Walking the Steps of Cincinnati\" (Ohio University Press) by Mary Anna DuSablon, a Cincinnati-born author, contains hundreds of city steps with 35 walking tours. Steps of Cincinnati The Steps of Cincinnati refers to the collection of approximately 400 sets", "title": "Steps of Cincinnati" }, { "id": "5010070", "score": "1.3608121", "text": "\"Baldwin Steps\" to commemorate the Baldwin family which owned the land before it became a public pathway. There are 110 steps from street level to the top, not 134 as is cited on some architectural sites. Baldwin Steps The Baldwin Steps are a public outdoor staircase located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada dating from the 19th century. The Steps, which are constructed of stone and concrete, transcend a steep escarpment marking an ancient shoreline. The Steps are named after a former landowner of the area. They are named after the Baldwin family, which included Robert Baldwin, a former premier of Ontario,", "title": "Baldwin Steps" }, { "id": "12833042", "score": "1.3535259", "text": "it happened in our version of \"Steps\". Filming took place on location in Scotland. Locations used included the area around West Register Street in Edinburgh for the London scenes at the start of the film, Bo'ness railway station, Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum for the interior scenes of St Pancras railway station, Glasgow City Chambers, Culross, Stirling Castle, Dumbarton Castle, the highlands of Argyll and Loch Katrine, used for the finale. The production was shot using 35 mm film rather than high-definition cameras. Hawes told Matthew Bell of \"Broadcast\" that: Film is absolutely right for this project. It has scale,", "title": "The 39 Steps (2008 film)" }, { "id": "12833028", "score": "1.3520381", "text": "The 39 Steps (2008 film) The 39 Steps is a 2008 British television adventure thriller feature-length adaptation of the John Buchan novel \"The Thirty-Nine Steps\" produced by the BBC. It was written by Lizzie Mickery, directed by James Hawes, and filmed on location in Scotland, starring Rupert Penry-Jones, Lydia Leonard, David Haig, Eddie Marsan, and Patrick Malahide. Following three screen versions of the novel and the 1952 and 1977 television adaptations of \"The Three Hostages\", Penry-Jones became the sixth actor to portray Hannay on screen. This adaptation is set on the eve of the First World War and sees mining", "title": "The 39 Steps (2008 film)" }, { "id": "11348134", "score": "1.3499477", "text": "in another role in the play. Apart from the transfers to London and Broadway, this lists only the first production in a country. The 39 Steps (play) The 39 Steps is a parody adapted from the 1915 novel by John Buchan and the 1935 film by Alfred Hitchcock. The original concept and production of a four-actor version of the story was by Simon Corble and Nobby Dimon. Patrick Barlow rewrote this adaptation in 2005. The play's concept calls for the entirety of the 1935 adventure film \"The 39 Steps\" to be performed with a cast of only four. One actor", "title": "The 39 Steps (play)" }, { "id": "17311703", "score": "1.346812", "text": "an overall vertical change of about 90 feet. The \"4th-street stairway\" begins at the intersection of 4th Street and Adelaide, leading down to Ocean Avenue Extension. It consists solely of concrete flights interconnected by right- and left-hand turns. There are 189 steps producing an overall vertical change of about 110 feet (comparable to an eight-story building). On the Los Angeles side of Santa Monica Canyon is the so-called \"secret Mesa stairway\", which is much less used although it has more steps than either of the above. The base is on Mesa Road, next to 404 Mesa and about a 10-minute", "title": "Santa Monica Stairs" }, { "id": "14957901", "score": "1.3440361", "text": "Three Steps The Three Steps are three prominent rocky steps on the northeast ridge of Mount Everest. They are located at altitudes of , , and . The Second Step is especially significant both historically and in mountaineering terms. Any climber who wants to climb on the normal route from the north of the summit must negotiate these three stages. The First Step consists of large boulders that pose a serious obstacle, even for experienced climbers, because of their height above sea level. Many mountaineers have died near the First Step, among them \"Green Boots\", a corpse wearing neon green", "title": "Three Steps" }, { "id": "6915060", "score": "1.3428247", "text": "having Annabella tell Hannay she is travelling to meet a man in Scotland (and produce a map with Alt-na-Shellach house circled) Hitchcock avoids the coincidence in Buchan's novel where Hannay, with the whole country in which to hide, chances to walk into the one house where the spy ringleader lives. \"The 39 Steps\" was a major British film of its time. The production company, Gaumont-British, was eager to establish its films in international markets, and especially in the United States, and \"The 39 Steps\" was conceived as a prime vehicle towards this end. Where Hitchcock's previous film, \"The Man Who", "title": "The 39 Steps (1935 film)" } ]

[ "deep throat disambiguation", "Deepthroat", "deepthroat", "Deep-throat", "deep throat", "Deep Throat (disambiguation)", "Deep Throat", "Deep throat" ]

[ { "id": "627894", "score": "1.9044869", "text": "Relying heavily upon anonymous sources, \"Post\" reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered information suggesting that knowledge of the break-in, and attempts to cover it up, led deeply into the upper reaches of the Justice Department, FBI, CIA, and the White House. Woodward and Bernstein interviewed Judy Hoback Miller, the bookkeeper for Nixon, who revealed to them information about the mishandling of funds and records being destroyed. Chief among the \"Post's\" anonymous sources was an individual whom Woodward and Bernstein had nicknamed Deep Throat; 33 years later, in 2005, the informant was identified as William Mark Felt, Sr., deputy director", "title": "Watergate scandal" }, { "id": "2622264", "score": "1.8595223", "text": "Deep Throat (Watergate) Deep Throat is the pseudonym given to the secret informant who provided information in 1972 to Bob Woodward, who shared it with Carl Bernstein. Woodward and Bernstein were reporters for \"The Washington Post\", and Deep Throat provided key details about the involvement of U.S. President Richard Nixon's administration in what came to be known as the Watergate scandal. In 2005, 31 years after Nixon's resignation and 11 years after Nixon's death, a family attorney stated that former Federal Bureau of Investigation Associate Director Mark Felt was Deep Throat. Felt was suffering from dementia at the time and", "title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)" }, { "id": "1824356", "score": "1.8321142", "text": "building called Watergate. Their work, under editor Ben Bradlee, became known for being the first to report on a number of political \"dirty tricks\" used by the Nixon re-election committee during his campaign for re-election. Their book about the scandal, \"All the President's Men\", became a No. 1 bestseller and was later turned into a movie. The 1976 film, starring Robert Redford as Woodward and Dustin Hoffman as Bernstein, transformed the reporters into celebrities and inspired a wave of interest in investigative journalism. The book and movie also led to the enduring mystery of the identity of Woodward's secret Watergate", "title": "Bob Woodward" }, { "id": "2622286", "score": "1.8242362", "text": "in 2006 after Woodward released interview files with people who were not Deep Throat. Gray wrote that he contacted Stephen Mielke, the archivist who oversees the Woodward-Bernstein collection at the University of Texas, who said that a carbon copy of the paper contained a note in Woodward's handwriting attributing the interview to Donald Santarelli, an official with the Department of Justice during the Watergate era. Gray wrote that he contacted Santarelli who confirmed that the March 24 meeting was with him. Other interview notes attributed to \"X\" were interpreted by Gray as containing content that could not have been known", "title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)" }, { "id": "2622281", "score": "1.7839794", "text": "to try a career as a reporter, Woodward eventually joined \"The Washington Post\" in August 1971. Felt, who Woodward writes had long had a dim view of the Nixon administration, began passing pieces of information to Woodward, although he insisted that Woodward keep the FBI and Justice Department out of anything he wrote based on the information. The first time Woodward used information from Felt in a \"Washington Post\" story was in mid-May 1972, a month before the Watergate burglary, when Woodward was reporting on Arthur Bremer, who had attempted to assassinate presidential candidate George C. Wallace; Nixon had put", "title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)" }, { "id": "2622266", "score": "1.7779076", "text": "H. R. Haldeman, G. Gordon Liddy, Egil Krogh, White House Counsel Charles Colson, former United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell, John Dean, and presidential adviser John Ehrlichman. Howard Simons was the managing editor of the \"Post\" during Watergate. He dubbed the secret informant \"Deep Throat\", alluding to both the deep background status of his information and the widely publicized 1972 pornographic film \"Deep Throat\". For more than 30 years, Deep Throat's identity was one of the biggest mysteries of American politics and journalism and the source of much public curiosity and speculation. Woodward and Bernstein insisted that they would", "title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)" }, { "id": "2622282", "score": "1.7644745", "text": "Felt in charge of investigating the would-be assassin. A month later, just days after the Watergate break-in, Woodward would call Felt at his office, marking the first time Woodward spoke with Felt about Watergate. Commenting on Felt's motivations for serving as his Deep Throat source, Woodward wrote, \"Felt believed he was protecting the bureau by finding a way, clandestine as it was, to push some of the information from the FBI interviews and files out to the public, to help build public and political pressure to make Nixon and his people answerable. He had nothing but contempt for the Nixon", "title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)" }, { "id": "2622270", "score": "1.7644141", "text": "James W. McCord Jr., a former Central Intelligence Agency employee and a security man for Nixon's Committee to Re-elect the President (popularly known as \"CREEP\"). \"Washington Post\" reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward pursued the story for two years. The scandal eventually implicated many members of the Nixon White House, and Nixon became the only US president to resign. Woodward and Bernstein wrote in \"All the President's Men\" that key information in their investigation had come from an anonymous informant whom they dubbed \"Deep Throat\". Woodward, in \"All the President's Men\", first mentions Deep Throat on page 71; earlier in", "title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)" }, { "id": "5220879", "score": "1.759276", "text": "about Arthur Bremer, who shot George Wallace. When the Watergate story broke, Woodward called on Felt. The senior manager advised Woodward on June 19 that E. Howard Hunt, who had ties to Nixon, was involved; the telephone number of his White House office had been listed in the address book of one of the burglars. Initially, Woodward's source was known at the \"Post\" as \"My Friend\". \"Post\" editor Howard Simons tagged him as \"Deep Throat\", after the widely known porno film \"Deep Throat\". According to Woodward, Simons thought of the term because Felt had been providing information on a deep", "title": "Mark Felt" }, { "id": "5220876", "score": "1.7581921", "text": "was the key control point for FBI information. He had been among the first to learn of the investigation, being informed the morning of June 17. Ronald Kessler, who spoke to former Bureau agents, reported that throughout the investigation, they \"were amazed to see material in Woodward and Bernstein's stories lifted almost verbatim from their reports of interviews a few days or weeks earlier\". Bob Woodward first describes his source, nicknamed \"Deep Throat\", in \"All the President's Men\", as a \"source in the Executive Branch who had access to information at CRP (the Committee to Re-elect the President, Nixon's 1972", "title": "Mark Felt" }, { "id": "2078785", "score": "1.7548809", "text": "of them turned out to be an ex-CIA agent who did security work for the Republicans. In the series of stories that followed, Bernstein and Woodward eventually connected the burglars to a massive slush fund and a corrupt attorney general. Bernstein was the first to suspect that President Nixon was involved, and he found a laundered check that linked Nixon to the burglary. Bernstein and Woodward's discoveries led to further investigations of Nixon, and on August 9, 1974, amid hearings by the House Judiciary Committee, Nixon resigned in order to avoid facing impeachment. In 1974, two years after the Watergate", "title": "Carl Bernstein" }, { "id": "2622265", "score": "1.7545936", "text": "had previously denied being Deep Throat, but Woodward and Bernstein confirmed the attorney's claim. Deep Throat was first introduced to the public in the February 1974 book \"All the President's Men\" by \"Washington Post\" reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, which was adapted as a film two years later. According to the authors, Deep Throat was a key source of information behind a series of articles which introduced the misdeeds of the Nixon administration to the general public. The scandal eventually led to the resignation of President Nixon, as well as to prison terms for White House Chief of Staff", "title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)" }, { "id": "2622268", "score": "1.7529383", "text": "attorney acting on Felt's behalf. Felt reportedly said, \"I'm the guy they used to call Deep Throat.\" After the \"Vanity Fair\" story broke, Woodward, Bernstein, and Benjamin C. Bradlee, the \"Post\"s executive editor during Watergate, confirmed Felt's identity as Deep Throat. L. Patrick Gray, former acting Director of the FBI and Felt's boss, disputed Felt's claim in his book \"In Nixon's Web\", co-written with his son Ed Gray. Gray and others have argued that Deep Throat was a compilation of sources characterized as one person in order to improve sales of the book and movie. Woodward and Bernstein, however, defended", "title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)" }, { "id": "7023747", "score": "1.7346611", "text": "Executive editor Benjamin Bradlee believes their work lacks reliable sources and is not worthy of the \"Post\"'s front page, but he encourages further investigation. Woodward contacts a senior government official, an anonymous source whom he has used before and refers to as \"Deep Throat.\" Communicating secretly, using a flag placed in a balcony flowerpot to signal meetings, they meet at night in an underground parking garage. Deep Throat speaks in riddles and metaphors, avoiding substantial facts about the Watergate break-in, but keeps advising Woodward to \"follow the money.\" Woodward and Bernstein manage to connect the five burglars to corrupt activities", "title": "All the President's Men (film)" }, { "id": "2078781", "score": "1.7295983", "text": "Carl Bernstein Carl Bernstein ( ; born February 14, 1944) is an American investigative journalist and author. While a young reporter for \"The Washington Post\" in 1972, Bernstein was teamed up with Bob Woodward; the two did much of the original news reporting on the Watergate scandal. These scandals led to numerous government investigations and the eventual resignation of President Richard Nixon. The work of Woodward and Bernstein was called \"maybe the single greatest reporting effort of all time\" by longtime journalism figure Gene Roberts. Bernstein's career since Watergate has continued to focus on the theme of the use and", "title": "Carl Bernstein" }, { "id": "627895", "score": "1.7237408", "text": "of the FBI during that period of the 1970s, something Woodward later confirmed. Felt met secretly with Woodward several times, telling him of Howard Hunt's involvement with the Watergate break-in, and that the White House staff regarded the stakes in Watergate as extremely high. Felt warned Woodward that the FBI wanted to know where he and other reporters were getting their information, as they were uncovering a wider web of crimes than the FBI first disclosed. All of the secret meetings between Woodward and Felt took place at an underground parking garage somewhere in Rosslyn over a period from June", "title": "Watergate scandal" }, { "id": "1824358", "score": "1.7197359", "text": "relationship with Felt. Woodward and Bernstein followed up with a second book on Watergate, entitled \"The Final Days\" (Simon and Schuster 1976), covering in extensive depth the period from November 1973 until President Nixon resigned in August 1974. The Woodward and Bernstein Watergate Papers are housed at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. In September 1980, a Sunday feature story appeared on the front page of the \"Post\" titled \"Jimmy's World\" in which reporter Janet Cooke wrote a profile of the life of an eight-year-old heroin addict. Although some within the \"Post\" doubted the story's", "title": "Bob Woodward" }, { "id": "979283", "score": "1.7183654", "text": "\"news\" instead of history. Because the book was embargoed until publication day, there were no advance copies for reviewers. Simon & Schuster became known as the \"Watergate\" publisher by following up \"All the President's Men\" with books by John Dean, Maureen Dean, John Ehrlichman and John Mitchell. All the President's Men All the President's Men is a 1974 non-fiction book by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, two of the journalists who investigated the first Watergate break-in and ensuing scandal for \"The Washington Post\". The book chronicles the investigative reporting of Woodward and Bernstein from Woodward's initial report on the Watergate", "title": "All the President's Men" }, { "id": "2622285", "score": "1.7171981", "text": "way Hollywood scriptwriters do. Ed Gray, the son of L. Patrick Gray III, stated in \"In Nixon's Web: A Year in the Crosshairs of Watergate\" that his examination of Woodward's interview notes pertaining to Deep Throat at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin provided \"convincing evidence that 'Deep Throat' was indeed a fabrication\". According to Gray, the file contained notes regarding four interviews that were attributed to either Felt, \"X\", or \"my friend\", and a fifth interview dated March 24, 1973, that was unattributed. He said he discovered that he had already seen the paper", "title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)" }, { "id": "2622278", "score": "1.714291", "text": "the reporters' mysterious source long before the public acknowledgment in 2005. In February 2005, Nixon's former White House Counsel, news columnist John Dean, reported that Woodward had recently informed Bradlee that \"Deep Throat\" was ailing and that Bradlee had written Deep Throat's obituary. Both Woodward and the then-current editor of \"The Washington Post\", Leonard Downie, denied these claims. Felt was something of a suspect, especially after the mysterious meeting that occurred between Woodward and Felt in the summer of 1999. But others had received more attention over the years, such as Pat Buchanan, Henry Kissinger, then-Chief Justice William Rehnquist, General", "title": "Deep Throat (Watergate)" } ]

[ "break sound barrier", "Break the sound barrier" ]

[ { "id": "76782", "score": "1.8016663", "text": "Chuck Yeager Charles Elwood Yeager (; born , 1923) is a former United States Air Force officer, flying ace, and record-setting test pilot. In 1947, he became the first pilot confirmed to have exceeded the speed of sound in level flight. Yeager's career began in World War II as a private in the United States Army Air Forces. After serving as an aircraft mechanic, in September 1942 he entered enlisted pilot training and upon graduation was promoted to the rank of flight officer (the World War II USAAF equivalent to warrant officer) and became a P-51 fighter pilot. After the", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "id": "76783", "score": "1.7566862", "text": "war, Yeager became a test pilot of many types of aircraft, including experimental rocket-powered aircraft. As the first human to officially break the sound barrier, on , 1947, he flew the experimental Bell X-1 at Mach 1 at an altitude of (), for which he won both the Collier and Mackay trophies in 1948. He then went on to break several other speed and altitude records. Yeager later commanded fighter squadrons and wings in Germany, and in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War, and in recognition of the outstanding performance ratings of those units he was promoted to brigadier general.", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "id": "3010194", "score": "1.7484257", "text": "1957. He sued the post-war German government, unsuccessfully, for the return of the plane, claiming it was his own property. Mutke also made the controversial claim that he broke the sound barrier in 1945 in an Me 262, but mainstream opinion continues to regard Chuck Yeager as the first person to achieve this milestone in 1947 in a Bell X-1. On 9 April 1945, \"Fähnrich\" Mutke, part of the \"Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader 2\" (EJG 2) conversion squadron, 3rd flight, took off from Lagerlechfeld in his Messerschmitt Me 262, marked \"Weiße 9\", for a planned high-altitude flight. He was climbing through at an", "title": "Hans Guido Mutke" }, { "id": "76797", "score": "1.688482", "text": "Institution's National Air and Space Museum. Yeager went on to break many other speed and altitude records. He was also one of the first American pilots to fly a MiG-15, after its pilot, No Kum-sok, defected to South Korea. Returning to Muroc, during the latter half of 1953, Yeager was involved with the USAF team that was working on the X-1A, an aircraft designed to surpass Mach 2 in level flight. That year, he flew a chase aircraft for the civilian pilot Jackie Cochran as she became the first woman to fly faster than sound. On , 1953, the U.S.", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "id": "1668241", "score": "1.6864691", "text": "Charles \"Chuck\" Yeager piloted USAF aircraft #46-062, nicknamed \"Glamorous Glennis\" for his wife. The airplane was drop launched from the bomb bay of a B-29 and reached Mach 1.06 (). Following burnout of the engine, the plane glided to a landing on the dry lake bed. This was XS-1 flight number 50. The three main participants in the X-1 program won the National Aeronautics Association Collier Trophy in 1948 for their efforts. Honored at the White House by President Truman were Larry Bell for Bell Aircraft, Captain Yeager for piloting the flights, and John Stack for the contributions of the", "title": "Bell X-1" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chuck Yeager\n\nBrigadier General Charles Elwood Yeager ( , February 13, 1923December 7, 2020) was a United States Air Force officer, flying ace, and record-setting test pilot who in October 1947 became the first pilot in history confirmed to have exceeded the speed of sound in level flight.\n\nYeager was raised in Hamlin, West Virginia. His career began in World War II as a private in the United States Army, assigned to the Army Air Forces in 1941. After serving as an aircraft mechanic, in September 1942, he entered enlisted pilot training and upon graduation was promoted to the rank of flight officer (the World War II Army Air Force version of the Army's warrant officer), later achieving most of his aerial victories as a P-51 Mustang fighter pilot on the Western Front, where he was credited with shooting down 11.5 enemy aircraft (the half credit is from a second pilot assisting him in a single shootdown). On October 12, 1944, he attained \"ace in a day\" status, shooting down five enemy aircraft in one mission.\n\nAfter the war, Yeager became a test pilot and flew many types of aircraft, including experimental rocket-powered aircraft for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). Through the NACA program, he became the first human to officially break the sound barrier on October 14, 1947, when he flew the experimental Bell X-1 at Mach 1 at an altitude of , for which he won both the Collier and Mackay trophies in 1948. He then went on to break several other speed and altitude records in the following years. In 1962, he became the first commandant of the USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School, which trained and produced astronauts for NASA and the Air Force.\n\nYeager later commanded fighter squadrons and wings in Germany, as well as in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. In recognition of his achievements and the outstanding performance ratings of those units, he was promoted to brigadier general in 1969 and inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1973, retiring on March 1, 1975. His three-war active-duty flying career spanned more than 30 years and took him to many parts of the world, including the Korean War zone and the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War.\n\nYeager is referred to by many as one of the greatest pilots of all time, and was ranked fifth on \"Flying\" list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation in 2013. Throughout his life, he flew more than 360 different types of aircraft over a 70-year period, and continued to fly for two decades after retirement as a consultant pilot for the United States Air Force.", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bell X-1\n\nThe Bell X-1 (Bell Model 44) is a rocket engine–powered aircraft, designated originally as the XS-1, and was a joint National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics–U.S. Army Air Forces–U.S. Air Force supersonic research project built by Bell Aircraft. Conceived during 1944 and designed and built in 1945, it achieved a speed of nearly in 1948. A derivative of this same design, the Bell X-1A, having greater fuel capacity and hence longer rocket burning time, exceeded in 1954.<ref name=NTRS /> The X-1 aircraft #46-062, nicknamed \"Glamorous Glennis\" and piloted by Chuck Yeager, was the first manned airplane to exceed the speed of sound in level flight and was the first of the X-planes, a series of American experimental rocket planes (and non-rocket planes) designed for testing new technologies.", "title": "Bell X-1" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sound barrier\n\nThe sound barrier or sonic barrier is the large increase in aerodynamic drag and other undesirable effects experienced by an aircraft or other object when it approaches the speed of sound. When aircraft first approached the speed of sound, these effects were seen as constituting a barrier, making faster speeds very difficult or impossible. The term \"sound barrier\" is still sometimes used today to refer to aircraft approaching supersonic flight in this high drag regime. Flying faster than sound produces a sonic boom.\n\nIn dry air at 20 °C (68 °F), the speed of sound is 343 metres per second (about 767 mph, 1234 km/h or 1,125 ft/s). The term came into use during World War II when pilots of high-speed fighter aircraft experienced the effects of compressibility, a number of adverse aerodynamic effects that deterred further acceleration, seemingly impeding flight at speeds close to the speed of sound. These difficulties represented a barrier to flying at faster speeds. In 1947, American test pilot Chuck Yeager demonstrated that safe flight at the speed of sound was achievable in purpose-designed aircraft, thereby breaking the barrier. By the 1950s, new designs of fighter aircraft routinely reached the speed of sound, and faster.", "title": "Sound barrier" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Right Stuff (film)\n\nThe Right Stuff is a 1983 American epic historical drama film written and directed by Philip Kaufman and based on the 1979 book of the same name by Tom Wolfe. The film follows the Navy, Marine, and Air Force test pilots who were involved in aeronautical research at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as well as the Mercury Seven, the seven military pilots who were selected to be the astronauts for Project Mercury, the first human spaceflight by the United States. The film stars Sam Shepard, Ed Harris, Scott Glenn, Fred Ward, Dennis Quaid, and Barbara Hershey; Levon Helm narrates and plays Air Force test pilot Jack Ridley.\n\nThe film was a box-office bomb, grossing about $21 million against a $27 million budget. Despite this, it received widespread critical acclaim and was nominated for eight Oscars at the 56th Academy Awards, four of which it won. The film was a huge success on the home video market. In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "title": "The Right Stuff (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Flight airspeed record\n\nAn air speed record is the highest airspeed attained by an aircraft of a particular class. The rules for all official aviation records are defined by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), which also ratifies any claims. Speed records are divided into multiple classes with sub-divisions. There are three classes of aircraft: landplanes, seaplanes, and amphibians; then within these classes, there are records for aircraft in a number of weight categories. There are still further subdivisions for piston-engined, turbojet, turboprop, and rocket-engined aircraft. Within each of these groups, records are defined for speed over a straight course and for closed circuits of various sizes carrying various payloads.", "title": "Flight airspeed record" }, { "id": "9018849", "score": "1.6739552", "text": "Muroc. Chuck Yeager was making such trips out there from the Test Center while he was flying the Bell X-1 on the first supersonic test flights. In early tests Kit was able to fly some of America’s earliest jet aircraft including the Bell XP-59 and the P-80. He also flew the P-51, P-82, F-84, B-25, B-43, B-45 and many other fighter and bomber aircraft. Kit flight tested the X-1A and X-1B, the X-4, the X-5, and also flew the XF-92A. In the X-1A, Kit set altitude records of over 90,000 feet and was considered at the time, 1954, America’s first", "title": "Arthur W. Murray" }, { "id": "3855186", "score": "1.6673298", "text": "Shannon at the controls. On 21 December 1948 Bill Martin began testing the aircraft for the company. After 47 flights totaling 20 hours and 33 minutes, the aircraft was turned over to the USAAF on 26 August 1949, with the testing being assigned to Frank Everest and Chuck Yeager. Yeager was the first Air Force pilot to fly the XF-92A on 13 October 1949. On his second flight he dove the aircraft in a 4 g split-S dive, reaching Mach 1.05 for a brief time. When approaching for landing on this flight he continued to pull the nose higher and", "title": "Convair XF-92" }, { "id": "76798", "score": "1.6660373", "text": "Navy program involving the D-558-II Skyrocket and its pilot, Scott Crossfield, became the first team to reach twice the speed of sound. After they were bested, Ridley and Yeager decided to beat rival Crossfield's speed record in a series of test flights that they dubbed \"Operation NACA Weep.\" Not only did they beat Crossfield by setting a new record at Mach 2.44 on , 1953, but they did it in time to spoil a celebration planned for the 50th anniversary of flight in which Crossfield was to be called \"the fastest man alive.\" The new record flight, however, did not", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "id": "1668247", "score": "1.6582992", "text": "to , exposing the pilot to accelerations of as much as 8g, during which Yeager broke the canopy with his helmet before regaining control. On 28 May 1954, Maj. Arthur W. Murray piloted the X-1A to a new record of . The aircraft was transferred to NACA during September 1954. After modifications, including the installation of an ejection seat, the aircraft was lost on 8 August 1955 while being prepared for launch from the RB-50 mothership, becoming the first of many early X-planes that would be lost to explosions. The X-1B (serial 48-1385) was equipped with aerodynamic heating instrumentation for", "title": "Bell X-1" }, { "id": "76784", "score": "1.655045", "text": "Yeager's flying career spans more than 60 years and has taken him to many parts of the world, including the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War. Yeager was born , 1923, to farming parents Susie Mae (Sizemore) and Albert Hal Yeager in Myra, West Virginia, and graduated from high school in Hamlin, West Virginia, in June 1941. He had two brothers, Roy and Hal Jr., and two sisters, Doris Ann (accidentally killed at age 2 by 6-year-old Roy playing with a shotgun) and Pansy Lee. His first experience with the military was as a teen at the", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "id": "13890861", "score": "1.6485078", "text": "test pilot Geoffrey de Havilland Jr., the company eventually furnished the X-1 project with a design based upon four of Wyld's motors which would provide 1,500 pounds of thrust each. On October 14, 1947, American test pilot Chuck Yeager was the first in the world to break the sound barrier, piloting the X-1 with the four Reaction Motors, Inc. engines. Yeager was able to complete his flight safely due to the remarkably smooth flight provided by Wyld's system and despite the fact that he had broken several ribs while horse-riding the previous day. In early 1956, following an extensive bidding", "title": "Reaction Motors" }, { "id": "7120478", "score": "1.6398485", "text": "in record-setting speed attempts. That August, he was recorded at , establishing a new world record for a conventional aircraft. When Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in October, he also broke Carl's record. At Patuxent River on April 1, 1952, Carl had a close brush with death. He was performing a series of check spins in the new Grumman AF-2S Guardian anti-submarine attack aircraft. The anti-spin parachute that had been fitted in earlier tests had been removed. Climbing to over Chesapeake Bay, Carl commenced the spin. The aircraft entered a flat spin with strong centrifugal forces.", "title": "Marion Eugene Carl" }, { "id": "5351663", "score": "1.6373863", "text": "a dive he made on 6 September 1948 in a DH 108. Contrary to what is depicted in the film, the first aircraft to break the sound barrier was the rocket-powered Bell X-1 flown by Chuck Yeager of the United States Air Force in 1947. As Yeager, who was present at the US premiere, described in his first biography, \"The Sound Barrier\" was entertaining, but not that realistic – and any pilot who attempted to break the sound barrier in the manner portrayed in the film (forcing the centre stick forward to pull out of a dive) would have been", "title": "The Sound Barrier" }, { "id": "76809", "score": "1.6346655", "text": "Award for his achievements. On , 2012, on the 65th anniversary of breaking the sound barrier, Yeager did it again at the age of 89, riding in a McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle piloted by Captain David Vincent out of Nellis Air Force Base. In 1973, Yeager was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame, arguably aviation's highest honor. In December 1975, the U.S. Congress awarded Yeager a silver medal \"equivalent to a noncombat Medal of Honor ... for contributing immeasurably to aerospace science by risking his life in piloting the X-1 research airplane faster than the speed of sound", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "id": "76796", "score": "1.6322963", "text": "using the end of a broom handle as an extra lever, to allow Yeager to seal the hatch. Yeager broke the sound barrier on , 1947, flying the X-1 \"Glamorous Glennis\" at Mach 1.07 at an altitude of (). over the Rogers Dry Lake in the Mojave Desert. The success of the mission was not announced to the public until June 1948. Yeager was awarded the Mackay Trophy and the Collier Trophy in 1948 for his mach-transcending flight, and the Harmon International Trophy in 1954. The X-1 he flew that day was later put on permanent display at the Smithsonian", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "id": "76808", "score": "1.6315376", "text": "on the 50th anniversary of his historic flight past Mach 1, he flew a new \"Glamorous Glennis III\", an F-15D Eagle, past Mach 1. The chase plane for the flight was an F-16 Fighting Falcon piloted by Bob Hoover, a longtime test, fighter and aerobatic pilot who had been Yeager's wingman for the first supersonic flight. This was Yeager's last official flight with the U.S. Air Force. At the end of his speech to the crowd, Yeager concluded, \"All that I am ... I owe to the Air Force.\" Later that month, he was the recipient of the Tony Jannus", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "id": "3436303", "score": "1.6140144", "text": "the first attempt to exceed the speed of sound in the Bell X-1. That assignment, however, went to Capt. Chuck Yeager. Edwards was, instead, selected to be among the first to be sent to Princeton University for graduate study in the aeronautical sciences. The recent war had spawned truly revolutionary advances in aviation technology and it had become apparent to men such as Col. Albert Boyd, the chief of the Flight Test Division, that a new breed of military test pilot – one who combined the talents of a highly skilled pilot with the technical expertise of an engineer –", "title": "Glen Edwards (pilot)" }, { "id": "1507404", "score": "1.6106272", "text": "to the skies. USSR's Aeroflot became the first airline in the world to operate sustained regular jet services on September 15, 1956 with the Tupolev Tu-104. The Boeing 707 and DC-8 which established new levels of comfort, safety and passenger expectations, ushered in the age of mass commercial air travel, dubbed the Jet Age. In October 1947 Chuck Yeager took the rocket-powered Bell X-1 through the sound barrier. Although anecdotal evidence exists that some fighter pilots may have done so while dive bombing ground targets during the war, this was the first controlled, level flight to exceed the speed of", "title": "History of aviation" }, { "id": "76815", "score": "1.6048601", "text": "pension fund. In August 2008, the California Court of Appeal ruled for Yeager, finding that his daughter Susan had breached her duty as trustee. Yeager and Victoria reside in Penn Valley, California, the location of the General Chuck Yeager Foundation, which supports programs that \"teach the ideals by which General Yeager has lived.\" Chuck Yeager Charles Elwood Yeager (; born , 1923) is a former United States Air Force officer, flying ace, and record-setting test pilot. In 1947, he became the first pilot confirmed to have exceeded the speed of sound in level flight. Yeager's career began in World War", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "id": "6048547", "score": "1.5954833", "text": "return), allowed Bell to modify its XS-1 for true transsonic pitch controllability, in turn allowing Chuck Yeager to become the first man to exceed Mach 1 in 1947. If the Ministry of Supply had proceeded with Ralph Smith's V2-based MegaRoc sub-orbital manned spacecraft, Brown would also have been the leading candidate for its projected 1949 first manned spaceflight. In a throwback to his days testing aircraft in high speed dives, while at the RAE Brown performed similar testing of the Avro Tudor airliner. The requirement was to determine the safe limiting speed for the aircraft and to gather data on", "title": "Eric Brown (pilot)" } ]

[ "Horseback-riding", "Horse-Riding", "horse riding", "Horse riders", "Horses in sport", "horses in sport", "Horseback", "horse riders", "horseriding", "equestrianism", "Equestrianship", "Equestrian sports", "equine sport", "Horse-back riding", "Riding horse", "horseback riding", "Horse rider", "riding instructor", "Equestrians", "Equesrianism", "Horsemanship", "horſeback", "Horse-riding", "riding horse", "Horseback rider", "Horse safety", "Horseriding", "equestrianship", "horse rider", "equestrians", "Horseback Riding", "Horse riding", "equesrianism", "Horsewoman", "Horseback Rider", "Horseback riding", "Horse back riding", "equestrian sports", "horse safety", "horse back riding", "horseback riders", "Riding Instructor", "Equestrianism", "Equine sport", "horseback rider", "Horseback riders", "horseback", "horsewoman", "Horſeback", "horsemanship", "Horse Riding" ]

[ { "id": "4534717", "score": "1.8996459", "text": "and cross country courses are located. Badminton has been cancelled on several occasions – in 1966, 1975, 1987 and 2012 the event was cancelled completely, and in 1963 it was downgraded to a one-day event due to bad weather. In 2001 it was cancelled due to foot and mouth disease. In 2012 it was cancelled due to waterlogged ground. Together with the four-star rated Rolex Kentucky Three Day and the Burghley Horse Trials, Badminton forms the Rolex Grand Slam of Eventing. Only two people have ever won the Grand Slam; Pippa Funnell in 2003 and Michael Jung in 2015/16. Australian", "title": "Badminton Horse Trials" }, { "id": "4534718", "score": "1.8468587", "text": "Andrew Hoy nearly took the title in 2007 but lost it when he had a pole down at Burghley. The remaining CCI**** rated events are the Luhmühlen Horse Trials, the Australian International Three Day Event and the Stars of Pau. It is also now part of the HSBC FEI Classics—a points-based system containing the CCI**** events. The cross-country day at Badminton attracts crowds of up to a quarter of a million and is the second largest for money made in the world (after the Indianapolis 500). 1976 2007 2010 2018 In 2007, after a long period without rain, the ground", "title": "Badminton Horse Trials" }, { "id": "9811611", "score": "1.8130059", "text": "of the Rolex Kentucky Horse Trials and major supporting sponsors for Badminton and Burghley. Grand Slam of Eventing The Grand Slam of Eventing, sponsored by Rolex, consists of three of the top CCI**** equestrian eventing competitions in the world. Pippa Funnell in 2003 and Michael Jung in 2016, are the only riders to have achieved the Grand Slam since its inception in 1999. To win the Grand Slam, a rider must consecutively win all three events, although they are permitted to ride different horses in each competition. This is especially important, since the Badminton Horse Trials is only one week", "title": "Grand Slam of Eventing" }, { "id": "593099", "score": "1.7824488", "text": "that have some experience of international competition. CCI*** is the advanced level of competition. The very highest level of competition is the CCI****, and with only six such competitions in the world (Badminton, Burghley, Kentucky, Adelaide, Luhmuhlen Horse Trials, and the Stars of Pau) it is the ultimate aim of many riders. The World Championships are also considered CCI****. Rolex offer a financial prize for any rider who can win three of the biggest competitions in succession. These are Badminton, Burghley and Kentucky. So far, Pippa Funnell (Great Britain) and Michael Jung (Germany) are the only riders to do this.", "title": "Eventing" }, { "id": "8726285", "score": "1.7155633", "text": "Burghley Horse Trials, the first mare in 33 years to do so, a win at the 2007 Badminton Horse Trials, the first mare in 53 years, and a win at the 2009 Rolex Kentucky Three Day. She came third at the 2006 Luhmuhlen Three Day Event, a great accomplishment after having taken a fall the previous year on cross-country and then contracting a virus which nearly killed her. She was an alternative to the 2006 World Equestrian Games, but when not called, was switched to the Burghley Horse Trials. She is one of only two horses in history to have", "title": "Headley Britannia" }, { "id": "7090996", "score": "1.7148056", "text": "\"without steeplechase.\" In 1982 Luhmühlen hosted the Eventing World Championship. In August 2011 Luhmühlen was the venue of the European Eventing Championships for the fifth time (1975, 1979, 1987, 1999, 2011). Before this event the show ground was completely rebuilt. Luhmühlen Horse Trials The Luhmühlen Horse Trials are an annual equestrian eventing competition held in Luhmühlen, Salzhausen, Germany. Riders compete at the highest level: the CCI****. There are only six events of this kind in the world, the others being the Badminton Horse Trials, the Burghley Horse Trials, the Rolex Kentucky Three Day, the Australian International Three Day Event and", "title": "Luhmühlen Horse Trials" }, { "id": "4534714", "score": "1.6877351", "text": "Badminton Horse Trials The Badminton Horse Trials is a three-day event, one of only six annual Concours Complet International (CCI) Four Star **** events as classified by the Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI). It takes place in April or May each year in the park of Badminton House, the seat of the Duke of Beaufort in South Gloucestershire, England. Badminton was first held in 1949 by the 10th Duke of Beaufort in order to let British riders train for international events, and was advertised as \"the most important horse event in Britain\". It was the second three-day event held in Britain,", "title": "Badminton Horse Trials" }, { "id": "7091177", "score": "1.6705391", "text": "competition or a one- or two-day horse trial. The highest level of competition, advanced level for horses with a good deal of experience and success in international competition. It includes the Olympics (although the Olympics are usually made easier, at more of a three-star level, to allow a greater number of nations to compete successfully), the FEI World Equestrian Games, and six annual horse trials each year: Badminton Horse Trials (Britain), Burghley Horse Trials (Britain), Kentucky Three-Day Event (USA), Australian International Three Day Event (Australia), Luhmühlen Horse Trials (Germany), and the Stars of Pau (France). Rules: Advanced level, for horses", "title": "Concours Complet International" }, { "id": "4534719", "score": "1.6551543", "text": "was considered to be too hard, resulting in 22 withdrawals. Badminton Horse Trials The Badminton Horse Trials is a three-day event, one of only six annual Concours Complet International (CCI) Four Star **** events as classified by the Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI). It takes place in April or May each year in the park of Badminton House, the seat of the Duke of Beaufort in South Gloucestershire, England. Badminton was first held in 1949 by the 10th Duke of Beaufort in order to let British riders train for international events, and was advertised as \"the most important horse event in", "title": "Badminton Horse Trials" }, { "id": "593088", "score": "1.6145451", "text": "Initially, only British riders were allowed to compete (although women were allowed, despite being banned from riding in the Olympics), but the competition is now an international open to all riders from around the world who have qualified for this level of competition. Badminton is the most prestigious events to win in the world. Currently, the Olympic event is consider a CCI***, a rank lower than Badminton which is a CCI****. The second three-day competition to be held at Olympic level each year was the Burghley Horse Trials, first held in 1961. Burghley is the longest running international event. The", "title": "Eventing" }, { "id": "4537317", "score": "1.6094509", "text": "Burghley Horse Trials The Land Rover Burghley Horse Trials is an annual three-day event held at Burghley House near Stamford, Lincolnshire, England, currently in early September. Land Rover Burghley Horse Trials is classified by the FEI as one of the six leading three-day events in the world (the others being the Badminton Horse Trials, the Rolex Kentucky Three Day, the Australian International Three Day Event, the Luhmühlen Horse Trials and the Étoiles de Pau). It has competition at CCI**** (four star) level. The prize for first place is currently £95,000. Prize money is given down to 20th place. Burghley is", "title": "Burghley Horse Trials" }, { "id": "7090995", "score": "1.6009417", "text": "Luhmühlen Horse Trials The Luhmühlen Horse Trials are an annual equestrian eventing competition held in Luhmühlen, Salzhausen, Germany. Riders compete at the highest level: the CCI****. There are only six events of this kind in the world, the others being the Badminton Horse Trials, the Burghley Horse Trials, the Rolex Kentucky Three Day, the Australian International Three Day Event and the Stars of Pau. Luhmühlen originally held CCI** and CCI*** events. The CCI**** event was first held in 2005, making it the first event in mainland Europe to hold an eventing competition at that level. Luhmühlen follows the new format,", "title": "Luhmühlen Horse Trials" }, { "id": "4537318", "score": "1.5991223", "text": "also one of the three events in the Grand Slam of Eventing. Run in conjunction with the event since 1990 is the Burghley Young Event Horse final, which judges 4 and 5 year old horses on their potential as future Olympic mounts. Horse trials have been held at Burghley House since 1961 when its owner the 6th Marquess of Exeter, an Olympic gold medalist in athletics and IOC member, heard that a three-day event at Harewood House could no longer be held. Since then no other international horse trials site has staged as many championships, a record ten in all", "title": "Burghley Horse Trials" }, { "id": "5088493", "score": "1.5709758", "text": "bonus from Rolex. The Kentucky and Burghley victories were on Primmore's Pride, while the Badminton victory was on Supreme Rock. As of 2017, she remains one of only two riders to have won the Grand Slam. As a result of her achievements, she was voted Sunday Times Sportswoman of the Year 2003 and was in the top five of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Awards. She then went to Punchestown in Ireland to defend the individual European title that she had won in 1999 and 2001, winning a bronze medal with the inexperienced Walk On Star and helping", "title": "Pippa Funnell" }, { "id": "10429800", "score": "1.5705457", "text": "in 2006 on Headley Britannia In 2006/2007 she achieved a remarkable Burghley/Badminton back-to-back - winning both 4* competitions riding Headley Britannia. In June 2007, Lucinda competed at Luhmühlen Horse Trials, Germany riding Prada, however she withdrew before the Cross Country phase. After Luhmühlen Lucinda travelled to The Netherlands and competed in the CCI** and CIC** at Ede International Horse Trials. She won the CCI** riding Mister Alligator and came 14th on Prada in the CIC** At the 2008 Olympic Games, Fredericks won a silver medal in the team competition. In the individual event, she was in tenth position after three", "title": "Lucinda Fredericks" }, { "id": "4534716", "score": "1.569617", "text": "Badminton, due to the popularity of the event and the number of entries. The horses in the two sections jumped the same fences, but were separated into the two divisions based on their money winnings. This graded approach was abandoned after the 1965 event. In 1989, the current director and course-designer Hugh Thomas, who rode in the 1976 Montreal Olympics, took over from Frank Weldon, a former winner, who is credited with bringing the event to the pinnacle it is at today. Badminton is held in the 6 square kilometre (1500 acre) Badminton Park, where the car parks, tradestands, arena", "title": "Badminton Horse Trials" }, { "id": "5176046", "score": "1.561228", "text": "Kentucky Three-Day Event The Kentucky Three Day Event, currently the Land Rover Kentucky Three Day Event due to sponsorship, is an eventing competition held at the Kentucky Horse Park in Lexington, Kentucky. Rolex Kentucky is a CCI**** eventing competition. Four stars is the highest level of competition in the sport, the same level of competition as Eventing at the Olympics and the World Equestrian Games. The event is sponsored by Land Rover. Prize money of $ is distributed among the top placings with $ as well as a Rolex watch awarded to the first place horse and rider. Although the", "title": "Kentucky Three-Day Event" }, { "id": "5607132", "score": "1.5483086", "text": "he became the first rider to win five different four-star events, having won the Burghley Horse Trials a record six times (1994, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2011), Rolex Kentucky three times (2010, 2012, 2014), Stars of Pau twice (2011, 2013), the Badminton Horse Trials twice (2004, 2015), and the Luhmühlen Horse Trials once (2008). A serious fall in 2015 left him in a coma for two weeks, but he came back to make the British eventing team and attend the 2016 Summer Olympics. Fox-Pitt was born in Hampstead, the eldest son of William Oliver Lane Fox-Pitt (1932-2012, known as", "title": "William Fox-Pitt" }, { "id": "5088494", "score": "1.5462866", "text": "the British team to win their fifth successive team title. She also finished the year as the number one ranked rider in the world. In total Funnell has won the Badminton Horse Trials three times: 2002, 2003 and 2005. She has won both the Blenheim venue and Windsor Horse Trials four times as well, the only rider yet to do so. With Funnell as rider, Primmore's Pride became the 1st horse to win all three major four star titles - Kentucky & Burghley in 2003 and Badminton in 2005 - thus becoming the 1st horse to win its own Grand", "title": "Pippa Funnell" }, { "id": "12321043", "score": "1.5363278", "text": "At The Rolex Kentucky Three Day Event in 2006, Becky also went into show jumping in the lead but had 4 rails down and several time faults, dropping them into a disappointing 13th place. At the Olympics, she placed fifth in the Individual Eventing Dressage competition with a score of 35.8 penalty points. She had two mistakes in her cross-country run, dropping her out of the running for a medal. Becky was the alternate member on the U.S Eventing squad in the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Holder used to run a part-time teaching business out of Carriage House Farm in Hugo,", "title": "Becky Holder" } ]

[ "", "911", "nine hundred and eleven" ]

[ { "id": "1299397", "score": "1.8571782", "text": "operator assistance. The first known use of a national emergency telephone number began in the United Kingdom in 1937-1938 using the number 999, which continues to this day. In the United States, the push for the development of a nationwide American emergency telephone number came in 1957 when the National Association of Fire Helicopter recommended that a single number be used for reporting fires. The first city in North America to use a central emergency number was the Canadian city of Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1959, which instituted the change at the urging of Stephen Juba, mayor of Winnipeg at the", "title": "9-1-1" }, { "id": "12539299", "score": "1.8175745", "text": "Canada, in 1959. The concept of a single answering point for emergency calls to public safety agencies caught on quickly. In the United States, the decision was made to utilize the Canadian number, for reasons of ease of memory (4-1-1 and 6-1-1 were already in use), and ease of dialing. In 1967, the number was established as the national emergency number for the United States, although by 2008, coverage of the service was still not complete, and about 4 percent of the United States did not have 9-1-1 service. Calling this single number provided caller access to police, fire and", "title": "Emergency medical dispatcher" }, { "id": "1299398", "score": "1.7026966", "text": "time. Winnipeg initially used 999 as the emergency number, but switched numbers when 9-1-1 was proposed by the United States. In 1967, the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice recommended the creation of a single number that could be used nationwide for reporting emergencies. The Federal Communications Commission then met with AT&T in November 1967 in order to choose the number. In 1968, the number was agreed upon. AT&T chose the number 9-1-1, which was simple, easy to remember, dialed easily, and because of the middle 1, indicating a special number (see also 4-1-1 and 6-1-1), worked", "title": "9-1-1" }, { "id": "1303057", "score": "1.6909734", "text": "subsequently adopted the 112 number as a standard on 29 July 1991. It is now a valid emergency number throughout EU countries and in many other CEPT countries. It works in parallel with other local emergency numbers in about two out of three EU states. In January 2008, the Internet Engineering Task Force released a set of RFC documents pertaining to emergency calls in IP networks. Prior to 1969, Australia did not have a national number for emergency services; the police, fire and ambulance services possessed many phone numbers, one for each local unit. In 1961, the office of the", "title": "Emergency telephone number" }, { "id": "1303053", "score": "1.673022", "text": "February 16, 1968, the first-ever 9-1-1 call was placed by Alabama Speaker of the House Rankin Fite, from Haleyville City Hall, to U.S. Rep. Tom Bevill, at the city's police station. However, 911 systems were not in widespread use until the 1980s when the number 911 was adopted as the standard number across most of the country under the North American Numbering Plan. The implementation of 911 service in the USA was a gradual and haphazard process. Because telephone service boundaries did not always exactly match governmental and other jurisdictional boundaries, a user might dial 911, only to discover that", "title": "Emergency telephone number" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "9-1-1\n\n, usually written 911, is an emergency telephone number for the United States, Canada, Mexico, Panama, Palau, Argentina, Philippines, Jordan, as well as the North American Numbering Plan (NANP), one of eight N11 codes. Like other emergency numbers around the world, this number is intended for use in emergency circumstances only. Using it for any other purpose (such as making false or prank calls) is a crime in most jurisdictions.\n\nIn over 98% of locations in Argentina, Panama, Belize, Anguilla, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Jordan, Ethiopia, Liberia, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, Uruguay, United States, Palau, Mexico, Tonga and Canada, dialing \"9-1-1\" from any telephone will link the caller to an emergency dispatch office—called a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) by the telecommunications industry—which can send emergency responders to the caller's location in an emergency. In approximately 96 percent of the United States, the enhanced 9-1-1 system automatically pairs caller numbers with a physical address.\n\nIn the Philippines, the emergency hotline has been available to the public since August 1, 2016, starting in Davao City. It is the first of its kind in the Asia-Pacific region. It replaces the previous emergency number 117 used outside Davao City.\n\nAs of 2017, a system is in use in Mexico, where implementation in different states and municipalities is being conducted. Venezuela also has a 911 emergency services called VEN911. It has been in operation for approximately 10 years.", "title": "9-1-1" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Emergency telephone number\n\nMost public switched telephone networks<ref name=\"BBC\" /> have a single emergency telephone number (sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or the emergency services number) that allows a caller to contact local emergency services for assistance. The emergency number differs from country to country; it is typically a three-digit number so that it can be easily remembered and dialed quickly. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services; these often differ only by the last digit.\n\nIn many countries, dialing either 1-1-2 (used in Europe and parts of Asia) or 9-1-1 (used in the Americas) will connect callers to emergency services. For individual countries, see the list of emergency telephone numbers.", "title": "Emergency telephone number" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "National Emergency Number Association\n\nThe National Emergency Number Association (NENA) is an organization whose mission it is to foster the technological advancement, availability, and implementation of a universal emergency telephone number system in the United States. In carrying out its mission, NENA promotes research, planning, training and education. The protection of human life, the preservation of property and the maintenance of general community security are among NENA's objectives.\n\nOne of NENA's main functions is to grade the quality of the 9-1-1 (the \"Universal Emergency Number\" since 1968) services that exist throughout the United States of America. Through their Report Card to the Nation (RCN), the RCN Commission reviews and grades the performance of 9-1-1 centres based on their established standards of practice. NENA is tracking the deployment of Enhanced 9-1-1 and the Wireless Phase 1 and 2 initiatives. The latter are enabling 9-1-1 call takers to (in Phase 1) identify the cell tower related to the caller and (in Phase 2) to identify the actual geographic location of the caller.\n\nIn 2021, the Denver's 911 was reported as the \"out of compliance\". \n", "title": "National Emergency Number Association" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Crisis hotline\n\nA crisis hotline is a phone number people can call to get immediate emergency telephone counseling, usually by trained volunteers. The first such service was founded in England in 1951 and such hotlines have existed in most major cities of the English speaking world at least since the mid-1970s. Initially set up to help those contemplating suicide, many have expanded their mandate to deal more generally with emotional crises. Similar hotlines operate to help people in other circumstances, including rape, bullying, self-harm, runaway children, human trafficking, and people who identify as LGBT or intersex. Despite crisis hotlines being common, their effectiveness in reducing suicides is unclear.<ref name=Sak2011/><ref name=Zal2016/>", "title": "Crisis hotline" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Telephone number\n\nA telephone number is a sequence of digits assigned to a landline telephone subscriber station connected to a telephone line or to a wireless electronic telephony device, such as a radio telephone or a mobile telephone, or to other devices for data transmission via the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or other public and private networks.\n\nA telephone number serves as an address for switching telephone calls using a system of destination code routing. Telephone numbers are entered or dialed by a calling party on the originating telephone set, which transmits the sequence of digits in the process of signaling to a telephone exchange. The exchange completes the call either to another locally connected subscriber or via the PSTN to the called party. Telephone numbers are assigned within the framework of a national or regional telephone numbering plan to subscribers by telephone service operators, which may be commercial entities, state-controlled administrations, or other telecommunication industry associations.\n\nTelephone numbers were first used in 1879 in Lowell, Massachusetts, when they replaced the request for subscriber names by callers connecting to the switchboard operator.<ref name=\"Brooks, John 1967, p. 74\">Brooks, John.\"Telephone: The First Hundred Years\". Harper & Row, 1967, : p. 74\n, citing \"Events in Telephone History\".</ref> Over the course of telephone history, telephone numbers had various lengths and formats and even included most letters of the alphabet in leading positions when telephone exchange names were in common use until the 1960s.\n\nTelephone numbers are often dialed in conjunction with other signaling code sequences, such as vertical service codes, to invoke special telephone service features.<ref name=bellcore /><ref name=nanpavsc />", "title": "Telephone number" }, { "id": "12618253", "score": "1.6620007", "text": "the official national emergency telephone number of the Philippines on July 14, 2003. The ₱1.4 billion project was completed on August 2, 2003, with the opening of a new 117 call center in Quezon City, serving the entire Metro Manila area. Four more 117 call centers were opened in 2006, and the full network, consisting of sixteen networked call centers, was rolled out in 2007. In 2016, at his first cabinet meeting after his inauguration, President Rodrigo Duterte vowed to put up a complaint hotline, 8888, while Presidential Communications Secretary Martin Andanar said that the existing 117 hotline would be", "title": "9-1-1 (Philippines)" }, { "id": "1303052", "score": "1.6511393", "text": "U.S. emergency number. Because of the design of U.S. central office (phone) switches, it was not practical to use the British emergency number 999 (as was briefly considered). What was up to that time unassigned area code 911 was chosen instead. The \"1\" as the second digit was key; it told the switching equipment that this was not a routine call. (At the time, when the second digit was \"1\" or \"0\" the equipment handled the call as a long distance or special number call.) The first 911 emergency phone system went into use in Haleyville, Alabama in 1968. On", "title": "Emergency telephone number" }, { "id": "1303048", "score": "1.6283104", "text": "all with different emergency numbers, and finding the telephone number for the local exchange would require having to search through the city's 500-page telephone directory. This problem was at least partially solved in the United States, Canada, and the UK by dialling \"0\" for the local assistance operator in case of emergency, although faster service could be obtained if the user dialled the full number for the Police or Fire Department. This system remained essentially unchanged throughout most of North America until the 1970s. The first emergency number system to be deployed anywhere in the world was in London on", "title": "Emergency telephone number" }, { "id": "1303051", "score": "1.5963309", "text": "card. Some people have reported accidentally dialling 112 by loop-disconnect for various technical reasons, including while working on extension telephone wiring, and point to this as a disadvantage of the 112 emergency number, which takes only four loop disconnects to activate. Southern California Telephone Co. began using 116 as an emergency line for Los Angeles, California in 1946. The emergency number 999 was adopted in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 1959 at the urging of Stephen Juba, mayor of Winnipeg at the time. The city changed the number to 911 in 1972, in order to be consistent with the newly adopted", "title": "Emergency telephone number" }, { "id": "2806814", "score": "1.5661204", "text": "the local White Pages telephone directory. 111 (emergency telephone number) 111 (usually pronounced \"one-one-one\") is the emergency telephone number in New Zealand. It was first implemented in Masterton and Carterton on 29 September 1958, and was progressively rolled out nationwide with the last exchanges converting in 1988. Before the introduction of 111, access to emergency services was complicated. For the quarter of New Zealand’s then 414,000 telephone subscribers that were still on manual exchanges, one would simply pick up the telephone and ask the answering operator for the police, ambulance, or fire service by name. However, the problem on manual", "title": "111 (emergency telephone number)" }, { "id": "8299874", "score": "1.5645915", "text": "911 emergency system, it became necessary to discontinue the old rural route numbers in favor of house numbers and street names as used on city routes. This change enabled emergency services to more quickly locate a rural residence. The National Rural Letter Carriers' Association was formed in 1903 at a cost of fifty cents per year in dues to its members. Since its inception, it has had an effective legislative program in the United States Congress to promote and protect the interests of rural carriers. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy signed executive order 10988 establishing employee-management cooperation in the", "title": "Rural letter carrier" }, { "id": "2806802", "score": "1.5635325", "text": "for fire, police and ambulance in the main service area (e.g. Auckland, but not for not minor exchanges) were listed in bold on the first page. Following the 1947 Ballantynes fire in Christchurch, fire officer Arthur Varley was recruited from the UK to bring about a reform of the fire service. Familiar with Britain’s 999 system, he campaigned for the setting up of a universal emergency telephone number across the country. In mid-1957, a committee was set up to institute a common emergency number across New Zealand, consisting of the Post and Telegraph Department, the Police, the Health Department, and", "title": "111 (emergency telephone number)" }, { "id": "2806800", "score": "1.5574125", "text": "111 (emergency telephone number) 111 (usually pronounced \"one-one-one\") is the emergency telephone number in New Zealand. It was first implemented in Masterton and Carterton on 29 September 1958, and was progressively rolled out nationwide with the last exchanges converting in 1988. Before the introduction of 111, access to emergency services was complicated. For the quarter of New Zealand’s then 414,000 telephone subscribers that were still on manual exchanges, one would simply pick up the telephone and ask the answering operator for the police, ambulance, or fire service by name. However, the problem on manual exchanges was that calls were answered", "title": "111 (emergency telephone number)" }, { "id": "19250007", "score": "1.5493672", "text": "provided a toll-free number beginning at 11:00 am that by 1:30 pm had received over 2,500 phone calls. Scott called this number, according to the Harvard Business Review, “the first national emergency number of any organization, including the federal government.” Originally, this phone number was just for Morgan Stanley employees to confirm their safety, but after being advertised on the firm's Times Square building and televised nationally, it became the main call center of the crisis. According to CNN, Scott said that Morgan Stanley employees knew how to respond to the crisis, having prepared emergency plans after the 1993 bombing", "title": "Robert Scott (businessman, born 1946)" }, { "id": "5632143", "score": "1.5484374", "text": "National Emergency Number Association The National Emergency Number Association (NENA) is an organization whose mission it is to foster the technological advancement, availability, and implementation of a universal emergency telephone number system in the United States. In carrying out its mission, NENA promotes research, planning, training and education. The protection of human life, the preservation of property and the maintenance of general community security are among NENA's objectives. One of NENA's main functions is to grade the quality of the 9-1-1 (the Universal Emergency Number since 1968) services that exist throughout the United States of America. Through their Report Card", "title": "National Emergency Number Association" }, { "id": "1696934", "score": "1.5474987", "text": "dialing (DDD) was subsequently introduced across the country. By the early 1960s, most areas of the Bell System had been converted and DDD had become commonplace in cities and most larger towns. In the following decades, the system expanded to include all of the United States and its territories, Canada, Bermuda, and seventeen nations of the Caribbean. By 1967, 129 area codes had been assigned. At the request of the British Colonial Office, the numbering plan was first expanded to Bermuda and the British West Indies because of their historic telecommunications administration through Canada as parts of the British Empire", "title": "North American Numbering Plan" }, { "id": "7687274", "score": "1.5473056", "text": "President Reagan by Executive Order 12472 on April 3, 1984. On July 6, 2012, President Obama signed Executive Order 13618, which eliminated the NCS as a separate organization; it was merged into the Office of Emergency Communications (OEC), which had been created in 2007. A ceremony to retire the colors of the NCS and to celebrate the legacy of the organization was held on August 30, 2012 in Arlington, VA. During a local or national emergency, wireless telephone networks are likely to become congested with calls. Even absent emergencies, some towers and networks receive more calls than they can handle.", "title": "Nationwide Wireless Priority Service" }, { "id": "9551599", "score": "1.5411088", "text": "the United States is 9-1-1. The number works for all three emergency services. In most cases, a 9-1-1 call will be answered at a central facility, usually referred to as a Public Safety Answering Point, and operated, in most cases, by the police. The needs of the caller are identified, and the call is routed to the dispatcher for the emergency service(s) required. While some small communities continue to use 'low-tech' approaches to dispatch, in many places in the U.S. the technology is quite advanced. Advanced technologies in use may include electronic mapping, Global Positioning System (GPS) or its first", "title": "Emergency medical services in the United States" }, { "id": "6136917", "score": "1.5393674", "text": "is often available alongside other numbers traditionally used in the given country to access emergency services. In some countries, calls to 112 are not connected directly but forwarded by the GSM network to local emergency numbers (e.g., 911 in North America or 000 in Australia. 112 was first standardised by a recommendation by the CEPT in 1972 and later by a decision of the EU Council in 1991 and subsequently reaffirmed in 2002 by article 26 of the Universal Service Directive and its subsequent amendments. This choice of number has the following advantages: The countries which use the 112 number", "title": "112 (emergency telephone number)" }, { "id": "6136918", "score": "1.5327952", "text": "for emergencies include: In many countries, emergency numbers previously used also continue to be available; e.g. 061 and 112 in Spain, 999 and 112 both function in Ireland and the UK. In the United States, only some carriers, including AT&T will map the number 112 to its emergency number 9-1-1. 112 is managed and financed in the European Union by each member state (country), who also decide on the organization of the emergency call centres. The number is also adopted by candidates for EU accession and members of the EEA agreement. The International Telecommunications Union recommends that member states selecting", "title": "112 (emergency telephone number)" } ]

[ "davit", "davit crane", "Davit crane", "Davit" ]

[ { "id": "20603167", "score": "1.5121496", "text": "the 24 lifeboats. The only protruding part of the design was the navigator's bridge which was swept back like a monoplane wing in order to reduce wind resistance. The design first appeared in Geddes' 1932 book \"Horizons\", and in exterior form only in a 1933 patent simply described as \"boat\" without interior plans or a detailed accompanying text. Geddes also filed a patent in 1933 relating to boat-launching and stowing gear. In 1934 he filed a more detailed patent referring to the earlier two and giving three dense pages of explanatory text. Also featured in \"Horizons\" was a 1932 design", "title": "Streamlined Ocean Liner" }, { "id": "11299728", "score": "1.4817631", "text": "with two men crew, John Charles Buckley and Nikola Primorac (di Costa), only. They upgraded it with two sails and took advantage of favorable winds. Lifeboat (shipboard) A lifeboat is a small, rigid or inflatable boat carried for emergency evacuation in the event of a disaster aboard a ship. Lifeboat drills are required by law on larger commercial ships. Rafts (liferafts) are also used. In the military, a lifeboat may double as a whaleboat, dinghy, or gig. The ship's tenders of cruise ships often double as lifeboats. Recreational sailors usually carry inflatable life rafts, though a few prefer small proactive", "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)" }, { "id": "11299721", "score": "1.4580525", "text": "liferaft is much less than a lifeboat. \"Vis-a-vis\" lifeboats, liferafts are not self-righting and have no motor. Some ships have a freefall lifeboat stored on a downward sloping slipway normally on the stern of the vessel. These freefall lifeboats drop into the water when the holdback is released. Such lifeboats are considerably heavier as they are strongly constructed to survive the impact with water. Freefall lifeboats are used for their capability to launch nearly instantly, and high reliability in any conditions. Since 2006 they have been required on bulk carriers that are in danger of sinking too rapidly for conventional", "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)" }, { "id": "11299708", "score": "1.4479744", "text": "Lifeboat (shipboard) A lifeboat is a small, rigid or inflatable boat carried for emergency evacuation in the event of a disaster aboard a ship. Lifeboat drills are required by law on larger commercial ships. Rafts (liferafts) are also used. In the military, a lifeboat may double as a whaleboat, dinghy, or gig. The ship's tenders of cruise ships often double as lifeboats. Recreational sailors usually carry inflatable life rafts, though a few prefer small proactive lifeboats that are harder to sink and can be sailed to safety. Inflatable lifeboats may be equipped with auto-inflation (carbon dioxide or nitrogen) canisters or", "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)" }, { "id": "11299710", "score": "1.4432623", "text": "is highly visible. Lifeboats have oars, flares and mirrors for signaling, first aid supplies, and food and water for several days. Some lifeboats are more capably equipped to permit self-rescue, with supplies such as a radio, an engine and sail, heater, navigational equipment, solar water stills, rainwater catchments and fishing equipment. The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and the International Life-Saving Appliance Code (LSA) requires certain emergency equipment be carried on each lifeboat and liferaft used on international voyages. Modern lifeboats carry an Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) and either a radar reflector or Search", "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Davit\n\nA davit (pronounced \"dayvit\"<ref>\n</ref> or see ) is any of various crane-like devices used on a ship for supporting, raising, and lowering equipment such as boats and anchors.\n\nDavit systems are most often used to lower an emergency lifeboat to the embarkation level to be boarded. The lifeboat davit has falls (now made of wire, historically of manila rope) that are used to lower the lifeboat into the water. Davits can also be used as man-overboard safety devices to retrieve personnel from the water.\n\nThe maintaining and operation of davits is all under jurisdiction of the International Maritime Organization. The regulations are enforced by the country's own coast guard.", "title": "Davit" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Point Reyes Lifeboat Station\n\nPoint Reyes Lifeboat Station, also known as Point Reyes Lifeboat Rescue Station, is a historic coastal rescue station, located on the Drake's Bay side of Point Reyes in northern California, United States. It was built in 1927 by the United States Lifesaving Service to replace a previous station dating from 1888. It is one of the best-preserved rescue stations of that period on the Pacific coast, retaining elements often lost, including the boat launching infrastructure. It is now a historic property managed by the National Park Service as part of Point Reyes National Seashore. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985,", "title": "Point Reyes Lifeboat Station" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lifeboats of the Titanic\n\nThe lifeboats of the RMS \"Titanic\" played a crucial role in the disaster of 14–15 April 1912. The ship had 20 lifeboats that, in total, could accommodate 1,178 people, little over half of the 2,223 on board the night it sank. had a maximum capacity of 3,547 passengers and crew.\n\nEighteen lifeboats were used, loading between 11:45 p.m. and 2:05 a.m., though Collapsible Boat A floated off the ship's partially submerged deck, and Collapsible Boat B floated away upside down minutes before the ship upended and sank.\n\nMany lifeboats only carried half of their maximum capacity; there are many versions as to the reasoning behind half-filled lifeboats. Some sources claimed they were afraid of the lifeboat buckling under the weight, others suggested it was because the crew were following orders to evacuate women and children first. As the half-filled boats rowed away from the ship, they were too far for other passengers to reach, and most lifeboats did not return to the wreck, due to fear of being swamped by drowning victims. Only lifeboats 4 and 14 returned to retrieve survivors from the water, some of whom later died.\n\nAlthough the number of lifeboats was insufficient, \"Titanic\" was in compliance with maritime safety regulations of the time. The sinking showed that the regulations were outdated for such large passenger ships. The Inquiry also revealed White Star Line wanted fewer boats on the decks, to provide unobstructed views for passengers and give the ship more aesthetics from an exterior viewpoint. In the event of an emergency, it was not anticipated that all passengers and crew would require evacuation at the same time, as it was believed \"Titanic\" would float for long enough to allow a transfer of passengers and crew to a rescue vessel.\n\nCompounding the disaster, \"Titanic\"s crew were poorly trained on using the davits (lifeboat launching equipment). As a result, boat launches were slow, improperly executed, and poorly supervised. These factors contributed to the lifeboats departing with only half capacity.\n\nA total of 1,503 people did not make it on to a lifeboat and were aboard \"Titanic\" when she sank to the bottom of the North Atlantic Ocean, and 705 people remained in the lifeboats until later that morning when they were rescued by RMS \"Carpathia\". Those aboard the lifeboats were picked up by \"Carpathia\" over the course of 4 hours and 30 minutes, from about 4 a.m. to 8:30 a.m., and 13 of the lifeboats were also taken aboard. The lifeboats were returned to the White Star Line at New York Harbor, as they were the only items of value salvaged from the shipwreck, but subsequently vanished from history over time.", "title": "Lifeboats of the Titanic" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "And the Ship Sails On\n\nAnd the Ship Sails On () is a 1983 Italian film directed and co-written by Federico Fellini. It depicts the events on board a luxury liner filled with the friends of a deceased opera singer who have gathered to mourn her. The film was selected as the Italian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 56th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.", "title": "And the Ship Sails On" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)" }, { "id": "11299709", "score": "1.3979566", "text": "mechanical pumps. A quick release and pressure release mechanism is fitted on ships so that the canister or pump automatically inflates the lifeboat, and the lifeboat breaks free of the sinking vessel. Commercial aircraft are also required to carry auto-inflating life rafts in case of an emergency water landing; offshore oil platforms also have liferafts. Ship-launched lifeboats are lowered from davits on a ship's deck, and are hard to sink in normal circumstances. The cover serves as protection from sun, wind and rain, can be used to collect rainwater, and is normally made of a reflective or fluorescent material that", "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)" }, { "id": "5360020", "score": "1.3879259", "text": "whom crew would attach a paperboard name tag to the wicker seat-back. Such a tag is visible on an empty deckchair near the center in a famous 1912 photo showing survivors of the \"RMS Titanic\" disaster after rescue while they rest on the deck of \"RMS Carpathia\". The same system was in use aboard \"Carpathia\" two years later; a reservation tag is visible on the empty deckchair in the lower right of a 1914 photo. The deckchairs shown on some of those photographs are of the more solid \"steamer chair\" type, rather than the portable canvas-seated chairs. The \"Titanic\" carried", "title": "Deckchair" }, { "id": "11299711", "score": "1.387732", "text": "and Rescue Transponder (SART). During the Age of Sail, the ship's boats were often also used as lifeboats in case of emergency. In March 1870, answering a question at the House of Commons of the United Kingdom about the sinking of , George Shaw-Lefevre said that In the late 1880s, Maria Beasley improved the design of life rafts. She patented a life-saving raft in both the United States and England in 1880. By the turn of the 20th century larger ships meant more people could travel, but safety rules regarding lifeboats remained out of date: for example, British legislation concerning", "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)" }, { "id": "16385747", "score": "1.3859396", "text": "The White Star Line preferred to maximise the amount of deck space available for the enjoyment of the passengers (and the area that was free of lifeboats was, not coincidentally, the First Class promenade). The reasoning for this was explained by Archibald Campbell Holms in an article for \"Practical Shipbuilding\" published in 1918: Holms made his comments six years \"after\" the sinking of \"Titanic\", an indication of the persistence of the view that \"every ship should be her own lifeboat\". Sailors and shipbuilders of the time had a low opinion of the usefulness of lifeboats in an emergency and considered", "title": "Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic" }, { "id": "11299717", "score": "1.383964", "text": "cold and rough seas). Generally each merchant ship has one lifeboat fitted on the port side and one on the starboard side, so that a lifeboat is always available even if the ship is listing to one side. Lifeboat capacity is specified and listed on the ship's \"safety equipment certificate\". Further details of the boats are found in \"Form E\" of this certificate. Ships fitted with \"free fall\" lifeboats are an exception – they have only one boat, at the stern. Liferafts in general are collapsible, and stored in a heavy-duty fiberglass canister, and also contain some high-pressure gas (in", "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)" }, { "id": "1918427", "score": "1.3699057", "text": "it and the supply ship are sunk by gunfire from an Allied warship over the horizon. A frightened young German seaman is pulled aboard the lifeboat. The surviving passengers debate whether to keep him aboard or throw him off to drown as they await rescue by an approaching Allied vessel. The German sailor pulls a gun on the boat occupants but is disarmed by Joe. The seaman asks in German, \"Aren't you going to kill me?\" Kovac muses, \"'Aren't you going to kill me?' What do you do with people like that?\" Cast notes At the time that \"Lifeboat\" went", "title": "Lifeboat (film)" }, { "id": "11299720", "score": "1.3672857", "text": "are also designed to function as unsinkable yacht tenders. The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) makes it a requirement for merchant ships to have liferafts on each side of the ship, sufficient for \"all\" the people on board (the stated capacity of the lifeboat, irrespective of the fact that there may actually be fewer people on board). However, if the lifeboats are \"easily transferable\" (viz. have an open deck between port and starboard lifeboat decks), the number of liferafts may be reduced to a total sufficient for the ship's capacity. The equipment carried in a", "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)" }, { "id": "11299713", "score": "1.3640068", "text": "\"Titanic\"s boats had a capacity of 1,178 people on a ship capable of carrying 3,330 people. The type of life raft used on \"Titanic\" were the ones patented by Beasley. The need for so many more lifeboats on the decks of passenger ships after 1912 led to the use of most of the deck space available even on the large ships, creating the problem of restricted passageways. This was resolved by the wider use of collapsible lifeboats, a number of which had been carried on \"Titanic\". During World War II and the Battle of the Atlantic with convoys going to", "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)" }, { "id": "16385732", "score": "1.3633988", "text": "wanted fewer boats on the decks, to provide unobstructed views for passengers and give the ship more aesthetics from an exterior view. It was also thought in the event of an emergency, \"Titanic\"s design would enable her to stay afloat long enough for her passengers and crew to be transferred safely to a rescue vessel. It was never anticipated that all passengers and crew would be evacuated rapidly at the same time. Compounding the disaster, \"Titanic\"s crew were poorly trained on using the davits (lifeboat launching equipment). As a result, boat launches were slow, improperly executed, and poorly supervised. These", "title": "Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic" }, { "id": "6283788", "score": "1.3606699", "text": "was loaded as deck cargo on a container ship but was washed overboard during the passage – the only Arun to have been lost at sea. The design was developed for the RNLI by J.A. MacLachlan working for naval architects G.L. Watson of Glasgow. Initially proposed with chines along the hull to disperse the spray and improve stability when underway at speed, this caused a high deck above water which proved difficult when trying to get people aboard from the water, so the chines were dispensed with on the second boat and the deck curved down nearer the water. The", "title": "Arun-class lifeboat" }, { "id": "16385736", "score": "1.3533111", "text": "starboard. While \"Titanic\" was at sea they were positioned outboard so that they could be lowered instantly in the event of an emergency, such as needing to rescue a person who had fallen overboard. The lifeboats were assigned odd numbers on the starboard side and even numbers on the port side, running from forward to aft, while the collapsible lifeboats were lettered A to D. The collapsibles were stored in two places. Two of them were stowed on the deck in their collapsed state underneath the cutters, while the remaining two were situated on top of the officers' quarters. Despite", "title": "Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic" }, { "id": "11299715", "score": "1.3527889", "text": "to help persons in the water be pulled aboard, and could be enclosed with a canvas top. The new type lifeboat could be driven either by a small motor or sail. Also, in 1943 the US developed a balsa wood liferaft that would not sink, irrespective of the number of holes (from enemy fire) in it. These balsa liferafts were designed to hold five to ten men on a platform suspended on the inside or fifteen to twenty-five hanging lines placed on the outsides. They were inexpensive, and during the war thousands were stored in any space possible on US", "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)" }, { "id": "11299716", "score": "1.3518497", "text": "warships and merchant ships. These liferafts were intended only for use during a short term before lifeboats or another ship in the convoy or group could bring them aboard. When , a cruiser operating alone, was sunk in 1945, none of its larger lifeboats were launched, and the survivors had to rely on balsa liferafts automatically released as the ship sank; many of the crew perished, but the balsa liferafts saved others; ultimately 316 of 1,196 crew survived. Today, enclosed lifeboats are the preferred lifeboats fitted on modern merchant ships because of their superior protection against the elements (especially heat,", "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)" }, { "id": "627742", "score": "1.3471739", "text": "forward well deck for the ship to fit in the tank, with the remaining sections filled with digital models. The lifeboats and funnels were shrunken by ten percent. The boat deck and A-deck were working sets, but the rest of the ship was just steel plating. Within was a fifty-foot lifting platform for the ship to tilt during the sinking sequences. Towering above was a tower crane on of rail track, acting as a combined construction, lighting, and camera platform. The sets representing the interior rooms of the \"Titanic\" were reproduced exactly as originally built, using photographs and plans from", "title": "Titanic (1997 film)" }, { "id": "12921197", "score": "1.3423955", "text": "(or RNLI) maintains lifeboats around the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland manned largely by unpaid volunteers, most part-time, with equipment funded through voluntary donations. In Britain, the RNLI design and build several types of all-weather motor lifeboats, the Arun class kept permanently afloat, the Tyne class slipway-launched boat and the Mersey class carriage-launched boat. More recently the Arun replacement Trent and Severn class prototype models were delivered in 1992 with the first production Trent arriving in 1994 and the Severn in 1996. The first production Tamar class, replacement for the Tyne went into service in December 2005 and the", "title": "Lifeboat (rescue)" } ]

[ "Iron Lung", "An iron lung", "negative pressure ventilator", "Drinker respirator", "Negative pressure ventilator", "Iron lung", "drinker respirator", "iron lung" ]

[ { "id": "14041405", "score": "2.2043943", "text": "2009, Middleton marked her 60th year in the iron lung with friends and her dog Angel at her side. She died in Thornbury on 29 October 2009, aged 83. June Middleton June Margaret Middleton (4 May 1926 – 30 October 2009) was an Australian polio victim who spent more than 60 years living in an iron lung for treatment of the disease. In 2006, \"Guinness World Records\" recognised her as the person who had spent the longest amount of time living in an iron lung. Middleton was born in Melbourne on 4 May 1926, the only daughter of Robert and", "title": "June Middleton" }, { "id": "14041403", "score": "2.1928601", "text": "June Middleton June Margaret Middleton (4 May 1926 – 30 October 2009) was an Australian polio victim who spent more than 60 years living in an iron lung for treatment of the disease. In 2006, \"Guinness World Records\" recognised her as the person who had spent the longest amount of time living in an iron lung. Middleton was born in Melbourne on 4 May 1926, the only daughter of Robert and Lucy Middleton. She contracted polio when she was 22, just months before her planned wedding. She entered the iron lung on 5 April 1949, and remained dependent on the", "title": "June Middleton" }, { "id": "14041404", "score": "1.963784", "text": "machine for the rest of her life. Middleton spent up to 21 hours a day in the iron lung to help her breathe. Her husband-to-be stayed with her for five years before eventually marrying another woman and starting a family. Middleton lived at Fairfield Hospital in Melbourne for more than 40 years. She was then transferred to Austin Hospital before moving to her own home in Thornbury, which was managed by the Yooralla Ventilator Accommodation Support Service. A campaigner for the rights of people confined to ventilators, Middleton was also a fan of the Carlton Football Club. On 5 April", "title": "June Middleton" }, { "id": "6385618", "score": "1.6587425", "text": "George V, holding the longevity record title for 38 years, until 1970, when Ada Roe lived to be 12 days older. She was the last living person who had met the author Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), when he stayed at her grandfather's house in Bray while she was visiting. She was included in the first ever Guinness World Records (published in 1955), and is the only supercentenarian listed then to stand the burden of scrutiny in the years since. She attributed her longevity to the unrustled carefree aspect of her life. She died on 14 October 1932, a month shy", "title": "Katherine Plunket" }, { "id": "2981908", "score": "1.6507963", "text": "moved to a nursing home in Redcar due to becoming too frail to look after herself. She also spent her final years in a wheelchair, though she remained mentally alert and sharp to the end of her life. Charlotte Hughes (supercentenarian) Charlotte Marion Hughes, née Milburn (1 August 1877 – 17 March 1993) was the longest-lived person ever documented in the United Kingdom at 115 years, 228 days. Born in Hartlepool in the 40th year of Queen Victoria's reign, she lived under the rule of five more monarchs and 24 British Prime Ministers. Hughes grew up in Middlesbrough in Yorkshire,", "title": "Charlotte Hughes (supercentenarian)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "June Middleton\n\nJune Margaret Middleton (4 May 1926 – 30 October 2009) was an Australian polio victim who spent more than 60 years living in an iron lung for treatment of the disease. In 2006, \"Guinness World Records\" recognised her as the person who had spent the longest amount of time living in an iron lung.\n\nMiddleton was born in Melbourne on 4 May 1926, the only daughter of Robert and Lucy Middleton. She contracted polio when she was 22, She entered the iron lung on 5 April 1949, and remained dependent on the machine for the rest of her life. Her husband-to-be stayed with her for five years before eventually marrying another woman and starting a family.\n\nMiddleton lived at Fairfield Hospital in Melbourne for more than 40 years.<ref name=pl/> She was then transferred to Austin Hospital before moving to her own home in Thornbury, which was managed by the Yooralla Ventilator Accommodation Support Service.\n\nA campaigner for the rights of people confined to ventilators,<ref name=pl/> Middleton was also a fan of the Carlton Football Club.<ref name=pl/>\n\nOn 5 April 2009, Middleton marked her 60th year in the iron lung<ref name=australian/> with friends and her dog Angel at her side.\n\nShe died in Thornbury on 29 October 2009, aged 83.\n", "title": "June Middleton" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Iron lung\n\nAn iron lung is a type of negative pressure ventilator (NPV), a mechanical respirator which encloses most of a person's body, and varies the air pressure in the enclosed space, to stimulate breathing. It assists breathing when muscle control is lost, or the work of breathing exceeds the person's ability.<ref name=\"non_invasive_domiciliary_ventilation_sheerson\" /> Need for this treatment may result from diseases including polio and botulism and certain poisons (for example, barbiturates, tubocurarine).\n\nThe use of iron lungs is largely obsolete in modern medicine, as more modern breathing therapies have been developed, and due to the eradication of polio in most of the world. However, in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic revived some interest in the device as a cheap, readily-producible substitute for positive-pressure ventilators, which were feared to be outnumbered by patients potentially needing temporary artificially assisted respiration.", "title": "Iron lung" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of official overseas trips made by William, Prince of Wales, and ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom\n\nThis article about records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom and of England includes a variety of lists of MPs by age, period and other circumstances of service, familiar sets, ethnic or religious minorities, physical attributes, and circumstances of their deaths.", "title": "Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Preterm birth\n\nPreterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age, as opposed to full-term delivery at approximately 40 weeks. Extreme preterm These babies are also known as premature babies or colloquially preemies (American English) or premmies (Australian English). Symptoms of preterm labor include uterine contractions which occur more often than every ten minutes and/or the leaking of fluid from the vagina before 37 weeks. Premature infants are at greater risk for cerebral palsy, delays in development, hearing problems and problems with their vision.<ref name=\"NIH2014Def\" /> The earlier a baby is born, the greater these risks will be.<ref name=\"NIH2014Def\" />\n\nThe cause of spontaneous preterm birth is often not known. For a healthy pregnancy, medical induction of labor or cesarean section are not recommended before 39 weeks unless required for other medical reasons.\nPreterm birth may be prevented in those at risk if the hormone progesterone is taken during pregnancy. It is estimated that at least 75% of preterm infants would survive with appropriate treatment, and the survival rate is highest among the infants born the latest in gestation. A number of medications, including nifedipine, may delay delivery so that a mother can be moved to where more medical care is available and the corticosteroids have a greater chance to work. Once the baby is born, care includes keeping the baby warm through skin-to-skin contact or incubation, supporting breastfeeding and/or formula feeding, treating infections, and supporting breathing.<ref name=WHO2014/> Preterm babies sometimes require intubation.<ref name=\"WHO2014\" />\nPreterm birth is the most common cause of death among infants worldwide. This rate is inconsistent across countries. In the United Kingdom 7.9% of babies are born pre-term and in the United States 12.3% of all births are before 37 weeks gestation. Approximately 0.5% of births are extremely early periviable births (20–25 weeks of gestation), and these account for most of the deaths. In many countries, rates of premature births have increased between the 1990s and 2010s. Complications from preterm births resulted in 0.81 million deaths in 2015, down from 1.57 million in 1990. The chance of survival at 22 weeks is about 6%, while at 23 weeks it is 26%, 24 weeks 55% and 25 weeks about 72%. The chances of survival without any long-term difficulties are lower.", "title": "Preterm birth" }, { "id": "20330539", "score": "1.6469316", "text": "for the Carl Rosa Opera Company and latterly took on the direction of a choir of senior citizens for the University of the Third Age. Following the death of her husband of more than 30 years, the architectural engineer David Cooper in 1982, she became an active member of the London Spiritual Mission in Notting Hill Gate and became a soloist. June died at Kingston Hospital, London from sepsis brought about by an infection and pneumonia on 22 February 2013 at the age of 81. Ava June Ava June Wiggins (23 July 1931 — 22 February 2013) was an English", "title": "Ava June" }, { "id": "8921301", "score": "1.6317809", "text": "for “sharing her wisdom and experiences” with younger generations, received the key to the city of Shelbyville from the Mayor, and was visited by the state Governor and Senator. On April 21, 2007, she met with Bertha Fry of Muncie, who was 113 at the time, which set the highest combined age (227 years 142 days) for a meeting of two supercentenarians; both were awarded certificates in person by a representative of \"Guinness World Records\". Parker lived in the same home as Sandy Allen, the tallest living woman verified by \"Guinness World Records\", until Allen's death on August 13, 2008.", "title": "Edna Parker" }, { "id": "2981905", "score": "1.6159024", "text": "Charlotte Hughes (supercentenarian) Charlotte Marion Hughes, née Milburn (1 August 1877 – 17 March 1993) was the longest-lived person ever documented in the United Kingdom at 115 years, 228 days. Born in Hartlepool in the 40th year of Queen Victoria's reign, she lived under the rule of five more monarchs and 24 British Prime Ministers. Hughes grew up in Middlesbrough in Yorkshire, where her father ran a music shop. She worked as a teacher in an elementary school from the age of 13 and married Noel Hughes, a retired army captain, after she retired at age 63. She was married", "title": "Charlotte Hughes (supercentenarian)" }, { "id": "2981907", "score": "1.6123431", "text": "admitted to personally liking Thatcher, and described the Prime Minister as \"A very nice woman.\" For her 110th birthday, she flew on Concorde to New York City, one of only two supercentenarian air passengers ever recorded. She stayed at The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel for four days on an all-expenses paid visit and met the mayor Ed Koch. She became the oldest person in the United Kingdom when Scotland's Kate Begbie died in 1988, and broke the national longevity record, held until then by Anna Eliza Williams, in early 1992. Hughes lived in her own home in Marske-by-the-Sea until 1991, when she", "title": "Charlotte Hughes (supercentenarian)" }, { "id": "8035491", "score": "1.5993853", "text": "Julie Winnefred Bertrand, and on January 24, 2007 she became the world's oldest living person with the death of 115-year-old Emiliano Mercado del Toro (a native of Puerto Rico). She died in an East Hartford nursing home on January 28, 2007, aged 114 years, 67 days. She holds the record for the shortest period spent as the world's oldest person. After her death, Yone Minagawa of Japan became the world's oldest person. On March 9, 2007, Tillman was discussed as a major subject of a lecture by Felicia Nimue Ackerman, a professor of philosophy at Brown University, titled \"Nature vs.", "title": "Emma Tillman" }, { "id": "4224677", "score": "1.5958421", "text": "time refused pressure from the governor to become the chairman. After two years, Middleton felt that the council had more than justified itself by merging redundant facilities, and disapproving projects that were wasteful of taxpayer's money. Middleton served in this role until 1973, when he was 83 years old, and also served in a number of other capacities, but continued to hunt and fish when he could, while also enjoying his growing family. Middleton died in Baton Rouge on 9 October 1976, three days before his 87th birthday. His wife, Jerusha, died on 16 March 1980, aged 89, and both", "title": "Troy H. Middleton" }, { "id": "15822553", "score": "1.591522", "text": "where she performed a tight rope act. In 1972, the nonagenarian Bokoyni moved to Newton, New Jersey and settled at the Merriam House Retirement Home. On 24 August 1984, she died at age 105 at Newton Memorial Hospital. She was interred at Glenwood Cemetery in Vernon, New Jersey. Susanna Bokoyni Susanna Bokoyni (24 April 1879 – 24 August 1984), also known as \"Princess Susanna\", was a Hungarian centenarian and circus performer who was listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-lived dwarf on record. The second-longest lived is Rozika Ovitz Ovitz, a Holocaust survivor from Rozavlea, Romania, who died at", "title": "Susanna Bokoyni" }, { "id": "6634918", "score": "1.5913074", "text": "and no longer walked except when helped by two people. Still, Capovilla was able to sit in her chair and fan herself, and had been doing fine until she succumbed to a bout of pneumonia in the last week of August 2006, just 18 days before she would have celebrated her 117th birthday. Capovilla was named the World's Oldest Person by Guinness World Records on 9 December 2005, thus superseding both Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper of the Netherlands thought to be the world's oldest person from 29 May 2004 to 30 August 2005, when she died, and Elizabeth Bolden of the", "title": "María Capovilla" }, { "id": "4488425", "score": "1.5875943", "text": "Sydney, New South Wales and second to Richard Milburn Champion de Crepigny Finny, in January 1953. Both marriages ended in divorce. She had a daughter, Carolyn Jane Finny, in May 1963 by her second marriage. Bronhill died on 24 January 2005, aged 75, in her sleep at a Sydney nursing home. Although she had beaten breast cancer in the 1980s, her last years were marred by deafness and social isolation, and she retired in 1993. Her home town, Broken Hill, honoured her by declaring a minute's silence during the 2005 Australia Day celebrations two days after her death. Mayor Ron", "title": "June Bronhill" }, { "id": "7523979", "score": "1.586602", "text": "was brought back into attention in the late 1990s and early 2000s in the controversy surrounding the case of Terri Schiavo, who was in a persistent vegetative state. Coincidentally, Schiavo and Elaine were both being cared for in Pinellas County, Florida, at the time of their deaths, and they also share a birthday (December 3). Elaine Esposito Elaine Esposito (December 3, 1934 – November 25, 1978) held the record for longest coma according to \"Guinness World Records\", having lost consciousness in 1941 and eventually dying in that condition more than 37 years later. Edwarda O'Bara and Aruna Shanbaug later exceeded", "title": "Elaine Esposito" }, { "id": "1484090", "score": "1.5864987", "text": "of deeds. Their only child Kathryn was born in 1903 and died in 2005 at the age of 101 years. Sarah's husband died in 1965 at 86 years old. At age 116, Knauss was recognized as being the new United States national longevity record holder, then thought to have been Carrie C. White (reportedly 1874–1991). In 1998, she became the world's oldest person when 117-year-old Canadian Marie-Louise Meilleur died. When her family members mentioned her newfound fame, Knauss responded with a smile and \"So what?\" Prior to her death, there were seven living generations in her family. Knauss died of", "title": "Sarah Knauss" }, { "id": "14450317", "score": "1.5825397", "text": "after contracting stomach flu. Cooper became Georgia's oldest resident on January 19, 2009, following the death of 113-year-old Beatrice Farve. On January 31, 2011, Eunice Sanborn died, and Cooper became the oldest living person in the United States. She was thought to be the world's oldest living individual until May 18, 2011, when Brazil's Maria Gomes Valentim was verified as older. On June 21, 2011, Maria Gomes Valentim died, and Cooper became the world's oldest living person. Cooper reportedly attributed her longevity to \"minding her own business\" and avoiding junk food. At the time of her 116th birthday in August", "title": "Besse Cooper" }, { "id": "17273158", "score": "1.5817767", "text": "29 November 2016 were broadcast live in Italy. Morano died at her home in Verbania, Italy, on 15 April 2017 at the age of 117. At the time she was the oldest person alive and the fifth-oldest person in recorded history. She was recognised as the last living person born before 1900 whose age had been independently verified. Upon Morano's death, Violet Brown became the world's oldest living person. Emma Morano Emma Martina Luigia Morano (29 November 1899 – 15 April 2017) was an Italian supercentenarian who, before her death at the age of 117 years and 137 days, was", "title": "Emma Morano" }, { "id": "2178655", "score": "1.5778637", "text": "directly into her right ear. Marie Louise Meilleur died of a blood clot at age 117 in April 1998 in Corbeil, Ontario, one of her sons was also living in the same nursing home, and her oldest living daughter, Gabrielle Vaughan, was ninety years old. Gabrielle died in 2004 aged 96. Meilleur was buried alongside her second husband in Swisha, where she had previously lived. Marie-Louise Meilleur Marie-Louise Fébronie Meilleur (née Chassé; August 29, 1880 – April 16, 1998) was a French Canadian supercentenarian. Meilleur is the oldest validated Canadian ever and upon the death of longevity world record holder", "title": "Marie-Louise Meilleur" }, { "id": "16995352", "score": "1.5769644", "text": "age of 71, with Adelina outliving him by four years. Domingues died at a nursing home in the San Diego, California area in August 2002, at age 114 years and 183 days. Domingues claimed she was actually 115 years old, but her family and Cape Verdean diplomats did some research and discovered her baptismal information, from which they concluded that Domingues was 114 years old when she died. Adelina Domingues Adelina Domingues was a Cape Verdean American supercentenarian who was the world's oldest person from the May 28, 2002 death of fellow 114-year-old American woman Grace Clawson until her own", "title": "Adelina Domingues" } ]

[ "Dish (disambiguation)", "dish disambiguation", "DISH", "Dish", "dish" ]

[ { "id": "2359171", "score": "1.7015812", "text": "Hey Diddle Diddle \"Hey Diddle Diddle\" (also \"Hi Diddle Diddle\", \"The Cat and the Fiddle\", or \"The Cow Jumped Over the Moon\") is an English nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19478. A common modern version of the rhyme is<poem>Hey Diddle Diddle, The cat and the fiddle, The cow jumped over the moon. The little dog laughed, To see such sport, And the dish ran away with the spoon.</poem> The rhyme is the source of the English expression \"over the moon\", meaning \"delighted, thrilled, extremely happy\". <score vorbis=\"1\"> \\new Staff « \\clef treble \\key f", "title": "Hey Diddle Diddle" }, { "id": "2359176", "score": "1.655219", "text": "and Nursery Songs\" (1870). There are several variants of the following joke: Some memoirs claim it was a real incident. Piggy In The Middle, a song by Beatles pastiche band The Rutles, also include the lyrics 'Hey diddle diddle, the cat and the fiddle'. The children's book \"Goodnight Moon\" features a bunny saying \"good night\" to everything around, including \"Goodnight cow jumping over the moon\". Hey Diddle Diddle \"Hey Diddle Diddle\" (also \"Hi Diddle Diddle\", \"The Cat and the Fiddle\", or \"The Cow Jumped Over the Moon\") is an English nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number", "title": "Hey Diddle Diddle" }, { "id": "2359174", "score": "1.6546026", "text": "dog laugh'd to see such Craft, And the Fork ran away with the Spoon.</poem> There are numerous theories about the origin of the rhyme, including: James Orchard Halliwell's suggestion that it was a corruption of ancient Greek, probably advanced as a result of a deliberate hoax; that it was connected with Hathor worship; that it refers to various constellations (Taurus, Canis Minor, etc.); that it describes the Flight from Egypt; that it depicts Elizabeth, Lady Katherine Grey, and her relationships with the earls of Hertford and Leicester; that it deals with anti-clerical feeling over injunctions by Catholic priests for harder", "title": "Hey Diddle Diddle" }, { "id": "11976894", "score": "1.6124647", "text": "The Adventures of the Dish and the Spoon The Adventures of the Dish and the Spoon is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Mini Grey, published by Jonathan Cape in 2006. It won the annual Kate Greenaway Medal from the professional librarians, recognising the year's best-illustrated children's book published in the U.K. It was also bronze runner up for the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize in ages category 6–8 years.> The title alludes to \"Hey Diddle Diddle\", an English nursery rhyme whose last line is \"And the Dish ran away with the Spoon\". According to the British librarians, the", "title": "The Adventures of the Dish and the Spoon" }, { "id": "2359175", "score": "1.5604835", "text": "work; that it describes Katherine of Aragon (Katherine la Fidèle); Catherine, the wife of Peter the Great; Canton de Fidèle, a supposed governor of Calais and the game of cat (trap-ball). This profusion of unsupported explanations was satirised by J.R.R. Tolkien in his fictional explanations of 'The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late'. Most scholarly commentators consider these to be unproven and state that the verse is probably meant to be simply nonsense. The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his \"National Nursery Rhymes", "title": "Hey Diddle Diddle" }, { "id": "20502558", "score": "1.5519766", "text": "Despite Louise's reservations, Sally performs a piece she will present in her school assembly, involving the nursery rhyme \"Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling\": <poem> Diddle, diddle, dumpling, my son John, Went to bed with his trousers on! One shoe off, and one shoe on, Diddle, diddle, dumpling, my son John! </poem> Despite a pained expression, David applauds, hugging his daughter. Louise encounters the shoe outside her house. Inside, David confronts her about a photograph he has found—Louise's college friend, Ted, is the man to whom David gave the shoe. He has also found a receipt for a new set of shoes, bought", "title": "Diddle Diddle Dumpling (Inside No. 9)" }, { "id": "9673585", "score": "1.5422996", "text": "book would be raided again in 1922 to compile a collection of nursery rhymes called \"Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes\" as a companion to \"Appley Dapply\". The book opens with a three-stanza rhyme about Appley Dapply, a mouse who raids cupboards for treats, and is accompanied with three illustrations, one which depicts a little mouse running away from a cupboard with a tray of pies: The following rhyme tells of Peter Rabbit's sister, Cotton-tail, and her implied courtship by a little black rabbit who leaves a gift of carrots at her door. In \"The Tale of Mr. Tod\", Cotton-tail is married", "title": "Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes" }, { "id": "12441599", "score": "1.5421182", "text": "9' TV episode with the same name Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling, My Son John \"Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling, My Son John\" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19709. The most commonly used modern version is: Alternate versions include: The rhyme is first recorded in \"The Newest Christmas Box\" published in London around 1797. It may be derived from 'Diddle, diddle, diddle Dumpling', a traditional street cry of hot dumpling sellers. The rhyme was used in the refrain of the song \"Nursery Rhyme,\" written by Jeff Barry and Andy Kim, from The Archies' 1969", "title": "Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling, My Son John" }, { "id": "2359172", "score": "1.5407679", "text": "\\major { %\\new Lyrics \\lyricmode { » </score> The rhyme may date back to at least the sixteenth century. Some references suggest it dates back in some form a thousand or more years: in early medieval illuminated manuscripts a cat playing a fiddle was a popular image. There is a reference in Thomas Preston's play \"A lamentable tragedy mixed ful of pleasant mirth, conteyning the life of Cambises King of Percia\", printed in 1569 that may refer to the rhyme: <poem>They be at hand Sir with stick and fiddle; They can play a new dance called hey-diddle-diddle.</poem> Another possible reference", "title": "Hey Diddle Diddle" }, { "id": "12441598", "score": "1.5387642", "text": "Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling, My Son John \"Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling, My Son John\" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19709. The most commonly used modern version is: Alternate versions include: The rhyme is first recorded in \"The Newest Christmas Box\" published in London around 1797. It may be derived from 'Diddle, diddle, diddle Dumpling', a traditional street cry of hot dumpling sellers. The rhyme was used in the refrain of the song \"Nursery Rhyme,\" written by Jeff Barry and Andy Kim, from The Archies' 1969 album Jingle Jangle. 4. BBC 'Inside number", "title": "Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling, My Son John" }, { "id": "11092060", "score": "1.5213685", "text": "U with, \"I inspected it\" and \"U upset it\". The earliest mention of the rhyme was in a religious work dated 1671, but covered only the letters A-G. It first appeared in printed form in \"Child’s New Plaything: being a spelling-book intended to make the learning to read a diversion instead of a task\" (London 1742, Boston 1750), followed soon after by \"Tom Thumb's Playbook to teach children their letters as soon as they can speak, being a new and pleasant method to allure little ones in the first principles of learning\" (London 1747; Boston 1764). The latter was reprinted", "title": "Apple Pie ABC" }, { "id": "2359173", "score": "1.5204973", "text": "is in Alexander Montgomerie's \"The Cherry and the Slae\" from 1597: <poem>But since you think't an easy thing To mount above the moon, Of your own fiddle take a spring And dance when you have done.</poem> The name \"Cat and the Fiddle\" was a common name for inns, including one known to have been at Old Chaunge, London by 1587. The earliest recorded version of the poem resembling the modern form was printed around 1765 in London in \"Mother Goose's Melody\" with the lyrics: <poem>Hey diddle diddle, The Cat and the Fiddle, The Cow jump'd over the Moon, The little", "title": "Hey Diddle Diddle" }, { "id": "1382744", "score": "1.4940406", "text": "a girl named Nell keeping the singer's bed warm. Here is the first of ten verses: <poem> Lavender's green, diddle, diddle, You must love me, diddle, diddle, I heard one say, diddle, diddle, That you and I, diddle, diddle, </poem> Both Waltz (citing Eloise Hubbard Linscott) and Halliwell have noted the song's association with Twelfth Night and the choosing of the king of queen of the festivities of that holiday. \"Lavender's Blue\" emerged as a children's song in \"Songs for the Nursery\" in 1805 in the form: <poem> </poem> Similar versions appeared in collections of rhymes throughout the 19th century.", "title": "Lavender's Blue" }, { "id": "4834197", "score": "1.4905728", "text": "study, full of comments and footnotes. The early years of the twentieth century are notable for the addition of sophisticated illustrations to books of children's songs, including Caldecott's \"Hey Diddle Diddle Picture Book\" (1909) and Arthur Rackham's \"Mother Goose\" (1913). The definitive study of English rhymes remains the work of Iona and Peter Opie. In contrast to nursery rhymes, which are learned in childhood and passed from adults to children only after a gap of 20 to 40 years, children's playground and street songs, like much children's lore, are learned and passed on almost immediately. The Opies noted that this", "title": "Children's song" }, { "id": "1951118", "score": "1.4769005", "text": "Orchard Halliwell was a notable collector of English nursery rhymes. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\", \"Roses Are Red\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"Cock a doodle doo\", \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\", \"The Grand Old Duke of York\", \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\", \"Hey Diddle Diddle\", \"Three Blind Mice\", \"Little Miss Muffet\", \"Pat-a-cake\", \"Pop Goes the Weasel\", \"The Queen of Hearts\", \"Polly Put the Kettle On\", \"Peter Piper\", \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\", \"Hickory Dickory Dock\", \"One for Sorrow\", \"This Old Man\", \"Simple Simon\", \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Little Bo Peep\", \"Sing a Song of", "title": "Culture of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "10958646", "score": "1.4702061", "text": "lesson in keeping with a beat and improvisation. As with many children's songs, there can be many variations on the execution of the performance. The song's lyrics are usually: This is followed by the \"accused\" saying the name of someone else, as \"(\"name of a child in the circle\") stole the cookie from the cookie jar,\" and the subsequent back-and-forth lines are repeated. The song may be repeated ad infinitum or it may end - if it is being performed as part of a game, where members of the group are eliminated by failing to keep up with the prescribed", "title": "Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar?" }, { "id": "20502560", "score": "1.4590242", "text": "emergency services arrive outside. On a cabinet is a photograph of a smiling David holding two infants. He is wearing the shoes. Over the credits, security footage from 15 March 2016 shows David placing the shoe outside his house before jogging away. \"Diddle Diddle Dumpling\", with David's obsessive search for the shoe's owner, offered a \"macabre reimagining\" of \"Cinderella\" for Sean O'Grady of \"The Independent\". The journalist Andrew Billen, on the other hand, said that the episode did not present the shoe as an allusion to \"Cinderella\" or so that viewers might wait to hear \"the other shoe drop\". Instead,", "title": "Diddle Diddle Dumpling (Inside No. 9)" }, { "id": "2850537", "score": "1.4479752", "text": "The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late is the imagined original ditty that is recorded in 'our time' as the simplified nursery rhyme \"Hey Diddle Diddle\". The supposed original was invented (by back formation) by J. R. R. Tolkien. The title of this version is given in \"The Adventures of Tom Bombadil\". In the Inn at Bree (\"At the Sign of the Prancing Pony\", \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" Chapter 9) Frodo jumps on a table and recites \"a ridiculous song\" invented by Bilbo. \"Here it is in full,\"", "title": "The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late" }, { "id": "387867", "score": "1.433985", "text": "to 1879, and he gives nine examples \"attributed to Spooner, most of them spuriously.\" They are as follows: A newspaper column attributes this additional example to Spooner: \"A nosey little cook.\" (as opposed to a \"cosy little nook\"). In modern terms, \"spoonerism\" generally refers to any changing of sounds in this manner. Shel Silverstein's book \"Runny Babbit\" is almost completely written in spoonerisms, from character names to anything else. In his poem \"Translation,\" Brian P. Cleary describes a boy named Alex who speaks in spoonerisms (like \"shook a tower\" instead of \"took a shower\"). Humorously, Cleary leaves the poem's final", "title": "Spoonerism" }, { "id": "9673587", "score": "1.4306672", "text": "scampering mice, and their mother as a mouse whipping her children in a shoe in the background. In \"Appley Dapply\" however, the author speculates upon the identity of the old woman in two stanzas, believing she was a mouse due to being able to live in a shoe. In the first illustration, the mouse and her children tumble from an elaborately beaded turquoise-blue shoe, and, in the illustration accompanying the second stanza, the mouse knits peacefully – presumably while the children are in bed. The fifth rhyme tells of Diggory Delvet, the first mole in Potter's work. He may have", "title": "Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes" } ]

[ "Republique française", "french republic", "FrancE", "la république francaise", "le france", "republic of france", "people of france", "france", "La Republique française", "La République française", "République francaise", "la republique française", "Republic of france", "la république française", "etymology of france", "République française", "French Republic", "Fracne", "Franciaorszag", "La Republique francaise", "Rain in France", "république française", "la republique francaise", "Franse", "The French Republic", "france country", "Le France", "franse", "frankreich", "frakkland", "franciaország", "FRance", "belle france", "republique française", "Franciaország", "France", "franciaorszag", "Republique francaise", "république francaise", "Republic of France", "iso 3166 1 fr", "ISO 3166-1:FR", "Frankreich", "The Republic of France", "Frakkland", "la france", "FRANCE", "France (country)", "Etymology of France", "ranska", "rain in france", "climate of france", "Belle France", "La République francaise", "Climate of France", "fracne", "republique francaise", "Ranska", "People of France", "La France" ]

[ { "id": "8291882", "score": "1.8792632", "text": "the world's agenda—avoiding protectionism, energy dependency and boosting growth. Issues which were discussed at this summit included: 1st G6 summit The 1st G6 summit took place on 15–17 November 1975, in Rambouillet, France. The venue for the summit meetings was the Château de Rambouillet near Paris. The Group of Six (G6) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. This summit, and the others which would follow, were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a", "title": "1st G6 summit" }, { "id": "8291879", "score": "1.8635246", "text": "1st G6 summit The 1st G6 summit took place on 15–17 November 1975, in Rambouillet, France. The venue for the summit meetings was the Château de Rambouillet near Paris. The Group of Six (G6) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. This summit, and the others which would follow, were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a kind of frustrated rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was an element in the", "title": "1st G6 summit" }, { "id": "13081305", "score": "1.8260264", "text": "37th G8 summit The 37th G8 summit was held on May 26–27, 2011, in Deauville, France. Previous G8 summits have been hosted by France in locations which include Rambouillet (1975); Versailles (1982); Grande Arche, Paris (1989); Lyon (1996); and Évian-les-Bains (2003). The Group of Six (G6) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States starting in 1976. The G7, meeting for the first time in 1979, was formed with the addition of Canada. Hence, The G8, meeting for the first time in 1997,", "title": "37th G8 summit" }, { "id": "8296570", "score": "1.8053721", "text": "2nd G7 summit The 2nd G7 Summit was held at Dorado, Puerto Rico between June 27 and 28, 1976. The venue for the summit meetings was the Dorado Beach Resort, which is near San Juan, Puerto Rico. The Group of Six (G6) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States; and the Group of Seven (G7), meeting for the first time this year, is formed with the addition of Canada. This summit, and the others which would follow, were not meant to", "title": "2nd G7 summit" }, { "id": "8786303", "score": "1.7967348", "text": "23rd G8 summit The 23rd G8 summit was held on June 20–22, 1997 in Denver, Colorado, United States. The venue was the newly constructed Denver Public Library in downtown Denver. The locations of previous G8 summits to have been hosted by the United States include: San Juan, Puerto Rico (1976); Williamsburg, Virginia (1983); and Houston, Texas. The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada starting in 1976. The G8, meeting for the first time in 1997, was", "title": "23rd G8 summit" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1st G6 summit\n\nThe 1st G6 summit took place on 15–17 November 1975, in Rambouillet, France. The venue for the summit meetings was the Château de Rambouillet near Paris.\n\nThe Group of Six (G6) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. This summit, and the others which would follow, were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a kind of frustrated rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was an element in the genesis of cooperation between France's President and West Germany's Chancellor as they conceived the first summit of the G6.\n\nLater summits in what could become a continuing series of annual meetings were identified as the Group of Seven (G7) and Group of Eight (G8) summits — but this informal gathering was the one which set that process in motion.", "title": "1st G6 summit" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "G7\n\nThe Group of Seven (G7) is an intergovernmental political forum consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States; additionally, the European Union (EU) is a \"non-enumerated member\". It is officially organized around shared values of pluralism and representative government, with members making up world's largest IMF advanced economies and liberal democracies. As of 2020, G7 members account for over half of global net wealth (at over $200 trillion), 32 to 46 percent of global gross domestic product, and 10 percent of the world's population (770 million people). Members are great powers in global affairs and maintain mutually close political, economic, diplomatic, and military relations.\n\nOriginating from an \"ad hoc\" gathering of finance ministers in 1973, the G7 has since become a formal, high-profile venue for discussing and coordinating solutions to major global issues, especially in the areas of trade, security, economics, and climate change. Each member's head of government or state, along with the EU's Commission President and Council President, meet annually at the G7 Summit; other high-ranking officials of the G7 and the EU meet throughout the year. Representatives of other states and international organizations are often invited as guests, with Russia having been a formal member (as part of the Group of Eight) from 1997 to 2014.\n\nThe G7 is not based on a treaty and has no permanent secretariat or office. It is organized through a presidency that rotates annually among the member states, with the presiding state setting the group's priorities and hosting and organizing its summit; Germany currently presides for 2022. While lacking a legal or institutional basis, the G7 is widely considered to wield significant international influence; it has catalyzed or spearheaded several major global initiatives, including efforts to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic, provide financial aid to developing countries, and address climate change through the 2015 Paris Agreement. However, the group has been criticized by observers for its allegedly outdated and limited membership, narrow global representation, and ineffectualness. It is also opposed by anti-globalization groups, which often protest at summits.", "title": "G7" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "G8\n\nThe Group of Eight (G8) was an inter-governmental political forum from 1997 until 2014.\n\nThe forum originated with a 1975 summit hosted by France that brought together representatives of six governments: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, thus leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The summit came to be known as the Group of Seven in 1976 with the addition of Canada. Russia was added to the political forum from 1997, which the following year became known as the G8. In March 2014 Russia was suspended indefinitely following the annexation of Crimea, whereupon the political forum name reverted to G7. In January 2017, Russia announced its permanent withdrawal from the G8. The European Union (or predecessor institutions) was represented at the G8 since the 1980s as a \"nonenumerated\" participant, but originally could not host or chair summits. The 40th summit was the first time the European Union was able to host and chair a summit. Collectively, in 2012 the G8 nations comprised 50.1 percent of 2012 global nominal GDP and 40.9 percent of global GDP (PPP). The G8 countries were not strictly the largest in the world nor the highest-income per capita, but they do represent the largest high-income countries.\n\n\"G7\" can refer to the member states in aggregate or to the annual summit meeting of the G7 heads of government. G7 ministers also meet throughout the year, such as the G7 finance ministers (who meet four times a year), G7 foreign ministers, or G7 environment ministers.\n\nEach calendar year, the responsibility of hosting the G8 was rotated through the member states in the following order: France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia (suspended), Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada. The holder of the presidency sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that year, and determines which ministerial meetings will take place.\n\nIn 2005, the UK government initiated the practice of inviting five leading emerging markets – Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa – to participate in the G8 meetings that came to be known as G8+5. With the G20 major economies growing in stature since the 2008 Washington summit, world leaders from the group announced at their Pittsburgh summit in September 2009 that the group would replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations. Nevertheless, the G7 retains its relevance as a \"steering group for the West\", with special significance appointed to Japan.", "title": "G8" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of G7 leaders\n\nThis is a list of the heads of state and heads of government of the Group of Seven nations at each G6, G7, G8 summit since the organisation's inception in 1975. The Group consists of the 6-7-8 largest industrialized democracies, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Union is also a member since 1977, represented by the President of the European Commission and the President of the European Council, which before 2009 was the leader of the state holding the rotating Presidency of the Council of the European Union, also sometimes coinciding with a G7/8 nation, and is since 2009 a permanent position. The G7 holds an annual summit, which each nation's head of government attends. Each year the heads of government take turns assuming the presidency, whose job it is to set the agenda for and host the annual summit. The leader who has been in office the longest of the seven leaders is considered the Senior G7 leader; currently Justin Trudeau since December 2021.\n\nWhile the current G7 consists of seven nations, it didn't always. The group was formed as the Group of Six, G6, including all of today's members minus Canada. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, Canada joined in the second year of the group's existence, 1976, forming the Group of Seven, G7. Russia joined the Group of Eight, G8, in 1997, under the leadership of President Boris Yeltsin. Russia was suspended in March 2014 after the Russian annexation of Crimea, the group being thereafter again referred to as the Group of Seven.", "title": "List of G7 leaders" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "33rd G8 summit\n\nThe 33rd G8 summit was held at Kempinski Grand Hotel, 6–8 June 2007. The summit took place in Heiligendamm in the Northern German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern on the Baltic Coast. The locations of previous G8 summits to have been hosted by Germany include Bonn (1978, 1985), Munich (1992) and Cologne (1999).", "title": "33rd G8 summit" }, { "id": "5297142", "score": "1.7921286", "text": "change 31st G8 summit The 31st G8 summit was held on July 6–8, 2005 at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Scotland, United Kingdom and hosted by British Prime Minister Tony Blair. The locations of previous G8 summits to have been hosted by the United Kingdom include: London (1977, 1984, 1991); and Birmingham (1998). A sixth U.K. summit was held in Lough Erne in 2013. The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada starting in 1976. The G8,", "title": "31st G8 summit" }, { "id": "8296593", "score": "1.7915843", "text": "6th G7 summit The 6th G7 Summit was held at Venice, Italy between June 22 and 23rd, 1980. The venue for the summit meetings was the island of San Giorgio Maggiore in the Venetian lagoon. The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981). The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the", "title": "6th G7 summit" }, { "id": "5524000", "score": "1.7806946", "text": "have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998. 28th G8 summit The 28th G8 Summit was held in Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada, on June 26–27, 2002. The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada starting in 1976. The G8, meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of Russia. In addition, the President of the European Commission has been formally included in summits since 1981.", "title": "28th G8 summit" }, { "id": "5297116", "score": "1.778368", "text": "31st G8 summit The 31st G8 summit was held on July 6–8, 2005 at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Scotland, United Kingdom and hosted by British Prime Minister Tony Blair. The locations of previous G8 summits to have been hosted by the United Kingdom include: London (1977, 1984, 1991); and Birmingham (1998). A sixth U.K. summit was held in Lough Erne in 2013. The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada starting in 1976. The G8, meeting", "title": "31st G8 summit" }, { "id": "5460692", "score": "1.7766201", "text": "other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975. The G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. This was the first summit where none of the original participants from 1975 were still in office. The 9th G7 summit was the first summit for German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, Italian Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani and Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro", "title": "9th G7 summit" }, { "id": "8296596", "score": "1.7742335", "text": "venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions. 6th G7 summit The 6th G7 Summit was held at Venice, Italy between June 22 and 23rd, 1980. The venue for the summit meetings was the island of San Giorgio Maggiore in the Venetian lagoon. The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States,", "title": "6th G7 summit" }, { "id": "9399985", "score": "1.7737384", "text": "formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975. Unlike the relatively low key summit at Château Montebello in 1981, the Toronto summit was held under tight security with involvement of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and Metro Toronto Police. Canada was the first member of the G7 or G8 to host both this kind of Summit and an Olympic Games in the same calendar year. In February, Calgary, Alberta, hosted the", "title": "14th G7 summit" }, { "id": "8296594", "score": "1.7705395", "text": "stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975. The G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. Japanese Prime Minister Masayoshi Ōhira suffered a fatal heart attack on June 12, only days before the summit; and his colleague, Foreign Minister Saburō Ōkita, led the delegation which represented Japan in his place. Others joining", "title": "6th G7 summit" }, { "id": "9400091", "score": "1.7702227", "text": "8th G7 summit The 8th G7 Summit was held in Versailles, France between June 4 to 6, 1982. The venue for the summit meetings was at the Palace of Versailles.\" The Group of Seven (G7) is an unofficial forum which brings together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981). The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international", "title": "8th G7 summit" }, { "id": "9400124", "score": "1.7688398", "text": "international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975. The G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. The 18th G7 summit was the first summit for Italian Prime Minister Giuliano Amato and Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa. It was also the last summit for Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and U.S. President George H.W. Bush. These summit participants", "title": "18th G7 summit" }, { "id": "8296587", "score": "1.7685895", "text": "4th G7 summit The 4th G7 Summit was held at Bonn, West Germany between 16 and 17 July 1978. The venue for the summit meeting was at the former official residence of the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn, the \"Palais Schaumburg.\" The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981). The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider", "title": "4th G7 summit" }, { "id": "5460691", "score": "1.7683153", "text": "9th G7 summit The 9th G7 Summit was held at Williamsburg, Virginia, United States during the 28th to 30 May 1983. The venue for the summit meetings was Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia. The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981). The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of", "title": "9th G7 summit" }, { "id": "8296590", "score": "1.7669153", "text": "5th G7 summit The 5th G7 Summit was held at Tokyo, Japan between June 28 and 29, 1979. The venue for the summit meetings was the State Guesthouse in Tokyo, Japan. The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981). The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other", "title": "5th G7 summit" }, { "id": "5523993", "score": "1.7668992", "text": "mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the initial summit of the Group of Six (G6) in 1975. The G8 summits during the 21st-century have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure. The 2002 conference is said to have cost $300-million with potential benefits for the Kananaskis economy.", "title": "28th G8 summit" }, { "id": "8296582", "score": "1.7668917", "text": "3rd G7 summit The 3rd G7 Summit was held at London, United Kingdom between 7–8 May 1977. The venue for the summit meetings was the British Prime Minister's official residence at No. 10 Downing Street in London. The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981). The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion", "title": "3rd G7 summit" } ]

[ "atticus finch character", "Atticus Finch", "Atticus Finch (character)", "atticus finch" ]

[ { "id": "548329", "score": "1.5070913", "text": "into the Utah Cowboy and Western Heritage Hall of Fame. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the 25 male stars of classic Hollywood. Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes. His Lou Gehrig line, \"Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth.\", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time. More than a half century after his death, Cooper's enduring legacy, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers,", "title": "Gary Cooper" }, { "id": "3040872", "score": "1.4873662", "text": "Film Institute ranked her as the eighth best hero in American film history in their list of the 100 greatest heroes and villains, the second highest ranked female character after Clarice Starling. In 2009, \"Entertainment Weekly\" ranked Ripley fifth on their list of \"The 20 All Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture\", calling her \"one of the first female movie characters who isn't defined by the men around her, or by her relationship to them\". The same year, she was ranked #9 on \"Empire\" magazine's compilation of \"The 100 Greatest Movie Characters\" in 2008 and #5 in 2015, being the", "title": "Ellen Ripley" }, { "id": "2119069", "score": "1.472378", "text": "as lovers.\" Michael Wilmington of the \"Chicago Tribune\" called it \"swooningly beautiful, furious and thrilling\" and \"an action movie for the ages.\" Charles Taylor of Salon.com took an especially positive stance, deeming it \"one of the most ravishing spectacles the movies have given us\". Nevertheless, there were several film critics who felt the film had advocated autocracy and reacted with discomfort. \"The Village Voice\"'s reviewer deemed it to have a \"cartoon ideology\" and justification for ruthless leadership comparable to \"Triumph of the Will\". In 2014, \"Time Out\" polled several film critics, directors, actors and stunt actors to list their top", "title": "Hero (2002 film)" }, { "id": "3798230", "score": "1.4704475", "text": "Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance. The character placed 48th in the American Film Institute's \"AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains\" in June 2003. \"Time\" placed him at #10 on their list of most memorably named film characters and #5 in best pop culture gangsters. \"Entertainment Weekly\" ranked the character #37 in their list of the 100 greatest characters of the past twenty years, #6 in \"most vile villains\", and #12 in the best heroes and villains. Ask Men ranked him #6 in their list of top ten film villains. \"Total Film\" ranked him #37 in their best", "title": "Keyser Söze" }, { "id": "18909480", "score": "1.4548197", "text": "held that \"as a matter of law . . . 'The Greatest American Hero' is not sufficiently similar to the fictional character Superman, the hero of comic books, television, and more recently films, so that claims of copyright infringement and unfair competition may be dismissed without consideration by a jury.\" In January 1981, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) issued press releases and began to run promotional spots for the TV premiere of \"The Greatest American Hero\", which had been created and produced by Stephen J. Cannell Productions. The protagonist of the TV show was Ralph Hinkley, a young Los Angeles", "title": "Warner Bros. Inc. v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Atticus Finch\n\nAtticus Finch is a fictional character in Harper Lee's Pulitzer-Prize-winning novel of 1960, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". A preliminary version of the character also appears in the novel \"Go Set a Watchman\", written in the mid-1950s but not published until 2015. Atticus is a lawyer and resident of the fictional Maycomb County, Alabama, and the father of Jeremy \"Jem\" Finch and Jean Louise \"Scout\" Finch. He represents the African-American man Tom Robinson in his trial where he is charged with rape of Mayella Ewell. Lee based the character on her own father, Amasa Coleman Lee, an Alabama lawyer, who, like Atticus, represented black defendants in a highly publicized criminal trial. \"Book\" magazine's list of \"The 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900\" names Finch as the seventh best fictional character of 20th-century literature. In 2003, the American Film Institute voted Atticus Finch, as portrayed in an Academy Award-winning performance by Gregory Peck in the 1962 film adaptation, as the greatest hero of all American cinema. In the 2018 Broadway stage play adapted by Aaron Sorkin, Finch has been portrayed by various actors including Jeff Daniels, Ed Harris, Greg Kinnear, Rhys Ifans, and Richard Thomas.", "title": "Atticus Finch" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)\n\nTo Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize–winning novel of the same name. The film stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. It marked the film debut of Robert Duvall, William Windom and Alice Ghostley.\n\nIt gained overwhelmingly positive reception from both the critics and the public; a box-office success, it earned more than six times its budget. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Peck, and was nominated for eight, including Best Picture.\n\nIn 1995, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry as \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". In 2003, the American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century. In 2007, the film ranked twenty-fifth on the AFI's 10th anniversary list of the greatest American movies of all time. In 2020, the British Film Institute included it in their list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 15. The film was restored and released on Blu-ray and DVD in 2012, as part of the 100th anniversary of Universal Pictures.", "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\n\nButch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid is a 1969 American Western buddy film directed by George Roy Hill and written by William Goldman. Based loosely on fact, the film tells the story of Wild West outlaws Robert LeRoy Parker, known as Butch Cassidy (Paul Newman), and his partner Harry Longabaugh, the \"Sundance Kid\" (Robert Redford), who are on the run from a crack US posse after a string of train robberies. The pair and Sundance's lover, Etta Place (Katharine Ross), flee to Bolivia to escape the posse.\n\nIn 2003, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\" The American Film Institute ranked \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" as the 73rd-greatest American film on its \"AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)\" list, and number 50 on the original list. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid were ranked 20th-greatest heroes on \"AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains\". \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" was selected by the American Film Institute as the 7th-greatest Western of all time in the AFI's 10 Top 10 list in 2008.", "title": "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gregory Peck\n\nEldred Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor and one of the most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1970s. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Peck the 12th-greatest male star of Classic Hollywood Cinema.\n\nAfter studying at the Neighborhood Playhouse with Sanford Meisner, Peck began appearing in stage productions, acting in over 50 plays and three Broadway productions. He first gained critical success in \"The Keys of the Kingdom\" (1944), a John M. Stahl–directed drama which earned him his first Academy Award nomination. He starred in a series of successful films, including romantic-drama \"The Valley of Decision\" (1944), Alfred Hitchcock's \"Spellbound\" (1945), and family film \"The Yearling\" (1946). He encountered lukewarm commercial reviews at the end of the 1940s, his performances including \"The Paradine Case\" (1947) and \"The Great Sinner\" (1948). Peck reached global recognition in the 1950s and 1960s, appearing back-to-back in the book-to-film adaptation of \"Captain Horatio Hornblower\" (1951) and biblical drama \"David and Bathsheba\" (1951). He starred alongside Ava Gardner in \"The Snows of Kilimanjaro\" (1952) and Audrey Hepburn in \"Roman Holiday\" (1953), which earned Peck a Golden Globe award.\n\nOther notable films in which he appeared include \"Moby Dick\" (1956, and its 1998 mini-series), \"The Guns of Navarone\" (1961), \"Cape Fear\" (1962, and its 1991 remake), \"The Omen\" (1976), and \"The Boys from Brazil\" (1978). Throughout his career, he often portrayed protagonists with \"fiber\" within a moral setting. \"Gentleman's Agreement\" (1947) centered on topics of antisemitism, while Peck's character in \"Twelve O'Clock High\" (1949) dealt with post-traumatic stress disorder during World War II. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Atticus Finch in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1962), an adaptation of the modern classic of the same name which revolved around racial inequality, for which he received universal acclaim. In 1983, he starred opposite Christopher Plummer in \"The Scarlet and The Black\" as Hugh O'Flaherty, a Catholic priest who saved thousands of escaped Allied POWs and Jewish people in Rome during the Second World War.\n\nPeck was also active in politics, challenging the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947 and was regarded as a political opponent by President Richard Nixon. President Lyndon B. Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts. Peck died in his sleep from bronchopneumonia at the age of 87.", "title": "Gregory Peck" }, { "id": "2158086", "score": "1.4524342", "text": "the leading cultural icons of American popular culture. In 1992 Jason was awarded the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award. He was the first of only three completely fictional characters to be presented the award; Godzilla (1996) and Chewbacca (1997) are the others. Jason was named No. 26 in \"Wizard\" magazine's \"100 greatest villains of all time\". Universal Studios theme parks, in collaboration with New Line Cinema, used the character for their Halloween Horror Nights event. The character has been produced and marketed as merchandise over the years. In 1988 Screamin' Toys produced a model kit where owners could build their own", "title": "Jason Voorhees" }, { "id": "2877154", "score": "1.4315639", "text": "The Greatest American Hero The Greatest American Hero is an American comedy-drama superhero television series that aired for three seasons from 1981 to 1983 on ABC. Created by producer Stephen J. Cannell, it premiered as a two-hour pilot movie on March 18, 1981. The series features William Katt as teacher Ralph Hinkley (\"Hanley\" for the latter part of the first season), Robert Culp as FBI agent Bill Maxwell, and Connie Sellecca as lawyer Pam Davidson. The series chronicles Ralph's adventures after a group of aliens gives him a red and black suit that grants him superhuman abilities. Unfortunately for Ralph,", "title": "The Greatest American Hero" }, { "id": "611683", "score": "1.4275217", "text": "is ranked as the second-greatest villain on the American Film Institute's list of the top 100 film heroes and villains, behind Hannibal Lecter and before Darth Vader. His line \"A boy's best friend is his mother\" also ranks as number 56 on the institute's list of the 100 greatest movie quotes. In 2008, Norman Bates was selected by \"Empire Magazine\" as one of \"The 100 Greatest Movie Characters\". Bates also ranked number 4 on \"Premiere\" magazine's list of \"The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time\". Norman Bates Norman Bates is a fictional character created by American author Robert Bloch", "title": "Norman Bates" }, { "id": "8462209", "score": "1.4270643", "text": "asks what people call him at home, Tibbs is quick to respond, \"They call me Mister Tibbs.\" The line is delivered more forcefully in the film than it is in the novel. The Tibbs character and his famous quote were both ranked in the AFI 100 Years... series. The Tibbs character was ranked as the 19th greatest hero in the history of American cinema whilst his famous quote was ranked as the 16th greatest quote. In the NBC/CBS television series \"In the Heat of the Night\", Tibbs is a native of Sparta, Mississippi who left the South and became a", "title": "Virgil Tibbs" }, { "id": "20913024", "score": "1.4227684", "text": "Superman in the first film as the 26th greatest hero of all time in their AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains list. \"Business Insider\" placed Reeve's Superman as the fourth greatest superhero film performance out of twenty while \"Hollywood Reporter\" placed number three out of fifty in top performances in superhero film. In 2009, \"Entertainment Weekly\" placed Superman as the third of the coolest heroes in pop culture.Mark Hughes of \"Forbes\" felt that Reeve portrays both Superman and Clark Kent like two different people that it felt like watching two different actors in screen.Ben Kuchera of \"Polygon\" opined that the", "title": "Superman (Salkind films)" }, { "id": "650697", "score": "1.4218829", "text": "misquoted as \"Luke, I am your father\"), – is one of the most well known quotes in cinema history. The line was selected as one of the 400 nominees for the American Film Institute's \"100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes\", a list of the greatest American movie quotes. Vader received the Ultimate Villain recognition at the 2011 Scream Awards. In 2009, Vader (or, more precisely, a reproduction of him conserved at the Smithsonian Institution) had a brief cameo in \"\", as he, along with an Oscar the Grouch prop replica, tries to join the army formed by (the reproductions of) Ivan", "title": "Darth Vader" }, { "id": "95002", "score": "1.4215868", "text": "America is ranked sixth on IGN's \"Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time\" in 2011, second in their list of \"The Top 50 Avengers\" in 2012, and second in their \"Top 25 best Marvel superheroes\" list in 2014. In 1940, writer Joe Simon conceived the idea for Captain America and made a sketch of the character in costume. \"I wrote the name 'Super American' at the bottom of the page,\" Simon said in his autobiography, and then decided: Simon recalled in his autobiography that Timely Comics publisher Martin Goodman gave him the go-ahead and directed that a Captain America", "title": "Captain America" }, { "id": "3552855", "score": "1.4136138", "text": "his old ultraviolent self again: \"I was cured all right\". While the film ends here, the novel features an additional chapter in which Alex, now a few years older, outgrows his sociopathy and begins to think about starting a family. The American Film Institute rated Alex the 12th greatest film villain of all time. \"Empire\" magazine selected Alex as the 42nd greatest movie character of all time \"Wizard\" magazine rated Alex the 36th greatest villain of all time. Malcolm McDowell's performance has been widely acclaimed by critics. McDowell was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion", "title": "Alex (A Clockwork Orange)" }, { "id": "832755", "score": "1.4135113", "text": "American cinema. In AFI's 2008 \"Ten Top Tens\"—the top ten films in ten \"classic\" American film genres—\"The Pride of the Yankees\" was ranked third in the sports category. Gehrig was named the 25th greatest hero in American cinema by the AFI in 2003. As the film opens, Gehrig is depicted belting a home run through a window of the Columbia University athletic building. That building is actually located on the north end of campus, well away from the baseball field; his farthest hits most likely smashed through the windows of a nearby building housing the School of Journalism. It is", "title": "The Pride of the Yankees" }, { "id": "216519", "score": "1.4129741", "text": "Stewart was named the third-greatest male screen legend of the Golden Age of Hollywood by the American Film Institute, behind Humphrey Bogart and Cary Grant. The American Film Institute has also named five of Stewart's films to its list of the 100 best American films ever made. He also had a noted military career and was a World War II and Vietnam War veteran and pilot, who rose to the rank of Brigadier General in the United States Air Force Reserve, becoming the highest-ranking actor in military history. In 1985, Stewart was promoted to Major General, reserve list by President", "title": "James Stewart" }, { "id": "7482176", "score": "1.4085", "text": "in concert, helped land him a high percentage of KO victories over the course of his career. Rocky Balboa was named the 7th greatest movie hero by the American Film Institute on their \"100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains\" list. Additionally, he was ranked #34 on Empire Magazine's compilation of \"The 100 Greatest Movie Characters\". \"Premiere\" magazine ranked Rocky Balboa #64 on their list of \"The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time\". The Rocky character is immortalised with a bronze statue erected near the Rocky Steps in Philadelphia recalling the famous scene from the original \"Rocky\" movie. In 2011,", "title": "Rocky Balboa" }, { "id": "809068", "score": "1.4053884", "text": "nomination (for Best Supporting Actress); she would go on to become the most nominated actor in history. In 1996 it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\", and was named the 53rd greatest American film of all time by the American Film Institute in 2007 in their 10th Anniversary Edition of the AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies list. In the small working class town of Clairton, Pennsylvania, in late 1967, steel workers Mike Vronsky, Steven Pushkov, and Nick Chevotarevich, with the support of their friends", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "id": "964644", "score": "1.4035113", "text": "in search of a more successful criminal career. In 2003, the film was selected for the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\" The American Film Institute ranked \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" as the 73rd-greatest American film on its \"AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)\" list. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid were ranked 20th greatest heroes on \"AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains\". In late 1890s Wyoming, Butch Cassidy is the affable, clever, talkative leader of the outlaw Hole in the Wall Gang. His closest companion", "title": "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" }, { "id": "548327", "score": "1.3994399", "text": "hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (\"The Fountainhead\" and \"High Noon\"). In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (\"Friendly Persuasion\" and \"Man of the West\"). The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man. On February 6, 1960, Cooper was awarded a star on the Hollywood", "title": "Gary Cooper" }, { "id": "5362028", "score": "1.3957658", "text": "under contract they promoted his first film, \"Public Hero No. 1\" (1935), as his screen debut. Calleia's portrayal of the gunman was listed by film critic Andre Sennwald of \"The New York Times\" as one of the year's ten best male performances. Calleia excelled as the villain in films, but he wanted to create characters with some sympathy. \"I'd like to get away from straight villain roles,\" he said in a 1936 interview. \"But I have no wish to be a hero. I enjoy roles where I get slapped around a bit. It's far more stimulating to play a character", "title": "Joseph Calleia" } ]

[ "linford christie", "lynford christie", "Christie, Linford", "linford s lunchbox", "linford christie s lunchbox", "christie linford", "Linford Christie", "Lynford Christie", "Linford Christie's lunchbox", "Linford's lunchbox" ]

[ { "id": "762403", "score": "1.9374323", "text": "9.96 s in the final, and at the age of 32 years 121 days became the oldest Olympic 100 m champion by four years 38 days. In 1993, he became the first man in history to hold the Olympic, World, European and Commonwealth titles in the 100 m as he was victorious at the Stuttgart World Championships in his fastest ever time of 9.87. He was also voted BBC Sports Personality of the Year. The following year, in 1994, he defended his Commonwealth title in Victoria in his second fastest ever 100m time of 9.91. After 1994, he was less", "title": "Linford Christie" }, { "id": "766852", "score": "1.9353113", "text": "to cross the finish line before Leonard's chest in a photo finish; both men were given a final time of 10.25 s. Wells became the oldest Olympic 100 m champion at that time at the age of 28 years 83 days. He remains the last white male athlete to win the Olympic 100 metres title. The 200 m final was another close affair. Wells from lane 7, exploded out of the blocks and ran a spectacular turn making up the stagger on Mennea to his outside after only 50 metres. Coming out of the turn he had a two-metre lead", "title": "Allan Wells" }, { "id": "3125975", "score": "1.928364", "text": "medals to four. By winning the 400 m at the age of 33 years 12 days, he earned the distinction of being the oldest gold medalist at any track event shorter than 5000 m in Olympic history. Johnson was also the anchor of the United States 4x400 relay team along with Alvin Harrison, Antonio Pettigrew, and Calvin Harrison, which originally won the gold medal, but was later stripped of the title after Pettigrew and Jerome Young (who ran in the heats) were found guilty of having used performance-enhancing drugs. On July 18, 2004, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)", "title": "Michael Johnson (sprinter)" }, { "id": "11421247", "score": "1.8785106", "text": "behind younger teammate Cuthbert) and many were starting to say she should retire. A year later at the 1993 World Championships, Ottey proved the critics wrong by becoming World 200 m Champion at the age of 33. She then won silver in the 100 m. She would return to earn a bronze medal on the women's 4x100 m team (Michelle Freeman, Juliet Campbell, Nikole Mitchell, and Ottey). Also Winthrop Graham in the 400 m hurdles and Sandie Richards in the women's 400 m, won bronze medals. At the 1994 Commonwealth Games two young athletes were the only gold medallists 25-year-old", "title": "Athletics in Jamaica" }, { "id": "949558", "score": "1.856987", "text": "at the 1995 World Championships, taking home the bronze in the 100 m. At the time he was the youngest athlete ever to win a medal in that event, at 21 years of age. The following year at the 1996 Summer Olympics, he again placed third in the 100 m and 200 m events, both behind world records. In 1997, he won the 200 m at the World Championships in Athens, Greece; his country's first world title in the Athletics World Championships. This made him one of only a few male sprinters to win both a World Junior and World", "title": "Ato Boldon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "100 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Linford Christie\n\nLinford Cicero Christie (born 2 April 1960) is a Jamaican-born British former sprinter. He is the only British man to have won gold medals in the 100 metres at all four major competitions open to British athletes: the Olympic Games, the World Championships, the European Championships and the Commonwealth Games. He was the first European athlete to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m and still holds the British record in the event. He is a former world indoor record holder over 200 metres, and a former European record holder in the 60 metres, 100 m and 4 × 100 metres relay.\n\nHe remains one of the most highly decorated British athletes of all-time. By the end of his track career Christie had won 24 medals overall, more than any other British male athlete before or since. In 1993 he was awarded the BBC Sports Personality of the Year.\n\nChristie tested positive for a banned stimulant in 1988 during the Seoul Olympics. In 1999 he was suspended for two years by the IAAF after the banned substance nandrolone was found in a test.", "title": "Linford Christie" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dara Torres\n\nDara Grace Torres (born April 15, 1967) is an American former competitive swimmer, who is a 12-time Olympic medalist and former world record-holder in three events. Torres is the first swimmer to represent the United States in five Olympic Games (1984, 1988, 1992, 2000 and 2008), and at age 41, the oldest swimmer to earn a place on the U.S. Olympic team. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she competed in the 50-meter freestyle, 4×100-meter medley relay, and 4×100-meter freestyle relay, and won silver medals in all three events.\n\nTorres has won 12 Olympic medals (four gold, four silver, four bronze), one of three women with the most Olympic women's swimming medals. The others are fellow Americans Jenny Thompson and Natalie Coughlin. Torres won five medals at the 2000 Summer Olympics, when at age 33, she was the oldest member of the 2000 U.S. Olympic swim team. She has also won at least one medal in each of the five Olympics in which she has competed, making her one of only a handful of Olympians to earn medals in five different Games.", "title": "Dara Torres" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Michael Johnson (sprinter)\n\nMichael Duane Johnson (born September 13, 1967) is an American retired sprinter who won four Olympic gold medals and 8 World Championships gold medals in the span of his career.\n\nJohnson is the only male athlete in history to win both the 200 meters and 400 meters events at the same Olympics, a feat he accomplished at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Johnson is also the only man to successfully defend his Olympic title in the 400 m, having done so at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Aside from his Olympic success, Johnson accumulated eight gold medals at the World Championships and is tied with Carl Lewis for the fourth most gold medals won by a runner.\n\nJohnson's distinctive stiff upright running position and very short steps defied the conventional wisdom that a high knee lift was necessary for maximum speed. As of 2012, Johnson holds 13 of the top 100 times for the 200 meters and 27 of the top 100 times for the 400 meters. Of those, he holds 14 of the top 25 times for the 400 meters. He broke 44 seconds for the 400 meters 22 times, more than twice as many times as any other athlete.\n\nJohnson held the national records for the 200, 300, and 400 meters. The 4 × 400 meters relay world record was anchored by Johnson.\n\nSince 2001, he has worked at the BBC, appearing as a pundit at multiple events. He has been a part of the BBC's Olympics athletics coverage since Athens 2004.", "title": "Michael Johnson (sprinter)" }, { "id": "17831608", "score": "1.8544455", "text": "40 in 2000 and reached the Olympic semi-finals four years later. (Ottey is also the most frequent participant having competed in the Olympic 100 m an unrivalled six times from 1984 to 2004). The first women's champion, Betty Robinson in 1928, remains the youngest gold medallist for the event at 16 years old, while a 32-year-old Linford Christie became the oldest 100 m Olympic champion in 1992. Since introduction of testing by the IAAF in the early-20th century, female sprinters may be subject to gender verification. This rule was first formally applied to the 100 m at the 1968 Mexico", "title": "100 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": "13716718", "score": "1.849957", "text": "6th in the event at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He broke the Austrian record for the event on eight separate occasions. Even after turning 100, he continued to compete at the World's Masters Championships, often unopposed in his age bracket. Having won 14 gold medals at the games after 1994, he was considered the world's oldest active athlete. He was one of the last two known surviving track and field competitors from the 1936 Olympic Games to still be competing (the other being Ljubica Gabric-Calvesi). Proksch was born on December 11, 1908, in Vienna to Ignaz Proksch and Henriette Gaugusch.", "title": "Alfred Proksch" }, { "id": "1410390", "score": "1.842233", "text": "won silver in the 500m event at the age of 16 years and 266 days. Two days later she added a bronze by competing in the 1000m event. The youngest gold medal winner was also from the USA: She was figure skater Peggy Fleming, who won at the age of 19 years and 198 days. The oldest medal winner and at the same time oldest gold medal winner was the Italian Eugenio Monti: He won the gold medal in the four man bobsleigh team at the age of 40 years and 25 days. Five days before that he had also", "title": "1968 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "17835357", "score": "1.8283694", "text": "at the 1994 European Athletics Championships and matched that feat at the 1995 World Championships in Athletics. He also won the \"C\" final section at the 1994 European Cup. In 1996 he claimed his tenth Swiss title in the 60 m and his ninth title in the 100 m. He also qualified for his second Olympics at the 1996 Atlanta Games. He failed to make it past the first round but he became the oldest male athlete ever to compete in the 100 metres at the Olympics. After that season he largely retired from athletics, but made further appearances at", "title": "Stefan Burkart" }, { "id": "265516", "score": "1.8042169", "text": "at the Games in a time of 11.5 seconds, Matthews was third. The result was repeated in the 200 m final. Cuthbert won her second gold breaking Marjorie Jackson's Olympic record. Mathews was third again. By the time the 1956 Olympics came around, Shirley Strickland was a mother of 31 years of age but managed to defend her 80 m title, which she had won in Helsinki four years before, winning gold and setting a new Olympic record. The sensational incident of the track events was the non-selection of Marlene Matthews in the 4 x 100 m relay. Matthews trained", "title": "Melbourne Cricket Ground" }, { "id": "3125965", "score": "1.7835763", "text": "accomplished this in a major meet in the 20th century. At the end he made it a \"triple\" by adding another title in the 4 × 400 m relay. In June 1996, aged 29 years 9 months, Johnson ran 19.66 seconds in the 200 m at the U.S. Olympic Trials, breaking Pietro Mennea's record of 19.72 seconds, which had stood for nearly 17 years. With that performance he qualified to run at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and prepared to attempt to win both the 200 metres and 400 metres events, a feat never before achieved by a male", "title": "Michael Johnson (sprinter)" }, { "id": "14418873", "score": "1.7820933", "text": "at the 2008 Olympic Games. At 49 years and 141 days, competing on behalf of Israel at the 2004 Summer Olympics, he was the oldest track and field athlete competing at the 2004 Olympics. At 53 years and 136 days, competing on behalf of Israel at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, he was the oldest athlete competing at the 2008 Olympics. He is reported to have once said \"My age is old, but my heart is young.\" His personal best times on the road are 1:03:43 in the half marathon, achieved in March 1997 in Tel Aviv; and", "title": "Ayele Seteng" }, { "id": "3478724", "score": "1.7749062", "text": "and 2004, a record span of 20 years between her first and last gold medal. It was also her eighth overall, which is more than any other rower, having won a silver and a bronze in 1988 and an additional silver in 1992. In winning her medal at age 39, Lipă became the oldest rower to win a gold medal and the oldest athlete in an endurance sport to win a gold medal. Matthew Pinsent also won his fourth consecutive medal, this time without legendary partner Steve Redgrave. The British men's coxless four of Steve Williams, James Cracknell, Ed Coode", "title": "Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "790506", "score": "1.7735026", "text": "third-fastest non-winning time for the 200 metres. In August 1996, Fredericks ran 19.68 seconds in the Olympic final in Atlanta, Georgia. He is also the oldest man to have broken 20 seconds for the 200 metres. On 12 July 2002 in Rome, Fredericks won the 200 metres in a time of 19.99 seconds at the age of 34 years 283 days. He is currently serving as a council member in the IAAF. On March 3, 2017, Fredericks was implicated in the IAAF corruption scandal, stemming from a large cash payment he received in 2009. Born in Windhoek on 2 October", "title": "Frankie Fredericks" }, { "id": "6341060", "score": "1.7670332", "text": "in the NBA. In shooting there have been two figures of note whose accomplishments occurred in their sixties or later. Joshua Millner of Britain was 61 when he won his Olympic gold medal in Free rifle, 1,000 yards. Swedish marksman Oscar Swahn won two Olympic gold medals at the age of 60 and one at the age of 64. He won his last medal, silver, at 72 making him the oldest medalist. In athletics Philip Rabinowitz set a sprinting record for centenarians. Jonah Barrington, a squash player, overcame alcoholism to later become a 6 times British Open Squash champion, and", "title": "Late bloomer" }, { "id": "3704166", "score": "1.7600746", "text": "the oldest gold medalist at that time. When the 1912 Summer Olympics came to his native country, Sweden, he was a member of the single shot running deer team which again won the gold medal. He also won bronze again at the individual double shot running deer event, but came joint fourth in the individual single shot event, which was won by his son Alfred Swahn. At 64 years and 258 days of age, he became the oldest gold medallist ever, a record he still holds. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, he became the oldest athlete ever to compete in", "title": "Oscar Swahn" }, { "id": "16500412", "score": "1.7547529", "text": "row (1993-2000). And he is the only person to hold all seven USMS national long distance records in any age group. In 1998 he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame. At age 69 his 1650 yd. national record was just five seconds slower than the time that won him the gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in 1950. Johnston won gold in the 200-meter free, 400-meter free, 800-meter free, the 400-meter IM and the 5k open water swim (in 67 degree water) at the World Masters Swimming Championship in Munich, Germany. Graham Johnston (swimmer) Graham M. Johnston", "title": "Graham Johnston (swimmer)" }, { "id": "18875535", "score": "1.7516655", "text": "he necessitates the creation of a new age division for World Masters Athletics, the M105 division of which he was the only member to have competed. Thus all of his performances are world records. M100 world record holder Hidekichi Miyazaki turned 105 on September 22, 2015 and two days later joined Kowalski as the second competitor in the division though Kowalski was 77 days older when he competed. When he was 104 years old, the Daily Mail did this feature on him. At that time, Kowalski was lauded as the oldest person in Europe to run 100m after running a", "title": "Stanisław Kowalski" }, { "id": "8989643", "score": "1.7515011", "text": "Jocelyn Delecour and Claude Piquemal. In the 100 and 200m. individual men's final he finished fifth with times of 10.16 and 20.51 seconds respectively. Earlier in 1968 he had equalled Armin Hary's eight-year-old European record of 10.0 seconds. He retired from sprint after the Mexico games, aged 23. Bambuck set out to study medicine but dropped out. He worked a time for Renault. In the mid-eighties, he became head of sport for the commune of Épinay-sur-Seine. From 1988 to 1991, he was minister of Youth and Sports under Michel Rocard. He then held senior positions in the civil service. He", "title": "Roger Bambuck" }, { "id": "1523500", "score": "1.7480516", "text": "United States team won fourteen. 64-year-old Oscar Swahn, part of the Swedish single shot running deer team, is still the oldest gold medal winner in Olympic history. In swimming, Hawaiian Duke Kahanamoku won the 100 metre freestyle for the United States, who also saw Harry Hebner win gold in the 100 metre backstroke. The Canadian team also took two gold medals, both by George Hodgson in the 400 and 1,500 metre events. The German swimming team won all three medals in the 200 metre breaststroke, with the gold going to Walter Bathe, who won a further gold in the 400", "title": "1912 Summer Olympics" } ]

[ "Bayer letters", "Bayer designation", "Bayer designations", "bayer s name", "bayer letter", "Bayer classification", "Bayer's Name", "bayer designation", "bayer letters", "Bayer letter", "bayer classification", "bayer designations" ]

[ { "id": "43169", "score": "1.9340227", "text": "parent constellation in genitive (possessive) form. (See 88 modern constellations for the genitive forms.) For example, Aldebaran in the constellation Taurus (the Bull) is designated \"α Tauri\" (pronounced \"Alpha Tauri\"), which means \"Alpha of the Bull\". Bayer used Greek letters for the brighter stars, but the Greek alphabet has only twenty-four letters, while a single constellation may contain fifty or more stars visible to the naked eye. When the Greek letters ran out, Bayer continued with Latin letters: upper case \"A\", followed by lower case \"b\" through \"z\" (omitting \"j\" and \"v\"), for a total of another 24 letters. Bayer", "title": "Bayer designation" }, { "id": "378107", "score": "1.8506061", "text": "German astronomer Johann Bayer's \"Uranometria\", published in 1603 and regarding bright stars. These are given a Greek letter followed by the genitive case of the constellation in which they are located; examples are Alpha Centauri or Gamma Cygni. The major problem with Bayer's naming system was the number of letters in the Greek alphabet (24). It was easy to run out of letters before running out of stars needing names, particularly for large constellations such as Argo Navis. Bayer extended his lists up to 67 stars by using lower-case Roman letters (\"a\" through \"z\") then upper-case ones (\"A\" through \"Q\").", "title": "Star catalogue" }, { "id": "6074141", "score": "1.8178976", "text": "(Latinised to \"Delta¹ Tauri\") is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two constituents as \"Delta¹ Tauri A\" and \"B\", and those of \"A's\" components - \"Delta¹ Tauri Aa\" and \"Ab\" - derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The system bore the traditional name \"Hyadum II\", which is Latin for \"Second Hyad\". In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars", "title": "Delta1 Tauri" }, { "id": "15883737", "score": "1.8040149", "text": "Many of the proper names for individual stars within the constellations are Arabic (modern designation is the Bayer designation by the German Johann Bayer from 1603, its a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by a Greek letter, followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation's Latin name. The original list of Bayer designations contained 1,564 stars), before the Arabian names, there were Greek names of the stars. The Greek astronomer Hipparchus 190 BC – c. 120 BC work, were later made into several scientific texts by the Greek Claudius Ptolemy’s called \"the Almagest\", which contained", "title": "Greek contributions to Islamic world" }, { "id": "637837", "score": "1.7856946", "text": "α Centauri A and α Centauri B.) Additional letters, such as \"C\", \"D\", etc., may be used for systems with more than two stars. In cases where the binary star has a Bayer designation and is widely separated, it is possible that the members of the pair will be designated with superscripts; an example is Zeta Reticuli, whose components are ζ Reticuli and ζ Reticuli. Double stars are also designated by an abbreviation giving the discoverer together with an index number. α Centauri, for example, was found to be double by Father Richaud in 1689, and so is designated \"RHD", "title": "Binary star" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bayer designation\n\nA Bayer designation is a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by a Greek or Latin letter followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation's Latin name. The original list of Bayer designations contained 1,564 stars. The brighter stars were assigned their first systematic names by the German astronomer Johann Bayer in 1603, in his star atlas \"Uranometria\". Bayer catalogued only a few stars too far south to be seen from Germany, but later astronomers (including Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille and Benjamin Apthorp Gould) supplemented Bayer's catalog with entries for southern constellations.", "title": "Bayer designation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Orion (constellation)\n\nOrion is a prominent constellation located on the celestial equator and visible throughout the world. It is one of the most conspicuous and recognizable constellations in the night sky. It is named after Orion, a hunter in Greek mythology. Its brightest stars are the blue-white Rigel (Beta Orionis) and the red Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis).", "title": "Orion (constellation)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Taurus (constellation)\n\nTaurus (Latin for \"the Bull\") is one of the constellations of the zodiac and is located in the northern celestial hemisphere. Taurus is a large and prominent constellation in the Northern Hemisphere's winter sky. It is one of the oldest constellations, dating back to the Early Bronze Age at least, when it marked the location of the Sun during the spring equinox. Its importance to the agricultural calendar influenced various bull figures in the mythologies of Ancient Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, Babylon, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Its old astronomical symbol is (♉︎), which resembles a bull's head.\n\nA number of features exist that are of interest to astronomers. Taurus hosts two of the nearest open clusters to Earth, the Pleiades and the Hyades, both of which are visible to the naked eye. At first magnitude, the red giant Aldebaran is the brightest star in the constellation. In the northeast part of Taurus is Messier 1, more commonly known as the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant containing a pulsar. One of the closest regions of active star formation, the Taurus-Auriga complex, crosses into the northern part of the constellation. The variable star T Tauri is the prototype of a class of pre-main-sequence stars.", "title": "Taurus (constellation)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lyra\n\nLyra (; Latin for lyre, from Greek \"λύρα\") is a small constellation. It is one of the 48 listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and is one of the modern 88 constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union. Lyra was often represented on star maps as a vulture or an eagle carrying a lyre, and hence is sometimes referred to as Vultur Cadens or Aquila Cadens (\"Falling Vulture\" or \"Falling Eagle\"), respectively. Beginning at the north, Lyra is bordered by Draco, Hercules, Vulpecula, and Cygnus. Lyra is nearly overhead in temperate northern latitudes shortly after midnight at the start of summer. From the equator to about the 40th parallel south it is visible low in the northern sky during the same (thus winter) months.\n\nVega, Lyra's brightest star, is one of the brightest stars in the night sky, and forms a corner of the famed Summer Triangle asterism. Beta Lyrae is the prototype of a class of binary stars known as Beta Lyrae variables. These binary stars are so close to each other that they become egg-shaped and material flows from one to the other. Epsilon Lyrae, known informally as the Double Double, is a complex multiple star system. Lyra also hosts the Ring Nebula, the second-discovered and best-known planetary nebula.", "title": "Lyra" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Corvus (constellation)\n\nCorvus is a small constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere. Its name means \"crow\" in Latin. One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, it depicts a raven, a bird associated with stories about the god Apollo, perched on the back of Hydra the water snake. The four brightest stars, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, and Beta Corvi, form a distinctive quadrilateral in the night sky.\n\nWith an apparent magnitude of 2.59, Gamma Corvi—also known as Gienah—is the brightest star in the constellation. It is an aging blue giant around four times as massive as the Sun. The young star Eta Corvi has been found to have two debris disks. Three star systems have exoplanets, and a fourth planetary system is unconfirmed. TV Corvi is a dwarf nova—a white dwarf and brown dwarf in very close orbit.", "title": "Corvus (constellation)" }, { "id": "378108", "score": "1.7742883", "text": "Few of those designations have survived. It is worth mentioning, however, as it served as the starting point for variable star designations, which start with \"R\" through \"Z\", then \"RR\", \"RS\", \"RT\"...\"RZ\", \"SS\", \"ST\"...\"ZZ\" and beyond. The second system comes from the English astronomer John Flamsteed's \"Historia coelestis Britannica\" (1725). It kept the genitive-of-the-constellation rule for the back end of his catalogue names, but used numbers instead of the Greek alphabet for the front half. Examples include 61 Cygni and 47 Ursae Majoris. Bayer and Flamsteed covered only a few thousand stars between them. In theory, full-sky catalogues try to", "title": "Star catalogue" }, { "id": "43168", "score": "1.7728039", "text": "Bayer designation A Bayer designation is a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by a Greek or Latin letter followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation's Latin name. The original list of Bayer designations contained 1,564 stars. Most of the brighter stars were assigned their first systematic names by the German astronomer Johann Bayer in 1603, in his star atlas \"Uranometria\". Bayer assigned a lower-case Greek letter (alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), etc.) or a Latin letter (A, b, c, etc.) to each star he catalogued, combined with the Latin name of the star's", "title": "Bayer designation" }, { "id": "15883739", "score": "1.7607493", "text": "major names for the brightest star in Taurus; the proper name Aldebaran and the scientific names, Alpha Taurind and 87 Tauri. Any of these three names can be used for the brightest star in Taurus but present day astronomers prefer to use the latter two scientific names. Due to their enormous popularity, a remnant of bright stars retained their original Greek or Latin names, surviving the mass invasion of Arabic names. Examples include Sirius (Greek for \"searing\" or \"scorching\"), Arcturus (Greek for \"Guardian of the Bear\"), Capella (Latin for \"Little She-goat\"), and Spica (Latin for \"Ear of Grain\"). Examples of", "title": "Greek contributions to Islamic world" }, { "id": "5396790", "score": "1.749057", "text": "Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name \"Asterope\" for \"21 Tauri\" on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. USS Sterope (AK-96) was a United States Navy Crater class cargo ship named after the star. Asterope (star) Asterope or Sterope is the traditional name of a double star, whose components have the Flamsteed designations 21 Tauri and 22 Tauri, in the constellation of Taurus, although the", "title": "Asterope (star)" }, { "id": "15883738", "score": "1.7466626", "text": "the original Greek and Latin names for stars, It contain a star catalogue of 1022 stars, described by their positions in the constellations, In the 9th century it was adopted by the Arabs and translated from the original Greek and Latin into Arabic. For example, the Arabs translated \"Opisthen\" (Οπισθεν \"after\" or \"following\") or \"Opiso\" (Οπισω \"to follow after\" ), one of the original Greek names for the brightest star in Taurus, as \"Aldebaran\" (الدبران), which means \"the Follower\" in Arabic, because the star always follows behind the Pleiades as both move across the sky. In all, there are three", "title": "Greek contributions to Islamic world" }, { "id": "43180", "score": "1.7424445", "text": "and given the new names Sigma and Upsilon Librae. (To add to the confusion, the star now known as Omicron Scorpii was not named by Bayer but was assigned the designation o Scorpii (Latin lower case 'o') by Lacaille – which later astronomers misinterpreted as omicron once Bayer's omicron had been reassigned to Libra.) A few stars no longer lie (according to the modern constellation boundaries) within the constellation for which they are named. The proper motion of Rho Aquilae, for example, carried it across the boundary into Delphinus in 1992. Bayer designations are most often written as the Greek", "title": "Bayer designation" }, { "id": "43184", "score": "1.7403207", "text": "That was still insufficient for the number of stars, so he also used uppercase Latin letters such as N Velorum and Q Puppis. Lacaille assigned uppercase letters between R and Z in several constellations, but these have either been dropped to allow the assignment of those letters to variable stars or have actually turned out to be variable. Bayer designation A Bayer designation is a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by a Greek or Latin letter followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation's Latin name. The original list of Bayer designations contained 1,564 stars.", "title": "Bayer designation" }, { "id": "43181", "score": "1.7403009", "text": "or Latin letter followed by the standard 3-character constellation abbreviation: α CMa, β Per; or occasionally with the constellation genitive in full: α Canis Majoris, β Persei. Earlier 4-letter abbreviations (α CMaj, β Pers) are rarely used today. The Greek letter names are sometimes written out as well: Alpha Canis Majoris, Beta Persei. The Latin-letter extended designations are not as commonly used as the Greek-letter ones (especially in constellations with Flamsteed designations), but there are some exceptions such as h Persei (which is actually a star cluster) and P Cygni. Uppercase Latin Bayer designations in modern use do not go", "title": "Bayer designation" }, { "id": "9939452", "score": "1.7402074", "text": "first published for a total of 1,564 naked-eye stars in 1603. Only a minority of these have proper names. Many of the proper names that remain in use in modern astronomy are based on Arabic star names from medieval Islamic astronomy, which in turn was substantially based on Claudius Ptolemy’s \"Almagest\", which contained the original Greek and Latin names for stars. For example, the Arabs translated \"Opisthen\" (Οπισθεν \"after\" or \"following\") or \"Opiso\" (Οπισω \"to follow after\"), one of the original Greek names for the brightest star in Taurus, as \"Aldebaran\" (الدبران), which means \"the Follower\" in Arabic, because the", "title": "Proper names (astronomy)" }, { "id": "43183", "score": "1.7377192", "text": "constellations have upper-case letter designations, like B Centauri and G Scorpii. These letters were assigned by later astronomers, notably Lacaille in his \"Coelum Australe Stelliferum\" and Gould in his \"Uranometria Argentina\". Lacaille followed Bayer's use of Greek letters, but this was insufficient for many constellations. He used first the lowercase letters, starting with \"a\", and if needed the uppercase letters, starting with \"A\", thus deviating somewhat from Bayer's practice. Lacaille used the Latin alphabet three times over in the large constellation Argo Navis, once for each of the three areas that are now the constellations of Carina, Puppis, and Vela.", "title": "Bayer designation" }, { "id": "43171", "score": "1.7357378", "text": "most constellations, Bayer assigned Greek and Latin letters to stars within a constellation in rough order of apparent brightness, from brightest to dimmest. Since the brightest star in a majority of constellations is designated Alpha (α), many people wrongly assume that Bayer meant to order the stars exclusively by brightness. In Bayer's day, however, stellar brightness could not be measured precisely. Stars were traditionally assigned to one of six magnitude classes (the brightest to first magnitude, the dimmest to sixth), and Bayer typically ordered stars within a constellation by class: all the first-magnitude stars, followed by all the second-magnitude stars,", "title": "Bayer designation" }, { "id": "43170", "score": "1.7345364", "text": "never went beyond \"z\", but later astronomers added more designations using both upper and lower case Latin letters, the upper case letters following the lower case ones in general. Examples include \"s Carinae\" (\"s\" of the constellation Carina), \"d Centauri\" (\"d\" of the constellation Centaurus), \"G Scorpii\" (\"G\" of the constellation Scorpius), and \"N Velorum\" (\"N\" of the constellation Vela). The last upper-case letter used in this way was \"Q\". Bayer catalogued only a few stars too far south to be seen from Germany, but later astronomers (notably Lacaille and Gould) supplemented Bayer's catalog with entries for southern constellations. In", "title": "Bayer designation" }, { "id": "43178", "score": "1.7291397", "text": "star\", appears as B Cassiopeiae. In charts for constellations that did not exhaust the Greek letters, Bayer sometimes used the left-over Greek letters for miscellaneous labels as well. Ptolemy designated four stars as \"border stars\", each shared by two constellations: Alpheratz (in Andromeda and Pegasus), Elnath (in Taurus and Auriga), Nu Boötis (in Boötes and Hercules), and Fomalhaut (in Piscis Austrinus and Aquarius). Bayer assigned the first three of these stars a Greek letter from both constellations: , , and . (He catalogued Fomalhaut only once, as Alpha Piscis Austrini.) When the International Astronomical Union (IAU) assigned definite boundaries to", "title": "Bayer designation" }, { "id": "378140", "score": "1.7264514", "text": "a given cut-off value. Variable stars that do not have Bayer designations are assigned designations in a variable star scheme that superficially extends the Bayer scheme with uppercase Latin letters followed by constellation names, starting with single letters R to Z, and proceeding to pairs of letters. Such designations mark them as variable stars. Examples include R Cygni, RR Lyrae, and GN Andromedae. (Many variable stars also have designations in other catalogues.) When a planet is detected around a star, the star is often given a name and number based on the name of the telescope or survey mission that", "title": "Stellar designations and names" }, { "id": "450407", "score": "1.7234492", "text": "never nearer the beginning of the alphabet than the first, e.g., no star can be BA, CA, CB, DA and so on. In the early 19th century few variable stars were known, so it seemed reasonable to use the letters of the Latin script. Because very few constellations contained stars with uppercase Latin-letter Bayer designation greater than Q, the letter R was chosen as a starting point so as to avoid confusion with letter spectral types or the (now rarely used) Latin-letter Bayer designations. Although Lacaille had used uppercase R to Z letters in a few cases, for example X", "title": "Variable star designation" } ]

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[ { "id": "11719472", "score": "1.6567862", "text": "in the Illinois state Senate and attended Louis Farrakhan's Million Man March in Washington, DC. Early life and career of Barack Obama Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was born on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama, Sr. (1936–1982) (born in Rachuonyo District, British Kenya) and Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann (1942–1995) (born in Wichita, Kansas, United States). Barack Obama spent most of his childhood years in Honolulu, where his mother attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Obama started a close relationship with his maternal grandparents. In 1965, his mother remarried to", "title": "Early life and career of Barack Obama" }, { "id": "2826744", "score": "1.6104307", "text": "reputation in global polling significantly improved. Evaluations of his presidency among historians and the general public place him among the upper tier of American presidents. Obama left office in January 2017 and currently resides in Washington, D.C. Obama was born on August 4, 1961, at Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is the only president who was born in Hawaii and the only president who was born outside of the contiguous 48 states. He was born to a white mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham (1942–1995), was born in Wichita, Kansas; she", "title": "Barack Obama" }, { "id": "12045052", "score": "1.6090832", "text": "City of Chicago water plant. Craig Robinson, Michelle Obama's brother, was born in 1962. From 2008 until 2014, he served as head coach of men's basketball at Oregon State University. Michelle Obama's paternal grandfather was born on August 24, 1912, in Georgetown, South Carolina, and died on November 9, 1996, aged 84. He was a good student and orator but moved from South Carolina to Chicago during the Great Migration to find better work and living conditions than in the South, where Jim Crow had been imposed and blacks were disfranchised. He became a worker for the United States Postal", "title": "Family of Barack Obama" }, { "id": "11719441", "score": "1.6010863", "text": "Early life and career of Barack Obama Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was born on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama, Sr. (1936–1982) (born in Rachuonyo District, British Kenya) and Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann (1942–1995) (born in Wichita, Kansas, United States). Barack Obama spent most of his childhood years in Honolulu, where his mother attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Obama started a close relationship with his maternal grandparents. In 1965, his mother remarried to Lolo Soetoro from Indonesia. Two years later, Dunham took Obama with her to Indonesia to", "title": "Early life and career of Barack Obama" }, { "id": "2826738", "score": "1.5936472", "text": "Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American to be elected to the presidency. He previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois (2005–2008). Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, he", "title": "Barack Obama" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Barack Obama" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "First inauguration of Barack Obama" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories\n\nDuring Barack Obama's campaign for president in 2008, throughout his presidency and afterwards, there was extensive news coverage of Obama's religious preference, birthplace, and of the individuals questioning his religious belief and citizenshipefforts eventually known as the \"birther movement\", by which name it is widely referred to across media. The movement falsely asserted Obama was ineligible to be President of the United States because he was not a natural-born citizen of the United States as required by . Birther conspiracy theories were predominantly held by conservatives and Republicans, as well as racists.<ref name=\":2\" /><ref name=\":3\" />\n\nTheories alleged that Obama's published birth certificate was a forgerythat his actual birthplace was not Hawaii but Kenya. Other theories alleged that Obama became a citizen of Indonesia in childhood, thereby losing his U.S. citizenship. Still others claimed that Obama was not a natural-born U.S. citizen because he was born a dual citizen (British and American). A number of political commentators have characterized these various claims as a racist reaction to Obama's status as the first African-American president of the United States.<ref name=\"racism\">\n\nThese claims were promoted by fringe theorists (pejoratively referred to as \"birthers\"), including businessman and television personality Donald Trump, who would later succeed Obama as president. Some theorists sought court rulings to declare Obama ineligible to take office, or to grant access to various documents which they claimed would support such ineligibility; none of these efforts succeeded. Some political opponents, especially in the Republican Party, expressed skepticism about Obama's citizenship or were unwilling to acknowledge it; some proposed legislation that would require presidential candidates to provide proof of eligibility.<ref name=\"Crary-New burst\"/>\n\nTheories have persisted despite Obama's pre-election release of his official Hawaiian birth certificate in 2008, confirmation by the Hawaii Department of Health based on the original documents, Polls conducted in 2010 (before the April 2011 release) suggested that at least 25% of adult Americans said that they doubted Obama's U.S. birth, The fall was attributed to Obama's release of the long form in April 2011.", "title": "Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Michelle Obama\n\nMichelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is an American attorney and author who served as first lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017. She was the first African-American woman to serve in this position. She is married to former President Barack Obama.\n\nRaised on the South Side of Chicago, Obama is a graduate of Princeton University and Harvard Law School. In her early legal career, she worked at the law firm Sidley Austin where she met Barack Obama. She subsequently worked in nonprofits and as the associate dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago as well as the vice president for Community and External Affairs of the University of Chicago Medical Center. Michelle married Barack in 1992, and together they have two daughters.\n\nObama campaigned for her husband's presidential bid throughout 2007 and 2008, delivering a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. She has subsequently delivered acclaimed speeches at the 2012, 2016, and 2020 conventions. As first lady, Obama served as a role model for women and worked as an advocate for poverty awareness, education, nutrition, physical activity, and healthy eating. She supported American designers and was considered a fashion icon.\n\nAfter her husband's presidency, Obama's influence has remained high. In 2020, Obama topped Gallup's poll of the most admired woman in America for the third year running.", "title": "Michelle Obama" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Early life and career of Barack Obama\n\nBarack Obama, the 44th president of the United States, was born on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama, Sr. (1936–1982) (born in Oriang' Kogelo of Rachuonyo North District, Kenya) and Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann (1942–1995) (born in Wichita, Kansas, United States).\n\nObama spent most of his childhood years in Honolulu, where his mother attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Obama started a close relationship with his maternal grandparents. In 1965, his mother remarried to Lolo Soetoro from Indonesia. Two years later, Dunham took Obama with her to Indonesia to reunite him with his stepfather. In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to attend Punahou School, from which he graduated in 1979.\n\nAs a young adult, Obama moved to the contiguous United States, where he was educated at Occidental College, Columbia University, and Harvard Law School. In Chicago, Obama worked at various times as a community organizer, lawyer, Lecturer and Senior Lecturer of constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School in the city's South Side, and later published his memoir \"Dreams from My Father\" before beginning his political career in 1997 as a member of the Illinois Senate.", "title": "Early life and career of Barack Obama" }, { "id": "11664632", "score": "1.5921184", "text": "(succeeded by the Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children). His birth was announced in \"The Honolulu Advertiser\" and the \"Honolulu Star-Bulletin,\" with his parents' address listed as 6085 Kalanianaole Highway in the Kuliouou neighborhood of Honolulu, seven miles east of the university—the rented home of Dunham's parents, Stanley and Madelyn Dunham. Soon after her son's birth, Dunham took the infant with her to Seattle, Washington, where she took classes at the University of Washington from September 1961 to June 1962. Obama Sr. continued his education at the University of Hawaii and in 1961–1962 lived one mile east of the", "title": "Barack Obama Sr." }, { "id": "2826867", "score": "1.5842693", "text": "on the South Side of Chicago. Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American to be elected to the presidency. He previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois (2005–2008). Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community", "title": "Barack Obama" }, { "id": "8058531", "score": "1.5822313", "text": "born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii (which had become a U.S. state in 1959). His mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was a British subject from British Kenya. Before and after the 2008 presidential election, arguments were made that Obama was not a natural-born citizen. On June 12, 2008, the Obama presidential campaign launched a website to counter what it described as a smear campaign by his opponents, including conspiracy theories challenging his eligibility. The most prominent issue raised against Obama was the claim made in several lawsuits that he was not actually born in Hawaii. The Supreme", "title": "Natural-born-citizen clause" }, { "id": "12772930", "score": "1.5759404", "text": "\"Barry\" rather than \"Barack\"; and that Barack Obama Sr. was not his biological father, as well as the rumor that Barack Obama was not a natural-born citizen. In August 2008, Philip J. Berg, a former member of the Democratic State Committee of Pennsylvania, brought an unsuccessful lawsuit against Obama, which alleged \"that Obama was born in Mombasa, Kenya.\" In October 2008, an NPR article referred to \"Kenyan-born Sen. Barack Obama.\" Also that month, anonymous e-mails circulated claiming that the Associated Press (AP) had reported Obama was \"Kenyan-Born\". The claims were based on an AP story that had appeared five years", "title": "Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories" }, { "id": "11719444", "score": "1.5701458", "text": "at 1319 Punahou Street), was named for his father. \"The Honolulu Advertiser\" and the \"Honolulu Star-Bulletin\" announced the birth. Soon after their son's birth, while Obama's father continued his education at the University of Hawaii, Ann Dunham took the infant to Seattle, Washington, where she took classes at the University of Washington from September 1961 to June 1962. She and her son lived in an apartment in the Capitol Hill neighborhood. After graduating from the University of Hawaii with a B.A. in economics, Obama, Sr. left the state in June 1962, moving to Cambridge, Massachusetts for graduate study in economics", "title": "Early life and career of Barack Obama" }, { "id": "2826747", "score": "1.5647949", "text": "Obama was 21 years old. Recalling his early childhood, Obama said, \"That my father looked nothing like the people around me – that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk – barely registered in my mind.\" He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro at the University of Hawaii; he was an Indonesian East–West Center graduate student in geography. The couple married on Molokai on March 15, 1965. After two one-year extensions of his J-1 visa, Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966. His", "title": "Barack Obama" }, { "id": "11719443", "score": "1.5640225", "text": "Obama's parents met in 1960 while they were students at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Obama's father, Barack Obama, Sr., the university's first foreign student from an African nation, hailed from Kanyadhiang, Rachuonyo District, in the Nyanza Province of western Kenya. Obama's mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann, had been born in Wichita. They married on the Hawaiian island of Maui on February 2, 1961. Barack Hussein Obama, born in Honolulu on August 4, 1961 at the old Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital at 1611 Bingham Street (a predecessor of the Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women and Children", "title": "Early life and career of Barack Obama" }, { "id": "3694273", "score": "1.5497593", "text": "analyzing the voting behavior of GenJonesers. The election to the presidency of Barack Obama, born in 1961, plus Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin, born 1964, focused more attention on Generation Jones. Many journalists, publications, and experts — including Jonathan Alter (\"Newsweek\"), David Brooks (\"The New York Times\") and Karen Tumulty (\"Time\") — have characterized Obama as a member of Generation Jones. Key characteristics assigned to members are pessimism, distrust of government, and general cynicism. Generation Jones Generation Jones is a term coined by the author Jonathan Pontell to describe those born from approximately 1954 to 1964, while other sources", "title": "Generation Jones" }, { "id": "11664621", "score": "1.5463524", "text": "economic analyst in the Ministry of Finance. He was among a cadre of young Kenyan men who had been educated in the West in a program supported by Tom Mboya. Obama Sr. had conflicts with Kenyan President Jomo Kenyatta, which adversely affected his career. He was fired and blacklisted in Kenya, finding it nearly impossible to get a job. Obama Sr. was involved in three serious car accidents during his final years; he died as a result of the last one in 1982. Barack Obama Sr. was born in 1936 in Rachuonyo District on the shores of Lake Victoria just", "title": "Barack Obama Sr." }, { "id": "9703881", "score": "1.5390551", "text": "said she had granted her consent for him to marry a second wife, in keeping with Luo customs. On August 4, 1961, at the age of , Dunham gave birth to her first child, Barack Obama II. Friends in the state of Washington recall her visiting with her month-old baby in 1961. She took classes at the University of Washington from September 1961 to June 1962, and lived as a single mother in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle with her son while her husband continued his studies in Hawaii. When Obama Sr. graduated from the University of Hawaii in", "title": "Ann Dunham" }, { "id": "12772947", "score": "1.5383387", "text": "Obama shed more light on the controversy in a 2007 interview with the \"Chicago Tribune\". In the interview, Obama's paternal step-grandmother stated that six months after Barack Obama Sr. and Ann Dunham were married, she received a letter at her home in Kenya announcing the birth of Barack Obama II, who was born August 4, 1961. In a June 2012 interview at her Kenyan home, Sarah Obama was asked: \"Some people want to believe that the president was born in Kenya. Have these people ever bothered you or asked for his birth certificate?\" Her response was: \"But Barack Obama wasn't", "title": "Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories" }, { "id": "2826765", "score": "1.5374733", "text": "first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time. Obama entered Harvard Law School in the fall of 1988, living in nearby Somerville, Massachusetts. He was selected as an editor of the \"Harvard Law Review\" at the end of his first year, president of the journal in his second year, and research assistant to the constitutional scholar Laurence Tribe while at Harvard for two years. During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an associate at the law firms of", "title": "Barack Obama" }, { "id": "11664639", "score": "1.537108", "text": "his native village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District. His funeral was attended by ministers Robert Ouko, Peter Oloo-Aringo, and other prominent political figures. Barack Obama Sr. Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (; 18 June 1936 – 24 November 1982) was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and the father of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. He is a central figure of his son's memoir, \"Dreams from My Father\" (1995). Obama married in 1954 and had two children with his first wife, Kezia. He was selected for a special program to attend college in the United States and studied", "title": "Barack Obama Sr." }, { "id": "11664619", "score": "1.5335152", "text": "Barack Obama Sr. Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (; 18 June 1936 – 24 November 1982) was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and the father of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. He is a central figure of his son's memoir, \"Dreams from My Father\" (1995). Obama married in 1954 and had two children with his first wife, Kezia. He was selected for a special program to attend college in the United States and studied at the University of Hawaii. There, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961, and with whom he had a son,", "title": "Barack Obama Sr." }, { "id": "12772945", "score": "1.5332634", "text": "because his mother was an American citizen, saying that Obama's mother \"could have been on Mars when wee Barry emerged and he'd still be American.\" A contrary view is promoted by UCLA Law Professor Eugene Volokh, who has said that in the hypothetical scenario that Obama was born outside the U.S., he would be a natural-born citizen, since the then-applicable law would have required Obama's mother to have been in the U.S. at least \"five years after the age of 14\", but Ann Dunham was three months shy of her 19th birthday when Obama was born. An incorrect but popularly", "title": "Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories" } ]

[ "Sarah Palin", "Sarah palyn", "Sarah Heath Palin", "Sarah paylin", "Willow Palin", "Trig Paxson Van Palin", "trig paxson van palin", "gov sarah palin", "Sarah Heath", "Sarah L. H. Palin", "Sara palen", "Sara palin", "Governor Palin", "Sarahpalin", "serra paylin", "sarah barracuda", "sarah palin election", "Sarah H. Palin", "Serra paylin", "sarah heath palin", "sara palyn", "Sarah Palyn", "governor palin", "Sarrah Palin", "Gov. Palin", "Sarah Louise Heath", "sarah palen", "Sara palyn", "Trig Van Palen", "Sarah palin", "sarah louise palin", "track palin", "s palin", "sarah louise heath palin", "trig palin", "sara pallin", "Sarah Louise Palin", "Governor Sarah Palin", "gov palin", "sarah heath", "sara palen", "willow palin", "Sara Palin", "palin 2012", "piper palin", "sarahpalin", "trig van palin", "Sarah Palin election", "sarah paylin", "Sara Palyn", "Trig Van Palin", "Track Palin", "Sara Pallin", "Trig Palin", "sarah l h palin", "sarah palin", "sara palin", "Palin 2012", "sarrah palin", "Gov. Sarah Palin", "sarah louise heath", "Sarah Barracuda", "Sarah Louise Heath Palin", "governor sarah palin", "sarah h palin", "sarah palyn", "S Palin", "Sarah palen", "trig van palen", "Piper Palin" ]

[ { "id": "13853282", "score": "1.8945563", "text": "reading excerpts from Shatner's autobiography, \"Up Till Now\". Palin published a second book, \"America by Heart: Reflections on Family, Faith, and Flag,\" in November 2010. Going Rogue Going Rogue: An American Life (2009) is a personal and political memoir by politician Sarah Palin, former governor of Alaska and 2008 Republican candidate for U.S. Vice President on the ticket with Senator John McCain. She wrote it with Lynn Vincent. The book became a \"New York Times\" #1 bestseller in its first week of release, and remained there for six weeks. It is one of four political memoirs published since the 1990s", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853263", "score": "1.8711278", "text": "Going Rogue Going Rogue: An American Life (2009) is a personal and political memoir by politician Sarah Palin, former governor of Alaska and 2008 Republican candidate for U.S. Vice President on the ticket with Senator John McCain. She wrote it with Lynn Vincent. The book became a \"New York Times\" #1 bestseller in its first week of release, and remained there for six weeks. It is one of four political memoirs published since the 1990s to sell more than two million copies. The book deal was announced in May 2009 when Palin was still Governor of Alaska. She said that", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853266", "score": "1.7876326", "text": "\"unbelievably conscientious and hands-on at every stage\", adding that the book was \"her words, her life ... in full and fascinating detail\". HarperCollins had planned publication for spring 2010, but later moved the date to November 17, 2009, as the book was completed earlier than expected. The publisher attributed completion of the memoir early to Palin's devoting full-time to the writing process after she left office. A paperback version of the book, with new material, released on August 24, 2010. The first part of the book is devoted to Palin's life before the 2008 campaign; the second part details her", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853271", "score": "1.7666445", "text": "not review for accuracy recent books by the late Sen. Ted Kennedy, then-Sen. Joe Biden, either book by Barack Obama released before he was president or autobiographies by Bill or Hillary Clinton.\" Conservative talk show host John Ziegler objected to the AP piece, saying that the AP is extremely biased and \"badly missing the most important points of Sarah Palin's book\". The \"Huffington Post\" had an article titled \"The First Ten Lies from \"Going Rogue\"\", including the failure to credit ghostwriter Vincent on the cover, Palin's statement about legal bills she incurred relating to ethics complaints, without disclosing that most", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853273", "score": "1.6696658", "text": "\"The interview speaks for itself\". The book received a variety of reviews. Conservative radio talk show host John Ziegler praised \"Going Rogue\" as \"the best book and greatest literary achievement by a political figure in my lifetime\" and as showing honesty \"the type of which can only come from someone incredibly courageous, grounded, and self-aware\". Republican radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh called the book \"truly one of the more substantive policy books I've read\". Stanley Fish, writing for \"The New York Times\" Opinionator blog, explained that \"while I wouldn’t count myself a fan in the sense of being a", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853281", "score": "1.6483885", "text": "a parody of Palin's book, and was nearly identical. This resulted in news sources, including CNN and Fox News, confusing \"The Nation\"'s book with Palin's. The book and its surrounding promotion have been mentioned on late night comedy shows, including \"Late Show with David Letterman\" and \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\" David Letterman had a recurring segment, \"Things More Enjoyable than Reading the Sarah Palin Memoir\", including such things as \"getting run over by a lawnmower\" and \"driving into a tree\". On December 11, 2009, William Shatner read excerpts from the book on \"The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien\" followed by Palin", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853267", "score": "1.639473", "text": "life as a candidate for national office. The book is written in a personal tone similar to Palin's manner of speaking. Palin discusses the disagreements she had with campaign advisers of her running mate John McCain, criticizes the national media, and talks about the importance of religion and family life. The \"Going Rogue\" part of the title refers to criticism leveled at Palin by McCain campaign advisers that she was straying from their carefully crafted message and publicly disagreeing with McCain on several issues. The subtitle, \"An American Life\", mirrors the title of President Ronald Reagan's 1990 autobiography. The book", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853280", "score": "1.6232917", "text": "48-page spoof \"Going Rouge: The Sarah Palin Rogue Coloring & Activity Book,\" on the same day that Palin's \"Going Rogue\" appeared on the shelves. \"South Park\" featured a parody of the book called, \"Going Rogue on the Smurfs\". The website http://goingrogueindex.com leads to a proper-name index for \"Going Rogue\" (which was published without one) that features satirical trappings, such as a photo collage of several historical figures quoted in the book, and an embedded German song that translates to \"Madonna in Hell\". The book \"\", was a collection of essays compiled by \"The Nation\" criticizing Palin. The cover image was", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853275", "score": "1.6099733", "text": "was of Democrats. Kakutani credited the book with doing a \"lively job of conveying the frontier feel of the 49th state\". Matthew Continetti of \"The Washington Post\" observed that Palin's book was \"everything you'd expect from a politician who has no intention of leaving the national scene\". \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the book a C, praising the first chapters about Palin's life as \"down-to-earth and funny\", while concluding that the rest of the memoir was mediocre and self-serving. Jack Kenny for \"The New American\" criticized the book for being light on policy content: \"Do I know any more about Sarah Palin’s", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853269", "score": "1.6005648", "text": "2009, and was number one on The New York Times Best Seller list for six consecutive weeks. As of January 21, 2010, it was #4 on the New York Times best seller list after 9 weeks in the Top 10. According to campaign records, late in 2009, Palin used $63,000 of donations from SarahPAC, her political action committee, to purchase copies of her book, \"Going Rogue\". The expenditures were listed as, \"books for fundraising donor fulfillment\". Meghan Stapleton, Palin's spokeswoman, stated the purchased books were autographed and awarded to donors contributing more than $100 to Palin's PAC. A team of", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853277", "score": "1.5944318", "text": "the book as \"one giant complaint about the conduct of John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign\". Thomas Frank, writing for \"The Wall Street Journal\", panned the book: \"This is the memoir as prolonged, keening wail, larded with petty vindictiveness\". \"Newsweek\" senior editor Michael Hirsh said that \"she seems to be mainly out for repudiation of her critics here, and what you see is a lot of self-involvement\" and that the book would \"help her with her base...I don't know if it helps at all with what she would need to actually be elected president\". Palin was interviewed in rapid succession by", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853274", "score": "1.5755844", "text": "supporter, I found [the book] compelling and very well done\". \"The Wall Street Journal\"s Melanie Kirkpatrick described the book as \"more a personal memoir than a political one\", which demonstrated that Palin \"is not the prejudiced, dim-witted ideologue of the popular liberal imagination\". However, Kirkpatrick criticized the book as \"too gentle\" on the McCain campaign staffers and McCain himself, and as spending too little time discussing political issues. Critic Michiko Kakutani, writing for \"The New York Times\", characterized \"Going Rogue\" as \"part earnest autobiography, part payback hit job\", noting that it was more critical of the McCain campaign than it", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853279", "score": "1.5701203", "text": "the publisher for long legs of the journey. In addition to the book tour, a web-based campaign directed ads for the book to people searching for Palin's name on Google. Palin also used her Facebook page (accessible to non-subscribers) to promote her book. \"Going Rogue\" has inspired a number of parodies and satirical interpretations. Roy Edroso of the \"Village Voice\" \"reviewed\" the book by writing fake excerpts. TA Frank of \"The Guardian\" similarly parodied the contents with a faux first draft, complete with fake notes between Palin and her editors. Cartoonist Julie Sigwart and radio host Michael Stinson released a", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853268", "score": "1.5379162", "text": "was available for pre-order between $9 and $10 during a price war among online retailers Amazon, Target.com, and Walmart.com. Dan Calabrese, writing in the \"North Star National\", called the sales \"an absolutely unprecedented performance for a non-fiction book so far in advance of its release date\". Less than two weeks after its release, sales of the book exceeded the one million mark, putting it in a class with memoirs by Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama. The print run was extended to 2.8 million copies from 1.5 million. \"Going Rogue\" attained sales of over 2.7 million by December 1,", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13914688", "score": "1.5009583", "text": "dominate the nation's political scene.\" The book is unrelated in content to \"Going Rouge: The Sarah Palin Rogue Coloring & Activity Book\", a 48-page paperback by cartoonist Julie Sigwart and radio host Micheal Stinson, or to \"Going Rouge: A Candid Look inside the Mind of Political Conservative Sarah Palin,\" a novelty book of 102 blank pages. The book, released by OR Books, a start-up founded by veteran publishers John G. H. Oakes and Colin Robinson, was published on November 17, 2009, the same day that Palin's own hardback \"\" was released. According to their site, Oakes is the former publisher", "title": "Going Rouge" }, { "id": "6163639", "score": "1.4997706", "text": "Marcinko went on to author a series of novels placing himself as the protagonist and entitling the series: \"Rogue Warrior\". The book also spawned a 2009 video game which features Marcinko as the protagonist. Rogue Warrior (book) Rogue Warrior is an autobiography by career US naval officer Richard \"Dick\" Marcinko, who spent his career struggling to win acceptance for special warfare SEAL units within the Navy establishment. It covers the early history of the SEAL units, his participation in the Vietnam War, the Iran hostage rescue attempt in 1980 and the U.S. invasion of Grenada and the founding and early", "title": "Rogue Warrior (book)" }, { "id": "11445378", "score": "1.4806854", "text": "Rogue Male (novel) Rogue Male by Geoffrey Household is a classic thriller novel, published in 1939. The book was reissued in 2007 with an introduction by Victoria Nelson. The protagonist, an unnamed British sportsman, sets out in the spring of 1938 to see if he can get an unnamed European dictator in the sights of his rifle. Supposedly interested only in the stalk for its own sake, he convinces himself that he does not intend to pull the trigger. Caught while taking aim by the dictator's secret service guards, he is tortured, thrown over a cliff and left for dead.", "title": "Rogue Male (novel)" }, { "id": "13853270", "score": "1.478612", "text": "eleven reporters for the Associated Press challenged some of Palin's statements as factually incorrect, such as her assertions that she traveled frugally, avoided large campaign donors, was against the Wall Street bailouts of 2008, and entered politics for purely altruistic reasons. Their analysis concluded by speculating that the book was \"a pre-campaign manifesto\". According to Fox News, an AP spokesman \"confirmed 11 people worked on the story . . . but refused to say if similar number of journalists were assigned to review other political books, or if Palin has been treated differently\". Fox also reported \"The (AP) organization did", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13853265", "score": "1.4773898", "text": "said she would only work on the book after hours and would promote the book \"schedule permitting\". The Alaska law department issued a legal opinion which okayed the project, stating: \"A book publication project is compatible with your position as governor so long as it does not interfere with your official duties\". Conservative journalist and author Lynn Vincent worked on the book with Palin for several weeks shortly after she resigned the governorship in the summer of 2009. Palin met with HarperCollins editors for intensive editing sessions in New York City. HarperCollins publisher Jonathan Burnham said that Palin had been", "title": "Going Rogue" }, { "id": "13550715", "score": "1.4763212", "text": "Rogue (novel) Rogue is a novel by Danielle Steel, published by Random House in June 2008. The book is Steel's seventy-fifth best selling novel. Maxine Williams is a well-known and leading child psychiatrist, specializing in trauma and suicide, with three amazing children Daphne, Jack and Sam and a rich and glamorous ex-husband. Blake Williams, one of the richest men in the world has a glamorous life of globe travelling and dating beautiful women whilst Maxine stays in Manhattan looking after their children and pursuing the career she loves.Though divorced, both are extremely affectionate to each other. Blake soon meets the", "title": "Rogue (novel)" } ]

[ "nuclear test series carried out in usa", "Nuclear test series carried out in the USA" ]

[ { "id": "8768965", "score": "1.9042675", "text": "Operation Sunbeam Operation Sunbeam was a series of four nuclear tests conducted at the United States of America's Nevada Test Site in 1962. \"Operation Sunbeam\" tested small, \"tactical\" nuclear warheads; the most notable was the \"Davy Crockett\". \"Operation Sunbeam\" was also known as \"Operation Dominic II\". The chief milestone of \"Operation Sunbeam\" was that it was the last nuclear test series on the Nevada Test Site conducted in the atmosphere by the United States. Since \"Operation Sunbeam\", specifically the \"Little Feller 1\" test of the \"Davy Crockett,\" all US nuclear tests on the Test Site have been carried out underground", "title": "Operation Sunbeam" }, { "id": "8768966", "score": "1.850289", "text": "in accordance with the Partial Test Ban Treaty. Operation Sunbeam Operation Sunbeam was a series of four nuclear tests conducted at the United States of America's Nevada Test Site in 1962. \"Operation Sunbeam\" tested small, \"tactical\" nuclear warheads; the most notable was the \"Davy Crockett\". \"Operation Sunbeam\" was also known as \"Operation Dominic II\". The chief milestone of \"Operation Sunbeam\" was that it was the last nuclear test series on the Nevada Test Site conducted in the atmosphere by the United States. Since \"Operation Sunbeam\", specifically the \"Little Feller 1\" test of the \"Davy Crockett,\" all US nuclear tests on", "title": "Operation Sunbeam" }, { "id": "18123009", "score": "1.7492731", "text": "Operation Dominic Operation Dominic was a series of 31 nuclear test explosions with a 38.1 Mt total yield conducted in 1962 by the United States in the Pacific. This test series was scheduled quickly, in order to respond in kind to the Soviet resumption of testing after the tacit 1958–1961 test moratorium. Most of these shots were conducted with free-fall bombs dropped from B-52 bomber aircraft. Twenty of these shots were to test new weapons designs; six to test weapons effects; and several shots to confirm the reliability of existing weapons. The Thor missile was also used to lift warheads", "title": "Operation Dominic" }, { "id": "3792176", "score": "1.6847361", "text": "Operation Plumbbob Operation Plumbbob was a series of nuclear tests conducted between May 28 and October 7, 1957, at the Nevada Test Site, following \"Project 57\", and preceding \"Project 58/58A\". It was the biggest, longest, and most controversial test series in the continental United States. The operation consisted of 29 explosions, of which only two did not produce any nuclear yield. Twenty-one laboratories and government agencies were involved. While most \"Operation Plumbbob\" tests contributed to the development of warheads for intercontinental and intermediate range missiles, they also tested air defense and anti-submarine warheads with smaller yields. They included forty-three military", "title": "Operation Plumbbob" }, { "id": "18123010", "score": "1.6773483", "text": "into near-space to conduct high-altitude nuclear explosion tests; these shots were collectively called Operation Fishbowl. Operation Dominic occurred during a period of high Cold War tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, since the Cuban Bay of Pigs Invasion had occurred not long before. Nikita Khrushchev announced the end of a three-year moratorium on nuclear testing on August 30, 1961, and Soviet tests recommenced on September 1, initiating a series of tests that included the detonation of Tsar Bomba. President John F. Kennedy responded by authorizing \"Operation Dominic\". It was the largest nuclear weapons testing program ever conducted", "title": "Operation Dominic" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nevada Test Site\n\nThe Nevada National Security Site (N2S2 or NNSS), known as the Nevada Test Site (NTS) until 2010, is a United States Department of Energy (DOE) reservation located in southeastern Nye County, Nevada, about 65 miles (105 km) northwest of the city of Las Vegas. Formerly known as the Nevada Proving Grounds, the site was established in 1951 for the testing of nuclear devices. It covers approximately 1,360 square miles (3,500 km) of desert and mountainous terrain. Nuclear weapons testing at the site began with a 1-kiloton-of-TNT (4.2 TJ) bomb dropped on Frenchman Flat on January 27, 1951. Over the subsequent four decades, over 1,000 nuclear explosions were detonated at the site. Many of the iconic images of the nuclear era come from the site.\n\nDuring the 1950s, the mushroom clouds from the 100 atmospheric tests could be seen from almost away. The city of Las Vegas experienced noticeable seismic effects, and the mushroom clouds, which could be seen from the downtown hotels, became tourist attractions. Westerly winds routinely carried the fallout from above-ground nuclear testing directly through St. George, Utah and southern Utah. Increases in cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, bone cancer, brain tumors, and gastrointestinal tract cancers, were reported from the mid-1950s onward. A further 828 nuclear tests were carried out underground.\n\nFrom 1986 through 1994, two years after the United States put a hold on full-scale nuclear weapons testing, 536 anti-nuclear protests were held at the site, involving 37,488 participants and 15,740 arrests, according to government records.\n\nThe site contains 28 areas, 1,100 buildings, 400 miles (640 km) of paved roads, 300 miles of unpaved roads, 10 heliports, and two airstrips.\n\nCurrently, Mission Support and Test Services (MSTS) is the civilian contractor for the site's management and oversees overall operations. MSTS manages and operates the site for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). Security is provided by SOC LLC.", "title": "Nevada Test Site" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of United States nuclear weapons tests\n\nThe nuclear weapons tests of the United States were performed from 1945 to 1992 as part of the nuclear arms race. The United States conducted around 1,054 nuclear tests by official count, including 216 atmospheric, underwater, and space tests. Most of the tests took place at the Nevada Test Site (NNSS/NTS) and the Pacific Proving Grounds in the Marshall Islands and off Kiritimati Island in the Pacific, plus three in the Atlantic Ocean. Ten other tests took place at various locations in the United States, including Alaska, Nevada other than the NNSS/NTS, Colorado, Mississippi, and New Mexico.", "title": "List of United States nuclear weapons tests" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Template:Nuclear weapons tests of the United States" }, { "id": "16863026", "score": "1.6674592", "text": "Operation Fluid Drive Operation Fluid Drive was a non-combatant evacuation operation led by the United States to evacuate American citizens and other foreign nationals from Beirut, Lebanon, during the Lebanese Civil War. On 20 June 1976, USS \"Spiegel Grove\" transported 110 Americans and 157 nationals of other countries from Lebanon to Piraeus, Greece. On 27 July, 300 additional persons, including 155 Americans, were evacuated to Piraeus. The cruiser USS \"Little Rock\" was present off the Lebanese coast during both evacuations. United States President Gerald Ford ordered commencement of the operation on 20 June 1976 at 1:23 a.m. EDT. Fighting on", "title": "Operation Fluid Drive" }, { "id": "16863029", "score": "1.6648495", "text": "of other countries were evacuated. Operation Fluid Drive Operation Fluid Drive was a non-combatant evacuation operation led by the United States to evacuate American citizens and other foreign nationals from Beirut, Lebanon, during the Lebanese Civil War. On 20 June 1976, USS \"Spiegel Grove\" transported 110 Americans and 157 nationals of other countries from Lebanon to Piraeus, Greece. On 27 July, 300 additional persons, including 155 Americans, were evacuated to Piraeus. The cruiser USS \"Little Rock\" was present off the Lebanese coast during both evacuations. United States President Gerald Ford ordered commencement of the operation on 20 June 1976 at", "title": "Operation Fluid Drive" }, { "id": "18123011", "score": "1.6577997", "text": "by the United States and the last atmospheric test series conducted by the U.S., as the Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed in Moscow the following year. The operation was undertaken by Joint Task Force 8. Operation Dominic Operation Dominic was a series of 31 nuclear test explosions with a 38.1 Mt total yield conducted in 1962 by the United States in the Pacific. This test series was scheduled quickly, in order to respond in kind to the Soviet resumption of testing after the tacit 1958–1961 test moratorium. Most of these shots were conducted with free-fall bombs dropped from B-52", "title": "Operation Dominic" }, { "id": "18527242", "score": "1.6525309", "text": "Operation Maple (Italy) Operation Maple was a series of World War II operations in Italy in support of the Anzio landings. It comprised separate operations by the British Special Air Service (2 SAS), starting on 7 January 1944. There were mixed results: one (\"Thistledown\") was successful, but the other (\"Driftwood\") was not and its objective had to be destroyed by a subsequent operation (\"Baobab\"). None of the members of the first two parties returned safely, they were either captured or missing. In support of the Anzio landings, it was required to cut rail links north of Rome, and elsewhere on", "title": "Operation Maple (Italy)" }, { "id": "3792180", "score": "1.6432436", "text": "the only test of the Air Force's AIR-2 Genie missile with a nuclear warhead. It was fired from an F-89J Scorpion fighter over Yucca Flats at the NNSS. On the ground, the Air Force carried out a public relations event by having five Air Force officers and a photographer stand under ground zero of the blast, which took place at between 18,500 and 20,000 feet altitude, with the idea of demonstrating the possibility of the use of the weapon over civilian populations without ill effects. In 2012, the photographer and the last survivor of the five met in a restaurant", "title": "Operation Plumbbob" }, { "id": "3792184", "score": "1.638263", "text": "evidence as \"going like a bat!\" Operation Plumbbob Operation Plumbbob was a series of nuclear tests conducted between May 28 and October 7, 1957, at the Nevada Test Site, following \"Project 57\", and preceding \"Project 58/58A\". It was the biggest, longest, and most controversial test series in the continental United States. The operation consisted of 29 explosions, of which only two did not produce any nuclear yield. Twenty-one laboratories and government agencies were involved. While most \"Operation Plumbbob\" tests contributed to the development of warheads for intercontinental and intermediate range missiles, they also tested air defense and anti-submarine warheads with", "title": "Operation Plumbbob" }, { "id": "19735052", "score": "1.6196567", "text": "camps Omar and Jabal Uhob, along with a cache of weapons and equipment, were captured by the government forces. The operation lasted two days, as opposed to the planned week-long effort. The quick defeat of the MILF forces under Ameril Umbra Kato reportedly prompted his demotion from field commander to a classroom instructor. Casualties were light on the government side; two dead as opposed to the MILF losses - 130 killed in action. Operation Valiancy Operation Valiancy (Filipino: \"Oplan Kagitingan\") was the initial military operation of the 2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front which took place in", "title": "Operation Valiancy" }, { "id": "14651255", "score": "1.618216", "text": "Operation Telescope Operation Telescope was the name given to a Franco-British operation conducted from 5 to 6 November 1956 during the Suez Crisis, consisting of a series of parachute drops launched by the British Parachute Brigade, in combination with French paratroop forces, 24 hours before the seaborne landing on Port Said during Operation Musketeer. Troops dropped onto Gamil airfield and Port Fuad to secure airfields and prevent Egyptian forces from providing air defence. It was put forward by the deputy Land Task Force Commander General André Beaufre under the original name Omelette which included many more drops but was adapted", "title": "Operation Telescope" }, { "id": "8204959", "score": "1.6028824", "text": "1980, Daniel Berrigan, a Jesuit priest and his brother Philip, a Josephite priest and six others (the \"Plowshares Eight\") began the Plowshares Movement when they entered the General Electric Nuclear Missile Re-entry Division in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania where nose cones for the Mark 12A warheads were made. They hammered on two nose cones, poured blood on documents and offered prayers for peace. They were arrested and initially charged with over ten different felony and misdemeanor counts. On 10 April 1990, after nearly ten years of trials and appeals, the Plowshares Eight were re-sentenced and paroled for up to 23½", "title": "Ciaron O'Reilly" }, { "id": "7093571", "score": "1.5979513", "text": "Eight Thor DSV-2E missiles were launched between May 2, 1962 and November 1, 1962. Though the program would routinely run successful tests with unarmed Thor missiles, the only high altitude nuclear explosions were conducted through Operations Argus, Hardtack I, and Dominic/Fishbowl between 1958-1962. Operation Argus operated out of the South Atlantic, while Hardtack and Dominic conducted their high altitude tests from the Johnston Island facilities. \"Tightrope\" was part of \"Fishbowl\" but was a lower altitude detonation. Some results of these tests, Dominic's 1962 Starfish Prime test in particular, presented concerns throughout the program's existence. In addition to the widespread effects", "title": "Program 437" }, { "id": "1532192", "score": "1.5925715", "text": "during the day. Other objectives included the destruction of the launchers and their fiber-optic communications arrays that lay in pipelines and relayed coordinates to the TEL operators that were launching attacks against Israel. The operations were designed to prevent any possible Israeli intervention. Due to lack of sufficient ground cover to carry out their assignment, One Zero and Three Zero abandoned their operations, while Two Zero remained, and was later compromised, with only Sergeant Chris Ryan escaping to Syria. Elements of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Battalion 5th Cavalry of the 1st Cavalry Division of the US Army performed a direct", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "id": "10345667", "score": "1.5855236", "text": "a smaller operation to simulate a follow-up landing force heading for Granville, at the western side of the Cotentin Peninsula. The desired effect would be to force the German command to pull units from the front line and redeploy them to protect the western coast. The plan was for two Royal Canadian Navy destroyers, \"Haida\" and \"Huron\", to make a series of fake radio transmissions, which would be intercepted. The beginning of the operation went smoothly, with the two ships signalling that the invasion fleet had been delayed by engine problems, and giving a revised plan. However, the radios on", "title": "Operation Accumulator" }, { "id": "18527243", "score": "1.584794", "text": "the east coast. To this end, rail lines around Terni and Orvieto were to be attacked by four men of Operation Thistledown; this was successful, but all the team's members were captured. \"Driftwood\" consisted of two four man teams intended to cut the lines between Urbino and Fabriano, and Ancona and Rimini. Their fate is unknown, but they were surmised to be drowned, or captured and executed. A reinforcement party (\"Baobab\") was landed by sea on 30 January and successfully destroyed a bridge between Pesaro and Fano. Operation Maple (Italy) Operation Maple was a series of World War II operations", "title": "Operation Maple (Italy)" }, { "id": "2488057", "score": "1.5801272", "text": "the Gustav line three days earlier. In order to replenish his supplies Major Ottoway retreated south to Malconi where he and his team were surrounded by the Wehrmacht and later surrendered. Operation Candytuft During World War II, Operation Candytuft was a British raid by 2nd Special Air Service launched on 27 October 1943. Inserted by boat on Italy’s east coast between Ancona and Pescara, the troopers were to destroy railway bridges and disrupt rear areas. The raid was conducted by No. 3 Commando and 6 Demolition Corps under the command of Major Terence Otway. They were dropped as planned at", "title": "Operation Candytuft" }, { "id": "3275058", "score": "1.5796084", "text": "Operation Sundevil Operation Sundevil was a 1990 nationwide United States Secret Service crackdown on \"illegal computer hacking activities.\" It involved raids in approximately fifteen different cities and resulted in three arrests and the confiscation of computers, the contents of electronic bulletin board systems (BBSes), and floppy disks. It was revealed in a press release on May 9, 1990. The arrests and subsequent court cases resulted in the creation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. The operation is now seen as largely a public-relations stunt. Operation Sundevil has also been viewed as one of the preliminary attacks on the Legion of Doom", "title": "Operation Sundevil" } ]

[ "Cdiz", "cdiz" ]

[ { "id": "13229292", "score": "2.2028575", "text": "Singeing the King of Spain's Beard Singeing the King of Spain's Beard is the derisive name given to the attack in April and May 1587 in the Bay of Cádiz, by the English privateer Francis Drake against the Spanish naval forces assembling at Cádiz. Much of the Spanish fleet was destroyed, and substantial supplies were destroyed or captured. There followed a series of raiding parties against several forts along the Portuguese coast. A Spanish treasure ship, returning from the Indies, was also captured. The damage caused by the English delayed Spanish plans to invade England by more than a year,", "title": "Singeing the King of Spain's Beard" }, { "id": "13229306", "score": "2.1826758", "text": "and laying up with impunity for three days in Spain's premier Atlantic port while he burned ships and stores. These actions gave heart to Spain's enemies and dismayed her friends. Drake compounded the insult by publicly boasting that he had \"singed the King of Spain's beard\"; yet privately he realized that his actions had only delayed a Spanish invasion, not prevented it altogether, and he wrote to Elizabeth urging her to \"Prepare in England strongly, and mostly by sea. Stop him now and stop him forever\". Singeing the King of Spain's Beard Singeing the King of Spain's Beard is the", "title": "Singeing the King of Spain's Beard" }, { "id": "13229297", "score": "2.1621737", "text": "of London merchants, whose profits were to be calculated in the same proportions as their investment in the fleet; the Queen, as owner of the four Royal Naval vessels, was to receive 50% of the profits. On 12 April 1587 the English fleet set sail from Plymouth. Seven days after their departure, the Queen sent a counter-command to Drake with instructions not to commence hostilities against the Spanish Fleet or ports. Drake never received this order as the boat carrying it was forced back into port by headwinds before it was able to reach him. Queen Elizabeth had in fact", "title": "Singeing the King of Spain's Beard" }, { "id": "13229296", "score": "2.1352267", "text": "gave the English privateer, Sir Francis Drake, an outstanding leader of previous naval expeditions, the command of a fleet whose mission was to inspect the Spanish military preparations, intercept their supplies, attack the fleet and if possible the Spanish ports. To that end, the Queen put at Drake's disposal four Royal Naval galleons: the \"Elizabeth Bonaventure\", which was under Drake's own command; \"Golden Lion\", captained by William Burroughs; \"Rainbow\", under Captain Bellingham; and \"Dreadnought\" under Captain Thomas Fenner. A further twenty merchantmen and armed pinnaces joined forces with the expedition. The cost of these boats was met by a group", "title": "Singeing the King of Spain's Beard" }, { "id": "147252", "score": "2.113495", "text": "with Drake in command of twenty-one ships with 1,800 soldiers under Christopher Carleill. He first attacked Vigo in Spain and held the place for two weeks ransoming supplies. He then plundered Santiago in the Cape Verde islands after which the fleet then sailed across the Atlantic, sacked the port of Santo Domingo, and captured the city of Cartagena de Indias in present-day Colombia. On 6 June 1586, during the return leg of the voyage, he raided the Spanish fort of San Augustín in Spanish Florida. After the raids he then went on to find Sir Walter Raleigh's settlement much further", "title": "Francis Drake" }, { "id": "13229298", "score": "2.1079056", "text": "never intended for this note to reach Drake in time and was part of the usual process in which Elizabeth could have plausible deniability over Drake's actions should they not go exactly to plan. Off the coast of Galicia the fleet was dispersed by a storm that lasted several days, during which one of the pinnaces foundered. After the fleet regrouped, they met two Dutch ships from Middelburg, Zeeland, who informed them that plans were in readiness to sail a huge Spanish war fleet from Cádiz to Lisbon. At dusk on 29 April the English fleet entered the Bay of", "title": "Singeing the King of Spain's Beard" }, { "id": "13229305", "score": "2.0805185", "text": "not until August 1588 that the Armada was ready to leave for the British Isles. Documents seized by the English with the \"São Filipe\", which had details of the East Indies maritime traffic and the lucrative trade in the area, would years later be used as the basis for the founding of the East India Company. Drake had already embarrassed King Philip with his actions in the West Indies, taking towns and ships at will from pre-eminent naval power of the time. With this expedition he had taken that affront to Philip's doorstep, raiding along the very coast of Spain,", "title": "Singeing the King of Spain's Beard" }, { "id": "147253", "score": "2.0738935", "text": "north at Roanoke which he replenished and also took back with him all of the original colonists before Sir Richard Greynvile arrived with supplies and more colonists. He finally reached England on 22 July, when he sailed into Portsmouth, England to a hero's welcome. Angered by these acts, Philip II ordered a planned invasion of England. In another pre-emptive strike, Drake \"singed the beard of the King of Spain\" in 1587 by sailing a fleet into Cadiz and also Corunna, two of Spain's main ports, and occupied the harbours. He destroyed 37 naval and merchant ships. The attack delayed the", "title": "Francis Drake" }, { "id": "147254", "score": "2.0724974", "text": "Spanish invasion by a year. Over the next month, Drake patrolled the Iberian coasts between Lisbon and Cape St. Vincent, intercepting and destroying ships on the Spanish supply lines. Drake estimated that he captured around 1600–1700 tons of barrel staves, enough to make 25,000 to for containing provisions. Drake was vice admiral in command of the English fleet (under Lord Howard of Effingham,) when it overcame the Spanish Armada that was attempting to invade England in 1588. As the English fleet pursued the Armada up the English Channel in closing darkness, Drake broke off and captured the Spanish galleon \"Rosario\",", "title": "Francis Drake" }, { "id": "13229304", "score": "2.067061", "text": "the first ship to be so on the return run from the Indies. Its enormous fortune of gold, spices and silk was valued at £108,000 (of which 10% was to go to Drake); the fleet returned to England, arriving on 6 July. The expedition led by Francis Drake was a resounding military success: over one hundred Spanish vessels of different tonnages were destroyed or captured during the expedition. Economic and material losses caused to the Spanish fleet by the English attack ensured that Spanish plans for the invasion of England had to be postponed for over a year. It was", "title": "Singeing the King of Spain's Beard" }, { "id": "147258", "score": "2.0658624", "text": "Philip II (then king of Spain and Portugal), and take the Azores if possible. Drake and Norreys destroyed a few ships in the harbour of A Coruña in Spain but lost more than 12,000 lives and 20 ships. This delayed Drake, and he was forced to forgo hunting the rest of the surviving ships and head on to Lisbon. Drake's seafaring career continued into his mid-fifties. In 1595, he failed to conquer the port of Las Palmas, and following a disastrous campaign against Spanish America, where he suffered a number of defeats, he unsuccessfully attacked San Juan de Puerto Rico,", "title": "Francis Drake" }, { "id": "14589413", "score": "2.0520658", "text": "at supper and killing Sir Nicholas Clifford and a young officer. Francis Drake was now the sole head of the English fleet, and ordered his ships to take shelter near Cabras Island to avoid the Spanish bombardment. His men spent much of the next day sounding the waters to find suitable places to land. Their inability to force the blocked harbor and attack San Juan prompted Drake to send 30 boats with 1,500 men that night. Their goal was to burn the five Spanish frigates lying in the harbor, and they set fire to three of them. Two of the", "title": "Gonzalo Méndez de Canço" }, { "id": "17222600", "score": "2.043198", "text": "to more buildings and threatened to destroy his own headquarters the oldest church in the whole of the Americas but eventually Malarejo offered a ransom of 25,000 ducats. Finally the deal was agreed, and Drake promised to spare what remained of the town and sail away from it if the ransom was paid promptly. Drake sent a delegation to the Spanish camp with a message with a black boy freed from slavery who had recently joined the English. The Spanish however thinking this as an insult stabbed and killed him which infuriated Drake so much that he had many Spaniards", "title": "Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)" }, { "id": "17911212", "score": "2.0386987", "text": "Phillip II of Spain after the Treaty of Nonsuch in which Elizabeth I had offered her support to the rebellious Protestant Dutch rebels. The Queen through Francis Walsingham ordered Sir Francis Drake to lead an expedition to attack the Spanish New World in a kind of preemptive strike. The expedition gathered at Plymouth, England on 14 September 1585 with Sir Francis Drake in command of twenty one ships with 1,800 soldiers under Christopher Carleill. Sailing from Plymouth he first attacked Vigo in Spain and held the place for two weeks ransoming supplies. Drake however intended this to be a diversionary", "title": "Capture of Santiago (1585)" }, { "id": "147223", "score": "2.0278425", "text": "with this incident. Following the defeat at San Juan de Ulúa, Drake vowed revenge. In 1570, his reputation enabled him to proceed to the West Indies with two vessels under his command. He renewed his visit the next year for the sole purpose of obtaining information. In 1572, he embarked on his first major independent enterprise. He planned an attack on the Isthmus of Panama, known to the Spanish as Tierra Firme and the English as the Spanish Main. This was the point at which the silver and gold treasure of Peru had to be landed and sent overland to", "title": "Francis Drake" }, { "id": "17217050", "score": "2.0246944", "text": "booty along with a ransom before departing on 12 April. War had already been unofficially declared by Philip II of Spain after the Treaty of Nonsuch in which Elizabeth I had offered her support to the rebellious Protestant Dutch rebels. The Queen through Francis Walsingham ordered Sir Francis Drake to lead an expedition to attack the Spanish New World in a kind of preemptive strike. Sailing from Plymouth, England, he struck first at Santiago in November 1585 then sailed across the Atlantic on New Years Day 1586 to the Spanish New world city of Santo Domingo in the Caribbean, which", "title": "Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)" }, { "id": "17212716", "score": "2.0131087", "text": "of Nonsuch in which Elizabeth I had offered her support to the rebellious Protestant Dutch rebels. The Queen through Francis Walsingham ordered Sir Francis Drake to lead an expedition to attack the Spanish New World colonies in a kind of preemptive strike. Sailing from Plymouth, England, in November 1585 he struck first at Santiago in the Cape Verde islands off the northwest coast of Africa, then across the Atlantic at the Spanish city of Santo Domingo which was captured and ransomed on 1 January 1586; following that he successfully attacked the important city of Cartagena on 19 February. Drake wanted", "title": "Raid on St. Augustine" }, { "id": "15184875", "score": "2.0128288", "text": "English pirate, Francis Drake, “El Draque”, appears before the coasts of Cartagena with a fleet of up to 23 ships of war and more than 3,000 men, and attacked the city, in which it was the most important military action carried out in the 16th century against the ports of America. Cartagena was taken and Drake was devoted to looting: It reduced to ashes a little more than half of the city and, before the refusal of its inhabitants to pay the juicy ransom that demanded, threatened to demolish to cannonades the cathedral, that at that moment had to be", "title": "Cartagena Cathedral, Colombia" }, { "id": "147225", "score": "2.0124137", "text": "raiding Spanish shipping and attempting to capture a treasure shipment. The most celebrated of Drake's adventures along the Spanish Main was his capture of the Spanish Silver Train at Nombre de Dios in March 1573. He raided the waters around Darien (in modern Panama) with a crew including many French privateers including Guillaume Le Testu, a French buccaneer, and African slaves (Maroons) who had escaped the Spanish. Drake tracked the Silver Train to the nearby port of Nombre de Dios. After their attack on the richly laden mule train, Drake and his party found that they had captured around 20", "title": "Francis Drake" }, { "id": "147217", "score": "2.0045953", "text": "unexplored by western shipping. Elizabeth I awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581 which he received on the Golden Hind in Deptford. As a Vice Admiral, he was second-in-command of the English fleet in the battle against the Spanish Armada in 1588. He died of dysentery in January 1596, after unsuccessfully attacking San Juan, Puerto Rico. Drake's exploits made him a hero to the English, but his privateering led the Spanish to brand him a pirate, known to them as \"El Draque\". King Philip II allegedly offered a reward for his capture or death of 20,000 ducats, about £6 million (US$8", "title": "Francis Drake" } ]

[ "Crozier", "crosier staff", "posokh", "croziers", "Pastoral Staff", "Crosier", "bishop s crook", "Crosier-staff", "Staff, Pastoral", "Croziers", "Pateritsa", "crosier", "pastoral staff", "crozier", "Paterissa", "Pósokh", "pateritsa", "staff pastoral", "Bishop's Crook", "Pastoral staff", "pósokh", "paterissa", "Posokh" ]

[ { "id": "1391124", "score": "1.8826592", "text": "of the ancient Roman augurs, as well as the staff of Moses in the Hebrew Bible. Many other types of the staff of office were found in later periods, some continuing to the modern day in ceremonial contexts. In the Western Church the usual form has been a shepherd's crook, curved at the top to enable animals to be hooked. This relates to the many metaphorical references to bishops as the shepherds of their \"flock\" of Christians, following the metaphor of Christ as the Good Shepherd. The Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic crosier is found in two common forms.", "title": "Crosier" }, { "id": "1391138", "score": "1.8045745", "text": "by an abbot than of a bishop. Crosiers used by Western bishops have curved or hooked tops, similar in appearance to staves traditionally used by shepherds, hence they are also known as crooks. In some languages there is only one term referring to this form, such as the German \"Krummstab\" or Dutch \"kromstaf\". The crook itself (i.e., the curved top portion) may be formed as a simple shepherd's crook, terminating in a floral pattern, reminiscent of the Aaron's rod, or in a serpent's head. It may encircle a depiction of the bishop's coat of arms or the figure of a", "title": "Crosier" }, { "id": "1391143", "score": "1.7522676", "text": "reference to the bishop as a shepherd to his flock, is this: the pointed ferrule at the base symbolizes the obligation of the prelate to goad the spiritually lazy; the crook at the top, his obligation to draw back those who stray from the faith; and the staff itself, his obligation to stand as a firm support for the faithful. It is considered to be both a rod and a staff (): a rod for punishing the recalcitrant, and a staff for leading the faithful. Crosier A crosier (also known as a crozier, paterissa, pastoral staff, or bishop's staff) is", "title": "Crosier" }, { "id": "1391129", "score": "1.7334002", "text": "Apostle. In Western Christianity, the crosier (known as the pastoral staff, from the Latin \"pastor\", shepherd) is shaped like a shepherd's crook. A bishop or church head bears this staff as \"shepherd of the flock of God\", particularly the community under his canonical jurisdiction, but any bishop, whether or not assigned to a functional diocese, may also use a crosier when conferring sacraments and presiding at liturgies. The Catholic Caeremoniale Episcoporum says that, as a sign of his pastoral function, a bishop uses a crosier within his territory, but any bishop celebrating the liturgy solemnly with the consent of the", "title": "Crosier" }, { "id": "14479744", "score": "1.6531038", "text": "a shepherd of Christ's flock. It has a cross at the top, just above a double crook. This double crook is sometimes in the shape of serpent's heads, symbolizing the serpent lifted up by Moses in the wilderness. (Now Christ lifted up on the Cross.) At services in the Slavic traditions, the bishop stands on a small round or oval rug, called orlets, upon which is represented an eagle hovering over a city. This symbolizes his rule over a city and the eagle reminds the bishop that by his teaching and life he must rise above his flock and be", "title": "Bishop in the Eastern Orthodox Church" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Crosier\n\nA crosier or crozier (also known as a paterissa, pastoral staff, or bishop's staff) is a stylized staff that is a symbol of the governing office of a bishop or abbot and is carried by high-ranking prelates of Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and some Anglican, Lutheran, United Methodist and Pentecostal churches.\n\nIn Western Christianity the usual form has been a shepherd's crook, curved at the top to enable animals to be hooked. In Eastern Christianity, it is found in two common forms: tau-shaped, with curved arms, surmounted by a small cross; or a pair of sculptured serpents or dragons curled back to face each other, with a small cross between them.\n\nOther typical insignia of prelates are the mitre, the pectoral cross, and the episcopal ring.", "title": "Crosier" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Shepherd's crook\n\nA shepherd's crook is a long and sturdy stick with a hook at one end, often with the point flared outwards, used by a shepherd to manage and sometimes catch sheep. In addition, the crook may aid in defending against attack by predators. When traversing rough terrain, a crook is an aid to balance. Shepherds may also use the long implement to part thick undergrowth (for example at the edge of a drovers' road) when searching for lost sheep or potential predators.", "title": "Shepherd's crook" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Candy cane\n\nA candy cane is a cane-shaped stick candy often associated with Christmastide,<ref name=\"HartelHartel2014\" /> as well as Saint Nicholas Day.<ref name=ACTJ/> It is traditionally white with red stripes and flavored with peppermint, but they also come in a variety of other flavors and colors.", "title": "Candy cane" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fiddlehead\n\nFiddleheads or fiddlehead greens are the furled fronds of a young fern, harvested for use as a vegetable.\n\nLeft on the plant, each fiddlehead would unroll into a new frond (circinate vernation). As fiddleheads are harvested early in the season before the frond has opened and reached its full height, they are cut fairly close to the ground.\n\nFiddleheads contain a compound associated with bracken toxicity.\n\nThe fiddlehead resembles the curled ornamentation (called a \"scroll\") on the end of a stringed instrument, such as a fiddle. It is also called a crozier, after the curved staff used by bishops, which has its origins in the shepherd's crook.", "title": "Fiddlehead" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Clonmacnoise Crozier\n\nThe Clonmacnoise Crozier is a late-11th-century Insular crozier that would have been used as a ceremonial staff for bishops and mitred abbots. Its origins and medieval provenance are unknown. It was likely discovered in the late 18th or early 19th century in the monastery of Clonmacnoise in County Offaly, Ireland. The crozier has two main parts: a long shaft and a curved crook. Its style reflects elements of Viking art, especially the snake-like animals in figure-of-eight patterns running on the sides of the body of the crook, and the ribbon of dog-like animals in openwork (ornamentation with openings or holes) that form the crest at its top. Apart from a shortening to the staff length and the loss of some inserted gems, it is largely intact and is one of the best-preserved surviving pieces of Insular metalwork.\n\nThe crozier may have been associated with Saint Ciarán of Clonmacnoise (died CE), and was perhaps commissioned by Tigernach Ua Braín (died 1088), Abbot of Clonmacnoise, but little is known of its origin or rediscovery. It was built in two phases: the original 11th-century structure received an addition sometime around the early 15th century. The staff is made from a wooden core wrapped in copper-alloy (bronze) tubes, fixed in place by binding strips, and three barrel-shaped knops (protruding decorative metal fittings). The hook was concurrently but separately constructed before it was placed on top of the staff. The crozier's decorative attachments include the crest and terminal (or \"drop\") on the crook, and the knops and ferrule on the staff; these components are made from silver, niello, glass and enamel. The hook is further embellished with round blue glass studs and white and red millefiori (glassware) insets.\n\nThe antiquarian and collector Henry Charles Sirr, Lord Mayor of Dublin, held the crozier until his collection was acquired by the Royal Irish Academy on his death in 1841. It was transferred to the archaeology branch of the National Museum of Ireland on Kildare Street on the branch's foundation in 1890. The archaeologist and art historian Griffin Murray has described the crozier as \"one of [the] finest examples of early medieval metalwork from Ireland\".", "title": "Clonmacnoise Crozier" }, { "id": "14479743", "score": "1.6465122", "text": "a richly embroidered crown, called a mitre which symbolises the authority conferred upon a minister of the Church. Sometimes together with his pectoral cross, the bishop also wears a small, circular icon of the Saviour or the Mother of God, called the panagia (All-Holy, after the Mother of Christ), or engolpion, over his heart. This is to remind the bishop that he must carry Christ and his Holy Mother in his heart, and thus his heart must be pure. An episcopal staff called a crosier is carried by the bishop, as a shepherd's crook, to be reminiscent that he is", "title": "Bishop in the Eastern Orthodox Church" }, { "id": "1391123", "score": "1.5907612", "text": "Crosier A crosier (also known as a crozier, paterissa, pastoral staff, or bishop's staff) is a stylized staff carried by high-ranking Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, and some Lutheran, United Methodist and Pentecostal prelates. Other typical insignia of many of these prelates are the mitre, the pectoral cross, and the episcopal ring. A crosier staff is a part of the tradition of Jewish Christianity. The origin of the crozier as a staff of authority is uncertain, but there were many secular and religious precedents in the ancient world. One example is the lituus, the traditional staff", "title": "Crosier" }, { "id": "1391135", "score": "1.5582879", "text": "croiser. In Eastern Christianity (Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholicism), bishops use a similar pastoral staff. When a bishop is consecrated, the crosier (, Slavonic: \"pósokh\") is presented to him by the chief consecrator following the dismissal at the Divine Liturgy. The Archbishop of Cyprus has the unique privilege of carrying a paterissa shaped like an imperial sceptre. This is one of the \"Three Privileges\" granted to the Orthodox Church of Cyprus by Emperor Zeno (the other two being to sign his name in cinnabar—i.e., ink coloured vermilion by the addition of the mineral cinnabar—and to wear purple instead", "title": "Crosier" }, { "id": "1773411", "score": "1.5355694", "text": "right path. Jesus often used this illustration in his teaching, so the shepherd's staff has become the symbol of the care and guidance which the church minister (pastor or priest) gives to others. This care involves showing active concern for the physical, social, psychological and spiritual well-being of a person in practical ways. It is not only clergymen who show this kind of care; teachers and social workers often show this level of concern for many. The key is symbolic of the words of Jesus to Peter, \"I will give you the keys of the kingdom of Heaven\" (Matthew 16:19).", "title": "St. Paul's College, Hong Kong" }, { "id": "7429320", "score": "1.5249307", "text": "the crook has been used as a religious symbol of care (particularly in difficult circumstances), including the Christian bishop's crosier. In medicine, the term shepherd’s crook is used to describe a right coronary artery that follows an unusually high and winding route. This variant, which has a prevalence of about 5%, imposes technical problems in angioplasty procedures. Thalia, Muse of comedy in Greek mythology, was usually seen holding a shepherd's crook. The shepherd's crook and the flail (an agricultural tool) are insignia of pharaonic authority: the Crook and flail. Shepherd's crook The shepherd's crook, essentially a long and sturdy stick", "title": "Shepherd's crook" }, { "id": "12936781", "score": "1.5208459", "text": "of Sweden and other Lutheran, and Anglican bishops having the shepherd's crook among their insignia (see also \"Lycidas\"). In both cases, the implication is that the faithful are the \"flock\" who have to be tended. This is in part inspired by Jesus's injunctions to Peter, \"Feed my sheep\", which is the source of the pastoral image in \"Lycidas\". The term \"Pastor\", originally the Latin word for \"shepherd\", is now used solely to denote the clergy of most Christian denominations. According to Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, every messenger of God had the occupation of being a shepherd at one point", "title": "Shepherd" }, { "id": "1391139", "score": "1.4986995", "text": "saint. In some very ornate crosiers, the place where the staff meets the crook may be designed to represent a church. In previous times, a cloth of linen or richer material, called the sudarium (literally, \"sweat cloth\"), was suspended from the crosier at the place where the bishop would grasp it. This was originally a practical application which prevented the bishop's hand from sweating and discolouring (or being discoloured by) the metal. The invention of stainless steel in the late 19th century and its subsequent incorporation in material used for crosiers rendered moot its original purpose it became more elaborate", "title": "Crosier" }, { "id": "17320136", "score": "1.4928845", "text": "more permanently began using a \"ferula\" as a pastoral staff for solemn liturgical celebrations, rather than a symbol of governance. In effect, the papal \"ferula\" became the equivalent of a bishop's crosier or pastoral staff. The pastoral staff carried by the popes since Pope Paul VI is a contemporary single-barred crucifix, designed by the Italian artist Lello Scorzelli in 1963 and carried and used in the same manner as a bishop uses his crosier. Paul VI had actually used three other \"ferulas\", similar in style, with the other versions having a cross bar which was straight, or bent upward. Scorzelli's", "title": "Papal ferula" }, { "id": "15609318", "score": "1.4914072", "text": "bullion in center of black velvet shoulder straps, and was considered appropriate for both the frock coat or undress uniform.\" The plain \"Latin cross\" (silver on dark-blue shoulder straps) became the authorized chaplain insignia in 1898, replacing the shepherd's crook. Today, despite the fact that the shepherd's crook is no longer used as an insignia for individual chaplains, it is included in the design of the Chaplain Corps regimental insignia in honor of its place in Army Chaplain Corps history. Jewish chaplains were first authorized to serve during the Civil War, but it was during World War I that the", "title": "Religious symbolism in the United States military" }, { "id": "15609329", "score": "1.4881651", "text": "and the star, the same insignia worn by Jewish chaplains in the army. This change took place in 1941, after only two Jewish chaplains (Goldberg and Harold Strauss) had worn the Shepherd's Crook insignia. Although the shepherd's crook has not been used as a chaplain insignia since that time, the term used for the active duty chaplain with the earliest appointment is the \"Gray Shepherd.\" As in the case of the army, decisions about chaplain faith group insignia after those made regarding Jewish chaplains (the original decision and the later decision to change Roman numerals to Hebrew letters) have not", "title": "Religious symbolism in the United States military" }, { "id": "14479742", "score": "1.4711637", "text": "a sakkos (also \"saccos\"), a representing humility. As Christ's robe was without seam, the bishop, as an icon of Christ, wears the saccos either sewn or buttoned at the sides. Over the saccos, the bishop wears a wide shoulder covering called the omophorion. It hangs down in front and back, and symbolizes the wandering sheep which Christ took upon his shoulders as the Good Shepherd. In ancient times, it was made of sheepskin. At other times at services, the bishop may wear a shorter omophorion that has both ends hanging down the front called the small omophorion The bishop wears", "title": "Bishop in the Eastern Orthodox Church" }, { "id": "17320140", "score": "1.4630592", "text": "April 2013. Papal ferula The papal ferula (from Latin \"ferula\", \"rod\") is the pastoral staff used in the Catholic Church by the pope. It is a rod with a knob on top surmounted by a cross. It differs from a crosier, the staff carried by other bishops of Latin-rite churches, which is curved or bent at the top in the style of an shepherd's crook. Traditionally, the popes did not use any \"ferula\", crosier, or pastoral staff as part of the papal liturgy. The use of a staff is not mentioned in descriptions of Papal Masses in the \"Ordines Romani\"", "title": "Papal ferula" }, { "id": "5275815", "score": "1.4591689", "text": "being baptized. Thus, a sea shell is used to evoke the imagery of this rite which is fundamental to the Christian life. The shell also stands for pilgrimage. When topped with a scallop shell a pilgrim's staff, or \"Jacob's staff\", is the sign of a pilgrim. In Church art it is a symbol of the apostle Saint James the Great, and his sanctuary at Santiago de Compostela in Spain, perhaps the principal place of pilgrimage during the Middle Ages. This symbol also alludes to \"the pilgrim people of God\", a title for the Church which Joseph Ratzinger championed at the", "title": "Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI" }, { "id": "15609339", "score": "1.4507768", "text": "The original Army description did not specifically reference a star \"per se\", but instead read \"a double Tablet bearing numerals from I to X, surmounted by two equilateral Triangles interlaced.\" Before the tablets-and-star design was approved for United States Navy Jewish chaplains, only two Jewish chaplains wore the Shepherd's Crook insignia: Chaplain David Goldberg, during WWI, and Chaplain Harold Strauss, 1931–1941. Beginning in 1917, Goldberg first wore the cross—the original symbol for all navy chaplains—until receiving permission to wear the Shepherd's Crook instead. On August 5, 1980, Navy Chief of Chaplains Rear Admiral Ross Trower convened a blue ribbon panel", "title": "Religious symbolism in the United States military" }, { "id": "17320131", "score": "1.438519", "text": "Papal ferula The papal ferula (from Latin \"ferula\", \"rod\") is the pastoral staff used in the Catholic Church by the pope. It is a rod with a knob on top surmounted by a cross. It differs from a crosier, the staff carried by other bishops of Latin-rite churches, which is curved or bent at the top in the style of an shepherd's crook. Traditionally, the popes did not use any \"ferula\", crosier, or pastoral staff as part of the papal liturgy. The use of a staff is not mentioned in descriptions of Papal Masses in the \"Ordines Romani\" (Roman Ordinals).", "title": "Papal ferula" } ]

[ "lawn bowl", "Bowling club", "bowls", "jeu de boules", "flat green bowls", "Flat-green bowls", "lawn bowls", "bowls sport", "lawn bowling", "Crown-green bowls", "lawn bowler", "Lawn bowler", "Lawn Bowler", "Crown bowls", "Lawn Bowls", "Bowls", "Lawn bowl", "Bowls (sport)", "Lawn bowling", "crown bowls", "Lawn bowls classification", "Lawn bowls", "lawn bowls classification", "Jeu de boules", "bowling club", "crown green bowls" ]

[ { "id": "466856", "score": "1.9942535", "text": "W. G. Grace William Gilbert \"W. G.\" Grace, (18 July 1848 – 23 October 1915) was an English amateur cricketer who was important in the development of the sport and is widely considered one of its greatest-ever players. Universally known as \"W. G.\", he played first-class cricket for a record-equalling 44 seasons, from 1865 to 1908, during which he captained England, Gloucestershire, the Gentlemen, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), the United South of England Eleven (USEE) and several other teams. Right-handed as both batsman and bowler, Grace dominated the sport during his career. His technical innovations and enormous influence left a", "title": "W. G. Grace" }, { "id": "16030446", "score": "1.9687264", "text": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1900 to 1908) W.G. Grace was mainly associated with the new London County Cricket Club during this period. His first-class career ended in 1908 when he was nearly 60. Having ended his international career, Grace then began the last phase of his overall first-class career when he joined the new London County Cricket Club, based at Crystal Palace Park, which played first-class matches between 1900 and 1904. Grace's presence initially attracted other leading players into the team, including Fry, Ranjitsinhji and Johnny Douglas, but the increased importance of the County Championship, combined with Grace's inevitable", "title": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1900 to 1908)" }, { "id": "15988722", "score": "1.9531863", "text": "at both The Oval and Lord's. The South Wales Club's first match was at The Oval, which would become one of Grace's favourite venues, and he scored 5 and 38 against the Surrey Club in addition to taking 4 wickets. The South Wales captain wanted to drop Grace for the second match against the Gentlemen of Sussex at the Royal Brunswick Ground in Hove, but Henry Grace intervened and insisted that Grace must play as he was \"recruited for both games\". Henry Grace apparently informed the captain that no member of his family, including E.M. who was then the star", "title": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1864 to 1870)" }, { "id": "466874", "score": "1.9499265", "text": "career were the Gentlemen (1865–1906), All-England \"aka\" England (i.e., non-international; 1865–99), Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC; 1869–1904), Gloucestershire (1870–99), the United South of England Eleven (USEE; 1870–76) and London County (1900–04). Apart from the London County venture in his later years, Grace had firmly committed himself to all of these by the end of the 1870 season when he was 22. Cricket in the 1860s underwent a revolution with the legalisation of overarm bowling in June 1864 and Grace himself said it was \"no exaggeration to say that, between 1860 and 1870, English cricket passed through its most critical period\" with", "title": "W. G. Grace" }, { "id": "16030451", "score": "1.9335551", "text": "in 1905, scoring 250 runs, with a highest score of 71, at an average of 19.23 with just the one half-century. In the field, he took 2 catches and 7 wickets with a best analysis of 4–121. His bowling average was 54.71. Grace's final appearance for the Gentlemen versus the Players was in July 1906 at The Oval. He made only five first-class appearances that season, scoring 241 runs, with a highest score of 74, at an average of 26.77 with 2 half-centuries. In the field, he took 4 catches and 13 wickets with a best analysis of 4–71. His", "title": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1900 to 1908)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "W. G. Grace\n\nWilliam Gilbert Grace (18 July 1848 – 23 October 1915) was an English amateur cricketer who was important in the development of the sport and is widely considered one of its greatest players. He played first-class cricket for a record-equalling 44 seasons, from 1865 to 1908, during which he captained England, Gloucestershire, the Gentlemen, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), the United South of England Eleven (USEE), and several other teams.\n\nRight-handed as both batsman and bowler, Grace dominated the sport during his career. His technical innovations and enormous influence left a lasting legacy. An outstanding all-rounder, he excelled at all the essential skills of batting, bowling and fielding, but it is for his batting that he is most renowned. He is held to have invented modern batsmanship. Usually opening the innings, he was particularly admired for his mastery of all strokes, and his level of expertise was said by contemporary reviewers to be unique. He generally captained the teams he played for at all levels because of his skill and tactical acumen.\n\nGrace came from a cricketing family: E. M. Grace was one of his elder brothers and Fred Grace his younger brother. In 1880, they were members of the same England team, the first time three brothers played together in Test cricket. Grace took part in other sports also: he was a champion 440-yard hurdler as a young man and played football for the Wanderers. In later life, he developed enthusiasm for golf, lawn bowls, and curling.\n\nHe qualified as a medical practitioner in 1879. He was nominally amateur as a cricketer, but he is said to have made more money from his cricketing activities than any professional cricketer. He was an extremely competitive player and, although he was one of the most famous men in England, he was also one of the most controversial on account of his gamesmanship and moneymaking.", "title": "W. G. Grace" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ranjitsinhji\n\nColonel H. H. Shri Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji II, Jam Saheb of Nawanagar, (10 September 1872 – 2 April 1933), often known as Ranji or K. S. Ranjitsinhji, was the ruler of the Indian princely state of Nawanagar from 1907 to 1933, as Maharaja Jam Saheb, and a noted Test cricketer who played for the English cricket team. He also played first-class cricket for Cambridge University, and county cricket for Sussex.\n\nRanji has widely been regarded as one of the greatest batsmen of his era. Neville Cardus described him as \"the Midsummer night's dream of cricket\". Unorthodox in technique and with fast reactions, he brought a new style to batting and revolutionised the game. Previously, batsmen had generally pushed forward; Ranji took advantage of the improving quality of pitches in his era and played more on the back foot, both in defence and attack. He is particularly associated with one shot, the leg glance, which he invented or popularised. The first-class cricket tournament in India, the Ranji Trophy, was named in his honour and inaugurated in 1935 by the Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala. His nephew Duleepsinhji followed Ranji's path as a batsman playing first-class cricket in England and for the England cricket team.<ref name=\"crirpro\" />\n\nAway from cricket, Ranji became Maharaja Jam Saheb of Nawanagar in 1907. He was later Chancellor of the Indian Chamber of Princes, and represented India at the League of Nations.", "title": "Ranjitsinhji" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Central Recreation Ground\n\nThe Central Recreation Ground was a cricket ground in Hastings, East Sussex, used for first-class and List A cricket between 1864 and 1996. The ground was frequently used by Sussex County Cricket Club as one of their outgrounds from 1865; in total, Sussex played 143 first-class and 17 List A matches at the ground. Between 1887 and the 1960s, the Central Recreation Ground also played host to the Hastings & St Leonards cricket festival, which attracted many other teams and notable players. In the early twentieth century, the ground hosted seven Gentlemen v Players matches, and notable players to have played at the ground include W.G. Grace, Don Bradman, Jack Hobbs and Denis Compton. Grace made over 40 appearances at the ground, whilst both Hobbs and Compton broke the record for most first-class centuries in a season at the Central Recreation Ground. The ground also hosted a women's one-day international between England and New Zealand in 1984. In the 1980s, planning permission was given for the ground be demolished, and the land used to build a shopping centre. After the demolition of the ground in 1996, the Priory Meadow Shopping Centre was built on the site.", "title": "Central Recreation Ground" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Archie MacLaren" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of cricket in the United States" }, { "id": "466967", "score": "1.9289017", "text": "\"Wisden 1916\" (as reproduced by Rae, pp. 495–496), are given first and the \"amended\" figures from \"CricketArchive\" follow in parentheses. There is no dispute about Grace's Test career record and those statistics are universally recognised. See Variations in published cricket statistics for more information. W. G. Grace William Gilbert \"W. G.\" Grace, (18 July 1848 – 23 October 1915) was an English amateur cricketer who was important in the development of the sport and is widely considered one of its greatest-ever players. Universally known as \"W. G.\", he played first-class cricket for a record-equalling 44 seasons, from 1865 to 1908,", "title": "W. G. Grace" }, { "id": "466922", "score": "1.9001454", "text": "then began the last phase of his overall first-class career when he joined the new London County Cricket Club, based at Crystal Palace Park, which played first-class matches between 1900 and 1904. Grace's presence initially attracted other leading players into the team, including C. B. Fry, Ranjitsinhji and Johnny Douglas, but the increased importance of the County Championship, combined with Grace's inevitable decline in form and the lack of a competitive element in London's matches, led to reduced attendances and consequently the club lost money. Nevertheless, Grace remained an attraction and could still produce good performances. As late as 1902,", "title": "W. G. Grace" }, { "id": "15988733", "score": "1.8964845", "text": "This was his maiden first-class century and Bernard Darwin described it as \"characteristic of him that he made a thorough job of it\" because \"he was never tired of making runs and went on piling them up with a cheerful ruthlessness\". All-England won the match by an innings and 296 runs, in the process effectively killing off the idea of a county team taking on the rest of England. The idea was revived, however, in 1877 when the county in question was Grace's Gloucestershire. Grace was thenceforward the biggest name in cricket and the main spectator attraction. As Altham records,", "title": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1864 to 1870)" }, { "id": "16030431", "score": "1.8952682", "text": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1896 to 1899) Following his \"Indian Summer\" in 1895, W.G. Grace continued to play first-class cricket through his fiftieth birthday in 1898 and finally severed his connections with both Gloucestershire and England in 1899. An oft-repeated story about Grace is that, in 1896, the Australian pace bowler Ernie Jones bowled a short-pitched delivery so close to his face that it appeared to go through the famous beard which made him so instantly recognisable. Grace reportedly reacted by demanding of Australian captain Harry Trott: \"Here, what's all this?\" Trott said to Jones: \"Steady, Jonah\". To which", "title": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1896 to 1899)" }, { "id": "15988737", "score": "1.8937178", "text": "innings at The Oval for All-England against Surrey. At his peak, he was 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) tall and usually weighed about 12 st (76 kg). A non-smoker, he kept himself in condition all year round by shooting, hunting or running with the beagles as soon as the cricket season was over. According to \"CricketArchive\", Grace made 8 first-class appearances in 1866, scoring 581 runs at 52.81 including 2 centuries with a highest score of 224 not out and taking 9 catches. He took 31 wickets at 15.58 including 3 returns of 5 wickets in an innings with", "title": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1864 to 1870)" }, { "id": "16030436", "score": "1.8919995", "text": "he severed his connection with Gloucestershire during the 1899 season. Grace captained England in the First Test of the 1899 series against Australia at Trent Bridge, when he was 51. By this time his bulk had made him a liability in the field and, afterwards, realising his limitations all too clearly, he decided to stand down and surrendered both his place and the captaincy to Archie MacLaren. It is evident that Grace \"plotted\" his own omission from the England team by asking C.B. Fry, another selector who had arrived late for their meeting, if he thought that MacLaren should play", "title": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1896 to 1899)" }, { "id": "15988718", "score": "1.8860496", "text": "Oxford University Cricket Club and Cambridge University Cricket Club. In 1866, when he played a match at Oxford, one of the Oxford players, Edmund Carter, tried to interest him in becoming an undergraduate. Then, in 1868, Grace received overtures from Caius College, Cambridge, which had a long medical tradition. Grace said he would have gone to either Oxford or Cambridge if his father had allowed it. Instead, he enrolled at Bristol Medical School in October 1868, aged 20, and was a medical student until he finally qualified in November 1879. Cricket in the 1860s underwent an evolutionary phase with the", "title": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1864 to 1870)" }, { "id": "15988726", "score": "1.8806372", "text": "He also represented West Gloucestershire in 1864, and the Clifton Cricket Club of Bristol; for the first time, he scored more than 1,000 runs in all matches. The final word on Grace's 1864 season was a line in John Lillywhite's \"Cricketer's Companion\" (\"aka\" \"Green Lilly\") which said: \"Mr W. G. Grace promises to be a good bat: bowls very fairly\". His name now well known in cricketing circles, Grace played for Gentlemen of the South v Players of the South at The Oval in June 1865 when he was still only 16 but already 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)", "title": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1864 to 1870)" }, { "id": "15749564", "score": "1.8767302", "text": "W. G. Grace Jr William Gilbert Grace Jr (6 July 1874 – 2 March 1905) was an English first-class cricketer who was the first-born son of W. G. Grace. He won scholarships to Clifton College and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he studied mathematics. He played in 57 matches for Cambridge University, Gloucestershire and London County in a career lasting from 1893 to 1903, playing as an all-rounder. He made 1,324 runs at an average of 15.21 with a highest score of 79, and took 42 wickets at an average of 39.45 with a best of six for 79. Grace often", "title": "W. G. Grace Jr" }, { "id": "15988758", "score": "1.8752202", "text": "of England Eleven (USEE) had been formed by Edgar Willsher in 1865 but the heyday of the travelling teams was over and their organisers were desperate to feature new attractions. Grace had played for them previously but he formally joined the United South in 1870 as its match organiser, for which he received payment, but he played for expenses only. His first match for the USEE in 1870 was in July against the United North of England Eleven at Lord's, but his team was well beaten by an innings. The United South survived until 1882 and was the last of", "title": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1864 to 1870)" }, { "id": "466868", "score": "1.8741329", "text": "in his \"Reminiscences\" that he saw his first great cricket match in 1854 when he was barely six years old, the occasion being a game between William Clarke's All-England Eleven (the AEE) and twenty-two of West Gloucestershire. He says he himself played for the West Gloucestershire club as early as 1857, when he was nine years old, and had 11 innings in 1859. The earliest match in \"CricketArchive\" which involved Grace was in 1859, only a few days after his eleventh birthday, when he played for Clifton Cricket Club against the South Wales Cricket Club at Durdham Down, his team", "title": "W. G. Grace" }, { "id": "466905", "score": "1.8729177", "text": "1906. Grace became a member of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1869 after being proposed by the treasurer, Thomas Burgoyne, and seconded by the secretary, Robert Allan Fitzgerald. Given an ongoing rift in the sport during the 1860s between the northern professionals and Surrey, MCC feared the loss of its authority should Grace \"throw in his lot with the professionals\" so it was considered vital for them and their interests to get him onside. As it happens, the dispute was nearly over but it has been said that \"MCC regained its authority over the game by hanging onto W. G.'s", "title": "W. G. Grace" }, { "id": "466899", "score": "1.8707778", "text": "out, though handicapped by lameness and an injured hand. He terminated his association with both England and Gloucestershire in 1899 and relocated to South London where he joined the new London County club. With the demise in 1904 of London County as a first-class team, the number of Grace's appearances dwindled over the next four seasons until he called it a day in 1908. His final appearance for the Gentlemen versus the Players was in July 1906 at The Oval. Grace made his final first-class appearance on 20–22 April 1908 for the Gentlemen of England v Surrey at The Oval,", "title": "W. G. Grace" }, { "id": "16030449", "score": "1.870765", "text": "22 first-class appearances in 1902, scoring 1,187 runs, with a highest score of 131, at an average of 37.09 with 2 centuries and 7 half-centuries. In the field, he took 6 catches and 46 wickets with a best analysis of 5–29. His bowling average was 23.34; he had 5 wickets in an innings 4 times. Grace made 16 first-class appearances in 1903, scoring 593 runs, with a highest score of 150, at an average of 22.80 with 1 centuries and 1 half-century. In the field, he took 5 catches and 10 wickets with a best analysis of 6–102. His bowling", "title": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1900 to 1908)" }, { "id": "15988723", "score": "1.8706049", "text": "turn, would represent South Wales in future. The captain backed down and Grace played at Hove but under great pressure to succeed. He certainly did succeed for he scored 170 and 56 not out. His innings of 170 was his first-ever century in a serious match. The third match, against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was Grace's debut at Lord's and he was joined by E.M. who had just disembarked from his voyage. Grace scored 50 in the first innings only three days after his sixteenth birthday. Grace regarded the South Wales matches as first-class fixtures and refers to them in", "title": "W. G. Grace's cricket career (1864 to 1870)" } ]

[ "Alferd", "Alfred (fictional character)", "alfred fictional character", "alfred character", "Alfred (character)", "alferd", "Alfred (disambiguation)", "Alfred", "alfred", "alfred disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "18406307", "score": "1.8256688", "text": "of England in 865, and by Alfred's accession in 871 the Kingdom of Wessex was the only Anglo-Saxon realm opposing them. By 878 the conflict was going poorly for Alfred. In January of that year, the Danes made a sudden attack on Chippenham, a royal stronghold in which Alfred had been staying over Christmas, \"and most of the people they killed, except the King Alfred, and he with a little band made his way by wood and swamp, and after Easter he made a fort at Athelney in the marshes of Somerset, and from that fort kept fighting against the", "title": "Odda, Ealdorman of Devon" }, { "id": "5995664", "score": "1.8236403", "text": "Only the Kingdom of Wessex was able to survive. In March 878, the Anglo-Saxon King of Wessex, Alfred, with a few men, built a fortress at Athelney, hidden deep in the marshes of Somerset. He used this as a base from which to harry the Vikings. In May 878 he put together an army formed from the populations of Somerset, Wiltshire, and Hampshire, which defeated the Viking army in the Battle of Edington. The Vikings retreated to their stronghold, and Alfred laid siege to it. Ultimately the Danes capitulated, and their leader Guthrum agreed to withdraw from Wessex and to", "title": "History of Anglo-Saxon England" }, { "id": "579244", "score": "1.7702597", "text": "Æthelred of Wessex Æthelred I (Old English: \"Æþelræd\", sometimes rendered as Ethelred, \"noble counsel\"; – 871) was King of Wessex from 865 to 871. He was the fourth son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex. He succeeded his brother, Æthelberht (Ethelbert), as King of Wessex and Kent in 865. In 853 his younger brother Alfred went to Rome, and according to contemporary references in the \"Liber Vitae\" of San Salvatore, Brescia, Æthelred accompanied him. He first witnessed his father's charters as an Ætheling in 854, and kept this title until he succeeded to the throne in 865. He may have acted", "title": "Æthelred of Wessex" }, { "id": "3206966", "score": "1.762844", "text": "believed that kings should be adults, so he was succeeded by his younger brother Alfred. By 878 the Vikings had seized eastern Mercia and nearly conquered Wessex, and Alfred was reduced to being a fugitive in the Somerset marshes, but he fought back and won the Battle of Edington. This was followed by a period of peace, and in the late 880s Alfred concluded a treaty with Guthrum, king of the East Anglian Vikings, setting the boundary between Wessex and English Mercia on the one hand, and the Danelaw on the other. A further Viking assault in the mid 890s", "title": "Æthelwold ætheling" }, { "id": "472023", "score": "1.7618775", "text": "his father, who was supposedly killed by Ælla of Northumbria. While he himself only ruled Northumbria directly for about a year in 876, he placed Ecgberht on the throne as a client-king, who ruled from 867 to 872. Halfdan was killed in Ireland in 877 whilst trying to regain control over Dublin, a land he had ruled since 875. There were no further Viking kings in Northumbria until Guthfrith took over in 883. Æthelstan ruled as King of the Anglo-Saxons from 924 to 927 and King of the English from 927 to 939. The shift in his title reflects that", "title": "Kingdom of Northumbria" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alfred the Great\n\nAlfred the Great (alt. Ælfred 848/849 – 26 October 899) was King of the West Saxons from 871 to 886, and King of the Anglo-Saxons from 886 until his death in 899. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf and his first wife Osburh, who both died when Alfred was young. Three of Alfred's brothers, Æthelbald, Æthelberht and Æthelred, reigned in turn before him. Under Alfred's rule, considerable administrative and military reforms were introduced, prompting lasting change in England.\n\nAfter ascending the throne, Alfred spent several years fighting Viking invasions. He won a decisive victory in the Battle of Edington in 878 and made an agreement with the Vikings, dividing England between Anglo-Saxon territory and the Viking-ruled Danelaw, composed of northern England, the north-east Midlands and East Anglia. Alfred also oversaw the conversion of Viking leader Guthrum to Christianity. He defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, becoming the dominant ruler in England. Alfred began styling himself as \"King of the Anglo-Saxons\" after reoccupying London from the Vikings. Details of his life are described in a work by 9th-century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser.\n\nAlfred had a reputation as a learned and merciful man of a gracious and level-headed nature who encouraged education, proposing that primary education be conducted in English, rather than Latin, and improving the legal system and military structure and his people's quality of life. He was given the epithet \"the Great\" in the 16th century and is only one of two English monarchs, alongside Cnut the Great, to be labelled as such.", "title": "Alfred the Great" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of monarchy in the United Kingdom\n\nThe history of the monarchy of the United Kingdom and its evolution into a constitutional and ceremonial monarchy is a major theme in the historical development of the British constitution. The British monarchy traces its origins to the petty kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England and early medieval Scotland, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century. Anglo-Saxon England had an elective monarchy, but this was replaced by primogeniture after England was conquered by the Normans in 1066. The Norman and Plantagenet dynasties expanded their authority throughout the British Isles, creating the Lordship of Ireland in 1177 and conquering Wales in 1283. In 1215, King John agreed to limit his own powers over his subjects according to the terms of Magna Carta. To gain the consent of the political community, English kings began summoning Parliaments to approve taxation and to enact statutes. Gradually, Parliament's authority expanded at the expense of royal power.\n\nFrom 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign in the Union of the Crowns. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Following the installation of William and Mary as co-monarchs in the Glorious Revolution, a constitutional monarchy was established with power shifting to Parliament. The Bill of Rights 1689, and its Scottish counterpart the Claim of Right Act 1689, further curtailed the power of the monarchy and excluded Roman Catholics from succession to the throne.\n\nIn 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The British monarch was the nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's land area at its greatest extent in 1921.\n\nThe Balfour Declaration of 1926 recognised the evolution of the Dominions of the Empire into separate, self-governing countries within a Commonwealth of Nations. In the years after the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, effectively bringing the Empire to an end. George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II, adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fourteen other independent sovereign states that share the same person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. Although the monarch is shared, each country is sovereign and independent of the others, and the monarch has a different, specific, and official national title and style for each realm.", "title": "History of monarchy in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "456784", "score": "1.759429", "text": "813 and then again at Gafulford in 825. During the course of these campaigns he conquered the western Britons still in Devon and reduced those beyond the River Tamar, now Cornwall, to the status of a vassal. In 825 or 826 he overturned the political order of England by decisively defeating King Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellendun and seizing control of Surrey, Sussex, Kent and Essex from the Mercians, while with his help East Anglia broke away from Mercian control. In 829 he conquered Mercia, driving its King Wiglaf into exile, and secured acknowledgement of his overlordship from the king", "title": "Wessex" }, { "id": "693103", "score": "1.7527218", "text": "been recognised as king in Wessex, but died within three weeks of their father's death. Æthelstan encountered resistance in Wessex for several months, and was not crowned until September 925. In 927 he conquered the last remaining Viking kingdom, York, making him the first Anglo-Saxon ruler of the whole of England. In 934 he invaded Scotland and forced Constantine II to submit to him, but Æthelstan's rule was resented by the Scots and Vikings, and in 937 they invaded England. Æthelstan defeated them at the Battle of Brunanburh, a victory which gave him great prestige both in the British Isles", "title": "Æthelstan" }, { "id": "579245", "score": "1.7526413", "text": "as an underking as early as 862, and in 862 and 863 he issued charters as King of the West Saxons. This must have been as deputy or in the absence of his elder brother, King Æthelberht, as there is no record of conflict between them and he continued to witness his brother's charters as a king's son in 864. In the same year as Æthelred's succession as king (865), a great Viking army arrived in England, and within five years they had destroyed two of the principal English kingdoms, Northumbria and East Anglia. In 868 Æthelred's brother-in-law, King Burgred", "title": "Æthelred of Wessex" }, { "id": "589082", "score": "1.7513306", "text": "controlled the kingdom, and all kings were sons of kings. At the beginning of the ninth century, England was almost wholly under the control of the Anglo-Saxons, and the Midland kingdom of Mercia dominated southern England. In 825 Ecgberht decisively defeated the Mercians at the Battle of Ellendun, ending Mercian supremacy. The two kingdoms became allies, which was important in the resistance to Viking attacks. In 835 the Isle of Sheppey in Kent was ravaged. In 836 Ecgberht was defeated by the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset, but in 838 he was victorious over an alliance of Cornishmen and Vikings", "title": "Æthelbald, King of Wessex" }, { "id": "589124", "score": "1.7453642", "text": "towards greater use of the vernacular as better suited to recording legal documents or support for Alfred's later claim that knowledge of Latin had declined disastrously when he came to the throne in 871. Æthelberht's reign began and ended with raids by the Vikings. In 860 a Viking army sailed from the Somme to England and sacked Winchester, but they were then defeated by the men of Hampshire and Berkshire. Probably in the autumn of 864, another Viking army camped on Thanet and were promised money in return for peace, but they broke their promise and ravaged eastern Kent. However,", "title": "Æthelberht, King of Wessex" }, { "id": "8203289", "score": "1.743623", "text": "accepted by historians, including Frank Stenton, Barbara Yorke, and D. P. Kirby. When Æthelwulf became King of the West Saxons in 839 on the death of his father, Egbert, he appointed Æthelstan to rule over Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex. He is styled king in the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" and Æthelweard's chronicle calls him \"King of the Dwellers in Kent, of the East Saxons, of the South Saxons and of Surrey\". He attested a number of his father's charters as king in the 840s. In 851, Æthelstan and Ealdorman Ealhhere defeated a Viking fleet and army off Sandwich, Kent, described by", "title": "Æthelstan of Kent" }, { "id": "589085", "score": "1.7397261", "text": "the early 850s as \"dux\" (ealdorman). In 850 his elder brother Æthelstan defeated a Danish fleet off Sandwich in the first recorded naval battle in English history, but he is not recorded thereafter, and probably died soon afterwards. In 851 Æthelwulf and Æthelbald defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Aclea and, according to the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\", \"we have never heard of a greater slaughter of them, in any region, on any one day, before or since\". At Easter in 854 Æthelbald and his younger brother Æthelberht attested charters as \"dux\", and in 855 their father went on pilgrimage to", "title": "Æthelbald, King of Wessex" }, { "id": "589106", "score": "1.7396791", "text": "Æthelbald, King of Wessex Æthelbald, King of Wessex (died 860) was the second of five sons of King Æthelwulf of Wessex. In 850 Æthelbald's elder brother Æthelstan defeated the Vikings in the first recorded sea battle in English history, but he is not recorded afterwards and probably died in the early 850s. The next year Æthelwulf and Æthelbald inflicted another defeat on the Vikings at the Battle of Aclea. In 855 Æthelwulf went on pilgrimage to Rome and he appointed Æthelbald king of Wessex, while Æthelberht, the next oldest son, became King of Kent, which had been conquered by Wessex", "title": "Æthelbald, King of Wessex" }, { "id": "589078", "score": "1.7396791", "text": "Æthelbald, King of Wessex Æthelbald, King of Wessex (died 860) was the second of five sons of King Æthelwulf of Wessex. In 850 Æthelbald's elder brother Æthelstan defeated the Vikings in the first recorded sea battle in English history, but he is not recorded afterwards and probably died in the early 850s. The next year Æthelwulf and Æthelbald inflicted another defeat on the Vikings at the Battle of Aclea. In 855 Æthelwulf went on pilgrimage to Rome and he appointed Æthelbald king of Wessex, while Æthelberht, the next oldest son, became King of Kent, which had been conquered by Wessex", "title": "Æthelbald, King of Wessex" }, { "id": "456760", "score": "1.7376797", "text": "Thames estuary, but was decisively defeated. When Æthelwulf's son, Æthelbald, usurped the throne, the kingdom was divided to avoid war. Æthelwulf was succeeded in turn by his four sons, the youngest being Alfred the Great. Wessex was invaded by the Danes in 871, and Alfred was compelled to pay them to leave. They returned in 876, but were forced to withdraw. In 878 they forced Alfred to flee to the Somerset Levels, but were eventually defeated at the Battle of Edington. During his reign Alfred issued a new law code, gathered scholars to his court and was able to devote", "title": "Wessex" }, { "id": "9935279", "score": "1.7357237", "text": "battle, the Vikings still ruled Northumbria, East Anglia and eastern Mercia, leaving only Wessex and western Mercia under Anglo-Saxon control. In the early 880s Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, the ruler of western Mercia, accepted Alfred's lordship and married his daughter Æthelflæd, and around 886 Alfred adopted the new title King of the Anglo-Saxons as the ruler of all Anglo-Saxons not subject to Danish rule. In 910 a Mercian and West Saxon army inflicted a decisive defeat on an invading Northumbrian army, ending the threat from the northern Vikings. In the 910s, Edward conquered Viking-ruled southern England in partnership with", "title": "Edward the Elder" }, { "id": "15556326", "score": "1.7356365", "text": "and constructing settlements there. In 866 Norse armies captured York, one of the two major cities in Anglo-Saxon England. In 871 King Æthelred of Wessex, who had been leading the conflict against the Vikings, died and was succeeded on the throne of Wessex by his younger brother, Alfred. Meanwhile, many Anglo-Saxon kings began to capitulate to the Viking demands, and handed over land to the invading Norse settlers. In 876 the Northumbrian monarch Healfdene gave up his lands to them, and in the next four years they gained further land in the kingdoms of Mercia and East Anglia as well.", "title": "Norse activity in the British Isles" }, { "id": "470104", "score": "1.7356005", "text": "of Wessex was the only kingdom of the Heptarchy left. Alfred the Great managed to maintain his kingdom of Wessex and push back the Viking incursions, relieving the neighbouring kingdoms from the threat of the Danes following his famous victory over them at the Battle of Ethandun in 878. Alfred re-established Anglo-Saxon rule over the western half of Mercia, and the Danelaw was established which separated Mercia into halves, the eastern half remaining under the control of the Danes. Ireland was also affected by the Viking expansion across the North Sea. Extensive raids were carried out all along the coast", "title": "9th century" }, { "id": "588968", "score": "1.7306061", "text": "Æthelwulf Æthelwulf (; Old English for \"Noble Wolf\"; died 13 January 858) was King of Wessex from 839 to 858. In 825, his father, King Egbert, defeated King Beornwulf of Mercia, ending a long Mercian dominance over Anglo-Saxon England south of the Humber. Egbert sent Æthelwulf with an army to Kent, where he expelled the Mercian sub-king and was himself appointed sub-king. After 830, Egbert maintained good relations with Mercia, and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king in 839, the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641. The Vikings were not a", "title": "Æthelwulf" }, { "id": "3206964", "score": "1.7295746", "text": "met the East Anglian Danes at the Battle of the Holme. The Danes were victorious but suffered heavy losses, including the death of Æthelwold, which ended the challenge to Edward's rule. In the eighth century, Mercia was the most powerful kingdom in southern England, but in the early ninth Wessex became dominant. In the 820s King Egbert of Wessex conquered south-east England (Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex). His reign saw the beginning of Viking attacks, but Egbert and his son Æthelwulf, who succeeded in 839, were able to resist them. Æthelwulf died in 858, and he was followed by four", "title": "Æthelwold ætheling" } ]

[ "fernao magalhaes", "fernao de magalhaes", "Ferdinand mangellan", "Ferdinand magellasn", "Ferdinand Magellen", "ferdinand magellen", "Ferdinand Magellan", "Hernando de Magallanes", "hernando de magallanes", "Fernão de Magalhães", "fernando magallanes", "Fernando Magallanes", "fernão de magalhães", "Magellan, Ferdinand", "magellan s voyage", "Fernao de Magelhaens", "martino de judicibus", "Fernando de Magallanes", "Fernao de Magalhaes", "magellan ferdinand", "Martino de Judicibus", "ferdinand magellasn", "Magellan's voyage", "Ferdinand magellan", "fernando de magallanes", "ferdinand mangellan", "fernao de magelhaens", "ferdinand magellan", "Fernao Magalhaes" ]

[ { "id": "1777784", "score": "1.676156", "text": "earth (1519–21) provided practical evidence of the global shape of the earth. The first direct demonstration of Earth's sphericity came in the form of the first circumnavigation in history, an expedition captained by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. The expedition was financed by the Spanish Crown. On August 10, 1519, the five ships under Magellan's command departed from Seville. They crossed the Atlantic Ocean, passed through what is now called the Strait of Magellan, crossed the Pacific, and arrived in Cebu, where Magellan was killed by Philippine natives in a battle. His second in command, the Spaniard Juan Sebastián Elcano, continued", "title": "Spherical Earth" }, { "id": "290189", "score": "1.6723714", "text": "by sailing around Africa, opening up direct trade with Asia. Soon, the Portuguese sailed further eastward, to the Spice Islands in 1512, landing in China one year later. The first circumnavigation of the earth was completed in 1522 with the Magellan-Elcano expedition, a Spanish voyage of discovery led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and completed by Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano after the former's death in the Philippines in 1521. The fleet of seven ships sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Southern Spain in 1519, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and after several stopovers rounded the southern tip of South America.", "title": "Navigation" }, { "id": "1720293", "score": "1.6571399", "text": "others, who discovered and mapped the Mascarene Islands and other archipelagos. António de Abreu (c.1480–c.1514) and Francisco Serrão (14?–1521) led the first direct European fleet into the Pacific Ocean (on its western edges), through the Sunda Islands, reaching the Moluccas. Andres de Urdaneta (1498–1568) discovered the maritime route from Asia to the Americas. In the Pacific Ocean, Jorge de Menezes (c. 1498–?), discovered Papua New Guinea. García Jofre de Loaísa (1490–1526), discovered the Marshall Islands. Explorations of the Americas began with the initial discovery of America by Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), who led a Castilian (Spanish) expedition across the Atlantic, discovering", "title": "Exploration" }, { "id": "1720294", "score": "1.6269517", "text": "America. After the discovery of America by Columbus, a number of important expeditions were sent out to explore the Western Hemisphere. This included Juan Ponce de León (1474–1521), who discovered and mapped the coast of Florida; Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475–1519), who was the first European to view the Pacific Ocean from American shores (after crossing the Isthmus of Panama) confirming that America was a separate continent from Asia; Aleixo Garcia (14?–1527), who explored the territories of present-day southern Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia, crossing the Chaco and reaching the Andes (near Sucre). Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (1490–1558) discovered", "title": "Exploration" }, { "id": "1720296", "score": "1.6253877", "text": "Elcano (1476–1526), completed the first global circumnavigation. In the second half of the 16th century and the 17th century exploration of Asia and the Pacific Ocean continued with explorers such as Andrés de Urdaneta (1498–1568), who discovered the maritime route from Asia to the Americas; Pedro Fernandes de Queirós (1565–1614), who discovered the Pitcairn Islands and the Vanuatu archipelago; Álvaro de Mendaña (1542–1595), who discovered the Tuvalu archipelago, the Marquesas, the Solomon Islands and Wake Island. Explorers of Australia included Willem Janszoon (1570–1630), who made the first recorded European landing in Australia; Yñigo Ortiz de Retez, who discovered and reached", "title": "Exploration" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Ferdinand Magellan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Magellan expedition\n\nThe Magellan expedition, also known as the Magellan–Elcano expedition, was the first voyage around the world in recorded history. It was a 16th century Spanish expedition initially led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan to the Moluccas, which departed from Spain in 1519, and completed in 1522 by Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano, after crossing the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, culminating in the first circumnavigation of the world. \n\nThe expedition accomplished its primary goalto find a western route to the Moluccas (Spice Islands). The fleet left Spain on 20 September 1519, sailed across the Atlantic ocean and down the eastern coast of South America, eventually discovering the Strait of Magellan, allowing them to pass through to the Pacific Ocean (which Magellan named). The fleet completed the first Pacific crossing, stopping in the Philippines, and eventually reached the Moluccas after two years. A much-depleted crew led by Juan Sebastián Elcano finally returned to Spain on 6 September 1522, having sailed west across the great Indian Ocean, then around the Cape of Good Hope through waters controlled by the Portuguese and north along the Western African coast to eventually arrive in Spain.\n\nThe fleet initially consisted of five ships and about 270 men. The expedition faced numerous hardships including Portuguese sabotage attempts, mutinies, starvation, scurvy, storms, and hostile encounters with indigenous people. Only 30 men and one ship (the \"Victoria\") completed the return trip to Spain. Magellan himself died in battle in the Philippines, and was succeeded as captain-general by a series of officers, with Elcano eventually leading the \"Victoria\"s return trip.\n\nThe expedition was funded mostly by King Charles I of Spain, with the hope that it would discover a profitable western route to the Moluccas, as the eastern route was controlled by Portugal under the Treaty of Tordesillas. Though the expedition did find a route, it was much longer and more arduous than expected, and was therefore not commercially useful. Nevertheless, the expedition is regarded as one of the greatest achievements in seamanship, and had a significant impact on the European understanding of the world.", "title": "Magellan expedition" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Age of Discovery\n\nThe Age of Discovery (or the Age of Exploration), also known as the early modern period, was a period largely overlapping with the Age of Sail, approximately from the 15th century to the 17th century in European history, during which seafaring Europeans explored and colonized regions across the globe.\n\nThe extensive overseas exploration, with the Portuguese and Spanish at the forefront, later joined by the Dutch, English, and French, emerged as a powerful factor in European culture, most notably the European encounter and colonization of the Americas. It also marks an increased adoption of colonialism as a government policy in several European states. As such, it is sometimes synonymous with the first wave of European colonization.\n\nEuropean exploration outside the Mediterranean started with the maritime expeditions of Portugal to the Canary Islands in 1336, and later with the Portuguese discoveries of the Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira and Azores, the coast of West Africa in 1434 and the establishment of the sea route to India in 1498 by Vasco da Gama, which is often considered a very remarkable voyage, as it initiated the Portuguese maritime and trade presence in Kerala and the Indian Ocean.\n\nA main event in the Age of Discovery took place when Spain sponsored the transatlantic voyages of Christopher Columbus between 1492 and 1504, which saw the beginning of the colonization of the Americas. Years later, the Spanish expedition of Magellan–Elcano expedition made the first circumnavigation of the globe between 1519 and 1522, which was regarded as a major achievement in seamanship, and had a significant impact on the European understanding of the world. These discoveries led to numerous naval expeditions across the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, and land expeditions in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia that continued into the late 19th century, followed by the exploration of the polar regions in the 20th century.\n\nEuropean overseas exploration led to the rise of international trade and the European colonial empires, with the contact between the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) and the New World (the Americas), as well as Australia, producing the Columbian exchange, a wide transfer of plants, animals, food, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The Age of Discovery and later European exploration allowed the mapping of the world, resulting in a new worldview and distant civilizations coming into contact. At the same time, new diseases were propagated, decimating populations not previously in contact with the Old World, particularly concerning Native Americans. The era saw the widespread enslavement, exploitation and military conquest of native populations concurrent with the growing economic influence and spread of European culture and technology.", "title": "Age of Discovery" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "European exploration of Africa\n\nThe geography of North Africa has been reasonably well known among Europeans since classical antiquity in Greco-Roman geography. Northwest Africa (the Maghreb) was known as either \"Libya\" or \"Africa\", while Egypt was considered part of Asia.\n\nEuropean exploration of Sub-Saharan Africa begins with the Age of Discovery in the 15th century, pioneered by the Kingdom of Portugal under Henry the Navigator. The Cape of Good Hope was first reached by Bartolomeu Dias on 12 March 1488, opening the important sea route to India and the Far East, but European exploration of Africa itself remained very limited during the 16th and 17th centuries. The European powers were content to establish trading posts along the coast while they were actively exploring and colonizing the New World. Exploration of the interior of Africa was thus mostly left to the Muslim slave traders, who in tandem with the Muslim conquest of Sudan established far-reaching networks and supported the economy of a number of Sahelian kingdoms during the 15th to 18th centuries.\n\nAt the beginning of the 19th century, European knowledge of the geography of the interior of Sub-Saharan Africa was still rather limited. Expeditions exploring Southern Africa were made during the 1830s and 1840s, so that around the midpoint of the 19th century and the beginning of the colonial Scramble for Africa, the unexplored parts were now limited to what would turn out to be the Congo Basin and the African Great Lakes. This \"Heart of Africa\" remained one of the last remaining \"blank spots\" on world maps of the later 19th century (alongside the Arctic, Antarctic and the interior of the Amazon basin). It was left for 19th-century European explorers, including those searching for the famed sources of the Nile, notably John Hanning Speke, Sir Richard Burton, David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley, to complete the exploration of Africa by the 1870s. After this, the general geography of Africa was known, but it was left to further expeditions during the 1880s onward, notably, those led by Oskar Lenz, to flesh out more detail such as the continent's geological makeup.", "title": "European exploration of Africa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Conquistador\n\nConquistadors (, ) or conquistadores (, ; meaning 'conquerors') were the explorer-soldiers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the 15th and 16th centuries. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa, and Asia, colonizing and opening trade routes. They brought much of the Americas under the dominion of Spain and Portugal.\n\nAfter arrival in the West Indies in 1492, the Spanish, usually led by hidalgos from the west and south of Spain, began building an American empire in the Caribbean using islands such as Hispaniola, Cuba, and Puerto Rico as bases. From 1519 to 1521, Hernán Cortés waged a campaign against the Aztec Empire, ruled by Moctezuma II. From the territories of the Aztec Empire, conquistadors expanded Spanish rule to northern Central America and parts of what is now the southern and western United States, and from Mexico sailing the Pacific Ocean to the Philippines. Other conquistadors took over the Inca Empire after crossing the Isthmus of Panama and sailing the Pacific to northern Peru. As Francisco Pizarro subdued the empire, in a manner similar to Cortés, other conquistadores used Peru as a base for conquering much of Ecuador and Chile. Central Colombia, home of the Muisca was conquered by licentiate Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, and its northern regions were explored by Rodrigo de Bastidas, Alonso de Ojeda, Juan de la Cosa, Pedro de Heredia and others. For southwestern Colombia, Bolivia, and Argentina, conquistadors from Peru combined parties with other conquistadors arriving more directly from the Caribbean and Río de la Plata-Paraguay respectively. All these conquests founded the basis for modern Hispanic America and the Hispanophone.\n\nSpanish conquistadors also made significant explorations into the Amazon Jungle, Patagonia, the interior of North America, and the discovery and exploration of the Pacific Ocean. Conquistadors founded numerous cities, some of them in locations with pre-existing settlements, Manila and Mexico City.\n\nConquistadors in the service of the Portuguese Crown led numerous conquests for the Portuguese Empire across South America and Africa, as well as commercial colonies in Asia, founding the origins of modern Portuguese-speaking world in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Notable Portuguese conquistadors include Afonso de Albuquerque who led conquests across India, the Persian Gulf, the East Indies, and East Africa, and Filipe de Brito e Nicote who led conquests into Burma.", "title": "Conquistador" }, { "id": "1720295", "score": "1.6249568", "text": "the Mississippi River and was the first European to sail the Gulf of Mexico and cross Texas. Jacques Cartier (1491–1557) drew the first maps of part of central and maritime Canada; Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (1510–1554) discovered the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River; Francisco de Orellana (1511–1546) was the first European to navigate the length of the Amazon River. Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521), was the first navigator to cross the Pacific Ocean, discovering the Strait of Magellan, the Tuamotus and Mariana Islands, and achieving a nearly complete circumnavigation of the Earth, in multiple voyages, for the first time. Juan Sebastian", "title": "Exploration" }, { "id": "8912909", "score": "1.6190684", "text": "(about 1,830 m). The true circumference of the Earth is about , a figure first established approximately by Eratosthenes in the 2nd century BC, and the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan . No ship that was readily available in the 15th century could carry enough food and fresh water for such a journey. Most European sailors and navigators concluded, probably correctly, that sailors undertaking a westward voyage from Europe to Asia non-stop would die of thirst, scurvy or starvation long before reaching their destination. Spain, however, having just completed the expensive Reconquista, was desperate for a competitive edge", "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": "15571512", "score": "1.600974", "text": "expeditions. From the early 15th century to the early 17th century the Age of Discovery had, through Spanish and Portuguese seafarers, opened up southern Africa, the Americas (New World), Asia and Oceania to European eyes: Bartholomew Dias had sailed around the Cape of southern Africa in search of a trade route to India; Christopher Columbus, on four journeys across the Atlantic, had prepared the way for European colonisation of the New World; Ferdinand Magellan had commanded the first expedition to sail across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to complete the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Over this period colonial power", "title": "European and American voyages of scientific exploration" }, { "id": "818128", "score": "1.5995377", "text": "other side, would technically be a circumnavigation, but practical difficulties generally preclude such a voyage although it was successfully undertaken in the early 1980s by Ranulph Fiennes. The first single voyage of global circumnavigation was that of the ship \"Victoria\", between 1519 and 1522, known as the Magellan–Elcano expedition. It was a Castilian (Spanish) voyage of discovery, led initially by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan between 1519 and 1521, and then by the Basque Juan Sebastián Elcano from 1521 to 1522. The voyage started in Seville, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and after several stopovers rounded the southern tip of South America", "title": "Circumnavigation" }, { "id": "10865645", "score": "1.5990007", "text": "the conquest of Malacca in modern-day Malaysia from 1511. Other Explorers such as the Spanish sponsored Italian Christopher Columbus intended to engage in trade by traveling on unfamiliar routes west from Europe. The subsequent European discovery of the Americas in 1492 resulted in the Colombian exchange and the world's first globalization. Spanish Explorer Ferdinand Magellan performed the first known circumnavigation of Earth in 1521. The transfer of goods and diseases across oceans was unprecedented in creating a more connected world. From developments in navigation and trade modern history began. \"The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine", "title": "Post-classical history" }, { "id": "111424", "score": "1.5984104", "text": "in 1492, and Vasco da Gama opened the ocean route to the East linking the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in 1498. Ferdinand Magellan reached Asia westward across the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans in the Spanish expedition of Magellan-Elcano, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the globe, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano (1519-1522). Soon after the Spanish and Portuguese began establishing large global empires in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania. France, the Netherlands and England soon followed in building large colonial empires with vast holdings in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. The Church's power was further weakened by the", "title": "Europe" }, { "id": "1777785", "score": "1.5851432", "text": "the expedition and, on September 6, 1522, arrived at Seville, completing the circumnavigation. Charles I of Spain, in recognition of his feat, gave Elcano a coat of arms with the motto \"Primus circumdedisti me\" (in Latin, \"You went around me first\"). A circumnavigation alone does not prove that the earth is spherical. It could be cylindric or irregularly globular or one of many other shapes. Still, combined with trigonometric evidence of the form used by Eratosthenes 1,700 years prior, the Magellan expedition removed any reasonable doubt in educated circles in Europe. The Transglobe Expedition (1979–1982) was the first expedition to", "title": "Spherical Earth" }, { "id": "12323925", "score": "1.5745342", "text": "on an island in the Caribbean Sea and a few years later, the Venetian navigator John Cabot reached Newfoundland. The Italian Amerigo Vespucci, after whom America was named, explored the South American coastline in voyages made between 1497 and 1502, discovering the mouth of the Amazon River. In 1519 the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail around the world. As for the history of navigational instrument, a compass was first used by the ancient Greeks and Chinese to show where north lies and the direction in which the ship is heading. The latitude (an angle which", "title": "Sea" }, { "id": "818131", "score": "1.5688508", "text": "traveling west from Europe, in 1521, Magellan reached a region of Southeast Asia (in the Malay Archipelago), which he had reached on previous voyages traveling east. Magellan thereby achieved a nearly complete personal circumnavigation of the globe for the first time in history. In 1577, Elizabeth I sent Francis Drake to start an expedition against the Spanish along the Pacific coast of the Americas. Drake set out from Plymouth, England in November 1577, aboard \"Pelican\", which Drake renamed \"Golden Hind\" mid-voyage. In September 1578, he passed through the southern tip of South America, named Drake Passage, which connects the southwestern", "title": "Circumnavigation" }, { "id": "12617907", "score": "1.568723", "text": "Spanish ships could navigate to the Spice Islands. After Magellan's death, Elcano decided to push westward, thereby completing the first known voyage around the entire Earth. Maximilianus Transylvanus interviewed some of the surviving members of the expedition when they presented themselves to the Spanish court at Valladolid in the autumn of 1522. He wrote the first account of the voyage, which was published in 1523. Pigafetta's account was not published until 1525, and was not published in its entirety until 1800. This was the Italian transcription by Carlo Amoretti of what is now called the \"Ambrosiana codex.\" The expedition eked", "title": "Ferdinand Magellan" }, { "id": "3204275", "score": "1.5661683", "text": "II in moving the line west of Tordesillas in 1494—so his landing in Brazil may not have been an accident; although John's motivation may have simply been to increase the chance of claiming new lands in the Atlantic. From the east coast, the fleet then turned eastward to resume the journey to the southern tip of Africa and India. Cabral was the first captain to touch four continents, leading the first expedition that connected and united Europe, Africa, the New World, and Asia. At the invitation of King Manuel I of Portugal, Amerigo Vespucci—a Florentine who had been working for", "title": "Age of Discovery" }, { "id": "356898", "score": "1.5638754", "text": "Asia-Pacific area, areas of Italy, cities in Northern Africa, as well as parts of what are now France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The first circumnavigation of the world was carried out in 1519–1521. It was the first empire on which it was said that the sun never set. This was an Age of Discovery, with daring explorations by sea and by land, the opening-up of new trade routes across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European colonialism. Spanish explorers brought back precious metals, spices, luxuries, and previously unknown plants, and played a leading part in transforming the European", "title": "Spain" }, { "id": "12617916", "score": "1.5637869", "text": "Mars), and 2006 (Magelhaens A on the Moon). The asteroid 4055 Magellan, discovered in 1985, and the Magellan probe to Venus (1989–1994) were also named after him. The five hundredth anniversary of Magellan's expedition and circumnavigation will be commemorated in a series of events organised by the municipal council of Sanlucar de Barrameda in Spain, and supported by philanthropic organisations. Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan ( or ; , ; , ; c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of", "title": "Ferdinand Magellan" }, { "id": "7309013", "score": "1.563746", "text": "for the Spanish Crown (under the Crown of Castile), led an expedition in 1519–1522 which became the first to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean and the first to cross the Pacific. The Spanish explorer Juan Sebastián Elcano completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth (Magellan was killed in the Philippines). The Americas were deeply affected by European expansion, due to conquest, sickness, and introduction of new technologies and ways of life. The Spanish \"Conquistadors\" conquered most of the Caribbean islands and overran the two great New World empires: the Aztec Empire of Mexico and the Inca", "title": "History of Western civilization" }, { "id": "825376", "score": "1.5622983", "text": "bad luck of making major discoveries within the same three-year period (1519 to 1521) when the dramatic Conquest of Mexico and Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the world occurred; Magellan himself did not complete the voyage, yet it brought him undying fame. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a great debate in the United States about the authenticity of the letters that he wrote to Francis I describing the geography, flora, fauna, and native population of the east coast of North America. Others thought that it was true, and it is almost universally accepted as authentic today, particularly", "title": "Giovanni da Verrazzano" } ]

[ "R. J. Mitchell", "rj mitchell", "reginald joseph mitchell", "R.J. Mitchell", "RJ. Mitchell", "r j mitchell", "reginald mitchell", "RJ Mitchell", "Reginald Mitchell", "Reginald Joseph Mitchell", "R J Mitchell" ]

[ { "id": "4817428", "score": "1.7088735", "text": "the Spitfire. As a result he oversaw the development of the Spitfire and its naval version the Seafire through numerous variants, including introduction of the Rolls-Royce Griffon-engined series, all of which ensured that it remained a front line fighter until superseded by jet fighters. The final development of the Spitfire was the Supermarine Spiteful and its naval version the Supermarine Seafang which retained a Spitfire-like fuselage, married to a new straight-tapered laminar flow wing, which gave Smith the opportunity to fit a wide-track inward-retracting undercarriage. Following his piston-engined aircraft Smith designed the first British naval jet fighter, the Supermarine Attacker,", "title": "Joseph Smith (aircraft designer)" }, { "id": "5458233", "score": "1.7057624", "text": "“PeterJohn1” (named after his new-born son). The Mk LFIXe Spitfire, MK356, was built in March 1944 with clipped wings optimised for low level flight, and fitted with a Merlin 66 engine. Allocated to the Royal Canadian Air Force 144 wing, based in various locations around southern England, she took part in the Rodeo fighter sweep over occupied France in the weeks leading up to D-Day. After the war she served as a gate guardian at Hawkinge and Locking, and was recovered and refurbished in 1992 for the BBMF. As of 2008, she is displayed in a silver paint scheme used", "title": "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight" }, { "id": "14250311", "score": "1.7014585", "text": "Mitchell, chief designer at Supermarine Aviation Works, which operated as a subsidiary of Vickers-Armstrong from 1928. Mitchell pushed the Spitfire's distinctive elliptical wing designed by Beverley Shenstone to have the thinnest possible cross-section, helping give the aircraft a higher top speed than several contemporary fighters, including the Hawker Hurricane. Mitchell continued to refine the design until his death in 1937, whereupon his colleague Joseph Smith took over as chief designer, overseeing the Spitfire's development through . During the Battle of Britain, from July to October 1940, the public perceived the Spitfire to be the main RAF fighter, though the more", "title": "Supermarine Spitfire" }, { "id": "14250310", "score": "1.6914535", "text": "Supermarine Spitfire The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied countries before, during, and after World War II. Many variants of the Spitfire were built, using several wing configurations, and it was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft. It was also the only British fighter produced continuously throughout the war. The Spitfire continues to be popular among enthusiasts; nearly 60 remain airworthy, and many more are static exhibits in aviation museums throughout the world. The Spitfire was designed as a short-range, high-performance interceptor aircraft by R. J.", "title": "Supermarine Spitfire" }, { "id": "14250349", "score": "1.6820834", "text": "the Spitfire. The complex wing design, especially the precision required to manufacture the vital spar and leading-edge structures, caused some major delays in the production of the Spitfire at first. The problems increased when the work was put out to subcontractors, most of whom had never dealt with metal-structured, high-speed aircraft. By June 1939, most of these problems had been resolved, and production was no longer held up by a lack of wings. All the main flight controls were originally metal structures with fabric covering. Designers and pilots felt that having ailerons which required a degree of effort to move", "title": "Supermarine Spitfire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Supermarine Spitfire\n\nThe Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied countries before, during, and after World War II. Many variants of the Spitfire were built, from the Mk 1 to the Rolls-Royce Griffon engined Mk 24 using several wing configurations and guns. It was the only British fighter produced continuously throughout the war. The Spitfire remains popular among enthusiasts; around 70 remain airworthy, and many more are static exhibits in aviation museums throughout the world.\n\nThe Spitfire was designed as a short-range, high-performance interceptor aircraft by R. J. Mitchell, chief designer at Supermarine Aviation Works, which operated as a subsidiary of Vickers-Armstrong from 1928. Mitchell developed the Spitfire's distinctive elliptical wing with innovative sunken rivets (designed by Beverley Shenstone) to have the thinnest possible cross-section, achieving a potential top speed greater than that of several contemporary fighter aircraft, including the Hawker Hurricane. Mitchell continued to refine the design until his death in 1937, whereupon his colleague Joseph Smith took over as chief designer, overseeing the Spitfire's development through .\n\nDuring the Battle of Britain (July–October 1940), the public perceived the Spitfire to be the main RAF fighter. In fact the more numerous Hurricane shouldered more of the burden of resisting the Luftwaffe. The Spitfire was a better fighter aircraft than the Hurricane. Spitfire units had a lower attrition rate and a higher victory-to-loss ratio than those flying Hurricanes, probably because of the Spitfire's higher performance. During the battle, Spitfires were generally tasked with engaging Luftwaffe fighters—mainly Messerschmitt Bf 109E-series aircraft, which were a close match for them.\n\nAfter the Battle of Britain, the Spitfire superseded the Hurricane as the principal aircraft of RAF Fighter Command, and was used in the European, Mediterranean, Pacific, and South-East Asian theatres. Much loved by its pilots, the Spitfire operated in several roles, including interceptor, photo-reconnaissance, fighter-bomber, and trainer, and it continued to do so until the 1950s. The Seafire was an aircraft-carrier-based adapted version of the Spitfire, used in the Fleet Air Arm from 1942 until the mid-1950s. The original airframe was designed to be powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine producing 1,030 hp (768 kW). It was strong enough and adaptable enough to use increasingly powerful Merlins and, in later marks, Rolls-Royce Griffon engines producing up to 2,340 hp (1,745 kW). As a result, the Spitfire's performance and capabilities improved over the course of its service life.", "title": "Supermarine Spitfire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Supermarine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hawker Hurricane\n\nThe Hawker Hurricane is a British single-seat fighter aircraft of the 1930s–40s which was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. for service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was overshadowed in the public consciousness by the Supermarine Spitfire during the Battle of Britain in 1940, but the Hurricane inflicted 60 percent of the losses sustained by the Luftwaffe in the campaign, and fought in all the major theatres of the Second World War.\n\nThe Hurricane originated from discussions between RAF officials and aircraft designer Sir Sydney Camm about a proposed monoplane derivative of the Hawker Fury biplane in the early 1930s. Despite an institutional preference for biplanes and lack of interest by the Air Ministry, Hawker refined their monoplane proposal, incorporating several innovations which became critical to wartime fighter aircraft, including retractable landing gear and the more powerful Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. The Air Ministry ordered Hawker's \"Interceptor Monoplane\" in late 1934, and the prototype Hurricane \"K5083\" performed its maiden flight on 6 November 1935.\n\nThe Hurricane went into production for the Air Ministry In June 1936 and entered squadron service in December 1937. Its manufacture and maintenance were eased by using conventional construction methods so that squadrons could perform many major repairs without external support. The plane was rapidly procured prior to the outbreak of the Second World War; in September 1939, the RAF had 18 Hurricane-equipped squadrons in service. It was relied upon to defend against German aircraft operated by the Luftwaffe, including dogfighting with Messerschmitt Bf 109s in multiple theatres of action.\n\nThe Hurricane was developed through several versions: bomber-interceptors, fighter-bombers, and ground support aircraft as well as fighters. Versions designed for the Royal Navy known as the Sea Hurricane had modifications enabling operation from ships. Some were converted as catapult-launched convoy escorts. By the end of production in July 1944, 14,487 units had been completed in Britain and Canada, with others built in Belgium and Yugoslavia.", "title": "Hawker Hurricane" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rolls-Royce Merlin\n\nThe Rolls-Royce Merlin is a British liquid-cooled V-12 piston aero engine of 27-litres (1,650 cu in) capacity. Rolls-Royce designed the engine and first ran it in 1933 as a private venture. Initially known as the PV-12, it was later called \"Merlin\" following the company convention of naming its four-stroke piston aero engines after birds of prey.\n\nAfter several modifications, the first production variants of the PV-12 were completed in 1936. The first operational aircraft to enter service using the Merlin were the Fairey Battle, Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire. The Merlin remains most closely associated with the Spitfire and Hurricane, although the majority of the production run was for the four-engined Avro Lancaster heavy bomber. A series of rapidly-applied developments, brought about by wartime needs, markedly improved the engine's performance and durability. Starting at for the first production models, most late war versions produced just under , and the very latest version as used in the de Havilland Hornet over .\n\nOne of the most successful aircraft engines of the World War II era, some 50 versions of the Merlin were built by Rolls-Royce in Derby, Crewe and Glasgow, as well as by Ford of Britain at their Trafford Park factory, near Manchester. A de-rated version was also the basis of the Rolls-Royce/Rover Meteor tank engine. Post-war, the Merlin was largely superseded by the Rolls-Royce Griffon for military use, with most Merlin variants being designed and built for airliners and military transport aircraft.\n\nThe Packard V-1650 was a version of the Merlin built in the United States. Production ceased in 1950 after a total of almost 150,000 engines had been delivered. Merlin engines remain in Royal Air Force service today with the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, and power many restored aircraft in private ownership worldwide.", "title": "Rolls-Royce Merlin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "R. J. Mitchell\n\nReginald Joseph Mitchell CBE, FRAeS, (20 May 189511 June 1937) was a British aircraft designer who worked for the Southampton aviation company Supermarine from 1916 until 1936. He is best remembered for designing racing seaplanes such as the Supermarine S.6B, and for leading the team that designed the Supermarine Spitfire.\n\nBorn in Butt Lane, Staffordshire, Mitchell attended Hanley High School and afterwards worked as an apprentice at a locomotive engineering works, whilst also studying engineering and mathematics at night. In 1917 he moved to Southampton to join Supermarine. He was appointed Chief Engineer in 1920 and Technical Director in 1927. Between 1920 and 1936 he designed 24 aircraft, which included flying boats and racing seaplanes, light aircraft, fighters, and bombers. From 1925 to 1929 he worked on a series of racing seaplanes, built by Supermarine to compete in the Schneider Trophy competition, the final entry in the series being the Supermarine S.6B. The S.6B won the trophy in 1931. Mitchell was authorised by Supermarine to proceed with a new design, the Type 300, which went on to become the Spitfire.\n\nIn 1933, Mitchell underwent surgery to treat rectal cancer. He continued to work and earned his pilot's licence in 1934, but in early 1937, he was forced by a recurrence of the cancer to give up work. After his death that year, he was succeeded as chief designer at Supermarine by Joseph Smith.", "title": "R. J. Mitchell" }, { "id": "14250335", "score": "1.6731553", "text": "without a deterioration somewhere else. When the last Spitfire rolled out in February 1948, a total of 20,351 examples of all variants had been built, including two-seat trainers, with some Spitfires remaining in service well into the 1950s. The Spitfire was the only British fighter aircraft to be in continuous production before, during, and after the Second World War. In the mid-1930s, aviation design teams worldwide began developing a new generation fighter aircraft. The French Dewoitine D.520 and the German Messerschmitt Bf 109, for example, were designed to take advantage of new techniques of monocoque construction, and the availability of", "title": "Supermarine Spitfire" }, { "id": "11539633", "score": "1.6640685", "text": "Supermarine Spitfire operational history The Supermarine Spitfire, the only British fighter to be manufactured before, during and after the Second World War, was designed as a short-range fighter capable of defending Britain from bomber attack and achieved legendary status fulfilling this role during the Battle of Britain. According to fighter ace J.E. \"Johnnie\" Johnson it was the best conventional defensive fighter of the war. The fighter evolved into a multi-role aircraft capable of operating in different environments. For example, the Spitfire was a pioneer in the role of the unarmed, photo reconnaissance (P.R.) aircraft that relied on high speed and", "title": "Supermarine Spitfire operational history" }, { "id": "8002111", "score": "1.6608621", "text": "scoring pilot of World War II. Both squadrons operated Gloster Gladiators, the RAF's last biplane fighter. No. 54 Squadron remained in England until May 1940, tasked with home defence, having converted to Supermarine Spitfire Mk 1s at the beginning of the year. Deere was enraptured with the Spitfire, describing it as \"the most beautiful and easy aircraft to fly.\" He was later given a chance to fly a captured Messerschmitt Bf 109 (called a Me 109 by Allied pilots) and found the Spitfire superior: In my written report on the combat I stated that in my opinion the Spitfire was", "title": "Alan Christopher Deere" }, { "id": "383129", "score": "1.6575172", "text": "own name. The phrase Vickers Supermarine was applied to the aircraft. The first Supermarine landplane design to go into production was the famous and successful Spitfire. The earlier Hawker Hurricane and the Spitfire were the mainstay of RAF Fighter Command fighter aircraft which fought off the \"Luftwaffe\" bombing raids with fighter escorts during the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. While the Hurricane was available in larger numbers and consequently played a larger role, the new Spitfire caught the popular imagination and became the aircraft associated with the battle. It went on to play a major part in", "title": "Supermarine" }, { "id": "12977792", "score": "1.6480942", "text": "Supermarine Aircraft Spitfire The Supermarine Aircraft Spitfire is an Australian homebuilt aircraft produced in kit form by Supermarine Aircraft. A replica of the famous British Supermarine Spitfire World War II fighter, it was originally produced to 75% scale. Subsequent models have increased the scale of the fuselage and added a second seat. Australian pilot and aviation engineer Mike O'Sullivan had always wanted a Spitfire and built a replica for his own use in 1991. This was followed by a , Rotax-powered prototype in 1994. The next year, in 1995, he joined with business partner John McCarron to form the Supermarine", "title": "Supermarine Aircraft Spitfire" }, { "id": "10410958", "score": "1.6477752", "text": "it was deemed safe for young RAF pilots to fly, and it did not enter squadron service until July 1938. However, developed through many marks and variants, the Spitfire remained a first-line fighter throughout the war. After transferring full-time to Vickers Supermarine in 1938, Quill took complete charge of Spitfire test flying, working closely with Joseph (Joe) Smith who had taken over as chief designer for Supermarine in 1937, following the death of R.J. Mitchell in the same year. During the Second World War, Quill was in charge of development and production flying at Vickers Supermarine, a job that he", "title": "Jeffrey Quill" }, { "id": "10410957", "score": "1.6433818", "text": "spiralling bomber seemed intent on slicing the pilot with its wings, but he landed safely not far from the Kingston bypass. There was some rivalry between Vickers (Aviation) Ltd and Hawker Aircraft, whose Hurricane had first flown four months earlier. Jeffrey Quill's long association with the Spitfire began when, aged 23, he made his first flight in the prototype fighter K5054 on 26 March 1936 – Mutt Summers having made the maiden flight three weeks earlier – and his priority was to get the Spitfire cleared for acceptance by the RAF. The Spitfire needed a great deal of work before", "title": "Jeffrey Quill" }, { "id": "2339440", "score": "1.6431427", "text": "engine fighter over France. First thought to be captured French Curtiss 75 Mohawks, they turned out to be Focke-Wulf Fw 190s, slightly faster and more heavily armed than the current Spitfire V. Kurt Tank had designed the aircraft when the Spitfire and Bf 109 were the fastest fighters flying; he called them racehorses, fast but fragile. As a former World War I cavalryman, Tank chose to design a warhorse. With a BMW 801 radial engine, wide set undercarriage and two 20mm cannon as well as machine guns it became a better fighter-bomber than either of the pure fighters. By mid-1942,", "title": "Fighter-bomber" }, { "id": "4817427", "score": "1.640251", "text": "Spitfire Smith was heavily involved in the design of the airframe's structure and preparation of production drawings. As war clouds gathered a security check in September 1939 identified that Payn had a German born wife. Concerns about the risk this posed to a major war program saw Payn dismissed. Smith was appointed acting manager of the design department and finally appointed chief designer in 1941 following approval from the Ministry of Aircraft Production. Smith was confident that the Spitfire had great development potential and was unwilling to consider developing a replacement aircraft until the maximum capability had been obtained from", "title": "Joseph Smith (aircraft designer)" }, { "id": "383205", "score": "1.6361777", "text": "520 new Seafires. Joe Smith was confident that the Spitfire had great development potential and was successful in obtaining the maximum capability from the Spitfire and its naval version the Seafire through numerous variants, including the introduction of the Rolls-Royce Griffon-engined series, all of which ensured that it remained a front line fighter until the end of World War II. By 1942, the designers had realised that the characteristics of the Spitfire's wing at high Mach numbers might become a limiting factor in further increasing the aircraft's high-speed performance As a result, work commenced on the Spiteful and Seafang, which", "title": "Supermarine" }, { "id": "14078271", "score": "1.6314993", "text": "parted with the two Spitfire Mark I fighter planes that he and Marsh had as partners restored with Historic Flying of Duxford, Cambridgeshire. The first of the planes, Spitfire N3200, was gifted in the presence of Prince William, the Duke of Cambridge, to the Imperial War Museum at Duxford, where it had last flown as the personal aircraft of the Commander of 19 Squadron, Geoffrey Dalton Stephenson, later personal pilot to King George VI. The second, Spitfire P9374, flown by Captain Peter Cazenove over Dunkirk, was sold at auction at Christies London, where it achieved a record price for any", "title": "Thomas Kaplan" }, { "id": "10410965", "score": "1.6277621", "text": "latest Supermarine jets, including the Attacker and Swift. By 1947 he had made the first flights and masterminded the development and production test flying of all 52 variants of the Spitfire – the only allied fighter to remain in full production and front-line service throughout the Second World War. He also made the first flights of the Dumbo (an experimental variable-incidence wing torpedo bomber to S.24/37), the Spiteful, the Seafang and, on 27 July 1946, the Attacker, the Royal Navy's first jet fighter. Later he became a military aircraft marketing executive for the British Aircraft Corporation – BAC. After his", "title": "Jeffrey Quill" }, { "id": "11539683", "score": "1.6276233", "text": "before fully engaging the Luftwaffe's \"Jagdwaffe\". From surviving records it would appear that the most successful individual Spitfire was \"EN398\", a Mk IX fitted with a Merlin 63. This aircraft was built at Chattis Hill, a Shadow factory run by Supermarine, making its first flight on 13 February 1943. Five days later \"EN398\" was delivered to No. 402 Squadron RCAF which was part of the Kenley Wing. On 16 March Acting Wing Commander \"Johnnie\" Johnson arrived to take command of the four Canadian units based at Kenley. \"EN398\" was still undergoing acceptance tests in a hangar: I found the engineer", "title": "Supermarine Spitfire operational history" }, { "id": "3744566", "score": "1.6267965", "text": "taking stock of their new acquisition, found Michelotti's prototype hiding under a dust sheet in a corner of the factory and rapidly approved it for production. The Spitfire was named to honour the World War II fighter plane of the same name. The production car changed little from the prototype, although the full-width rear bumper was dropped in favour of two part-bumpers curving around each corner, with overriders. The mechanicals were basically from a stock Herald with the notable addition of front disc brakes. The engine was an four-cylinder with a pushrod OHV cylinder head and two valves per cylinder,", "title": "Triumph Spitfire" }, { "id": "506843", "score": "1.626468", "text": "a private venture by Supermarine, but the RAF quickly became interested and the Air Ministry financed a prototype. Many of the technical advances in the Spitfire had been made by others: the thin elliptical wings were designed by Canadian aerodynamicist Beverley Shenstone, and shared some similarities with the Heinkel He 70 Blitz; the under-wing radiators had been designed by the RAE, while monocoque construction had been first developed in the United States. Mitchell's genius was bringing it all together with his experience of high speed flight and the Type 224. The first prototype Spitfire, serial \"K5054\", flew for the first", "title": "R. J. Mitchell" } ]

[ "Dick Grayson", "batman one bullet too many", "richard greyson", "Dick Grayson/Robin", "robin dick grayson", "one bullet too many", "dick grayson nightwing", "Nightwing: Year One", "One Bullet Too Many", "richard john 22dick 22 grayson", "nightbird comics", "Dick Grayson (Robin)", "Dick Grayson/Nightwing", "robin of teen titans", "Nightbird (comics)", "Richard John Grayson", "Robin (Batman comics)", "Robin/Dick Grayson", "dick grayson", "The Flying Graysons", "nightwing dick grayson", "Robin of the teen titans", "richard 22dick 22 grayson", "Richard Grayson (Earth-Two)", "Robin (Dick Grayson)", "cheyenne freemont", "Richard John %22Dick%22 Grayson", "batman dick grayson", "nightwing year one", "flying graysons", "Cheyenne Freemont", "richard john grayson", "Batman: One Bullet Too Many", "dick grayson robin", "Batman (Dick Grayson)", "richard grayson earth two", "Nightwing/Dick Grayson", "Nightwing (Dick Grayson)", "robin batman comics", "Flying Graysons", "Richard %22Dick%22 Grayson", "Richard Greyson", "Dick Grayson (Nightwing)" ]

[ { "id": "3100692", "score": "1.6737602", "text": "Burt Ward Burt Ward (born Bert John Gervis Jr. , July 6, 1945) is an American actor and activist best known for his portrayal of Robin, the sidekick of Batman (played by Adam West), in the television series \"Batman\" (1966–1968), its theatrical feature film, the 1977 Saturday Morning animated series \"The New Adventures of Batman\", \"Legends of the Superheroes\" (1979), and two animated feature films, \"\" (2016) and \"Batman vs. Two-Face\" (2017). Ward was born Bert John Gervis Jr., on July 6, 1945, in Los Angeles, California. His father, Bert Sr., was the owner of a traveling ice show called", "title": "Burt Ward" }, { "id": "52760", "score": "1.6278822", "text": "Poison Ivy is also imprisoned in Arkham Asylum with a vengeful Mr. Freeze as her cellmate and he plans to get revenge on Poison Ivy for what she did to his wife. After Alfred is cured, everyone agrees to let Barbara stay at Wayne Manor. With the box office success of \"Batman Forever\" in June 1995, Warner Bros. immediately commissioned a sequel. They hired director Joel Schumacher and writer Akiva Goldsman to reprise their duties the following August, and decided it was best to fast-track production for a June 1997 target release date, which is a break from the usual", "title": "Batman & Robin (film)" }, { "id": "52786", "score": "1.60683", "text": "Keaton chose not to reprise his role, William Baldwin and Ethan Hawke were considered as a replacement before Kilmer joined the cast. The film was released on June 16, 1995, receiving mixed reviews, but was a financial success. \"Batman Forever\" grossed over $336 million worldwide and became the sixth-highest-grossing film worldwide of 1995. The film was followed by \"Batman & Robin\" in 1997, with Schumacher returning as the director and George Clooney replacing Kilmer as Batman. In Gotham City, the crime fighter Batman defuses a hostage situation caused by a criminal known as Two-Face, the alter ego of the former", "title": "Batman Forever" }, { "id": "52660", "score": "1.5959985", "text": "concept of an African-American Two-Face for the black and white concept, but Tommy Lee Jones was later cast in the role for \"Batman Forever\", which disappointed Williams. Nicholson convinced the filmmakers to cast his close friend Tracey Walter as the Joker's henchman, Bob. Kiefer Sutherland was considered as Robin before the character was deleted from the shooting script. The rest of the cast included Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon, Jerry Hall as Alicia Hunt, Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg, William Hootkins as Lt. Max Eckhardt, and Jack Palance as crime boss Carl Grissom. The filmmakers considered filming \"Batman\" entirely on", "title": "Batman (1989 film)" }, { "id": "52638", "score": "1.591254", "text": "\"Batman & Robin\", were released on June 19, 1992, June 16, 1995, and June 20, 1997, respectively. As Gotham City approaches its bicentennial, Mayor Borg orders district attorney Harvey Dent and police commissioner James Gordon to make the city safer. Meanwhile, reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist Vicki Vale begin to investigate rumors of a vigilante nicknamed \"Batman\" who is targeting the city's criminals. Batman's alter-ego is Bruce Wayne, a billionaire industrialist who, as a child, witnessed his parents' murder at the hands of a psychotic mugger. At a fundraiser for the bicentennial in Wayne Manor, Bruce meets and falls for", "title": "Batman (1989 film)" }, { "id": "52813", "score": "1.5875041", "text": "featured a one-time fireworks show to promote the movie, and replica busts of Batman, Robin, Two-Face, and the Riddler can still be found in the Justice League store in the Looney Tunes U.S.A. section. Batman Forever Batman Forever is a 1995 American superhero film directed by Joel Schumacher and produced by Tim Burton, based on the DC Comics character Batman. It is the third installment of the initial \"Batman\" film series, with Val Kilmer replacing Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne/Batman. The film also stars Tommy Lee Jones, Jim Carrey, Nicole Kidman, and Chris O'Donnell. The plot focuses on Batman trying", "title": "Batman Forever" }, { "id": "8178251", "score": "1.5851307", "text": "Wayne Enterprises executive in \"Batman Forever\", and Dr. Lee in \"Batman & Robin\", which he won an oscar for. Other films in his filmography include \"Americanese\", \"\", \"U.S. Marshals\", \"Spy Game\", \"Quicksilver\", \"The Joy Luck Club\", \"The Insider\", and \"Thief\". Chan, a third-generation Chinese American, is a founding member of the Asian American Theater Company. He is married with one child. His brother is Jeffery Paul Chan, an author and academic. Michael Paul Chan Michael Paul Chan (born June 26, 1950) is an American television and film actor. He is known for his role as Lieutenant Michael Tao on the", "title": "Michael Paul Chan" }, { "id": "10338597", "score": "1.5830086", "text": "was met with mixed reviews from critics. After the release of \"Batman Forever\", Warner Bros. started development on \"Batman & Robin\", commissioning it on fast track for an adamant June 1997 release. Val Kilmer did not return, because of scheduling conflicts with \"The Saint\", and was replaced by George Clooney. Arnold Schwarzenegger starred as Mr. Freeze, while Uma Thurman starred as Poison Ivy and Alicia Silverstone starred as Batgirl. Chris O'Donnell reprised his role as Robin. Principal photography began in September 1996 and finished in January 1997, two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule. \"Batman & Robin\" was released on", "title": "Batman in film" }, { "id": "52784", "score": "1.582561", "text": "Batman Forever Batman Forever is a 1995 American superhero film directed by Joel Schumacher and produced by Tim Burton, based on the DC Comics character Batman. It is the third installment of the initial \"Batman\" film series, with Val Kilmer replacing Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne/Batman. The film also stars Tommy Lee Jones, Jim Carrey, Nicole Kidman, and Chris O'Donnell. The plot focuses on Batman trying to stop Two-Face (Jones) and the Riddler (Carrey) in their villainous scheme to extract confidential information from all the minds in Gotham City and use it to learn Batman's identity and bring the city", "title": "Batman Forever" }, { "id": "3100697", "score": "1.5820236", "text": "deal of money. Later, NBC offered to pick it up for a fourth season, but the offer was withdrawn after learning that the sets had been destroyed. Adam West and Burt Ward reprised their TV roles of Batman and Robin in the 20th Century Fox film \"Batman: The Movie\" released on July 30, 1966. In 1969, a year after \"Batman\"'s cancellation, West's mother died, bringing the two men closer together. They were reunited many times at conventions and TV reunion specials. In turn, Ward also made three guest appearances with West on separate cartoons: one was a 2002 episode of", "title": "Burt Ward" }, { "id": "963050", "score": "1.5796962", "text": "\"Batman\" serials. Burt Ward played him in the 1966–1968 \"Batman\" television series and the related 1966 film. In the live-action movies \"Batman Forever\" and \"Batman & Robin\", he was played by Chris O'Donnell. Michael Cera voiced the character in \"The Lego Batman Movie\". The Dick Grayson version of Robin also appears in \"\", voiced by Loren Lester. Grayson is replaced by Tim Drake, played by Mathew Valencia, in the subsequent series \"The New Batman Adventures\". The animated series \"Teen Titans\" features Robin (voiced by Scott Menville) as the leader of a team of young heroes; it is hinted in several", "title": "Robin (character)" }, { "id": "3100702", "score": "1.5790892", "text": "Lindsey. Ward and Lindsey married on July 19, 1965 and divorced in 1967. They had one daughter, Lisa Ann Ward, in 1966. He was briefly married to actress Kathy Kersh, whom he met when she appeared as a guest on the \"Batman\" TV show and to model Mariana Torchia. Since 1990, Ward has been married to Tracy Posner. Their daughter Melody Lane Ward was born on February 16, 1991. Burt Ward Burt Ward (born Bert John Gervis Jr. , July 6, 1945) is an American actor and activist best known for his portrayal of Robin, the sidekick of Batman (played", "title": "Burt Ward" }, { "id": "2306819", "score": "1.5771329", "text": "played by Johnny Duncan, the 1966–1968 live action \"Batman\" television series and its motion picture portrayed by Burt Ward, played by Chris O'Donnell in the 1995 film \"Batman Forever\" and its 1997 sequel \"Batman & Robin\". He stars on the \"Titans\" television series for the new DC streaming service played by Brenton Thwaites. Loren Lester voiced the character as Robin in \"\" and later as Nightwing's first screen adaptation in \"The New Batman Adventures\". In May 2011, IGN ranked Dick Grayson #11 on their list of the \"Top 100 Super Heroes of All Time\". In 2013, ComicsAlliance ranked Grayson as", "title": "Dick Grayson" }, { "id": "52687", "score": "1.5764849", "text": "three sequels: \"Batman Returns\" (1992), \"Batman Forever\" (1995) and \"Batman & Robin\" (1997); the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton, and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney, respectively. Executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26, 1992. Melniker and Uslan claimed to be \"the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of \"Batman\" and its sequels. We were denied proper credits, and", "title": "Batman (1989 film)" }, { "id": "3693133", "score": "1.5595255", "text": "\"Dynasty\", \"Search for Tomorrow\", \"Matlock\" and \"Murphy Brown\". As a voice actor, Kevin Conroy is best known for his starring role as Bruce Wayne/Batman in the acclaimed \"\" (1992–1995). He continued to voice Batman in numerous animated projects from which the series was spun off into, which collectively took place in what is known as the DC animated universe (DCAU). These spin-offs include the TV shows \"The New Batman Adventures\" (1997–1999), \"Batman Beyond\" (1999–2001, in which he portrays an elderly Bruce Wayne retired from crimefighting), \"Justice League\" (2001–2004) and \"Justice League Unlimited\" (2004–2006) as well as the theatrical film \"\"", "title": "Kevin Conroy" }, { "id": "10338596", "score": "1.5594568", "text": "series to be more mainstream. Joel Schumacher replaced Tim Burton as director, while Burton decided to stay on as producer. However, Michael Keaton did not like the new direction the film series was heading in, and was replaced by Val Kilmer as Batman. Chris O'Donnell was introduced as Robin, Jim Carrey starred as The Riddler, while Tommy Lee Jones starred as Two-Face. Filming started in September 1994, and Schumacher encountered problems communicating with Kilmer and Jones. \"Batman Forever\" was released on June 16, 1995 with financial success, earning over $350 million worldwide and three Academy Award nominations, but the film", "title": "Batman in film" }, { "id": "3100699", "score": "1.5559528", "text": "DC Great\" for his work on the Batman series. In June 1995, Ward wrote a tell-all autobiography called \"Boy Wonder: My Life in Tights\", which described his time playing Robin. Ward appeared in numerous reunions with co-star Adam West. The most memorable included reprising their roles as the Dynamic Duo on a short-lived animated series called \"The New Adventures of Batman\", as well as \"The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour\" and \"Tarzan and the Super 7\". In addition, they reappeared as the Dynamic Duo for \"Legends of the Superheroes\". West and Ward finally reunited in the 2003 television movie, \"\". During a", "title": "Burt Ward" }, { "id": "9183123", "score": "1.5534434", "text": "and is totally disintegrated, thereby leaving nothing left of Grayson for him to grow back, while Batman is rescued by Superman. As Grayson's remains disappear, Batman acknowledges his ward's demise with a sad \"\"So long, Boy Wonder\"\". In \"Batman: The Dark Knight Returns,\" Jason Todd is referred to have died in the line of duty, although the exact details are not given. It is revealed in the prestige format one-shot \"Dark Knight Returns: The Last Crusade,\" co-written by Miller and Brian Azzarello, release on June 15, 2016. It is revealed that after Jason defeats and captures the Joker; the villain", "title": "Alternative versions of Robin" }, { "id": "9190458", "score": "1.5532835", "text": "with The Penguin. In that script, he was simply called Robin, has no known real name, and was to be played by Marlon Wayans. Wayans was considered for the role of Robin in \"Batman Forever\", but the change in directors from Burton to Joel Schumacher would also mean a change in the choice of actor for the role of Robin. Chris O'Donnell played the character of Dick Grayson in the film, alongside Val Kilmer in the role of Batman. Dick Grayson's parents and older brother were murdered by Two-Face during a hostage situation at the annual Gotham Circus after the", "title": "Robin in other media" }, { "id": "14589661", "score": "1.5499718", "text": "release of \"\", marking the first collaboration between writer Geoff Johns and artist Gary Frank on a Batman story. Bruce Wayne is the eight-year-old son of Dr. Thomas Wayne, a mayoral candidate for Gotham City, and Martha Wayne ( Arkham). After receiving death threats, Thomas contacts his friend Alfred Pennyworth to become the head of security at Wayne Manor. During an outing with his parents, Bruce is taken hostage by a mugger. He demands that the Waynes pay a ransom for the return of their son and attempts to remove Martha's pearl necklace. Thomas tries to intervene and the criminal", "title": "Batman: Earth One" } ]

[ "Polk High School Panthers", "polk high school panthers", "al bundy", "Al Bundy", "no ma am", "NO MA'AM" ]

[ { "id": "3725850", "score": "1.6814319", "text": "proud owner of a 1970s Dodge automobile (although the model shown occasionally on-screen is a Plymouth Duster, it is referred to throughout the series as simply \"The Dodge\"). He works as a shoe salesman at the fictional Gary's Shoes and Accessories for Today's Woman in the fictional New Market Mall. Al hates his job, loses it several times throughout the series, yet always ends up coming back to it. There is a running joke throughout the show that Al makes minimum-wage. However, in one episode, Al is offered early retirement and given a year's pay: $12,000, yet in another he", "title": "Al Bundy" }, { "id": "11546303", "score": "1.6154838", "text": "employed during High Noon. A list of regular \"crappers\" at one time included, but wasn't limited to: Gary in Evanston, Ten-Foot Midget, Black Physicist, Blind Chauffeur, Stonecutter, Bichiro, Bill Walton's Buck Teeth, Unemployed Lawyer, Government Fromage, North Side Fro Dog, Mr. Mouth, NIU Dave, Steve in Bolingbrook, Quit Playin, and K-Man Pilkers in DeKalb. Gary in Evanston received much publicity from WSCR staff and other local media personnel following his death in July 2013. First time callers were greeted with the prerecorded \"Good luck with your first crap,\" a quote from the Dennis Franz character, Andy Sipowicz, from \"NYPD Blue\".", "title": "Boers and Bernstein" }, { "id": "9242969", "score": "1.6048241", "text": "near where he later died. Arriving there, he found that Gary, a co-worker, and Josh, a DVD store clerk, were the winning bidders. They had raised the price initially to get Eugene's hopes up, but, when the first large bid came in from a collector, they realised that, if they could get the eye, they could resell it for more. Eugene, realising he has been set up, took photos of Gary, Josh, and the waitress's shoes in case he needed the evidence for later, then swallowed the eye and fled the restaurant. He escaped from Gary and Josh, but unwittingly", "title": "Random Shoes" }, { "id": "14641197", "score": "1.5533869", "text": "working title for the project, when the film was planned to be set in New York City. The subsequent working title was \"A Guy Could Get Killed Out There\". Gary Coleman stars as a homeless shoeshine boy named Lester who is living in a locker at Union Station, Chicago. Already a beloved figure among the staff at the station who look after him, and suffering attempts to move him to an orphanage, he finds great popularity after it is revealed that he has an amazing talent for picking winning horses at the racetrack. Though it received a number of reviews", "title": "On the Right Track" }, { "id": "12820509", "score": "1.5454063", "text": "Gary Comer Gary Campbell Comer (December 10, 1927 – October 4, 2006) was the founder of mail order clothing retailer Lands' End. Born on the South Side of Chicago in the Grand Crossing neighborhood, Comer graduated from the Paul Revere Elementary School in 1942 and Hyde Park High School in 1946. From 1950 to 1960, he worked as a copywriter at Young & Rubicam in Chicago. After quitting, he traveled around Europe for a year, and then, having been an avid sailor from childhood, he began his own business supplying sailing equipment. In the Spring of 1963 Comer founded Lands'", "title": "Gary Comer" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Al Bundy\n\nAl Bundy is a fictional character and the protagonist of the American television series \"Married... with Children\". \n\nPlayed by Ed O'Neill, Bundy is a misanthropic, working-class father of two who is portrayed as a somewhat tragicomedic figure. Although he laments his lot in life, he nevertheless stands by his family, displaying wit, self-sacrifice, and resilience in times of crisis. \n\nHe and his wife, Peggy, were rated the 59th best characters on television by Bravo. In a 2016 interview, O'Neill said he based his interpretation of Al Bundy on one of his uncles.", "title": "Al Bundy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Married... with Children characters\n\nThe show \"Married... with Children\" revolves around Al Bundy, his wife Peggy, their children Kelly and Bud, next-door neighbor Marcy and her husband Steve Rhoades - who leaves in Season 4 and is eventually replaced by Jefferson D'Arcy.", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Michael Scott (The Office)\n\nMichael Gary Scott is a fictional character and the protagonist of the NBC sitcom, \"The Office\", portrayed by Steve Carell. Michael serves as the regional manager of the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of paper company, Dunder Mifflin Inc. However, he temporarily leaves the company to form his own paper company with Pam Beesly and Ryan Howard towards the end of the fifth season and shares a co-managerial position with Jim Halpert during a sixth season arc from \"The Meeting\" to \"The Manager and the Salesman\". Towards the end of the seventh season, he proposes to HR representative Holly Flax and moves to Colorado to take care of her aging parents, leaving the manager position to Deangelo Vickers in \"Goodbye, Michael\". Shortly after that, he gets a colonoscopy. (Andy Bernard assumes the job in season 8, after Vickers becomes brain dead; and ultimately Dwight Schrute becomes manager in season 9.) Michael's last appearance is in the finale where he is a surprise guest at Dwight’s wedding.\n\nFor his performance, Carell received significant critical acclaim and was nominated six consecutive times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series as well as winning a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series (Musical or Comedy) in 2006. ", "title": "Michael Scott (The Office)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jay Silverheels\n\nJay Silverheels (born Harold Jay Smith; May 26, 1912 – March 5, 1980) was an Indigenous Canadian actor and athlete. He was well known for his role as Tonto, the Native American companion of the Lone Ranger in the American Western television series \"The Lone Ranger\".", "title": "Jay Silverheels" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anthony LaPaglia\n\nAnthony LaPaglia (, ; born 31 January 1959) is an Australian actor. He is best known for his role as Jack Malone in the television drama \"Without a Trace\" (2002–2009), for which he received a Golden Globe Award in 2004.\n\nLaPaglia won a Primetime Emmy Award for his role as Simon Moon in the television sitcom \"Frasier\" (2000–2004). He has also appeared in films such as \"Betsy's Wedding\" (1990), \"Empire Records\" (1995), \"Autumn in New York\" (2000), \"Lantana\" (2001), \"Balibo\" (2009), \"Holding the Man\" (2015), \"\" (2017), and \"Nitram\" (2021), the lattermost of which earned him an AACTA Award.", "title": "Anthony LaPaglia" }, { "id": "10925221", "score": "1.5226932", "text": "Spikes Gang\" (1974) with Lee Marvin and Ron Howard and the cult Disney film \"Gus\" (1976), about a mule that kicks field goals. He was offered a TV series during that time period, but turned it down. Grimes appeared in only six films, and largely retired from show business in the late 1970s (except for an episode of \"Matt Houston\" in 1983). He still lives in Los Angeles and has remained out of public view since that time, working for a charitable organization. \"I got to the point where the work wasn't up to the quality that I wanted,\" Grimes", "title": "Gary Grimes" }, { "id": "1913204", "score": "1.5186255", "text": "In one episode, Linda took charge working for this store while Mr. Hooper was away. The fictional character David, a young African-American who moved to Sesame Street in the early 1970s, was soon hired by Mr. Hooper as an assistant. David was originally conceived as a hip, upbeat singer fresh out of high school who was fond of eccentric hats. Although he appeared in Season 3, he began working at the store in Season 4 while studying law at college. Mr. Hooper left David the store in his will. During seasons 16 and 17, a teenaged boy named Petey (played", "title": "Hooper's Store" }, { "id": "16519943", "score": "1.5104184", "text": "plays an “ethnic” shopkeeper who objects to a customer’s bare foot but loves his shoed foot with the tagline “Hey! That foot must go! But that foot, super A plus bro-guy.” He also appeared in a commercial for The Harris Group (Real Estate Advisors) as \"inept realtor Gary Shlitz\". He was a repeat guest on the podcast \"Stop Podcasting Yourself\", hosted by Graham Clark and Dave Shumka. VanRassel co-founded \"The Sunday Service\" with Jessie Award-winning actor Ryan Beil. They present a weekly show at The Fox CabaretThe Fox Cabaret in Vancouver, B.C. and were nominated for Best Improv Troupe at", "title": "Taz VanRassel" }, { "id": "6957374", "score": "1.4993029", "text": "over a \"paper marriage\" between Latka Gravas, the cab company's immigrant mechanic (played by Andy Kaufman) and a prostitute, so Latka could stay in the United States. Jim appeared again in an early second-season episode. He became a regular beginning with the tenth episode of the second season. As the series progressed, the \"Reverend\" aspect of the character was less frequently referred to. Jim was an endless treasure trove of eccentricities, most of which could be traced to after-effects of his 1960s drug intake. He lived in a condemned building; bought a racehorse he renamed Gary (to erase his \"slave", "title": "Jim Ignatowski" }, { "id": "2694082", "score": "1.4982059", "text": "it, the show was canceled in May 2000, and it began airing in syndication on Fox Family Channel that same month. Fan conventions about the show were held for multiple years. CBS Home Entertainment released the first two seasons on the DVD format in the United States in 2008 and 2009. The show chronicles the life of Gary Hobson, a resident of Chicago, Illinois, who mysteriously receives the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" newspaper a day in advance, effectively giving him knowledge of the potential future. His newspaper is delivered by a mysteriously unknown entity at least once each day, and is accompanied", "title": "Early Edition" }, { "id": "980736", "score": "1.4972205", "text": "in later years. While he was painting homecoming murals at Glenbrook North, he met Nancy Ludwig, who was a cheerleader. After dropping out of the University of Arizona, Hughes began selling jokes to well-established performers such as Rodney Dangerfield and Joan Rivers. Hughes used his jokes to get an entry-level job at Needham, Harper & Steers as an advertising copywriter in Chicago in 1970 and later in 1974 at Leo Burnett Worldwide. During this period, he created what became the famous Edge \"Credit Card Shaving Test\" ad campaign. Hughes' work on the Virginia Slims account frequently took him to the", "title": "John Hughes (filmmaker)" }, { "id": "3154871", "score": "1.4923675", "text": "fraught with gambling problems. By working in Las Vegas, the character is able to use his personal experiences from the street to help him throughout his career. Ultimately, he ends up battling his demons throughout the show instead of overcoming them. In 2008, there was media speculation surrounding Dourdan's \"CSI\" contract negotiations with CBS. The parties could not reach a resolution, and as a result his contract was not renewed. It was reported on April 14, 2008, that Dourdan was leaving the show. In the Season 8 finale, Dourdan's character was shot and left for dead at the episode's end.", "title": "Gary Dourdan" }, { "id": "20393003", "score": "1.4896891", "text": "Gary Sohmers Gary Sohmers, (born August 17, 1952) also known as the \"King of Pop Culture\", is an American appraiser and fan convention producer. He is widely known as an appraiser of collectibles, pop culture items, and toys on the PBS television series Antiques Roadshow (U.S. TV series), and is recognized by his long gray ponytail, and preference of Aloha shirts and orange Converse Chuck Taylor sneakers. Gary Sohmers attained his love of collecting from his father who collected campaign buttons. At the age of eight, he began selling his toys at garage sales, and took an interest in learning", "title": "Gary Sohmers" }, { "id": "18614524", "score": "1.4870389", "text": "as salesman. Hedman left the company by the end of 1966 and Shea left in 1967. Gray then took over as cameraman. Cottle left in 1969 and the company changed its name to Mike Gray Associates and moved to 120 West Kinzie. The company was dissolved in 1973 with Gray’s move to California. From 1965 to 1972 they made TV commercials for national and local clients including Eli Lilly and Company, Montclair cigarettes, Hills Bros Coffees, Mogen David, Sara Lee, WBIB TV, Aunt Jemima, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Illinois Bell, Quaker Oats, Chicago Tribune, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Sears. They", "title": "The Film Group" }, { "id": "2694098", "score": "1.4862819", "text": "door of foils for Gary, including Patrick Quinn (Billie Worley) and Erica Paget (Kristy Swanson). The latter had a romantic subplot with Gary. Stevens made several guest appearances on the show after leaving, and several of the characters stayed (such as the hard-boiled detective Crumb, and Gary's bartender Patrick). During the series' run, \"Early Edition\" also featured many notable guest stars from television, feature films, and other entertainment industries. Notable TV actors who appeared include Anna Chlumsky, Fyvush Finkel, Felicity Huffman, Ken Jenkins, Jane Krakowski, Laura Leighton, Robert Duncan McNeil, Cynthia Nixon, Pauley Perrette, Robert Picardo and Michael Shannon. Academy", "title": "Early Edition" }, { "id": "15496491", "score": "1.4837931", "text": "living\". He went on to work for the \"New York Herald Tribune\", the \"Chicago American\", and \"Chicago Today\". By his 1972 retirement he had drawn over 14,000 cartoons. He lived in Carol Stream, Illinois and died of cancer at the age of 89. Vaughn Shoemaker Vaughn Richard Shoemaker (August 11, 1902 Chicago, Illinois – August 18, 1991 Carol Stream, Illinois) was an American editorial cartoonist. He won the 1938 and 1947 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning and created the character John Q. Public. Shoemaker started his career at the \"Chicago Daily News\" and spent 22 years there. His 1938 Pulitzer", "title": "Vaughn Shoemaker" }, { "id": "8638552", "score": "1.4825454", "text": "O'Connor and Goldberg O'Connor and Goldberg was a chain of shoe stores in Chicago that operated from the early 1900s through at least the 1970s. The company operated stores in several shopping districts throughout the area. One of the company's more noteworthy stores was in the Heyworth Building in Chicago's Loop whose elaborate bronze entry was designed by architect Frederick P. Dinkelberg. In addition, the company was a sponsor on the Chicago Cubs radio broadcasts in the 1960s. Economist Milton Friedman briefly worked at one store in 1932. \"O'Connor and Goldberg\" is also used to describe any mixed Irish Jewish", "title": "O'Connor and Goldberg" }, { "id": "7615142", "score": "1.4815688", "text": "Leslie David Baker Leslie David Baker (born February 19, 1958) is an American television and film actor. He is known for playing paper salesman Stanley Hudson in \"The Office\" for nine seasons. Baker holds a BS in psychology from Loyola University Chicago and an MS in human services administration from Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership in Chicago. He taught special education and played an office worker in OfficeMax commercials while working on his MS degree. In Chicago, he worked for the Board of Education, the Department of Public Health, and the Office of Cable and Communications. Baker moved", "title": "Leslie David Baker" }, { "id": "9936488", "score": "1.4795756", "text": "the starring role, in place of the unavailable Rita Moreno, was Sally Struthers as slightly naive single mother Marsha McMurray Shrimpton, who added fresh perspective to the group. For the second time in the TV series, the company that the lead characters worked for changed again, this time to Barkley Foods International. In the syndicated version, Franklin Hart was history; the girls' superiors were ladies' man Russ Merman (Peter Evans), Bud Coleman (Edward Winter), and Marsha's boss in the 1986-87 season, Charmin Cunningham (Dorian Lopinto). The following season, Vice President of Sales E. Nelson Felb (Fred Applegate) became Marsha's boss.", "title": "9 to 5 (TV series)" }, { "id": "12675502", "score": "1.4782562", "text": "the kebab shop by Tina and are later ridiculed by Janice Battersby (Vicky Entwistle) and Sean Tully (Antony Cotton). On 26 June 2009, Gary is sentenced, much to the delight of David, however, Gary tells the police about David's involvement in the burglary and David is the one who is shunned as a result. While Gary is incarcerated, David is beaten up on the street by an unknown attacker. When Gary is released, he gleefully reveals to David that he organised it. In November 2009, Gary makes an insulting remark about the armed forces when he sees Ted wearing a", "title": "Gary Windass" } ]

[ "bealtes", "Johnny and the moondogs", "john paul george and ringo", "beatles music", "The Beatles", "Fab Four", "John, Paul, George and Ringo", "Fab4", "The beatles", "The Beetals", "Pop Go The Beatles", "john paul george ringo", "Johnny And The Moondogs", "Beatles, the", "pop go beatles", "outfake", "Die Beatles", "History of the Beatles", "The Fabulous Silver Beatles", "beetals", "Johnny and the Moondogs", "The Beatles (band)", "Silver Beetles", "fab four", "thebeatles", "beatles", "fab4", "TheBeatles", "Silver Beatles", "Beatles music", "History of The Beatles", "The Fab Four", "Fab four", "johnny moondogs", "johnny and moondogs", "Beatles, The", "silver beetles", "outfakes", "John, Paul, George, and Ringo", "The Beatals", "Johnny and The Moondogs", "The Beatle", "Beatle", "Outfake", "beatles band", "beatle", "The Silver Beatles", "The Beetles", "beatals", "Outfakes", "silver beats", "The fab four", "Nerk Twins", "beetles", "Beatals", "fabulous silver beatles", "die beatles", "The Silver Beats", "The Bealtes", "nerk twins", "fab 4", "Beatles (The)", "The Nerk Twins", "history of beatles", "Beatles", "Silver Beats", "The Silver Beetles", "silver beatles", "Fab 4", "The BEATLES", "Johnny & The Moondogs", "John paul george ringo" ]

[ { "id": "657087", "score": "1.5687468", "text": "to play the downloaded files, users were shown a video from the band explaining why they had taken this route. Downloaders were then able to opt to purchase the album at a user-defined price or select to receive DRM-free files for free, in exchange for an email address. The band explained that although they do not support piracy, they realised their music would inevitably be distributed online anyway, and wanted to attempt to engage with p2p users and make the best of the situation. The band's sixteenth studio album (released 2 October 2009) was an acoustic album featuring new arrangements", "title": "Marillion" }, { "id": "3524717", "score": "1.5584948", "text": "documentary \"Downloaded\", a film by Alex Winter detailing the history of Napster. It marked the first time new material by Blind Idiot God had been made available to the public in over twenty years. The band's fourth full-length album, an accumulation of thirteen years worth of recorded material, was announced in 2014. Titled \"Before Ever After\", it was the debut release of Indivisible Music, a label founded by Andy Hawkins. \"Before Ever After\" was issued on vinyl on February 24, 2015, followed by a Compact Disc release on April 6, 2015. On April 13th, 2016 the Blind Idiot God embarked", "title": "Blind Idiot God" }, { "id": "1713395", "score": "1.5580547", "text": "Aspinall in April 2006 to remaster completely and release the entire Beatles catalog on an unspecified online music service, as well as release some previously unheard work by the band. No date was set at that time. It has also been reported that the Beatles' music catalog might initially be appearing on iTunes only, as Apple is reported to be negotiating with Britain's EMI group over an online distribution deal that might be exclusive for a limited time. During his January 9, 2007 Macworld Keynote address, Apple CEO Steve Jobs used the band's song \"Lovely Rita\" to introduce the music-playing", "title": "ITunes Store" }, { "id": "13728949", "score": "1.5521421", "text": "Thursday in December 2009, the band sold download cards at their shows that entitled the customer to a download of the 10 song album upon its release with 3 additional exclusive bonus tracks. The song \"Farewell, Mona Lisa\", debuted on Liquid Metal SXM on Christmas Day, 2009; it became available for download on January 19, 2010. \"Chinese Whispers\" was debuted on Full Metal Jackie’s syndicated radio show broadcast on 29 stations throughout the USA on the March 5, 2010, and was subsequently played on the next two days. On March 9, the blog MetalSucks featured the online debut of the", "title": "Option Paralysis" }, { "id": "7339847", "score": "1.5220234", "text": "AC/DC albums available to download, but for several years the band refused to release their albums on iTunes, as iTunes normally allows downloading of individual tracks; AC/DC publicly stated: \"Our...reason is that we honestly believe the songs on any of our albums belong together. If we were on iTunes, we know a certain percentage of people would only download two or three songs from the album – and we don't think that represents us musically.\" However, the band finally released their entire discography to iTunes in November 2012. On 30 June 30 2015 their catalog appeared on Spotify for the", "title": "AC/DC discography" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "AC/DC discography\n\nAustralian hard rock band AC/DC, , have released 17 studio albums (15 available worldwide and two released only in Australia), two soundtrack albums, three live albums, 11 video albums, and two box set albums. Although many AC/DC singles have been released, the band always refused to release any greatest hits-type packages; \"Who Made Who\" (which served as the soundtrack to Stephen King's \"Maximum Overdrive\"), \"Iron Man 2\", and the band's various live recordings are as close as the group have come to such a compilation. Verizon makes AC/DC albums available to download, but for several years the band refused to release their albums on iTunes, as iTunes normally allows downloading of individual tracks; AC/DC publicly stated: \"Our... reason is that we honestly believe the songs on any of our albums belong together. If we were on iTunes, we know a certain percentage of people would only download two or three songs from the album – and we don't think that represents us musically.\" However, the band finally released their entire discography to iTunes in November 2012. On 30 June 2015 their catalog appeared on Spotify for the first time.\n\nBrothers, Angus and Malcolm Young formed AC/DC in 1973. The band released two albums in Australia before releasing their first international effort, \"High Voltage\" with vocalist Bon Scott, bassist Mark Evans and drummer Phil Rudd. In 1980, less than a year after the release of the successful \"Highway to Hell\", Bon Scott died and was replaced by British singer Brian Johnson, with whom AC/DC released their best-selling album, \"Back in Black\". Their album \"Black Ice\", released in 2008, reached number one in 29 countries. In 47 years of their career, AC/DC sold over 200 million albums worldwide, roughly 75 million in the US. \"Back in Black\" alone sold 25 million copies (50 million worldwide), and went on to become the second highest-selling album in history.<ref>\n</ref><ref>\n</ref><ref>\n</ref><ref>\n</ref>", "title": "AC/DC discography" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of songs recorded by AC/DC\n\nThe following is a list of songs known to have been recorded by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. Since 1974, they have released 16 studio albums (14 available worldwide and 2 released only in Australia), 2 soundtrack albums, 4 live albums, 11 video albums, and 2 box set albums. Although a large number of AC/DC singles have been released, the band always refused to release any greatest hits type packages; \"Who Made Who\" (which served as the soundtrack to Stephen King's \"Maximum Overdrive\"), \"Iron Man 2\", and the band's various live recordings are as close as the group have come to such a compilation. AC/DC albums are available to download from Verizon, but for several years the band refused to release their albums on iTunes, as iTunes normally allows downloading of individual tracks; AC/DC publicly stated, \"Our ... reason is that we honestly believe the songs on any of our albums belong together. If we were on iTunes, we know a certain percentage of people would only download two or three songs from the album – and we don't think that represents us musically.\" However, the band finally released their entire discography to iTunes in November 2012. Finally, they also released their music to Spotify in June 2015, though they previously refused to do so.\n\nAC/DC was formed in 1973 by brothers Angus and Malcolm Young, and released two albums in Australia before releasing their first international effort, \"High Voltage\" with vocalist Bon Scott, bassist Mark Evans and drummer Phil Rudd. In 1980, Bon Scott died less than a year after the release of the successful \"Highway to Hell\", and was replaced by British singer Brian Johnson, with whom AC/DC released their best selling album, \"Back in Black\". Their latest album to date, \"Power Up\", was released in 2020, selling 1.4 million copies by 2021. In 48 years of their career, AC/DC sold over 200 million albums worldwide, roughly 75 million in the US. \"Back in Black\" alone sold 25 million in the US (50 million worldwide), and is the second highest-selling album of all time.\n\n", "title": "List of songs recorded by AC/DC" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of iTunes\n\nThe iTunes media platform was first released by Apple in 2001 as a simple music player for Mac computers. Over time, iTunes developed into a sophisticated multimedia content manager, hardware synchronization manager and e-commerce platform. iTunes was finally discontinued for new Mac computers in 2019, but is still available and supported for Macs running older operating systems and for Windows computers to ensure updated compatibility for syncing with new releases of iOS devices (refer to Devices section).\n\niTunes enables users to manage media content, create playlists, synchronize media content with handheld devices including the iPod, iPhone, and iPad, re-image and update handheld devices, stream Internet radio and purchase music, films, television shows, and audiobooks via the iTunes Store.", "title": "History of iTunes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cherry Ghost\n\nCherry Ghost were an English music group which began in 2006, first as an alias for singer-songwriter Simon Aldred as a solo artist, before morphing into a full band. Their debut album, \"Thirst for Romance\", was released in July 2007 and entered the UK Album Charts at No. 7. Aldred, under the moniker Out Cold, released a solo album titled \"Invasion of Love\" in September 2013, featuring a markedly synthpop sound. Cherry Ghost released their third and final album \"Herd Runners\" in May 2014; Aldred last performed with Cherry Ghost in 2016 on the Marc Riley Show on BBC Radio 6 Music.\n\nCurrently based in London, Simon Aldred now works outside of music, as well as occasionally writing for and with other artists. Aldred was the featured vocalist on the 2015 Avicii single \"Waiting for Love\", and more recently co-wrote several songs with Liam Gallagher, including his 2017 top 40 hit \"For What It's Worth\".", "title": "Cherry Ghost" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Higher (Taio Cruz song)\n\n\"Higher\" is the fifth single from English singer-songwriter Taio Cruz's second studio album, \"Rokstarr\". It was written and produced by Cruz and Sandy Vee, and was released on 26 November 2010. This song was originally written for Australian singer Kylie Minogue's album \"Aphrodite\", but plans fell through. However, Cruz and Minogue recorded a version of the song for the European release, while American rapper Travie McCoy recorded guest raps for the American release. The Brazilian and United Kingdom versions have parts of McCoy's rap mixed into the Minogue version. The version on Cruz's albums feature a solo vocal by Cruz with no guest vocalist and an edited version of the solo version was added to Radio Disney's playlist.", "title": "Higher (Taio Cruz song)" }, { "id": "16043397", "score": "1.520375", "text": "of MP3 music files became common, downloading of jam band songs became an extension of the cassette taping trend. Archived jam band downloads are available at various websites, the most prominent ones being etree and the Live Music Archive, which is part of the Internet Archive. More bands have been distributing their latest shows online. Bands such as Phish, Widespread Panic, The String Cheese Incident, Gov't Mule, ekoostik hookah, Umphrey's McGee, Dopapod, Lotus, and The Disco Biscuits have been offering digital downloads within days, or sometimes hours, of concerts. The Grateful Dead have begun to offer online, digital download only,", "title": "Jam band" }, { "id": "3893139", "score": "1.5075805", "text": "August 2012 relating to the band. It was unclear whether the progress of the new songs was ongoing or at a standstill. However, on April 2, 2014, it was announced via their Facebook page that two brand new songs entitled \"Alcologic\" and \"When I Was Young\" respectively, were being made available for free digital download. The post read: On April 3 it was announced via their Facebook page that the download attempts had exceeded the free download limit through the host website to the songs, and a direct link was provided alternatively for the download. With the release of these", "title": "Autopilot Off" }, { "id": "9022365", "score": "1.5060288", "text": "on February 14, 2010, after being delayed from Christmas 2009. Fuel TV also released it two days earlier for Modlife members, along with Mark Hoppus' remix of \"Hallucinations\" available to those who donated when downloading the album. The album was released free of charge due to \"corporate underwriting\". They began producing it in January 2009 but progress was slow due to Blink-182 reuniting and going on tour. The band finished the album in time for its release on Valentine's Day 2010. \"Love\" was downloaded nearly 500,000 times during the first 48 hours after its release day. The first single from", "title": "Angels & Airwaves" }, { "id": "3469255", "score": "1.5053608", "text": "her solo concerts in alternating parts of the year. In December 2005, the band released a new EP called \"Free Music!\" available via free FLAC and mp3 downloads at their website and several download partner sites. The downloads reserved some rights though Creative Commons licenses. In early March 2009, the band released all their previous albums along with a selection of live tracks, an Instrumental EP and the upcoming \"Power+Light\" album for download at their website. As before, the tracks were available in FLAC and mp3 format and the band reserved some rights though Creative Commons licenses. In early 2010,", "title": "50 Foot Wave" }, { "id": "14139871", "score": "1.5043879", "text": "single \"Banksters\" online with artwork and a remix by the band Angelspit. No official music video was made, but several fan-made videos were endorsed by the band and posted on their website. In March 2011, the band announced the title of their fourth album, Ultrawired, and released cover art for it. Rather than releasing the album commercially, they have decided to drop their records labels for this release and give it away as a free download. To cover expenses, Ketaware users can sell the album to donate to the band. \"Ultrawired\" was released on May 30, 2011. On April 12,", "title": "Dope Stars Inc." }, { "id": "6675568", "score": "1.4993467", "text": "discouraged online sharing of their songs. After the band's break-up, however, Splashdown and their fans made efforts to ensure their music was available for free online. The band's entire catalog is still available for download for free on the web, though remastered versions of their first two (pre-Capitol) releases are also available on iTunes. Pandora/Deserter (7\", 1996) Stars and Garters (LP, 1997) Halfworld (EP, 1998) Redshift (EP, 1999) Blueshift (LP, unreleased) BSO Titan A.E. Possibilities (LP, unreleased) Non-album tracks Splashdown (band) Splashdown was an American pop rock band formed in 1996 in Allston, Massachusetts. The group disbanded in 2001; their", "title": "Splashdown (band)" }, { "id": "13382830", "score": "1.4976451", "text": "September, the first number 1 being \"Flying Without Wings\" by Westlife. U2 released their single \"Vertigo\" on music download services weeks before it came out on CD. It stayed at number one for 8 non-consecutive weeks on the download chart. While illegal sharing of music over the Internet had been popular for a number of years the music industry started creating new, pay-per-download services, which were very well received. Charting companies soon took notice and various download charts appeared on radio and television. The use and increased popularity of iPods also helped to promote download services, and Apple's online iTunes", "title": "2004 in British music charts" }, { "id": "16050455", "score": "1.4950949", "text": "in July 2010, third single, \"Expectation\" was released in December 2010 and fourth single, \"Why Won't You Make Up Your Mind?\" was released in February 2011. \"Solitude Is Bliss\", \"Lucidity\" and \"Expectation\" all featured music videos. On 12 May 2010, iTunes accidentally made \"Innerspeaker\" available to buy immediately (not pre-order) and therefore it was leaked before the official release date. It was also leaked on the internet in poor quality a month earlier. Parker commented on this poor quality leak by saying \"That was a real bummer. It was kind of bittersweet because I was glad that people could finally", "title": "Innerspeaker" }, { "id": "14182920", "score": "1.4904561", "text": "by \"City Weekly\", a popular Salt Lake City publication. Although they had several prior independent releases, the band released its debut album on Mercury/Island Def Jam, \"Habits\", on March 16, 2010. \"Animal\" was chosen as the lead single and was shortly thereafter featured as the Free Single of the Week on iTunes in March 2010. They performed the song on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\" on March 23, 2010, \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\" on May 14, 2010, \"Lopez Tonight\" on October 18, 2010, \"Live! with Regis & Kelly\" on November 4, 2010, and TBS' \"Conan\" on November 24, 2010. They", "title": "Neon Trees" }, { "id": "10792320", "score": "1.4888144", "text": "Nowhere\" was made available as a free, limited-timespan download \"exclusively\" from the iTunes Music Store starting on August 28, 2007 (although it was also available from Guardian Unlimited). The site also offered a pre-order of the new album. Sony BMG themselves created the site www.radionowheredownload.com (no longer active), which also offered the single free for Springsteen's fan base in Europe (for whom iTunes is not always an option), making it available for free well in advance of the commercial release of the album. Despite all this initial drama, the song was not a chart success in the U.S. (with the", "title": "Radio Nowhere" }, { "id": "14728417", "score": "1.4842126", "text": "fourth track entitled ‘Boy’ became available as a b-side on the iTunes release). The band also played across much of the south of England in the latter half of 2009, often seen with likes of Canterbury and Lights And Sounds. In March 2010 the band embarked on a nationwide tour of the UK supporting Deaf Havana and All Forgotten. April also saw the band on a nationwide tour supporting The Broadcast. Having already entered the studio in December 2009 with producer Peter Miles, Francesqa completed work on their follow-up EP, ‘We Lived’ during the beginning of 2010. They independently released", "title": "Francesqa" }, { "id": "12148210", "score": "1.4833065", "text": "from players of \"Rock Band\" that the group released the song for download through iTunes, as well as considered making full albums available, which they in turn did when they released their album \"Moving Pictures\" in full on the platform soon after. Guns N' Roses had delayed their long-awaited album \"Chinese Democracy\" so often, many doubted it would ever be released; however, the \"Rock Band 2\" debut of the song \"Shackler's Revenge\" was thought to be the precursor to the release of \"Chinese Democracy\"; the album was indeed released in November 2008 and was later made available as a downloadable", "title": "Rock Band" }, { "id": "17074522", "score": "1.4766928", "text": "February 2013. The band's website was relaunched at 11:58 GMT on 2 February, where \"m b v\" was released on mbv Records. It was made available for purchase on the website as a download (MP3 or WAV), a CD and download package, or a 180g LP, CD and download package. The website crashed within minutes of \"m b v\"s release, due to web traffic, and the album was later made available for stream on YouTube. Physical copies of the album were released on 22 February. Asked about the sales, Shields said: \"If we [had] put it out on a major", "title": "M b v (album)" }, { "id": "2064043", "score": "1.4766467", "text": "band sold download cards at their shows that entitled the customer to a download of the 10 song album upon its release with 3 additional exclusive bonus tracks. The song \"Farewell, Mona Lisa\", debuted on Liquid Metal SXM on Christmas Day, 2009; it became available for download on January 19, 2010. \"Chinese Whispers\" was debuted on Full Metal Jackie’s syndicated radio show broadcast on 29 stations throughout the USA on the March 5, 2010, and was subsequently played on the next two days. On March 9, the blog MetalSucks featured the online debut of the song. The band released their", "title": "The Dillinger Escape Plan" }, { "id": "16519704", "score": "1.4749538", "text": "a new song clip, and on some days, special downloads. These downloads included ringtones and handwritten guitar chords. Starting June 25 and ending July 6, the band once again updated the site every weekday, but this time with full lyric videos for each major song on the album (excluding the a capella intro and \"outro\"). On July 10, 2012, the album was made available digitally through iTunes, AmazonMP3, and Google Play, and in hard copy through major retailers such as Best Buy and Amazon. AllMusic's Chrysta Cherrie wrote that \"Wrapping their messages in energized, empowering punk-pop and hard rock hooks,", "title": "Cold Hard Want" } ]

[ "ta ta", "Tatarian", "Tatar (people)", "Tatar peoples", "татарлар", "tatarian", "Astrakan Tatars", "Tartaric", "Tatars (east Asians)", "tartars", "Tatars", "tatar peoples", "tatar word", "tatars", "Baraba", "tatar turks", "tatars east asians", "Tatar Turks", "Tatar", "tartar people", "baraba", "Tatar people", "Tartars", "Ta ta", "Tatar nationality", "Tartar people", "tatar", "tatar people", "Ta-ta", "Татарлар", "tartaric", "astrakan tatars", "tatar nationality", "Tatar (word)" ]

[ { "id": "5369620", "score": "1.7092676", "text": "and compulsory ally of the Yuan dynasty for about 80 years. The Yuan dynasty was eventually overthrown during the Red Turban Rebellion in 1368 by the Han Chinese who gained independence and established the Ming dynasty. The Mongols invaded and destroyed Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus', before invading Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria, and others. Over the course of three years (1237–1240), the Mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of Russia with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov. Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, the Pope's envoy to the Mongol Great Khan, traveled through Kiev in February 1246 and", "title": "Mongol invasions and conquests" }, { "id": "4677166", "score": "1.7067192", "text": "the Holy Land. Thus, the Kipchak Khanate never invaded Europe; keeping watch to the south and east instead. Berke only sent troops into Europe twice, in two relatively light raids in 1259 and 1265, simply to collect booty he needed to pay for his wars against Hulagu from 1262-65. The Papacy had rejected the pleas of Georgia in favor of launching crusades in Spain and the Middle East, as well as preaching a Crusade against Kievan Rus in 1238 for refusing to join his earlier Balkan Crusade. Meanwhile, Emperor Frederick II, a well-educated ruler, wanted to annex Italy to unite", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": "4677169", "score": "1.699825", "text": "to as \"the second Mongol invasion of Europe\", \"the second Tatar-Mongol invasion of central and south-eastern Europe\", or \"the second Mongol invasion of central Europe.\" In 1259, eighteen years after the first attack, two tumens (20,000 men) from the Golden Horde, under the leadership of Berke, attacked Poland after raiding Lithuania. This attack was commanded by general Burundai with young princes Nogai and Talabuga. Lublin, Sieradz, Sandomierz, Zawichost, Kraków, and Bytom were ravaged and plundered. Berke had no intention of occupying or conquering Poland. After this raid the Pope Alexander IV tried without success to organize a crusade against the", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": "4677115", "score": "1.6962916", "text": "Mongol invasion of Europe The Mongol invasion of Europe in the 13th century was the conquest of Europe by the Mongol Empire, by way of the destruction of East Slavic principalities, such as Kiev and Vladimir. The Mongol invasions also occurred in Central Europe, which led to warfare among fragmented Poland, such as the Battle of Legnica (9 April 1241) and in the Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241) in the Kingdom of Hungary. The operations were planned by General Subutai (1175–1248) and commanded by Batu Khan ( 1207–1255) and Kadan (d. 1261). Both men were grandsons of Genghis Khan;", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": "4677153", "score": "1.6706238", "text": "took about 1 month in the middle of winter. Carpini himself accompanied a Mongol party in a much shorter journey (from Kiev to Mongolia) during the summer and fall of 1246, where the party \"made great speed\" in order to reach the election ceremony in time, and made use of several horses per person while riding nearly all day and night. It took five months. Rashid Al-Din, a historian of the Mongol Ilkhanate, explicitly states in the Ilkhanate's official histories that the Mongols were not even aware of Ogedei's death when they began their withdrawal. Rashid Al-Din, writing under the", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of Europe" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of Crimea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of gunpowder\n\nGunpowder is the first explosive to have been developed. Popularly listed as one of the \"Four Great Inventions\" of China, it was invented during the late Tang dynasty (9th century) while the earliest recorded chemical formula for gunpowder dates to the Song dynasty (11th century). Knowledge of gunpowder spread rapidly throughout Asia and Europe, possibly as a result of the Mongol conquests during the 13th century, with written formulas for it appearing in the Middle East between 1240 and 1280 in a treatise by Hasan al-Rammah, and in Europe by 1267 in the \"Opus Majus\" by Roger Bacon. It was employed in warfare to some effect from at least the 10th century in weapons such as fire arrows, bombs, and the fire lance before the appearance of the gun in the 13th century. While the fire lance was eventually supplanted by the gun, other gunpowder weapons such as rockets and fire arrows continued to see use in China, Korea, India, and eventually Europe. Bombs too never ceased to develop and continued to progress into the modern day as grenades, mines, and other explosive implements. Gunpowder has also been used for non-military purposes such as fireworks for entertainment, or in explosives for mining and tunneling.\n\nThe evolution of guns led to the development of large artillery pieces, popularly known as bombards, during the 15th century, pioneered by states such as the Duchy of Burgundy. Firearms came to dominate early modern warfare in Europe by the 17th century. The gradual improvement of cannons firing heavier rounds for a greater impact against fortifications led to the invention of the star fort and the bastion in the Western world, where traditional city walls and castles were no longer suitable for defense. The use of gunpowder technology also spread throughout the Islamic world and to India, Korea, and Japan. The so-called Gunpowder Empires of the early modern period consisted of the Mughal Empire, Safavid Empire, and Ottoman Empire.\n\nThe use of gunpowder in warfare during the course of the 19th century diminished due to the invention of smokeless powder. Gunpowder is often referred to today as \"black powder\" to distinguish it from the propellant used in contemporary firearms.", "title": "History of gunpowder" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Turkey\n\nThe history of Turkey, understood as the history of the region now forming the territory of the Republic of Turkey, includes the history of both Anatolia (the Asian part of Turkey) and Eastern Thrace (the European part of Turkey). These two previously politically distinct regions came under control of the Roman Empire in the second century BC, eventually becoming the core of the Roman Byzantine Empire. For times predating the Ottoman period, a distinction should also be made between the history of the Turkic peoples, and the history of the territories now forming the Republic of Turkey", "title": "History of Turkey" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Golden Horde\n\nThe Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire after 1259 it became a functionally separate khanate. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or as the Ulus of Jochi, and replaced the earlier less organized Cuman–Kipchak confederation.\n\nAfter the death of Batu Khan (the founder of the Golden Horde) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s. The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Uzbeg Khan (1312–1341), who adopted Islam. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak extended from Siberia and Central Asia to parts of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the Danube in the west, and from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea in the south, while bordering the Caucasus Mountains and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Ilkhanate.<ref name=\"Britannica1\"/>\n\nThe khanate experienced violent internal political disorder beginning in 1359, before it briefly reunited (1381–1395) under Tokhtamysh. However, soon after the 1396 invasion of Timur, the founder of the Timurid Empire, the Golden Horde broke into smaller Tatar khanates which declined steadily in power. At the start of the 15th century, the Horde began to fall apart. By 1466, it was being referred to simply as the \"Great Horde\". Within its territories there emerged numerous predominantly Turkic-speaking khanates. These internal struggles allowed the northern vassal state of Muscovy to rid itself of the \"Tatar Yoke\" at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480. The Crimean Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate, the last remnants of the Golden Horde, survived until 1783 and 1847 respectively.", "title": "Golden Horde" }, { "id": "18298322", "score": "1.6702322", "text": "the threat that the Mongols would invade Western Europe in 1247AD after overrunning much of Asia and creating one of the greatest empires ever to exist, stretching from China through Russia to the borders of Europe itself. Although Genghis Khan is now dead, his successors are continuing to expand the empire as European leaders struggle to understand this deadly threat from the east. Reporters Owen of Canarfon (Robert Bathurst), Siboletto of Zimbabwe (Fran Dorn), Louis de Jaen (Inaqui Aierra) & Selim Karasi (Engin Cezzar) report from both sides of the conflict, moderated by anchorman Steve Bell who explains the secrets", "title": "Timeline (TV series)" }, { "id": "7815394", "score": "1.6666107", "text": "Muhammed II, battled both the Mongols and the Georgians before moving on to challenge the Seljuks in Anatolia. A full-scale Mongol conquest of the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia began in 1236, in which the Kingdom of Georgia, the Sultanate of Rum, and the Empire of Trebizond were subjugated, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and other Crusader states voluntarily accepted Mongol vassalage, and the Assassins were eliminated. The Mongols also invaded Durdzuketia, modern-day Chechnya, but faced continual resistance in that area. After the death of Möngke Khan in 1259, the Mongol Empire descended into civil war and Berke of the Golden", "title": "Mongol invasions of Georgia" }, { "id": "4677157", "score": "1.6628969", "text": "Europe by mid-1242, though they still launched military operations in the west at this time, most notably the 1241–1243 Mongol invasion of Anatolia. In fact, Batu specifically decided against attending the kurultai in favor of staying in Europe, which delayed the ceremony for several years. The historian Jack Weatherford claims that European survival was due to Mongol unwillingness to fight in the more densely populated German principalities, where the weather affected the glue and sinew of the Mongol bows. However, a counter to this assertion is that the Mongols were willing to fight in the densely populated areas of Song", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": "4677177", "score": "1.660392", "text": "Hungarian borders. In 1291 a large Mongol-Bulgarian alliance raided into Serbia, where Serbian king Stefan Uroš II Milutin defeated them. However, the Serbian king acknowledged Nogai's supremacy and sent his son as hostage to prevent further hostility when Nogai threatened to lead a punitive expedition himself. By the mid-14th century the grip of the Golden Horde over Central and Eastern Europe had started to weaken. Several European kingdoms started various incursions into Mongol-controlled lands with the aim of reclaiming captured territories as well as add new ones from the Empire itself. The Kingdom of Georgia, under the leadership of King", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": "4677144", "score": "1.6532576", "text": "again the same year, though little is known of what happened. According to the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the Bulgarian capital of Tarnovo was sacked. This is unlikely, but rumor of it spread widely, being repeated in Palestine by Bar Hebraeus. The invasion of Bulgaria is mentioned in other contemporary sources, such as Philippe Mouskès, Thomas of Cantimpré and Ricoldo of Montecroce. Contemporary documents indicate that by 1253, Kaliman I was a tribute-paying vassal of the Mongols, a status he had probably been forced to accept during the invasion of 1242. The traditional European method of warfare of melee combat", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": "4677179", "score": "1.6494651", "text": "their own invasion force into Mongolian territory, capturing what would become Moldavia. By this point, some Western European armies also started to meet the Mongols in their conquered territories. In Caffa for example, when the Mongols under Janibeg besieged it after a large fight between Christians and Muslims began, a relief force of an Italian army came and defeated the Mongols, killing 15,000 of their troops and destroying their siege engines. A year later, the Italians blockaded Mongol ports in the region, forcing Janibeg to negotiate, and in 1347 the Italians were allowed to reestablish their colony in Tana. Mongol", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": "4677116", "score": "1.6472232", "text": "their conquests integrated much European territory to the empire of the Golden Horde. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were suspended in parts of central Europe, only to be resumed after the Mongols had withdrawn. Ögedei Khan ordered Batu Khan to conquer Rus' in 1235. The main force, headed by Jochi's sons, and their cousins, Möngke Khan and Güyük Khan, arrived at Ryazan in December 1237. Ryazan refused to surrender, and the Mongols sacked it and then stormed Suzdalia. Many Rus' armies were defeated; Grand Prince", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": "4677150", "score": "1.6392815", "text": "description of the formula for gunpowder in 1044. In \"A History of the English-Speaking Peoples\", Winston Churchill wrote: But Asia too was marching against the West. At one moment it had seemed as if all Europe would succumb to a terrible menace looming up from the East. Heathen Mongol hordes from the heart of Asia, formidable horsemen armed with bows, had rapidly swept over Russia, Poland, Hungary, and in 1241 inflicted simultaneous crushing defeats upon the Germans near Breslau and upon European cavalry near Buda. Germany and Austria at least lay at their mercy. Providentially in this year the Great", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": "4677178", "score": "1.63219", "text": "George V the Brilliant, restored Georgian dominance in their own lands and even took the Empire of Trebizond from Mongol hands. Lithuania, taking advantage of internal strifes in the Golden Horde, started an invasion of their own, defeating the Mongols at the Battle at Blue Waters, as well as conquering territories of the Golden Horde such as the Principality of Kiev all the way to the Dnieper River, before being halted after their defeat at the Battle of the Vorskla River. Russia also started to reclaim many Rus lands. In 1345, the Kingdom of Hungary, took the initiative and launched", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": "4677170", "score": "1.627038", "text": "Tatars. An unsuccessful invasion followed in 1287, led by Talabuga and Nogai Khan. 30,000 men (three tumens) in two columns under Nogai (10,000 Mongol cavalry) and Talabuga (20,000 Mongols and Ruthenians) respectively raided Lesser Poland to plunder the area and meet up north of Kraków. Lublin, Mazovia, and Sieradz were successfully raided, but the Mongols failed to capture Sandomierz and Kraków and were repulsed with heavy casualties when they attempted to assault the cities, although the cities were devastated. Talabuga's main army (the rest of his column having dissolved across the countryside for raiding) was defeated by Duke Leszek II", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": "4677120", "score": "1.6263967", "text": "prove one of his greatest victories. The Mongols invaded Central Europe with three armies. One army defeated an alliance which included forces from fragmented Poland and their allies, led by Henry II the Pious, Duke of Silesia in the Battle of Legnica. A second army crossed the Carpathian mountains and a third followed the Danube. The armies re-grouped and crushed Hungary in 1241, defeating the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohi on April 11, 1241. The devastating Mongol invasion killed half of Hungary's population. The armies swept the plains of Hungary over the summer, and in the spring of", "title": "Mongol invasion of Europe" }, { "id": "7308992", "score": "1.6253481", "text": "would later become a saint, Joan of Arc. Although she was captured and executed by the English, the French fought on and won the war in 1453. After the war, France gained all of Normandy excluding the city of Calais, which it gained in 1558. Following the Mongols from Central Asia came the Ottoman Turks. By 1400 they had captured most of modern-day Turkey and extended their rule into Europe through the Balkans and as far as the Danube, surrounding even the fabled city of Constantinople. Finally, in 1453, one of Europe's greatest cities fell to the Turks. The Ottomans", "title": "History of Western civilization" }, { "id": "12998861", "score": "1.6230426", "text": "land. 200 years after the Aztec and Toltec empires began, northern and central Asia saw the rise of the Mongol empire. By the late 13th century, the Empire extended across Europe and Asia, briefly creating a state capable of ruling and administrating immensely diverse cultures. In 1299, the Ottomans entered the scene. These Turkish nomads took control of Asia Minor along with much of south-eastern Europe over a period of 370 years, providing what may be considered a long-lasting Islamic counterweight to Christendom. Exploiting opportunities left open by the Mongolian advance and recession as well as the spread of Islam,", "title": "Political history of the world" }, { "id": "4020600", "score": "1.6218387", "text": "1250, 8 years after the Mongols had left, Hungarian King Bela wrote to the Pope that Hungary could not withstand another invasion and would have to surrender to the Mongols if they returned. On the way out of Europe, the Mongols plundered the yet untouched lands of Bulgaria and encountered the army of Baldwin II, Latin Emperor of Constantinople. Though Baldwin defeated a small skirmishing force, he was apparently lured into overconfidence and suffered a severe defeat. After subduing a Cuman revolt in what is now Russia, another possible reason for departing Hungary so suddenly, Subutai turned towards Mongolia. Subutai", "title": "Subutai" }, { "id": "164785", "score": "1.6194407", "text": "Novgorod, which became a vassal), the Kipchak-Cuman Confederation. Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland managed to remain sovereign states. Mongolian records indicate that Batu Khan was planning a complete conquest of the remaining European powers, beginning with a winter attack on Austria, Italy and Germany, when he was recalled to Mongolia upon the death of Great Khan Ögedei. Most historians believe only his death prevented the complete conquest of Europe. The areas of Eastern Europe and most of Central Asia that were under direct Mongol rule became known as the Golden Horde. Under Uzbeg Khan, Islam became the official religion of the", "title": "History of Europe" } ]

[ "The Republican", "republicans", "republican disambiguation", "The Republican (disambiguation)", "Republican", "Republicans", "republican", "Republican (disambiguation)" ]

[ { "id": "438858", "score": "1.8092644", "text": "of slavery\". The name reflects the 1776 republican values of civic virtue and opposition to aristocracy and corruption. It is important to note that \"republican\" has a variety of meanings around the world and the Republican Party has evolved such that the meanings no longer always align. The term \"Grand Old Party\" is a traditional nickname for the Republican Party and the abbreviation \"GOP\" is a commonly used designation. The term originated in 1875 in the \"Congressional Record\", referring to the party associated with the successful military defense of the Union as \"this gallant old party\". The following year in", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" }, { "id": "1849333", "score": "1.740507", "text": "Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America. Since the 1880s it has been nicknamed (by the media) the \"Grand Old Party\" or GOP, although it is younger than the Democratic Party. Founded in 1854 by Northern anti-slavery activists and modernizers, the Republican Party rose to prominence in 1860 with the election of Abraham Lincoln, who used the party machinery to support victory in the American Civil War. The GOP dominated national politics during the Third Party System, from 1854 to 1896, and the Fourth Party System from 1896 to 1932. Since", "title": "Political parties in the United States" }, { "id": "7209611", "score": "1.7146431", "text": "History of the United States Republican Party The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the world's oldest extant political parties. The party values reflect economic conservatism, classical conservatism (modern day American conservatism) and corporate liberty rights. It is the second oldest existing political party in the United States after its primary rival, the Democratic Party. The party emerged in 1854 to combat the Kansas–Nebraska Act, an act that dissolved the terms of the Missouri Compromise and allowed slave or free status to be decided in the territories by popular sovereignty.", "title": "History of the United States Republican Party" }, { "id": "7209739", "score": "1.6833634", "text": "who are less supportive — and even suspicious — of appeals from big business.<br><br>Big business, many Republicans believe, is often complicit with big government on taxes, spending and even regulations, to protect industry tax breaks and subsidies — \"corporate welfare,\" in their view. History of the United States Republican Party The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the world's oldest extant political parties. The party values reflect economic conservatism, classical conservatism (modern day American conservatism) and corporate liberty rights. It is the second oldest existing political party in the United", "title": "History of the United States Republican Party" }, { "id": "438918", "score": "1.623502", "text": "before the party realignments of the 1960s. The Great Plains states were one of the few areas of the country where Republicans had any significant support during the Great Depression. As of 2018, there have been a total of 19 Republican presidents. Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, a major ideology of the American Revolution. Founded by anti-slavery activists, economic modernizers, ex–National Republicans,", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of the Republican Party (United States)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tea Party movement\n\nThe Tea Party movement was an American fiscally conservative political movement within the Republican Party that began in 2009. Members of the movement called for lower taxes and for a reduction of the national debt and federal budget deficit through decreased government spending. The movement supported small-government principles and opposed government-sponsored universal healthcare. The Tea Party movement has been described as both a popular constitutional movement and as an \"Astro Turf operation\" purporting to be spontaneous and grassroots, but created by hidden elite interests. It was composed of a mixture of libertarian,<ref name=\"libertarian\" /> right-wing populist,<ref name=\"populist\" /> and conservative activism.<ref name=\"Conservatism\" /> It has sponsored multiple protests and supported various political candidates since 2009.<ref name=\"deseret\" /><ref name=\"economist\" /><ref name=\"sfexaminer\" /> According to the American Enterprise Institute, various polls in 2013 estimated that slightly over 10% of Americans identified as part of the movement.<ref name=\"realspin\" />\n\nThe Tea Party movement was popularly launched following a February 19, 2009, call by CNBC reporter Rick Santelli on the floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for a \"tea party\". On February 20, 2009, The Nationwide Tea Party Coalition also helped launch the Tea Party movement via a conference call attended by around 50 conservative activists. Supporters of the movement subsequently had a major impact on the internal politics of the Republican Party. Although the Tea Party is not a political party in the classic sense of the word, research published in 2016 suggests that members of the Tea Party Caucus voted like a significantly more right-wing third party in Congress. A major force behind it was Americans for Prosperity (AFP), a conservative political advocacy group founded by businessman and political activist David Koch. It is unclear exactly how much money is donated to AFP by David Koch and his brother Charles Koch.\n\nBy 2016, \"Politico\" noted that the Tea Party movement was essentially completely dead; however, the article noted that the movement seemed to die in part because some of its ideas had been absorbed by the mainstream Republican Party,The movement is not a political party. Instead its name refers to the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773, a watershed event in the launch of the American Revolution. The 1773 event demonstrated against taxation by the British government without political representation for the American colonists, and references to the Boston Tea Party and even costumes from the 1770s era are commonly heard and seen in the Tea Party movement.<ref name=\"UPI.com\">\n</ref>", "title": "Tea Party movement" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Democratic-Republican Party" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Political parties in the United States" }, { "id": "438820", "score": "1.6222172", "text": "Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, a major ideology of the American Revolution. Founded by anti-slavery activists, economic modernizers, ex–National Republicans, ex–Free Soilers, and Whigs in 1854, the Republicans largely dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern states between 1860 and 1932. Originally, the GOP subscribed to what is referred to as classical liberalism with ideological stands that were anti-slavery and", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" }, { "id": "438859", "score": "1.5902836", "text": "an article in the \"Cincinnati Commercial\", the term was modified to \"grand old party\". The first use of the abbreviation is dated 1884. The traditional mascot of the party is the elephant. A political cartoon by Thomas Nast, published in \"Harper's Weekly\" on November 7, 1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol. An alternate symbol of the Republican Party in states such as Indiana, New York and Ohio is the bald eagle as opposed to the Democratic rooster or the Democratic five-pointed star. In Kentucky, the log cabin is a symbol of the Republican Party (not related", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" }, { "id": "1849322", "score": "1.572094", "text": "addition, the fading of old economic issues removed many of the unifying forces holding the party together. The Third Party System stretched from 1854 to the mid-1890s, and was characterized by the emergence of the anti-slavery Republican Party (nicknamed \"GOP\" for \"Grand Old Party\"), which adopted many of the economic policies of the Whigs, such as national banks, railroads, high tariffs, homesteads and aid to land grant colleges. Civil war and Reconstruction issues polarized the parties until the Compromise of 1877, which ended the latter. Thus both parties became broad-based voting coalitions and the race issue pulled newly enfranchised African", "title": "Political parties in the United States" }, { "id": "10270681", "score": "1.5486989", "text": "director. The United States Republican Party, or GOP, is the second oldest currently existing political party in the United States after its older rival, the Democratic Party. Both parties exist in all fifty states. Historically, prior to the late 20th century, the Republican Party was much weaker than the Democrats in the former Confederate States of America, including Arkansas. The Arkansas party did not hire its first paid executive director until 1970, when businessman Neal Sox Johnson, then of Nashville, Arkansas, assumed the position in the last year of Winthrop Rockefeller second term as governor of Arkansas. Johnson held the", "title": "Republican Party of Arkansas" }, { "id": "10282940", "score": "1.5304556", "text": "economic opportunity, homeland security, compassion for the truly needy, and our confidence in the strength of families, place of worship, communities, and volunteerism.\" New Hampshire is proudly the birthplace of the Republican Party, or \"The Grand Old Party\", which was established in Exeter on October 12, 1853. The New Hampshire Republican Party sets its ideology on a set of main goals or principles, including protecting the fundamental rights of the people enhancing their freedom, promotion of limited government and citizen accountability, electing candidates upholding the moral standards of the party in office, and abiding by the constitutions of the United", "title": "New Hampshire Republican State Committee" }, { "id": "4906307", "score": "1.5077517", "text": "Republican Party of Guam The Republican Party of Guam, commonly referred to as Guam GOP (abbreviation for Guam Grand Old Party), is a political party in Guam affiliated with the United States Republican Party. In the 2012 General Election, Republican Party candidates won 6 out of 15 seats in the Guam Legislature. The Republican Party currently controls the governorship of Guam with Eddie Baza Calvo as governor. The party focuses on tax refunds for the working class, education, job growth, and improving the military. The Republican Party of Guam stems from the old Territorial Party of Guam, which existed from", "title": "Republican Party of Guam" }, { "id": "6489941", "score": "1.4857228", "text": "2008 presidential campaign of Ron Paul and the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump. Old Right (United States) The Old Right was an informal designation used for a branch of American conservatism, which never became an organized movement. Most members were Republicans, although there was a conservative Democratic element based largely in the Southern United States. They were called the \"Old Right\" to distinguish them from their New Right successors. Among the latter were Barry Goldwater, who came to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s and favored an interventionist foreign policy to battle international communism. The Old Right typically favored", "title": "Old Right (United States)" }, { "id": "438857", "score": "1.4849324", "text": "Committee (CRNC) released a report in June 2013 that was highly critical of the party, being titled \"Grand Old Party for a Brand New Generation\". The party's founding members chose the name Republican Party in the mid-1850s as homage to the values of republicanism promoted by Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party. The idea for the name came from an editorial by the party's leading publicist, Horace Greeley, who called for \"some simple name like 'Republican' [that] would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" }, { "id": "10272609", "score": "1.4743081", "text": "Tennessee Republican Party The Tennessee Republican Party (TRP) is the affiliate of the United States Republican Party in Tennessee. It is often called the Tennessee Grand Old Party or the TNGOP. Upon its entry into the Union in 1796 Tennessee was strongly Democratic-Republican. Tennessee became a two-party system for more than 20 years during the Jacksonian era. The Democratic Party was formed by Jackson followers and this party was dominant against the rival Whig Party led by Henry Clay. But in 1835, there was a turn in power of party and a Whig governor was elected. Tennessee after the Civil", "title": "Tennessee Republican Party" }, { "id": "6489932", "score": "1.4489486", "text": "as their skepticism of democracy and the growing power of Washington. The Old Right \"per se\" has faded as an organized movement, but many similar ideas are found among paleoconservatives and paleolibertarians. The Old Right came into being when the Republican Party (GOP) split in 1910, and was influential within that party into the 1940s. They pushed Theodore Roosevelt and his liberal followers out in 1912. From 1933, many Democrats became associated with the Old Right through their opposition to Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) and his New Deal Coalition, and with the Republicans formed the Conservative Coalition to block its", "title": "Old Right (United States)" }, { "id": "438822", "score": "1.4337648", "text": "Republican Party. The liberal New Deal Democrats dominated the Fifth Party System at the national level. The liberal Republican element was overwhelmed by a conservative surge begun by Barry Goldwater in 1964 and fulfilled during the Reagan Era. Currently, their ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats' liberal platform and progressive wing. The GOP's political platform supports lower taxes, free market capitalism, free enterprise, a strong national defense, gun rights, deregulation and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for conservative economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative and seeks to uphold traditional values based largely", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" }, { "id": "2067784", "score": "1.4325733", "text": "Party and reconstituting the National Prohibition Party that existed between 2003 and 2009. Disussions are currently underway. The Prohibition Party has nominated a candidate for president in every election since 1872, and is thus the longest-lived American political party after the Democrats and Republicans. Prohibition Party The Prohibition Party (PRO) is a political party in the United States best known for its historic opposition to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages. It is the oldest existing third party in the US. The party is an integral part of the temperance movement. While never one of the leading parties in", "title": "Prohibition Party" }, { "id": "2152920", "score": "1.425419", "text": "In 2018 the AFP is allegedly running Alan White for the governorship of Maine, Peter Davis for the governorship of Texas, and Paul Young for U.S. House from Vermont's at-large Congressional district. America First Party (2002) The America First Party is or was a minor paleoconservative party in the United States. The party was formed on April 15, 2002, when a group of Pat Buchanan supporters left the Reform Party. The party is pro-life, opposes all gun control, seeks to end affirmative action, racial quotas, and is against illegal and unlimited immigration. Buchanan himself has never publicly professed any affiliation", "title": "America First Party (2002)" }, { "id": "4753283", "score": "1.4180044", "text": "Party was founded in the early 1990s by Daniel Cantor, a former staffer for Jesse Jackson's 1988 presidential campaign, and by political science, sociology and law professor Joel Rogers as an effort to break with the largely unsuccessful history of progressive third parties in the United States. Their strategy was to run candidates only where they had a reasonable chance of winning, and to nominate on their ballot line (or where this was not legally possible, to endorse) the candidate they favored more from another party. After a false start in New York, the New Party built modestly successful chapters", "title": "New Party (United States)" }, { "id": "439106", "score": "1.417038", "text": "its followers and reason for being, as in the expression \"going the way of the Whigs.\" a term referred to by Donald Critchlow in his book, \"The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History\". Critchlow points out that the application of the term by Republicans in the Republican Party of 1974 may have been a misnomer—the old Whig party enjoyed more political support before its demise than the Republican Party in the aftermath of Nixon's resignation. The Whigs suffered greatly from factionalism throughout their existence as well as weak party loyalty that stood in contrast to the strong", "title": "Whig Party (United States)" } ]

[ "People’s Republic of China", "people s republic or china", "Territorial disputes of China", "people s republic of china prc", "Peoples republic of China", "chung kuo", "Zhong Guo", "The Peoples Republic of China", "Zhonghuarenmingongheguo", "Sinic", "Peoples' Republic of China", "Zhonghuá rénmín gònghéguó", "PR China", "zhongguó", "pr of china", "中华人民共和国", "Zhongguó", "Zhonghua Renmin Gonghe Guo", "ISO 3166-1:CN", "People's Republic of China (PRC)", "china prc", "China, PRC", "china republic 1949", "p r of china", "China (PRC)", "proc", "中國", "zhonghua renmin gongheguo", "China PRC", "P.R. China", "cihna", "Red Chinese", "Prc", "jhongguó", "territorial disputes of china", "pr of c", "Chinese PR", "Nation of China", "peoples republic of china", "Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo", "prc china", "Homes in china", "Pr of china", "zhōngguó", "P.r. of china", "Chaina", "homes in china", "China, People's Republic of", "socialist china", "China (Peking)", "people s repuublic of china", "People' s Republic of China", "Zhongguo", "state of china", "The People’s Republic of China", "chungkuo", "China's", "sinic", "中国", "red china modern", "Peoples Republic of China", "Chung-kuo", "P.R. of China", "china", "P.R.C.", "Pr of c", "chinese pr", "red chinese", "PR of China", "Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó", "people republic of china", "China (Republic : 1949- )", "People's republic of china", "nation of china", "zhongguo", "communist china modern", "zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó", "The PRC", "PRChina", "Modern day China", "Chinese People's Republic", "iso 3166 1 cn", "中華人民共和國", "P.R.China", "China People's Republic", "China", "中华", "China (People's Republic)", "People's Republic of China (Mainland China)", "State of China", "Communist China (modern)", "Red China (modern)", "china s", "PRC (China)", "Chungkuo", "PRoC", "People' Republic of China", "Zhonghua renmin gongheguo", "china people s republic", "prchina", "pr china", "People's republic of China", "Land of China", "P. R. China", "The People's Republic of China", "prc", "modern day china", "P. R. of China", "The people's republic of china", "zhong guo", "china pr", "P.R. of CHINA", "zhonghua renmin gonghe guo", "Jhongguó", "PROC", "chaina", "people s republic of china mainland china", "The prc", "china people s republic of", "Peoples republic of china", "Chung-Kuo", "China PR", "People's Republic of China", "Pr china", "China, the People's Republic of", "Zhōngguó", "People's Republic or China", "p r china", "zhonghuarenmingongheguo", "CHINA", "PRC", "People's Republic Of China", "(The People's Republic of) China", "中華", "p r c", "zhonghuá rénmín gònghéguó", "chinese people s republic", "china peking", "people s republic of china", "Socialist China", "land of china", "People's repuublic of china", "Cihna" ]

[ { "id": "12335921", "score": "1.7211938", "text": "Carolina was the largest producer of tobacco, with around 1,800 tobacco farms employing 30,000 workers yielding in 400 million pounds of the crop annually. In the US, the decline in the number of smokers, the end of the Tobacco Transition Payment Program in 2014, and competition from growers in other countries, made tobacco farming economics more challenging as of 2015. At the peak of global tobacco production, there were 20 million rural Chinese households producing tobacco on 2.1 million hectares of land. While it is the major crop for millions of Chinese farmers, growing tobacco is not as profitable as", "title": "Cultivation of tobacco" }, { "id": "12335920", "score": "1.716026", "text": "the world market increased from 17% in 1971 to 47% in 1997. This growth can be partially explained by the existence of a high import tariff on foreign tobacco entering China. While this tariff has been reduced from 64% in 1999 to 10% in 2004, it still has led to local, Chinese cigarettes being preferred over foreign cigarettes because of their lower cost. Every year 6.7 million tons of tobacco are produced throughout the world. The top producers of tobacco are China (39.6%), India (8.3%), Brazil (7.0%) and the United States (4.6%). In the United States, as of 2014 North", "title": "Cultivation of tobacco" }, { "id": "418181", "score": "1.6919122", "text": "the world market increased from 17% in 1971 to 47% in 1997. This growth can be partially explained by the existence of a high import tariff on foreign tobacco entering China. While this tariff has been reduced from 64% in 1999 to 10% in 2004, it still has led to local, Chinese cigarettes being preferred over foreign cigarettes because of their lower cost. Every year, about 6.7 million tons of tobacco are produced throughout the world. The top producers of tobacco are China (39.6%), India (8.3%), Brazil (7.0%) and the United States (4.6%). Around the peak of global tobacco production,", "title": "Tobacco" }, { "id": "19543406", "score": "1.6613982", "text": "arable land) dedicated to tobacco cultivation. This is the fourth-highest percentage of arable land dedicated to tobacco in the world, with the annual output exceeding 80,000 tonnes, making North Korea one of the top 25 tobacco producers worldwide. This is despite 31% of North Koreans being malnourished. The best, strongest and most expensive tobacco comes from the north of the DPRK near the border with China. There are many North Korean tobacco companies, making some 30 different types of cigarettes, with the biggest tobacco company being the North Korea General Tobacco Corporation. Some companies export tobacco to the Middle East", "title": "Smoking in North Korea" }, { "id": "12335925", "score": "1.6527793", "text": "Tobacco crop is cultivated in an area of 0.45 M ha (0.27% of the net cultivated area) producing ≈750 M kg of tobacco leaf. India is the 2nd largest producer and exporter (in quantity terms) after China and Brazil, respectively. The production of Flue-Cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco is about 300 million kg from an area of 0.20 M ha while 450 M kg non-FCV tobacco is produced from an area of 0.25 M ha. In the global scenario, Indian tobacco accounts for 10% of the area and 9% of the total production. By virtue of the dominant role played by", "title": "Cultivation of tobacco" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tobacco industry\n\nThe tobacco industry comprises those persons and companies who are engaged in the growth, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, and distribution of tobacco and tobacco-related products. It is a global industry; tobacco can grow in any warm, moist environment, which means it can be farmed on all continents except Antarctica.\n\nAccording to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the \"tobacco industry\" encompasses tobacco manufacturers, wholesale distributors and importers of tobacco products. This evidence-based treaty expects its 181 ratified member states to implement public health policies with respect to tobacco control \"to protect present and future generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke.\"\n\nTobacco, one of the most widely used addictive substances in the world, is a plant native to the Americas and historically one of the most important crops grown by American farmers. More specifically, tobacco refers to any of various plants of the genus \"Nicotiana\" (especially \"N. tabacum\") native to tropical America and widely cultivated for their leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking in pipes, cigarettes, and cigars; it is also cut to form chewing tobacco or ground to make snuff or dipping tobacco, as well as other less common preparations. From 1617 to 1793, tobacco was the most valuable cash crop export from British North America and the United States. Until the 1960s, the United States grew, manufactured and exported more tobacco than any other country.\n\nTobacco is an agricultural commodity product, similar in economic terms to agricultural foodstuffs: the price is in part determined by crop yields, which vary depending on local weather conditions. The price also varies by specific species or cultivar grown, the total quantity on the market ready for sale, the area where it is grown, the health of the plants, and other characteristics individual to product quality.\n\nSince 1964, conclusive medical evidence of the deadly effects of tobacco consumption has led to a sharp decline in official support for producers and manufacturers of tobacco, although it contributes to the agricultural, fiscal, manufacturing, and exporting sectors of the economy. Policy and law restricting tobacco smoking has increased globally, but almost 6 trillion cigarettes are still produced each year, representing an increase of over 12% since the year 2000. Tobacco is often heavily taxed to gain revenues for governments and as an incentive for people not to smoke.", "title": "Tobacco industry" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tobacco\n\nTobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus \"Nicotiana\" of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants. More than 70 species of tobacco are known, but the chief commercial crop is \"N. tabacum\". The more potent variant \"N. rustica\" is also used in some countries.\n\nDried tobacco leaves are mainly used for smoking in cigarettes and cigars, as well as pipes and shishas. They can also be consumed as snuff, chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco, and snus.\n\nTobacco contains the highly addictive stimulant alkaloid nicotine as well as harmala alkaloids. Tobacco use is a cause or risk factor for many deadly diseases, especially those affecting the heart, liver, and lungs, as well as many cancers. In 2008, the World Health Organization named tobacco use as the world's single greatest preventable cause of death.", "title": "Tobacco" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tobacco consumption by country\n\nThis is a list of countries by tobacco consumption and cigarette consumption per capita.\n\nAs of 2014, cigarettes were smoked by over 1 billion people, nearly 20% of the world's population then. About 800 million of those smokers were male. While smoking rates have stagnated or decreased in developed nations, the tobacco consumption in developing nations is increasing, especially among men.\n\nAs of 2018, tobacco use has massively decreased since the 1950s and is projected to decrease even faster in the future.\n\nMore than 80% of all smokers now live in countries with low or middle incomes, and 60% in just 10 countries, a list headed by China. China is the world's most populated country, and is also the leading country in the cigarette industry. In 2014, China produced and consumed more than 30% of the cigarettes in the world. There is a strong relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and smoking behaviours. According to research, developing countries have the highest rate of tobacco use. \"China was found to be one of the countries with the highest male-to-female ratio of smoking prevalence\": 74% of males and 8% of females were smokers.\n\nSmoking rates in the United States dropped by half from 1965 to 2006, from 42% to 20.8% of adults, with further significant decreasing to 14% by 2018. There are large regional differences in smoking rates.\n\nIn Australia, the incidence of smoking is decreasing, with figures from 2018 showing 16.2% of the population (over 15) to be smokers, a decline from 27.6% in 2000. Young adults are the most likely age group to smoke, with a marked decline in smoking rates with increasing age. The prevalence of smoking is strongly associated with socioeconomic disadvantage (low earners), with over double the rate in the most disadvantaged quintile of the population as compared to the least. Smoking rates in rural areas tend to be higher than in city areas.", "title": "Tobacco consumption by country" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Agriculture in Brazil\n\nThe agriculture of Brazil is historically one of the principal bases of Brazil's economy. While its initial focus was on sugarcane, Brazil eventually became the world's largest exporter of coffee, soybeans, beef, and crop-based ethanol.\n\nThe success of agriculture during the Estado Novo (New State), with Getúlio Vargas, led to the expression, \"Brazil, breadbasket of the world\".\n\nAs of 2009, Brazil had about of undeveloped fertile land – a territory larger than the combined area of France and Spain.\n\nAccording to a 2008 IBGE study, despite the world financial crisis, Brazil had record agricultural production, with growth of 9.1%, principally motivated by favorable weather. The production of grains in the year reached an unprecedented 145,400,000 tons.<ref name=\"ibge08\" /> That record output employed an additional 4.8% in planted area, totalling 65,338,000 hectares and producing $148 billion Reals. The principal products were corn (13.1% growth) and soy (2.4% growth).<ref name=ibge08/>\n\nThe southern one-half to two-thirds of Brazil has a semi-temperate climate, higher rainfall, more fertile soil, more advanced technology and input use, adequate infrastructure and more experienced farmers. This region produces most of Brazil's grains, oilseeds (and exports).\n\nThe drought-ridden northeast region and Amazon basin lack well-distributed rainfall, good soil, adequate infrastructure and development capital. Although mostly occupied by subsistence farmers, both regions are increasingly important as exporters of forest products, cocoa and tropical fruits. Central Brazil contains substantial areas of grassland. Brazilian grasslands are far less fertile than those of North America, and are generally suited only for grazing.", "title": "Agriculture in Brazil" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Economy of Brazil\n\nThe economy of Brazil is historically the largest in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere in nominal terms. The Brazilian economy is the third largest in the Americas. The economy is a middle income developing mixed economy.<ref>\n\nIn 2022, according to International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brazilian nominal GDP was US$1.833 trillion, the country has a long history of being among the ten largest economies in the world.\n\nThe country is rich in natural resources. From 2000 to 2012, Brazil was one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world, with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5%. Its GDP surpassed that of the United Kingdom in 2012, temporarily making Brazil the world's sixth-largest economy. However, Brazil's economic growth decelerated in 2013 and the country entered a recession in 2014. The economy started to recover in 2017, with a 1% growth in the first quarter, followed by a 0.3% growth in second quarter compared to the same period of the previous year. It officially exited the recession.\n\nAccording to the World Economic Forum, Brazil was the top country in upward evolution of competitiveness in 2009, gaining eight positions among other countries, overcoming Russia for the first time, and partially closing the competitiveness gap with India and China among the BRICS economies. Important steps taken since the 1990s toward fiscal sustainability, as well as measures taken to liberalize and open the economy, have significantly boosted the country's competitiveness fundamentals, providing a better environment for private-sector development.\n\nIn 2020, Forbes ranked Brazil as having the 7th largest number of billionaires in the world. Brazil is a member of diverse economic organizations, such as Mercosur, Prosur, G8+5, G20, WTO, Paris Club, Cairns Group, and is advanced to be a permanent member of the OECD.\n\nFrom a colony focused on primary sector goods (sugar, gold and cotton), Brazil managed to create a diversified industrial base during the 20th century. The steel industry is a prime example of that, with Brazil being the 9th largest steel producer in 2018, and the 5th largest steel net exporter in 2018. Gerdau is the largest producer of long steel in the Americas, owning 337 industrial and commercial units and more than 45,000 employees across 14 countries. Petrobras, the Brazilian oil and gas company, is the most valuable company in Latin America.", "title": "Economy of Brazil" }, { "id": "12335919", "score": "1.652554", "text": "which 5.9 million tons of leaf were produced. According to the Food and Agriculture organization of the UN, tobacco leaf production is expected to hit 7.1 million tons by 2010. This number is a bit lower than the record high production of 1992, during which 7.5 million tons of leaf were produced. The production growth was almost entirely due to increased productivity by developing nations, where production increased by 128%. During that same time period, production in developed countries actually decreased. China's increase in tobacco production was the single biggest factor in the increase in world production. China's share of", "title": "Cultivation of tobacco" }, { "id": "418187", "score": "1.649912", "text": "to 50-cigarettes-worth of nicotine through direct contact with tobacco leaves. This level of nicotine in children can permanently alter brain structure and function. Major tobacco companies have encouraged global tobacco production. Philip Morris, British American Tobacco, and Japan Tobacco each own or lease tobacco-manufacturing facilities in at least 50 countries and buy crude tobacco leaf from at least 12 more countries. This encouragement, along with government subsidies, has led to a glut in the tobacco market. This surplus has resulted in lower prices, which are devastating to small-scale tobacco farmers. According to the World Bank, between 1985 and 2000, the", "title": "Tobacco" }, { "id": "418184", "score": "1.6452699", "text": "Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Mysore, and West Bengal houses the core research institute. In Brazil, around 135,000 family farmers cite tobacco production as their main economic activity. Tobacco has never exceeded 0.7% of the country's total cultivated area. In the southern regions of Brazil, Virginia, and Amarelinho, flue-cured tobacco, as well as burley and Galpão Comum air-cured tobacco, are produced. These types of tobacco are used for cigarettes. In the northeast, darker, air- and sun-cured tobacco is grown. These types of tobacco are used for cigars, twists, and dark cigarettes. Brazil's government has made attempts to reduce the production", "title": "Tobacco" }, { "id": "14124213", "score": "1.6394923", "text": "by adjusting taxation. Smoking in China Smoking in China is prevalent, as the People's Republic of China is the world's largest consumer and producer of tobacco: there are 350 million Chinese smokers, and China produces 42% of the world's cigarettes. The China National Tobacco Corporation (中国烟草总公司 \"Zhōngguó Yāncǎo Zǒnggōngsī\") is by sales the largest single manufacturer of tobacco products in the world and boasts a monopoly in Mainland China generating between 7 and 10% of government revenue. Within the Chinese guanxi system, tobacco is still a ubiquitous gift acceptable on any occasion, particularly outside urban areas. Tobacco control legislation does", "title": "Smoking in China" }, { "id": "10574348", "score": "1.6319194", "text": "continues to rise at 3.4% in 2002. In Africa, smoking is in most areas considered to be modern, and many of the strong adverse opinions that prevail in the West receive much less attention. Today Russia leads as the top consumer of tobacco followed by Indonesia, Laos, Ukraine, Belarus, Greece, Jordan, and China. At the global scale, initial ideas of an international convention towards the prevention of tobacco had been initiated in the World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1996. In 1998, along with the successful election of Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland as the Director-General, the World Health Organization set tobacco", "title": "Smoking" }, { "id": "631724", "score": "1.6318581", "text": "restrictions on smoking, but almost 6 trillion cigarettes are still produced each year, representing over a 12% increase since the year 2000. China accounts for over 40% of current world production. Tobacco is often heavily taxed to gain revenues for governments and as an incentive for people not to smoke. For a history of how tobacco has been grown and marketed, see tobacco, smoking and articles on similar topics. The phrase \"tobacco industry\" generally refers to the companies involved in the manufacture of cigarettes, cigars, snuff, chewing tobacco and pipe tobacco. China National Tobacco Co. has become the largest tobacco", "title": "Tobacco industry" }, { "id": "418180", "score": "1.6296217", "text": "produced, and 1997, when 5.9 million tons of leaf were produced. According to the Food and Agriculture organization of the UN, tobacco leaf production was expected to hit 7.1 million tons by 2010. This number is a bit lower than the record-high production of 1992, when 7.5 million tons of leaf were produced. The production growth was almost entirely due to increased productivity by developing nations, where production increased by 128%. During that same time, production in developed countries actually decreased. China's increase in tobacco production was the single biggest factor in the increase in world production. China's share of", "title": "Tobacco" }, { "id": "418183", "score": "1.6244674", "text": "despite the income generated for the state by profits from state-owned tobacco companies and the taxes paid by companies and retailers, China's government has acted to reduce tobacco use. India's Tobacco Board is headquartered in Guntur in the state of Andhra Pradesh. India has 96,865 registered tobacco farmers and many more who are not registered. In 2010, 3,120 tobacco product manufacturing facilities were operating in all of India. Around 0.25% of India's cultivated land is used for tobacco production. Since 1947, the Indian government has supported growth in the tobacco industry. India has seven tobacco research centers, located in Tamil", "title": "Tobacco" }, { "id": "14124172", "score": "1.6067809", "text": "Smoking in China Smoking in China is prevalent, as the People's Republic of China is the world's largest consumer and producer of tobacco: there are 350 million Chinese smokers, and China produces 42% of the world's cigarettes. The China National Tobacco Corporation (中国烟草总公司 \"Zhōngguó Yāncǎo Zǒnggōngsī\") is by sales the largest single manufacturer of tobacco products in the world and boasts a monopoly in Mainland China generating between 7 and 10% of government revenue. Within the Chinese guanxi system, tobacco is still a ubiquitous gift acceptable on any occasion, particularly outside urban areas. Tobacco control legislation does exist, but public", "title": "Smoking in China" }, { "id": "14879985", "score": "1.603317", "text": "for 4% of the world consumption. While cigarette smoking is declining throughout the world, in Indonesia, the industry continues to thrive. Indonesia has one of the highest smoking rates in the world and is currently one of the biggest producers of tobacco worldwide, with Malaysia and the United States being two of their important markets. There are hundreds of tobacco companies in the country, with Gudang Garam, Djarum, Sampoerna and Bentoel dominating the Indonesian market share. Kretek was initially a habit of the lower classes of society. However, it has now become very popular among the \"middle class and intelligentsia,", "title": "Smoking in Indonesia" }, { "id": "16067549", "score": "1.6018794", "text": "been overturned. In 2000, just 1,500 large-scale tobacco farmers grew 97% of the crop. However, 110,000 small-scale tobacco farmers grew 65% of the crop in 2013. While the white farmers sold most of their tobacco at auction, 80% of Zimbabwe's tobacco crop was grown under contract in 2016. While European and American companies bought most of Zimbabwe's tobacco crop in 2000, China purchased 54% of Zimbabwe's tobacco exports in 2015. Tobacco in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe is the largest grower of tobacco in Africa, and the 6th largest grower in the world. Three types of tobacco have traditionally been grown in the", "title": "Tobacco in Zimbabwe" }, { "id": "8128249", "score": "1.5996591", "text": "programs, \"children in Argentina continue to engage in child labor in agriculture and the worst forms of child labor...\" Tobacco industry in Argentina The tobacco industry of Argentina produced 157,294 tonnes of tobacco in the 2003–2004 harvest, most of which (93,327 tonnes) was exported. The planted area was 831.75 km², of which 776 were harvested. The tobacco industry is dominated by two transnational companies: Massalin Particulares S.A. (a subsidiary of Philip Morris International, which sells the Marlboro brand, and which in turn is associated with Tabacos Norte S.A.) and Nobleza Piccardo (a subsidiary of British American Tobacco, which sells international", "title": "Tobacco industry in Argentina" }, { "id": "2209447", "score": "1.5987384", "text": "the United States and Indonesia. By 2008, tobacco production had collapsed to 48 million kg, just 21% of the amount grown in 2000 and smaller than the crop grown in 1950. In 2005, the contract system was introduced into Zimbabwe. International tobacco companies contracted with small-scale subsistence farmers to buy their crop. In return, the farmers received agricultural products such as seeds and fertiliser, as well as advice and supervision. Production revived as the small-scale black farmers gained experience in growing tobacco. In 2014, Zimbabwe produced 217 million kg of tobacco, the third-largest crop on record. This increase in production", "title": "Land reform in Zimbabwe" }, { "id": "8363520", "score": "1.5947169", "text": "all the major tobacco growing countries in the world including the USA (Winston-Salem), Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Greece, India, Indonesia, Italy, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Thailand, Turkey and Yugoslavia. The company owned tobacco-processing factories in the Netherlands, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Brazil. The Casalee Group of companies was sold in 1993 to Universal Leaf Tobacco, the largest leaf tobacco company in the world. Since then, Bredenkamp has expanded his business interests into many other different areas, mainly through the Zimbabwe registered Breco company. Bredenkamp's career took off in earnest during the late 1970s when he became deeply involved in the commercial affairs", "title": "John Bredenkamp" }, { "id": "8128247", "score": "1.5939307", "text": "are concentrated in the north of the country. The provinces of Jujuy and Salta (in the north-west), and Misiones (in the north-eastern Mesopotamia), are the leading ones, with over 45,000 tonnes/year each. The other tobacco-producing provinces are Tucumán, Corrientes, Chaco and Catamarca. Tobacco plays an important role in the economy of the producing areas, which are comparatively poor provinces. The Argentine tobacco industry employs 500,000 people, about half of them directly involved in the planting and harvesting, only about 2% in the manufacturing of the derived products, and the rest in distribution and sales. Therefore, despite the fact that the", "title": "Tobacco industry in Argentina" } ]

[ "Robert Green", "Rob Green", "robert green", "rob green" ]

[ { "id": "4327009", "score": "1.9151814", "text": "he kept a clean sheet against Ecuador in the round of 16. He also kept a clean sheet in the following match, a quarter-final match against Portugal, although Portugal won 3–1 in a penalty shoot-out to eliminate England from the tournament. Robinson remained the number one goalkeeper for the start of England's UEFA Euro 2008 qualification campaign, and kept clean sheets in England's three opening matches (as well as one in a friendly against Greece). On 11 October 2006, during a Euro 2008 qualifier against Croatia, an unexpected bobble on a backpass from Gary Neville caused Robinson to miss the", "title": "Paul Robinson (footballer, born 1979)" }, { "id": "4485393", "score": "1.9119871", "text": "October 2009, he became the first ever England goalkeeper to be sent off, during the penultimate match of qualification against Ukraine, for a professional foul on Artem Milevskiy early in the match. England went on to lose 1–0. Green was named in England's squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Manager Fabio Capello opted not to name his first choice goalkeeper until the day of England's opening match, against the United States on 12 June, at which point he selected Green to start. After England went into a 1–0 lead, Green failed to save a long-range shot from USA midfielder", "title": "Robert Green" }, { "id": "3332922", "score": "1.882556", "text": "Switzerland. It was his first start for England since a friendly with Colombia in May 2005. James firmly re-established himself as England's first choice goalkeeper, starting in each of Capello's first 13 games in charge. Persistent injury problems over the following year left James' hopes of retaining the No. 1 spot for the 2010 World Cup in doubt, with Capello stating he would only consider players who were 100% fit for his squad. After the World Cup qualifier against Ukraine on 1 April 2009, James did not start a match for England until the final friendly before the World Cup", "title": "David James (footballer, born 1970)" }, { "id": "1376216", "score": "1.8574557", "text": "Leicester City five days later. That evening, Clough appeared on \"Parkinson\" and attacked football directors for their apparent lack of knowledge of football. Earlier that week, Clough, as a television pundit, memorably called Poland goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski a \"circus clown in gloves\" before the crucial World Cup qualifier with England at Wembley. The match, which England had to win to advance, ended 1–1, and Tomaszewski made several great saves, some of them unconventionally. When commentator Brian Moore said \"You call him a clown, Brian, but he saved his side\", Clough replied \"Would you want him in your team every week?\",", "title": "Brian Clough" }, { "id": "2464347", "score": "1.8564768", "text": "goalkeeper was selected for an England game, when Robson could give a debut to the Manchester United goalkeeper Gary Bailey in a relatively unimportant friendly match. Shilton was still the keeper for the qualifying campaign for the 1986 World Cup, which thus far had seen three wins from three matches and no goals conceded. A 70th cap came Shilton's way in a 1–0 defeat against Scotland at Hampden Park; he later saved a penalty from Andy Brehme as England beat West Germany 3–0 in a tour match in Mexico, a year before England were hoping to return there for the", "title": "Peter Shilton" }, { "id": "4327007", "score": "1.840876", "text": "first international start in a 6–1 victory over Iceland on 5 June 2004, with the match being England's final match before the UEFA Euro 2004 finals. Robinson was part of England's Euro 2004 squad, selected as an understudy to David James, although he made no appearances in the tournament. Although David James remained as England's starting goalkeeper in a 2–2 draw against Austria in the first 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification match, Robinson started every subsequent match, keeping six clean sheets in nine competitive appearances, with a further three in seven friendly matches before the tournament. At the World Cup", "title": "Paul Robinson (footballer, born 1979)" }, { "id": "5717240", "score": "1.8385525", "text": "and the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cup. During the 1998 World Cup, he started in goal for all three of their games, including the final match against England. Despite conceding two goals, he made some impressive saves and in doing so kept the score down to 2–0, with the BBC's South American football correspondent Tim Vickery saying that Mondragón was \"single-handedly responsible for the fact that England did not run up a cricket score\". At the end of the game, Mondragón broke down in tears and David Seaman, England's goalkeeper, did his best to console him. According to German", "title": "Faryd Mondragón" }, { "id": "9450865", "score": "1.8345599", "text": "played the full 90 minutes of a pre-tournament friendly against the Norway under-21s on 5 June, keeping a clean sheet as England won 2-0. Individual Frank Fielding Francis David Fielding (born 4 April 1988) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Bristol City. He began his career at his hometown club Blackburn Rovers in the Premier League. He spent time on loan at Wycombe Wanderers, Northampton Town, Rochdale, Leeds United, and Derby County, before making a permanent move to Derby County. In 2013, he signed for Bristol City. Fielding has played internationally for England twice at", "title": "Frank Fielding" }, { "id": "2464354", "score": "1.8330603", "text": "a future England goalkeeping first choice, David Seaman of Queens Park Rangers. In June 1989, Shilton broke his old England skipper Bobby Moore's record of 108 appearances for his country when he won his 109th cap in a friendly against Denmark in Copenhagen. Prior to the match he was handed a framed England goalkeeper's jersey with '109' on the front. He had, by this time, kept three clean sheets in three qualifying matches for the 1990 World Cup and would ultimately concede no goals at all as England qualified for the tournament, to be held in Italy. His 119th appearance", "title": "Peter Shilton" }, { "id": "13608377", "score": "1.8285214", "text": "of the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup, held in Sweden during June 1995, she had displaced former Millwall teammate Lesley Higgs as England's first choice goalkeeper. At the tournament it was reported that Cope's performances in comprehensive defeats by Norway and Germany had averted \"hideous embarrassment\" for the outmatched English team. National coach Ted Copeland described her as \"the best keeper in the world.\" In October 2000, goalkeeping understudy Rachel Brown played in the UEFA Women's Euro 2001 qualification play-off in Ukraine when Cope was struck down with a stomach complaint on the morning of the game. Cope was restored", "title": "Pauline Cope" }, { "id": "4485395", "score": "1.8274122", "text": "was brought back into the squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Montenegro in October 2010. On 16 May 2012, new England manager Roy Hodgson named Green as part of his 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2012. On 26 May, he made his first appearance since the World Cup, and kept a clean sheet as England defeated Norway 1–0 in a friendly. In the summer of 2008, Green climbed Mount Kilimanjaro during a charity event for AMREF (the African Medical and Research Foundation). He has stated that former Stoke City reserve-team goalkeeping coach Martin Phelan inspired him to become", "title": "Robert Green" }, { "id": "157220", "score": "1.8255042", "text": "2 October 1977. He returned to Fort Lauderdale and played 11 games in the 1978 season. Banks was capped twice for the England under-23 side, in matches against Wales and Scotland in 1961. Ron Springett was the goalkeeper for England as Banks rose to prominence, but after the 1962 World Cup in Chile, a new coach was appointed in former England right-back Alf Ramsey. Ramsey demanded sole control of the team and began looking towards the next World Cup. Banks won his first cap on 6 April 1963 against Scotland at Wembley, after Springett was dropped following a poor performance.", "title": "Gordon Banks" }, { "id": "10457333", "score": "1.8228527", "text": "American-born Karen Bardsley had taken over the England team's first choice goalkeeping position, with Brown and Chamberlain as back-ups. Bardsley also retained the number one role at UEFA Women's Euro 2013. In May 2015 national coach Mark Sampson named Chamberlain in his final squad for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, to be hosted in Canada. On 27 June 2015, she replaced fellow goalkeeper Bardsley in the 52nd minute of England's 2–1 quarter-final win over hosts Canada, as her country reached the semi-finals of the World Cup for the first time in their history. Bardsley had suffered a swollen eye", "title": "Siobhan Chamberlain" }, { "id": "4389762", "score": "1.8205206", "text": "that qualified England for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. In Sven-Göran Eriksson's first game in charge of England against Spain in February 2001, Martyn came on as a substitute for David James and saved a Javi Moreno penalty in a 3-0 win. Martyn spent time as goalkeeping coach at Bradford City, a role he started in March 2007 as a favour for former Leeds United teammate David Wetherall, who was then caretaker manager at Bradford. Nigel Martyn Antony Nigel Martyn (born 11 August 1966) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper from 1987 until 2006. Having", "title": "Nigel Martyn" }, { "id": "3332924", "score": "1.8153254", "text": "an equaliser that resulted in the game being drawn. James returned to the starting line-up in the next game, keeping a clean sheet against Algeria on 18 June 2010. In doing so James became the oldest ever World Cup debutant at 39 years and 321 days old. Five days later, he kept another clean sheet as England won against Slovenia 1–0 to ensure that they would reach the last 16, although they finished second in Group C behind the United States. They were eliminated in the following round after a 4–1 defeat to Germany. Following a player-coach role at Icelandic", "title": "David James (footballer, born 1970)" }, { "id": "4327011", "score": "1.8137726", "text": "place in the team for the next three international qualifiers, keeping a clean sheet in all three, while also featuring in a 1–1 draw with Brazil. On 22 August 2007, Robinson made a mistake that resulted in Germany scoring their first goal of the match. England lost the match 2–1 for their first loss at the new Wembley Stadium. He was substituted at half-time and replaced by David James, although then England manager Steve McClaren said he planned to make this substitution before the match. Despite this error, Robinson was still the number one goalkeeper, featuring in four further European", "title": "Paul Robinson (footballer, born 1979)" }, { "id": "3143020", "score": "1.8096701", "text": "Roy Carroll the day before a Euro 2016 qualifier against Romania. Farnborough Town Fulham Birmingham City Maik Taylor Maik Stefan Taylor (born 4 September 1971) is a former Northern Ireland international football goalkeeper and, since 2014, goalkeeping coach with the Northern Ireland national team. At club level, Taylor played non-League football for Petersfield Town, Basingstoke Town and Farnborough Town before moving into the Football League with Barnet. He went on to play for Southampton, Fulham, Birmingham City, where he spent eight years before his release at the end of the 2010–11 season, Leeds United and Millwall. In international football, he", "title": "Maik Taylor" }, { "id": "3332918", "score": "1.803834", "text": "beat Mexico 2–0 with goals from Teddy Sheringham and James' Liverpool teammate Robbie Fowler. He was in the provisional 28-man squad for Euro 2000 before missing the final cut. James is the only black goalkeeper to represent England as a full international. For several years he had to play understudy to England's regular keeper, David Seaman. When Seaman was dropped after making a mistake against FYR Macedonia in 2002, James became the new England number one. He retained his place in the England team even after West Ham's relegation to the First Division in 2003, and was the only player", "title": "David James (footballer, born 1970)" }, { "id": "3332923", "score": "1.7995341", "text": "against Japan on 30 May 2010. Prior to the tournament, James was backed to reclaim the number one shirt by former England goalkeepers Gordon Banks and David Seaman. On 3 June 2010, it was confirmed that James would be travelling to the World Cup Finals in South Africa, and would be allocated the number 1 jersey. He was the oldest footballer in the tournament. James was not selected for the first game of the World Cup against the United States, with Robert Green instead starting in the England goal. However, Green made an error that allowed Clint Dempsey to score", "title": "David James (footballer, born 1970)" }, { "id": "12040828", "score": "1.796281", "text": "goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose, who opened the scoring. The score became 2–0 to Germany after 32 minutes. Shortly after, England defender Matthew Upson scored a header. Later, Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line; which was confirmed on replays. German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line, but decided to deceive the referee. The German media reported it was \"revenge for Wembley\", while the English media criticised FIFA's refusal to implement goal-line technology. Ironically, despite his earlier opposition to", "title": "England at the FIFA World Cup" } ]

[ "macbeth act iv scene i", "The Tragedy of Macbeth", "macbeth act v scene i", "Macbeth/Act IV Scene iii", "lennox character", "Fair is foul, and foul is fair", "macbeth act iii scene i", "macbeth act v scene iv", "Macbeth/Act V Scene iii", "Macbeth", "battle of dunsinane", "Macbeth/Act III Scene v", "Macbeth/Act II Scene iii", "Macbeth/Act III Scene i", "macbeth act v scene v", "Macbeth the Traitor", "prophecy in macbeth", "Macbeth/Act I Scene ii", "macbeth scottish play", "Macbeth/Act I Scene iii", "Macbeth/Act V Scene iv", "macbeth act ii scene iii", "Lennox(Character)", "macbeth act i scene i", "Macbeth/Act I Scene i", "fair is foul and foul is fair", "Macbeth/Act II Scene ii", "Macbeth / The Scottish Play", "Mac Beth", "Macbeth/Act I Scene vii", "Macbeth (play)", "macbeth act i scene vii", "Macbeth/Act II Scene iv", "macbeth act iii scene ii", "macbeth act ii scene i", "Macbeth act I", "thain of glamis", "Macbeth/Act V Scene vi", "Macbeth/Act IV Scene i", "macbeth act i scene v", "Macbeth/Act V Scene viii", "Thain of Glamis", "Macbeth/Act II Scene i", "Shakespeare's Macbeth", "macbethian", "mac beth", "thegn of glamis", "macbeth act i scene vi", "macbeth act i scene iv", "macbeth traitor", "macbeth act ii scene ii", "macbeth act v scene vi", "Macbeth/Act V Scene i", "macbeth act ii scene iv", "macbeth act iv scene iii", "Macbeth/Act I Scene v", "Macbeth/Act I Scene vi", "macbeth act iii scene iv", "macbeth act iv scene ii", "Macbeth/Act I Scene iv", "Thegn of Glamis", "Macbeth/Act III Scene vi", "Battle of Dunsinane", "shakespeare s macbeth", "MacBeth", "Macbeth/Act IV Scene ii", "macbeth act i scene iii", "Macbeth/Act V Scene vii", "macbeth act v scene vii", "macbeth acts", "Macbeth/Act III Scene iv", "macbeth act v scene iii", "macbeth act iii scene iii", "macbeth act iii scene vi", "macbeth act iii scene v", "macbeth act i", "macbeth act v scene ii", "Macbeth/Act V Scene ii", "Prophecy in Macbeth", "tragedy of macbeth", "Macbeth/Act V Scene v", "macbeth play", "macbeth act v scene viii", "Macbethian", "macbeth", "Macbeth Acts", "macbeth act i scene ii", "Macbeth/Act III Scene ii", "Macbeth/Act III Scene iii" ]

[ { "id": "14644681", "score": "1.6462096", "text": "is a quill. In ancient Rome, the dagger was given by Hecate to Brutus to kill Caesar with. The Dagger is first used by Lady Macbeth in the raising of a sailor. Richard then gives the dagger to Hamlet. Later, it turns out that the dagger can move by itself and also lets Lady Macbeth see through its reflection. The Dagger then tries to kill Shakespeare while Hamlet is talking to him. Shakespearean actor and writer of \"Shakespeare on Toast\" Ben Crystal opined that the comic was \"beautifully drawn\", elaborating that it \"reminds me of Hellboy, particularly the ghosts and", "title": "Kill Shakespeare" }, { "id": "58534", "score": "1.5692652", "text": "Macbeth had already seen a hallucination before murdering Duncan: a knife hovering in the air. Several performances of the play have even ignored the stage direction to have the Ghost of Banquo enter at all, heightening the sense that Macbeth is growing mad, since the audience cannot see what he claims to see. Scholars opposing this view claim that while the dagger is unusual, ghosts of murdered victims are more believable, having a basis in the audience's superstitions. Spirits in other Shakespeare plays—notably \"Hamlet\" and \"Midsummer Night's Dream\"—exist in ambiguous forms, occasionally even calling into question their own presence. The", "title": "Banquo" }, { "id": "7726315", "score": "1.5280954", "text": "actual words to be interpreted as meaning literally what they say than is otherwise possible. For example, they can take \"a wretch's knife\" (74) to mean a wretch's knife, rather than assume that he must have really meant Old Father Time's scythe, take an \"outcast state\"(29) to mean an outcast state, not just a feeling that nobody likes him, and accept that when he says his \"name receives a brand\" (111) it means that his reputation has been permanently damaged, and not simply that acting is considered a somewhat disreputable profession. Jonathan Bate nevertheless gives reasons for Shakespeare scholars claiming", "title": "Marlovian theory of Shakespeare authorship" }, { "id": "2117743", "score": "1.5059243", "text": "Macbeth daggers,\" but rather \"it is those deep far-away things in him; those occasional flashings-forth of the intuitive Truth in him; those short, quick probings at the very axis of reality:–these are the things that make Shakespeare, Shakespeare. Through the mouths of the dark characters of Hamlet, Timon, Lear, and Iago, he craftily says, or sometimes insinuates the things, which we feel to be so terrifically true, that it were all but madness for any good man, in his own proper character, to utter, or even hint of them.\" In his 1590 \"Greene's Mourning Garment\", Robert Greene used the term", "title": "Timon of Athens" }, { "id": "894061", "score": "1.476049", "text": "generation of playwrights. His plays (\"The Duchess of Malfi\", \"The White Devil\") are known for their 'blood and gore', which is humorously referred to by the child saying that he enjoys \"Titus Andronicus\", and also saying of \"Romeo and Juliet\", when asked his opinion by the Queen, \"I liked it when she stabbed herself.\" When the clown Will Kempe (Patrick Barlow) says to Shakespeare that he would like to play in a drama, he is told that \"they would laugh at Seneca if you played it,\" a reference to the Roman tragedian renowned for his sombre and bloody plot lines", "title": "Shakespeare in Love" }, { "id": "17478162", "score": "1.4622517", "text": "World Shakespeare Festival, the Royal Shakespeare Company commissioned Crouch to write and direct a companion piece to Gregory Doran's production of Julius Caesar. The result was \"I, Cinna (The Poet)\", with Jude Owusu as Cinna, the poet killed by the mob after being mistaken for a conspirator in Shakespeare's play. In Crouch's play, Cinna asks his young audience to 'consider the relationship between words and actions, art and politics, self and society. During the performance he asks us to write alongside him: a small poem on a big theme.' As well as writing for youth audiences, Crouch writes plays to", "title": "Tim Crouch" }, { "id": "15348113", "score": "1.4410942", "text": "complex layerings of theatrical and dramatic realities that result from this contact and that are built into Shakespeare's dramaturgy. A good example is the line spoken by Cleopatra in act five of \"Antony and Cleopatra\" (1607), when she contemplates her humiliation in Rome at the hands of Octavius Caesar; she imagines mocking theatrical renditions of her own story: \"And I shall see some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness in the posture of a whore\" (5.2.215-217). That this was to be spoken by a boy in a dress in a theatre is an integral part of its dramatic meaning. Opponents of", "title": "Presentational and representational acting" }, { "id": "6286689", "score": "1.4209361", "text": "himself or herself, they are characters in a fiction speaking in character; this is an occasion of self-address. Furthermore, Hirsh points out that Shakespearean soliloquies and \"asides\" are audible in the fiction of the play, bound to be overheard by any other character in the scene unless certain elements confirm that the speech is protected. Therefore, a Renaissance playgoer who was familiar with this dramatic convention would have been alert to Hamlet's expectation that his soliloquy be overheard by the other characters in the scene. Moreover, Hirsh asserts that in soliloquies in other Shakespearean plays, the speaker is entirely in", "title": "Shakespeare's plays" }, { "id": "10298947", "score": "1.4193608", "text": "immediately after a truly horrific scene: the Gravediggers in \"Hamlet\" after Ophelia's suicide; the Porter in \"Macbeth\" just after the murder of the King; and as Cleopatra prepares herself for death in \"Antony and Cleopatra\". Nevertheless, it is argued that Shakespeare's clowning goes beyond just comic relief, instead making the horrific or deeply complex scenes more understandable and \"true to the realities of living, then and now.\" Shifting the focus from the fictional world to the audience's reality helps convey \"more effectively the theme of the dramas\". As Shakespeare's fools speak truth to the other characters, they also speak truth", "title": "Shakespearean fool" }, { "id": "5499765", "score": "1.4120126", "text": "Without Mustard\". This has been construed by some critics as a reference to William Shakespeare’s recently acquired coat of arms with its gold color, and its supposed motto, \"Non Sans Droit\", which translates as \"Not Without Right\". When the play was reprinted in Jonson's folio collection of 1616, a cast list of the original 1599 production was included. From this, it is known that the leading players were Richard Burbage, John Heminges, Henry Condell, Augustine Phillips, Thomas Pope, and William Sly. Shakespeare was not part of the production, though he had played in \"Every Man in His Humour\" the year", "title": "Every Man out of His Humour" }, { "id": "1545723", "score": "1.4002143", "text": "Gloucester is dead, Winchester continues to blaspheme himself, proclaiming the death of Gloucester to be \"God's secret judgement\" (3.2.31), a callous and knowing distortion. Shakespeare uses language to distinguish between different types of characters. The courtly scenes tend to be spoken in blank verse, whereas the commons tend to speak in prose, with fewer metaphors and less decorative language (Shakespeare uses this contrast in several plays, such as \"The Two Gentlemen of Verona\", where prose marks the servants out from their masters). When power begins to go to Jack Cade's head, he begins to slip into a more courtly way", "title": "Henry VI, Part 2" }, { "id": "692792", "score": "1.39985", "text": "words or phrases uselessly repeated, or else where the passage involves a false reading, so that, like the arrow, it lays low the superfluous and makes the errors disappear ... The obelus accompanied by points is used when we do not know whether a passage should be suppressed or not.\" Medieval scribes used the symbols extensively for critical markings of manuscripts. In addition to this, the dagger was also used in notations in early Christianity, to indicate a minor intermediate pause in the chanting of Psalms, equivalent to the quaver rest notation. It also indicates a breath mark when reciting,", "title": "Dagger (typography)" }, { "id": "9272327", "score": "1.3969741", "text": "apparent ontological paradox by inspiring Shakespeare to borrow phrases that the Doctor quotes from his plays. Examples of this include the Doctor telling Shakespeare that \"all the world's a stage\" (from \"As You Like It\") and \"the play's the thing\" (from \"Hamlet\"), as well as the name Sycorax from \"The Tempest\". However, when Shakespeare himself coins the phrase \"To be, or not to be\", the Doctor suggests he write it down, but Shakespeare considers it \"too pretentious\". In a different version of the joke, the Doctor exclaims \"Once more unto the breach\", and Shakespeare initially likes the phrase, before realising", "title": "The Shakespeare Code" }, { "id": "2363724", "score": "1.3930273", "text": "after a preposition\", in Robert J. Menner's words) in Ben Jonson, John Bunyan, Charles Dickens, and Graham Greene, and Menner adds Noah Webster, Samuel Pepys, Thomas Middleton, and others. Various critics have commented on Shakespeare's line. American writer Russell Baker, in his \"Observer\" column in \"The New York Times\", considered it a grammatical error—\"grammatically, of course, Shakespeare was wrong\". He said Shakespeare probably \"slipped accidentally\": \"My guess is that he was writing along rapidly, maybe at the end of the day when he was tired, was wishing he'd never come up with this \"Merchant of Venice\" idea, and eager to", "title": "Between you and I" }, { "id": "4028092", "score": "1.3904922", "text": "forces Jennings to his knees before stabbing him to death with a knife. Tate attacks Quinn, and during the fight, gets tangled in the barbed wire. Shakespeare rushes out of the trench to try and save him, but is too late, and Quinn kills Tate with the club. Shakespeare confronts him with his rifle but Quinn taunts Shakespeare, when he refuses to kill him. Quinn approaches Shakespeare, but is stopped by living strands of barbed wire that rise up from the dirt and begin to wrap around and skewer him. Back in the trench, Shakespeare arms Friedrich, who has been", "title": "Deathwatch (2002 film)" }, { "id": "19753745", "score": "1.3873558", "text": "to them. Previous homework questions have been: The final segment of regular episodes is Everyday Shakes. Dan and Kevin select a Shakespearean quote, or a portion of a quote, and after reading it in context, examine how it can be used in contemporary conversations. The quote they choose is used for the episode's title. Once a month, in place of a regular episode, they release a \"So You're Going to See Shakespeare\" feature. During the episode Dan and Kevin give a plot summary of the play, discussing where it falls in Shakespeare's personal timeline and what was happening in the", "title": "No Holds Bard" }, { "id": "12287099", "score": "1.3863845", "text": "Who audio play, \"Shadow of the Past\". Shrapnel's Hotspur in Henry IV in the Royal Shakespeare Company's critically acclaimed 2008 production was described as 'thrillingly charismatic'. He also has appeared on stage in 2011 in Terence Rattigan’s \"The Deep Blue Sea\" performed at the West Yorkshire Playhouse. He is quoted as saying \"Before going in you set a high bar for yourself, but you’ve just got to get into rehearsals, do the work and hope it comes together\". According to actress Emily Blunt on \"The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson\", he once played Romeo to her Juliet in a", "title": "Lex Shrapnel" }, { "id": "18790572", "score": "1.3853414", "text": "is getting what he wants\", referring to Nick Bottom, who runs a theatre troupe with his brother Nigel. They are rehearsing for their upcoming play \"Richard II\", while William Shakespeare (referred to as \"The Bard\") is opening Romeo and Juliet. Lord Clapham, a patron who trusts the brothers and raises funds for their troupe, enters to announce that Shakespeare is doing \"Richard II\". The news outrages Nick, as Shakespeare has already done \"Richard III\", and the thought of going backwards seems absurd to him. He rants about his hatred of Shakespeare to the troupe members, who are horrified (\"God, I", "title": "Something Rotten!" }, { "id": "12544455", "score": "1.3845239", "text": "What's past is prologue \"What's past is prologue\" is a quotation by William Shakespeare from his play \"The Tempest\". The phrase was originally used in \"The Tempest\", Act 2, Scene I. Antonio uses it to suggest that all that has happened before that time, the \"past\", has led Sebastian and himself to this opportunity to do what they are about to do: commit murder, or make another choice. In contemporary use, the phrase stands for the idea that history sets the context for the present. The quotation is engraved on the National Archives Building in Washington, DC, and is commonly", "title": "What's past is prologue" }, { "id": "746585", "score": "1.3843826", "text": "my greatness / I' th' posture of a whore.\" This speech is full of dramatic irony, because in Shakespeare's time Cleopatra really was played by a \"squeaking boy\" and Shakespeare's play does depict Antony's drunken revels. Cleopatra is betrayed and taken into custody by the Romans. She gives Octavius what she claims is a complete account of her wealth but is betrayed by her treasurer, who claims she is holding treasure back. Octavius reassures her that he is not interested in her wealth, but Dolabella warns her that he intends to parade her at his triumph. Cleopatra kills herself using", "title": "Antony and Cleopatra" } ]

[ "prince s trust team", "Princes trust", "Prince's Trust Team", "The Princes Trust", "The Prince’s Trust", "prince s youth trust", "celebrity cookbook", "prince s trust", "The Prince's trust", "princes trust", "Prince's Youth Trust", "Prince's trust", "Celebrity Cookbook", "Prince's Trust", "The Prince's Trust" ]

[ { "id": "4913180", "score": "1.8744655", "text": "The Prince's Trust The Prince's Trust is a charity in the United Kingdom founded in 1976 by Charles, Prince of Wales to help vulnerable young people get their lives on track. It supports 11 to 30 year-old who are unemployed and those struggling at school and at risk of exclusion. Many of the young people helped by The Trust are in or leaving care, facing issues such as homelessness or mental health problems, or have been in trouble with the law. It runs a range of training programmes, providing practical and financial support to build young people's confidence and motivation.", "title": "The Prince's Trust" }, { "id": "4913183", "score": "1.8673766", "text": "been in care. These young people are considered by the Prince's Trust as being \"disadvantaged\". A small number of people who are employed also go on some Prince's Trust courses. Known as the employed participants scheme, it is used as a learning and development opportunity (to develop the employee's skills), as additional support to the programme's young people (the employed participants act as additional mentors or support to young people) and as a fundraising initiative (as the employer pays a training fee for their staff member to attend). Charles, Prince of Wales, founded The Prince's Trust and is now its", "title": "The Prince's Trust" }, { "id": "1145397", "score": "1.8253762", "text": "later held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle. The blessing, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, was televised. Since founding The Prince's Trust in 1976, Charles has established sixteen more charitable organisations, and now serves as president of all of those. Together, these form a loose alliance called The Prince's Charities, which describes itself as \"the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom, raising over £100 million annually ... [and is] active across a broad range of areas including education and young people, environmental sustainability, the built environment, responsible business", "title": "Charles, Prince of Wales" }, { "id": "4913205", "score": "1.8146477", "text": "helped over 900,000 young people turn their lives around in the UK through money and advice from the charity and returned £1.4 billion in value to society through in the last 10 years alone. The Prince's Trust has worked with very prominent artists such as: The Prince's Trust The Prince's Trust is a charity in the United Kingdom founded in 1976 by Charles, Prince of Wales to help vulnerable young people get their lives on track. It supports 11 to 30 year-old who are unemployed and those struggling at school and at risk of exclusion. Many of the young people", "title": "The Prince's Trust" }, { "id": "4913191", "score": "1.7735021", "text": "to develop and grow their business, acting as a sounding board to share thoughts and concerns, as well as empowering them to make their own decisions. The Prince's Trust has helped 86,845 young people to set up in business since 1983. In 2017, The Prince's Trust launched Enterprise Online, to enable 18 to 30-year-olds to explore becoming their own boss, learning at their own pace with dedicated support along the way. From developing quick pitches to get investors interested in your business to marketing strategy advice to bring in sales, it has everything young people need - including access to", "title": "The Prince's Trust" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Prince's Trust\n\nThe Prince's Trust () is a charity in the United Kingdom founded in 1976 by King Charles III (then Prince of Wales) to help vulnerable young people get their lives on track. It supports 11-to-30-year-olds who are unemployed or struggling at school and at risk of exclusion. Many of the young people helped by the trust face issues such as homelessness, mental health problems, or trouble with the law.\n\nIt runs a range of training programmes, providing practical and financial support to build young people's confidence and motivation. Each year they work with about 60,000 young people, with three in four moving on to employment, education, volunteering, or training.\n\nIn 1999, the numerous trust charities were brought together as the Prince's Trust and acknowledged by Queen Elizabeth II at a ceremony in Buckingham Palace where she granted it a royal charter. The following year it devolved in Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and other English regions but overall control remained in London. The Prince's Trust fundraising and campaign events are often hosted by and feature entertainers from around the world. In April 2011 the youth charity Fairbridge became part of the trust. In 2015, Prince's Trust International was launched to collaborate with other charities and organisations in other countries (mostly Commonwealth nations) to help young people in those countries.\n\nThe Prince's Trust is one of the most successful funding organisations in the UK and is the UK's leading youth charity, having helped over 950,000 young people turn their lives around, created 125,000 entrepreneurs, and given business support to 395,000 people in the UK. From 2006 to 2016, its work for the youth has been worth an estimated £1.4 billion.<ref name=\"work\"/>\n\nIn 2019, the Prince's Trust signed a partnership with the Department of Health and Social Care to support 10,000 young people (16-to-30-year-olds) into health and social care jobs. This initiative aims to future-proof the sector, provide employment opportunities to young people, and support the department's \"widening participation\" goals, increasing the diversity of its workforce.", "title": "The Prince's Trust" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Charles III" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "YMCA\n\nYMCA, sometimes regionally called the Y, is a worldwide youth organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 64 million beneficiaries in 120 countries. It was founded on 6 June 1844 by George Williams in London, originally as the Young Men's Christian Association, and aims to put Christian values into practice by developing a healthy \"body, mind, and spirit\".\n\nFrom its inception, it grew rapidly and ultimately became a worldwide movement founded on the principles of muscular Christianity. Local YMCAs deliver projects and services focused on youth development through a wide variety of youth activities, including providing athletic facilities, holding classes for a wide variety of skills, promoting Christianity, and humanitarian work.\n\nYMCA is a non-governmental federation, with each independent local YMCA affiliated with its national organization. The national organizations, in turn, are part of both an Area Alliance (Europe, Asia Pacific, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, the United States, and Canada) and the World Alliance of YMCAs (World YMCA). Consequently, all YMCAs are unique, while following certain shared aims, such as the Paris Basis.\n\nThe YMCA was also considered a parachurch organization based on Protestant values. Imitator organizations include the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), the Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA), and the Young Men's Buddhist Association (YMBA). It is also the subject of the 1978 song \"Y.M.C.A.\" by the Village People.", "title": "YMCA" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Richard Branson\n\nSir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (born 18 July 1950) is a British billionaire, entrepreneur, and business magnate. In the 1970s he founded the Virgin Group, which today controls more than 400 companies in various fields.\n\nBranson expressed his desire to become an entrepreneur at a young age. His first business venture, at the age of 16, was a magazine called \"Student\". In 1970, he set up a mail-order record business. He opened a chain of record stores, Virgin Records—later known as Virgin Megastores—in 1972. Branson's Virgin brand grew rapidly during the 1980s, as he started Virgin Atlantic airline and expanded the Virgin Records music label. In 1997, Branson founded the Virgin Rail Group to bid for passenger rail franchises during the privatisation of British Rail. The Virgin Trains brand operated the InterCity West Coast franchise from 1997 to 2019, the InterCity CrossCountry franchise from 1997 to 2007, and the InterCity East Coast franchise from 2015 to 2018. In 2004, he founded spaceflight corporation Virgin Galactic, based at Mojave Air and Space Port in California, noted for the SpaceShipTwo suborbital spaceplane designed for space tourism.\n\nIn March 2000, Branson was knighted at Buckingham Palace for \"services to entrepreneurship\". For his work in retail, music and transport (with interests in land, air, sea and space travel), his taste for adventure and for his humanitarian work, he has become a prominent global figure. In 2007, he was placed in the \"Time\" 100 Most Influential People in the World list. In July 2021, \"Forbes\" listed Branson's estimated net worth at US$5.7 billion.\n\nOn 11 July 2021, Branson travelled as a passenger onboard Virgin Galactic Unity 22 at the edge of space, a suborbital test flight for his spaceflight company Virgin Galactic. The mission lasted approximately one hour, reaching a peak altitude of . At 70, Branson became the third oldest person to fly to space.", "title": "Richard Branson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Diana, Princess of Wales\n\nDiana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997) was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of King Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and mother of Princes William and Harry. Her activism and glamour made her an international icon, and earned her enduring popularity, as well as almost unprecedented public scrutiny.\n\nDiana was born into the British nobility, and grew up close to the royal family on their Sandringham estate. In 1981, while working as a nursery teacher's assistant, she became engaged to the Prince of Wales, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. Their wedding took place at St Paul's Cathedral in 1981 and made her Princess of Wales, a role in which she was enthusiastically received by the public. The couple had two sons, William and Harry, who were then second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. Diana's marriage to Charles suffered due to their incompatibility and extramarital affairs. They separated in 1992, soon after the breakdown of their relationship became public knowledge. Their marital difficulties were widely publicised, and the couple divorced in 1996. \n\nAs Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and the elderly, but she later became known for her involvement in two particular campaigns: one involved the social attitudes towards and the acceptance of AIDS patients, and the other for the removal of landmines, promoted through the International Red Cross. She also raised awareness and advocated for ways to help people affected by cancer and mental illness. Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s.\n\nDiana's death in a car crash in Paris in 1997 led to extensive public mourning and global media attention. An inquest returned a verdict of \"unlawful killing\" following Operation Paget, an investigation by the Metropolitan Police. Her legacy has had a deep impact on the royal family and British society.", "title": "Diana, Princess of Wales" }, { "id": "4913182", "score": "1.7609324", "text": "the Trust. The Prince's Trust is one of the most successful funding organisations in the UK and the UK's leading youth charity, having helped over 900,000 young people turn their lives around, created 125,000 entrepreneurs and given business support to 395,000 people in the UK. From 2006 to 2016, its work for the youth has been worth an estimated £1.4 billion. The Prince's Trust aims to work with young people from four priority target groups. These are the long-term unemployed, people who have been in trouble with the law, people who are in difficulty at school, and people who have", "title": "The Prince's Trust" }, { "id": "11111849", "score": "1.7420635", "text": "following year, the group had been given a new identity, \"The Prince's Charities\", and the Charities Office had developed new policies and procedures for the group. The Charities Office, set up at Clarence House, employed by 2008 some eight full-time staff. The charities form the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the UK and collectively work in 38 countries. They together raise approximately £150 million each year. In addition to independent charities, Charles established a number of separate charitable initiatives, which include Mosaic, a Muslim youth mentoring campaign; The Prince's Wool Project, to support the UK wool industry; START, to help", "title": "The Prince's Charities" }, { "id": "1145421", "score": "1.6889203", "text": "director, accountant George Gray, was convicted of theft totalling £253,000 and sentenced to three years in prison. The Prince's Foundation was re-branded and re-launched later in 2010 as The College of Medicine. Prince Charles was confirmed at age 16 by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey at Easter 1965, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. He attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove, and attends the Church of Scotland's Crathie Kirk with the rest of the royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle. In 2000, he was appointed as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church", "title": "Charles, Prince of Wales" }, { "id": "4913190", "score": "1.6793492", "text": "activities was divided between the different programme areas such as the Team programme and the Enterprise programme. £1.2 million went on grants to young people and institutions. The Prince's Trust has seven main types of charitable activity. The Enterprise programme is the offer for which The Prince's Trust is best known for. Helping young people to become their own boss by starting a business, 18 to 30-year-olds are given practical, mentoring and financial support of up to £5,000. As part of the programme, each young person is appointed a Business Mentor who provide one-to-one support for up to two years", "title": "The Prince's Trust" }, { "id": "16631684", "score": "1.6756768", "text": "Prince’s Trust was devolved into English, Northern Ireland, Scottish and Welsh organisations. PSYBT had been established in 1989 by Charles, Prince of Wales. Previous businesses that have been supported include BrewDog, MJM International and Lingo24. Official site Youth Business Scotland Youth Business Scotland is a programme provided by The Prince's Trust Scotland. It funds and supports young people to startup and grow a business. It provides advice and financial support for young people between 18 and 30 who would like to start their own business. It is one of The Prince's Charities. The Youth Business Scotland programme was formed in", "title": "Youth Business Scotland" }, { "id": "4913181", "score": "1.6695901", "text": "Each year they work with about 60,000 young people; with three in four moving on to employment, education, volunteering or training. In 1999, the numerous Trust charities were brought together as The Prince's Trust and was acknowledged by The Queen at a ceremony in Buckingham Palace where she granted it a Royal Charter. The following year it devolved in Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and other English regions but overall control remained in London. The Prince's Trust fundraising and campaign events are often hosted and feature entertainers from around the world. In April 2011 the youth charity Fairbridge became part of", "title": "The Prince's Trust" }, { "id": "4913194", "score": "1.6645571", "text": "employability skills to move into work. Focus industries include retail, construction, logistics and hospitality. In 2017, The Prince's Trust launched Employability Online, to enable 18 to 30-year-olds to gain the essential skills they need to secure the job they want. From understanding what job is right for you to tips on making your CV stand out, it has everything young people need - including access to e-mentors to help them achieve their goals. Get Started s are short courses that give young people the chance to take part in a week of activities that allow them to develop skills with", "title": "The Prince's Trust" }, { "id": "1145720", "score": "1.6634406", "text": "founded The Prince Andrew Charitable Trust which aims to support young people in different areas such as education and training. He has also founded a number of awards including Inspiring Digital Enterprise Award (iDEA), a programme to develop the digital and enterprise skills, the Duke of York Award for Technical Education, given to talented young people in technical education, and the Duke of York Young Entrepreneur Award, which recognises talents of young people in entrepreneurship. The Duke of York has lent his support to organisations that focus on science and technology by becoming the patron of Catalyst Inc and TeenTech.", "title": "Prince Andrew, Duke of York" }, { "id": "4578412", "score": "1.6547809", "text": "1954 she had appeared on the cover of \"Life\" as part of a feature on possible future spouses of Prince Charles. In 1967 she was 'Debutante of the Year,' appeared in January UK Vogue feature 'Youthquakers Face '67' photographed by Norman Parkinson, met the Kennedys and Martin Luther King in America, and was romantically linked with Crown Prince (now King) Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden in 1970. In 1971 she was invited to represent Britain at the Norfolk International Azalea Festival in Virginia, established in 1953 after NATO's Allied command was established there. Each year a NATO country is honoured,", "title": "Arabella Churchill (charity founder)" }, { "id": "1145398", "score": "1.6488557", "text": "and enterprise and international.\" In 2010, The Prince's Charities Canada was established in a similar fashion to its namesake in the UK. Charles is also patron of over 350 other charities and organisations, and carries out duties related to these throughout the Commonwealth realms; for example, he uses his tours of Canada as a way to help draw attention to youth, the disabled, the environment, the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage conservation, and education. In Canada, Charles has supported humanitarian projects. Along with his two sons, he took part in ceremonies that marked the 1998 International Day for the Elimination", "title": "Charles, Prince of Wales" }, { "id": "11111847", "score": "1.6444209", "text": "focus on Charles' core interests, including aiding disadvantaged youth, education, responsible business, improvement of the built environment, regeneration of heritage, and environmental sustainability. Most of the charities are independent of each other and all are each run by their own boards. The Prince of Wales is president of all the charities and founded 17 of them; however, as president, he is a figurehead and public face for the charities involved and has no legal responsibility. The aim of The Prince's Charities is \"to improve the overall effectiveness of the group, building on shared strengths to ensure their long term success", "title": "The Prince's Charities" }, { "id": "1145374", "score": "1.641822", "text": "In 2005, Charles married long-time partner Camilla Parker Bowles. As Prince of Wales, Charles undertakes official duties on behalf of the Queen and the Commonwealth realms. Charles founded The Prince's Trust in 1976, sponsors The Prince's Charities, and is a patron, president and a member of over 400 other charities and organisations. As an environmentalist, he raises awareness of organic farming and climate change which has earned him awards and recognition from environmental groups. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and his views on the role of architecture in society", "title": "Charles, Prince of Wales" }, { "id": "11126404", "score": "1.6410191", "text": "Activity Centre in the New Forest, Hampshire, where over 20,000 young people take part in residential learning activities each year. It also has a London office. The patron of the charity is Her Royal Highness Princess Anne. The current president is Nigel Mansell, CBE. The chair is Anne Stoneham, MBE, who has been on the board of trustees for over 20 years and is a highly respected academic. The chief executive, Anna Smee, took up her post on 1 December 2014. The senior management team consists of the following members: The charity was founded in 1911 as the National Organisation", "title": "UK Youth" }, { "id": "12298644", "score": "1.6387603", "text": "its help to young people who are long term unemployed, and the charity has increasingly measured its success as an organisation by how many young people they have got off the unemployment register, by getting them into some employment, training or education. This figure has risen over four years from 76% to 79%. Milburn regularly attends high-profile royal events as the representative of the Prince's Trust. Milburn has been a trustee of Media Trust, the UK's leading communications charity, since October 2009. Milburn is the eldest of five sisters. She has been married twice, and her current husband Keith works", "title": "Martina Milburn" }, { "id": "1149830", "score": "1.6368449", "text": "over the duke's role in the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, attending Gold Award ceremonies around the world. The Earl and Countess of Wessex established their foundation The Wessex Youth Trust in 1999, with a focus on helping, supporting and advancing registered charities which provide opportunities specifically for children and young people. His patronages include: the British Paralympic Association, the International Real Tennis Professionals Association, the Commonwealth Games Federation, BadmintonScotland, the Tennis and Rackets Association, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, London Mozart Players, Haddo House Choral and Operatic Society, Northern Ballet, the Edinburgh International Festival, and the Royal", "title": "Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex" } ]

[ "Swim the English Channel", "swim english channel" ]

[ { "id": "14923960", "score": "2.2427619", "text": "Philippe Croizon Philippe Croizon (born 1968) is a French athlete and the first quadruple amputee to swim across the English Channel. His amputations were required due to a severe electric shock accident which occurred in March 1994. At the time, Croizon was employed as a steelworker at the foundry of Poitou, 26 years old and married, with one son; his wife was expecting a second child. At his home in Saint-Rémy-sur-Creuse, Vienne, while standing on a metal ladder on the roof to work on a television antenna, Croizon received a severe electric shock from a high-voltage power line which earthed", "title": "Philippe Croizon" }, { "id": "14923967", "score": "2.1801665", "text": "in Russian waters without official permission. Croizon has a customised electric wheelchair that cost €24,000 to build. In August 2013 it was stolen, but recovered a few days later after much publicity in the media and on Twitter. Philippe Croizon Philippe Croizon (born 1968) is a French athlete and the first quadruple amputee to swim across the English Channel. His amputations were required due to a severe electric shock accident which occurred in March 1994. At the time, Croizon was employed as a steelworker at the foundry of Poitou, 26 years old and married, with one son; his wife was", "title": "Philippe Croizon" }, { "id": "14923961", "score": "1.7439601", "text": "(grounded) through the ladder, to which he became adhered. Twenty minutes passed before a neighbour could raise the alarm. He was hospitalized in Tours, where doctors removed his left arm above the elbow, his right arm below the elbow, then his right leg above the knee. Surgeons had thought that the left leg could be saved, but when that also required removal, Croizon reported feeling \"despair\". During his recuperation in the hospital, he saw a television programme about a female channel-swimmer, who Croizon said inspired him. He began a regimen of swimming, training for over five hours per day with", "title": "Philippe Croizon" }, { "id": "14923962", "score": "1.7089455", "text": "the Maritime Gendarmerie, the French marine police, in the sea near La Rochelle. He experimented with different prosthetic limbs designed for swimming, with fins attached to the stumps of his legs. One set of specially designed prosthetics cost €12,000, and are made from carbon and titanium. He wrote a book entitled \"J'ai décidé de vivre\" (\"I Decided to Live\"), using a speech-to-text computer system. He also made a parachute jump. Croizon's preparations for the channel-swim attempt took 35 hours per week for two years; throughout the training period, he received letters of support from national politicians, including then-President of France", "title": "Philippe Croizon" }, { "id": "14947146", "score": "1.6552625", "text": "medal. He also won bronze in the road race at the IPC Disabled Cycling World Championships and finished fourth in the time trials. In addition, Paul was named to the US Disabled Alpine Ski Team. Paul set a standard in 1999 when he became the first amputee to ever complete \"The Double\"—the famous Ironman World Championship in Hawaii followed by the XTERRA World Championship off-road triathlon a week later. In 2000, Paul participated in the Paralympic Games for the first time as part of the US Cycling Team, finishing 4th in the kilo, 6th in the pursuit, and 7th in", "title": "Paul Martin (amputee athlete)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Philippe Croizon\n\nPhilippe Croizon (born 1968) is a French athlete and the first quadruple amputee to swim across the English Channel and to run the Rally Dakar.<ref name=pa/>", "title": "Philippe Croizon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of successful English Channel swimmers\n\nThis is a list of notable successful swims across the English Channel, a straight-line distance of about .", "title": "List of successful English Channel swimmers" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:In the news/Candidates/September 2010" }, { "id": "15974366", "score": "1.6535623", "text": "Couprie and fellow Australian wheelchair racerPaul Wiggins made a pact that they would finish together, thus causing the first dead heat in the history of the competition. In 1996 in Atlanta he did win medals, a bronze in the 1500m and a gold a part of the French 4 × 400 m relay team as well as competing in the 5000m, 10000m and marathon. In 2000 he helped the French defend the relay gold medal as well as competing in the 400m, 800m, 1500m and marathon. Philippe Couprie Philippe Couprie (born 18 July 1962) is a paralympic track and field", "title": "Philippe Couprie" }, { "id": "19726882", "score": "1.6417257", "text": "Stéphane Bahier Stéphane Bahier born 7 May 1975 at Ernée, France, is a triathlete handisport, France, Europe and World champion, in paratriathlon, TR2/PT2 category. Stéphane Bahier has a degree in physical education and he is a professor in the Ministry of Education. He also has a degree in judo and participate in several sports as an amateur, like triathlon, mountain bike, cyclism or cross country up to 2003. In May 2004, he had a very serious road accident, when his lower members were severely injured. Albeit several important chirurgies he had to have his right leg amputated at his thigh", "title": "Stéphane Bahier" }, { "id": "19717097", "score": "1.6324575", "text": "younger than 23 Jean-Baptiste Alaize Jean-Baptiste Alaize (born 10 May 1991) is a French athlete, with an amputated tibia who specialises in sprint and long jump. He represented France at the 2016 Paralympic Games. Alaize was born in Burundi, in 1991, just days before the Burundian Civil War broke out. At three years old, the conflict required one of his legs to be amputated. He arrived in France 12 July 1998, to receive a prosthesis and remained in Montpellier. He runs with this carbon prosthesis specially designed for handisport. He entered INSEP in 2010 . He is a member of", "title": "Jean-Baptiste Alaize" }, { "id": "4035910", "score": "1.6125693", "text": "mobility is essentially normal, Rummerfield still experiences loss of sensation in his lower legs, impaired bowel and bladder function, reduced strength in his hands, and difficulty regulating body temperature. In 1991 he began to compete in triathlons. In 1992, he participated in the IronMan Triathlon in Hawaii – a swim, bicycle ride and marathon. He became the first SCI quadriplegic to participate in and complete the Hawaii IronMan. In 1997, he ran the Antarctica Marathon – one of only 82 people to complete the course which crosses glaciers, icy streams, rock beds and soggy beaches in sub-zero temperatures and 45", "title": "Pat Rummerfield" }, { "id": "18349067", "score": "1.6108792", "text": "William McLeroy William \"Bud\" McLeroy (born 1960) was the first amputee to serve in Operation Iraqi Freedom. He is also the first service member, and firefighter, to serve while only having one leg. Growing up in south San Diego, McLeroy attended Montgomery High School; in his senior year he changed to night classes, in order to save up money to fund his upcoming Mormon mission. After high school, McLeroy became a missionary for two years, then enlisted in the Marine Corps. After six years in the Marine Corps, McLeroy joined the Army Reserves, before joining active duty. While on active", "title": "William McLeroy" }, { "id": "14947150", "score": "1.6102927", "text": "for running and cycling by A Step Ahead Prosthetics in Hicksville, NY and is a member of Team A Step Ahead, a group of elite amputee athletes sponsored by A Step Ahead Prosthetics. Paul Martin (amputee athlete) Paul Martin (born June 21, 1967) is an American amputee athlete, Paralympian, speaker, and author. Paul is considered one of the foremost amputee triathletes in history and holds or has held several records in various events. Paul Martin's left leg was amputated in 1992, when he was twenty-five years old, following a car accident. He began serious sports training almost immediately afterwards, and", "title": "Paul Martin (amputee athlete)" }, { "id": "14947144", "score": "1.6017644", "text": "Paul Martin (amputee athlete) Paul Martin (born June 21, 1967) is an American amputee athlete, Paralympian, speaker, and author. Paul is considered one of the foremost amputee triathletes in history and holds or has held several records in various events. Paul Martin's left leg was amputated in 1992, when he was twenty-five years old, following a car accident. He began serious sports training almost immediately afterwards, and ran his first sprint-distance triathlon (.45 mile swim, 12.4 mile bike, 3.1 mile run) in 1995. He soon turned to the far more grueling Olympic-distance (0.93 mile swim, 24.8 mile bike, 6.2 mile", "title": "Paul Martin (amputee athlete)" }, { "id": "19717095", "score": "1.5974303", "text": "Jean-Baptiste Alaize Jean-Baptiste Alaize (born 10 May 1991) is a French athlete, with an amputated tibia who specialises in sprint and long jump. He represented France at the 2016 Paralympic Games. Alaize was born in Burundi, in 1991, just days before the Burundian Civil War broke out. At three years old, the conflict required one of his legs to be amputated. He arrived in France 12 July 1998, to receive a prosthesis and remained in Montpellier. He runs with this carbon prosthesis specially designed for handisport. He entered INSEP in 2010 . He is a member of the 'Champions for", "title": "Jean-Baptiste Alaize" }, { "id": "17065067", "score": "1.5880572", "text": "Brendan Marrocco Brendan Marrocco of Staten Island New York was the first US soldier serving in Iraq or Afghanistan to survive a quadruple amputation and the first person to receive a bilateral arm transplant at Johns Hopkins Hospital and the seventh in the United States. On January 15, 2008, Staten Island Native Brendon Marrocco entered service in the United States Army. He completed his basic training at Fort Benning, Georgia on May 2, 2008, after which, he volunteered for service in the Infantry. He was assigned to the 3rd Brigade, Alpha Company, 2nd Battalion, 27th Regiment of the 25th Infantry", "title": "Brendan Marrocco" }, { "id": "8140591", "score": "1.58654", "text": "After becoming a Paralympic champion, Pistorius attempted to enter non-disabled international competition, over persistent objections by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and charges that his artificial limbs gave an unfair advantage. Pistorius eventually prevailed in this legal dispute. At the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, Pistorius became the first amputee to win a non-disabled world track medal. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Pistorius became the first double-leg amputee to participate in the Olympic Games. On 14 February 2013, Pistorius fatally shot his girlfriend, model Reeva Steenkamp, in his Pretoria home. He claimed he had mistaken Steenkamp for an", "title": "Oscar Pistorius" }, { "id": "20706359", "score": "1.5857238", "text": "du Preez was nominated for the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability. Pieter du Preez Nicolas Pieter du Preez (born 1979 or 1980) is a South African athlete in paratriathlon. He was the first person with quadriplegia to ever finish an Ironman Triathlon in 2014. Du Preez started competing at the Berlin Marathon in 2008 and was a seven-time winner since 2012. In international events, Du Preez competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the 100m event and won medals at the UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships from 2014 to 2018. Outside of his", "title": "Pieter du Preez" }, { "id": "5743561", "score": "1.5855634", "text": "months after his amputation, at the German Championships in 2002, Czyz broke the National record for F42 long jump and won the T42 100m event. He won triple Gold Medals at the 2004 Paralympics. He won the 100 m and the 200 m dash the long jump for leg amputees, setting World Records in the latter two. In the European Championship of 2005, he repeated his triple crown, winning each discipline again. At the 2006 IPC Athletics World Championships he again won triple gold medals. , Czyz is world record holder in the Men's F42 Long Jump event. He has", "title": "Wojtek Czyz" }, { "id": "7355929", "score": "1.579855", "text": "career as a businessman and started a wheelchair manufacturing company. He died of cancer on October 1, 2006. In 2013, Viger was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. André Viger André Viger, (September 27, 1952 – October 1, 2006) was a French Canadian wheelchair marathoner and Paralympian. He took part in five consecutive Summer Paralympics in athletics from 1980 to 1996, winning a total of three gold, three silver and four bronze medals. Born in Windsor, Ontario, Viger grew up in Sherbrooke, Quebec. He lost the use of his legs following a traffic accident at age 20. He won", "title": "André Viger" }, { "id": "15320029", "score": "1.5787187", "text": "Richard Whitehead (athlete) Richard Whitehead MBE (born 19 July 1976) is a British athlete. He runs with prosthetic legs, as he has a double through-knee congenital amputation. He holds the world record for athletes with a double amputation, in both the full and half marathon. At the 2010 Chicago Marathon, he broke his previous world record for athletes with lower-limb amputations, with a time of 2:42:52. Whitehead was unable to compete in the marathon at London 2012 as there was no category for leg amputees, and was refused permission by the IPC to compete against upper-body amputees and so had", "title": "Richard Whitehead (athlete)" }, { "id": "7355925", "score": "1.5706596", "text": "André Viger André Viger, (September 27, 1952 – October 1, 2006) was a French Canadian wheelchair marathoner and Paralympian. He took part in five consecutive Summer Paralympics in athletics from 1980 to 1996, winning a total of three gold, three silver and four bronze medals. Born in Windsor, Ontario, Viger grew up in Sherbrooke, Quebec. He lost the use of his legs following a traffic accident at age 20. He won the men's wheelchair division of the Boston Marathon in 1984, 1986 and 1987. In 1987, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec. In 1989, he", "title": "André Viger" } ]

[ "Général Bonaparte", "emperor of france napoleon i", "Boneparte", "Napoleon I of France", "Napoleaon", "Napeoleon", "Napoleon Bonapart", "Napoleón Bonaparte", "napoleon i of italy", "general bonaparte", "Napoleon I Bonaparte", "Napoleon the Great", "Napolean", "Emperor Napoleon I", "napolian", "napoleone di buonaparte", "napoléon buonaparte", "napolean bonarparte", "napoleon i bonaparte", "napoleon boneparte", "napoleon i of french bibliography", "napolen s coup", "Napoleon's", "napoleon emperor of france", "Napoloen", "napolean", "Napoleon of France", "napoléon i emperor of french", "napoleon i of french", "napoleon ier", "Napoleon I of Italy", "napoleon s", "Napoléon I, Emperor of the French", "jupiter scapin", "napoleon i great of french bibliography", "napoleon bonepart", "Napoleon I of the French", "napoléon ier", "emperor napoleon", "napoleaon", "Napoleone di Buonaparte", "napoléon i bonaparte", "napolean bonaparte", "Napoleone Buonaparte", "Napoleon bonaparte", "napeoleon", "napolean bonapart", "Napoléon I Bonaparte", "Napoleón", "général bonaparte", "napoleon buonaparte", "Napoleon Ier", "Napolean Bonaparte", "napoleonist", "jean d epee", "boneparte", "Jean d'Epee", "Napoleon I", "le petit caporal", "napoléon", "Le petit caporal", "napoleon great", "Bonaparte", "napoloen", "napoleon i emperor of french", "emperor napoleon i", "nepolian", "napoleon s height", "napoleon i", "Armed Soldier of Democracy", "Napoleon i of france", "Napoleon's height", "Napoleon", "Napoleon I of the French bibliography", "Napoleon Emperor of France", "Napolean bonarparte", "Napoleonist", "Napolen's coup", "napoleon", "Napolean Bonapart", "Napoleon Boneparte", "Emperor Napoleon", "Napoleon Bonaparte", "Age of Napoleon", "Napoleon bonepart", "Napoléon Bonaparte", "Napoleon Buonaparte", "Emperor of France Napoleon I", "napoléon i", "Napolean bonapart", "Napoléon Ier", "Jupiter Scapin", "little corporal", "napoléon i of france", "napoleonic", "Napoleonic", "napoleón bonaparte", "Napoléon Buonaparte", "armed soldier of democracy", "bonaparte", "Little Corporal", "napoleone buonaparte", "napoleon bonapart", "napoleon i of france", "Napoléon", "napoleón", "napoleone bonaparte", "Napoléon I", "napoleon of france", "Napoleon i of france bibliography", "Napolian", "napoleon i of france bibliography", "Nepolian", "Napoleon I of France bibliography", "Napoleon I, Emperor of the French", "Napoleon I the Great of the French bibliography", "napoléon bonaparte", "Napoleone Bonaparte", "age of napoleon", "napoleon bonaparte", "General Bonaparte", "Napoléon I of France" ]

[ { "id": "40988", "score": "1.7361786", "text": "in silver for 42 Euros. Articles Books Historiography and memory Maps Primary sources Uniforms Battle of Waterloo The Battle of Waterloo, also called the Battle of Mount St. John, was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A French army under the command of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt. The battle", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "id": "10845555", "score": "1.7347854", "text": "nightfall the same day, the advanced guard of the Prussian III Corps, having heard of the destruction of Sohr's detachment, succeeded in recapturing Rocquencourt and bivouacked there. After its defeat at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815 the remnants of the French Army of the North fell back on Paris, where it was reinforced by some fresh regular army regiments and the French National Guard. They were pursued and harried by the Anglo-Allied and Prussian armies which by the 29 June were less than five miles from Paris. The Duke of Wellington, the commander of the Anglo-Allied army,", "title": "Battle of Rocquencourt" }, { "id": "11775665", "score": "1.7170099", "text": "Minor campaigns of 1815 On 1 March 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte escaped from his imprisonment on the isle of Elba, and launched a bid to recover his empire. A confederation of European powers pledged to stop him. During the period known as the Hundred Days Napoleon chose to confront the armies of Prince Blücher and the Duke of Wellington in what has become known as the Waterloo Campaign. He was decisively defeated by the two allied armies at the Battle of Waterloo, which then marched on Paris forcing Napoleon to abdicate for the second time. However Russia, Austria and some of", "title": "Minor campaigns of 1815" }, { "id": "1374787", "score": "1.7107725", "text": "IV Prussian corps that had not participated in the battle at Ligny. Had the French army succeeded in keeping the Prussian army from joining the Anglo-allied Army under Wellington at Waterloo, Napoleon might have won the Waterloo Campaign. On 13 March 1815, six days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw; four days later, the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria, and Prussia bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule. Napoleon knew that, once his attempts at dissuading one or more of the Seventh Coalition Allies from", "title": "Battle of Ligny" }, { "id": "40975", "score": "1.7061781", "text": "and withdrew in good order—though at the cost of 33,000 French troops that never reached the Waterloo battlefield. Wellington sent describing the battle to England on 19 June 1815; it arrived in London on 21 June 1815 and was published as a \"London Gazette Extraordinary\" on 22 June. Wellington, Blücher and other Coalition forces advanced upon Paris. Napoleon announced his second abdication on 24 June 1815. In the final skirmish of the Napoleonic Wars, Marshal Davout, Napoleon's minister of war, was defeated by Blücher at Issy on 3 July 1815. Allegedly, Napoleon tried to escape to North America, but the", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Battle of Leipzig\n\nThe Battle of Leipzig (; , ); ), also known as the Battle of the Nations (; ), was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony. The Coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, led by Tsar Alexander I and Karl von Schwarzenberg, decisively defeated the \"Grande Armée\" of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon's army also contained Polish and Italian troops, as well as Germans from the Confederation of the Rhine (mainly Saxony and Württemberg). The battle was the culmination of the German Campaign of 1813 and involved 560,000 soldiers, 2,200 artillery pieces, the expenditure of 400,000 rounds of artillery ammunition, and 133,000 casualties, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I.\n\nDecisively defeated again, Napoleon was compelled to return to France while the Sixth Coalition kept up its momentum, dissolving the Confederation of the Rhine and invading France early the next year. Napoleon was forced to abdicate and was exiled to Elba in May 1814.", "title": "Battle of Leipzig" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington\n\nArthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, (1 May 1769 – 14 September 1852) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and Tory statesman who was one of the leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain, serving twice as prime minister of the United Kingdom. He is among the commanders who won and ended the Napoleonic Wars when the coalition defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.\n\nWellesley was born in Dublin into the Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. He was commissioned as an ensign in the British Army in 1787, serving in Ireland as aide-de-camp to two successive lords lieutenant of Ireland. He was also elected as a member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons. He was a colonel by 1796 and saw action in the Netherlands and in India, where he fought in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War at the Battle of Seringapatam. He was appointed governor of Seringapatam and Mysore in 1799 and, as a newly appointed major-general, won a decisive victory over the Maratha Confederacy at the Battle of Assaye in 1803.\n\nWellesley rose to prominence as a general during the Peninsular campaign of the Napoleonic Wars, and was promoted to the rank of field marshal after leading the allied forces to victory against the French Empire at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813. Following Napoleon's exile in 1814, he served as the ambassador to France and was granted a dukedom. During the Hundred Days in 1815, he commanded the allied army which, together with a Prussian Army under Field Marshal Gebhard von Blücher, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Wellington's battle record is exemplary; he ultimately participated in some 60 battles during the course of his military career.\n\nWellington is famous for his adaptive defensive style of warfare, resulting in several victories against numerically superior forces while minimising his own losses. He is regarded as one of the greatest defensive commanders of all time, and many of his tactics and battle plans are still studied in military academies around the world. After the end of his active military career, he returned to politics. He was twice British prime minister as a member of the Tory party from 1828 to 1830 and for a little less than a month in 1834. He oversaw the passage of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, but opposed the Reform Act 1832. He continued as one of the leading figures in the House of Lords until his retirement and remained Commander-in-Chief of the British Army until his death.", "title": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hundred Days\n\nThe Hundred Days ( ), also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition, marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days). This period saw the War of the Seventh Coalition, and includes the Waterloo Campaign, the Neapolitan War as well as several other minor campaigns. The phrase \"les Cent Jours\" (the hundred days) was first used by the prefect of Paris, Gaspard, comte de Chabrol, in his speech welcoming the king back to Paris on 8 July.\n\nNapoleon returned while the Congress of Vienna was sitting. On 13March, seven days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw, and on 25March Austria, Prussia, Russia and the United Kingdom, the four Great Powers and key members of the Seventh Coalition, bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule. This set the stage for the last conflict in the Napoleonic Wars, the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, the second restoration of the French kingdom, and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the distant island of Saint Helena, where he died in May 1821.", "title": "Hundred Days" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Napoleonic Wars" }, { "id": "40868", "score": "1.6981789", "text": "Battle of Waterloo The Battle of Waterloo, also called the Battle of Mount St. John, was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A French army under the command of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Upon Napoleon's return to power in March", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "id": "18829498", "score": "1.6943625", "text": "Waterloo Campaign: Waterloo to Paris (2–7 July) After their defeat at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the French Army of the North, under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte retreated in disarray back towards France. As agreed by the two Seventh Coalition commanders in chief, the Duke of Wellington, commander of the Anglo-allied army, and Prince Blücher, commander of the Prussian army, the French were to be closely pursued by units of the Prussian army. During the , although the remnants of the main French army were joined by the undefeated right wing of the Army of the", "title": "Waterloo Campaign: Waterloo to Paris (2–7 July)" }, { "id": "18829005", "score": "1.6920224", "text": "Waterloo Campaign: Waterloo to Paris (25 June – 1 July) After their defeat at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the French Army of the North, under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte retreated in disarray back towards France. As agreed by the two Seventh Coalition commanders in chief, the Duke of Wellington, commander of the Anglo-allied army, and Prince Blücher, commander of the Prussian army, the French were to be closely pursued by units of the Prussian army. During the , although the remnants of the main French army were joined by the undefeated right wing of the", "title": "Waterloo Campaign: Waterloo to Paris (25 June – 1 July)" }, { "id": "3908741", "score": "1.6902525", "text": "Success encouraged the Coalition forces to pursue Napoleon across the Rhine; his army and his government collapsed, and the victorious Coalition incarcerated Napoleon on Elba. During the brief Napoleonic restoration known as the 100 Days of 1815, forces of the Seventh Coalition, including an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher, were victorious at Waterloo (18 June 1815). The critical role played by Blücher's troops, especially after having to retreat from the field at Ligny the day before, helped to turn the tide of combat against", "title": "Unification of Germany" }, { "id": "12050321", "score": "1.6888232", "text": "the Prussians were not so successful at Ligny, and were forced to retreat to Wavre. Hearing of Blücher's defeat on the morning of 17 June, Wellington ordered his army to withdraw on a parallel course to his ally; the British and Belgians took position near the Belgian village of Waterloo. On the morning of 18 June, one of the greatest ever feats of British arms began: The Battle of Waterloo. The British, Dutch, Belgian, Nassau and German troops were posted on higher ground south of Waterloo. There had been heavy rain overnight and Napoleon chose not to attack until almost", "title": "British Army during the Napoleonic Wars" }, { "id": "11775666", "score": "1.6863384", "text": "the minor German states also fielded armies against him and all of them also invaded France. Of these other armies the ones engaged in the largest campaigns and saw the most fighting were two Austrian armies: The Army of the Upper Rhine and the Army of Italy. The Battle of Waterloo, followed as it was by the advance of the armies of Blücher and Wellington upon Paris, was so decisive in its effects, and so comprehensive in its results, that the great object of the War — the destruction of the power of Napoleon Bonaparte and the restoration of the", "title": "Minor campaigns of 1815" }, { "id": "18817232", "score": "1.6776212", "text": "Waterloo Campaign: Waterloo to Paris (18–24 June) After their defeat at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the French Army of the North, under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte retreated in disarray back towards France. As agreed by the two Seventh Coalition commanders in chief, the Duke of Wellington, commander of the Anglo-allied army, and Prince Blücher, commander of the Prussian army, the French were to be closely pursued by units of the Prussian army. During the following week, although the remnants of the main French army were joined by the undefeated right wing of the Army of", "title": "Waterloo Campaign: Waterloo to Paris (18–24 June)" }, { "id": "1701820", "score": "1.6771263", "text": "friendly revolution in French-speaking Brussels. The Waterloo Campaign (15 June – 8 July 1815) was fought between the French Army of the North and two Seventh Coalition armies: an Anglo-Allied army and a Prussian army. Initially the French army was commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte, but he left for Paris after the French defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. Command then rested on Marshals Soult and Grouchy, who were in turn replaced by Marshal Davout, who took command at the request of the French Provisional Government. The Anglo-Allied army was commanded by the Duke of Wellington and the Prussian army by", "title": "Hundred Days" }, { "id": "18094879", "score": "1.6700373", "text": "as Napoleon was being driven back in the east by the Prussians, Austrians, and Russians, Wellington invaded southern France. After Napoleon's surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned, but when he escaped back into France in 1815, the British and their allies had to fight him again. The armies of Wellington and Von Blucher defeated Napoleon once and for all at the Battle of Waterloo. Britain mobilized a vast civilian support network to support its soldiers. Historian Jenny Uglow (2015) explores a multitude of connections between the Army and its support network, as summarized", "title": "United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars" }, { "id": "18829556", "score": "1.6662529", "text": "Reduction of the French fortresses in 1815 After the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo and the advance on Paris by the Coalition armies during the months of June and July 1815, although they besieged and took some towns and fortresses as they advance, they bypassed many of them and detached forces to observe and reduce them. The last of the French fortresses did not capitulate until September of that year. By 21 of June the armies of Prince Blücher and the Duke of Wellington had now reached the Triple Line of Fortresses, which, until the Campaign of", "title": "Reduction of the French fortresses in 1815" }, { "id": "18817342", "score": "1.6655269", "text": "them. In the the French surrendered, Coalition forces entered Paris and on 8 July Louis XVIII was restored to the throne. Attribution: Waterloo Campaign: Waterloo to Paris (18–24 June) After their defeat at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the French Army of the North, under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte retreated in disarray back towards France. As agreed by the two Seventh Coalition commanders in chief, the Duke of Wellington, commander of the Anglo-allied army, and Prince Blücher, commander of the Prussian army, the French were to be closely pursued by units of the Prussian army. During", "title": "Waterloo Campaign: Waterloo to Paris (18–24 June)" }, { "id": "781850", "score": "1.6610096", "text": "the North crossed the frontier into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, in modern-day Belgium. Napoleon's forces fought the Coalition armies, commanded by the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Wellington's army withstood repeated attacks by the French and drove them from the field while the Prussians arrived in force and broke through Napoleon's right flank. Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He", "title": "Napoleon" }, { "id": "18768089", "score": "1.655777", "text": "Waterloo Campaign: Quatre Bras to Waterloo After the fighting at Quatre Bras (16 June 1815) the two opposing commanders Marshal Ney and the Duke of Wellington initially held their ground while they obtained information about what had happened at the larger Battle of Ligny. They received intelligence that the Prussian army under the command of Prince Blücher had been defeated by the French Army of the North under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte. Upon receiving this news Wellington organised the retreat of the Anglo-allied army to a place he had identified a year before as the best place in Belgium", "title": "Waterloo Campaign: Quatre Bras to Waterloo" }, { "id": "12050319", "score": "1.6546967", "text": "captured and burned Washington, but was repulsed at Baltimore. Neither side could strike a decisive blow which would compel the other to cede favourable terms, and the Treaty of Ghent was signed. Before news of it could reach the armies on the other side of the Atlantic, a British force under Wellington's brother-in-law Sir Edward Pakenham was defeated foolhardily attacking heavily fortified positions at the Battle of New Orleans. It appeared that war was finally over, and arrangements for the peace were discussed at the Congress of Vienna. But on 26 February 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to", "title": "British Army during the Napoleonic Wars" }, { "id": "5942705", "score": "1.652461", "text": "the battles themselves (units spread across the area or on garrison duty). The casualty numbers include all the casualties suffered by each regiment over the three days of fighting during the campaign from 16 June 1815 to dawn on 19 June 1815. Present at the Battle of Waterloo Wellington had 71,257 soldiers available, 3,866 officers and 65,919 other ranks. By the end of the day's fighting the army had suffered 16,084 casualties (3,024 killed, 10,222 wounded and 2,838 missing) a loss of 24.6%. I Corps fielded 24,844 (1,233 officers and 23,383 other ranks) on 18 June 1815 taking into account", "title": "Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign" } ]

[ "364", "", "three hundred and sixty four", "three hundred and sixty-four" ]

[ { "id": "17271131", "score": "1.7566653", "text": "day: A pair of Teakwood shower clogs. Tenth day: A chromium combination manicure, scissors, and cigarette lighter. Eleventh day: An automatic vegetable slicer that works when you see it on television, but not when you get it home. Twelfth day: \"Although it may seem strange, I'm going to exchange\" all the gifts, which he then lists off. Sherman ends the song by saying \"MERRY CHRISTMAS EVERYBODY\". The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The song reached", "title": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas" }, { "id": "17271128", "score": "1.7484827", "text": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas \"The Twelve Gifts of Christmas\" is a song parody written and performed by Allan Sherman based on the classic Christmas song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The song reached #5 on the Billboard Christmas Chart in 1963. A noted jukebox record supplier stated that if the record was released earlier, it \"might have been a hot number.\" The song subsequently appeared on Sherman's 1964 album, \"For Swingin' Livers Only!\" The song was arranged by Lou Busch. He lists off the gifts in successive verses, and after some of them he adds more details about the", "title": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas" }, { "id": "9457965", "score": "1.7453032", "text": "the Faroe Islands, there is a comparable counting Christmas song. The gifts include: one feather, two geese, three sides of meat, four sheep, five cows, six oxen, seven dishes, eight ponies, nine banners, ten barrels, eleven goats, twelve men, thirteen hides, fourteen rounds of cheese and fifteen deer. These were illustrated in 1994 by local cartoonist Óli Petersen (born 1936) on a series of two stamps issued by the Faroese Philatelic Office. \"Les Douze Mois\" (\"The Twelve Months\") (also known as \"La Perdriole\"—\"The Partridge\") is another similar cumulative verse from France that has been likened to \"The Twelve Days of", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457981", "score": "1.7075605", "text": "the song are hired, not purchased. The total costs of all goods and services for the 2015 Christmas Price Index is US$34,130.99, or $155,407.18 for all 364 items. The original 1984 cost was $12,623.10. The index has been criticised for not accurately reflecting the true cost of the gifts featured in the Christmas carol. The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457980", "score": "1.7029555", "text": "in each round of the song, then a total of 364 items are delivered by the twelfth day. This custom began with and is maintained by PNC Bank. Two pricing charts are created, referred to as the Christmas Price Index and The True Cost of Christmas. The former is an index of the current costs of one set of each of the gifts given by the True Love to the singer of the song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\". The latter is the cumulative cost of all the gifts with the repetitions listed in the song. The people mentioned in", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457977", "score": "1.7005107", "text": "made up of two 4/4 bars, while most of the lines naming gifts receive one 3/4 bar per gift with the exception of \"Five gold(en) rings,\" which receives two 4/4 bars, \"Two turtle doves\" getting a 4/4 bar with \"And a\" on its fourth beat and \"Partridge in a pear tree\" getting two 4/4 bars of music. In most versions, a 4/4 bar of music immediately follows \"Partridge in a pear tree.\" \"On the\" is found in that bar on the 4th (pickup) beat for the next verse. The successive bars of three for the gifts surrounded by bars of", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457961", "score": "1.6860812", "text": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song) \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that make up the Christmas season, starting with Christmas Day). The song, published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme, is thought to be French in origin. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68. The tunes of collected versions vary. The standard tune now", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457975", "score": "1.6614835", "text": "possible use of the twelve gifts as part of a catechism. The possibility that the twelve gifts were used as a catechism during English and Irish Catholic penal times was also hypothesized in this same time period (1987 and 1992) by Fr. James Gilhooley, chaplain of Mount Saint Mary College of Newburgh, New York. Snopes.com, a website reviewing urban legends, Internet rumours, e-mail forwards, and other stories of unknown or questionable origin, also concludes that the hypothesis of the twelve gifts of Christmas being a surreptitious Catholic catechism is incorrect. None of the enumerated items would distinguish Catholics from Protestants,", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457968", "score": "1.641768", "text": "players repeated the verse, the leader added another verse, and so on until one of the players made a mistake, with the player who erred having to pay a penalty, such as offering up a kiss or a sweet. In the northern counties of England, the song was often called the \"Ten Days of Christmas\", as there were only ten gifts. It was also known in Somerset, Dorsetshire, and elsewhere in England. The kinds of gifts vary in a number of the versions, some of them becoming alliterative tongue-twisters. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" was also widely popular in the", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "17271129", "score": "1.617199", "text": "first gift. : First day: A Japanese transistor radio. Second day: Green polka-dot pajamas (The radio is a \"Nakashuma\", presumably the manufacturer.) Third day: A calendar book with the name of his insurance man. (The radio is \"the Mark 4 model, that's the one that's discontinued\".) Fourth day: A simulated alligator wallet. (The radio comes with a leatherette case with holes in it, so one could listen right through the case.) Fifth day: A statue of a lady with a clock where her stomach ought to be. (The radio has a wire with a thing on one end, which one", "title": "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas" }, { "id": "9457971", "score": "1.6071892", "text": "According to \"The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes\", \"Suggestions have been made that the gifts have significance, as representing the food or sport for each month of the year. Importance [certainly has] long been attached to the Twelve Days, when, for instance, the weather on each day was carefully observed to see what it would be in the corresponding month of the coming year. Nevertheless, whatever the ultimate origin of the chant, it seems probable [that] the lines that survive today both in England and France are merely an irreligious travesty.\" (It is also worth noting that exactly 364 gifts", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "19516195", "score": "1.6027001", "text": "With the Christmas season lasting twelve days according to the kalendar of many Christian Churches, a gift is given for each of the twelve days of Christmastide in some cultures, while in other Christian households, gifts are only given on Christmas Day or Twelfth Night, the first and last days of the Christmas season, respectively. The tradition was also embraced by retailers, for whom the weeks and, eventually, the entire month before Christmas became a very profitable period. Around the turn of the 20th century retailers started directing marketing efforts at children in the hopes that they would entice the", "title": "Christmas gift" }, { "id": "9457962", "score": "1.6007373", "text": "associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin, who first introduced the familiar prolongation of the verse \"five gold rings\" (now often \"five golden rings\"). \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" is a cumulative song, meaning that each verse is built on top of the previous verses. There are twelve verses, each describing a gift given by \"my true love\" on one of the twelve days of Christmas. There are many variations in the lyrics. The lyrics given here are from Frederic Austin's 1909 publication that first established the current", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "9457964", "score": "1.5978127", "text": "indicated in \"italics\";<br> (b) items that do not appear at all in Austin's version are indicated in bold italics. A similar cumulative verse from Scotland, \"The Yule Days\", has been likened to \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" in the scholarly literature. It has thirteen days rather than twelve, and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of \"The Twelve Days\". Its final verse, as published in Chambers, \"Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland\" (1842), runs as follows: \"Pippin go aye\" (also spelled \"papingo-aye\" in later editions) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot. In", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "2373318", "score": "1.5723327", "text": "liturgically in the Episcopal Church in the US, having its own invitatory antiphon in the \"Book of Common Prayer\" for Matins. Christians who celebrate the Twelve Days may give gifts on each of them, with each of the Twelve Days representing a wish for a corresponding month of the new year. They may feast on traditional foods and otherwise celebrate the entire time through the morning of the Solemnity of Epiphany. Contemporary traditions include lighting a candle for each day, singing the verse of the corresponding day from the famous \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", and lighting a yule log", "title": "Twelve Days of Christmas" }, { "id": "10437534", "score": "1.569088", "text": "that will last through the 12 Days of Christmas. The party includes a number of people connected to a wealthy young man whose birth was mentioned in the 1905 section. The man is about to come into a large inheritance on his birthday, Jan. 6, 1930. In the days leading up to the man's birthday, a number of strange little gifts are left anonymously for him, as well as doodles and confusing, ominous notes with Christmas-themed verses. Soon the notes contain outright threats. By the time the party is over, there have been two separate murders in the mansion, but", "title": "The Finishing Stroke" }, { "id": "9457963", "score": "1.5674562", "text": "form of the carol. The first three verses run, in full, as follows: Subsequent verses follow the same pattern, each adding one new gift and repeating all the earlier gifts so that each verse is one line longer than its predecessor: The earliest known version of the lyrics was published in London under the title \"The Twelve Days of Christmas sung at King Pepin's Ball\", as part of a 1780 children's book, \"Mirth without Mischief\". Subsequent versions have shown considerable variation: For ease of comparison with Austin's 1909 version given above:<br> (a) differences in wording, ignoring capitalisation and punctuation, are", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" }, { "id": "2373300", "score": "1.5535822", "text": "Twelve Days of Christmas The Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus. In most Western ecclesiastical traditions, \"Christmas Day\" is considered the \"First Day of Christmas\" and the Twelve Days are 25 December – 5 January, inclusive. For many Christian denominations; for example, the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church, the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide, but for others, e.g., the Roman Catholic Church, \"Christmastide\" lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas. Because the Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian Catholic Church celebrate the Birth and Baptism of Christ", "title": "Twelve Days of Christmas" }, { "id": "11330303", "score": "1.5403225", "text": "chose the items in the popular Christmas carol \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" as its market basket: a partridge in a pear tree, two turtle doves, three French hens, four calling birds, five gold(en) rings, six geese, seven swans, eight maids, nine dancing ladies, ten leaping lords, eleven pipers, and twelve drummers. According to tradition, the purchasing of the items begins on December 26 and ends on January 6. PNC compiles both a \"Christmas Price Index\" and \"The True Cost of Christmas.\" The \"Christmas Price Index\" is calculated by adding the cost of the items in the song. The \"True", "title": "Christmas Price Index" }, { "id": "9457970", "score": "1.5343192", "text": "\"[e]ach child in succession repeats the gifts of the day, and forfeits for each mistake.\" Salmon, writing from Newcastle, claimed in 1855 that the song \"[had] been, up to within twenty years, extremely popular as a schoolboy's Christmas chant\". Husk, writing in 1864, stated: Thomas Hughes, in a short story published in 1864, described a fictional game of Forfeits involving the song: Barnes (1882), stated that the last verse \"is to be said in one breath\". Scott (1892), reminiscing about Christmas and New Year's celebrations in Newcastle around the year 1844, described a performance thus: Lady Gomme wrote in 1898:", "title": "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)" } ]

[ "ganga", "The River Ganges", "Ganga river", "Gaṅgā", "ganges valley", "ganges", "gangas", "Ganga", "gaṅgā", "gangees", "Ganges river", "ganges river", "river ganges", "Ganges (River)", "Ganges River Valley", "Ganges River", "River Ganga", "Ganges Valley", "ganga river", "Gangees", "Ganges", "Gangas", "gangetic", "Ganga River", "river ganga", "Gangetic", "River Ganges", "ganges river valley" ]

[ { "id": "19511490", "score": "1.704489", "text": "the Chandika Dham that is dedicated to Devi Chandi. Devotees take a bath in the Sai River and worship Baba Ghuisarnath with its water in India. Most of the districts of Uttar Pradesh are situated on the banks of the Sai River. It is one of the most sacred rivers in Hinduism. It is referenced in Puranas and in Ramcharitmanas of Goswami Tulsidas. Along with its religious importance, the river is also a lifeline for the millions of Indians who live on its banks and depend on it for their daily utilities. ShaniDev Dham is located on banks of the", "title": "Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)" }, { "id": "9865131", "score": "1.648316", "text": "Boat Riding Giant and the Sovanmachha boat or Mermaid boats. At the evening, Cambodian has illuminated floating boats at 6:00 pm to pray for the peace of the Phreh Mae Khongkhea,word of Goddess Ganga is the sacred river of all religions in India, especially the Hindus, though there is no river in Cambodia, but the Tonle Sap is still the water lord. Not a seafaring river, such as a river, a river, a water source for raising livestock, and an abundance of silt and fish stocks, Loving and respecting mother nature and caring for the mother with gratitude and compassion", "title": "Bon Om Touk" }, { "id": "17049423", "score": "1.641526", "text": "plough and changed its course, hurting the river goddess. Terrified, the river assumed her form as a goddess and bowed to Balarama and asked his forgiveness. A calmed Balarama ordered the river to flood the forest so he could bathe and play in her waters, and the river complied. Yamuna is one of the holiest rivers in Hinduism. Yamuna is only second to the Ganges (Ganga), the holiest river in Hinduism. Her confluence with the Ganges and the mythical Sarasvati rivers, Triveni Sangam, is very holy pilgrimage spot. Other pilgrimage sites along the river banks include Yamuna's source Yamunotri, Mathura", "title": "Yamuna in Hinduism" }, { "id": "20174239", "score": "1.6319971", "text": "per Sastras North Indian rivers like Ganges and Yamuna are considered to be more and more holy as they go up to the origin and south Indian rivers like Krishna and Godavary are more and more holy as they go down the river to its mouth to the Sea. It is why there are numerous shrines and holy bathing ghats, at close intervals, on both sides of the great grand rivers Krishna and Godavary in their lower regions. The region covered by our Dwaraka Tirumala is commanding the top most conspicuous position in India, being garlanded by these two great", "title": "Venkateswara Temple, Dwaraka Tirumala" }, { "id": "157986", "score": "1.6283567", "text": "empties into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganga is one of the most sacred rivers to Hindus. It is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs. It is worshipped in Hinduism and personified as the goddess Gaṅgā. It has also been important historically, with many former provincial or imperial capitals (such as Bikrampur, Dhaka,Sonargaon, Rajshahi, Kannauj, Kampilya, Kara, Prayag or Allahabad, Kashi, Pataliputra or Patna, Hajipur, Munger, Bhagalpur, Murshidabad, Baharampur, Nabadwip, Saptagram and Kolkata) located on its banks. The Ganges is highly polluted. Pollution threatens not only", "title": "Ganges" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rivers in Hinduism\n\nIn Hinduism, rivers are often personified as deities. In the Rigveda, there are mentions of holy rivers such as the Sarasvati. The river Ganges is considered to be most sacred, and is personified as the goddess Ganga. Most of the rivers are represented in female form, with the notable exception of Brahmaputra, which is considered to be male. Historically, it is believed that the people of the Indus Valley civilisation worshipped the rivers. The most significant rivers in the faith are the \"Saptanadi\": the Ganges, Yamuna, Sindhu, Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri.", "title": "Rivers in Hinduism" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sacred waters\n\nSacred waters are sacred natural sites characterized by tangible topographical land formations such as rivers, lakes, springs, reservoirs, and oceans, as opposed to holy water which is water elevated with the sacramental blessing of a cleric. These organic bodies of water have attained religious significance not from the modern alteration or blessing, but were sanctified through mythological or historical figures. Sacred waters have been exploited for cleansing, healing, initiations, and death rites.\n\nUbiquitous and perpetual fixations with water occur across religious traditions. It tends to be a central element in the creations accounts of almost every culture with mythological, cosmological, and theological myths. In this way, many groups characterize water as \"living water\", or the \"water of life\". This means that it gives life and is the fundamental element from which life arises. Each religious or cultural group that feature waters as sacred substances tends to favor certain categorizations of some waters more than others, usually those that are most accessible to them and that best integrate into their rituals.", "title": "Sacred waters" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ganges\n\nThe Ganges ( ) (in India: Ganga ( ); in Bangladesh: Padma ( )) is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through India and Bangladesh. The river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It flows south and east through the Gangetic plain of North India, receiving the right-bank tributary, the Yamuna, which also rises in the western Indian Himalayas, and several left-bank tributaries from Nepal that account for the bulk of its flow. In West Bengal state, India, a feeder canal taking off from its right bank diverts 50% of its flow southwards, artificially connecting it to the Hooghly river. The Ganges continues into Bangladesh, its name changing to the Padma. It is then joined by the Jamuna, the lower stream of the Brahmaputra, and eventually the Meghna, forming the major estuary of the Ganges Delta, and emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna system is the third largest river on earth by discharge.\n\nThe main stem of the Ganges begins at the town of Devprayag,<ref name=ganges-britannica/> at the confluence of the Alaknanda, which is the source stream in hydrology on account of its greater length, and the Bhagirathi, which is considered the source stream in Hindu mythology.\n\nThe Ganges is a lifeline to millions of people who live in its basin and depend on it for their daily needs. It has been important historically, with many former provincial or imperial capitals such as Pataliputra, Kannauj, The Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus. It is worshipped as the goddess \"Ganga\" in Hinduism.\n\nThe Ganges is threatened by severe pollution. This poses a danger not only to humans but also to animals. The levels of fecal coliform bacteria from human waste in the river near Varanasi are more than a hundred times the Indian government's official limit. which is variously attributed to corruption, a lack of will in the government, poor technical expertise, poor environmental planning and a lack of support from religious authorities.", "title": "Ganges" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sacred mountains\n\nSacred mountains are central to certain religions, and are usually the subjects of many legends. For many, the most symbolic aspect of a mountain is the peak because it is believed that it is closest to heaven or other religious realms. Many religions have traditions centered on sacred mountains, which either are or were considered holy (such as Mount Olympus in Greek mythology) or are related to famous events (like Mount Sinai in Judaism, Christianity and descendant religions or Mount Kailash in Hinduism). In some cases, the sacred mountain is purely mythical, like the Hara Berezaiti in Zoroastrianism. Mount Kailash is believed to be the abode of the deities Shiva and Parvati, and is considered sacred in four religions: Hinduism, Bon, Buddhism, and Jainism. Volcanoes, such as Mount Etna in Italy, were also considered sacred, Mount Etna being believed to have been the home of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and the forge.", "title": "Sacred mountains" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cattle in religion and mythology\n\nDue to the multiple benefits from cattle, there are varying beliefs about cattle in societies and religions. In some regions, especially most states of India, the slaughter of cattle is prohibited and their meat may be taboo.\n\nCattle are considered sacred in world religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and others. Cattle played other major roles in many religions, including those of ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, ancient Israel, ancient Rome.", "title": "Cattle in religion and mythology" }, { "id": "7926494", "score": "1.62043", "text": "Ganga in Hinduism In Hinduism, the river Ganges is considered sacred and is personified as the goddess Gaṅgā. She is worshiped by Hindus who believe that bathing in the river causes the remission of sins and facilitates Moksha (liberation from the cycle of life and death), and that the water of the Ganges is considered very pure. Pilgrims immerse the ashes of their kin in the Ganges, which is considered by them to bring the spirits closer to moksha. Several places sacred to Hindus lie along the banks of the Ganges, including Gangotri, Haridwar, Allahabad and Varanasi. During the Loy", "title": "Ganga in Hinduism" }, { "id": "8649576", "score": "1.6156027", "text": "of devotees. The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Andhra Pradesh is considered to be the most-visited holy place in the world. The Cauvery river that flows through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu is also known as the \"Ganges of South\" and is one of the most sacred river of the Hindus. The Vedic culture in South India has been in some respects the best preserved of ancient Vedic culture and traditions. In North India during late ancient and medieval periods, Buddhism, Sikhism and Islam flourished alongside the Hindu majority. Every intermixing influenced North Indian culture, in particular Islam. The influence of Islam,", "title": "Hinduism in South India" }, { "id": "7807432", "score": "1.6099598", "text": "a 48 kos circumambulation of over 200 Mahabharata-related and other vedic era tirthas around the holy city of Kurukshetra in the state of Haryana, India. The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of a Parikrama or Circumambulation of the river. The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many sadhus (saints) and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in", "title": "Parikrama" }, { "id": "17389207", "score": "1.6038871", "text": "rivers of India sacred to Hindus is the Kaveri River which has its origin in Karnataka and there are many Hindu tirtha sthanas (sacred sites or places) on its banks. One of the notable thirtha sthanas (religious centre) on the bank of the river is Srirangapattana. The historical site of Aihole is where the Chalukya dynasty ruled in the state from 4th-8th century. They built a large number of Hindu temples, some of which are still extant. This was the period of evolution of Hindu architecture. The architectural style introduced during this period were rock cut architecture in the form", "title": "Hinduism in Karnataka" }, { "id": "6469168", "score": "1.5918298", "text": "is believed to cleanse all sins. Pilgrimage tours are organized regularly, especially from India, the most famous of which is the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra which takes place every year. Pilgrims come to take ceremonial bathes in the cleansing waters of the lake. Kali River: The Kali River originates from the Greater Himalayas at Kalapaani at an altitude of 3,600 m, in the Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand, India. The river is named after the Goddess Kali whose temple is situated in Kalapaani near the Lipu-Lekh pass at the border between India and Tibet. On its upper course, this river forms India's", "title": "Dharchula" }, { "id": "18666673", "score": "1.591259", "text": "due to the polio when he is at age of 3 yr old. He actively participates in Saptaha, Ekah, Bhagawat Prabachan and helps people through social work. He also actively participates in teaching students and Shree Radha Krishna devotees. He has been deeply involved in saving Krishna Gandaki River and developing her as International Hindu Destination. Krishna Gandaki River: is one of the holiest river in Hindu religion. Shalagram Sheela is only found in this river. There is growing concern for the illegal trafficking of the shalgarm Sheela, destruction of the river banks and pollution of the river due to", "title": "Keladighat" }, { "id": "2998018", "score": "1.5854142", "text": "and Mahadeo temples, Nemawar Siddeshwar Mandir in the middle reach of the river – all named after Shiva, \"c\") Chausath Yogini (sixty four yoginis) temple, \"d\") Chaubis Avatar temple, \"e\") and Bhrigu Rishi temple in Bharuch. The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess by Narmadeeya Brahmins. The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of a parikrama or circumambulation of the river. The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many sadhus and pilgrims walk", "title": "Narmada River" }, { "id": "16648495", "score": "1.5741668", "text": "in protest of the insult of Shiva. In spite of Himalaya's protests, Parvati performed rigorous penance to get the boon of becoming Shiva’s wife in the new birth too. Temples dedicated to Rudranath (Shiva) and goddess Chamunda are located here. Dev Prayag is the confluence of the two holy rivers, the Bhagirathi - the chief stream of the Ganges and the Alaknanda. It is the first prayag on the way to Badrinath. Beyond this confluence, the river is known as Ganges. The holiness of this place is considered equal to the famous Triveni sangam confluence at Allahabad where the Ganges,", "title": "Tourism in Uttarakhand" }, { "id": "7807433", "score": "1.5623128", "text": "Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river. It is a walk. The Parikrama is also performed along the southern bank from its source (Amarkantak hills) to the mouth (Bharuch) and returning along the northern bank, and it is considered to be of the highest religious efficacy. During the Narmada Parikrama, devotees have to pass through a place called Shulpaneshwar ki Jhari, a religious place in Gujarat with links dating back to the Mahabharata epic story. The legend says that the Pandavas returning victorious from Kurukshetra war were intercepted at Shulpaneswar by Eklavya and his group of", "title": "Parikrama" }, { "id": "14490082", "score": "1.5600927", "text": "descended upon the earth to purify and prepare the dead (Alley 2008:171, Haberman 2006:60-61, Narayanan 2001:190-191). The River Ganges (Ganga) in India is seen as the physical embodiment of this goddess. Since the river waters are as both inherently pure themselves and having major purificatory qualities (Alley 2008:173-174, Nelson 2008:102), people come to bathe in them, drink from them, leave offerings for them, and give their physical remains to them. The Ganges is said to purify the soul of negative \"karma\", corporeal sins, and even impurities from previous lives (Nelson 2008:102). At sunrise along the Ganges, pilgrims descend the \"ghat\"", "title": "Sacred waters" }, { "id": "9697583", "score": "1.5579205", "text": "phenomenon. The title refers to the sacred Ganges River, which is analogous to the unceasing flow of time in Hindu mythology. Characters visit the river during the novel, and a large portion of the action takes place in the holy city of Varanasi, which is traditionally associated with the Ganges, and is the focal point in the story. River of Gods River of Gods is a 2004 science fiction novel by British writer Ian McDonald. It depicts a futuristic India in 2047, a century after its independence from Britain, characterized both by ancient traditions and advanced technologies such as artificial", "title": "River of Gods" }, { "id": "14490086", "score": "1.5533919", "text": "heaps of garbage. People continued to bathe, and children to play in very murky waters; the color in some parts completely changed from toxic sewage and runoff (Hammer 2007). As the Ganges River remains interwoven into daily existence, Hindus are vulnerable to urban contamination. Irony lies in that this river is venerated for her ability to wash away contaminants, yet is being stagnated. Lake Titicaca is widely known as being a sacred place for the Inca people. The Inca Empire origins lie in Lake Titicaca. Ancient Incan myths describe the Incas as being blessed by the sun because the sun", "title": "Sacred waters" }, { "id": "4631634", "score": "1.5528817", "text": "largest river in Tamil Nadu, with the invisible mystic Sarasvati River. Hence this place is known as the Triveni Sangam of South. The Sangameswarar Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, built at the confluence of these rivers, is a sacred place for Hindus. The temple is located on the northern bank where the rivers meet. The five hill temples of this area such as Sankari, Tiruchengode, Padmagiri, Mangalagiri and Vedagiri are surrounding this Temple. According to 2011 census, Bhavani had a population of 39,225 with a sex-ratio of 1,005 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.", "title": "Bhavani, Tamil Nadu" }, { "id": "448954", "score": "1.5522109", "text": "At the Kumbh Mela, a mass bathing festival is held at Triveni Sangam, literally \"confluence of the three rivers\", every 12 years. The belief of Sarasvati joining at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna originates from the Puranic scriptures and denotes the \"powerful legacy\" the Vedic river left after her disappearance. The belief is interpreted as \"symbolic\". The three rivers Sarasvati, Yamuna, Ganga are considered consorts of the Hindu Trinity (Trimurti) Brahma, Vishnu (as Krishna) and Shiva respectively. In lesser known configuration, Sarasvati is said to form the \"Triveni\" confluence with rivers Hiranya and Kapila at Somnath. There are", "title": "Sarasvati River" }, { "id": "7926496", "score": "1.5486276", "text": "immemorial, the Ganga River has been considered the holiest of all rivers by Hindus. Ganga is also personified as a goddess and worshipped as Goddess Ganga. She holds an important place in the Hindu pantheon. Ganga is represented as a fair-complexioned woman, wearing a white crown and sitting on a crocodile. She holds a water lily in her right hand and a lute in her left. When shown with four hands she carries a water-pot, a lily, a rosary and has one hand in a protective mode. The \"Rig Veda\" mentions Ganga but more of her is said in the", "title": "Ganga in Hinduism" } ]

[ "Kaspiy teñizi", "Sea of Baku", "caspian sea region", "hazar deňizi", "Mazanderan Sea", "khvaliskoye", "Kaspiyskoye more", "Sea of Caspia", "hyrcanian ocean", "Hyrcanian Sea", "kaspiyskoye more", "Mazandaran sea", "Hyrcanian Ocean", "The Caspian Sea", "Daryā-i Xazar", "Caspian Sea Region", "Hazar deňizi", "sea of baku", "mazandaran sea", "Mazandaran Sea", "caspian ocean", "Caspian region", "apsheron sill", "Caspian Lake", "caspian seas", "kaspiy teñizi", "Caspian Sea", "Caspian seas", "Apsheron Sill", "hyrcanian sea", "sea of caspia", "caspian region", "Daryā-i Māzandarān", "Apsheron Threshold", "apsheron threshold", "Caspian Ocean", "daryā i māzandarān", "mazanderan sea", "caspian lake", "Caspian Sea basin", "caspian sea", "caspian area", "daryā i xazar", "Khvaliskoye", "caspian sea basin", "Caspian area", "Caspian sea" ]

[ { "id": "3437909", "score": "1.7040668", "text": "the world's largest sturgeons farm that produces annually 25 tonnes of caviar. Italian caviar is generally the most sold and appreciated in the world: Italy is the world's first producer. The 17th-century book \"Don Quixote\" mentions \"cavial\" in a banquet of German pilgrims. Until 1992, sturgeons and caviar were collected at the lower parts of rivers Guadalquivir, Ebro, Duero and Tajo. From 1932 to 1970, the Ybarra family had a factory in Coria del Río. Overfishing, pollution and the Alcalá del Río dam eliminated the wild population of \"Acipenser naccarii\". In Spain, a fish farm called Caviar de Riofrío produces", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "3437910", "score": "1.692009", "text": "organic caviar at Loja, Granada, Andalusia. The Iranian caviar is a very lucrative export good of Iran, with roughly half being collected from sturgeons near Bandar Torkaman. Caviar Court, in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, was established in 2001 and began harvesting caviar in 2007. It produced about five tons per year in 2011 and is building a larger facility in Abu Dhabi hoping to produce 35 tons by 2015. Over-fishing, smuggling and pollution caused by sewage entry into the Caspian Sea have considerably reduced the sea's sturgeon population. In September 2005, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service banned the import", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "4236576", "score": "1.6686515", "text": "Service to ban in 2005 the importation of beluga caviar which originated in the Caspian Sea and Black Sea basin. In 2006, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) suspended all trade made with the traditional caviar-producing regions of the Caspian and Black Seas (Beluga, Ossetra and Sevruga), (Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China, Iran, Kazakhstan, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine) due to the producing countries' failure to apply international regulations and recommendations. Caviar from Iran is exempted from the ban. Iran is considered by CITES to practice effective conservation and policing of its fisheries. In January 2007,", "title": "Beluga caviar" }, { "id": "3437903", "score": "1.6671349", "text": "Queen, which cultivates sturgeon at Qiandao Lake in Zhejiang. In the early 20th century, Canada and the United States were the major caviar suppliers to Europe; they harvested roe from the lake sturgeon in the North American midwest, and from the shortnose sturgeon and the Atlantic sturgeon spawning in the rivers of the Eastern coast of the United States. The American caviar industry got started when Henry Schacht, a German immigrant, opened a business catching sturgeon on the Delaware River. He treated his caviar with German salt and exported a great deal of it to Europe. At around the same", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "3437898", "score": "1.643477", "text": "the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization, roe from any fish not belonging to the Acipenseriformes order (including Acipenseridae, or sturgeon \"sensu stricto\", and Polyodontidae or paddlefish) are not caviar, but \"substitutes of caviar.\" This position is also adopted by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the World Wide Fund for Nature, the United States Customs Service, and France. The term \"caviar\" is sometimes used as a euphemism to describe dishes that are perceived to resemble caviar, such as \"eggplant caviar\" (made from eggplant) and \"Texas caviar\" (made from black-eyed peas). Caviar and", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Caviar\n\nCaviar (also known as caviare; from ) is a food consisting of salt-cured roe of the family Acipenseridae. Caviar is considered a delicacy and is eaten as a garnish or a spread. Traditionally, the term caviar refers only to roe from wild sturgeon in the Caspian Sea and Black Sea (Beluga, Ossetra and Sevruga caviars). The term caviar can also describe the roe of other species of sturgeon or other fish such as paddlefish, salmon, steelhead, trout, lumpfish, whitefish, or carp.\n\nThe roe can be \"fresh\" (non-pasteurized) or pasteurized, with pasteurization reducing its culinary and economic value.", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Beluga caviar\n\nBeluga caviar is caviar consisting of the roe (or eggs) of the beluga sturgeon \"Huso huso\". The fish is found primarily in the Caspian Sea, which is bordered by Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan. It can also be found in the Black Sea basin and occasionally in the Adriatic Sea. Beluga caviar is the most expensive type of caviar, with market prices, at the beginning of the millennium, ranging from .", "title": "Beluga caviar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Beluga (sturgeon)\n\nThe beluga (), also known as the beluga sturgeon or great sturgeon (Huso huso), is a species of anadromous fish in the sturgeon family (Acipenseridae) of order Acipenseriformes. It is found primarily in the Caspian and Black Sea basins, and formerly in the Adriatic Sea. Based on maximum size, it is the third-most-massive living species of bony fish. Heavily fished for the female's valuable roe, known as beluga caviar, wild populations have been greatly reduced by overfishing and poaching, leading IUCN to classify the species as critically endangered.", "title": "Beluga (sturgeon)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Golden Opulence Sundae\n\nThe Golden Opulence Sundae is a sundae that is served by special order at the New York City restaurant Serendipity 3. In 2007 it was listed in \"Guinness World Records\" as the most expensive sundae in the world at a price of US1,000. The restaurant has stated that they sell approximately one per month. It was created to celebrate the eatery's 50th – \"golden\" – anniversary in 2005. Owner Stephen Bruce states that a notice 48 hours in advance is needed when requesting the Sundae, since the ingredients must be flown in from different parts of the world.", "title": "Golden Opulence Sundae" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sturgeon\n\nSturgeon is the common name for the 27 species of fish belonging to the family Acipenseridae. The earliest sturgeon fossils date to the Late Cretaceous, and are descended from other, earlier acipenseriform fish, which date back to the Early Jurassic period, some 174 to 201 million years ago. They are one of two living families of the Acipenseriformes alongside paddlefish (Polyodontidae). The family is grouped into four genera: \"Acipenser\" (which is paraphyletic, containing many distantly related sturgeon species), \"Huso\", \"Scaphirhynchus,\" and \"Pseudoscaphirhynchus\". Two species (\"A. naccarii\" and \"A. dabryanus\") may be extinct in the wild, and one (\"P. fedtschenkoi\") may be entirely extinct. Sturgeons are native to subtropical, temperate and sub-Arctic rivers, lakes and coastlines of Eurasia and North America.\n\nSturgeons are long-lived, late-maturing fishes with distinctive characteristics, such as a heterocercal caudal fin similar to those of sharks, and an elongated, spindle-like body that is smooth-skinned, scaleless, and armored with five lateral rows of bony plates called scutes. Several species can grow quite large, typically ranging in length. The largest sturgeon on record was a beluga female captured in the Volga Delta in 1827, measuring long and weighing . Most sturgeons are anadromous bottom-feeders, which migrate upstream to spawn, but spend most of their lives feeding in river deltas and estuaries. Some species inhabit freshwater environments exclusively, while others primarily inhabit marine environments near coastal areas, and are known to venture into open ocean.\n\nSeveral species of sturgeon are harvested for their roe, which is processed into the luxury food caviar. This has led to serious overexploitation, which combined with other conservation threats, has brought most of the species to critically endangered status, at the edge of extinction.", "title": "Sturgeon" }, { "id": "3437905", "score": "1.6366702", "text": "farm called Target Marine Hatcheries is now the first producer of organic caviar in North America called \"Northern Divine\". As well as Canada and the United States, Uruguay has become a major producer and exporter. Kibbutz Dan in Israel produces 4 tons of caviar a year. The farm is fed by the Dan River, a tributary of the Jordan River. The British Royal family has held a long affinity with the sturgeon since 1324, when Edward II decreed it a Royal fish, whereby all sturgeons found within the foreshore of the Kingdom are decreed property of the monarch. Today, in", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "3437901", "score": "1.6310917", "text": "harvest period, but it's more briny than other kinds. The Chinese Kaluga hybrid varies in color from dark gray to light golden green and is a close cousin of beluga caviar. Cheaper alternatives have been developed from the roe of whitefish and the North Atlantic salmon. Other caviar of note is harvested from sturgeon hybrids, such as A. gueldenstaedtii/A. baerii and H. dauricus/A. schrencki, and marketed under brand-specific names such as platinum caviar or as daurenki, depending on the supplier. In the wake of over-fishing, the harvest and sale of black caviar was banned in Russia in 2007. The ban", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "3437902", "score": "1.600101", "text": "on sturgeon fishing in the Caspian Sea has led to the development of aquaculture as an economically viable means of commercial caviar production. In recent years Transnistria built and put into operation a modern sturgeon complex for caviar production, producing natural black caviar of sterlet, bester, Russian sturgeon, and beluga. The design capacity of the fish-breeding zone is equal to 50-80 tons of commodity fish and 5 tons of caviar a year. China has emerged as the leading producer, accounting for 60% of the world production in caviar. The largest caviar company in the world is the Chinese brand Kaluga", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "3437912", "score": "1.5980879", "text": "beluga, 17 tons of sevruga and 27 tons of osetra. In September 2010, Kazakhstan launched a state monopoly brand, Zhaik Balyk, from the Kazakh word for the Ural River. Under the CITES agreement, Kazakhstan was granted the right to produce 13 out of the 80 tons allowed up until 28 February 2011. Commercial caviar production historically involved stunning the fish and extracting the ovaries. Another method of extracting caviar is by performing a caesarean section, which allows the female to continue producing roe. Other farmers use a process called \"stripping\", which extracts the caviar from the fish via a small", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "3437911", "score": "1.5953948", "text": "of Caspian Sea Beluga caviar to protect the endangered Beluga sturgeon; a month later, the ban was extended to include Beluga caviar from the entire Black Sea basin. In January 2006, the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) supported an international embargo on caviar export. In January 2007, this ban was partly lifted, allowing the sale of 96 tons of caviar, 15% below the official 2005 level. In July 2010, Russia and some other CIS countries restarted the export of caviar. The 2010 quotas allow for the export of three tons of", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "5764508", "score": "1.583435", "text": "delicacy to the western Europe and the United States. In the 1960s, up to 3 tons of caviar yearly was exported from Kladovo. Record catch from that period is a heavy sturgeon with of the roe in it. However, the records from the past, dated in 1793, report of the sturgeon which had . The specificity of the Kladovo's caviar was that the roe gets \"ripe\" enough during the long journey of the fish from the Black Sea upstream the Danube. Also, roe was turned into the caviar using the dry method. The nearby archeological sites include the remnants of", "title": "Kladovo" }, { "id": "6689206", "score": "1.5813603", "text": "restaurant in Manhattan's Upper East Side, the best caviar on the market today is produced by Kibbutz Dan. The kibbutz exports caviar to the United States, Europe, Russia, Japan, Singapore and Canada. In 2011, the company produced 3,000 kilograms. It has plans to increase production gradually to 8,000 kilograms a year. Kibbutz Dan is the starting point of the Israel National Trail. Dan, Israel Dan () is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located in the north of the Hula Valley, at the foot of Mount Hermon, it falls under the jurisdiction of Upper Galilee Regional Council. In it had a", "title": "Dan, Israel" }, { "id": "3437915", "score": "1.5699887", "text": "red coloured lumpsucker caviar sold throughout Europe in small glass jars. A more expensive alternative sold in Sweden and Finland is caviar from the vendace. In Finland caviars from burbot and common whitefish are also sold, but not as \"caviar\", since the word \"caviar\" is exclusively reserved for sturgeon roe. There are also kosher and vegan caviar substitutes made of seaweeds such as \"Laminaria hyperborea\". They closely resemble beluga caviar in appearance and are either used as a food prop for television and film, or enjoyed by vegetarians and other people throughout the world. Another common technique is to use", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "3437906", "score": "1.5600586", "text": "the United Kingdom there is one producer of sturgeon caviar, KC Caviar. Prior to starting caviar production in the United Kingdom, the company received a letter from Buckingham Palace confirming that the Queen would not extend the royal prerogative and that the sturgeon held by KC Caviar would therefore remain the property of the company. Beluga sturgeon were common in the Po river in Italy in the 16th century, and were used to produce caviar. Cristoforo da Messisbugo in his book \"Libro novo nel qual si insegna a far d'ogni sorte di vivanda\", Venice, 1564, at page 110, gave the", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "6473245", "score": "1.5527533", "text": "Sevruga caviar Sevruga caviar is one of the highest priced varieties of caviar, eclipsed in cost only by the Beluga and Ossetra varieties. It is harvested from a variety of critically endangered sturgeon fish species, that are known for their small, grey colored eggs. In eastern Europe, it is harvested from the Sevruga sturgeon (\"Acipenser stellatus\"), the Sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) and the Siberian sturgeon (\"Acipenser baerii\"), which are native to the Caspian Sea and the surrounding rivers. Sevruga is the smallest of the caviar-producing sturgeons. It can grow as far as 150 lbs. in weight and 7 feet in", "title": "Sevruga caviar" }, { "id": "3437908", "score": "1.5466911", "text": "in Ferrara, named \"Nuta\" from the nickname of the owner Benvenuta Ascoli, that processed all the sturgeons caught in the Po river for caviar extraction, using an elaboration of the original Messisbugo recipe, and shipped it to Italy and Europe. Production was sporadically continued by a new owner until 1972, when sturgeon stopped swimming up the Po river. Since 2015, some sturgeon have reappeared in the Po. Currently, Italian caviar is obtained almost entirely from bred sturgeons. The caviar production is concentrated predominantly in Brescia, which is considered the capital of Italian caviar: in this area, in Calvisano, is located", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "3437899", "score": "1.5454602", "text": "sturgeon from the Sea of Azov began reaching the tables of aristocratic and noble Byzantine Greeks in the 10th century, after the commencement of large-scale trading between the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus'. The main types of caviar are Beluga, Sterlet, Kaluga hybrid, American osetra, Ossetra, Siberian sturgeon and Sevruga. The rarest and costliest is from beluga sturgeon that swim in the Caspian Sea, which is bordered by Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. Wild caviar production was suspended in Russia between 2008 and 2011 to allow wild stocks to replenish. Azerbaijan and Iran also allow the fishing of sturgeon", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "3437914", "score": "1.5403898", "text": "into lacquer-lined tins that will be further processed or sold directly to customers. In coastal British Columbia, Fraser River white sturgeon are sustainably farmed to produce caviar. In Scandinavia, a cheaper version of caviar is made from mashed and smoked cod roe (\"smörgåskaviar\" meaning \"sandwich caviar\") sold in tubes as a sandwich spread, however this Swedish \"Felix Sandwich Caviar\" cannot be called \"caviar\" in Finland. Instead it is called \"Felix Roe Paste\". When sold outside Scandinavia, the product is referred to as \"creamed smoked roe\" or in French as \"Caviar de Lysekil\". A sturgeon caviar imitation is a black or", "title": "Caviar" }, { "id": "6397321", "score": "1.5397688", "text": "the import of Russian caviar - the partnership enables Black Caviar Company to sell Russian black caviar within the United States. As with other caviars, ossetra is traditionally served on blinis with crème fraiche. Lower-grade varieties of caviar are used as stuffing in many seafood dishes, and some meat dishes. Caviar is often added to salads as well. Ossetra Ossetra (also Oscietra, Osetra, or Asetra) caviar is one of the most prized and expensive types of caviar (eclipsed in price only by Beluga caviar). It is obtained from the Ossetra sturgeon which weighs 50-400 pounds and can live up to", "title": "Ossetra" }, { "id": "3437900", "score": "1.5268674", "text": "off their coasts. Beluga caviar is prized for its soft, extremely large (pea-size) eggs. It can range in color from pale silver-gray to black. It is followed by the small golden sterlet caviar which is rare and was once reserved for Russian, Iranian and Austrian royalty. Next in quality is the medium-sized, light brown to rich brown Ossetra, also known as Russian caviar. Others in the quality ranking are the gray sevruga caviar, the Chinese Kaluga caviar, and the American osetra. The Siberian variety with black beads is similar to sevruga and is popular because of its reduced (5 years)", "title": "Caviar" } ]

[ "3 and 11" ]

[ { "id": "9833071", "score": "1.5698438", "text": "published by the BCA (though they do use the numbered 1 and 2 balls, rather than carom billiards balls). Those provide that when a player bursts, his score is set to zero rather than to the number of points 31 is overshot; pocketed object balls are replaced on the \"red-ball spot\" (the foot spot), or if occupied, frozen to the foot rail in the original position of the 1 ball and if occupied, of the 2 ball; and no foul rules whatever are preferred. One further variation places a 6-sided die (although other sided die could also be used) on", "title": "Bottle pool" }, { "id": "9833070", "score": "1.5511109", "text": "three-cushion professional Carl Conlon was a fixture there until his death in 1997. In this variation, a solid-yellow (or dotted) second cue ball is used in place of the 1 ball, and the red ball, known traditionally as the , is used in place of the 2 ball. The use of such balls makes scoring by caroms easier, but makes pocketing balls (and scratching) more difficult because the larger balls must still be made in the ordinarily-sized pool pockets. The rules promulgated by the Manhattan Athletic Club in the 1890s diverge in a number of ways from the modern rules", "title": "Bottle pool" }, { "id": "9944563", "score": "1.5187129", "text": "Blackball (pool) Blackball (sometimes written black ball), also known as reds and yellows and English eight-ball, is a pool (pocket billiards) game originating in the United Kingdom and popular across Europe, as well as in some former British colonies such as Australia. In the UK and Ireland it is usually called simply \"pool\". The game is played with sixteen balls (a and fifteen usually unnumbered ) on a small (6 ft × 3 ft or 7 ft × 3 ft 6 in) pool table with six . Blackball is an internationally standardised variation of the popular bar and club game", "title": "Blackball (pool)" }, { "id": "2717573", "score": "1.5161335", "text": "have three rather than two bumpers on each side of the center space on the line midway between the two holes. The game is played with 5 red and 5 white balls, with one marked ball in each set. At the start of play, each set of balls is arranged on five spots near each edge of the table by a pocket with the marked ball placed directly in front of the pocket. The object is for a player to sink all of their balls into their pocket at the opposite end of the table. A player's marked ball must", "title": "Bumper pool" }, { "id": "9944566", "score": "1.5148361", "text": "sized sets on the market are 2 inches and 2 inches (54 mm). Along with the single white cue ball, plain unnumbered (or sometimes ) and , seven of each colour, are used in lieu of the numbered and common to international eight-ball and other pool games. Many (especially North American) suppliers refer to the yellows-and-reds sets as \"casino\" balls, whether UK- or US-sized, because they were formerly used in US casino-hosted, televised, modified-rules eight-ball tournaments popular in the 1970s; the coloured rather than numbered sets were selected for their distinguishability on TV. The , however, still typically bears a", "title": "Blackball (pool)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Billiard ball\n\nA billiard ball is a small, hard ball used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pool, and snooker. The number, type, diameter, color, and pattern of the balls differ depending upon the specific game being played. Various particular ball properties such as hardness, friction coefficient, and resilience are important to accuracy.", "title": "Billiard ball" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rules of snooker\n\nSnooker is a cue sport that is played on a baize-covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long side cushions. It is played using a cue and snooker balls: one white , 15 worth one point each (sometimes played with fewer red balls, commonly 6 or 10), and six balls of different : yellow (2 points), green (3), brown (4), blue (5), pink (6), black (7). A player (or team) wins a (individual game) of snooker by scoring more points than the opponent(s), using the cue ball to the red and coloured balls. A player (or team) wins a match when they have achieved the best-of score from a pre-determined number of frames. The number of frames is always odd so as to prevent a tie or a draw.", "title": "Rules of snooker" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Eight-ball pool (British variation)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kelly pool\n\nKelly pool (also known as pea pool, pill pool, keeley, the keilley game, and killy) is a pool game played on a standard pool table using a standard set of 16 pool balls. Gameplay involves players each drawing one of 15 numbered markers called peas or pills at random from a , which assigns to them the correspondingly numbered pool ball, kept secret from their opponents, but which they must pocket to win the game. Kelly pool is a game, which means that players must contact the lowest numbered on each shot first until the opportunity to pocket their own is presented. Two rule variants are set forth under rules promulgated by the Billiard Congress of America (BCA). In the simpler form, the object of play starts and ends with the goal of pocketing one's secret ball. In the second, in addition to the goal of pocketing one's secret ball, points are scored in various ways. In the instance where pills are unavailable, a cloth may be used to cover the balls, which are then chosen blindly, recorded, and replaced for play.\n\nReportedly invented by Chicagoan Calistus \"Kelly\" Mulvaney in 1893, kelly pool was a popular game during the early to mid-20th century. Mentions of it were at one time common in US newspapers, often painting it in a negative light, as its play was considered a stronghold of gambling. Authorities in various parts of the United States at times called for a moratorium on the game's play. Until 1964, in fact, playing the game was a fineable offense in Montana.\n\nMany billiard-specific and etymological sources point to kelly pool, or an early version of the game called kelly rotation, as the origin of the common idiom, \"behind the eight-ball\". Some publications assume the expression to be eponymously derived from the game of eight-ball, but the expression came into use before eight-ball was popularized. The predecessor to the BCA, the National Billiard Association, meanwhile, holds that the expression simply emanates from the fact that the 8 ball, being black-colored, is harder to see than other balls, thus resulting in an association with any difficult position.", "title": "Kelly pool" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bumper pool\n\nBumper pool is a cue sport played on an rectangular (or sometimes octagonal) table fitted with two pockets and an array of fixed cushioned obstacles, called bumpers, within the interior of the table surface.", "title": "Bumper pool" }, { "id": "3036080", "score": "1.5090129", "text": "cue balls, one for each player. Bumper pool requires four white and four red object balls, and two special balls, one red with a white spot and the other white with red spot; all are usually inch (approximately 52.5 mm) in diameter. Bar billiards uses six or seven white balls (depending on regional variations) and one red ball in diameter. Several brands of practice balls exist, which have systems of spots, stripes, differently colored halves and/or targeting rings. For example, Saluc markets several practice ball systems, including the Jim Rempe Training Ball, a marked with rings and targets on the", "title": "Billiard ball" }, { "id": "39272", "score": "1.5022643", "text": "numbered, and the is usually red. In kaisa, five balls are used: the yellow (called the \"kaisa\" in Finnish), two red object balls, and the two white cue balls (usually differentiated by one cue ball having a dot or other marking on it and each of which serves as an object ball for the opponent). Carom billiards balls are larger than pool balls, having a diameter of 61.5 mm ( in), and come as a set of two cue balls (one colored or marked) and an object ball (or two object balls in the case of the game four-ball). American-style", "title": "Cue sports" }, { "id": "9833061", "score": "1.4913139", "text": "pool table. The two object balls used are the 1 ball and the 2 ball. Viewed from the racker's vantage point, the 1 ball is to the on the immediately adjacent to the right corner pocket, and the 2 ball to the diamond on the foot rail immediately adjacent to the left corner pocket. The player breaking starts with from the (behind the ) and must contact either of the two object balls in order to complete a legal break. The object of the game is to score \"exactly\" 31 points before any opponents, with a draconian penalty for overshooting", "title": "Bottle pool" }, { "id": "3036076", "score": "1.4642051", "text": "are and . The yellow-and-red sets are sometimes commercially referred to as \"casino sets\" (they were formerly used for televised eight-ball championships, most often held in casinos). The use of such sets, however, predates television, as they were used for B.B.C. Co. Pool, the forerunner of modern eight-ball, at least as early as 1908. Ball sets for the sport of snooker look at first glance like a mixture of American- and British-style pool balls. There are twenty-two balls in total, arranged as a rack of 15 unmarked reds, six placed at various predetermined spots on the table, and a white", "title": "Billiard ball" }, { "id": "9740683", "score": "1.4564178", "text": "to as large as pool balls, at in. (about 57.2 mm); larger ball size requires wider pocket openings. Miniature sets also exist, for half-size home tables. There are fifteen , six (yellow, green, brown, blue, pink, and black), and one white . Usually none of the balls are numbered, though the six colour balls often are in the US, where they are easily mistaken at first glance for pool balls (the design is similar, but the numbering does not match pool's scheme). At the beginning of a frame, the balls are set up in the arrangement shown in the illustration.", "title": "Rules of snooker" }, { "id": "2072080", "score": "1.4547718", "text": "urn contains two red balls and one green ball. One ball was drawn yesterday, one ball was drawn today, and the final ball will be drawn tomorrow. All of the draws are \"without replacement\". Suppose you know that today's ball was red, but you have no information about yesterday's ball. The chance that tomorrow's ball will be red is 1/2. That's because the only two remaining outcomes for this random experiment are: On the other hand, if you know that both today and yesterday's balls were red, then you are guaranteed to get a green ball tomorrow. This discrepancy shows", "title": "Markov property" }, { "id": "9740662", "score": "1.4497776", "text": "pool and pyramid pool. Life pool involved several colored balls used as both cue balls and object balls. In pyramid pool, there were 15 red balls and a white cue ball, and each player received one point per red ball potted. Along with the new games being developed, the table was taking steps toward its current state. Black pool was the next version created. Black pool was similar to pyramid pool, except that the black ball from life pool was added to the game and could be potted for more points. In 1875, at the British Army Officer's Mess in", "title": "History of snooker" }, { "id": "39273", "score": "1.4494008", "text": "pool balls are 57 mm ( in), are used in many pool games found throughout the world, come in sets of two of object balls, seven and seven , an and a ; the balls are racked differently for different games (some of which do not use the entire ball set). Blackball (English-style eight-ball) sets are similar, but have unmarked of (or ) and balls instead of solids and stripes, and at 56 mm ( in) are smaller than the American-style; they are used principally in Britain, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries, though not exclusively, since they are unsuited for", "title": "Cue sports" }, { "id": "122537", "score": "1.44263", "text": "taken on fouls, and \"\" is a very common rule in addition to last-pocket. Pool is popularly played in two forms. Traditionally it is played with smaller balls than the internationally standardized version, on a 4.5 by 7 foot pub-sized table, with differently shaped, smaller pockets. The is also slightly smaller than the . \"American-style\" pool tables are also common in the UK, especially for nine-ball competition; the tables themselves are often referred to as \"nine-ball tables\", with that game being played only rarely on the more common, smaller traditional British-style tables. The two most common competitive rule sets used", "title": "Eight-ball" }, { "id": "7017035", "score": "1.4393711", "text": "red ball. Points are scored by potting the balls, by sending the cue-ball into a pocket ‘in off’ one of the other balls, or by getting the cue-ball to hit both the other balls (a cannon). The winner is the player who reaches an agreed score first, or who has the highest score after a certain time. In \"snooker\" there are 22 balls: 1 cue-ball, 15 reds and 6 colours. A player must first pot one of the red balls (scoring 1 point) and then one of the colours, which are worth between 2 points (yellow) and 7 (black). The", "title": "Indoor games and sports" }, { "id": "5150174", "score": "1.4374553", "text": "red balls and 60 other balls that are either black or yellow. It is unknown how many black or how many yellow balls there are, but that the total number of black balls plus the total number of yellow equals 60. The balls are well mixed so that each individual ball is as likely to be drawn as any other. Given a choice between two gambles: Also you are given the choice between these two gambles (about a different draw from the same urn): This situation poses both \"Knightian uncertainty\" – how many of the non-red balls are yellow and", "title": "Ellsberg paradox" }, { "id": "10780221", "score": "1.4360393", "text": "after which, on coin-operated tables, a second game may then be played with the striped 9 to 14, and the solid seven as the money ball. No special equipment is required for play in pool halls or home pool rooms. As illustrated to the left, a regular set of pool balls and a nine-ball diamond rack turned sidewise are adequate. The original informal incarnation of seven ball led to a variant professional ruleset that enjoyed a brief heyday in the Sudden Death Seven-ball series of pro tournaments, broadcast on the American cable TV network ESPN from 2000 to 2005. Seven-ball", "title": "Seven-ball" }, { "id": "3036071", "score": "1.4317412", "text": "similar to the solids, the 8 ball is not considered a solid because it is the only ball that is black. Some games such as nine-ball do not distinguish between stripes and solids, but rather use the numbering on the balls to determine which must be pocketed. In other games such as three-ball and straight pool neither type of marking is of any consequence. In eight-ball, straight pool, and related games, all sixteen balls are employed. In the games of seven-ball, nine-ball, ten-ball and related, only object balls 1 through 7, 9 and 10, respectively (plus the cue ball) are", "title": "Billiard ball" }, { "id": "18651335", "score": "1.4286826", "text": "or a touchscreen device. Several game rules are available including eight-ball (including both US and European rules), nine-ball, ten-ball, six-ball, seven-ball, snooker, speed pool, and killer. The rules of eight-ball pool can be customized to reflect many different variants. There are three versions of snooker: a full game with fifteen reds, and a shorter game with either ten or six reds. Players can choose from a selection of game types such as \"Practice Mode\", \"Single Player Quick Game\", \"Two Player\", \"Tournament\", \"Bar Challenge\" and \"Multiplayer\" mode. The game is set in a fictional club featuring a range of themed bars", "title": "Cue Club 2" }, { "id": "122512", "score": "1.4220718", "text": "nine-ball, and for the last several decades ahead of straight pool. Eight-ball is played with cue sticks and 16 balls: a , and 15 s consisting of seven striped balls, seven solid-colored balls and the black 8 ball. After the balls are scattered with a , the players are assigned either the group of solid balls or the stripes once a ball from a particular group is legally pocketed. The ultimate object of the game is to legally pocket the eight ball in a called pocket, which can only be done after all of the balls from a player's assigned", "title": "Eight-ball" } ]

[ "SUsan Boyle", "home for christmas susan boyle album", "Home For Christmas (Susan Boyle album)", "subo", "Susan Boyle", "Susan boil", "susan magdalane boyle", "Suzanne Boyle", "susan doyle", "susan boil", "suzanne boyle", "Susan boyle", "Susan BOyle", "SuBo", "susan boyle", "Susan Magdalane Boyle", "Susan doyle" ]

[ { "id": "4173688", "score": "1.6487708", "text": "it became the first debut album – and the first album by a female artist – ever to generate three number one singles. With \"Greatest Love of All\" and Houston's debut album both at #1 on the singles and albums chart, respectively, she became the first female artist to have the number one pop single and album simultaneously since Kim Carnes in 1981 with \"Bette Davis Eyes\" and \"Mistaken Identity\". \"All at Once\" was released only to Adult Contemporary and Urban AC stations as a radio airplay-only single later in 1986. It received heavy airplay and can still be heard", "title": "Whitney Houston (album)" }, { "id": "1910287", "score": "1.5816339", "text": "including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK, and with a total of 14 songs that have risen to number 1 in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisolm is the first artist with most number 1 songs in the UK ranking history. On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career. In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records,", "title": "Melanie C" }, { "id": "4173954", "score": "1.5812845", "text": "With her debut also selling over a million copies, this would make Houston the first female artist to have two albums sell over a million copies in the UK. With current sales of over 2.2 million, the album was the first album by an African-American woman to sell over 2 million in the UK. In Canada, the album topped the albums chart for eleven weeks, being the third best-selling album in 1987, behind U2's \"The Joshua Tree\" and Bon Jovi's \"Slippery When Wet\". In addition, it peaked at number one in Germany for eleven weeks, Italy for five weeks, Norway", "title": "Whitney (album)" }, { "id": "235703", "score": "1.5774684", "text": "albums, all of which reached the UK Top 10, including the UK number-one albums \"Never for Ever\" (1980), \"Hounds of Love\" (1985), and the compilation \"The Whole Story\" (1986). She is the first British solo female artist to top the UK album charts and the first female artist to enter the album chart at number one. Having been writing songs since age 11, she was signed to EMI Records while under professional assistance by David Gilmour, who, along with his associates, curated her 1978 debut album \"The Kick Inside\". Bush slowly gained artistic independence in album production, and she has", "title": "Kate Bush" }, { "id": "13250097", "score": "1.5694329", "text": "records were for Fastest-selling Album by a Female (UK), Most Successful First Week UK Debut Album Sales, as well as Oldest Artist to Reach No. 1 with a Debut Album (US & UK). On 20 November 2010 Boyle achieved another World Record for Oldest Female at No. 1 on UK Albums Chart with her second album \"The Gift\". On 20 November 2010 Boyle received two other Guinness World Records due to the success of \"The Gift\", one record being \"Only British female artist to top both the US and UK album charts with two releases\" and the other being \"Most", "title": "Susan Boyle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Billboard 200\n\nThe Billboard\" 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States. It is published weekly by \"Billboard\" magazine and is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists. Often, a recording act will be remembered by its \"number ones\", those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart grew from a weekly top 10 list in 1956 to become a top 200 list in May 1967, and acquired its current name in March 1992. Its previous names include the Billboard\" Top LPs (1961–1972), Billboard\" Top LPs & Tape (1972–1984), Billboard\" Top 200 Albums (1984–1985) and \"Billboard\" Top Pop Albums (1985–1992).\n\nThe chart is based mostly on sales – both at retail and digital – of albums in the United States. The weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday (to coincide with the Global Release Date of the music industry) and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post dated to the Saturday of that week, four days later. The chart's streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are also included in \"Billboard\" 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for retail sale in the United States (yet purchased in the U.S. as imports) are not eligible to chart. A long-standing policy, which made titles that are sold exclusively by specific retail outlets (such as Walmart and Starbucks) ineligible for charting, was reversed on November 7, 2007, and took effect in the issue dated November 17.\n\nBeginning with the December 13, 2014, issue, \"Billboard\" updated the methodology of its album chart to also include on-demand streaming and digital track sales (as measured by Nielsen SoundScan) by way of a new algorithm, utilizing data from all of the major on-demand audio subscription and online music sales services in the U.S. Starting on the issue dated January 18, 2020, \"Billboard\" updated the methodology to compile the chart again by incorporating video data from YouTube, along with visual plays from digital platforms like Apple Music, Spotify, Tidal, Vevo and, as of the issue dated March 23, 2021, Facebook.\n\nAs of the issue dated December 31, 2022, the current No. 1 album on the \"Billboard\" 200 is \"SOS\" by SZA.", "title": "Billboard 200" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of artists who have achieved simultaneous number-one single ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of artists who have achieved simultaneous UK and U.S. number ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Madonna records and achievements\n\nAmerican singer-songwriter Madonna, throughout her career, spanning five decades, has obtained a remarkable series of statistical achievements, setting and breaking several world records with her participation in entrepreneurial activities, of acting and her performance in the musical scene for her videos, singles, albums, and tours.\n\nHer first appearance in the \"Guinness Book of World Records\" was in 1986 with her third studio album, \"True Blue\". Thereafter she has earned multiple appearances, including her title as the world's best-selling female recording artist in history, recognized since the 20th century. As of February 2012, she retained 20 entries at the same time in the Guinness World Records, a very similar figure obtained by Paul McCartney in 2003; the highest number of record holding at same time by a musician with 26.\n\nMadonna's commerciality and numbers has achieved scrutiny from different point of view in the academia world or by marketers. However, she also scored some less favourable records, such as the most Golden Raspberry won by a female or then the largest drop by a number-one album in the Nielsen SoundScan period during its second week. A large array of outlets, including music trade magazines or newspapers of record, have nicknamed Madonna variety due her success, such as the \"Queen of Charts\", \"Queen of the Hot 100\", \"Queen of Dance Clubs\" or an \"Airplay queen\". In 1992, Bob Tannenbaum from \"The New York Times\" called to her as \"the most statistically significant artist of the 80s\".<ref name=\"Tannenbaum\"/>\n\nOverall, Madonna has been placed high in the summary and anniversaries of record charts in various major music markets. That's the case in the United Kingdom, named by Official Charts Company (OCC) as \"the most successful female artist in UK charts history\". In Germany, was named \"the most successful singles artist\" by GfK Entertainment charts and in the United States, \"the most successful solo artist of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100\", as well \"the most successful act of the Dance Club Songs\" and fifth \"Greatest Chart All-Stars\" (all charts combined). The Guinness also recognized her as the most successful US DVD chart artist. Furthermore, she is both the most successful female artist in the \"RPM\" charts and in \"Music & Media\" charts of the continental Europe.", "title": "List of Madonna records and achievements" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Ariana Grande" }, { "id": "13332717", "score": "1.5621376", "text": "Top 5 showing that both the girls were winning this race in which the media had put them, in separate areas across the globe. Other female American artists who scored continuous success in the UK during the year were Mariah Carey, who made No. 10 with \"Thank God I Found You\" which became her 15th and final US No. 1 single until \"We Belong Together\" in 2005, Whitney Houston who topped the album charts with her double CD Greatest Hits collection celebrating 15 years of success including 4 UK #1s, Madonna who hit the top twice, the first with a", "title": "2000 in British music charts" }, { "id": "37986", "score": "1.5600669", "text": "top of charts in Canada and Ireland, number two in the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200, France, Japan, Mexico and the United Kingdom and the top ten in Australia, Korea, New Zealand and many European nations. In the United States, Spears became the only female artist to have her first five studio albums debut at the two top slots of the chart. The album received positive reviews from critics and has sold over 3 million copies worldwide. \"Blackout\" won Album of the Year at MTV Europe Music Awards 2008 and was listed as the fifth Best Pop Album of the Decade by", "title": "Britney Spears" }, { "id": "14156942", "score": "1.5575675", "text": "held the top three album spots during one week for the first time in a quarter of a century. Adele became the first female singer to be named Billboard's top artist and have both the number 1 album (\"21\") and number 1 single (\"Rolling in the Deep\") for the same year By the time 2011 ended Adele had broken various records on the Billboard charts. \"21\" again topped the Billboard 200 album chart in 2012 It was only the second time in the history of the chart an album was number one for two consecutive years. Tinie Tempah became the", "title": "Music of the United Kingdom (2000s & 2010s)" }, { "id": "17752258", "score": "1.5545126", "text": "was asked to assume the role of an A&R. In 2004 Diana Meltzer become the first woman to top HitQuarters' World Top 100 A&R Chart, a considerable achievement in what is traditionally a male dominated field. Other #1s have included Clive Davis, Tommy Mottola, Dr. Dre and Mark Williams. Diana is still known to be the ‘Woman with the Golden Ears’. ODiY Diana Meltzer and her husband Alan Meltzer made their fortune through CD One Stop before Alan purchased Grass Records in 1997. It was during that time when Alan was looking for an artist Diana heard Creed's first album", "title": "Diana Meltzer" }, { "id": "5810020", "score": "1.5525959", "text": "Albums Chart simultaneously, (altogether she had eleven albums in the Top 50 in one week). She is currently in fourth place for artists having the most simultaneous UK Top 40 albums, behind Elvis Presley and David Bowie who both tie for the most simultaneous Top 40 albums (twelve each, both immediately following their deaths in 1977 and 2016 respectively), and The Beatles who had eleven in 2009 when remastered versions of their albums were released. The fastest selling album (first chart week sales) is \"25\" by Adele. Released in November 2015, it sold over 800,000 copies in its first week.", "title": "UK Albums Chart" }, { "id": "14156940", "score": "1.5471215", "text": "had led to speculation that either another British Invasion was underway or that there was a return to normalcy. In 2008 Leona Lewis's single \"Bleeding Love\" topped the Billboard Hot 100, and her album, \"Spirit\", also reached number 1, as Lewis became the first UK solo artist to debut at number one in the US with a debut album. The year would also be a successful one for Duffy, Adele, Estelle, and M.I.A. Led by Coldplay, British acts received a total of 16 Grammy Awards in 2009. In 2009, Jay Sean topped the Billboard Hot 100, followed by Taio Cruz", "title": "Music of the United Kingdom (2000s & 2010s)" }, { "id": "459643", "score": "1.54495", "text": "been directed is frustrating\". Still, the album enjoyed commercial success. Houston became the first woman in music history to debut at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart, and the first artist to enter the albums chart at number one in both the US and UK, while also hitting number one or top ten in dozens of other countries around the world. The album's first single, \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)\", was also a massive hit worldwide, peaking at No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and topping the singles chart in many countries such", "title": "Whitney Houston" }, { "id": "19474092", "score": "1.5423907", "text": "becoming the first artist in the chart's history to have their first six studio albums debut at number one. In the same week, Beyoncé became the first female artist to chart twelve or more songs on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at the same time, with every song on the album debuting on the chart. She passed the previously held record of eleven by Taylor Swift's third studio album \"Speak Now\" (2010), while Cardi B passed hers with 13 songs in 2018. Additionally, \"Lemonade\" was streamed 115 million times via Tidal, setting a record for the most-streamed album in a", "title": "Lemonade (Beyoncé album)" }, { "id": "17620460", "score": "1.5410167", "text": "following years of rapid personnel change. Singer-songwriter Joan Armatrading was the first British woman to have significant commercial success in the field of folk music and the first Black British woman to enjoy international success in any musical genre. Born on the Caribbean island of Saint Kitts, she brought up from the age of 7 in the Brookfields area of Handsworth. In 1972 she released her debut album \"Whatever's for Us\" and recorded the first of her eight Peel Sessions, but her commercial breakthrough in Britain was 1976's \"Joan Armatrading\", which reached the top 20 and which included top 10", "title": "Popular music of Birmingham" }, { "id": "3420082", "score": "1.5371313", "text": "the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. The album remained on the Billboard charts for 313 weeks (second only to Pink Floyd's 724 weeks with \"The Dark Side of the Moon\"). \"Tapestry\" was number one on the \"Billboard\" 200 for 15 consecutive weeks, and held the record for most weeks at number one by a female solo artist for over 20 years until surpassed by Whitney Houston's \"\" in 1993, which spent 20 weeks at number one. It still holds the record for most consecutive weeks at number one by a female solo artist.", "title": "Tapestry (Carole King album)" }, { "id": "214918", "score": "1.5343888", "text": "shows ensued. \"The Hollywood Reporter\" branded this \"The J.Lo Effect\". , Lopez has sold more than 80 million records worldwide, including 40 million albums, and her films have grossed a cumulative total of . She remains the only female entertainer to have a number one album and film simultaneously in the United States. With her second studio album \"J.Lo\" (2001), Lopez became the first female solo recording artist under Epic Records to achieve a number one album in the United States since its inception in 1953. Her album \"J to tha L-O! The Remixes\" was acknowledged by the \"Guinness World", "title": "Jennifer Lopez" }, { "id": "9385336", "score": "1.5329952", "text": "at number one with \"Bleeding Love\", having become the biggest selling single of the year to date. She also became the first artist to have two singles stay at number one for 4 or more weeks in the 2000s (decade) (\"Bleeding Love\" and \"A Moment Like This\"). Her debut album \"Spirit\" entered the album chart at number one, being the fastest selling debut album and the fourth fastest selling album of all time. Led Zeppelin's classic song \"Stairway To Heaven\" charts at #37 for the first time, after their back catalogue and greatest hits album \"Mothership\" appears on iTunes. Despite", "title": "2007 in British music charts" }, { "id": "14156939", "score": "1.5299537", "text": "half of the decade when the percentage of albums sold in the U.S. by British acts increased every year from 2005 through 2008. It would increase from 8.5% to 10% of the market between 2007 and 2008. In 2007 Joss Stone's third album \"Introducing Joss Stone\" debuted at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 becoming the first British solo female artist to have an album début that high on the chart. In 2006 and early 2007 British acts James Blunt, Amy Winehouse, Lily Allen, Snow Patrol and Corinne Bailey Rae also had U.S. chart success. By March 2007 these successes", "title": "Music of the United Kingdom (2000s & 2010s)" }, { "id": "235745", "score": "1.5265448", "text": "became the first female performer to have eight albums in the Official UK Top 40 Albums Chart simultaneously, putting her at number three for simultaneous UK Top 40 albums (behind Elvis Presley with 12 albums in 1977, and The Beatles in 2009 with 11 albums. Note that in January 2016 following his death, David Bowie joined Elvis in the number one position with 12 albums); altogether she had 11 albums in the top 50. In November 2014, Bush was awarded with \"Editor's Award\" at the annual \"Evening Standard Theatre Awards\" for her theatrically performed live comeback. An eponymous three-disc album", "title": "Kate Bush" }, { "id": "459639", "score": "1.5262458", "text": "time after peaking No. 1 and remaining there for three weeks on the Hot 100 chart, which made her debut the first album by a woman to yield three No. 1 hits. Houston was No. 1 artist of the year and \"Whitney Houston\" was the No. 1 album of the year on the 1986 \"Billboard\" year-end charts, making her the first woman to earn that distinction. At the time, Houston released the best-selling debut album by a solo artist. Houston then embarked on her world tour, \"Greatest Love Tour\". The album had become an international success, and was certified 13×", "title": "Whitney Houston" } ]

[ "Eileen Edwards", "Shaina Twain", "shaina twain", "Shania Twain OC", "Shania Twain", "eilleen regina edwards", "Eilleen Edwards", "twain shania", "Shania Twain, OC", "Shania", "Shania Twain (band)", "eileen edwards", "Still the One (concerts)", "still one concerts", "shania twain band", "Twain, Shania", "shania twain oc", "eileen regina edwards", "Eilleen Regina Edwards", "eilleen edwards", "shania", "Eileen Regina Edwards", "shania twain" ]

[ { "id": "2657181", "score": "1.9121566", "text": "female artist, the biggest-selling country music album ever, the biggest-selling album by a Canadian act and one of the biggest-selling albums in music history. Three different versions of the album were released, the original country version, released in 1997, and the revised pop and international versions released in 1998 and 1999 respectively. The album was also supported by an extensive world tour by Twain. The album received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics. AllMusic praised the album for successfully breaking free of traditional country stereotypes (musical brevity, a blatant honkey-tonk image, etc.), while also praising Twain for crafting an", "title": "Come On Over" }, { "id": "2657177", "score": "1.8846092", "text": "Come On Over Come On Over is the third studio album recorded by Canadian singer Shania Twain. It was released on November 4, 1997. It became the best-selling country music album, the best-selling studio album by a female act, and the best selling album by a Canadian. It is the ninth best-selling album in the United States, and sixteenth best-selling album in the United Kingdom. To date, the album has sold more than 40 million copies worldwide, shipped over 20 million copies in the United States, with over 15.7 million copies sold according to Nielsen SoundScan, and another 1.99 million", "title": "Come On Over" }, { "id": "2657182", "score": "1.8658354", "text": "album with just as much pop/rock appeal as country appeal. Meanwhile, \"Entertainment Weekly\" praised the album for successfully incorporating a substantial rock influence without losing its country sensibilities. The album was listed as #21 in the Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame's Definitive 200. Twain topped her own record with the release of \"Come On Over\", beating out her previous Diamond selling album \"The Woman in Me\", as the best-selling country music album ever released. It is, in fact, the best-selling album ever released by a female artist in any genre. Debuting at No. 2 on the US \"Billboard\" 200", "title": "Come On Over" }, { "id": "6664918", "score": "1.8582549", "text": "country artist at the time. Certified 20 times platinum (double diamond) by the RIAA and with 15.5 million copies sold, \"Come On Over\" established itself as one of the best-selling albums of all time in the US and was once the best-selling album of the Nielsen SoundScan era; it now ranks second behind Metallica's 1991 eponymous album. In Canada, it reached similar success and was certified double diamond by Music Canada. In 1998, \"Come On Over\" was released internationally, duplicating the commercial success it encountered in North America. It became one of the best-selling albums in several countries, including Australia", "title": "Shania Twain discography" }, { "id": "1713786", "score": "1.8370391", "text": "Twain. Her 1997 album \"Come On Over\", which he produced, is the best-selling country music album, the best-selling studio album by a female act, the best-selling album of the 1990s, and the 9th best-selling album in the United States. Robert John Lange was born in Mufulira, Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia), and raised in Durban, South Africa. His German mother came from a prosperous family, and his South African father was a mining engineer. Nicknamed \"Mutt\" at an early age, Lange grew up a fan of country music, in particular the singer Slim Whitman. While studying at Belfast High School in", "title": "Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange" }, { "id": "6664919", "score": "1.8300014", "text": "and the United Kingdom. With a total of 40 million copies sold worldwide, \"Come On Over\" also became one of the best-selling albums worldwide. Furthermore, the album is the best-selling album by a female artist in any genre and the best-selling country album of all time. A total of 12 singles were released from the album. Three (\"Love Gets Me Every Time\", \"You're Still the One\" and \"Honey, I'm Home\") topped Hot Country Singles & Tracks. A total of 10 songs charted within the top 10 of the chart, marking the most top 10 appearances from one album on Hot", "title": "Shania Twain discography" }, { "id": "4373647", "score": "1.813659", "text": "singer Shania Twain became an international sensation this year. She was back on the music scene with her third album, \"Come on Over\". Her previous album, \"The Woman In Me\" had set various records for country albums and female artists, however \"Come On Over\" exceeded those records and became one of the biggest selling albums in the world ever. It spanned hits such as the orchestral \"From This Moment On\", the upbeat \"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!\", the untouchable \"That Don't Impress Me Much\" and the soft love ballad \"You're Still the One\". All reaching the Top 10 in", "title": "1999 in British music" }, { "id": "390053", "score": "1.8131372", "text": "Shania Twain Shania Twain, OC (; born Eilleen Regina Edwards; August 28, 1965) is a Canadian singer and songwriter. She has sold over 100 million records, making her the best-selling female artist in country music history and among the best-selling music artists of all time. Her success garnered her several honorific titles including the \"Queen of Country Pop\". Raised in Timmins, Ontario, Twain pursued singing and songwriting from a young age before signing with Mercury Nashville Records in the early 1990s. Her self-titled debut studio album saw little commercial success upon release in 1993. After collaborating with producer and later", "title": "Shania Twain" }, { "id": "2657191", "score": "1.7999365", "text": "(1998), which was released exclusively to the United Kingdom, and \"Rock This Country!\", which at the time had not been filmed, the collection included all of Twain's music videos released in promotion for the album. Come On Over Come On Over is the third studio album recorded by Canadian singer Shania Twain. It was released on November 4, 1997. It became the best-selling country music album, the best-selling studio album by a female act, and the best selling album by a Canadian. It is the ninth best-selling album in the United States, and sixteenth best-selling album in the United Kingdom.", "title": "Come On Over" }, { "id": "390054", "score": "1.7878877", "text": "husband Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange, Twain rose to fame with her second studio album, \"The Woman in Me\" (1995), which brought her widespread success; it sold 20 million copies worldwide, spawned widely successful singles such as \"Any Man of Mine\", and earned her a Grammy Award. Her third studio album, \"Come On Over\" (1997), became the best-selling studio album of all-time by a female act in any genre and the best-selling country album, selling nearly 40 million copies worldwide. \"Come On Over\" produced twelve singles, including \"You're Still the One\", \"From This Moment On\" and \"Man! I Feel Like a", "title": "Shania Twain" }, { "id": "3025346", "score": "1.7790091", "text": "Kathleen Edwards Kathleen Edwards (born July 11, 1978) is a Canadian singer-songwriter and musician. Her 2003 debut album, \"Failer\", contained the singles \"Six O'Clock News\" and \"Hockey Skates\". Her next two albums – \"Back to Me\" and \"Asking for Flowers\" – both made the \"Billboard\" 200 list and reached the top 10 of Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart. In 2012, Edwards' fourth studio album, \"Voyageur\", became Edwards' first album to crack the top 100 and top 40 in the U.S., peaking at #39 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 and #2 in Canada. In 2012, Edward's song \"A Soft Place To Land\"", "title": "Kathleen Edwards" }, { "id": "4326937", "score": "1.7674673", "text": "revolution in Canadian music, launching an era in which Canadian women like Avril Lavigne would rule the pop charts worldwide. Quebec-born singer, Celine Dion is the best-selling Canadian artist of all time, and when her 1997 album, \"Let's Talk About Love\" was released in Canada, it broke the record for the highest opening weekly sales for any album, selling 230,212 copies, a record which still stands. Alanis Morissette, along with Shania Twain, are the only Canadian artists, male or female to have sold two million units in Canada, receiving the Double diamond award Other female Canadian musicians have achieved international", "title": "Rock music of Canada" }, { "id": "62556", "score": "1.7662381", "text": "among country audiences. After \"Taking the Long Way\", the band broke up for a decade (with two of its members continuing as the Court Yard Hounds) before embarking on a reunion tour in 2016. Shania Twain became the best selling female country artist of the decade. This was primarily due to the success of her breakthrough sophomore 1995 album, \"The Woman in Me\", which was certified 12x platinum sold over 20 million copies worldwide and its follow up, 1997's \"Come On Over\", which was certified 20x platinum and sold over 40 million copies. The album became a major worldwide phenomenon", "title": "Country music" }, { "id": "62554", "score": "1.7541819", "text": "more pop-oriented country singer in the 1990s, evolving into an outlaw persona in the late 1990s with \"Pull My Chain\" and its follow-up, \"Unleashed\". Female artists such as Reba McEntire, Patty Loveless, Faith Hill, Martina McBride, Deana Carter, LeAnn Rimes, Mindy McCready, Lorrie Morgan, Shania Twain, and Mary Chapin Carpenter all released platinum-selling albums in the 1990s. The Dixie Chicks became one of the most popular country bands in the 1990s and early 2000s. Their 1998 debut album \"Wide Open Spaces\" went on to become certified 12x platinum while their 1999 album \"Fly\" went on to become 10x platinum. After", "title": "Country music" }, { "id": "1692565", "score": "1.7499511", "text": "released in 1995, became her breakthrough album. The first single from that album, \"O Siem\", went to number one on the Canadian adult contemporary and country charts that year, making Aglukark the first Inuk performer to have a Top 40 hit. \"Hina Na Ho (Celebration)\" and \"Breakin' Down\" became hit singles as well. The album was eventually certified triple platinum (300,000 copies sold) in Canada. In 2000, Aglukark released \"Unsung Heroes\", which spawned another pop hit with \"One Turn Deserves Another.\" This album also included \"Turn of the Century,\" a song about the creation of Nunavut. In 2004, she released", "title": "Susan Aglukark" }, { "id": "13332738", "score": "1.748977", "text": "even more successful career during the upcoming years. Her new album \"Light Years\" hit No. 2 as well as her follow-up single \"On a Night Like This\". Canadian country star Shania Twain hits No. 5 with a final release from her multi-platinum \"Come On Over\" in the early part of the year and due to its massive success her 1995 album, \"The Woman in Me\" was re-issued in the UK and hit #9. Dance acts received massive success throughout the year, and represented 37% of the total singles sales of the year, making it the most popular genre of the", "title": "2000 in British music charts" }, { "id": "2450338", "score": "1.7227201", "text": "since the late 1960s, mounted a high-profile campaign to crossover to pop music, culminating in her 1977 hit \"Here You Come Again,\" which peaked at No. 1 country and No. 3 pop. Rogers, the former lead singer of The First Edition, followed up a successful career in pop, rock and folk music by switching to country music. Like Parton, he enjoyed a long series of successful songs that charted on both the Hot Country Singles and Billboard Hot 100 charts; the first of the lot was \"Lucille,\" a No. 1 country and No. 5 pop hit. Crystal Gayle, Ronnie Milsap,", "title": "Music history of the United States in the 1970s" }, { "id": "390057", "score": "1.719773", "text": "have three (consecutive) albums certified Diamond by the RIAA. Altogether, Twain is ranked as the 10th best-selling artist of the Nielsen SoundScan era. Twain was born Eilleen Regina Edwards in Windsor, Ontario on August 28, 1965 to Sharon (\"née\" Morrison) and Clarence Edwards. She has two sisters, Jill and Carrie Ann. Her parents divorced when she was two and her mother moved to Timmins, Ontario with her daughters. Sharon married Jerry Twain, an Ojibwa from the nearby Mattagami First Nation, and they had son Mark together. Jerry adopted the girls and legally changed their surname to Twain. When Mark was", "title": "Shania Twain" }, { "id": "4034079", "score": "1.7149866", "text": "became a particular favorite in the Netherlands. Selling sold over one million copies, it was awarded a gold disc. In 1967, Starr and her Canadian Sweethearts duo signed a recording contract with Epic Records in Nashville, Tennessee. Divorced from her husband, their musical collaboration ended in 1977. Although she never again had a hit of the magnitude of \"The French Song\", Starr enjoyed a long and prosperous career recording primarily in English but also in French and Spanish. For the most part she sang country music, becoming the first female inducted into the Canadian Country Music Association’s \"Hall of Honor\"", "title": "Lucille Starr" }, { "id": "9035904", "score": "1.7133648", "text": "These albums, released only in Canada, are often not mentioned in the media, which tend to consider \"Jagged Little Pill\" (1995), released on Maverick Records, as her debut album. \"Jagged\" remains one of the most successful albums in music history, holding the record as the best-selling debut album worldwide, the second best-selling album by a female artist (behind Shania Twain's \"Come On Over\") and having sold more than 33 million copies worldwide. Such hits as \"You Oughta Know\", \"Hand in My Pocket\", \"Ironic\", and \"Head over Feet\" helped Morissette become the first Canadian woman to top the \"Billboard\" 200. \"Jagged\"", "title": "Alanis Morissette discography" } ]

[ "hard candy fitness", "Hard Candy Fitness" ]

[ { "id": "17004888", "score": "1.7599618", "text": "in 2010 and are a partnership between Madonna, her manager Guy Oseary and New Evolution Ventures (NEV). An initial meeting between Mark Mastrov (the innovator behind 24 Hour Fitness and NEV) and Oseary was held in early in 2008. With Mastrov's partner Jim Rowley of NEV, Craig Pepin-Donat, the Vice President of Marketing and Development, along with Madonna and Oseary, they created the business venture. The first club opened in Mexico City in November 2010 with Madonna visiting the gym on the 29th for the official launch. Since then the company has opened clubs in Russia, Australia and Chile. In", "title": "Hard Candy Fitness" }, { "id": "17004887", "score": "1.7387487", "text": "Hard Candy Fitness Hard Candy Fitness is a series of fitness centres which are a partnership between Madonna, her manager Guy Oseary and Mark Mastrov, the founder and CEO of 24 Hour Fitness. Founded in 2010, the venture now has centres in Berlin (8 clubs), Mexico City, Moscow, Rome, Santiago, St. Petersburg, and Sydney. In 2012, Madonna released a DVD series, \"Addicted to Sweat\", in association with her personal trainer, Nicole Winhoffer. The motto for the company is \"Harder is Better\" and the company's name is a reference to Madonna's 2008 studio album \"Hard Candy\". The fitness clubs were founded", "title": "Hard Candy Fitness" }, { "id": "17004889", "score": "1.7266912", "text": "January 2013, it was announced that a sixth fitness club would be opened in Rome, Italy in May. In June 2013, it was announced that a seventh fitness club would be opened in Berlin, Germany in September. Source: The enterprise launched a DVD series, \"Addicted to Sweat\", in 2012. They feature the exclusive programs created by Madonna and demonstrated by her personal trainer Nicole Winhoffer. The videos were previously available only at the fitness clubs. The following are included in the \"Addicted to Sweat\" series: Hard Candy Fitness Hard Candy Fitness is a series of fitness centres which are a", "title": "Hard Candy Fitness" }, { "id": "9572905", "score": "1.5379884", "text": "sponsorship, the fitness center launched the \"Get Your Body Started\" movement classes in over 400 Ballys throughout the US and Canada. The centers also hosted dance competitions set to \"Missundaztood\". Performed at select dates Source: Source: Overall, the tour received high praise from critics. Many noted Pink's raw energy displayed during her concerts, taking the audience on a musical roller coaster of R&B, rock and pop music. Some critics drew comparisons of the Philadelphia singer to Madonna. Robin Vaughn (\"The Boston Phoenix\") writes, \"Chrissie Hynde she's not, but somewhere between Shirley Manson and Madonna, Pink's rock-star niche is a natural.", "title": "Party Tour" }, { "id": "12595310", "score": "1.5174959", "text": "Club One Club One Fitness Centers (Club One Inc.) was a San Francisco-based chain of health clubs and in-house gymnasium facilities managed on behalf of corporate clients. The chain was founded in 1991 by a husband and wife team who had operated health clubs before. Jill Kinney had been a professional downhill ski racer, before opening a small club, the Physis Gym, in San Francisco. She later became Chief Operating Officer of a nationwide chain, and was responsible for opening the original Sports Club LA Incorrectly noticing that nearly all health clubs were independent, she worked with future husband John", "title": "Club One" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hard Candy Fitness\n\nHard Candy Fitness was a chain of fitness centres that were a partnership between Madonna, her manager Guy Oseary and Mark Mastrov, the founder and CEO of 24 Hour Fitness. Founded in 2010, the venture had centres in Berlin (8 clubs), Mexico City, Moscow, Rome, Santiago, St. Petersburg, and Sydney. The company's name was a reference to Madonna's 2008 studio album \"Hard Candy\". The German division went into administration in 2016 and closed its studios that year. That same year, the location in Toronto was rebranded as Aura Fitness after the initial media attention didn't translate into gym memberships. The only club remaining in operation as of 2019 was in Santiago, Chile, which rebranded as Energy Sport Club in May 2019.", "title": "Hard Candy Fitness" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Madonna" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Guy Oseary\n\nGuy Harley Oseary (; born October 3, 1972) is an Israeli-American talent manager and writer. His clients include Madonna, U2 and the Red Hot Chili Peppers.", "title": "Guy Oseary" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Cultural impact of Madonna" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Virgin Active\n\nVirgin Active is a chain of health clubs in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Italy, Australia, Singapore, Thailand and the United Kingdom.", "title": "Virgin Active" }, { "id": "5620915", "score": "1.4936476", "text": "Virgin Active Virgin Active is a chain of health clubs in South Africa, Namibia, Italy, Australia, Singapore, Thailand and the United Kingdom. The gym company launched in 1999 in Preston, Lancashire as part of Richard Branson's Virgin Group, initially headquartered in Milton Keynes. In 2013 headquarters were moved to the Barbican in London leaving a small call centre in Milton Keynes. In South Africa the company bought the assets of the 'Health and Racquet Club' chain after the latter's parent company, Leisurenet, had been placed in liquidation in October 2000 for 319.6 million South African Rand (approximately £24.5m as at", "title": "Virgin Active" }, { "id": "6611164", "score": "1.4907846", "text": "widely regarded as the regional market leader. Simon Flint, Asia CEO (as reported by the Bangkok Post)reported plans to expand the 6 country portfolio to 130 clubs by 2018 with the possibility of new markets being added to the portfolio. In June 2013, the Thailand operation entered into a lease with Siam Piwat to fit-out and operate a 40,000 sq.ft. space in the Bangkok's famous SIam Paragon Mall, positioning the club as a 'flagship', offering a range of new innovative technologies and training regimes. The company opened the concept club ‘The Zone’ in Australia in 2013 and invested £77.5 million", "title": "Fitness First" }, { "id": "12595416", "score": "1.4855478", "text": "Sports Club/LA The Sports Club/LA is a collection of large luxury health clubs located in Los Angeles, New York and major metropolitan cities across the United States. Company founders Michael Talla and Nanette Pattee Francini met as teenagers on spring break in Mexico in 1969, and later founded a bikini company, Foxy Lady. They went on their own and pursued separate ventures, with Talla founding a racquetball club and Francini winning the Miss Aspen pageant and becoming a Budweiser girl. The Sports Club Company began around the same time as that of the physical fitness consciousness era. This was around", "title": "Sports Club/LA" }, { "id": "19425242", "score": "1.4853033", "text": "Bannatyne's Bannatyne's (full name Bannatyne's Fitness Ltd) is a United Kingdom-based chain of health clubs founded by Scottish businessman Duncan Bannatyne. The Bannatyne Health Clubs chain began in 1997 with the first club built in Ingleby Barwick, Teesside. It was reported in March 2016 that the company was planning a £300m float, listing on AIM. However, this proposed float was pulled in May 2016 due to unspecified \"regulatory scrutiny\" of the move. In 2016, Justin Musgrove, formerly the Managing Director, took on the role of Chief Executive Officer, Ken Campling was appointed as Chief Financial Officer and Board Director and", "title": "Bannatyne's" }, { "id": "5620923", "score": "1.4840738", "text": "a suspended ceiling collapsed on to a line of rowing machines at the Virgin Active on Chiswick High Road, in West London. Virgin Active Virgin Active is a chain of health clubs in South Africa, Namibia, Italy, Australia, Singapore, Thailand and the United Kingdom. The gym company launched in 1999 in Preston, Lancashire as part of Richard Branson's Virgin Group, initially headquartered in Milton Keynes. In 2013 headquarters were moved to the Barbican in London leaving a small call centre in Milton Keynes. In South Africa the company bought the assets of the 'Health and Racquet Club' chain after the", "title": "Virgin Active" }, { "id": "7999955", "score": "1.4777691", "text": "such as Airbnb, Foursquare, Shazam, SoundCloud, Spotify and Uber. In 2010, Madonna and Oseary founded gym chain Hard Candy Fitness. They've also partnered with Iconix Brand Group to launch the lifestyle brand \"Truth or Dare by Madonna.\" Guy Oseary appears in cameos in movies such as \"Charlie's Angels\", \"\", and \"You Don't Mess with the Zohan\". He also made a cameo in Madonna's 1992 music video for her single \"Deeper and Deeper,\" in which he appears as a dancer with an afro wig in a club. In honor of his 46th birthday, Oseary launched Good Today (previously Good St.), a", "title": "Guy Oseary" }, { "id": "16693366", "score": "1.467585", "text": "of Wales with an invitation to perform the Barbican club's opening ceremony. She agreed, and the resulting press coverage helped to establish Barbican as Britain's first upmarket health venue. Giampaolo left Barbican Health and Fitness in 1989 and raised £3m to found Espree Leisure, which subsequently developed two health clubs in London. In 1991 Giampaolo set up Forza, a European exercise equipment distributor for several fitness brands, including Reebok and Cybex. In 1998 he and Mark Mastrov co-founded Fitness Holdings Europe, a private-equity-backed investment vehicle, to open and acquire small chains of European health clubs. Fitness Holdings Europe was sold", "title": "David Giampaolo" }, { "id": "9530184", "score": "1.4663987", "text": "Esporta Health Clubs Esporta Health & Fitness Clubs (usually known as just Esporta) was a chain of health clubs in the United Kingdom, which also once owned clubs in Spain. The clubs offer a wide variety of different fitness facilities, including gyms, swimming pools and courts for racquet sports. In addition they offer a choice of bar food and drinks, spa treatments and live sporting coverage. On 26 April 2011, after two years of ownership, Société Générale confirmed that it had agreed to sell its Esporta health, fitness and racquets clubs to Virgin Active for £77.5m. After expanding quickly, in", "title": "Esporta Health Clubs" }, { "id": "12595421", "score": "1.4473326", "text": "The Sports Club Company for about $130 million. Sports Club/LA The Sports Club/LA is a collection of large luxury health clubs located in Los Angeles, New York and major metropolitan cities across the United States. Company founders Michael Talla and Nanette Pattee Francini met as teenagers on spring break in Mexico in 1969, and later founded a bikini company, Foxy Lady. They went on their own and pursued separate ventures, with Talla founding a racquetball club and Francini winning the Miss Aspen pageant and becoming a Budweiser girl. The Sports Club Company began around the same time as that of", "title": "Sports Club/LA" }, { "id": "1269230", "score": "1.4431996", "text": "songs exclusively. She also collaborated with Lourdes and released the Material Girl clothing line, inspired by her punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s. In October, she opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness, and three months later unveiled a second fashion brand called Truth or Dare which included footwear, perfumes, underclothing, and accessories. Madonna directed her second feature film, \"W.E.\", a biographical account about the affair between King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson. Co-written with Alek Keshishian, the film was premiered at the 68th Venice International Film Festival in September", "title": "Madonna (entertainer)" }, { "id": "16777527", "score": "1.4318626", "text": "a section called \"Madonnaland\" in New York. It was established to coincide with her Radio City Music Hall concerts as part of The Virgin Tour. They sold clothing and jewelry resembling those worn by the singer at the time and held a look-alike contest in the store. In March 2007, Madonna collaborated with fashion retailer H&M to produce the fashion line \"M by Madonna\". She had previously modeled for their 2006 campaign which involved herself and crew from the 2006 Confessions Tour and had designed a tracksuit which was worn in the advertisements. The collection consisted of leather trench coats,", "title": "Madonna fashion brands" }, { "id": "8844950", "score": "1.426728", "text": "Northwest Athletic Clubs Northwest Athletic was a chain of health clubs or fitness centers in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul Metropolitan Area. The clubs began mostly as indoor tennis courts. The centers expanded into other areas of health and fitness. The chain peaked the 1980s, when it was among the largest fitness center chains in the United States. Northwest's animated ownership duo Harv & Marv became local celebrities when they helped lure an NBA expansion franchise to the Twin Cities. Harv & Marv became owners of the Minnesota Timberwolves and built their venue The Target Center, which included the chain's Arena Club", "title": "Northwest Athletic Clubs" }, { "id": "18745877", "score": "1.4264994", "text": "named best medium-sized fitness company at the New Zealand Exercise Industry Awards. That year the group operated about 250 clubs, comprising more than 250,000 members. The head office has remains in Mooloolaba, Queensland. Jetts Fitness Jetts Fitness is a chain of 24-hour health clubs, with over 270 locations in Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, the United Kingdom and Netherlands. The company operates under a franchise system. Its outlets are considered to be \"budget\" gyms. The company was launched in 2007, by Sunshine Coast couple Brendon and Cristy Levenson, with the first club opening on the Gold Coast, Queensland. Thefirm offers 24", "title": "Jetts Fitness" }, { "id": "18745875", "score": "1.4217656", "text": "Jetts Fitness Jetts Fitness is a chain of 24-hour health clubs, with over 270 locations in Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, the United Kingdom and Netherlands. The company operates under a franchise system. Its outlets are considered to be \"budget\" gyms. The company was launched in 2007, by Sunshine Coast couple Brendon and Cristy Levenson, with the first club opening on the Gold Coast, Queensland. Thefirm offers 24 hour per day access and no lock-in contracts to members. In 2012, the company was named by BRW as Australia's #1 Fastest Growing Franchise, with revenue growth of 403% and turnover of $43", "title": "Jetts Fitness" }, { "id": "12595312", "score": "1.4172486", "text": "more than 500,000 corporate members, and approximately 1,500 employees in ten states. The company managed health clubs at six Jewish Community Centers. In March 2014, Sausalito, CA-based Active Sports Clubs purchased the majority of the assets of Club One Inc. Club One Club One Fitness Centers (Club One Inc.) was a San Francisco-based chain of health clubs and in-house gymnasium facilities managed on behalf of corporate clients. The chain was founded in 1991 by a husband and wife team who had operated health clubs before. Jill Kinney had been a professional downhill ski racer, before opening a small club, the", "title": "Club One" } ]

[ "georgewbush", "George W. Bush Street", "george w bussh", "George w. bush", "George w.", "Bush (43)", "President George W Bush", "Dubya", "43rd President of the United States", "George Bush (43rd U.S. President)", "george bush junior", "junior bush", "President George Walker Bush", "GeorgeWBush", "george bush 43", "george bush 2000", "Bush Junior", "gorge w bush", "George Walker Bush", "dubya", "george w bush painter", "president george walker bush", "George Bush Jr", "former president george w bush", "George W. bush", "g w b", "George W.", "george w buah", "George Bush, Jr.", "George W. Bussh", "goerge w bush", "43rd president of united states", "George W. Budh", "g walker bush", "Gorge w bush", "US President George W. Bush", "George Bush Junior", "gw bush", "bush jr", "43rd Pesident of the United States", "George w", "GW Bush", "George Bush (43)", "bush junior", "george bush ii", "George Dubya Bush", "W. bush", "President Bush (2000)", "Bush II", "GEORGE W. BUSH", "president george w bush", "Gw bush", "Jorge W. Bush", "Gorge W. Bush", "George W. Bush, 43rd President of the United States", "bush younger", "George Wаlker Bush", "George W", "Bushists", "Bush the younger", "G. Walker Bush", "George w bush", "Religious faith of George W. Bush", "2004 republican presidential nominee", "G. Dub", "Bush Jr.", "george w bush", "George Bush Jr.", "Bush the Younger", "george walker bush", "george dubya bush", "Junior Bush", "president bush 2000", "2000 Republican Presidential Nominee", "religious faith of george w bush", "Dubya Bush", "bushists", "Goerge W. Bush", "Former President George W. Bush", "George W Bush Jr", "g w bush", "Bush-43", "george w bush jr", "George Bush II", "bush 43", "george bush 43rd u s president", "Bush 43", "george w bush street", "bushian", "President Bush (43)", "baby bush", "W bush", "W Bush", "George W.Bush", "george w", "international perception of george w bush", "George W. Bush", "George Bush 2", "george younger", "George the Younger", "bush ii", "g dub", "Bush, George W.", "jorge w bush", "Bushian", "george bush jr", "43rd pesident of united states", "George W. Bush (painter)", "geroge w bush", "george bush 2", "International perception of george W. Bush", "George W Bush", "George bush 43", "Baby Bush", "2000 republican presidential nominee", "G. W. B.", "G.w.bush", "w bush", "george w bush 43rd president of united states", "Geroge W Bush", "george w budh", "G W Bush", "dubyuh", "president bush 43", "dubya bush", "George Bush (2000)", "us president george w bush", "G. W. Bush", "Dubyuh", "George W bush", "G.W. Bush", "george wаlker bush", "W. Bush", "G Dub", "bush george w", "George w Bush", "George Bush jr.", "George W. Buah", "2004 Republican Presidential Nominee" ]

[ { "id": "7419661", "score": "1.8299268", "text": "Texas gubernatorial election, 1994 The 1994 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1994 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Democratic Governor Ann Richards was defeated in her bid for re-election by Republican nominee George W. Bush, the son of former President George H. W. Bush. Although prior to the election year, Governor Ann Richards held a large approval rating as the state economy was strong into the mid-term election. George Bush's campaigning on cultural and religious issues resonated with many Texan voters and Governor Richards' lead over Bush significantly narrowed up to election day into a tossup.", "title": "Texas gubernatorial election, 1994" }, { "id": "7419530", "score": "1.800096", "text": "announced his candidacy for President of the United States in 2000. At the 2000 Republican National Convention, Bush was nominated for President of the United States and narrowly won the election against Al Gore. On December 21, 2000, less than 2 years into his second term, George W. Bush resigned as Governor of Texas and was succeeded by Rick Perry. 1998 Texas gubernatorial election The 1998 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1998 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Republican Governor George W. Bush was re-elected in a landslide over 4-term Democrat Texas Land Commissioner Garry Mauro,", "title": "1998 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "7419523", "score": "1.7821212", "text": "for any Republican statewide candidate, and 49% of the Latino vote. Bush was sworn in for a second term as Governor on January 19, 1999. George W. Bush, the son of former President of the United States George H. W. Bush, was elected governor in 1994, defeating incumbent Democratic Governor Ann Richards. Upon taking office in January 1995, Bush had a low approval rating of 38%. Over the course of his first term, this increased significantly, reaching 70% in February 1997. Going into the election, Bush had an approval rating of 76%. Throughout the entire campaign, George W. Bush led", "title": "1998 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "7416033", "score": "1.7602642", "text": "His second inauguration for a first full four-year term began on January 21, 2003 on the Texas State Capitol South Grounds. Incumbent Rick Perry ascended to the governorship of Texas on December 21, 2000 following the resignation of then-Gov. George W. Bush, who had been elected President of the United States. Perry had been elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas in 1998 and previously elected Texas Commissioner of Agriculture in 1990 and 1994 including three terms in the Texas House of Representatives in 1984, 1986 and 1988. He successfully ran for a full four-year term in 2002. Perry had an ongoing", "title": "2002 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "7419529", "score": "1.7383878", "text": "State Chairman for various Democratic presidential candidates, including for Al Gore in 2000, Dick Gephardt in 2004, and Hillary Clinton in 2008. However, Mauro himself never sought political office again. Eventually, he opened a private law practice in his hometown of Austin. George W. Bush was inaugurated for his second term as Governor of Texas on January 19, 1999. With his brother sworn-in as Governor of Florida earlier that month, George and Jeb Bush became the first two brothers to simultaneously serve as governors since Nelson and Winthrop Rockefeller from 1967 to 1971. Five months later, in June 1999, Bush", "title": "1998 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1994 Texas gubernatorial election\n\nThe 1994 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1994, to elect the governor of Texas. Incumbent Democratic Governor Ann Richards was defeated in her bid for re-election by Republican nominee George W. Bush, the son of former President George H. W. Bush.\n\nBefore the election, Richards had a high approval rating due to the strength of the state economy. However, Bush's campaigning on cultural and religious issues resonated with many Texan voters, and the race was considered a tossup on election day.\n\nOn election day, Bush carried 188 of the state's 254 counties, while Richards carried 66. Exit polls revealed that Bush won overwhelmingly among white voters (69% to 31%) while Richards performed well among African Americans (83% to 15%) and Latinos (75% to 25%). The 1994 election marked the last time that a Democrat won more than 45% of the vote in a Texas gubernatorial election, though the party was more successful in other statewide offices: Lieutenant Governor Bob Bullock, Attorney General Dan Morales, Land Commissioner Garry Mauro and Comptroller John Sharp all won reelection.\n\nBush's victory was one of the most notable in the 1994 Republican Revolution, as he was one of four candidates to defeat an incumbent governor that cycle. ", "title": "1994 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Governorship of George W. Bush\n\nGeorge W. Bush served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 until 2000, when he resigned as governor amid his transition into the U.S. presidency after having been elected president in the 2000 United States presidential election. As governor, Bush successfully sponsored legislation for tort reform, increased education funding, set higher standards for schools, and reformed the criminal justice system. Bush also pioneered faith-based welfare programs and helped make Texas the leading producer of wind powered electricity in the US.", "title": "Governorship of George W. Bush" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of governors of Texas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "George W. Bush" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1994 New York gubernatorial election\n\nThe 1994 New York gubernatorial election was an election for the state governorship held on November 8, 1994. Incumbent Democratic Governor Mario Cuomo ran for a fourth term, but was defeated by Republican George Pataki in an upset victory. Pataki had previously been described by the \"New York Daily News\" as \"a little-known Republican state senator.\" The conservative \"New York Post\", on the other hand, attributed the result to how \"Voters had grown tired of the 12-year incumbent Cuomo and his liberalism.\"\n\nPataki's victory was one of the most notable of the 1994 \"Republican Revolution\" midterm elections, which also ousted Governors in Alabama, New Mexico, and Texas. This is the last time a Governor of New York lost re-election. This would be the last gubernatorial race until 2022 that was decided by a single-digit margin.\n\n", "title": "1994 New York gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "7416038", "score": "1.712902", "text": "from federal indictments. Sanchez managed to get the endorsements from the Austin Chronicle, Corpus Christi Caller Times, and the Waco Tribune Herald during the general election campaign. 2002 Texas gubernatorial election The 2002 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 2002 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Republican Governor Rick Perry, who had ascended to the governorship after the resignation of George W. Bush to become President of the United States, was elected to his first full term in office, winning 58% of the vote to Democrat Tony Sanchez's 40%. Perry carried 218 out of 254 counties, while", "title": "2002 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "16937021", "score": "1.6973432", "text": "2014 Texas gubernatorial election The 2014 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 2014 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Republican Governor Rick Perry, who had served since the resignation of then-Governor George W. Bush on December 21, 2000, declined to run for an unprecedented fourth full term, making this the first open election for governor since 1990. The election took place between nominees who were selected on March 4, 2014: Republican State Attorney General Greg Abbott and Democratic State Senator Wendy Davis. Also on the ballot were Libertarian Party candidate Kathie Glass and Green Party candidate Brandon", "title": "2014 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "7419662", "score": "1.6935565", "text": "On election day, Bush carried 188 of the state's 254 counties, while Richards carried 66. Exit polls revealed that Bush won overwhelmingly among white voters (69% to 31%) while Richards performed well among African Americans (83% to 15%) and Latinos (75% to 25%). The 1994 election marked the last time that a Democrat won more than 45% of the vote in a Texas gubernatorial election and was the last election in which the Democrats won any statewide offices. Texas gubernatorial election, 1994 The 1994 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1994 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent", "title": "Texas gubernatorial election, 1994" }, { "id": "14020895", "score": "1.6843038", "text": "1978 Texas gubernatorial election The 1978 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1978 to elect the Governor of Texas. In a surprising upset, Republican Bill Clements was narrowly elected over Democrat State Attorney General John Luke Hill, winning 50% of the vote to Hill's 49%. In doing so, Clements became the first Republican to be elected governor since Reconstruction. Dolph Briscoe, who had first been elected in 1972 and was easily re-elected in 1974, had become increasingly unpopular within the Texas Democratic Party during his six years in office. John Luke Hill fielded a primary challenge against the", "title": "1978 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "7416032", "score": "1.683238", "text": "2002 Texas gubernatorial election The 2002 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 2002 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Republican Governor Rick Perry, who had ascended to the governorship after the resignation of George W. Bush to become President of the United States, was elected to his first full term in office, winning 58% of the vote to Democrat Tony Sanchez's 40%. Perry carried 218 out of 254 counties, while Sanchez only carried 36. Exit polls showed Perry easily won Anglos (72% to 28%) while Sanchez won African Americans (85% to 15%) and Latinos (65% to 35%).", "title": "2002 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "12693289", "score": "1.6800103", "text": "Hance by more than 45 percentage points. Ironically, it was who did not run who perhaps had a good chance at winning re-election. T. Boone Pickens, CEO of Amarillo's Mesa Petroleum, was considered a likely candidate for much of 1989. However, on August 30, 1989, Pickens announced at a luncheon in Dallas that he would not run for the governorship in 1990. But Pickens, who also announced he would be relocating from Amarillo to Dallas, said he would consider a run for the governorship in 1994. George W. Bush, who had just become part owner of the Texas Rangers baseball", "title": "1990 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "15952724", "score": "1.6792734", "text": "office as the 46th Texas Attorney General in 1978 and served in Governor Dolph Briscoe's administration as Texas Secretary of State, an appointed position, from 1973 until his resignation in 1977. Under White's administration, he focused his energies on education reform (including no pass/no play) and utility rate regulation. He also concentrated on economic development and the appointment of more minorities to positions on his staff and in the government. Texas' Sesquicentennial occurred in 1986, and the Governor attended and hosted a number of events. The Goddess of Liberty was restored and planning for Capitol restoration began during White's term", "title": "1986 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "7419522", "score": "1.6788201", "text": "1998 Texas gubernatorial election The 1998 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1998 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Republican Governor George W. Bush was re-elected in a landslide over 4-term Democrat Texas Land Commissioner Garry Mauro, winning 68% of the vote to Mauro's 31%. Bush's 37% margin of victory was the largest won by any candidate since 1966 and is, to date, the largest ever won by a Republican candidate. Bush carried 239 counties, while Mauro carried just 15. Exit polls revealed that Bush won 27% of the African American vote, which was the highest percentage", "title": "1998 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "3741740", "score": "1.6720407", "text": "his candidacy for Lieutenant Governor in September of 1987. In 1990, he was elected Lieutenant Governor, having defeated the 40-year-old Republican nominee, businessman Robert Mosbacher, Jr., of Houston, the son of the sitting United States Secretary of Commerce Robert Mosbacher. Bullock prevailed, garnering 2,002,360 votes (51.69 percent) to Mosbacher's 1,741,893 votes (44.97 percent) for the right to succeed the retiring Bill Hobby. Bullock took office on January 15, 1991, when Democrat Ann W. Richards became the state's second female governor. In 1994, Bullock was easily elected to a second four-year term as lieutenant governor defeating Republican Harold \"Tex\" Lezar. Bullock", "title": "Bob Bullock" }, { "id": "3741741", "score": "1.669022", "text": "received 2,631,843 votes and (61.48 percent), while Lezar got 1,648,848 votes (38.52 percent). He was inaugurated for his second term on January 17, 1995, while Republican George W. Bush was sworn-in as the 46th Governor of Texas, having unseated Ann Richards. Bullock did not seek election to a third term in 1998, having been succeeded by Republican Agriculture Commissioner (and later Governor) Rick Perry on January 19, 1999. Serving as Texas' 38th Lieutenant Governor, Bullock favored a hands-on management style that he carried onto the lieutenant governor's office and resulted in numerous achievements as the presiding officer of the Texas", "title": "Bob Bullock" }, { "id": "10080677", "score": "1.660953", "text": "the new Texas Secretary of State. He also appointed Michael L. Williams to the Texas Railroad Commission in 1999 upon the resignation of Carole Keeton Strayhorn (who was then known as Carole Keeton Rylander at the time), who resigned following her election as Comptroller of Public Accounts in 1998. Williams became the first African American to serve in an executive statewide office, and easily won a special election in 2000 for an unexpired term and was re-elected to six-year terms in 2002 and 2008. Governorship of George W. Bush George W. Bush served as the 46th Governor of Texas from", "title": "Governorship of George W. Bush" }, { "id": "14990554", "score": "1.656759", "text": "United States in 1992, Jeb planned on running for president in 2000 after serving for six years as Governor of Florida. However, because he lost this election, his brother George, who was elected governor of Texas on the same night, instead ran for president in 2000. Jeb did run for governor again, however; he defeated Chiles' lieutenant governor Buddy MacKay in 1998 and easily won re-election in 2002. 1994 Florida gubernatorial election An election for governor of Florida was held on November 8, 1994. Incumbent governor Lawton Chiles, a Democrat, survived a strong challenge from businessman Jeb Bush, a Republican,", "title": "1994 Florida gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "17510890", "score": "1.6535354", "text": "1996 United States presidential election in Texas The 1996 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 5, 1996. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1996 United States presidential election. Texas voters chose thirty-two electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president. Texas was won by Kansas Senator Bob Dole, who was running against incumbent United States President Bill Clinton of Arkansas. Clinton ran a second time with incumbent Vice President Al Gore as his running mate and Dole ran with former New York Congressman Jack Kemp. Texas", "title": "1996 United States presidential election in Texas" }, { "id": "15952723", "score": "1.6498044", "text": "1986 Texas gubernatorial election The 1986 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1986 to elect the Governor of Texas. The election was a rematch of the 1982 election, with incumbent Democratic Governor Mark White running for re-election against former Republican Governor Bill Clements. Clements was elected to a second, non-consecutive term as governor, winning 53% of the vote to White's 46%. Incumbent Mark Wells White was inaugurated as Texas' 43rd Governor on January 18, 1983, having been elected to the governorship in the 1982 elections. He lost his re-election bid in 1986. He had been elected to statewide", "title": "1986 Texas gubernatorial election" }, { "id": "16579791", "score": "1.6458929", "text": "1992 United States presidential election in Texas The 1992 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 3, 1992, as part of the 1992 United States presidential election. Voters chose thirty-two representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Texas was won by incumbent President George H.W. Bush (R-Texas) with 40.56% of the popular vote over Governor Bill Clinton (D-Arkansas) with 37.08%. Businessman Ross Perot (I-Texas) finished in third, with 22.01% of the popular vote. Clinton ultimately won the national vote, defeating incumbent President Bush. He was the first Democrat to win", "title": "1992 United States presidential election in Texas" } ]

[ "kingdom of spain", "Espańa", "espainia", "SPAIN", "españa", "iso 3166 1 es", "el reino de españa", "espainiako erresuma", "Espana", "Reino de Espana", "Regne d'Espanha", "spain", "mountains of spain", "espanya", "espana", "Spain", "Espanya", "ISO 3166-1:ES", "The Spanish Society", "El Reino de España", "espańa", "Espagna", "Spane", "Mountains of Spain", "name of spain", "The kingdom of Spain", "Kingdom of Spain", "Etymology of Spain", "Islands of Spain", "España", "kingdom of spains", "El Reino de Espana", "Kingdom of the Spains", "islands of spain", "etymology of spain", "spanish kingdom", "Spanish Kingdom", "el reino de espana", "espagna", "Regne d'Espanya", "spane", "reino de españa", "Espainiako Erresuma", "Name of Spain", "Espainia", "reino de espana", "regne d espanha", "spanish society", "Reino de España", "regne d espanya" ]

[ { "id": "300678", "score": "1.8257892", "text": "in the town of Villacarrillo, Jaén. Turkey is the largest producer outside the EU (table), with 208,000 tons produced in 2016 to 2017, cultivating from 174.594 thousand trees. Greece is the third largest producer of olive oil. As of 2009, there were 531,000 farms cultivating from 132 million trees producing 310–350,000 tons of olive oil. Italy produced 182,300 tonnes in 2016/17 or 7,6% of the world's production (table). Even though the production can change from year to year, usually major Italian producers are the regions of Calabria and, above all, Apulia. Many PDO and PGI extra-virgin olive oil are produced", "title": "Olive oil" }, { "id": "300708", "score": "1.7415861", "text": "that \"it's reliably reported that 80% of the Italian olive oil on the market is fraudulent\" and that \"a massive olive oil scandal is being uncovered in Southern Italy (Puglia, Umbria and Campania)\". Greece has by far the largest per capita consumption of olive oil worldwide, over per person per year; Spain and Italy, around 14 l; Tunisia, Portugal, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon, around 8 l. Northern Europe and North America consume far less, around 0.7 l, but the consumption of olive oil outside its home territory has been rising steadily. The main producing and consuming countries are: Olive oil", "title": "Olive oil" }, { "id": "4359246", "score": "1.7055887", "text": "3,150 BC) in southern Turkey, the Levant, and Crete. The ten countries with the largest harvests (in 2011) are all near the Mediterranean (Portugal being the tenth largest): together, they produce 95% of the world's olives. The olive yields bitter fruits, made edible by curing and fermentation, and olive oil. Some 90% of the fruit production (1996) goes into olive oil. The Mediterranean region accounts for the world's highest consumption of olive oil: in 2014, the highest-consuming country, Greece, used 17 kg per head; Italy, 12 kg, Spain, 13 kg; the United States for comparison used only 1 kg per", "title": "Mediterranean cuisine" }, { "id": "300665", "score": "1.6947775", "text": "Olive trees have been grown around the Mediterranean since the 8th millennium BC. Spain is the largest producer of olive oil, followed by Italy and Greece. However, per capita national consumption is highest in Greece, followed by Spain, Italy, and Morocco. Consumption in South Asia, North America and northern Europe is far less, but rising steadily. The composition of olive oil varies with the cultivar, altitude, time of harvest and extraction process. It consists mainly of oleic acid (up to 83%), with smaller amounts of other fatty acids including linoleic acid (up to 21%) and palmitic acid (up to 20%).", "title": "Olive oil" }, { "id": "300681", "score": "1.6947098", "text": "operate groves of a million trees or more and produce oils for the general market. 11% of Australian production is exported, mostly to Asia. In North America, Italian and Spanish olive oils are the best-known, and top-quality extra virgin olive oil from Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece are sold at high prices, often in prestige packaging. A large part of U.S. olive oil imports come from Italy, Spain, and Turkey. The United States produces olive oil in California, Hawaii, Texas, Georgia, and Oregon. Olive oil is an important cooking oil in countries surrounding the Mediterranean, and it forms one of", "title": "Olive oil" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Olive oil\n\nOlive oil is a liquid fat obtained from olives (the fruit of \"Olea europaea\"; family Oleaceae), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin, produced by pressing whole olives and extracting the oil. It is commonly used in cooking: for frying foods or as a salad dressing. It can be found in some cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, soaps, and fuels for traditional oil lamps. It also has additional uses in some religions. The olive is one of three core food plants in Mediterranean cuisine; the other two are wheat and grapes. Olive trees have been grown around the Mediterranean since the 8th millennium BC.\n\nIn 2019–2020, world production of olive oil was . Spain was the largest producer followed by Italy, Tunisia, Greece, Turkey and Morocco. San Marino has by far the largest per capita consumption of olive oil worldwide.\n\nThe composition of olive oil varies with the cultivar, altitude, time of harvest, and extraction process. It consists mainly of oleic acid (up to 83%), with smaller amounts of other fatty acids including linoleic acid (up to 21%) and palmitic acid (up to 20%). Extra virgin olive oil is required to have no more than 0.8% free acidity and is considered to have favorable flavor characteristics.", "title": "Olive oil" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Olive\n\nThe olive, botanical name Olea europaea, meaning 'European olive' in Latin, is a species of small tree or shrub in the family Oleaceae, found traditionally in the Mediterranean Basin. When in shrub form, it is known as \"Olea europaea\" 'Montra', dwarf olive, or little olive. The species is cultivated in all the countries of the Mediterranean, as well as in Australia, New Zealand, North and South America and South Africa. \"Olea europaea\" is the type species for the genus \"Olea\".\n\nThe olive's fruit, also called an \"olive\", is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean region as the source of olive oil; it is one of the core ingredients in Mediterranean cuisine. The tree and its fruit give their name to the plant family, which also includes species such as lilac, jasmine, forsythia, and the true ash tree.\nThousands of cultivars of the olive tree are known. Olive cultivars may be used primarily for oil, eating, or both. Olives cultivated for consumption are generally referred to as \"table olives\".<ref name=\"Fernández, A. Garrido 1997\" /> About 90% of all harvested olives are turned into oil, while about 10% are used as table olives.", "title": "Olive" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration\n\nOlive oil regulation and adulteration are complex issues overseen and studied by various governmental bodies, non-governmental organizations, and private researchers across the world.", "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Palm oil\n\nPalm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms. The oil is used in food manufacturing, in beauty products, and as biofuel. Palm oil accounted for about 33% of global oils produced from oil crops in 2014. Palm oils are easier to stabilize and maintain quality of flavor and consistency in processed foods, so are frequently favored by food manufacturers. On average globally, humans consumed 7.7 kg (17 lb) of palm oil per person in 2015.<ref name=\"bloomberg\" /> Demand has also increased for other uses, such as cosmetics and biofuels, creating more demand on the supply encouraging the growth of palm oil plantations in tropical countries.\n\nThe use of palm oil has attracted the concern of environmental groups due to deforestation in the tropics where palms are grown, and has been cited as a factor in social problems due to allegations of human rights violations among growers. An industry group formed in 2004 to create more sustainable and ethical palm oil, through the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. However, very little palm oil is certified through the organization, and some groups have criticized it as greenwashing. In 2018, a report by the International Union for Conservation of Nature acknowledged that palm oil is much more efficient than other oils in terms of land and water usage, however deforestation causes more biodiversity loss than switching to other oils.\n\nThe biggest producers of palm oil are Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Nigeria. Indonesia produces biodiesel primarily from palm oil. Since agricultural land is limited, in order to plant monocultures of oil palms, land used for other cultivations or the tropical forest need to be cleared. A major environmental threat is then the destruction of rainforests in Indonesia.", "title": "Palm oil" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "International Olive Council\n\nThe International Olive Council (IOC) (formerly the International Olive Oil Council (IOOC)) is an intergovernmental organization of states that produce olives or products derived from olives, such as olive oil.\n\nOriginally established in under the 1955 International Agreement on Olive Oil, the IOC seeks to promote the international trade in olive products, part of which it does by establishing and ensuring adherence to grading standards for those products.\n\nThe organization's members account for more than 98% of global olive production.\n\nThe IOC's headquarters are in Madrid, Spain.", "title": "International Olive Council" }, { "id": "300680", "score": "1.6881921", "text": "\"Made in Italy\", creating a fraud that the European Commission has attempted to overcome by offering a 5 million Euro reward to stimulate better methods of authentication. Tunisia is the fourth largest producer outside the EU (table), with 100,000 tons produced in 2016 to 2017, among which 73% was exported to Europe. Because of the arid climate, pesticides and herbicides are largely unnecessary in Tunisia. While the majority (between 60–70%) of olive oil consumed in Australia is imported from Europe, a smaller domestic industry does exist. Many Australian producers only make premium small-batch oils, while a number of corporate growers", "title": "Olive oil" }, { "id": "300677", "score": "1.6794547", "text": "EU, Eurostat reported in 2007 that there were 1.9 million farms with olive groves. The olive sector is characterised by a large number of small operations. The largest holdings are in Andalusia (8 ha/holding on average) in Spain and Alentejo (7.5 ha/holding) in Portugal while the smallest are located in Cyprus (0.5 ha/holding), Apulia and Crete (1.7 ha/holding). Some 75% of Spain's production derives from the region of Andalucía, particularly within Jaén province which produces 70% of olive oil in Spain. The world’s largest olive oil mill (almazara, in Spanish), capable of processing 2,500 tonnes of olives per day, is", "title": "Olive oil" }, { "id": "19404156", "score": "1.6290622", "text": "town of Jenin where most of the olive oil presses are located. Olive oil produced in Palestine is primarily consumed locally. The natural olive tree cycle of high-yield years followed by low-yield years has caused large fluctuations in production, but on average there is an excess of around 4,000 tonnes of olive oil produced per year. Of this, the biggest market is likely to be to Israel – although the data is not collected, making the destination of the oil hard to assess. The rest is exported to Europe, North America and the Gulf states. The International Olive Council estimates", "title": "Olive production in Palestine" }, { "id": "1278957", "score": "1.5681787", "text": "contains two Renaissance cities, Úbeda and Baeza, both recently declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The annual chess tournament held until 2010 in Linares attracted many of the world's best players. The province is the largest producer of olive oil in the world. It produces around 45% of all Spanish production and 20% of world's production. For this reason the province is also known as \"World Capital of Olive Oil\". There are more than 66 million of olive trees, spread over a surface of 550,000 hectares. The province alone produces more olive oil than the entire country of Italy.", "title": "Province of Jaén (Spain)" }, { "id": "17889004", "score": "1.5657246", "text": "Italian food products Italy produces many food products. Italy is the second largest producer in Europe and in the world of olive oil production with a national average of more than 464,000 tons, of which two thirds extra virgin and less than 41 PDO and PGI recognized by the EU. In Italy, the olive tree is spread over approximately one million hectares in the primary culture and on a surface slightly less cultured, subsidiary with crops or with other tree species (vines, citrus, almond, etc.) . Regarding the altitude areas, the olive has spread to 2% in the mountains, 53%", "title": "Italian food products" }, { "id": "300676", "score": "1.5598783", "text": "domestic cooking or catering, or industrial uses such as animal feed or engineering applications. During the stages of maturity, olive fruit changes color from green to violet, and then black. Olive oil taste characteristics depend on which stage of ripeness olive fruits are collected. In 2016/17 period, world production of virgin olive oil was 2.586,5 thousand tonnes (table), a 18,6% decrease under 2015/16 global production. Spain produced 1.290,6 thousand tonnes or 50% of world production. The next six largest producers – Turkey, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Syria and Tunisia – collectively produced 70 percent of Spain's annual total (table). In the", "title": "Olive oil" }, { "id": "300773", "score": "1.5590831", "text": "olive trees, which is more than twice the amount of land devoted to apples, bananas, or mangoes. Only coconut trees and oil palms command more space. Cultivation area tripled from between 1960 and 1998 and reached a peak of in 2008. The 10 largest producing countries, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization, are all located in the Mediterranean region and produce 95% of the world's olives. One hundred grams of cured green olives provide 146 calories, are a rich source of vitamin E (25% of the Daily Value, DV), and contain a large amount of sodium (104% DV); other", "title": "Olive" }, { "id": "9809412", "score": "1.5546975", "text": "olive oil as the main cash crop. The extra virgin olive oil that is produced is of the highest standards and quality and is sought out by olive oil importers globally. Most of the olive oil that is harvested is purchased by large Italian premium olive-oil labels who are known to repackage the local olive oil and brand it as an Italian product. The younger people are also shifting away from an agriculture-based economy as their primary source of income. As more and more residents drive, they have expanded their job opportunities to commuting to nearby larger cities such as", "title": "Longanikos" }, { "id": "300679", "score": "1.5405946", "text": "in these regions. In Apulia, among the villages of Carovigno, Ostuni and Fasano is the Plain of Olive Trees, which counts some specimens as old as 3000 years; it has been proposed add this plain to the UNESCO Heritage List. Excellent extra-virgin olive oil is also produced in Tuscany, in cities like Lucca, Florence, Siena which are also included in the association of \"\"Città dell'Olio\"\". Italy imports about 65% of Spanish olive oil exports. Some Italian companies are known to mix the imported olive oil with alternate oils (such as soy) and falsely market the blend as authentic olive oil", "title": "Olive oil" }, { "id": "12578941", "score": "1.5263212", "text": "the DCOOP Group of Spain – the largest olive oil coop in the World. DCOOP is the world’s largest cooperative of olive growers with 75,000 families of farmers and produces an annual average of 225,000 metric tons of olive oil. The partnership brought together the best possible raw materials and the finest production and bottling facilities in the world, merging assets that include an ultra-modern production facility in Spain directly next to the olive farms. In October 2017, the two groups strengthened the alliance by signing a new agreement that increased the companies' stakes in one another from 20% to", "title": "Pompeian, Inc." }, { "id": "13091819", "score": "1.519183", "text": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration Olive oil regulation and adulteration are complex issues overseen and studied by various governmental bodies, non-governmental organizations, and private researchers across the world. The International Olive Council (IOC) is an intergovernmental organization based in Madrid, Spain, with 16 member states plus the European Union. It promotes olive oil around the world by tracking production, defining quality standards, and monitoring authenticity. More than 98 percent of the world's olives are grown in IOC member nations. The United States is not a member of the IOC, and the US Department of Agriculture does not legally recognize its", "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }, { "id": "13091820", "score": "1.5064156", "text": "classifications (such as extra-virgin olive oil). On October 25, 2011, the United States adopted new olive oil standards, a revision of those that have been in place since 1948, which affect importers and domestic growers and producers by ensuring conformity with the benchmarks commonly accepted in the U.S. and abroad. The IOC officially governs 95 per cent of international production and holds great influence over the rest. IOC terminology is precise, but it can lead to confusion between the words that describe production and the words used on retail labels. Olive oil is classified by how it was produced, by", "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }, { "id": "13091828", "score": "1.4926991", "text": "Rioja (Spain) warned about the possible sale of adulterated olive oil in the area. This warning came after 550 litres of oil was found in a large container labelled \"Astispumante 1510\" in Rincón de Soto and after the theft of 1,750 litres of oil was reported in the area on December 18, 2008. In the first week of March 2010, researchers at the University of California at Davis' Olive Center purchased three bottles each of 14 imported olive oils and five California oils at retail stores in three different regions of California (Sacramento County, San Francisco Bay Area, and Los", "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }, { "id": "13301580", "score": "1.4908538", "text": "areas, where small garden plots known as huertas were common. The Canary Islands also produced a significant proportion of Spain's tomatoes. Potatoes were a prominent garden crop in the northwest. Spain was the world's leading producer and exporter of olives and olive oil, although in some years Italy showed higher production levels because Spanish harvests were notably vulnerable to insects, frost, and storm damage. Andalusia, where about one-half of the olive groves were found, is generally free of these hazards, but olives were grown in virtually every province except the humid north and the northwest. In the 1980s, olive production", "title": "Agriculture in Spain" }, { "id": "13091827", "score": "1.4883118", "text": "tests.\" In March 2008, 400 Italian police officers conducted \"Operation Golden Oil\", arresting 23 people and confiscating 85 farms after an investigation revealed a large-scale scheme to relabel oils from other Mediterranean nations as Italian. In April 2008, another operation impounded seven olive oil plants and arrested 40 people in nine provinces of northern and southern Italy for adding chlorophyll to sunflower and soybean oil and selling it as extra virgin olive oil, both in Italy and abroad. 25,000 liters of the fake oil were seized and prevented from being exported. On December 22, 2008, the Guardia Civil in La", "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" } ]

[ "Te-Pito-O-Te-Henua", "Geography of Easter Island", "Geology of Easter Island", "government of easter island", "Demographics of Easter Island", "easter island", "paasch eyland", "Climate of Easter Island", "geology of easter island", "culture of easter island", "easter isle", "Ecology of Easter Island", "Rapa Nui and Sala-y-Gomez subtropical broadleaf forests", "Easterisland", "transport in easter island", "big rapa", "Culture of Easter Island", "ahu easter island", "Rapa Nui", "easter islands", "Isla de Pascua", "easterisland", "rapa nui", "demographics of easter island", "climate of easter island", "Isla De Pascua", "ecology of easter island", "Rapa nui", "geography of easter island", "easter islanders", "te pito o te henua", "Government of Easter Island", "Easter island", "Ahu (Easter Island)", "Paasch-Eyland", "Big Rapa", "chilean polynesia", "Luz Zasso Paoa", "Easter Isle", "isla de pascua", "Chilean Polynesia", "Isla de Pascua Province", "Easter Islands", "Paasch Eyland", "isla de pascua province", "rapa nui and sala y gomez subtropical broadleaf forests", "luz zasso paoa", "Easter Island", "Transport in Easter Island", "Easter Islanders" ]

[ { "id": "2602413", "score": "1.486331", "text": "carving of each statue require effort and resources, but the finished product was then hauled to its final location and erected. The quarries in Rano Raraku appear to have been abandoned abruptly, with a litter of stone tools and many completed moai outside the quarry awaiting transport and almost as many incomplete statues still \"in situ\" as were installed on ahu. In the nineteenth century, this led to conjecture that the island was the remnant of a sunken continent and that most completed moai were under the sea. That idea has long been debunked, and now it is understood that:", "title": "Moai" }, { "id": "640960", "score": "1.48456", "text": "exploration of Easter Island (1914) recorded that the indigenous population strongly rejected allegations that they or their ancestors had been cannibals. The most important myths are: The Rapa Nui people had a Stone Age culture and made extensive use of local stone: The large stone statues, or \"moai\", for which Easter Island is famous, were carved in the period 1100–1680 AD (rectified radio-carbon dates). A total of 887 monolithic stone statues have been inventoried on the island and in museum collections. Although often identified as \"Easter Island heads\", the statues have torsos, most of them ending at the top of", "title": "Easter Island" }, { "id": "3648839", "score": "1.4457482", "text": "the production of classic statues had ceased. Rano Raraku Rano Raraku is a volcanic crater formed of consolidated volcanic ash, or tuff, and located on the lower slopes of Terevaka in the Rapa Nui National Park on Easter Island in Chile. It was a quarry for about 500 years until the early eighteenth century, and supplied the stone from which about 95% of the island's known monolithic sculptures (moai) were carved. Rano Raraku is a visual record of moai design vocabulary and technological innovation, where 887 moai remain. Rano Raraku is in the World Heritage Site of Rapa Nui National", "title": "Rano Raraku" }, { "id": "15559590", "score": "1.4415805", "text": "Cook Islands art Wood carving is a common art form in the Cook Islands. Sculpture in stone is much rarer although there are some excellent carvings in basalt by Mike Taveoni. The proximity of islands in the southern group helped produce a homogeneous style of carving but which had special developments in each island. Rarotonga is known for its fisherman's gods and staff-gods, Atiu for its wooden seats, Mitiaro, Mauke and Atiu for mace and slab gods and Mangaia for its ceremonial adzes. Most of the original wood carvings were either spirited away by early European collectors or were burned", "title": "Cook Islands art" }, { "id": "10629696", "score": "1.4234768", "text": "images of the Buddha that have been carved on a single, large granite rock face, considered to be among the best examples of the rock carving and sculpting arts of the ancient Sinhalese. The rock has been cut almost deep to create a rock face to accommodate the statues, and is the only example in the country where a natural rock has been excavated to this extent for such a purpose. The images position the temple alongside some of the most significant monuments which survive from the ancient kingdoms of Sri Lanka, and make it the most celebrated and visited", "title": "Gal Vihara" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Easter Island\n\nEaster Island (; ) is an island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania. The island is most famous for its nearly 1,000 extant monumental statues, called \"moai\", which were created by the early Rapa Nui people. In 1995, UNESCO named Easter Island a World Heritage Site, with much of the island protected within Rapa Nui National Park.\n\nExperts disagree on when the island's Polynesian inhabitants first reached the island. While many in the research community cited evidence that they arrived around the year 800, there is compelling evidence presented in a 2007 study that places their arrival closer to 1200. The inhabitants created a thriving and industrious culture, as evidenced by the island's numerous enormous stone \"moai\" and other artifacts. However, land clearing for cultivation and the introduction of the Polynesian rat led to gradual deforestation.\n\nChile annexed Easter Island in 1888. In 1966, the Rapa Nui were granted Chilean citizenship. In 2007 the island gained the constitutional status of \"special territory\" (). Administratively, it belongs to the Valparaíso Region, constituting a single commune (Isla de Pascua) of the Province of Isla de Pascua. The 2017 Chilean census registered 7,750 people on the island, of whom 3,512 (45%) considered themselves Rapa Nui.\n\nEaster Island is one of the most remote inhabited islands in the world. The nearest inhabited land (around 50 residents in 2013) is Pitcairn Island, away; the nearest town with a population over 500 is Rikitea, on the island of Mangareva, away; the nearest continental point lies in central Chile, away.", "title": "Easter Island" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Moai\n\nMoai or moʻai ( ; ; ) are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Rapa Nui in eastern Polynesia between the years 1250 and 1500. Nearly half are still at Rano Raraku, the main moai quarry, but hundreds were transported from there and set on stone platforms called ahu around the island's perimeter. Almost all moai have overly large heads, which comprise three-eighths the size of the whole statue - which has no legs. The moai are chiefly the living faces (\"aringa ora\") of deified ancestors (\"aringa ora ata tepuna\"). The statues still gazed inland across their clan lands when Europeans first visited the island in 1722, but all of them had fallen by the latter part of the 19th century.\n\nThe production and transportation of the more than 900 statues The tallest moai erected, called \"Paro\", was almost high and weighed 82 tonnes (80.7 tons). The heaviest moai erected was a shorter but squatter moai at Ahu Tongariki, weighing 86 tonnes (84.6 tons). One unfinished sculpture, if completed, would have been approximately tall, with a weight of about 145–165 tons.", "title": "Moai" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Easter Island – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Petra\n\nPetra (; , \"Rock\", Nabataean: ), originally known to its inhabitants as Raqmu or Raqēmō, is an historic and archaeological city in southern Jordan. It is adjacent to the mountain of Jabal Al-Madbah, in a basin surrounded by mountains forming the eastern flank of the Arabah valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. by which time Petra had become their capital.\n\nThe trading business gained the Nabataeans considerable revenue and Petra became the focus of their wealth. The Nabataeans were accustomed to living in the barren deserts, unlike their enemies, and were able to repel attacks by taking advantage of the area's mountainous terrain. They were particularly skillful in harvesting rainwater, agriculture and stone carving. Petra flourished in the 1st century AD, when its Al-Khazneh structure – believed to be the mausoleum of Nabataean king Aretas IV – was constructed, and its population peaked at an estimated 20,000 inhabitants.\n\nAlthough the Nabataean kingdom became a client state of the Roman Empire in the first century BC, it was only in 106 AD that it lost its independence. Petra fell to the Romans, who annexed Nabataea and renamed it as Arabia Petraea. Petra's importance declined as sea trade routes emerged, and after an earthquake in 363 destroyed many structures. In the Byzantine era several Christian churches were built, but the city continued to decline, and by the early Islamic era it was abandoned except for a handful of nomads. It remained unknown until it was rediscovered in 1812 by Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.\n\nAccess to the city is through a gorge called the Siq, which leads directly to the Khazneh. Famous for its rock-cut architecture and water conduit system, Petra is also called the \"Rose City\" because of the colour of the stone from which it is carved. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. UNESCO has described Petra as \"one of the most precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage\". In 2007, Al-Khazneh was voted one of the New 7 Wonders of the World. Petra is a symbol of Jordan, as well as Jordan's most-visited tourist attraction. Tourist numbers peaked at 1.1 million in 2019, marking the first time that the figure rose above the 1 million mark. Tourism in the city was crippled by the COVID-19 pandemic, but soon after started to pick up again, reaching 260,000 visitors in 2021.", "title": "Petra" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Elephanta Caves\n\nThe Elephanta Caves are a collection of cave temples predominantly dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva. They are on Elephanta Island, or \"Gharapuri\" (literally \"the city of caves\"),\n\nThe Elephanta Caves contain rock cut stone sculptures, mostly in high relief, that show syncretism of Hindu and Buddhist ideas and iconography. The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock. Except for a few exceptions, much of the artwork is defaced and damaged.\n\nThese date to between the 5th and 9th centuries, and scholars attribute them to various Hindu dynasties.\n\nThey were named \"Elefante\" – which morphed to Elephanta – by the colonial Portuguese who found elephant statues on the caves. They established a base on the island. The main cave (Cave 1, or the Great Cave) was a Hindu place of worship until the Portuguese arrived, whereupon the island ceased to be an active place of worship.<ref name=britelephanta/> The earliest attempts to prevent further damage to the caves were started by British India officials in 1909.<ref name=collins25/> The monuments were restored in the 1970s.<ref name=britelephanta/> In 1987, the restored Elephanta Caves were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is currently maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).<ref name=unesco/><ref name=list/>", "title": "Elephanta Caves" }, { "id": "7810697", "score": "1.4168725", "text": "in) wide on its two narrow surfaces. Each side of the figure has a face and torso. On the sides of the stone where the two carved figures are joined, is an interlace design that may represent hair. The faces are large and pointed ovals in shape, with big eyes, straight noses, and half open mouths with protruding tongues above the pointed chins. The figure has no neck, with its head resting directly on its torso. The torso is a square block with hunched shoulders, crossed arms, and a belt. The figure ends just below its waist. The lower section", "title": "Boa Island" }, { "id": "8845988", "score": "1.40503", "text": "entire island was declared a historic park. The population of the island which was 2,770 in 1972 rose to 3,792 by 2002, mostly concentrated in the capital. The island was brought under the administrative control of Chile in 1888. Its fame and World Heritage status arise from the 887 extant stone statues known as \"moai\". Much of the island has been included in the Rapa Nui National Park. On 22 March 1996 UNESCO designated it a World Heritage Site of cultural significance under criteria (i), (iii), & (v). The moai in the park are of varying height from 2 to", "title": "Rapa Nui National Park" }, { "id": "1837613", "score": "1.3917503", "text": "stone statues adorn the roadside area of the beach starting from the Triumph of Labour statue, the first statue erected in the beach, near the memorials at the Anna Square to Mahatma Gandhi statue near the lighthouse. Most statues are of national or local legends while others have symbolic significance like the Triumph of Labour statue. The statues along the promenade are (from north to south): Earlier present near Gandhi statue traffic island was a statue for Sivaji Ganesan, which was erected on 21 July 2006 . Following a court order, it was shifted on Aug 3, 2017 to a", "title": "Marina Beach" }, { "id": "640962", "score": "1.3897237", "text": "on, the volcanic stone was splashed with water to soften it. While many teams worked on different statues at the same time, a single moai took a team of five or six men approximately a year to complete. Each statue represented the deceased head of a lineage. Only a quarter of the statues were installed. Nearly half remained in the quarry at Rano Raraku, and the rest sat elsewhere, presumably on their way to intended locations. The largest moai raised on a platform is known as \"Paro\". It weighs 82 tonnes (90.4 short tons), and is long. Several other statues", "title": "Easter Island" }, { "id": "2602404", "score": "1.389063", "text": "one kneeling moai, the statues do not have clearly visible legs. Though moai are whole-body statues, they are erroneously referred to as \"Easter Island heads\" in some popular literature. This is partly because of the disproportionate size of most moai heads, and partly because many of the iconic images for the island showing upright moai are the statues on the slopes of Rano Raraku, many of which are buried to their shoulders. Some of the \"heads\" at Rano Raraku have been excavated and their bodies seen, and observed to have markings that had been protected from erosion by their burial.", "title": "Moai" }, { "id": "10685275", "score": "1.3885164", "text": "local one. Among the ancient statues discovered in Tārūt is one of a naked man made out of dark grey stone. It was found in the 1950s by a man ploughing his field. It is 94 cm high, and the man is standing in a reverential posture, with wide eyes. It is almost certainly Sumerian in origin, though it was found about 1000 kilometers from the nearest city of Sumer. It is a very high quality object, but was almost destroyed by the superstitious villagers, who thought it had something to do with spirits (\"jinn\"), and so cut it in", "title": "Tarout Island" }, { "id": "3414503", "score": "1.3874986", "text": "the grand statue of Bhairava Adityawarman discovered in Sumatra. Today, the Hindu-Buddhist style stone sculptures are reproduced in villages in Muntilan near Borobudur also in Trowulan the former capital site of Majapahit in East Java, and Bali, and sold as garden or pool ornament statues for homes, offices and hotels. Today in Indonesia, the richest, most elaborate and vivid wooden sculpture and wood carving traditions can be found in Bali and Jepara, Central Java. Balinese handicrafts such as sculptures, masks, and other carving artworks are popular souvenir for tourist that have visited Indonesia. On the other hand, the Jepara wood", "title": "Culture of Indonesia" }, { "id": "2602400", "score": "1.3858433", "text": "Moai Moai , or mo‘ai, are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island in eastern Polynesia between the years 1250 and 1500. Nearly half are still at Rano Raraku, the main moai quarry, but hundreds were transported from there and set on stone platforms called ahu around the island's perimeter. Almost all moai have overly large heads three-eighths the size of the whole statue. The moai are chiefly the living faces (\"aringa ora\") of deified ancestors (\"aringa ora ata tepuna\"). The statues still gazed inland across their clan lands when Europeans first visited the island", "title": "Moai" }, { "id": "8845989", "score": "1.3723345", "text": "20 metres (6 to 65 ft). The volcanic rock formations quarried for sculpting are a distinctive yellow-brown volcanic tuff found only at the Ranu Raraku on the southeast side of the island. Some of the moai were also carved from red scoria. The ceremonial shrines where they are erected for offering worship are known as \"\"ahu\"\". Of impressive size and form, they are normally built close to the coast and parallel to it. Many unfinished moai are also found in the quarries. The production and transportation of the 887 statues are considered remarkable creative and physical feats. The moai have", "title": "Rapa Nui National Park" }, { "id": "16783671", "score": "1.3682978", "text": "Rapa Nui with William Mulloy. For an entire year the two archaeologists investigated and recommended sites for possible restoration. Many \"moai\" had been pulled down during warfare between rival island clans, and erosion, resource-scavenging by natives, souvenir-taking by tourists, and encroachment by public works were destroying what remained. During this time, Figueroa and Mulloy restored \"Ahu Akivi\", which had been “a disordered group of fallen statues and fragments, but with restoration it became an impressive platform…” They re-erected a total of seven \"moai\" on \"Ahu Akivi\", including replacing broken heads onto four them. Each statue was over four meters in", "title": "Gonzalo Figueroa Garcia Huidobro" }, { "id": "4704818", "score": "1.3682365", "text": "sculpture, and it no longer resembles a Lao Buddha. Wood is popular for small, votive Buddhist images that are often left in caves. Wood is also very common for large, life-size standing images of the Buddha. The most famous two sculptures carved in semi-precious stone are the Phra Keo (The Emerald Buddha) and the Phra Phuttha Butsavarat. The Phra Keo, which is probably of Xieng Sen (Chiang Saen) origin, is carved from a solid block of jade. It rested in Vientiane for two hundred years before the Siamese carried it away as booty in the late 18th century. Today it", "title": "History of Asian art" }, { "id": "2602434", "score": "1.364713", "text": "Easter Island but looks distinct. This has caused inconsistent drawings to be adopted for this emoji by various companies with proprietary emoji images. Moai Moai , or mo‘ai, are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island in eastern Polynesia between the years 1250 and 1500. Nearly half are still at Rano Raraku, the main moai quarry, but hundreds were transported from there and set on stone platforms called ahu around the island's perimeter. Almost all moai have overly large heads three-eighths the size of the whole statue. The moai are chiefly the living faces (\"aringa", "title": "Moai" }, { "id": "11535421", "score": "1.3638107", "text": "Samantabhadra. The Hall of Great Compassion houses statues, carved stones, and artistic masterpieces. Among these statues there stand some of the most valuable statues in ancient China - Pottery Statue of Sitting Buddha of the Eastern Han dynasty (25-220), Pottery-bottle Statue of Buddha of the Eastern Wu dynasty (229-280), Stone Statue of Buddha of the Tang dynasty (618-907), and Steel-cast Statue of Guanyin. Taiwanese writer Li Ao, who published a novel: \"Martyrs' Shrine: The Story of the Reform Movement of 1898 in China\" (another name is called \"Fayuan Temple\"), is about the beginning and the failure of the Hundred Days'", "title": "Fayuan Temple" }, { "id": "2602422", "score": "1.3607976", "text": "Lipo argue that when the statues were carved at a quarry, the sculptors left their bases wide and curved along the front edge. They showed that statues along the road have a center of mass that causes the statue to lean forward. As the statue tilts forward, it rocks sideways along its curved front edge and takes a \"step.\" Large flakes are seen broken off of the sides of the bases. They argue that once the statue was \"walked\" down the road and installed in the landscape, the wide and curved base was carved down. All of this evidence points", "title": "Moai" }, { "id": "19183369", "score": "1.3602456", "text": "and technique the relief carving may be compared to 7th - 8th century Tang sculpture in central Asia. This Buddha seated statue is most famous because it is the second largest Buddha Statue (formally called as Budh Ghat) in central Asia. In 2007 the Taliban tried to destroy the head of the relief with explosives, although ultimately only the top part of the Buddha’s head was damaged. The carving has since been restored by the Italian Archaeological Mission in Swat. A coating was applied to protect the damaged part of the carving in 2012, and next the face was restored", "title": "Buddhist rock carving in Manglawar" } ]

[ "Equatorial Guinean", "Guinée équatoriale", "Guiné Equatorial", "EQG", "Guinee equatoriale", "equatoguinea", "equatorial guinée", "equitorial guinea", "guinee equatoriale", "geq", "Guinée Équatoriale", "guine equatorial", "Equitorial Guinea", "Eqguin", "equatorial guineans", "GEQ", "equatorial guineau", "iso 3166 1 gq", "equatoguinean", "Equatorial Guinea", "guinea equatoriale", "Guinea Equatoriale", "equatorial guinea", "equatorial guinean", "equatorial guiniea", "eq guinea", "guiné equatorial", "Administrative divisions of Equatorial Guinea", "ISO 3166-1:GQ", "Equitoreal guinea", "Equatorial Guniea", "GNQ", "Sport in Equatorial Guinea", "Equatorial guiniea", "Equatorial Guineau", "EqG", "Eq. Guinea", "Equatorial guinea", "Guinee Equatoriale", "Equatoguinea", "equatoguineans", "Republic of Equatorial Guinea", "Guinea Ecuatorial", "eqg", "guinea équatoriale", "Guinea Équatoriale", "equitoreal guinea", "equatorial guinee", "Equatorial Guinee", "Equatorial Guineans", "eqguin", "guinea ecuatorial", "Guinea Equatorial", "administrative divisions of equatorial guinea", "republic of equatorial guinea", "Equatoguineans", "gnq", "guinea equatorial", "Equatoguinean", "equatorial guniea", "Guine Equatorial", "Equatorial Guinée", "guinée équatoriale", "sport in equatorial guinea" ]

[ { "id": "15750131", "score": "2.1146727", "text": "other Equatoguinean players had been accused of being male by opponents. Añonma rejected the allegations and was shown by a gender test to be female, wherein she was required to strip naked to demonstrate her gender. She played in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, scoring Equatorial Guinea's only two goals in the tournament, in a 3–2 loss against Australia. She was included in the All-Star Team, becoming the first African player to earn this distinction. She won a second African Women's Championship in 2012, again at home. \"Scores and results list Equatorial Guinea's goal tally first\" Notes Citations Genoveva", "title": "Genoveva Añonma" }, { "id": "15750130", "score": "2.0139866", "text": "was named African Women Footballer of the Year. On 24 February 2015, it was announced that Añonma signed for the Portland Thorns for the 2015 National Women's Soccer League season, joining after the completion of that year's World Cup. She was waived by Portland Thorns FC in October 2015. In 2016, she played for Suwon FMC WFC in the South Korean WK-League. Añonma was part of the Equatorial Guinea football team that won the 2008 African Women's Championship at home and finished runners up in South Africa two years later. After the 2010 African Women's Championship final, Añonma and two", "title": "Genoveva Añonma" }, { "id": "11330468", "score": "2.0017316", "text": "by which they were naturalized, the main controversy arose regarding whether they were actually two men. They had integrated the Equatorial Guinea's squads that won the 2008 African Women's Championship and reached the second place in the 2010 African Women's Championship, which allowed Equatorial Guinea to qualify for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Around April 2011, they were removed from national team by the Italian-born Brazilian coach Marcelo Frigerio, who had recently assumed, just a few months before participating in the World Cup. Since then, the Simporé siblings never were called-up. In 2015, Frigerio, now a former national team", "title": "Equatorial Guinea women's national football team" }, { "id": "15750129", "score": "1.8915391", "text": "Genoveva Añonma Genoveva \"Ayo\" Añonma Nze (born 19 April 1989) is an Equatoguinean footballer who plays as a striker for Leones Vegetarianos FC and the Equatorial Guinea national team, where she serves as its captain. Añonma played in her country and South Africa before signing for Bundesliga team USV Jena in 2009. She was the team's top scorer in both seasons she spent in Jena. Following the 2011 World Cup she signed for defending champions Turbine Potsdam. She became the first foreigner to win the Bundesliga top-scorer award when she scored 22 goals in the 2011–12 season. In 2012, she", "title": "Genoveva Añonma" }, { "id": "20699725", "score": "1.8845904", "text": "arose regarding whether Simporé was actually a man. In 2015, Frigerio, now a former national team coach for Equatorial Guinea, told the Brazilian press Simporé is in fact a man. Salimata Simporé Salimata Simporé (born 29 January 1987) is a Burkinabé footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Burkina Faso women's national football team. Simporé played for Princesses in 2005 and in 2015 and for USFA in 2016. In October 2006, Simporé was registered as a player for Equatorial Guinean club Las Vegas. Between 2006 and 2010, Burkinabé-born Simporé used to play for Equatorial Guinea as a naturalized player,", "title": "Salimata Simporé" }, { "id": "16173847", "score": "1.7760355", "text": "football team in June 2006, in a 2–1 defeat by Ukraine in qualifying for the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup. National coach Antonio Cabrini named Gama in his selection for UEFA Women's Euro 2013 in Sweden. Sara Gama Sara Gama (born 27 March 1989) is an Italian football defender of Congolese descent. who plays for Juventus of the Italian Serie A. She has also played for PSG of Division 1 Féminine, UPC Tavagnacco and Calcio Chiasiellis of Serie A, as well as American W-League team Pali Blues. She is a member of the Italian national team, and took part in", "title": "Sara Gama" }, { "id": "16173846", "score": "1.7625728", "text": "Sara Gama Sara Gama (born 27 March 1989) is an Italian football defender of Congolese descent. who plays for Juventus of the Italian Serie A. She has also played for PSG of Division 1 Féminine, UPC Tavagnacco and Calcio Chiasiellis of Serie A, as well as American W-League team Pali Blues. She is a member of the Italian national team, and took part in the 2009 European Championship. As an Under-19 international she won the 2008 U-19 European Championship serving as the team's captain, and was named the tournament's MVP. Gama made her senior debut for the Italy women's national", "title": "Sara Gama" }, { "id": "19826482", "score": "1.760294", "text": "of the national team players had their place. Since December 2013 she is back in the National Team. In the 2011/2012 season, she was voted the best African footballer in Italy. On 23 October 2013 she was awarded the Ghana-Italy Excellence Awards in Brescia. In addition, she was awarded the best goalkeeper by the Ghana Football Association. In addition to her football career, she played futsal for Fontanafredda Futsal Club Caffé dae Tose in Italy for two years. Alima Moro Alima Moro (born 5 February 1983) is a Ghanaian female soccer player. Moro started her soccer career in Bolgatanga Bolga", "title": "Alima Moro" }, { "id": "11330467", "score": "1.7595634", "text": "Football Championship. They made their debut in an international tournament at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, losing all three of their group stage matches against Norway, Australia and Brazil. Equatorial Guinea is the third women's team (out of five) from the Confederation of African Football to qualify for a FIFA Women's World Cup (Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, and Côte d'Ivoire being the others). Between 2006 and 2010, Bilguissa and Salimata Simporé, a sibling duo from Burkina Faso, used to play for Equatorial Guinea - the first as a central defender and the latter as a centre forward. Beyond the mechanism", "title": "Equatorial Guinea women's national football team" }, { "id": "11330466", "score": "1.7512937", "text": "Equatorial Guinea women's national football team The Equatorial Guinea women's national football team is the women's national team for Equatorial Guinea. Their nickname is the \"Nzalang Nacional\". They defeated South Africa 2–1 in an Olympic Games Qualifier on February 18, 2007, but lost the return leg 4–2. In the 2008 Women's African Football Championship (which they hosted), they went undefeated in Group A which featured Cameroon, Congo, and Mali. They defeated Nigeria 1–0 in the semifinal and went on to win the championship beating South Africa 2–1. They became the first nation other than Nigeria to win the Women's African", "title": "Equatorial Guinea women's national football team" }, { "id": "19406253", "score": "1.7475289", "text": "for his team, from there she moved to Ufuoma Babes of Warri Delta State and while playing for Ufuoma Babes, she was invited to the National team in 1991 in preparation for China 91 but unfortunately I got there late and didn’t make the team. Before joining force with late SimbiatAbiola Babes of Abeokuta, the club was owned by the wife of well known MKO Abiola in Nigeria, after her experience in Abeokuta, she moved to Tony and Tony Cocoa Queens of Akure, then Pelican Stars of Calabar under the tutelage of Chief Ntiero Effiom who was also the former", "title": "Judith Chime" }, { "id": "13961188", "score": "1.7422495", "text": "Dilettanti, who oversee women's football in Italy, demanded that the club's new owners pay half of the total €90.000 debt up front, rejecting a proposed alternative repayment arrangement which the male club offered to underwrite. \"For details of current and former players, see .\" Torres have won the most trophies of all Italian women's clubs. A.S.D. Torres Calcio Femminile Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Torres Calcio Femminile (usually referred to simply as Torres or sometimes named Eurospin Torres due to sponsorship) was an Italian women's association football club based in Sassari, Sardinia. The club was formed in 1980 and competed in women's", "title": "A.S.D. Torres Calcio Femminile" }, { "id": "18324117", "score": "1.7415072", "text": "against South Africa. \"Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first\" Francisca Ordega Francisca \"Franny\" Ordega (born 19 October 1993) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays for Atlético Madrid in the Primera División on loan from Washington Spirit of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). She represents Nigeria women's national football team (Super Falcons) at both the FIFA Women's World Cup and African Women's Championship. Ordega began her career at the youth level for Bayelsa Queens, before being promoted to the professional side in 2008 where she played at Nigerian Women's Championship. In 2011, she moved to Rivers Angels,", "title": "Francisca Ordega" }, { "id": "19808084", "score": "1.7266726", "text": "sanctioned by FIFA with a ten-match suspension, to be served in the next matches of the representative team of Equatorial Guinea for which she would be eligible, as well as a fine of CHF 2,000, a reprimand and a warning, on the basis of art. 61 paras 1 and 2 of the FDC. On 4 August 2016, her double identity case led CAF to disqualify the Equatorial Guinea national women’s team from the Women's AFCON Cameroon 2016, and the subsequent suspensions from the 2018 and 2020 editions. On October 5, 2017, FIFA determined the other ten Brazilian-born footballers who played", "title": "Camila do Carmo Nobre de Oliveira" }, { "id": "16173075", "score": "1.7237474", "text": "Slovenia, Pogoń Szczecin in Poland and Dínamo Guadalajara in the Spanish second tier. As a member of the Nigerian national team she won five African Championships in a row between 1998 and 2006, and took part in the 1999 and 2003 World Cups and the 2000 and 2008 Summer Olympics. She served as the Nigerian women team's captain. Florence Ajayi Florence Kikelomo Ajayi is a Nigerian football defender, currently playing for Dínamo Guadalajara in the Spanish Second Division. Ajayi started her career in the Nigerian Championship for Koko Queens, Rivers Angels, Jagede Babes and Pelican Stars. After playing the 1999", "title": "Florence Ajayi" }, { "id": "20699724", "score": "1.7215991", "text": "for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Around April 2011, Simporé was removed from national team by the Italian-born Brazilian coach Marcelo Frigerio, who had recently assumed, just a few months before participating in the World Cup. Since then, Simporé was never called-up by Equatorial Guinea. Simporé was a member of the Burkina Faso women's national football team in 2007 (as their captain), scoring 8 goals, and 2018. \"Scores and results list Equatorial Guinea's goal tally first\" \"Scores and results list Burkina Faso's goal tally first\" Beyond the mechanism by which Simporé was naturalized by Equatorial Guinea, the main controversy", "title": "Salimata Simporé" }, { "id": "3333673", "score": "1.7122548", "text": "programs. Former UConn men's basketball coach Jim Calhoun has been called Auriemma's \"unfriendly rival\", and he once mocked the women's team's fan base as the \"world's largest nursing home.\" When asked about their relationship in 2001, Auriemma said, \"Jim has a problem with anyone else's success, not just ours. Do we get along? No, but we don't have to.\" Auriemma was named head coach of the US women's team that competed in the Junior World Championship in Brno, Czech Republic during July 2001. The team won its first five games, including a record-setting win against Mali. The 97–27 final score", "title": "Geno Auriemma" }, { "id": "20508472", "score": "1.7100048", "text": "Kitende, where she completed her A-Level education. Following her graduation from Kitende, Jean sought counsel from Majida Nantanda, the head coach of the Uganda women's national soccer team. Nantanda recommended that Jean should join a professional football club in England, through the Federation of Uganda Football Associations (FUFA). Prior to joining the London Phoenix Ladies FC, Jean played for the Charlton Athletic Women's Football Club, for one season. Before that, she played for the Queens Park Rangers Ladies Football Club (QPRLFC), for three seasons. Sseninde is a member of Common Goal, an organisation whose members pledge to give away at", "title": "Jean Sseninde" }, { "id": "17789408", "score": "1.7087948", "text": "Angela Iannotta Angela Iannotta (born 22 March 1971) is an Italian Australian soccer coach and former player. As a forward, she represented Australia women's national association football team in the 1995 and 1999 FIFA Women's World Cups and played club football in Australia, Italy and Japan. Iannotta's equaliser against China in 1995 was Australia's first ever World Cup goal. Iannotta played alongside Italy's Carolina Morace in Agliana's 1994–95 \"Scudetto\" winning team. In 1996–97 Iannotta joined Cheryl Salisbury and Sunni Hughes at Panasonic Bambina of Japan's L. League. Two broken legs, sustained seven months apart, derailed Iannotta's progress in Japan and", "title": "Angela Iannotta" }, { "id": "19406247", "score": "1.7075347", "text": "the United States. Omagbemi was named as an interim coach of the senior national side for the 2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations. Nigeria had been without a coach since the sacking of Christopher Danjuma following a poor performance of the team at the 2015 African Games. A month prior to the start of the tournament, it was revealed that Omagbemi had gone unpaid by the Nigeria Football Federation. In response, the NFF made assurances that she would be paid before the team departed for the tournament. On 3 December 2016 Omagbemi became the first woman to win the Africa", "title": "Florence Omagbemi" } ]

[ "stars and planets", "Space astronomy", "multi messenger astronomy", "astronomy", "Multi-messenger astronomy", "stellar astronomy", "Astronomy", "Space stuff", "Astronomical arts", "Astronomic", "Stars and Planets", "astronomic", "astronomical", "astronomical arts", "space stuff", "Astronomical", "Stellar astronomy", "space astronomy" ]

[ { "id": "3216295", "score": "1.8806874", "text": "is the only major award created by an American scientific society which honours a woman scientist. The award is not made with restriction on a candidate's citizenship or country of residence. The main-belt asteroid 3087 Beatrice Tinsley, discovered in 1981 at Mt John University Observatory near Tekapo, is also named after her. The University of Texas at Austin established from endowment in 1989 the Beatrice M. Tinsley Centennial Visiting Professorship, where a distinguished mid-career or senior professor is invited to visit for up to a semester. In 2007 they added the Tinsley Scholars, awards for younger researchers to briefly visit", "title": "Beatrice Tinsley" }, { "id": "3216297", "score": "1.8523412", "text": "Drive and is joined by Ride Way. On 27 January 2016, the 75th anniversary of her birth, Google published a Doodle to honour her work. Her obituary was published by \"The New York Times\" several decades later on 18 July 2018, in their \"Overlooked\" project, which aims to note \"the stories of remarkable people whose deaths went unreported in The Times\". Other biographies: Other material: Beatrice Tinsley Beatrice Muriel Hill Tinsley (27 January 1941 – 23 March 1981) was a British-born New Zealand astronomer and cosmologist whose research made fundamental contributions to the astronomical understanding of how galaxies evolve, grow", "title": "Beatrice Tinsley" }, { "id": "3216290", "score": "1.8419081", "text": "Beatrice Tinsley Beatrice Muriel Hill Tinsley (27 January 1941 – 23 March 1981) was a British-born New Zealand astronomer and cosmologist whose research made fundamental contributions to the astronomical understanding of how galaxies evolve, grow and die. Tinsley was born 1941 in Chester, England, as the middle of three daughters of Jean and Edward Hill. The family emigrated to New Zealand following World War II, first living in Christchurch, and then for a longer time in New Plymouth, where her father, Edward Hill, was a clergyman, Moral Re-Armer, and later became the mayor (1953–56). While studying in Christchurch, she married", "title": "Beatrice Tinsley" }, { "id": "3216292", "score": "1.8182645", "text": "groundbreaking research. Despite receiving recognition for her work, Tinsley was unable to find a permanent academic position. In 1974, after years of attempting to balance home, family and two commuting careers, she left her husband and two adopted children to take a position as assistant professor at Yale. She worked there until her death from cancer in the Yale Infirmary in 1981. Her ashes are buried in the campus cemetery. Tinsley attended New Plymouth Girls' High School, then studied at the University of Canterbury where she completed a B.Sc. and then a Master of Science degree in 1961, with First", "title": "Beatrice Tinsley" }, { "id": "3216294", "score": "1.7903892", "text": "future research by a postdoctoral woman researcher\", in recognition of her work on galaxy evolution. In 1977, Tinsley, with Richard Larson of Yale, organised a conference on 'The Evolution of Galaxies and Stellar Populations'. Shortly after, in 1978, she became the first female professor of astronomy at Yale University. Her last scientific paper, submitted to the Astrophysical Journal ten days before her death, was published posthumously that November, without revision. In 1986 the American Astronomical Society established the Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize, which recognises \"an outstanding research contribution to astronomy or astrophysics, of an exceptionally creative or innovative character.\" It", "title": "Beatrice Tinsley" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Beatrice Tinsley\n\nBeatrice Muriel Hill Tinsley (27 January 1941 – 23 March 1981) was a British-born New Zealand astronomer and cosmologist and professor of astronomy at Yale University, whose research made fundamental contributions to the astronomical understanding of how galaxies evolve, grow and die.", "title": "Beatrice Tinsley" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "(α/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram\n\nThe [α/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram refers to the graph, commonly used in stellar and galactic astrophysics, which shows the logarithmic ratio number densities of diagnostic elements compared to the solar value. The x-axis shows the abundance of elements iron (Fe) vs. hydrogen (H), that is, [Fe/H]. The y-axis shows the combination of one or several of the alpha process elements (O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, and Ti) compared to iron (Fe), that is, [α/Fe].\n\nThese diagrams allow one to assess the nucleosynthesis channels and Galactic evolution of samples of stars to first order and are one of the most commonly used tools of Galactic population analysis of our Milky Way. The diagrams are using abundance ratios that are normalised to the Sun (placing the Sun at (0,0) in the diagram) and allow to easily identify stars of the Galactic stellar high-alpha disk (historically known as the Galactic stellar thick disk) via their typically enhanced in [α/Fe] and stars of the Galactic stellar low-alpha disk (historically known as the Galactic stellar thin disk) having [α/Fe] as low as the Sun. It further allows to identify stars that are likely born at times or in environments very different to the stellar disk, typically metal-poor stars (with low [Fe/H] < -1) which likely belong to the stellar halo or accreted features.", "title": "(α/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Robert H. Dicke\n\nRobert Henry Dicke (; May 6, 1916 – March 4, 1997) was an American astronomer and physicist who made important contributions to the fields of astrophysics, atomic physics, cosmology and gravity. He was the Albert Einstein Professor in Science at Princeton University (1975–1984).", "title": "Robert H. Dicke" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geoffrey Marcy\n\nGeoffrey William Marcy (born September 29, 1954) is an American astronomer. He was an early influence in the field of exoplanet detection, discovery, and characterization. Marcy was a professor of astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley, and an adjunct professor of physics and astronomy at San Francisco State University. Marcy and his research teams discovered many extrasolar planets, including 70 out of the first 100 known exoplanets and also the first planetary system around a Sun-like star, Upsilon Andromedae. Marcy was a co-investigator on the NASA \"Kepler\" mission. His collaborators have included R. Paul Butler, Debra Fischer and Steven S. Vogt, Jason Wright, Andrew Howard, Katie Peek, John Johnson, Erik Petigura, Lauren Weiss, Lea Hirsch and the Kepler Science Team.<ref name=\"Kepler Team\"/>", "title": "Geoffrey Marcy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jocelyn Bell Burnell\n\nDame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell (; Bell; born 15 July 1943) is an astrophysicist from Northern Ireland who, as a postgraduate student, discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967. The discovery eventually earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974; however, she was not one of the prize's recipients.\n\nThe paper announcing the discovery of pulsars had five authors. Bell's thesis supervisor Antony Hewish was listed first, Bell second. Hewish was awarded the Nobel Prize, along with the astronomer Martin Ryle. At the time fellow astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle criticised Bell's omission. In 1977, Bell Burnell commented, \"I believe it would demean Nobel Prizes if they were awarded to research students, except in very exceptional cases, and I do not believe this is one of them.\" She would later state that \"the fact that I was a graduate student and a woman, together, demoted my standing in terms of receiving a Nobel prize.\" The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, in its press release announcing the prize, cited Ryle and Hewish for their pioneering work in radio-astrophysics, with particular mention of Ryle's work on aperture-synthesis technique and Hewish's decisive role in the discovery of pulsars.\n\nBell Burnell was president of the Royal Astronomical Society from 2002 to 2004, president of the Institute of Physics from October 2008 until October 2010, and interim president of the Institute following the death of her successor, Marshall Stoneham, in early 2011.\n\nIn 2018, she was awarded the Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics. Following the announcement of the award, she decided to use the $3 million (£2.3 million) prize money to establish a fund to help female, minority and refugee students become physics researchers. The fund is administered by the Institute of Physics. In 2021, Bell Burnell became the second female recipient (after Dorothy Hodgkin in 1976) of the Copley Medal.", "title": "Jocelyn Bell Burnell" }, { "id": "3216293", "score": "1.6790304", "text": "Class Honours in Physics. Her Doctor of Philosophy PhD was awarded by the University of Texas in Austin in 1966, with the thesis \"Evolution of Galaxies and its Significance for Cosmology\". Tinsley completed pioneering theoretical studies of how populations of stars age and affect the observable qualities of galaxies. She also collaborated on basic research into models investigating whether the universe is closed or open. Her galaxy models led to the first approximation of what protogalaxies should look like. In 1974 she received the American Astronomical Society's Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy, awarded for \"outstanding research and promise for", "title": "Beatrice Tinsley" }, { "id": "16228962", "score": "1.6756597", "text": "Dallas in 1969. Beatrice obtained a Ph.D. in astrophysics at the University of Texas at Austin, and became a prominent astrophysicist before she died in 1981, resulting in the University of Texas at Austin creating the endowed professorship that bears her name. During his time at the NSF in the late 1980s he began researching the effects of changes in the sun on weather and climate on the day-to-day, decadal and century timescale. He has been author of more than 40 papers on this topic. He has proposed a mechanism in which the link to the atmosphere is the solar", "title": "Brian Tinsley" }, { "id": "3216291", "score": "1.6224945", "text": "physicist and university classmate Brian Tinsley, not knowing that this would prevent her from working at the University while he was employed there. They moved in 1963 to the United States, to Dallas, Texas, where Brian was hired by the Southwest Center for Advanced Studies (now, the University of Texas). However, she was said to have found the situation \"stultifying\", and had once caused a controversy by refusing to follow the custom of hosting a faculty tea. In 1964, she enrolled at UT-Austin, where she was the only woman in the astronomy program and where she would later publish her", "title": "Beatrice Tinsley" }, { "id": "3216296", "score": "1.6046981", "text": "Austin. In 2005, the Circa Theatre in Wellington produced a play called \"Bright Star\", about the life of Beatrice Tinsley. The Wellington Astronomical Society held telescope viewing sessions outside the theatre, on the wharf next to the Te Papa Museum. In December 2010 the New Zealand Geographic Board officially named a mountain in Fiordland's Kepler Mountains (which are named for the astronomer Johannes Kepler) as Mt Tinsley. The Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand established the Beatrice Hill Tinsley Lectures in 2012. Beatrice Tinsley Crescent in Rosedale, on Auckland's North Shore, is named for her. It runs off William Pickering", "title": "Beatrice Tinsley" }, { "id": "3863578", "score": "1.5964082", "text": "of his life. On February 5, 1935, Theodore Tinsley married May Ethel White; their daughter Dr. Adrian Tinsley would, in 1989, be named president of Fitchburg State University. Theodore Tinsley Theodore A. Tinsley (October 27, 1894 – March 3, 1979) was an American author who primarily wrote mystery stories. Tinsley wrote 27 stories featuring The Shadow for \"The Shadow Magazine\" pulp magazine. He also created Carrie Cashin, one of the first female detectives in pulp fiction, who appeared in Street & Smith's \"Crimebuster\" pulp magazine. An early series he wrote is the \"Amusement Inc./Scarlet Ace\" series that ran over 4", "title": "Theodore Tinsley" }, { "id": "20612029", "score": "1.5450028", "text": "asking for recommendations and was successful in appointing Beatrice Shilling who was an immediate success. Partridge and her partner, Margaret Rowbotham, encouraged Beatrice to go on to study at Manchester University and Beatrice would go on to be a pioneering aeronautical engineer. It was Beatrice who was discovered working on her own in a power station at night in contravention of the ILO convention on the working conditions of women and children, which stated that women were not permitted to work at night. This case, with support from the Women's Engineering Society, led to a change in the convention, exempting", "title": "Margaret Partridge" }, { "id": "12032480", "score": "1.537874", "text": "survived his firm by fourteen years and towards the end was able to give a picture of Victorian publishing life in \"Random Recollections of an Old Publisher\" (1900). He died of chronic Bright's disease at his home in Wood Green on 1 May 1902. Tinsley was an unorthodox businessman, often working without formal agreements; and what he saw as fair dealing might come across as sharp practice to those who lost by it. But he could also be generous and had a genuine enthusiasm for literature. His greatest passion was the theatre and his sometimes naive admiration led him to", "title": "William Tinsley (publisher)" }, { "id": "3863577", "score": "1.5120318", "text": "coal yard, by his wife Gertrude (Theban) Tinsley. Tinsley graduated from City College of New York in 1916, and worked as a school teacher and insurance agent before fighting in World War I as a member of an anti-aircraft machine gun battery. He was a veteran of the battle of Meuse-Argonne. During World War II Tinsley moved to Washington, D.C. where he worked in the Writer's Division of the Office of War Information; after the war's end, he worked in public relations for the Veterans Administration until 1960, when he retired to Auburn, Alabama, where he would live the rest", "title": "Theodore Tinsley" }, { "id": "16256916", "score": "1.5119295", "text": "Edgell's obituary in the \"British Journal of Psychology\" stated that \"the success of her work is demonstrated by the success of her students in many widely differing fields.\" Among her students who became notable psychologists were Molly Harrower, Winifred Raphael, and Olive Wheeler. The University of Würzburg Faculty of Human Sciences's annual award for the best dissertation by a female PhD student is named the Beatrice Edgell Award in honour of the first woman to receive a doctoral degree from the university. Beatrice Edgell Beatrice Edgell (26 October 1871 – 10 August 1948) was a British psychologist, researcher and university", "title": "Beatrice Edgell" }, { "id": "3863576", "score": "1.5098214", "text": "Theodore Tinsley Theodore A. Tinsley (October 27, 1894 – March 3, 1979) was an American author who primarily wrote mystery stories. Tinsley wrote 27 stories featuring The Shadow for \"The Shadow Magazine\" pulp magazine. He also created Carrie Cashin, one of the first female detectives in pulp fiction, who appeared in Street & Smith's \"Crimebuster\" pulp magazine. An early series he wrote is the \"Amusement Inc./Scarlet Ace\" series that ran over 4 different pulp magazines in the 1930s. Theodore Adrian Tinsley was born in New York City, the eldest of six children of Francis B. Tinsley, the owner of a", "title": "Theodore Tinsley" }, { "id": "13735643", "score": "1.5032005", "text": "with brothers Ramsay and Osborne she retired to Kelso, New South Wales, where she remained for the rest of her life. She wrote some 46 books, all out of print, including: Beatrice Grimshaw Beatrice Ethel Grimshaw (3 February 1870 – 30 June 1953) was a writer and traveller of Irish origin, for many years based in Papua New Guinea. She was born in Cloona House in Dunmurry, County Antrim, Ireland into a well-to-do family. She was educated privately, at Victoria College, Belfast, in Caen, France, then Bedford College, London and Queen's College, Belfast and never graduated, though it was later", "title": "Beatrice Grimshaw" }, { "id": "1506615", "score": "1.4730034", "text": "and available online at the LSE's Digital Library. Posts about Beatrice Webb regularly appear in the LSE Archives blog, Out of the box. For a comprehensive bibliography, see Webbs on the Web, hosted by the London School of Economics. Malcolm Muggeridge, Chronicles of Wasted Time, Volume 1, \"The Green Stick\", pp. 206–210, Collins 1972 Beatrice Webb Martha Beatrice Webb, Baroness Passfield, (née Potter; 22 January 1858 – 30 April 1943), was an English sociologist, economist, socialist, labour historian and social reformer. It was Webb who coined the term \"collective bargaining\". She was among the founders of the London School of", "title": "Beatrice Webb" }, { "id": "20612292", "score": "1.4687321", "text": "the Chefakat and the Medaille des Beaux-Arts in the Ottoman Empire. Her \"Circe resplendens\" (1913) is in the collection of Glasgow Museums. Some of her other paintings are held in collections, including the Victoria Art Gallery, Bath (\"Frederick Harrison, Author\"); Towneley Hall, Burnley (\"The Gambler's Wife\"); the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool (\"Cleopatra\"); and the Graves Art Gallery, Sheffield (\"The Egg Seller\"); and Cartwright Hall, Bradford (\"Rich and rare were the gems she wore\"). Margaret Murray Cookesley Margaret Murray Cookesley or Murray-Cookesley (1844-1927), born Margaret Deborah Cookesley, took the name Murray upon marriage, and was an English painter. She traveled to", "title": "Margaret Murray Cookesley" }, { "id": "19464236", "score": "1.4648315", "text": "Through various Belgian resistance groups, of which La Dame Blanche was most important, Tinsley gained good knowledge of German troop movements behind the Western Front. In 1919 he was appointed a CBE. Tinsley, arguably the most successful British spy master of the Great War, continued to spy on Germany until 1923, when the SIS considered him redundant and he was retired. The Uranium shipping company was taken over by Cunard Lines but Tinsley kept working in Rotterdam as a shipping agent for the Royal Mail Line. He left Holland in 1928 for Britain. Tinsley died in 1944 while on a", "title": "Richard B. Tinsley" }, { "id": "15853304", "score": "1.4628835", "text": "imprint specialised in New Zealand works and authors, and published over 100 titles, including notable writers such as Michael King and Archibald Baxter. Cole Catley also ran writing workshops, which led to a number of writers being published by her publishing company. In 2003, Cole Catley published her own book on the life of New Zealand astronomer Beatrice Tinsley, \"Bright Star.\" She died on 21 August 2011 from lung cancer at age 88. In 1952, Cole Catley and Helen Brew founded Parents Centres New Zealand, an organisation committed to providing education and support for pregnant women and their husbands. The", "title": "Christine Cole Catley" } ]

[ "microsoft way", "MSN Corporation", "Micro-soft", "Microsoft Visitor Center", "microsoft incorporated", "www microsoft com", "Microsft", "Microcomputer software", "Microsoft Inc.", "microsoft logos", "Microsoft Connect", "Microsoft Way", "Micro soft", "microsoft ltd", "microsoft corporation", "microosft", ".azure", "AS8075", "Micro Soft", ".bing", "microsoft connect", "websitespark", "microsft", "azure", "MSoft", "bing", "microsoft corpration", "Office Corporation", "Microsoft Corp", "microsoft visitor center", "Mickeysoft", "Microsoft Corporation", "Microsoft Inc", "Microsoft logos", "Windows Corporation", "Microsoft arc Mouse", "Blibbet", "msli", "Microsoft Ltd", "Microsoft", "Microsoft's", "Mircosoft", "WebsiteSpark", "as8075", "mircosoft", "windows corporation", "MICROSOFT", "aorato", "microsfot", "Microsoft.com", "nasdaq msft", "Microsoat", "Microsoft Incorporated", "micro soft", "'Microsoft Corp", "Microsoft Corpration", "ms corp", "micrasoft", "blibbet", "Microosft", "Microsoft, Incorporated", "mikrosoft", "Microsoft connect", "microsoft arc mouse", "mickeysoft", "Microsoft, Inc.", "Www.microsoft.com", "Microsoft Corp.", "microsoft", "microsoat", "MicroSoft", "Microsfot", "NASDAQ:MSFT", "Micro-Soft", "microsoft s", "msn corporation", "MSLI", "microsoft canada", "MS Corp", "microsoft corp", "Microsoft Canada", "Aorato", "microscam", "Microsoft corporation", "microsoft com", "msoft", "MicroSoft Corporation", "microsoft inc", "Micrasoft", "microcomputer software", "Microscam", "office corporation", "Mikrosoft" ]

[ { "id": "7265493", "score": "2.3221006", "text": "Paul Allen showed Bill Gates the first of January, 1975 issue of \"Popular Electronics\" that demonstrated the Altair 8800. Allen and Gates saw potential to develop an implementation of the programming language BASIC interpreter for the system. Bill Gates called the creators of the new microcomputer, Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), offering to demonstrate the implementation in order to win a contract with the company. Allen and Gates had neither an interpreter nor an Altair system, yet in the eight weeks before the demo, they developed an interpreter. When Allen flew to Albuquerque to meet with MITS, the interpreter", "title": "History of Microsoft" }, { "id": "45522", "score": "2.3096", "text": "a few weeks they developed an Altair emulator that ran on a minicomputer, and then the BASIC interpreter. The demonstration, held at MITS's offices in Albuquerque, was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to distribute the interpreter as Altair BASIC. Paul Allen was hired into MITS, and Gates took a leave of absence from Harvard to work with Allen at MITS in Albuquerque in November 1975. They named their partnership \"Micro-Soft\" and had their first office located in Albuquerque. Within a year, the hyphen was dropped, and on November 26, 1976, the trade name \"Microsoft\" was registered", "title": "Bill Gates" }, { "id": "1872957", "score": "2.172397", "text": "gaining the benefits of software authors' time, effort, and capital without paying them. In December 1974 Bill Gates was a student at Harvard University and Paul Allen worked for Honeywell in Boston when they saw the Altair 8800 computer in the January 1975 issue of \"Popular Electronics\". They had written BASIC language programs since their days at Lakeside School in Seattle and knew the Altair computer was powerful enough to support a BASIC interpreter. They wanted to be the first to offer BASIC for the Altair computer and the software development tools they had previously created for their Intel 8008", "title": "Open Letter to Hobbyists" }, { "id": "251834", "score": "2.1200244", "text": "The January 1975 issue of \"Popular Electronics\" featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems's (MITS) Altair 8800 microcomputer, which inspired Allen to suggest that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device. After a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didn't yet have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter. Although they developed the interpreter on a simulator and not the actual device, it worked flawlessly when they (in March 1975) demonstrated the interpreter to MITS in Albuquerque, New Mexico. MITS agreed to distribute", "title": "Microsoft" }, { "id": "7265494", "score": "2.105009", "text": "worked and MITS agreed to distribute Altair BASIC. Allen and Gates left Boston, where Allen worked for Honeywell and Gates was enrolled in Harvard, moved to Albuquerque (where MITS was located), and co-founded Microsoft there. Revenues of the company totalled $16,005 by the end of 1976. Allen came up with the original name of \"Micro-Soft\", a portmanteau of microcomputer and software. Hyphenated in its early incarnations, on November 26, 1976 the company was registered under that name with the Secretary of State of New Mexico. The company's first international office was founded on November 1, 1978, in Japan, entitled \"ASCII", "title": "History of Microsoft" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Microsoft\n\nMicrosoft is a multinational computer technology corporation. Microsoft was founded on April 4, 1975, by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Its current best-selling products are the Microsoft Windows operating system; Microsoft Office, a suite of productivity software; Xbox, a line of entertainment of games, music, and video; Bing, a line of search engines; and Microsoft Azure, a cloud services platform.\n\nIn 1980, Microsoft formed a partnership with IBM to bundle Microsoft's operating system with IBM computers; with that deal, IBM paid Microsoft a royalty for every sale. In 1985, IBM requested Microsoft to develop a new operating system for their computers called OS/2. Microsoft produced that operating system, but also continued to sell their own alternative, which proved to be in direct competition with OS/2. Microsoft Windows eventually overshadowed OS/2 in terms of sales. When Microsoft launched several versions of Microsoft Windows in the 1990s, they had captured over 90% market share of the world's personal computers.\n\nAs of June 30, 2015, Microsoft has a global annual revenue of US$86.83 Billion and 128,076 employees worldwide. It develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices.", "title": "History of Microsoft" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Microsoft" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems\n\nMicro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) was an American electronics company founded in Albuquerque, New Mexico that began manufacturing electronic calculators in 1971 and personal computers in 1975.\n\nEd Roberts and Forrest Mims founded MITS in December 1969 to produce miniaturized telemetry modules for model rockets such as a roll rate sensor. In 1971, Roberts redirected the company into the electronic calculator market and the MITS 816 desktop calculator kit was featured on the November 1971 cover of \"Popular Electronics\".<ref name=\"MITS 816\"/> The calculators were very successful and sales topped one million dollars in 1973. A brutal calculator price war left the company deeply in debt by 1974.\n\nRoberts then developed the first commercially successful microcomputer, the Altair 8800, which was featured on the January 1975 cover of \"Popular Electronics\". Hobbyists flooded MITS with orders for the $397 computer kit. Paul Allen and Bill Gates saw the magazine and began writing software for the Altair, later called Altair BASIC. They moved to Albuquerque to work for MITS and in July 1975 started Microsoft.\n\nMITS's annual sales had reached $6 million by 1977 when they were acquired by Pertec Computer. The operations were soon merged into the larger company and the MITS brand disappeared. Roberts retired to Georgia where he studied medicine and became a small town medical doctor.", "title": "Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Altair BASIC\n\nAltair BASIC is a discontinued interpreter for the BASIC programming language that ran on the MITS Altair 8800 and subsequent S-100 bus computers. It was Microsoft's first product (as Micro-Soft), distributed by MITS under a contract. Altair BASIC was the start of the Microsoft BASIC product range.", "title": "Altair BASIC" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Altair 8800\n\nThe Altair 8800 is a microcomputer designed in 1974 by MITS and based on the Intel 8080 CPU. Interest grew quickly after it was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics and was sold by mail order through advertisements there, in \"Radio-Electronics\", and in other hobbyist magazines. The Altair is widely recognized as the spark that ignited the microcomputer revolution as the first commercially successful personal computer. The computer bus designed for the Altair was to become a \"de facto\" standard in the form of the S-100 bus, and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, Altair BASIC.", "title": "Altair 8800" }, { "id": "13095931", "score": "2.088747", "text": "interpreter for the new computer, they could make it more attractive to hobbyists. They contacted MITS founder Ed Roberts, told him that they were developing an interpreter, and asked whether he would like to see a demonstration. This followed the questionable engineering industry practice of a trial balloon, an announcement of a non-existent product to gauge interest. Roberts agreed to meet them for a demonstration in a few weeks, in March 1975. Gates and Allen had neither an interpreter nor even an Altair system on which to develop and test one. However, Allen had written an Intel 8008 emulator for", "title": "Altair BASIC" }, { "id": "45521", "score": "2.0752401", "text": "I could always go back to school. I was officially on [a] leave [of absence].\" After Gates read the January 1975 issue of \"Popular Electronics\", which demonstrated the Altair 8800, he contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), the creators of the new microcomputer, to inform them that he and others were working on a BASIC interpreter for the platform. In reality, Gates and Allen did not have an Altair and had not written code for it; they merely wanted to gauge MITS's interest. MITS president Ed Roberts agreed to meet them for a demo, and over the course of", "title": "Bill Gates" }, { "id": "45520", "score": "2.0637035", "text": "remained in contact with Paul Allen, and he joined him at Honeywell during the summer of 1974. The MITS Altair 8800 was released the following year. The new computer was based on the Intel 8080 CPU, and Gates and Allen saw this as the opportunity to start their own computer software company. Gates dropped out of Harvard at this time. He had talked over this decision with his parents, who were supportive of him after seeing how much their son wanted to start his own company. Gates explained his decision to leave Harvard, saying \"...if things [Microsoft] hadn't worked out,", "title": "Bill Gates" }, { "id": "6153223", "score": "2.0625422", "text": "a guide, Gates determined what features would work with the limited resources of the Altair computer. Gates then started writing the 8080 assembly-language code on yellow legal pads. In February Gates and Allen started using a PDP-10 at Harvard to write and debug BASIC. They also enlisted another Harvard student, Monte Davidoff, to write the floating-point math routines. Paul Allen flew to Albuquerque, New Mexico, in March 1975 to test BASIC on a real Altair 8800 computer. Roberts picked him up at the airport in his pickup truck and drove to the nondescript storefront where MITS was located. Allen was", "title": "Ed Roberts (computer engineer)" }, { "id": "313926", "score": "2.0361536", "text": "University where Bill Gates had ended up. Allen later convinced Gates to drop out of Harvard in order to create Microsoft. In 1975, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Allen and Gates began marketing a BASIC programming language interpreter. Allen came up with the original name of \"Micro-Soft\" (a combination of \"microcomputer\" and \"software\"), according to a 1995 \"Fortune\" magazine article. In 1980, after Microsoft had committed to deliver IBM a disk operating system (DOS) for the original IBM PC, although they had not yet developed one, Allen spearheaded a deal for Microsoft to purchase QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System), written", "title": "Paul Allen" }, { "id": "1872958", "score": "2.0312798", "text": "microprocessor based Traf-O-Data computer would give them a head start. By early March, Paul Allen, Bill Gates, and Monte Davidoff, another Harvard student, had created a BASIC interpreter that worked under simulation on a PDP-10 mainframe computer at Harvard. Allen and Gates had been in contact with Ed Roberts of MITS and in March, 1975 Allen went to Albuquerque, New Mexico, to test the software on an actual machine. To both Paul Allen's and Ed Roberts's surprise the software worked. MITS agreed to license the software from Allen and Gates. Paul Allen left his job at Honeywell and became the", "title": "Open Letter to Hobbyists" }, { "id": "251835", "score": "1.9971434", "text": "it, marketing it as Altair BASIC. Gates and Allen officially established Microsoft on April 4, 1975, with Gates as the CEO. The original name of \"Micro-Soft\" was suggested by Allen. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, \"ASCII Microsoft\". Microsoft moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979. Microsoft entered the operating system (OS) business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, called Xenix. However, it was MS-DOS that solidified the company's dominance. After negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to", "title": "Microsoft" }, { "id": "13095937", "score": "1.9924397", "text": "he made 25 copies and distributed them at the next Homebrew meeting, urging recipients to make more copies. Gates responded in 1976 with a strongly worded Open Letter to Hobbyists that accused the copiers of theft and declared that he could not continue developing computer software that people did not pay for. Many hobbyists reacted defensively to the letter. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, MITS would receive the rights to the interpreter after it had paid a certain amount in royalties. However, Microsoft had developed versions of the interpreter for other systems such as the Motorola 6800. When", "title": "Altair BASIC" }, { "id": "6153222", "score": "1.9880487", "text": "written software for the earlier Intel 8008 microprocessor and knew the Intel 8080 was powerful enough to support a BASIC interpreter. They sent a letter to MITS claiming to have a BASIC interpreter for the 8080 microprocessor. Roberts was interested, so Gates and Allen began work on the software. Both had experience with the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-10 minicomputers that they would use. Allen modified the DEC Macro Assembler to produce code for the Intel 8080 and wrote a program to emulate the 8080 so they could test their BASIC without having an Altair computer. Using DEC's BASIC-PLUS language as", "title": "Ed Roberts (computer engineer)" }, { "id": "6153204", "score": "1.9777973", "text": "A brutal calculator price war left the company deeply in debt by 1974. Roberts then developed the Altair 8800 personal computer that used the new Intel 8080 microprocessor. This was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue of \"Popular Electronics\", and hobbyists flooded MITS with orders for this $397 computer kit. Bill Gates and Paul Allen joined MITS to develop software and Altair BASIC was Microsoft's first product. Roberts sold MITS in 1977 and retired to Georgia where he farmed, studied medicine and eventually became a small-town doctor living in Cochran, Georgia. Roberts was born on September 13,", "title": "Ed Roberts (computer engineer)" }, { "id": "13095934", "score": "1.9698977", "text": "Allen know that their interpreter worked on the Altair hardware. Later, they made a bet on who could write the shortest bootstrap program, and Gates won. Roberts agreed to distribute the interpreter. He also hired Gates and Allen to maintain and improve it, causing Gates to take a leave of absence from Harvard. They produced several versions: the original \"4K BASIC\" and later \"8K BASIC\", \"Extended BASIC\", \"Extended ROM BASIC\", and \"Disk BASIC\". The smallest version, 4K BASIC, was able to run within a 4k RAM machine, leaving only about 790 bytes free for program code. To make the language", "title": "Altair BASIC" }, { "id": "1294902", "score": "1.959374", "text": "this worked as well. Gates soon joined Allen and formed Microsoft, then spelled \"Micro-Soft\". Announced in late 1975, it started shipping in August 1977. Altair 8800 The Altair 8800 is a microcomputer designed in 1974 by MITS and based on the Intel 8080 CPU. Interest grew quickly after it was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue (published in late November 1974) of \"Popular Electronics\", and was sold by mail order through advertisements there, in \"Radio-Electronics\", and in other hobbyist magazines. The designers hoped to sell a few hundred build-it-yourself kits to hobbyists, and were surprised when they", "title": "Altair 8800" }, { "id": "4075488", "score": "1.9510173", "text": "designing the company's logo. Gates and Allen started writing the software. To test the software while the computer was being designed, Paul Allen wrote a computer program on WSU's IBM 360 that would emulate the 8008 microprocessor. Although the plan had been to manufacture and sell the machines: Later the State of Washington offered free traffic processing services to cities, ending the need for private contractors, and all three principals moved on to other projects. The real contribution of Traf-O-Data was the experience that Gates and Allen gained, skills they used to write Altair BASIC for the MITS Altair 8800", "title": "Traf-O-Data" }, { "id": "13095932", "score": "1.9408264", "text": "their previous venture Traf-O-Data that ran on a PDP-10 time-sharing computer. He adapted this emulator based on the Altair programmer guide, and they developed and tested the interpreter on Harvard's PDP-10. Harvard officials were not pleased when they found out, but there was no written policy that covered the use of this computer. Gates and Allen bought computer time from a timesharing service in Boston to complete their BASIC program debugging. They hired Harvard student Monte Davidoff to write floating-point arithmetic routines for the interpreter, a feature not available in many of its competitors. The finished interpreter, including its own", "title": "Altair BASIC" }, { "id": "45523", "score": "1.9267459", "text": "with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico. Gates never returned to Harvard to complete his studies. Microsoft's Altair BASIC was popular with computer hobbyists, but Gates discovered that a pre-market copy had leaked into the community and was being widely copied and distributed. In February 1976, Gates wrote an Open Letter to Hobbyists in the MITS newsletter in which he asserted that more than 90 percent of the users of Microsoft Altair BASIC had not paid Microsoft for it and by doing so the Altair \"hobby market\" was in danger of eliminating the incentive for", "title": "Bill Gates" } ]

[ "George Washington Day", "Presidents' Day (US)", "presidents day us", "President's day", "Presidents day", "presidentsday", "Presidents' day", "Great Americans Day", "Washington Day", "washington day", "president sday", "Washington’s Birthday", "president s day", "george washington s birthday", "washington s birthday", "Washinton's Birthday", "president day", "great americans day", "washington s day", "Washington's Day", "Presidents Day (United States)", "Presidents' Day", "presidents day", "Presidents'day", "Presidents' Day (USA)", "Presidentsday", "Washington's birthday", "Washington's Birthday", "washinton s birthday", "Prezidents Day", "prezidents day", "President'sday", "President Day", "george washington day", "President's Day", "presidents day usa", "presidents day united states", "George Washington's Birthday", "Presidents' Day (United States)" ]

[ { "id": "135449", "score": "1.6630785", "text": "their week on a Monday, it occurs as part of a common year starting on Friday, in which February 1st is a Monday and the 28th is a Sunday; this occurred in 1965, 1971, 1982, 1993, 1999 and 2010, and occur will again in 2021. In countries that start their week on a Sunday, it occurs in a common year starting on Thursday, with the next occurrence in 2026, and previous occurrences in 1987, 1998, 2009 and 2015. The pattern is broken by a skipped leap year, but no leap year has been skipped since 1900 and no others will", "title": "February" }, { "id": "3466067", "score": "1.5993505", "text": "candidate for a new holiday is a weekend in February to celebrate the anniversary of the Canadian flag, or more likely a general \"Heritage Day\". February 15 is already designated as Flag Day, but this is simply a day of commemoration, not a statutory holiday. In the province of Nova Scotia, which has relatively few days off, a bill has been introduced for a new holiday for the third Monday in February, to start in 2015. In November 2014, Bill C-597 passed second reading in the House of Commons by a margin of 258 to 2. If the bill becomes", "title": "Public holidays in Canada" }, { "id": "3980245", "score": "1.5853887", "text": "Lincoln's Birthday as a holiday, but as of 2009 no longer gives State employees a paid holiday on February 12. In the following states, third Monday in February is an official state holiday and known as: \"Using \"president\"\" \"Washington and Lincoln\" \"Washington alone\" \"Washington and another person\" \"Unspecified\" Several states honor presidents with official state holidays that do not fall on the third Monday of February. In New Mexico, Presidents' Day, at least as a state-government paid holiday, is observed on the Friday following Thanksgiving. In Georgia, Presidents' Day, at least as a state-government paid holiday, is observed on Christmas", "title": "Lincoln's Birthday" }, { "id": "628096", "score": "1.57792", "text": "calendar) and January 14 (Julian Calendar) in certain eastern Orthodox Christian countries such as Russia. Public holiday A public holiday, national holiday or legal holiday is a holiday generally established by law and is usually a non-working day during the year. Sovereign nations and territories observe holidays based on events of significance to their history, such as the National Day. For example, Australians celebrate Australia Day. They vary by country and may vary by year. With 36 days a year, Nepal is the country with the highest number of public holidays but it observes six working days a week. India", "title": "Public holiday" }, { "id": "2421341", "score": "1.571194", "text": "1968 (effective 1971), official holidays are observed on a Monday, except for New Year's Day, Independence Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. While all current federal holidays have also been made public holidays in all 50 states for federal organizations, each state is not bound to observe the holidays on the same dates as the federal holidays. Many states also have additional holidays that are not observed by the federal government. Many businesses likewise observe certain holidays as well, which are also not mandated by any government agency. A list of \"recommended diversity holidays\" recognizes many cultures that range from", "title": "Public holidays in the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Federal holidays in the United States\n\nFederal holidays in the United States are the eleven calendar dates that are designated by the U.S. government as holidays. On U.S. federal holidays, non-essential federal government offices are closed and federal government employees are paid for the holiday.\n\nFederal holidays are designated by the United States Congress in Title V of the United States Code ().<ref name=\"cornell\" /> Congress only has authority to create holidays for federal institutions (including federally-owned properties), employees, and the District of Columbia. Although not required, as a general rule of courtesy, other institutions, such as banks, businesses, schools, and the stock market, may be closed on federal holidays. In various parts of the country, state and city holidays may be observed concurrently with federal holidays.", "title": "Federal holidays in the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Presidents' Day\n\nPresidents' Day, also called Washington's Birthday at the federal governmental level, is a holiday in the United States celebrated on the third Monday of February to honor all persons who served as presidents of the United States and, since 1879, has been the federal holiday honoring George Washington, who led the Continental Army to victory in the American Revolutionary War, presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and was the first U.S. president.\n\nThe day is an official state holiday in most states, with names including Washington's Birthday, Presidents' Day, President's Day, Presidents Day, and Washington's and Lincoln's Birthday. The various states use 15 different names. Depending upon the specific law, the state holiday may officially celebrate Washington alone, Washington and Lincoln, or some other combination of U.S. presidents (such as Washington and Thomas Jefferson, who was born in April).<ref name=WaPostFeb14 />\n\nWashington's Birthday was celebrated on February 22 from 1879 until 1970. To give federal employees a three-day weekend, in 1968 the Uniform Monday Holiday Act moved it to the third Monday in February, which can occur from February 15 to the 21st. (the placement of the apostrophe, if any, varies) and provides an occasion to remember all U.S. presidents, or to honor Abraham Lincoln's and Washington's birthdays together.<ref name=WaPostFeb14 />\n\nAs states and cities followed suit, those that had been celebrating Lincoln's birthday on February 12 combined the two into Presidents Day. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, preserved the Union, abolished slavery, bolstered the federal government, and modernized the U.S. economy.", "title": "Presidents' Day" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Martin Luther King Jr. Day\n\nMartin Luther King Jr. Day (officially Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., and sometimes referred to as MLK Day) is a federal holiday in the United States marking the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. It is observed on the third Monday of January each year. Born in 1929, King's actual birthday is January 15 (which in 1929 fell on a Tuesday). The holiday is similar to holidays set under the Uniform Monday Holiday Act. The earliest Monday for this holiday is January 15 and the latest is January 21.\n\nKing was the chief spokesperson for nonviolent activism in the Civil Rights Movement, which protested racial discrimination in federal and state law. The campaign for a federal holiday in King's honor began soon after his assassination in 1968. President Ronald Reagan signed the holiday into law in 1983, and it was first observed three years later. At first, some states resisted observing the holiday as such, giving it alternative names or combining it with other holidays. It was officially observed in all 50 states for the first time in 2000.", "title": "Martin Luther King Jr. Day" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Family Day (Canada)\n\nIn most provinces of Canada, the third Monday in February is observed as a regional statutory holiday, typically known in general as Family Day ()—though some provinces use their own names, as they celebrate the day for different reasons. The third Monday of February is observed as \"Family Day\" in the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia (BC), New Brunswick, Ontario, and Saskatchewan; as Louis Riel Day in Manitoba; as Nova Scotia Heritage Day in Nova Scotia; and as Islander Day in Prince Edward Island.\n\nIn Canada more generally, the third Monday in February has also been celebrated as Heritage Day, though this is not as an official holiday. This \"Heritage Day\" is observed by some in celebration of the country’s collective history, architecture, and cultural heritage.\n\nIn Quebec and the three territories, the third Monday in February is a regular working day. The same is true in Newfoundland and Labrador except in Corner Brook, where it is an unnamed civic holiday. In Yukon, however, one Friday in February (typically the last/near-last Friday)—rather than a Monday—is deemed Yukon Heritage Day.\n\nTwo-thirds of Canadians live in a province that observes a February statutory holiday. Some provinces have changed the observance day of their holiday to match the other provinces.<ref name=\"move\" /> As Family Day is not a \"federal\" statutory holiday, employees of the federal government (such as public servants and postal workers) work on this day in all provinces. The timing of Family Day also coincides with the United States' holiday of Presidents' Day (also known as Washington's Birthday, among other names).", "title": "Family Day (Canada)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Public holidays in Japan\n\nPrior to Japan's adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the dates of holidays were based on the traditional Chinese lunisolar calendar. Thus, New Year's Day, for example, was celebrated at the beginning of spring, as it is in modern China, Korea, and Vietnam. Japan has 16 national, government-recognized holidays. Also, although it is not an official holiday, most companies voluntarily designate a holiday from December 29 to January 3, and depending on the industry, it is a holiday from Christmas Eve to January 5. This case is unique in Asia.", "title": "Public holidays in Japan" }, { "id": "135454", "score": "1.5711001", "text": "February 24 First Sunday of Great Lent (Eastern Christianity): February 25 Last Tuesday: February 27 Last day of February: February 28 February February is the second and shortest month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendar with 28 days in common years and 29 days in leap years, with the quadrennial 29th day being called the \"leap day\". It is the first of five months to have a length of less than 31 days (the other four months that fall under this category are: April, June, September, and November), and the only month to have a length of", "title": "February" }, { "id": "1721584", "score": "1.5644901", "text": "In 1983, the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. became the nation's most recently established holiday. Most of the ten U.S. federal holidays are also state holidays. A holiday that falls on a weekend is usually observed on the closest weekday (e.g. a holiday falling on a Saturday is observed on the preceding Friday, while a holiday falling on a Sunday is observed on the succeeding Monday). The official names came from the laws that define holidays for federal employees. New Year's Day, Independence Day, Veterans Day, and Christmas Day are observed on the same calendar date each year. Holidays", "title": "Federal holidays in the United States" }, { "id": "2421351", "score": "1.5583315", "text": "Chase observes all federal holidays except Columbus Day, while U.S. Bank observes all of them. The New York Stock Exchange also closely follows the federal holidays except for Columbus Day. However, the agency also has extra holidays on the day before Independence Day and Good Friday. In general, most state governments observe the same holidays that the federal government observes. However, while that is true for most states, every state includes and omits holidays to fit the culture relevant to its population. California has separate definitions of \"state holidays\" which are different from \"legal holidays\". Lincoln's Birthday (February 12) was", "title": "Public holidays in the United States" }, { "id": "2564335", "score": "1.5538024", "text": "Correction for Leap Year gives \"3\". Answer, \"Wednesday\". Since 23 February 1676 (counting February as the second month) is, for Carroll, the same day as Gregorian 4 March 1676, he fails to arrive at the correct answer, namely \"Friday,\" for an Old Style date that on the Gregorian calendar is the same day as 5 March 1677. Had he correctly assumed the year to begin on the 25th of March, his method would have accounted for differing year numbers - just like George Washington's birthday differs - between the two calendars. It is noteworthy that those who have republished Carroll's", "title": "Determination of the day of the week" }, { "id": "8645036", "score": "1.5459548", "text": "relocated the date of Columbus Day to the same date as Thanksgiving in Canada. Several Canadian provinces would later establish Family Day which coincides with Washington's Birthday. Uniform Monday Holiday Act The Uniform Monday Holiday Act () is an Act of Congress that amended the federal holiday provisions of the United States Code to establish the observance of certain holidays on Mondays. The Act was signed into law on June 28, 1968, and took effect on January 1, 1971. The Act moved Washington's Birthday (February 22), Memorial Day (May 30), and Veterans Day (November 11) from fixed dates to designated", "title": "Uniform Monday Holiday Act" }, { "id": "12555553", "score": "1.5434515", "text": "accommodate a longer public holiday. In some countries, a statutory holiday is added on the following work day when the New Year falls on a weekend, as in the case of 2013, where the New Year's Eve (9 February) falls on Saturday and the New Year's Day (10 February) on Sunday. Depending on the country, the holiday may be termed differently; common names are \"Chinese New Year\", \"Lunar New Year\", \"New Year Festival\", and \"Spring Festival\". For New Year celebrations that are lunar but not based on the Chinese New Year (such as Korea's \"Seollal\" and Vietnam's \"Tết\"), see the", "title": "Chinese New Year" }, { "id": "571079", "score": "1.5428572", "text": "Benin and Togo. In Sweden it was also a public holiday, but Pentecost Monday (Annandag Pingst) was replaced by Swedish National Day on June 6, by a government decision on December 15, 2004. In Italy and Malta, it is no longer a public holiday. It was a public holiday in Ireland until 1973, when it was replaced by Early Summer Holiday on the first Monday in June. In the United Kingdom the day is known as Whit Monday, and was a bank holiday until 1967 when it was replaced by the Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday in May.", "title": "Pentecost" }, { "id": "13769117", "score": "1.5425303", "text": "in 2009, due to the rising trend of a holiday in February. It was first held on the second Monday of February in 2009, rather than the third Monday, as in other provinces. This incongruity effected much controversy, as businesses suffered as a result of being out of sync with their partners in other provinces, as well the United States, which celebrates Presidents Day on the third Monday of February. In April 2009, Provincial Attorney General Gerard Greenan moved the holiday to the third Monday in February. After the Nova Scotia Liberal Party was elected in 2013, its leader Stephen", "title": "Family Day (Canada)" }, { "id": "9275665", "score": "1.5320859", "text": "on the fourth Thursday in November by law in 1941, the holiday in the United States can occur on any date from November 22 to 28. When it falls on November 22 or 23, it is not the last Thursday, but the penultimate Thursday in November. Regardless, it is the Thursday preceding the last Saturday of November. Because Thanksgiving is a federal holiday, all United States government offices are closed and all employees are paid for that day. It is also a holiday for the New York Stock Exchange and most other financial markets and financial services companies. The date", "title": "Thanksgiving (United States)" }, { "id": "2421347", "score": "1.5230703", "text": "Eve 78–79%, Day after Christmas 40–64%, Day before New Year's Eve 25–71% depending if it falls on a weekend, New Year's Eve 71%, Passover 3%, Hanukkah 1%, Ramadan 1%, Ash Wednesday 1%, Diwali 1%, Eid al-Adha 1%, Vietnamese New Year <1%, Chinese New Year <1% An academic year typically spans from early fall to early summer, with two or three months of summer vacation marking the end of the year. K-12 public schools generally observe local, state, and federal holidays, plus additional days off around Thanksgiving, the period from before Christmas until after New Year's Day, a spring break (usually", "title": "Public holidays in the United States" }, { "id": "8645033", "score": "1.5211587", "text": "Uniform Monday Holiday Act The Uniform Monday Holiday Act () is an Act of Congress that amended the federal holiday provisions of the United States Code to establish the observance of certain holidays on Mondays. The Act was signed into law on June 28, 1968, and took effect on January 1, 1971. The Act moved Washington's Birthday (February 22), Memorial Day (May 30), and Veterans Day (November 11) from fixed dates to designated Mondays, and established as a federal holiday Columbus Day—which had previously been celebrated in some states on October 12—to a designated Monday. The Act was designed to", "title": "Uniform Monday Holiday Act" }, { "id": "135453", "score": "1.5195892", "text": "February 12 Second Tuesday: February 13 Tuesday before Ash Wednesday (Western Christianity): February 13 46 days before Easter (Western Christianity): February 14 Third Thursday: February 15 Friday after Ash Wednesday (Western Christianity): February 15 Thursday of the 8th week before Pascha (Eastern Christianity): February 15 Third Friday: February 16 First Sunday of Lent in (Western Christianity): February 18 Sunday of Cheesefare week (Eastern Christianity): February 18 Week of February 22: February 18–24 Monday after Sunday of Forgiveness (Eastern Christianity): February 19 Third Monday: February 19 Last Friday: February 23 First Saturday of Great Lent (Eastern Christianity): February 24 Last Saturday:", "title": "February" }, { "id": "212401", "score": "1.5123763", "text": "official status or general observance.\" First Monday: January 1 First Sunday of the year, unless the Sunday falls on January 1, 6, or 7, then January 2: January 2 January 2 unless that day is a Sunday, in which case January 3: January 2) First Friday: January 5 Sunday following January 6: January 7 Monday after January 6: January 8 Second Monday: January 8 Friday before third Monday: January 12 Second Saturday: January 13 Third full week of January: January 15–19 Third Monday: January 15 Wednesday of the third full week of January: January 17 Friday between January 19–25: January", "title": "January" }, { "id": "139527", "score": "1.5107234", "text": "formal replacement of February 24 as the leap day of the Julian and Gregorian calendars has occurred. The exceptions include Sweden and Finland, who enacted legislation to move the day to February 29. This custom still has some effect around the world, for example with respect to name days in Hungary. February 24 For superstitious reasons, when the Romans began to intercalate to bring their calendar into line with the solar year, they chose not to place their extra month of Mercedonius \"after\" February but \"within\" it. February 24—known in the Roman calendar as \"the sixth day before the Kalends", "title": "February 24" }, { "id": "15498868", "score": "1.510632", "text": "1, 1971, the federal holiday was shifted to the third Monday in February by the Uniform Monday Holiday Act. This places it between February 15 and 21, which makes \"Washington's Birthday\" something of a misnomer, since it never occurs on Washington's actual birthday, February 22. (A rough analog of this phenomenon can be seen in Commonwealth realms, where the reigning monarch's official birthday is celebrated without regard to their actual date of birth.) The first attempt to create a Presidents Day occurred in 1951 when the \"President's Day National Committee\" was formed by Harold Stonebridge Fischer of Compton, California, who", "title": "Washington's Birthday" } ]

[ "modern bird", "avians", "Avian reproduction", "avialian", "flying bird", "Birds", "Class aves", "class aves", "Avialan", "Modern bird", "birdness", "Avialians", "birds mating", "Avafauna", "pet bird", "avian proteins", "Aviala", "bird reproduction", "ornithes", "Chick (bird)", "Ornithes", "surviving dinosaurs", "Avifauna", "Living dinosaurs in Australasia", "roosting", "🐦", "living sauropods", "avialan", "avafauna", "Flying Bird", "Living sauropods", "Nestling", "Avian dinosaur", "living dinosaurs in australasia", "avian dinosaur", "birds", "🐤", "modern birds", "Roosting", "Baby birds", "avian reproduction", "chick guard stage", "bird", "Birds mating", "roost site", "Bird breeding", "neornithine", "living dinosaurs in oceania", "Chick guard stage", "Living sauropods in Africa", "🐣", "Birdness", "avialians", "modern dinosaurs", "Bird reproduction", "nestling", "Nestlings", "neornithes", "Aves", "living sauropods in africa", "aves", "Avians", "Neornithine", "Living dinosaurs in Oceania", "Surviving Dinosaurs", "Roost site", "Bird", "🐥", "Ornis", "Neornithes", "aviala", "avifauna", "Avian proteins", "Modern birds", "Modern Dinosaurs", "bird breeding", "Pet bird", "ornis", "nestlings", "chick bird", "baby birds", "Avialian" ]

[ { "id": "3683617", "score": "1.8545277", "text": "located on the first pair of legs of most adult males. The Goliath birdeater is native to the upland rain forest regions of northern South America: Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, northern Brazil and southern Venezuela. Most noticeable in the Amazon rainforest, the spider is terrestrial, living in deep burrows, and is found commonly in marshy or swampy areas. It is a nocturnal species. The spider is part of the local cuisine in northeastern South America, prepared by singeing off the urticating hairs and roasting it in banana leaves. The flavor has been described as \"shrimplike\". In response to threats, Goliath", "title": "Goliath birdeater" }, { "id": "3683615", "score": "1.8260491", "text": "Goliath birdeater The Goliath birdeater (\"Theraphosa blondi\") belongs to the tarantula family Theraphosidae. Found in northern South America, it is the largest spider in the world by mass and size, but it is second to the giant huntsman spider by leg-span. It is also called the Goliath bird-eating spider; the practice of calling theraphosids \"bird-eating\" derives from an early 18th-century copper engraving by Maria Sibylla Merian that shows one . Despite the spider's name, it only rarely preys on birds. Unlike other species of spider/tarantula, females do not eat the males during mating. Females mature in 3 to 6 years", "title": "Goliath birdeater" }, { "id": "19410730", "score": "1.5922017", "text": "it will strike with its fangs. In captivity it feeds on any suitable sized invertebrates such as large grasshoppers, cockroaches and crickets. Theraphosa stirmi Theraphosa stirmi is a species of tarantula belonging to the family Theraphosidae. It is known as the burgundy goliath bird eater. This species occurs in Guyana, in tropical South America. In \"Theraphosa stirmi\" the carapace can reach a length of and a width of . The longest leg (the fourth) in a male had a total length of . Coloration of these heavy-bodied spiders varies from rusty brown or rich burgundy-brown to dark brown, with reddish", "title": "Theraphosa stirmi" }, { "id": "3683619", "score": "1.56516", "text": "bites do not always result in envenomation (known as a \"dry bite\"). Despite its name, it is rare for the Goliath birdeater to actually prey on birds; in the wild, its diet consists primarily of other large arthropods, worms, and amphibians. However, because of its size and opportunistic predatory behavior, it is not uncommon for this species to kill and consume a variety of insects and small terrestrial vertebrates. In the wild, \"T. blondi\" has been observed feeding on rodents, frogs, toads, lizards, and even snakes. Goliath birdeater The Goliath birdeater (\"Theraphosa blondi\") belongs to the tarantula family Theraphosidae. Found", "title": "Goliath birdeater" }, { "id": "7216981", "score": "1.5548434", "text": "Goliathus The Goliath beetles (named after the biblical giant Goliath) are any of the five species in the genus Goliathus. Goliath beetles are among the largest insects on Earth, if measured in terms of size, bulk and weight. They are members of subfamily Cetoniinae, within the family Scarabaeidae. Goliath beetles can be found in many of Africa's tropical forests, where they feed primarily on tree sap and fruit. Little appears to be known of the larval cycle in the wild, but in captivity, \"Goliathus\" beetles have been successfully reared from egg to adult using protein-rich foods such as commercial cat", "title": "Goliathus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Goliath birdeater\n\nThe Goliath birdeater (Theraphosa blondi) belongs to the tarantula family Theraphosidae. Found in northern South America, it is the largest spider in the world by mass () and body length (up to ), and second to the giant huntsman spider by leg span. It is also called the Goliath tarantula or Goliath bird-eating spider; the practice of calling theraphosids \"bird-eating\" derives from an early 18th-century copper engraving by Maria Sibylla Merian that shows one . Despite the spider's name, it rarely preys on birds.", "title": "Goliath birdeater" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tarantula\n\nTarantulas comprise a group of large and often hairy spiders of the family Theraphosidae. , 1,040 species have been identified, with 156 genera. The term \"tarantula\" is usually used to describe members of the family Theraphosidae, although many other members of the same infraorder (Mygalomorphae) are commonly referred to as \"tarantulas\" or \"false tarantulas\". Some of the more common species have become popular in the exotic pet trade. Many New World species kept as pets have setae known as urticating hairs that can cause irritation to the skin, and in extreme cases, cause damage to the eyes.<ref name=Blaikie97/>", "title": "Tarantula" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Huntsman spider\n\nHuntsman spiders, members of the family Sparassidae (formerly Heteropodidae), are known by this name because of their speed and mode of hunting. They are also called giant crab spiders because of their size and appearance. Larger species sometimes are referred to as wood spiders, because of their preference for woody places (forests, mine shafts, woodpiles, wooden shacks). In southern Africa the genus \"Palystes\" are known as rain spiders or lizard-eating spiders. Commonly, they are confused with baboon spiders from the Mygalomorphae infraorder, which are not closely related.\n\nMore than a thousand Sparassidae species occur in most warm temperate to tropical regions of the world, including much of Australasia, Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean Basin, and the Americas.\n\nSeveral species of huntsman spider can use an unusual form of locomotion. The wheel spider (\"Carparachne aureoflava\") from the Namib uses a cartwheeling motion which gives it its name, while \"Cebrennus rechenbergi\" uses a handspring motion.", "title": "Huntsman spider" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Goliath\n\nGoliath ( ) is a character in the Book of Samuel, described as a Philistine giant defeated by the young David in single combat. The story signified King Saul's unfitness to rule, as Saul himself should have fought for Israel. Scholars today believe that the original listed killer of Goliath was Elhanan, son of Jair, and that the authors of the Deuteronomic history changed the original text to credit the victory to the more famous character David. \n\nThe phrase \"David and Goliath\" has taken on a more popular meaning denoting an underdog situation, a contest wherein a smaller, weaker opponent faces a much bigger, stronger adversary.", "title": "Goliath" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Spider" }, { "id": "19410728", "score": "1.536118", "text": "Theraphosa stirmi Theraphosa stirmi is a species of tarantula belonging to the family Theraphosidae. It is known as the burgundy goliath bird eater. This species occurs in Guyana, in tropical South America. In \"Theraphosa stirmi\" the carapace can reach a length of and a width of . The longest leg (the fourth) in a male had a total length of . Coloration of these heavy-bodied spiders varies from rusty brown or rich burgundy-brown to dark brown, with reddish setae on legs and abdomen and white lines on the legs. Adult males lack mating spurs or tibial apophyses. Spiderlings and juveniles", "title": "Theraphosa stirmi" }, { "id": "4428467", "score": "1.4912069", "text": "to bite a human, they are quick to kick urticating hairs in self-defense, though their hairs can be less irritating than those of other species, especially the goliath birdeater. Brachypelma Brachypelma is a genus of spiders in the family Theraphosidae (tarantulas), found in Mexico and Central America. They may have bodies up to long with legs of similar or greater lengths. Some species have brightly colored legs, with red or orange marks and rings. The taxonomy of the genus and its species has been the subject of considerable debate. , the genus contained 18 species, which fall into two groups:", "title": "Brachypelma" }, { "id": "18077161", "score": "1.4802065", "text": "it is the origin of one of its nicknames, the spitting spider. At night, the spider stealthily approaches its prey and then contracts its abdomen projecting an extremely sticky and resistant spider-web, which imprisons its prey even if it is larger than the spider; then, once the prey is verified to be immobilized, the spider injects its poison, secreted from its second venom gland. The Chilean tiger spider preys on flies, mosquitoes, bees, horse-flies, and other insects. However it also eats other kinds of spiders, and it has become famous for being the only natural predator of the common and", "title": "Scytodes globula" }, { "id": "8359923", "score": "1.4769318", "text": "away locals who might wander too close to their drug operation. This rumor is entirely false. As previously stated, \"Castianeira\" is already native to the United States and Central America; and could not have been brought over from Australia since there are no \"Castianeira\" native to Australia. An even more sinister rumor circulating about the \"Castianeira\" is that the female is dubbed \"the castration spider\" because of her propensity to physically castrate the male after mating. However, this rumor is also unfounded. Many female spiders will kill and eat a male after mating (not just the dreaded black widow); however,", "title": "Castianeira" }, { "id": "12242799", "score": "1.470367", "text": "tip of the back leg to the tip of the front leg on the opposite side. Some of the largest species of tarantula may weigh over ; the largest of all, the goliath birdeater (\"Theraphosa blondi\") from Venezuela and Brazil, has been reported to attain a weight of and a leg-span up to , males being longer and females greater in girth. The fang size of this tarantula reaches a maximum of . \"Theraphosa apophysis\" (the pinkfoot goliath) was described 187 years after the goliath birdeater, so its characteristics are not as well attested.\"Theraphosa blondi\" is generally thought to be", "title": "Tarantula" }, { "id": "12843368", "score": "1.4688966", "text": "color. The larva is C-shaped and cream-colored with a brown head. Like many other spider beetles, this species feeds on stored animal and vegetable products, including foodstuffs. It lives on nuts, beans, seeds, spices, cacao and powdered chocolate, cereals and meal, dried fruits, herbs, and mushrooms, soup powder, fish meal, and bread. Other products it consumes include leather and animal skins, bones, feathers, dried feces, silk, wool, textiles, old wood, books, and dead insects and specimens, including taxidermy. It is known to feed on cayenne pepper, tobacco, and opium. Mezium americanum Mezium americanum, the American spider beetle or black spider", "title": "Mezium americanum" }, { "id": "7216987", "score": "1.4599358", "text": "Females are without a horn and instead have a wedge-shaped head that assists in burrowing when they lay eggs. In addition to their massive size, Goliath beetles are strikingly patterned as well. Prominent markings common to all of the \"Goliathus\" species are the sharply contrasting black vertical stripes on the pronotum (thoracic shield). Goliathus The Goliath beetles (named after the biblical giant Goliath) are any of the five species in the genus Goliathus. Goliath beetles are among the largest insects on Earth, if measured in terms of size, bulk and weight. They are members of subfamily Cetoniinae, within the family", "title": "Goliathus" }, { "id": "18437242", "score": "1.4591074", "text": "at about day thirty while females emerge around ten days later. Adult wasps feed on nectar and honeydew. This spider wasp is native to Central America and the northern part of South America. Its range includes the West Indies, Panama, and Brazil. In the latter country it is on the wing in the hot, rainy season, between September and April. In the laboratory, males live for about sixty days and females live for one hundred and twenty days. Priochilus captivum Priochilus captivum is a species of neotropical spider wasp in the family Pompilidae. It is native to Central and South", "title": "Priochilus captivum" }, { "id": "19731432", "score": "1.4563677", "text": "Pepsis grossa Pepsis grossa, formerly and perhaps better known as \"Pepsis formosa\", is a very large species of pepsine spider wasp from the southern part of North America, south to northern South America. It preys on tarantula spiders, giving rise to the name tarantula hawk for the wasps in the genus \"Pepsis\" and the related \"Hemipepsis\". Only the females hunt, so only they are capable of delivering a sting, which is considered the second most painful of any insect sting; scoring 4.0 on the Schmidt sting pain index compared to the bullet ant's 4.0+. It is the state insect of", "title": "Pepsis grossa" }, { "id": "7681908", "score": "1.4532061", "text": "\"S. grossa\" (painted with nontoxic blue and red stripes and \"wrangled\" by Steven R. Kutcher (\"The Spider-Man Behind Spider-Man\") was used as the spider which bit Peter Parker in the Sam Raimi-directed Spider-Man film released in 2002. Steatoda grossa Steatoda grossa, commonly known as the cupboard spider, the dark comb-footed spider, the brown house spider (in Australia), or the false black widow (though several other species are known by these names), is a common species of spider in the genus \"Steatoda\". It is a cosmopolitan species found in many parts of the world, including North America, Australasia, and Europe. As", "title": "Steatoda grossa" }, { "id": "8314542", "score": "1.4531674", "text": "these species have an unusually long lifetime for araneomorph spiders: they can last several decades. This spider, the only one of its own subfamily (Hickmaniinae), is the last of an old Gondwanan lineage; its nearest relatives are found in South America. It is an icon species for faunal conservation in Tasmania. The genus name is in honor of an arachnologist called Hickman, a professor from the University of Tasmania who specialised in spiders. The species name is Greek \"troglodytes\", \"cave-dweller\". Hickmania Hickmania is a genus of cribellate spiders with a single species, Hickmania troglodytes, known as the Tasmanian cave spider,", "title": "Hickmania" }, { "id": "5399966", "score": "1.4497943", "text": "high species diversity in South-east Asia, from China and Japan to New Guinea. The second largest number of species occur in tropical Africa. South America has only four species. Nine species of \"Dolomedes\" exist in North America. The six-spotted fishing spider (\"D. triton\") lives primarily in small lakes and ponds. This spider consumes mostly water striders (pond skaters), but like all \"Dolomedes\", it is an opportunistic ambush hunter that will eat anything that it can capture. Other species include the bog-dwelling \"D. striatus\", and four species living by streams: \"D. scriptus\", \"D. vittatus\", \"D. gertschi\" and \"D. holti\". Two North", "title": "Dolomedes" }, { "id": "15518780", "score": "1.4496899", "text": "Allocosa brasiliensis Allocosa brasiliensis is a burrowing wolf spider species from southern South America. Long known to science, it remained almost unstudied until its unusual sexual behavior was described in the early 21st century. This ground-dwelling spider is native to mainly coastal areas, from southeastern Brazil via Uruguay and Argentina to southern Chile, though its known occurrences are patchy. To what extent it is found on the Atlantic coast south of the Río de la Plata remains largely unknown, for example. While the males have been known for over a century, the females were only described in 1980. \"A. brasiliensis\"", "title": "Allocosa brasiliensis" }, { "id": "12994018", "score": "1.4495337", "text": "they kill and eat other spiders including dangerous species such as hobo and redback spiders. This is the only spider species described by the Swiss entomologist Johann Kaspar Füssli, who first recorded it for science in 1775. Confusion often arises over its common name, because \"daddy long-legs\" is also applied to two other distantly related arthropods: one being Opiliones, another order of arachnid known also as a \"harvestman\", the other an insect less ambiguously called the crane fly. Originally a species restricted to warmer parts of the west Palearctic, through the help of humans this synanthrope now occurs throughout a", "title": "Pholcus phalangioides" }, { "id": "3683618", "score": "1.4485614", "text": "birdeaters stridulate by rubbing setae on their pedipalps and legs. Also when threatened, they rub their abdomen with their hind legs and release hairs that are a severe irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. These urticating hairs can be harmful to humans. Like all tarantulas, \"T. blondi\" have fangs large enough () to break the skin of a human. They carry venom in their fangs and have been known to bite when threatened, but the venom is relatively harmless and its effects are comparable to those of a wasp's sting. Tarantulas generally bite humans only in self-defense, and these", "title": "Goliath birdeater" } ]

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[ { "id": "1741758", "score": "1.8975818", "text": "Sleepless in Seattle Sleepless in Seattle is a 1993 American romantic comedy directed and co-written by Nora Ephron, based on a story by Jeff Arch. It stars Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan, alongside a supporting cast featuring Bill Pullman, Ross Malinger, Rob Reiner, Rosie O'Donnell, Gaby Hoffmann, Victor Garber, and Rita Wilson. Released on June 25, 1993, the film was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $227 million worldwide. After Chicago architect Sam Baldwin loses his wife Maggie to cancer, he and his eight-year-old son Jonah start a new life in Seattle, but they continue to grieve. A year", "title": "Sleepless in Seattle" }, { "id": "18882143", "score": "1.7051307", "text": "a corrupt DEA Agent, seen earlier in the film, contacts Novak's father and informs him there's been a problem. Filming began on June 15, 2015, in Atlanta and Las Vegas. The film was originally set to be released on February 24, 2017, but in October 2016 was moved up to January 13, 2017. \"Sleepless\" grossed $20.8 million in the United States and Canada and $12.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $32.9 million. In North America, the film was released alongside \"Monster Trucks\" and \"The Bye Bye Man\", as well as the wide releases of \"Silence\", \"Patriots", "title": "Sleepless (2017 film)" }, { "id": "540630", "score": "1.7045753", "text": "a search through war-torn France after D-Day to bring back a soldier. It earned the praise and respect of the film community, critics, and the general public. It was labeled one of the finest war films ever made and earned Spielberg his second Academy Award for direction, and Hanks another Best Actor nomination. Later that year, Hanks re-teamed with his \"Sleepless in Seattle\" co-star Meg Ryan for \"You've Got Mail\", a remake of 1940's \"The Shop Around the Corner\". In 1999, Hanks starred in an adaptation of the Stephen King novel \"The Green Mile\". He also returned as the voice", "title": "Tom Hanks" }, { "id": "1741766", "score": "1.6602111", "text": "Smile\" lost out to \"Streets of Philadelphia\" (from \"Philadelphia\", another Tom Hanks movie) for Best Original Song. The film was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards: one for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy (Tom Hanks) another for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Meg Ryan) and a third for Best Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. The film won four awards at different ceremonies. Ryan won the award for Funniest Actress in a Leading Role at the American Comedy Awards. At the 1994 Young Artist Awards, Malinger won the award for Best Actor Under Ten in a Motion", "title": "Sleepless in Seattle" }, { "id": "1741781", "score": "1.6462362", "text": "a relative. In 1993, Ephron directed and wrote the script for the romantic comedy \"Sleepless in Seattle\". The film stars Tom Hanks as Sam Baldwin, a recently widowed father whose son calls into a Seattle-based radio talk show in an attempt to find his father a new partner. After hearing this call, New Yorker Annie Reed, played by Meg Ryan, becomes infatuated with Sam, and sets up a rendezvous for the two to meet. The film overtly references the 1957 film, \"An Affair to Remember\", as Annie plans for their meeting at the top of the Empire State Building. In", "title": "Nora Ephron" }, { "id": "540624", "score": "1.634057", "text": "climbed back to the top again with his portrayal of a washed-up baseball legend turned manager in \"A League of Their Own\" (1992). Hanks has stated that his acting in earlier roles was not great, but that he subsequently improved. In an interview with \"Vanity Fair\", Hanks noted his \"\"modern era of moviemaking ... because enough self-discovery has gone on ... My work has become less pretentiously fake and over the top\"\". This \"modern era\" began in 1993 for Hanks, first with \"Sleepless in Seattle\" and then with \"Philadelphia\". The former was a blockbuster success about a widower who finds", "title": "Tom Hanks" }, { "id": "18882135", "score": "1.6282175", "text": "Sleepless (2017 film) Sleepless is a 2017 American thriller crime action film directed by Baran bo Odar, and written by Andrea Berloff. The film stars Jamie Foxx as a corrupt Las Vegas police officer who sets out to rescue his kidnapped son. Michelle Monaghan, Dermot Mulroney, David Harbour, Tip \"T.I.\" Harris, Gabrielle Union and Scoot McNairy also star. A remake of the French thriller \"Sleepless Night\", the film was released in the United States on January 13, 2017. It received generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $32 million worldwide against a $30 million production budget. In Las Vegas, vice", "title": "Sleepless (2017 film)" }, { "id": "3400310", "score": "1.619245", "text": "as \"Sleepless in Seattle\" (1993), \"Forrest Gump\" (1994), \"My Best Friend's Wedding\" (1997), \"There's Something About Mary\" (1998), and \"The Sixth Sense\" (1999). Screenings for these films are held in an area conducive to the film's demographic. In the case of \"Sleepless in Seattle\", a romantic comedy, screenings were held at suburban shopping malls where romantic couples in their mid 20s to early 30s spent Saturday afternoons before seeing a new film. In theory, a successful screening leads to word-of-mouth marketing, as it compels viewers to discuss an interesting, low-key film with co-workers when they return to work after their", "title": "Sleeper hit" }, { "id": "1741763", "score": "1.6116182", "text": "and the three meet. After Sam and Annie stare at each other in recognition, Sam says they should go and offers his hand to Annie. The three then enter the elevator together and the doors close. The film was originally to have been scored by John Barry, but when given a list of twenty songs he had to put in the film, he quit. \"Sleepless in Seattle\" opened theatrically on June 25, 1993, in 1,579 venues, earning $17,253,733 in its opening weekend, ranking second in the North American box office behind the third weekend of \"Jurassic Park\". At the end", "title": "Sleepless in Seattle" }, { "id": "16280687", "score": "1.6060243", "text": "a walk, and returns to the campsite to witness two police officers, Luke and Abraham, arresting Hank and Tom, accusing them of murdering a local woman. They execute both of the men, and then pursue Nancy, who flees into the woods. She comes across a farmhouse, and inside finds a teenage girl, Cynthia, playing cards. She asks for a phone, and is directed to another room; when she enters, she finds the man she, Tom, and Hank saw earlier (whom she comes to find is named Cyrus) dismembering two men. She is confronted by the two police officers, who lock", "title": "Midnight (1982 film)" }, { "id": "5158210", "score": "1.6019776", "text": "in her first movie, \"Field of Dreams,\" with Kevin Costner. 1989's \"Uncle Buck\" followed, working beside John Candy and up-and-coming child star Macaulay Culkin. However, she grew tired of the rigors of screen performance and temporarily retired. Nevertheless, upon hearing that Culkin (whom she disliked when they worked together) was making a lot of money in feature films, her \"competitive spirit got the best of her,\" as she later put it, and she re-entered the profession. She went on to star in \"This Is My Life\" (1992), \"Sleepless in Seattle\" (1993) with Tom Hanks and \"The Man Without a Face\"", "title": "Gaby Hoffmann" }, { "id": "18882145", "score": "1.5739858", "text": "has a weighted average score 34 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 77% overall positive score. Sleepless (2017 film) Sleepless is a 2017 American thriller crime action film directed by Baran bo Odar, and written by Andrea Berloff. The film stars Jamie Foxx as a corrupt Las Vegas police officer who sets out to rescue his kidnapped son. Michelle Monaghan, Dermot Mulroney, David Harbour, Tip \"T.I.\" Harris, Gabrielle Union and", "title": "Sleepless (2017 film)" }, { "id": "7597251", "score": "1.5596001", "text": "as Engstrom shows increasing signs of strain.\" A remake of the film was directed by Christopher Nolan. The film, featuring Al Pacino, Robin Williams, and Hilary Swank, was released in 2002. Insomnia (1997 film) Insomnia is a 1997 Norwegian thriller film about a police detective investigating a murder in a town located above the Arctic Circle. The investigation goes horribly wrong when he mistakenly shoots his partner and subsequently attempts to cover up his bungle. The title of the film refers to his inability to sleep, the result of his guilt (represented by the relentless glare of the midnight sun).", "title": "Insomnia (1997 film)" }, { "id": "540610", "score": "1.5499108", "text": "Tom Hanks Thomas Jeffrey Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor and filmmaker. Hanks is known for his comedic and dramatic roles in such films as \"Splash\" (1984), \"Big\" (1988), \"Turner & Hooch\" (1989), \"A League of Their Own\" (1992), \"Sleepless in Seattle\" (1993), \"Apollo 13\" (1995), \"You've Got Mail\" (1998), \"The Green Mile\" (1999), \"Cast Away\" (2000), \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), \"Cloud Atlas\" (2012), \"Captain Phillips\" (2013), \"Saving Mr. Banks\" (2013), and \"Sully\" (2016). He has also starred in the \"Robert Langdon\" film series, and voices Sheriff Woody in the \"Toy Story\" film series. Hanks has collaborated", "title": "Tom Hanks" }, { "id": "7226667", "score": "1.5384814", "text": "Hanks' character was originally written to be killed off with Nancy's character, but because the filmmakers liked him so much, they omitted filming his death scene for the film. \"He Knows You're Alone\" had its world premiere in Los Angeles, California, on August 29, 1980. The film opened in New York City the following month on September 26, showing at several cinemas in Manhattan. The film received mixed to negative reviews, including one by Tom Buckley of \"The New York Times\", citing \"uncertain pacing, halting performances and innumerable technical flaws\", while praising the performance of male lead Don Scardino. \"The", "title": "He Knows You're Alone" }, { "id": "18171239", "score": "1.534464", "text": "for John Barry’s Academy Award-winning score for \"Dances With Wolves,\" and directed the marketing campaign for the album. Following that album’s success, Brunman was charged with creating Epic Soundtrax, the first major label imprint dedicated to soundtracks. The label’s first hit was a 1992 country and rock Elvis Presley tribute album which served as the soundtrack for \"Honeymoon in Vegas.\" In 1993, Epic Soundtrax released the \"Judgment Night soundtrack\", the first album where each track featured a collaboration between rock and hiphop artists. Between 1993 and 1994, the label released three soundtracks for films starring Tom Hanks: \"Sleepless In Seattle\",", "title": "Glen Brunman" }, { "id": "1687723", "score": "1.5262606", "text": "success and won three Academy Awards. In 1990, Zemeckis commented, when asked if he would want to make non-comedies, \"I would like to be able to do everything. Just now, though, I'm too restless to do anything that's not really zany.\" In 1992, Zemeckis directed the black comedy \"Death Becomes Her\", starring Meryl Streep, Goldie Hawn and Bruce Willis. Although his next film would have some comedic elements, it was Zemeckis's first with dramatic elements, and was also his biggest commercial success to date, \"Forrest Gump\" (1994). Starring Tom Hanks in the title role, and borrowing to some extent from", "title": "Robert Zemeckis" }, { "id": "18882138", "score": "1.519217", "text": "with bags of sugar to ensure Thomas's safety, but Novak uncovers his ruse and Thomas is recaptured by Rubino's men, while Vincent manages to escape. Meanwhile, after coming up empty while searching the casino for Downs, Dennison is convinced he's gotten away, and directs Bryant to go home and get some sleep. Bryant gives him the key to the women's locker with the cocaine, and heads for the exit. Vincent infiltrates the casino in his police uniform, but crosses paths with Bryant on her way out and chased into one of the hotel rooms. They fight, and he subdues her", "title": "Sleepless (2017 film)" }, { "id": "1741767", "score": "1.5144124", "text": "Picture and the film itself won Outstanding Family Motion Picture for Comedy. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in AFI's 10 Top 10 as #10 in Romantic Comedy Film category and in AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions at #45 . In 2009, development began on a musical version of \"Sleepless in Seattle\". David Shor was announced as the musical's producer, with a book being written by Jeff Arch, Shor's longtime partner and original story writer for the motion picture. Leslie Bricusse was initially attached to the project, but withdrew due to \"creative differences with the show's producer and director\".", "title": "Sleepless in Seattle" }, { "id": "9883618", "score": "1.513068", "text": "in Cairo on November 31, 1957 and was met with a lot of success and recognition in Egypt and the Arab-speaking world. This was mainly due to the star-studded cast and the fact that it was one of the earliest colored Egyptian films. The film has maintained its popularity and has been selected amongst the best Egyptian films in 1996 by the Egyptian Film association. However, due to its controversial topic, it wasn't frequently broadcast on television. Sleepless (1957 film) Sleepless (, translit. La Anam) is a 1957 Egyptian melodrama film. The film follows the intricate story of Nadia Lutfi,", "title": "Sleepless (1957 film)" } ]

[ "%22Women and children first%22", "22women and children first 22", "Women and children first", "Birkenhead tradition", "Birkenhead protocol", "Women and children first (saying)", "woman and children first", "birkenhead protocol", "women and children", "Children and women", "women and children first protocol", "Woman and children first", "Birkenhead drill", "birkenhead tradition", "children and women", "birkenhead drill", "Women and Children", "women and children first saying", "women and children first", "Women and children", "Women and children first (protocol)" ]

[ { "id": "3691389", "score": "1.7593718", "text": "the Birkenhead Medallion\" gold coin commemorating the 125 years since the sinking, featuring Hemy's painting on one of the faces of the coin. The sinking of the \"Birkenhead\" is one of the earliest maritime disaster evacuations during which the concept of \"women and children first\" is known to have been applied.\"Women and children first\" subsequently became standard procedure in relation to the evacuation of sinking ships, in fiction and in life. The term \"\"Birkenhead\" drill\" became defined as courageous behaviour in hopeless circumstances and appeared in Rudyard Kipling's 1893 tribute to the Royal Marines, \"Soldier an' Sailor Too\": To take", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "3691393", "score": "1.7394078", "text": "Bandmann at the Cape obtained permission from the Cape Government to dive the wreck of the \"Birkenhead\" in search of the treasure. A June 1958 salvage attempt by a renowned Cape Town diver recovered anchors and some brass fittings but no gold. In 1986–1988, a combined archaeological and salvage excavation was carried out by Aqua Exploration, Depth Recovery Unit and Pentow Marine Salvage Company. Only a few gold coins were recovered, which appear to have been the possessions of the passengers and crew. The rumour of treasure and the shallow depth of the wreck at have resulted in the wreck", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "3691396", "score": "1.7291496", "text": "day refer to Great White Sharks as \"Tommy Sharks,\" after the Tommys that were taken by them in water. HMS Birkenhead (1845) HMS \"Birkenhead, also referred to as HM Troopship \"Birkenhead or Steam Frigate \"Birkenhead\", was one of the first iron-hulled ships built for the Royal Navy. She was designed as a steam frigate, but was converted to a troopship before being commissioned. She was wrecked on 26 February 1852, while transporting troops to Algoa Bay at Danger Point near Gansbaai, 87 miles (140 kilometres) from Cape Town, South Africa. There were not enough serviceable lifeboats for all the passengers,", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "3691388", "score": "1.7271314", "text": "memorial in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, bears the following inscription: Frederick William IV of Prussia was so impressed by the bravery and discipline of the soldiers that he ordered an account of the incident to be read at the head of every regiment in his army. Queen Victoria ordered the erection of an official Birkenhead monument at the Chelsea Royal Hospital. In 1892, Thomas M. M. Hemy painted a widely admired maritime depiction of the incident, \"The wreck of the Birkenhead\". Prints of this painting were distributed to the public. In 1977, the South African mint issued a \"Heroes of", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "3691368", "score": "1.7236631", "text": "HMS Birkenhead (1845) HMS \"Birkenhead, also referred to as HM Troopship \"Birkenhead or Steam Frigate \"Birkenhead\", was one of the first iron-hulled ships built for the Royal Navy. She was designed as a steam frigate, but was converted to a troopship before being commissioned. She was wrecked on 26 February 1852, while transporting troops to Algoa Bay at Danger Point near Gansbaai, 87 miles (140 kilometres) from Cape Town, South Africa. There were not enough serviceable lifeboats for all the passengers, and the soldiers allowed the women and children to board the boats safely and escape the sinking. Only 193", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)\n\nHMS \"Birkenhead, also referred to as HM Troopship \"Birkenhead or Steam Frigate \"Birkenhead\", She was designed as a steam frigate, but was converted to a troopship before being commissioned.<ref name=\"iron\"/>\n\nWhile transporting troops and a few civilians to Algoa Bay, the \"Birkenhead\" was wrecked on 26 February 1852 at Danger Point near Gansbaai, from Cape Town in the Cape Colony. There were insufficient serviceable lifeboats for all the passengers, and the soldiers famously stood in ranks on board, thereby allowing the women and children to board the boats safely and escape the sinking.\n\nOnly 193 of the estimated 643 people on board survived, and the soldiers' chivalry gave rise to the unofficial \"women and children first\" protocol when abandoning ship, while the \"Birkenhead drill\" of Rudyard Kipling's poem came to describe courage in the face of hopeless circumstances.", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "20593035", "score": "1.7235208", "text": "Uithaalder) from Fort Armstrong and drove them west toward the Amatola Mountains. Over the coming months, increasing numbers of Imperial troops arrived, reinforcing the heavily outnumbered British and allowing Smith to lead sweeps across the frontier country. In 1852, HMS Birkenhead was wrecked at Gansbaai while bringing reinforcements to the war at the request of Sir Harry Smith. As the ship sank, the men (mostly new recruits) stood silently in rank, while the women and children were loaded into the lifeboats. They remained in rank as the ship slipped under and over 300 died. Insurgents led by Maqoma established themselves", "title": "Eighth Xhosa War" }, { "id": "3691377", "score": "1.7220149", "text": "another sounding, she struck an uncharted rock at with of water beneath her bows and at her stern. The rock lies near Danger Point (today near Gansbaai, Western Cape). Barely submerged, it is clearly visible in rough seas, but it is not immediately apparent in calmer conditions. Captain Salmond rushed on deck and ordered the anchor to be dropped, the quarter-boats to be lowered, and a turn astern to be given by the engines. However, as the ship backed off the rock, the sea rushed into the large hole made by the collision and the ship struck again, buckling the", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "3691375", "score": "1.7043455", "text": "of Foot and Queen's Royal Regiment, to the 8th Xhosa War (then called the \"Kaffir War\") against the Xhosa in South Africa. On 5 January, she picked up more soldiers at Queenstown (now Cobh), Ireland, and conveyed some officers' wives and families. On 23 February 1852, \"Birkenhead\" docked briefly at Simonstown, near Cape Town. Most of the women and children disembarked along with a number of sick soldiers. Nine cavalry horses, several bales of hay and 35 tons of coal were loaded for the last leg of the voyage to Algoa Bay. She sailed from Simon's Bay at 06:00 on", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "3691394", "score": "1.667399", "text": "being considerably disturbed, despite its being a war grave. In 1989, the British and South African governments entered into an agreement over the salvage of the wreck, sharing any gold recovered. Three placenames in the Canadian province of British Columbia were conferred in honour of the \"Birkenhead\" disaster by Hudson's Bay Company explorer Alexander Caulfield Anderson, a boyhood friend and cousin of Lt-Col. Seton of the 74th Regiment of Foot, on a traverse of uncharted country between the Fraser Canyon and the coastal Lower Mainland in 1846. Named after his cousin, Seton Lake cuts west through the Coast Mountains from", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "11012394", "score": "1.667206", "text": "strong national feeling, and a connection with Scotland by recruiting, had been constantly maintained.\" The regiment then sailed to the Cape Colony in 1851 to take part in the Eighth Xhosa War. In 1852 a detachment from the regiment departed Simon's Town aboard the troopship HMS \"Birkenhead\" bound for Port Elizabeth. At two o'clock in the morning on 28 February 1852, the ship struck rocks at Danger Point, just off Gansbaai. The troops assembled on deck, and allowed the women and children to board the lifeboats first, but then stood firm as the ship sank when told by officers that", "title": "74th (Highland) Regiment of Foot" }, { "id": "5172162", "score": "1.6670086", "text": "family on their way to Eastern Cape to fight the Xhosa. The \"Birkenhead\" became famous because it was the first shipwreck where the \"women and children first\" protocol was applied. All women and children were saved but 445 of the men, mostly soldiers, perished. Most of the horses swam ashore and were the ancestors of a feral herd that roamed the plains east of Gansbaai until late in the 20th century. More than 140 ships have been wrecked and thousands of lives lost between Danger Point and Cape Infanta, to the east of Gansbaai. In 1895, the Danger Point Lighthouse", "title": "Gansbaai" }, { "id": "8697054", "score": "1.6639901", "text": "Imperial troops arrived, reinforcing the heavily outnumbered British and allowing Smith to lead sweeps across the frontier country. In 1852, HMS Birkenhead was wrecked at Gansbaai while bringing reinforcements to the war at the request of Sir Harry Smith. As the ship sank, the men (mostly new recruits) stood silently in rank, while the women and children were loaded into the lifeboats. They remained in rank as the ship slipped under and over 300 died. Insurgents led by Maqoma established themselves in the forested Waterkloof. From this base they managed to plunder surrounding farms and torch the homesteads. Maqoma's stronghold", "title": "Xhosa Wars" }, { "id": "3691380", "score": "1.6530076", "text": "after the first impact, the engines still turning astern, the ship struck again beneath the engine room, tearing open her bottom. She instantly broke in two just aft of the mainmast. The funnel went over the side and the forepart of the ship sank at once. The stern section, now crowded with men, floated for a few minutes before sinking. Just before she sank, Salmond called out that \"all those who can swim jump overboard, and make for the boats\". Colonel Seton, however, recognising that rushing the lifeboats would risk swamping them and endangering the women and children, ordered the", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "3691376", "score": "1.6499417", "text": "25 February 1852 with between 630 and 643 men, women and children aboard, the exact number being in some doubt. In order to make the best possible speed, Captain Salmond decided to hug the South African coast, setting a course that was generally within of the shore. Using her paddle wheels, she maintained a steady speed of . The sea was calm and the night was clear as she left False Bay and headed east. Shortly before 02:00 on 26 February, while \"Birkenhead\" was travelling at a speed of , the leadsman made soundings of . Before he could take", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "5172161", "score": "1.631135", "text": "the area were \"trekboere\" (nomadic farmers). They copied the Khoi herding techniques of using a grazing area until it was exhausted, then moving on to greener pastures. The area was big and fertile enough for such purposes. On many of the large farms around Gansbaai, the old and original homesteads and mudstone-houses tell of the days that the white farmers settled down. The troopship HMS \"Birkenhead\" was wrecked off Danger Point in 1852. A barely visible rock from Danger Point (now aptly called \"Birkenhead Rock\") was fatal for the troopship carrying young Welsh and Scottish soldiers and their officers and", "title": "Gansbaai" }, { "id": "3691387", "score": "1.6241398", "text": "received their orders and carried them out as if they were embarking instead of going to the bottom – I never saw any embarkation conducted with so little noise or confusion. In 1895, a lighthouse was erected at Danger Point to warn shipping of the dangerous reef. The lighthouse is about tall and is visible for approximately . In 1936, a remembrance plate for the Birkenhead was affixed to its base by the Navy League of South Africa. A new Birkenhead memorial was erected nearby in March 1995. In December 2001, the plaque was moved closer to the lighthouse. A", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "15646833", "score": "1.6204617", "text": "Cape Agulha. After the ship was breached, Lucas helped supervise the evacuation of the women and children in the ship's boat during the sinking of the HMS Birkenhead. Three weeks after the wreck, he posted home \"\"an account of his experience which is of great interest. The narrative written while the circumstances were fresh in its author’s memory gives us a vivid picture of the scene on that terrible night in February 1852.\"\" Lucas retired as a Captain in 1859, subsequently serving as a magistrate in Durban. Prior to his retirement to England in 1897, he also served as Chief", "title": "Gould Arthur Lucas" }, { "id": "3691392", "score": "1.6118666", "text": "called the Birkenhead Drill. The final voyage of the Birkenhead also forms the basis of the historical novel \"Shark Alley: The Memoirs of a Penny-a-Liner\" by Stephen Carver, in which a radical Victorian journalist recounts his life while travelling on the ship as a special correspondent. There is a rumour that the \"Birkenhead\" was carrying a military payroll of £240,000 in gold coins weighing about three tons, which had been secretly stored in the powder-room before the final voyage. Numerous attempts have been made to salvage the gold. In 1893, the nephew of Colonel Seton wrote that a certain Mr.", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "3691369", "score": "1.6115586", "text": "of the estimated 643 people on board survived, and the soldiers' chivalry gave rise to the unofficial \"women and children first\" protocol when abandoning ship, while the \"Birkenhead drill\" of Rudyard Kipling's poem came to describe courage in face of hopeless circumstances. The \"Birkenhead\" was laid down at John Laird's shipyard at Birkenhead as the frigate HMS \"Vulcan\", but renamed soon after to \"Birkenhead\" after the town where she was built. She had two steam engines from Forrester & Co that drove a pair of paddle wheels, and two masts rigged as a brig. According to her designer, John Laird:", "title": "HMS Birkenhead (1845)" }, { "id": "16524225", "score": "1.6059785", "text": "Rock\") from Danger Point, was fatal for the troopship carrying young Welsh and Scottish soldiers and their officers and family on their way to Eastern Cape to fight the Xhosa. The \"Birkenhead\" became famous because it was the first shipwreck where the \"women and children first\" protocol was applied. All women and children were saved but most of the men perished. More than 140 ships have been wrecked and thousands of lives lost between Danger Point and Cape Infanta, to the east of Gansbaai. In 1895, the Danger Point Lighthouse was built, providing more security for the ships in these", "title": "Danger Point Lighthouse" } ]

[ "Four Weddings and a Funeral", "four weddings and funeral film", "Four weddings and a funeral", "Four Weddings and a Funeral (film)", "4 Weddings and a Funeral", "four weddings and funeral", "four weddings funeral", "4 weddings", "Four Weddings & A Funeral", "4 weddings and a funeral", "4 weddings and funeral", "Four Weddings and A Funeral", "Four Weddings & a Funeral" ]

[ { "id": "1615939", "score": "1.9874635", "text": "Nicole Kidman/Noah Taylor movie, \"Flirting\". It is also featured in \"Shine\", \"The Good Night\" and \"The Boat That Rocked\". In 1991, \"Love Is All Around\" was covered by R.E.M. during live performances and was released later that year as a B-side on their \"Radio Song\" single. They also performed an acoustic version of the song on \"MTV Unplugged\". In 1994, Scottish band Wet Wet Wet's version of \"Love Is All Around\" spent 15 weeks at number one in the UK after its inclusion in \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\". The authorship royalties enabled Reg Presley's 1990s research and publication on", "title": "The Troggs" }, { "id": "1594809", "score": "1.9598641", "text": "are best known for their 1994 cover of The Troggs' 1960s hit \"Love Is All Around\", which was used on the soundtrack to the film \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\". It was a huge international success and spent 15 weeks atop the British charts. One week before potentially equalling the record for the most consecutive weeks at number 1 on the UK singles chart, held by Bryan Adams' \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\", it dropped to number two. The quartet formed at Clydebank High School in Clydebank, Scotland, in 1982, under the name \"Vortex Motion\", mostly playing", "title": "Wet Wet Wet" }, { "id": "1594817", "score": "1.9566219", "text": "the end of 1993. The eighteen-song selection included \"Shed a Tear\" and \"Cold Cold Heart\", which were recorded with Nile Rodgers in New York City especially for the album and released as singles. In 1994, Wet Wet Wet had their biggest hit, a cover version of The Troggs' single \"Love Is All Around\", which was used on the soundtrack to the film \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\". It was a huge international success and spent 15 weeks atop the British charts. The week before it could have equalled the record for the longest-standing number-one single, held by Bryan Adams' \"(Everything", "title": "Wet Wet Wet" }, { "id": "6999734", "score": "1.841672", "text": "the UK Singles Chart top 50, the record debuted at number 50 on 18 October 1967 (using the Wednesday date system) (date derived from 21 October 1967 and 28 October 1967), peaked at number 5 on 22 November 1967 (using the Wednesday date system) (date derived from 25 November 1967), and appeared 15 straight times. Richard Curtis approached Wet Wet Wet about recording a cover song to soundtrack his film \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\". The band got to pick between three choices of songs, the other two being \"I Will Survive\" by Gloria Gaynor and \"Can't Smile Without You\"", "title": "Love Is All Around" }, { "id": "6999733", "score": "1.8362327", "text": "the chart a total of 16 weeks, and ranked number 40 for all of 1968. \"Love Is All Around\" has been covered by numerous artists, including R.E.M., with whom the Troggs subsequently recorded their 1992 comeback album \"Athens Andover\". R.E.M.'s cover was a B-side on their 1991 \"Radio Song\" single, and they also played it during their first appearance at MTV's \"Unplugged\" series that same year. Wet Wet Wet's cover, for the soundtrack to the 1994 film \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\", was an international hit and spent 15 consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. On", "title": "Love Is All Around" }, { "id": "142082", "score": "1.8353701", "text": "of which were accepted. The original score was composed by British composer Richard Rodney Bennett. The movie also featured a soundtrack of popular songs, including a cover version of The Troggs' \"Love Is All Around\" performed by Wet Wet Wet that remained at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart for fifteen weeks and was then the ninth (now twelfth) biggest selling single of all time in Britain. This song would later be adapted into \"Christmas Is All Around\" and sung by the character of Billy Mack in Richard Curtis' 2003 film \"Love Actually\", in which Grant also stars. The", "title": "Four Weddings and a Funeral" }, { "id": "6999738", "score": "1.7975566", "text": "Is All Around\" was named as the number one song in VH1's \"The Ultimate Movie Soundtrack: Top 100\". Prior to achieving international success with their single \"These Eyes\", \"Love Is All Around\" was covered by The Guess Who around 1967/68, and is available on compilation album \"This Time Long Ago\". The song was also covered by Lotta Engbergs orkester as \"Du ger mig av din kärlek\" with Swedish lyrics written by Peter Stedt in 1994 while the Spanish rendering \"El Amor Me Envuelve (Sabes Que Te Amo)\" was recorded by Rocío Banquells for her 1999 album \"Fuerza Del Amor\". Other", "title": "Love Is All Around" }, { "id": "6999740", "score": "1.7615895", "text": "performed by a church choir. It also played in a season two episode of \"Orphan Black\" and included on the TV show's official soundtrack. R.E.M. also covered \"Love Is All Around\" for the soundtrack to the film \"I Shot Andy Warhol\". Australian band Human Nature covered the song on their 2018 album \"Romance of the Jukebox\". Love Is All Around \"Love Is All Around\" is a song recorded by English rock band the Troggs, featuring a string quartet and a 'tick tock' sound on percussion, in D-major. It was written by lead singer Reg Presley and was purportedly inspired by", "title": "Love Is All Around" }, { "id": "6999737", "score": "1.7483447", "text": "time. Reg Presley famously spent some of his songwriting royalties on crop circle research. Pellow also recorded his own version of the song for inclusion on his 2002 album \"Marti Pellow Sings the Hits of Wet Wet Wet & Smile\". In 2004, Pellow told the \"Daily Record\", \"We did everybody's head in the summer of 1994.\" Nevertheless, Pellow said, \"I still think it's a brilliant record. Its strength is its sheer simplicity. Any band would give their eye teeth to have a hit record like that. I'm very proud of it.\" In 2013, the year that Reg Presley died, \"Love", "title": "Love Is All Around" }, { "id": "12455257", "score": "1.7166195", "text": "Love Is All Around (album) Love Is All Around is a studio album by Eric Burdon and War (credited as \"War featuring Eric Burdon\" on the original edition). Released in 1976 on ABC Records, it contains tracks recorded during the band's brief existence from 1969 to 1971, but not found on their two albums from 1970. Many years later it was reissued on CD by Avenue Records; this edition restores the original group name, Eric Burdon and War. Only two tracks had been released previously: \"Magic Mountain\" was the B-side to \"Spill the Wine\"; and \"Home Dream\", though performed by", "title": "Love Is All Around (album)" }, { "id": "6999735", "score": "1.7153709", "text": "by Barry Manilow. Singer Marti Pellow related that the decision to pick \"Love is All Around\" was an easy choice \"because we knew we could make it our own\". The song, which has a different introduction from the Troggs' version, was recorded in B flat major on 4 January 1994 and released in May. On 15 May 1994, \"Love Is All Around\" entered the UK Singles Chart at number four. After climbing to number two the following week, it finally got to number one on 29 May. It then remained there for 15 weeks, the second-longest UK chart reign of", "title": "Love Is All Around" }, { "id": "1594819", "score": "1.6959786", "text": "\"Picture This\", their sixth, which also spawned the hit single \"Julia Says\" and \"Don't Want to Forgive Me Now\". The album, although well received by critics, would ultimately live in the shadow of \"Love Is All Around\". In 1995, they became the shirt sponsors of their hometown football club, Clydebank F.C. During the rest of the 1990s the band maintained a strong UK following, although success in the singles charts became more sporadic. Their seventh studio album, 1997's \"Ten\", celebrated the group's decade at the top. After the tour in support of \"10\", things turned sour over a dispute about", "title": "Wet Wet Wet" }, { "id": "11168307", "score": "1.6945246", "text": "Love Is All Around (Agnes Carlsson song) \"Love Is All Around\" is a song by Agnes Carlsson, who was the winner of Swedish Idol 2005. The song was composed by Fredrik Thomander and Anders Wikström. It has been covered in at least 3 other continents. \"Love Is All Around\" was covered by Australian singer-songwriter, Ricki-Lee Coulter. It served as the second single released from her second album \"Brand New Day\" on November 10, 2007. It debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number five. The music video was directed by Fin Edquist and filmed at the Ferris Wheel in Birrarung", "title": "Love Is All Around (Agnes Carlsson song)" }, { "id": "11168308", "score": "1.6718736", "text": "Marr, Melbourne. The video depicts Coulter at a theme park, showing examples of love in all forms, such as love between couples and families. Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Ricki-Lee: The Singles\". \"Love Is All Around\" was covered by South African singer Jody Williams, who released it as the first single from her debut album \"Just Gonna Be Me\". It was released on December 10, 2007. The song was scheduled as the \"winner's song\" in the fourth season of \"Idols (South Africa)\" and was performed by both Jody and competition runner-up, Andriëtte Norman. On December 9, 2007, Jody", "title": "Love Is All Around (Agnes Carlsson song)" }, { "id": "6999732", "score": "1.6584907", "text": "Love Is All Around \"Love Is All Around\" is a song recorded by English rock band the Troggs, featuring a string quartet and a 'tick tock' sound on percussion, in D-major. It was written by lead singer Reg Presley and was purportedly inspired by a television transmission of the Joy Strings Salvation Army band's \"Love That's All Around\". The song was first released as a single in the UK in October 1967, peaking at number 5. On the Hot 100, the record entered at number 98 on 24 February 1968, peaked at number 7 on 18 May 1968, was on", "title": "Love Is All Around" }, { "id": "6999739", "score": "1.6522881", "text": "covers include an easy-listening version by The Johnny Mann Singers on the 1968 Liberty Records album \"This Guy's In Love With You • The Look Of Love\". The song appeared in \"Get Real\" (1998) directed by Simon Shore, screenplay by Patrick Wilde. After its use in \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\", the song appeared in several of Richard Curtis' other projects, including the 2003 film \"Love Actually\" (reinvented as the Christmas song \"Christmas Is All Around\" performed by actor Bill Nighy as fictional rock star Billy Mack), and an episode of his sitcom \"The Vicar of Dibley\" where it is", "title": "Love Is All Around" }, { "id": "1615935", "score": "1.6433458", "text": "released in March 1992. The band attempted to capitalize on this new exposure with a couple of bizarre collaborations on new versions of \"Wild Thing\". In 1992 they teamed up with actor Oliver Reed and snooker player Alex Higgins, with another version the following year featuring Wolf from the TV show \"Gladiators\", which actually reached number 69 in the UK Singles Chart. In 1994 Wet Wet Wet's cover of \"Love Is All Around\" was #1 in the UK for 15 weeks, resulting in substantial royalties for Presley. The band's original drummer, Ronnie Bond, died on 13 November 1992. In January", "title": "The Troggs" }, { "id": "1594818", "score": "1.6201681", "text": "I Do) I Do It for You\", Pellow insisted on its deletion because he wanted to focus on getting their next album, \"Picture This\", finished. However, even after its deletion, there were still enough copies in the shops to get the song to number 2 in its 16th week, finally knocked off the top spot by Whigfield's debut single \"Saturday Night\". In any event, it remained in the Top 40 for the remainder of the year. In the official UK best-selling singles list issued in 2002, it was placed 12th. \"Love Is All Around\" also featured on the 1995 album", "title": "Wet Wet Wet" }, { "id": "11168310", "score": "1.6029872", "text": "described as \"an urbanised version\" of the Agnes Carlsson original. Jody's version is all also differs largely in length, being the longest of all covers of the song so far. \"Love Is All Around\" was released as a CD single a day after Jody won South African Idols. It was sold out on the first day and accumalated Gold status in South Africa after selling 30,000 copies. The song also reached #1 on AF Stereo's \"South African Airplay Chart\" Love Is All Around (Agnes Carlsson song) \"Love Is All Around\" is a song by Agnes Carlsson, who was the winner", "title": "Love Is All Around (Agnes Carlsson song)" }, { "id": "11168309", "score": "1.5903769", "text": "won the show and sung out the finale with the song. A day later on December 10, 2007 it was released on CD in South Africa with \"Dance with My Father\" as the CD's B-side - a song Jody performed on \"Idols\" which was originally done by singer Luther Vandross. \"Love Is All Around\" features as a bonus track on Jody's debut album \"Just Gonna Me\". The song was ironically released a month before as a single by Australian Idol Ricki Lee. Jody's cover of the song features distinctly different effects to it, turning a pop song into what was", "title": "Love Is All Around (Agnes Carlsson song)" } ]

[ "Mother-of-Pearl", "The Mother of Pearl Inlay", "Nacre", "Mother of pearl", "Nacreous", "mother of pearl inlay", "mother of pearl", "nachre", "Mother-of-pearl", "nacreous", "Mother of Pearl", "Nachre", "nacre" ]

[ { "id": "15361002", "score": "1.6491117", "text": "\"Mother-of-Pearl Lake\" or \"Jade Lake\"). She is also known in contemporary sources as the Lady Queen Mother. In the Maternist current of Chinese salvationist religions she is the main deity and is called upon as the Eternal Venerable Mother. Tang writers called her \"Golden Mother the First Ruler\", the \"Golden Mother of Tortoise Mountain\", \"She of the Nine Numina and the Grand Marvel\", and the \"Perfected Marvel of the Western Florescence and Ultimate Worthy of the Cavernous Darkness\". Commoners and poets of the era referred to her more simply as the \"Queen Mother\", the \"Divine Mother\", or simply \"Nanny\" (\"Amah\").", "title": "Queen Mother of the West" }, { "id": "6822536", "score": "1.561469", "text": "Mother of Pearl (novel) \"See Nacre for material produced by mollusks.\" Mother of Pearl (1999) is a novel by Melinda Haynes, and was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection, June 1999. The audio version is performed by Nana Visitor. Set in Petal, Mississippi, a small town at the close of the 1950s, this novel tells the story of the 28-year-old Even Grade, a black man who grew up an orphan, and Valuable Korner, a 15-year-old white girl, who is the daughter of the town prostitute and an unknown father. They are both separately seeking the family, love, and affection", "title": "Mother of Pearl (novel)" }, { "id": "6822537", "score": "1.5267527", "text": "they had not had before, until their paths cross owing to their common acquaintance of loner mystic Joody Two Sun. Mother of Pearl (novel) \"See Nacre for material produced by mollusks.\" Mother of Pearl (1999) is a novel by Melinda Haynes, and was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection, June 1999. The audio version is performed by Nana Visitor. Set in Petal, Mississippi, a small town at the close of the 1950s, this novel tells the story of the 28-year-old Even Grade, a black man who grew up an orphan, and Valuable Korner, a 15-year-old white girl, who is", "title": "Mother of Pearl (novel)" }, { "id": "12068401", "score": "1.5259004", "text": "been inspired by the name Margaret, which means \"pearl\". In Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1850 novel \"The Scarlet Letter\", heroine Hester Prynne names her illegitimate daughter Pearl because the child is \"of great price, purchased with all she had, her mother's only treasure.\" The passage refers to the Parable of the Pearl in the New Testament. The gates to Heaven are also commonly pictured as made of pearl. It was among the 50 most popular names for girls born in the United States between 1880 and 1911, remained among the top 100 most popular names for girls between 1911 and 1926 and", "title": "Pearl (given name)" }, { "id": "1865028", "score": "1.5140126", "text": "vein to \"Mother of God,\" as a reference to the absence of Pearl's mother. His use of the phrase only when he is dismayed or shocked has led some viewers to believe something tragic happened to Mrs. Krabs. At Dragon Con in 2016, Lori Alan and Rodger Bumpass addressed Pearl's origins as their characters Pearl and Squidward. In the skit, Squidward asks Pearl if she is adopted. Pearl does not give a definite response, instead saying that she gets emotional over the topic. Later at the same event, the actors discussed the disappearance of Pearl's mother. Alan affirmed that Mrs.", "title": "Pearl Krabs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nacre\n\nNacre ( , ), also known as mother of pearl, is an organicinorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer; it is also the material of which pearls are composed. It is strong, resilient, and iridescent.\n\nNacre is found in some of the most ancient lineages of bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods. However, the inner layer in the great majority of mollusc shells is porcellaneous, not nacreous, and this usually results in a non-iridescent shine, or more rarely in non-nacreous iridescence such as \"flame structure\" as is found in conch pearls.\n\nThe outer layer of cultured pearls and the inside layer of pearl oyster and freshwater pearl mussel shells are made of nacre. Other mollusc families that have a nacreous inner shell layer include marine gastropods such as the Haliotidae, the Trochidae and the Turbinidae.", "title": "Nacre" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Abalone\n\nAbalone ( or ; via Spanish , from Rumsen \"aulón\") is a common name for any of a group of small to very large marine gastropod molluscs in the family Haliotidae. Abalones are marine snails. Their taxonomy puts them in the family Haliotidae, which contains only one genus, \"Haliotis\", which once contained six subgenera. These subgenera have become alternate representations of \"Haliotis\". and 130 with over 230 species-level taxa described. The most comprehensive treatment of the family considers 56 species valid, with 18 additional subspecies. The shells of abalones have a low, open spiral structure, and are characterized by several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell's outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of nacre (mother-of-pearl), which in many species is highly iridescent, giving rise to a range of strong, changeable colors which make the shells attractive to humans as decorative objects, jewelry, and as a source of colorful mother-of-pearl.\n\nThe flesh of abalones is widely considered to be a desirable food, and is consumed raw or cooked by a variety of cultures.", "title": "Abalone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wat Phra Kaew\n\nWat Phra Kaew (, , ), commonly known in English as the Temple of the Emerald Buddha and officially as Wat Phra Si Rattana Satsadaram, is regarded as the most sacred Buddhist temple in Thailand. The complex consists of a number of buildings within the precincts of the Grand Palace in the historical centre of Bangkok. It houses the statue of the Emerald Buddha, which is venerated as the country's palladium.\n\nConstruction of the temple began in 1783 under the orders of Rama I, the first king of the Chakri dynasty. Since then, each successive king has been personally involved in adding, restoring and embellishing the temple during their reigns as a way of making religious merit and glorifying the dynasty. Many important state and royal ceremonies are held within the temple each year, presided by the king in person and attended by government officials. This makes the temple the nation's preeminent place of worship and a national shrine for the monarchy and the state. Throughout the years, each king has donated sacred and valuable objects to the temple, making it a treasury as well.\n\nThe temple complex comprises various buildings for specific religious purposes built in a variety of Thai architectural styles, while still adhering to the traditional principles of Thai religious architecture.", "title": "Wat Phra Kaew" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Mollusca" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of types of spoons\n\nThis is a list of types of spoons used for eating, cooking, and serving:", "title": "List of types of spoons" }, { "id": "12068405", "score": "1.4363022", "text": "Off the Hook from \"Splatoon 2\", the other being Marina. The TV series \"SpongeBob SquarePants\" has a whale named Pearl, who is Mr. Krabs' daughter. Pearl (given name) Pearl is a primarily feminine given name derived from the English word \"pearl,\" a hard, roundish object produced within the soft tissue of a living, shelled mollusk. Pearls are commonly used in jewelry-making. The pearl is the birthstone for the month of June. Pearls have been associated with innocence and modesty. Because it comes from the sea, it also has associations with the moon and with water. Pearls are also traditionally considered", "title": "Pearl (given name)" }, { "id": "19406875", "score": "1.433104", "text": "for local kids and their parents\". Pearl (Steven Universe) Pearl is a fictional character from the animated television series \"Steven Universe\", created by Rebecca Sugar. She is a \"Gem\", a fictional alien being that exists as a magical gemstone projecting a holographic body. She is portrayed as a loving, gentle and delicate motherly figure for Steven. However, she also tends to be overprotective, has low self-esteem, and is deeply overwhelmed with grief caused by the loss of Steven's mother, Rose Quartz, whom she loved. She is frequently praised for being a positive depiction of a queer character, though her strong", "title": "Pearl (Steven Universe)" }, { "id": "15361001", "score": "1.4117744", "text": "The growing popularity of the Queen Mother of the West, as well as the beliefs that she was the dispenser of prosperity, longevity, and eternal bliss took place during the second century BC when the northern and western parts of China were able to be better known because of the opening of the Silk Road. \"Queen Mother of the West\" is a calque of Xiwangmu in Chinese sources, Seiōbo in Japan, Seowangmo in Korea, and Tây Vương Mẫu in Vietnam. She has numerous titles, one of the most popular being the Golden Mother of the Nacre Lake (also translated as", "title": "Queen Mother of the West" }, { "id": "12068400", "score": "1.4072601", "text": "Pearl (given name) Pearl is a primarily feminine given name derived from the English word \"pearl,\" a hard, roundish object produced within the soft tissue of a living, shelled mollusk. Pearls are commonly used in jewelry-making. The pearl is the birthstone for the month of June. Pearls have been associated with innocence and modesty. Because it comes from the sea, it also has associations with the moon and with water. Pearls are also traditionally considered appropriate jewelry for debutantes and brides. Pearl came into popular use along with other gemstone names during the late Victorian Era. It may also have", "title": "Pearl (given name)" }, { "id": "325561", "score": "1.4040726", "text": "translates it as \"emerald\", and the Vulgate translates it as \"jaspis\" – meaning jasper. There is a wide range of views among traditional sources about which tribe the stone refers to. In a Christian New Testament parable (\"Matthew\" 13:45–46), Jesus compared the Kingdom of Heaven to a \"pearl of great price\". \"Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly (fine) pearls: Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it.\" The twelve gates of the New Jerusalem are reportedly each made of a single", "title": "Pearl" }, { "id": "15038648", "score": "1.3978511", "text": "Yaochidao Yaochidao (瑤池道 \"Way of the Mother-of-Pearl Lake\"), also known by the name of its corporate form the Holy Church of the Mother-of-Pearl Lake, or by the older name of Cihuitang (慈惠堂 \"Church of the Loving Favour\"), is a Chinese folk religious sect related to the \"Xiantiandao\" lineage, with a strong following in Taiwan and active as an underground church in the People's Republic of China, where it is theoretically a proscribed sect. It existed before the 20th century and it is focused on the worship of Xiwangmu (the \"Queen Mother of the West\"). Members of Yaochidao wear blue uniforms,", "title": "Yaochidao" }, { "id": "5844876", "score": "1.3936789", "text": "enter the goddess' mouth. The \"Taishang Laojun Zhongjing\" (太上老君中經), probably dating to the 5th century, mentions her once: \"[...] located between the kidneys, dressed only in the white of Venus and the brilliant stars. Her pearl of Great Brilliance shines to illuminate the inside of the adept's whole body, so that he can extend his years and not die.\" In the \"Laozi Zhongjing\" (老子中經), Jiutian Xuannü is described as one of the three deities who are sitting on divine tortoises. The author comments: \"The Mysterious Woman is the mother of the Way of the void and nothingness.\" The text gives", "title": "Jiutian Xuannü" }, { "id": "19406868", "score": "1.3829494", "text": "Pearl (Steven Universe) Pearl is a fictional character from the animated television series \"Steven Universe\", created by Rebecca Sugar. She is a \"Gem\", a fictional alien being that exists as a magical gemstone projecting a holographic body. She is portrayed as a loving, gentle and delicate motherly figure for Steven. However, she also tends to be overprotective, has low self-esteem, and is deeply overwhelmed with grief caused by the loss of Steven's mother, Rose Quartz, whom she loved. She is frequently praised for being a positive depiction of a queer character, though her strong obsession with Rose has been described", "title": "Pearl (Steven Universe)" }, { "id": "11833355", "score": "1.379299", "text": "Mother-of-pearl carving in Bethlehem Mother-of-Pearl carving, a traditional handicraft in Bethlehem, is said to have been brought to the city by Franciscan friars from Italy in the 15th century. Bethlehem's position as an important Christian city has for centuries attracted a constant stream of pilgrims. This generated much local work and income, also for women, including making mother-of-pearl souvenirs. According to Weir, Bethlehem women's employment in the mother-of-pearl industry goes back at least to the seventeenth century. It was noted by Richard Pococke, who travelled there in 1727. Previously, most of the oysters for the mother-of-pearl supply came from the", "title": "Mother-of-pearl carving in Bethlehem" }, { "id": "3814482", "score": "1.3789225", "text": "door cappings, dash fascia and rear centre console; petal marquetry in Mother of Pearl on the rear door cappings, Mother of Pearl marquetry at clock and driver's instrument dials, Mother of Pearl clock face etched with concentric circle and inlaid with hand-applied rubies, luggage compartment lined in Arctic White leather with an Arctic White carpet, two parasols in Serenity motif held by Bespoke leather loops at boot lid, Bespoke Mother of Pearl body colour, two colour coachline with three colour blossom motif applied by Mark Court. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show. Phantom Limelight (流光熠世•幻影典藏版) is", "title": "Rolls-Royce Phantom VII" }, { "id": "18264615", "score": "1.3747572", "text": "Mother of Pearl and Silver: The Andalusian Mother of Pearl and Silver: The Andalusian is a painting by James McNeill Whistler. The work shows a woman in full figure standing with her back to the viewer, with her head in profile. The model is Ethel Whibley, (née Birnie Philip) the artist's secretary and sister-in-law. The colour scheme of the painting is black, mother of pearl and silver. The title refers to Ethel’s grey silk evening dress, which is a Parisian dress in a belle époque style, with the transparent layered sleeves of the black bolero jacket resembling a traditional Andalusian", "title": "Mother of Pearl and Silver: The Andalusian" }, { "id": "2394963", "score": "1.371799", "text": "Nacre Nacre ( also ), also known as mother of pearl, is an organic-inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer; it also makes up the outer coating of pearls. It is strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is found in some of the most ancient lineages of bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods. However, the inner layer in the great majority of mollusc shells is porcellaneous, not nacreous, and this usually results in a non-iridescent shine, or more rarely in non-nacreous iridescence such as \"flame structure\" as is found in conch pearls. The outer layer of pearls and", "title": "Nacre" }, { "id": "2492231", "score": "1.3540838", "text": "taken her as His queen. He wonders whether she has replaced Mary as Queen of Heaven. He also objects that she was too young to merit such a high position through her works. She responds that no one envies Mary's position as Queen of courtesy, but that all are members of the body of Christ. Adopting a homiletic discourse, she recounts as proof the Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard. He objects to the idea that God rewards every man equally, regardless of his apparent due. She responds that God gives the same gift of Christ's redemption to all.", "title": "Pearl (poem)" }, { "id": "1865027", "score": "1.351182", "text": "to creative director Vincent Waller, Stephen Hillenburg has received many letters requesting a Pearl origin story, but is still \"very much against solving [the] mystery\" of how she joined the Krabs family. A step outline for an episode focusing on her origin was written and started early development stages, but the episode has been shelved indefinitely because of Hillenburg's disapproval. Pearl's name, and the decision to portray her as motherless, were an homage to the phrase \"mother-of-pearl\", which refers to the inner layer of some sea-dwelling mollusk shells. Mr. Krabs uses this phrase when he is startled, in a similar", "title": "Pearl Krabs" }, { "id": "4137001", "score": "1.3493364", "text": "therefore she is associated with navigation and travel both literally and metaphorically as spiritual crossing to the 'other side' of the ocean of existence (enlightenment). Hence she is known literally as \"she who saves\" in Tibetan. In the \"108 Names of the Holy Tara\", Tara is 'Leader of the caravans ... who showeth the way to those who have lost it' and she is named as \"Dhruva\", the Sanskrit name for the North Star. According to Miranda Shaw, \"Motherhood is central to the conception of Tara\". Her titles include \"loving mother\", \"supreme mother\", \"mother of the world\", \"universal mother\" and", "title": "Tara (Buddhism)" } ]

[ "Fred J. Perry", "fred perry", "Frederick John Perry", "Fred Perry", "fred j perry", "frederick john perry" ]

[ { "id": "1999289", "score": "1.7894645", "text": "singles Grand Slam title, until Andy Murray won the 2012 US Open. Perry was the first player to win a \"Career Grand Slam\", winning all four singles titles, which he completed at the age of 26 at the 1935 French Open. He remains the only British player ever to achieve this. Perry's first love was Table Tennis and he was World Champion in 1929. He began playing tennis aged 14 and his tennis career at 21, when in 1930 an LTA committee chose him to join a four-man team to tour the United States. In 1933, Perry helped lead the", "title": "Fred Perry" }, { "id": "1830007", "score": "1.751533", "text": "with Gene Mako, and the mixed doubles crown with Alice Marble, a feat which he repeated at the 1938 US Championships. Budge became the first man in history to have achieved the \"Triple Crown\" at a Grand Slam event three times, eclipsing Bill Tilden who won consecutive Triple Crowns at the U.S. Championships. He gained the most fame for his match that year against Gottfried von Cramm in the Davis Cup inter-zone finals against Germany. Trailing 1–4 in the final set, he came back to win 8–6. His victory allowed the United States to advance and to then win the", "title": "Don Budge" }, { "id": "1612601", "score": "1.74683", "text": "1983–1984. On the men's side, Novak Djokovic was the first singles player since Rod Laver to hold all four major titles at once, which he accomplished between Wimbledon 2015 and the 2016 French Open. Prior to the Open Era, Don Budge received the same accolades in winning the French Championships in 1938, but then completed the more prestigious Grand Slam at the 1938 US Championships, giving him six majors in a row, the only male to ever win more than four consecutive major tournaments. The Bryan brothers (Bob and Mike) were the last to achieve a non-calendar year Grand Slam", "title": "Grand Slam (tennis)" }, { "id": "10152344", "score": "1.7355783", "text": "his defeat in the final against Fred Perry meant he did not become the first tennis player to win the Grand Slam. This honor would go to Don Budge who won all four Grand Slam tournaments in 1937. Helen Wills Moody's retirement in the final to Helen Jacobs was her first loss at a Grand Slam tournament since Kitty McKane defeated her in the final of the 1924 Wimbledon Championships. Fred Perry defeated Jack Crawford 6–3, 11–13, 4–6, 6–0, 6–1 Helen Jacobs defeated Helen Wills Moody 8–6, 3–6, 3–0, ret. George Lott / Lester Stoefen defeated Frank Shields / Frank", "title": "1933 U.S. National Championships (tennis)" }, { "id": "1725540", "score": "1.728135", "text": "to win all four Grand Slam singles titles in the same year and won an additional 18 titles (22) in all. Among those titles were the Italian Championships and the German Championships, giving Laver the \"clay court triple\" of Paris, Rome, and Hamburg that had been achieved previously only by Lew Hoad in 1956. The biggest hurdle to Laver's winning the Grand Slam was the French Championships on slow clay, where Laver won three consecutive five-setters beginning with the quarterfinals. In his quarterfinal with Martin Mulligan, Laver saved a matchpoint in the fourth set with a backhand volley after coming", "title": "Rod Laver" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Grand Slam (golf)\n\nThe Grand Slam in professional golf is winning all of golf's major championships in the same calendar year. Variations include a Career Grand Slam: winning all of the major tournaments within a player's career and the Tiger Slam: winning four consecutive major titles but not in the same calendar year (named after Tiger Woods, the only player to accomplish the feat). ", "title": "Grand Slam (golf)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Grand Slam (tennis)\n\nThe Grand Slam in tennis is the achievement of winning all four major championships in one discipline in a calendar year, also referred to as the \"Calendar-year Grand Slam\" or \"Calendar Slam\". In doubles, a team may accomplish the Grand Slam playing together or a player may achieve it with different partners. Winning all four major championships consecutively but not within the same calendar year is referred to as a \"non-calendar-year Grand Slam\", while winning the four majors at any point during the course of a career is known as a \"Career Grand Slam\".\n\nThe Grand Slam tournaments, also referred to as majors, are the world's four most important annual professional tennis tournaments. They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and the longest matches for men (best of five sets, best of three for the women). The tournaments are overseen by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), rather than the separate men and women's tour organizing bodies, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and Women's Tennis Association (WTA), but both the ATP and WTA award ranking points based on players' performances in them.\n\nThe four Grand Slam tournaments are the Australian Open in January, the French Open from late May to early June, Wimbledon in late June to early July, and the US Open in August–September, with each played over two weeks. The Australian and the United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest tournament, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905, but it was not until 1925 that all four were held as officially sanctioned majors.", "title": "Grand Slam (tennis)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bobby Jones (golfer)\n\nRobert Tyre Jones Jr. (March 17, 1902 – December 18, 1971) was an American amateur golfer who was one of the most influential figures in the history of the sport; he was also a lawyer by profession. Jones founded and helped design the Augusta National Golf Club, and co-founded the Masters Tournament. The innovations that he introduced at the Masters have been copied by virtually every professional golf tournament in the world.\n\nJones was the most successful amateur golfer ever to compete at a national and international level. During his peak from 1923 to 1930, he dominated top-level amateur competition, and competed very successfully against the world's best professional golfers. Jones often beat stars such as Walter Hagen and Gene Sarazen, the era's top pros. Jones earned his living mainly as a lawyer, and competed in golf only as an amateur, primarily on a part-time basis, and chose to retire from competition at age 28, though he earned significant money from golf after that, as an instructor and equipment designer.\n\nExplaining his decision to retire, Jones said, \"It [championship golf] is something like a cage. First you are expected to get into it and then you are expected to stay there. But of course, nobody can stay there.\" Jones is most famous for his unique \"Grand Slam,\" consisting of his victory in all four major golf tournaments of his era (the open and amateur championships in both the U.S. & the U.K.) in a single calendar year (1930). In all Jones played in 31 majors, winning 13 and placing among the top ten finishers 27 times.\n\nAfter retiring from competitive golf in 1930, Jones founded and helped design the Augusta National Golf Club soon afterwards in 1933. He also co-founded the Masters Tournament, which has been annually staged by the club since 1934 (except for 1943–45, when it was canceled due to World War II). The Masters evolved into one of golf's four major championships. Jones came out of retirement in 1934 to play in the Masters on an exhibition basis through 1948. Jones played his last round of golf at East Lake Golf Club, his home course in Atlanta, on August 18, 1948. A picture commemorating the event now sits in the clubhouse at East Lake. Citing health reasons, he quit golf permanently thereafter.\n\nBobby Jones was often confused with the prolific golf course designer, Robert Trent Jones, with whom he worked from time to time. \"People always used to get them confused, so when they met, they decided each be called something different,\" Robert Trent Jones Jr. said. To help avoid confusion, the golfer was called \"Bobby,\" and the golf course designer was called \"Trent.\"", "title": "Bobby Jones (golfer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fred Perry\n\nFrederick John Perry (18 May 1909 – 2 February 1995) was a British tennis and table tennis player and former world No. 1 from England who won 10 Majors including eight Grand Slam tournaments and two Pro Slams single titles, as well as six Major doubles titles. Perry won three consecutive Wimbledon Championships from 1934 to 1936 and was World Amateur number one tennis player during those three years. Prior to Andy Murray in 2013, Perry was the last British player to win the men's Wimbledon championship, in 1936, and the last British player to win a men's singles Grand Slam title, until Andy Murray won the 2012 US Open. Perry remains the last English player to win a men's singles Grand Slam title.\n\nPerry was the first player to win a \"Career Grand Slam\", winning all four singles titles, which he completed at the age of 26 at the 1935 French Championships. He remains the only British player ever to achieve this. Perry's first love was table tennis and he was World Champion in 1929. He began playing tennis aged 14 and his tennis career at 21, when in 1930 an LTA committee chose him to join a four-man team to tour the United States.<ref name=\"Telegraph\"/>\n\nIn 1933, Perry helped lead the Great Britain team to victory over France in the Davis Cup; the team's first success since 1912, followed by wins over the United States in 1934, 1935, and a fourth consecutive title with victory over Australia in 1936.\n\nDespite his unprecedented contribution to British tennis, Perry was not accorded full recognition by tennis authorities until later in life, because between 1927 and 1967 the International Lawn Tennis Federation ignored amateur champions who later turned professional.", "title": "Fred Perry" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "All-time tennis records – Men's singles" }, { "id": "401898", "score": "1.7251832", "text": "three times and the U.S. Championships seven times. In 1938, however, Donald Budge became the first person to win all four major singles titles during the same calendar year, the Grand Slam, and won six consecutive major titles in 1937 and 1938. Tilden called Budge \"the finest player 365 days a year that ever lived.\" In his 1979 autobiography, Jack Kramer said that, based on consistent play, Budge was the greatest player ever. Some observers, however, also felt that Kramer deserved consideration for the title. Kramer was among the few who dominated amateur and professional tennis during the late 1940s", "title": "Tennis" }, { "id": "1830008", "score": "1.7135551", "text": "Davis Cup for the first time in 12 years. For his efforts, he was named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year and he became the first tennis player ever to be voted the James E. Sullivan Award as America's top amateur athlete. In 1938 Budge dominated amateur tennis, defeating John Bromwich in the Australian final, Roderick Menzel in the [[French] final], [[Bunny Austin|Henry \"Bunny\" Austin]] at [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], where he never lost a set, and [[Gene Mako]] in the [[US (tennis)|U.S.]] final, to become the first person ever to win the [[Grand Slam in tennis]]. He also is the", "title": "Don Budge" }, { "id": "6785641", "score": "1.7114499", "text": "in the singles final of Wimbledon in 1931 due to an ankle injury he had sustained in winning his semi-final match against France's \"Musketeer\" Jean Borotra, and this was the only time in the history of a Grand-Slam event singles final that the event was won by default. He competed for the Davis Cup in 1931, 1932, and 1934, winning 19 of 25 matches. He was left off the team for his erratic playing in 1933. Shields was the non-playing captain in 1951, when the team won four matches. Shields had his issues both with interactions with other players, and", "title": "Frank Shields" }, { "id": "1830009", "score": "1.7095324", "text": "youngest man in history to complete the career Grand Slam (the four majors in one's career). He completed that on June 11, 1938 in winning the French singles, two days before his 23rd birthday. Budge turned professional in October 1938, after winning the Grand Slam, and thereafter played mostly head-to-head matches. In 1939 he beat the two reigning kings of professional tennis, [[Ellsworth Vines]], 22 matches to 17, and [[Fred Perry]], 28 matches to 8. That year he also won two major pro tournaments, the [[Professional Tennis Championships|French Pro Championship]] over Vines and the [[Wembley Championship|Wembley]] Pro tournament over [[Hans", "title": "Don Budge" }, { "id": "11903058", "score": "1.6964575", "text": "all three titles. Riggs won $100,000 betting on the triple win, then went on to win the U.S. Championships, earning the World No. 1 amateur ranking for 1939. Riggs won four consecutive singles titles at the Eastern Grass Court Championships between 1937 and 1940. He teamed up with Alice Marble, his Wimbledon co-champion, to win the 1940 U.S. Championships mixed doubles title. In 1941, he won his second U.S. Championships singles title, following which he turned professional. His new career, however, was quickly interrupted by military service during World War II as an enlisted Navy specialist. During his military service,", "title": "Bobby Riggs" }, { "id": "10523518", "score": "1.682684", "text": "Tilden in 1924 to have achieved this feat. The only other men to have done so were Richard Sears, in 1887, and Bill Larned, in 1911 (Jimmy Connors and Pete Sampras had each won five times, but not consecutively). Federer created a new record, becoming the first man to have won two different Grand Slam events five consecutive times (the other being Wimbledon), and this win left him one short of Pete Sampras's all-time men's record of 14 Grand Slam singles wins. In the context of Federer's career, this was the sixth straight year in which he had won a", "title": "2008 US Open (tennis)" }, { "id": "19205863", "score": "1.6781831", "text": "against the United States in London, partnering Raymond Tuckey. The British, who had won the last four titles, lost the tie 1-4. The first of his Wimbledon finals was in 1936 when he and partner Charles Hare lost a five set final. At the 1939 Wimbledon Championships he again finished runner up with Hare and also lost the mixed doubles final, with Nina Brown. As a singles player his best Grand Slam performance was a fourth round appearance at the 1933 French Championships. He won the All England Plate in 1933. His career was interrupted by World War II, after", "title": "Frank Wilde" }, { "id": "3371377", "score": "1.6751294", "text": "The Four Musketeers (tennis) The Four Musketeers, () after a popular 1920s film adaptation of Alexandre Dumas' classic, were French tennis players who dominated the game in the second half of the 1920s and early 1930s, winning 20 Grand Slam titles and 23 Grand Slam doubles. They also led France to six straight Davis Cup wins, 1927–32, in an era when Cup matches enjoyed a prestige similar to today's FIFA World Cup finals. At its creation in 1927, the tournament that would later be known as French Open's trophy was named the \"Coupe des Mousquetaires\" in honour of the quartet.", "title": "The Four Musketeers (tennis)" }, { "id": "10523519", "score": "1.6696124", "text": "Grand Slam. Murray also came into the match aiming to break a pre-open-era record, his being one of national importance—the last British man to have won a Grand Slam singles title was Fred Perry at the 1936 U.S. National Championships, the last British woman to have done so was Virginia Wade at Wimbledon 1977. Coming into this tournament, both players had contrasting records at Grand Slams: the twenty-seven-year-old Federer had reached sixteen Grand Slam finals, and won twelve, whereas the 21-year-old Murray had yet to reach the final of one. Murray also had the task of becoming the first man", "title": "2008 US Open (tennis)" }, { "id": "1612588", "score": "1.6659949", "text": "America by 1930. \"Grand slam\" has been used in golf since 1930, when Bobby Jones won the four major championships, two British and two American tournaments. Although John F. Kieran of \"The New York Times\" is widely credited with first applying the term \"grand slam\" to tennis to describe the winning of all four major tennis tournaments in a calendar year, sports columnist Alan Gould had used the term in that connection almost two months before Kieran. The possibility of being the reigning champion of all the current four majors did not exist until 1924–25, when the International Lawn Tennis", "title": "Grand Slam (tennis)" }, { "id": "1829280", "score": "1.6638427", "text": "four Grand Slam tournaments for the first time. She defeated Julie Sampson Haywood in the Australian Championships final and Doris Hart in the finals of the French Championships, Wimbledon, and the U.S. Championships to become the first woman, and only the second tennis player after Don Budge, to win the world's four major titles in the same year, commonly known as a \"Grand Slam\". She lost only one set in those four tournaments. Connolly won the last nine Grand Slam singles tournaments she played, including 50 consecutive singles matches. During her Wightman Cup career from 1951 through 1954, she won", "title": "Maureen Connolly" }, { "id": "1612592", "score": "1.6634216", "text": "low prize money. In 1970, George MacCall's National Tennis League, which employed Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall, Andrés Gimeno, Pancho Gonzales, Roy Emerson and Fred Stolle, prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient. The tournament was won by Arthur Ashe. In terms of the current four majors, the first to win all four in a single year was Don Budge, who completed the feat in 1938. To date, 17 players have completed a Grand Slam, though only six in the most prestigious singles titles. Of these players, three have won multiple majors: Rod Laver accomplished the", "title": "Grand Slam (tennis)" }, { "id": "3367538", "score": "1.6601219", "text": "22 Grand Slam titles in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles. Sedgman and his partner Ken McGregor were the only men's doubles team to ever win the Grand Slam in a single year—they won all four majors in 1951. The following year they also won the first three majors, then, at Forest Hills, were upset by a pick-up team of another Australian, Mervyn Rose, and an American Vic Seixas, denying them 8 consecutive Grand Slam victories. According to Rose in a 2005 interview, Harry Hopman, the coach of the Australian team, would not talk to him for two months afterwards. Sedgman", "title": "Frank Sedgman" }, { "id": "5432504", "score": "1.6591039", "text": "heart attack while playing a tennis match in Los Angeles. He died in Arcadia on 28 May 2008 as a result of pneumonia. Sven Davidson Sven Davidson (13 July 1928 – 28 May 2008) was a Swedish tennis player who became the first Swede to win a Grand Slam title when he won the French Championships in 1957, beating Ashley Cooper and Herbert Flam. Davidson also reached the French championships final in the two previous years. In 1955 he beat Budge Patty before losing to Tony Trabert. In 1956 he beat Flam and Cooper before losing to Lew Hoad). He", "title": "Sven Davidson" }, { "id": "3372685", "score": "1.6590781", "text": "international tennis in the first half of the 1920s, and during his 18-year amateur period of 1912–29, won 138 of 192 tournaments. He owns a number of all-time tennis achievements including a career match winning record and a career winning percentage at the U.S. National Championships. At the 1929 U.S. National Championships Tilden became the first player to reach 10 finals at a single Grand Slam event. His ten finals at a grand slam tournament remained a record until 2017, when Roger Federer reached his eleventh Wimbledon final. Tilden, who was frequently at odds with the rigid United States Lawn", "title": "Bill Tilden" } ]

[ "Aminic acid", "hydrogencarboxylic acid", "Formic Acid", "methanoic acid", "Formic acid", "Formic acids", "chooh", "hco2h", "methanaoic acid", "formylic acid", "Hydrogencarboxylic acid", "Hydrogen formate", "e236", "Acid of ants", "formic acids", "atcvet code qp53ag01", "Metacarbonoic acid", "Formic (acid)", "ATCvet code QP53AG01", "Methanoic Acid", "Formylic acid", "formic acid", "hcooh", "metacarbonoic acid", "HCOOH", "E236", "acid of ants", "Methanoic acid", "hydrogen carboxylic acid", "CHOOH", "aminic acid", "HCO2H", "Methanaoic Acid", "hydrogen formate", "Hydrogen carboxylic acid" ]

[ { "id": "3111850", "score": "1.6453217", "text": "to \"severe\" and can be noxious to smaller prey; it is not, however, potent enough to cause human death, except by allergic reaction. While the sting is not particularly harmful, it can cause moderate discomfort to any individual stung. The sting can be effectively neutralized by misting vinegar over the affected area. This keeps unfired nematocysts from firing and adding to the discomfort. Stinging sea nettles are carnivorous. They generally feed on zooplankton, ctenophores, other jellies, and sometimes crustaceans. Sea nettles immobilize and obtain their prey using their stinging tentacles. After that, the prey is transported to the gastrovascular cavity", "title": "Chrysaora quinquecirrha" }, { "id": "5734729", "score": "1.5669634", "text": "which causes inflammation, a rash, itching, and in high concentrations loss of motor movement, paralysis, drop in blood pressure, convulsions, blurred vision and confusion. Acute polyneuropathy can occur due to \"U. ferox\" stings; and there has been one recorded human death from contact—a lightly clad hunter who died five hours after walking through a dense patch. The tree nettle is an endemic species to New Zealand which inhabits sub-tropical and temperate regions, the plant is very common in the North Island but limited in the South. In the South it's commonly found on the West Coast and on Banks Peninsula,", "title": "Urtica ferox" }, { "id": "17494214", "score": "1.5599384", "text": "not be related to \"true nettles\" (the genus \"Urtica\"). Though several unrelated families of plants have stinging hairs, their structure is generally similar. A solid base supports a single elongated cell with a brittle tip. When the tip is broken, the exposed sharp point penetrates the skin and pressure injects toxins. The precise chemicals involved in causing pain and irritation are not yet fully understood. Stiff hairs or trichomes without the ability to inject irritating compounds occur on the leaves and stems of many plants. They appear to deter feeding insects to some degree by impeding movement and restricting access", "title": "Stinging plant" }, { "id": "3077743", "score": "1.545252", "text": "covered by vesicles and crusted lesions. Stinging insects produce a painful swelling of the skin, the severity of the lesion varying according to the location of the sting, the identity of the insect and the sensitivity of the subject. Many species of bees and wasps have two poison glands, one gland secreting a toxin in which formic acid is one recognized constituent, and the other secreting an alkaline neurotoxin; acting independently, each toxin is rather mild, but when they combine through the sting, the combination has strong irritating properties. In a small number of cases the second occasion of a", "title": "Stinger" }, { "id": "13359722", "score": "1.5399249", "text": "components. Stinging ants cause a cutaneous condition that is different from that caused by biting venomous ants. Particularly painful are stings from fire ants, although the bullet ant's sting is considered by some to be the most painful insect sting. First aid for fire ant bites includes external treatments and oral medicines. Severe allergic reactions can be caused by ant stings in particular and venomous stings in general, including severe chest pain, nausea, severe sweating, loss of breath, serious swelling, fever, dizziness, and slurred speech; they can be fatal if not treated. Ant venom Ant venom is any of, or", "title": "Ant venom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Allergy\n\nAllergies, also known as allergic diseases, refer a number of conditions caused by the hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms may include red eyes, an itchy rash, sneezing, coughing, a runny nose, shortness of breath, or swelling. Note: food intolerances and food poisoning are separate conditions.\nCommon allergens include pollen and certain foods. The underlying mechanism involves immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binding to an allergen and then to a receptor on mast cells or basophils where it triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine. Diagnosis is typically based on a person's medical history.\nEarly exposure of children to potential allergens may be protective. Treatments for allergies include avoidance of known allergens and the use of medications such as steroids and antihistamines.\nAllergies are common. In the developed world, about 20% of people are affected by allergic rhinitis, about 6% of people have at least one food allergy, Depending on the country, about 1–18% of people have asthma. Anaphylaxis occurs in between 0.05–2% of people. Rates of many allergic diseases appear to be increasing. The word \"allergy\" was first used by Clemens von Pirquet in 1906.<ref name=\"Kay2000\" />", "title": "Allergy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Urticating hair\n\nUrticating hairs or urticating bristles are one of the primary defense mechanisms used by numerous plants, almost all New World tarantulas, and various lepidopteran caterpillars. \"Urtica\" is Latin for \"nettle\" (stinging nettles are in the genus \"Urtica\"), and bristles that urticate are characteristic of this type of plant, and many other plants in several families. This term also refers to certain types of barbed bristles that cover the dorsal and posterior surface of a tarantula's or caterpillar's abdomen. Many tarantula species eject bristles from their abdomens, directing them toward potential attackers. These bristles can embed themselves in the other animal's skin or eyes, causing physical irritation, usually to great discomfort. The term urticating hairs is a misnomer, as technically only mammals possess true hairs.", "title": "Urticating hair" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paresthesia\n\nParesthesia is an abnormal sensation of the skin (tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, numbness) with no apparent physical cause. Paresthesia may be transient or chronic, and may have any of dozens of possible underlying causes.<ref name=\"Paresthesia NINDS\" /> Paresthesias are usually painless and can occur anywhere on the body, but most commonly occur in the arms and legs.<ref name=\"Paresthesia NINDS\" />\n\nThe most familiar kind of paresthesia is the sensation known as \"pins and needles\" after having a limb \"fall asleep\". A less well-known and uncommon paresthesia is formication, the sensation of insects crawling on the skin.", "title": "Paresthesia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Allergen\n\nAn allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. Such reactions are called allergies.\n\nIn technical terms, an allergen is an antigen that is capable of stimulating a type-I hypersensitivity reaction in atopic individuals through immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses. Most humans mount significant Immunoglobulin E responses only as a defense against parasitic infections. However, some individuals may respond to many common environmental antigens. This hereditary predisposition is called atopy. In atopic individuals, non-parasitic antigens stimulate inappropriate IgE production, leading to type I hypersensitivity.\n\nSensitivities vary widely from one person (or from one animal) to another. A very broad range of substances can be allergens to sensitive individuals.", "title": "Allergen" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Galium aparine\n\nGalium aparine, with common names including cleavers, clivers, catchweed and sticky willy among others, is an annual, herbaceous plant of the family Rubiaceae.", "title": "Galium aparine" }, { "id": "16327494", "score": "1.5364823", "text": "contact with skin the nettle causes a painful itch, hives, fever and chills, skin depressions and clamminess which can recur over 10 days to six months. About 1820, Jean Baptiste Louis Claude Theodore Leschenault de la Tour, the French botanist, described the pain caused by the nettle to be like \"rubbing my fingers with hot iron\". Jean Baptiste also suffered jaw muscle contractions so severe that he feared he had tetanus. It's not sure what toxin in the plant causes such severe reactions but formic acid, serotonin, histamine, oxalic acid and tartaric acid are some of the suspects. When the", "title": "Dendrocnide sinuata" }, { "id": "5734728", "score": "1.5276768", "text": "of up to . The spines covering the leaf surface, stem and stalk are generally no larger than in length, the spines on the older darker bark are smaller and softer, these don't cause a sting. This nettle is winter deciduous in cold climates, evergreen in mild climates and can lose its leaves in drought conditions if it is growing in shallow soils. The toxin present in the spines is triffydin (or tryfydin). This toxin contains histamine, serotonin and acetylcholine, the last of which causes powerful stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve system. Multiple stingings can have a very painful reaction", "title": "Urtica ferox" }, { "id": "3111852", "score": "1.5241349", "text": "20 minutes. Some earlier cases of sea nettle stings from the Philippines reportedly had more severe effects: one account describes a sting causing vascular insufficiency, and another mononeuritis. Rather than toxic substances, some cnidocytes contain adhesion used to entangle or anchor its target. The defense mechanisms of the sea nettle reduces the amount of natural predators. The Atlantic sea nettle is prey to mainly sea turtles, ocean sunfish, and larger jellyfish. Chrysaora quinquecirrha The Atlantic sea nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha), or East Coast sea nettle, is a widely distributed species of jellyfish that inhabits tropical and subtropical parts of the Atlantic,", "title": "Chrysaora quinquecirrha" }, { "id": "2523527", "score": "1.5069708", "text": "in the form of creams containing antihistamines or hydrocortisone, may provide relief from nettle dermatitis. In Great Britain, the use of dock leaves on nettle stings is an established folk remedy, and revolves around the sap released from rubbing the leaf over affected areas of skin, which provides a cooling sensation. Docks and nettles regularly grow in the vicinity of each other due to both plants favouring the same soil conditions, and this may have aided the dock's popularity as a treatment for nettle stings. The term, \"contact urticaria\", has a wider use in dermatology, involving dermatitis caused by various", "title": "Urtica dioica" }, { "id": "2523526", "score": "1.50285", "text": "humuli\". Stinging nettle is particularly found as an understory plant in wetter environments, but it is also found in meadows. Although nutritious, it is not widely eaten by either wildlife or livestock, presumably because of the sting. It spreads by abundant seeds and also by rhizomes, and is often able to survive and re-establish quickly after fire. \"Urtica dioica\" produces its inflammatory effect on skin (stinging, burning sensation often called \"contact urticaria\") both by impaling the skin via spicules – causing mechanical irritation – and by biochemical irritants, such as histamine, serotonin, and choline, among other chemicals. Anti-itch drugs, usually", "title": "Urtica dioica" }, { "id": "13359721", "score": "1.4927292", "text": "Ant venom Ant venom is any of, or a mixture of, irritants and toxins inflicted by ants. Most ants spray or inject a venom, the main constituent of which is formic acid only in the case of subfamily Formicinae. Of all extant ant species, about 71% are considered to be stinging species, as some subfamilies have evolutionarily lost the ability to sting. Notable examples include a few species of medical importance, such as \"Solenopsis\" (fire ants), \"Pachycondyla\", \"Myrmecia\" (bulldog ants), and \"Paraponera\" (bullet ants). In the case of fire ants, the venom consists mainly of alkaloid (>95%) and protein (<1%)", "title": "Ant venom" }, { "id": "14536790", "score": "1.4919243", "text": "chemical spray in a rapid burst of pulses from special glands in its abdomen, accompanied with a popping sound. The \"Anthia\" (oogpister beetle) will fire formic acid at attackers, probably extracting the formic acid from the ants that it eats. The devil-rider stick insects (\"Anisomorpha\") can fire terpenes from glands on the metathorax that can cause an intense burning irritation of the eyes and mouth of potential predators. Wood ants will spray acid at attackers. A type of planthopper of Madagascar is able to flick small balls of honeydew, this attracts day geckos that feed on the honeydew and whose", "title": "Projectile use by non-human organisms" }, { "id": "20327211", "score": "1.4916241", "text": "reported large local reactions. Between 17% to 56% of people stung develop venom-specific IgE. Many of them will experience pruritic lumps around areas where the ants stung, known as late-phase responses or cutaneous allergic reactions. Pustule formation can only be prevented if the ants are removed before they have a chance to sting. Once venom has been injected, pustules will form and no form of treatment will prevent them from occurring. Medications such as antibiotics, diphenylhydrazines, epinephrines or topical steroids will not affect pustular reactions. Anaphylaxis occurs in 0.6 to 6% of people who have been stung by the ants,", "title": "Toxicology of red imported fire ant venom" }, { "id": "3077744", "score": "1.4889076", "text": "bee or wasp sting causes a severe allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis. Hornets, some ants, centipedes, and scorpions also sting. A few insects leave their stinger in the wound, but this is overstated. For example, of the 10,000 species of bees worldwide, only the half-dozen species of honeybees (\"Apis\") are reported to have a barbed stinger that cannot be withdrawn; of wasps, all are reported to have smooth stingers. A sting, and especially multiple stings, may give rise to severe systemic symptoms which may lead to death; this most frequently occurs with a few social bees and wasps. Among arthropods,", "title": "Stinger" }, { "id": "17494213", "score": "1.4854302", "text": "Stinging plant A stinging plant or a plant with stinging hairs is a plant with hairs (trichomes) on its leaves or stems that are capable of injecting substances that cause pain or irritation. Other plants, such as opuntias, have hairs or spines that cause mechanical irritation, but do not inject chemicals. Stinging hairs occur particularly in the families Urticaceae, Loasaceae, Boraginaceae (subfamily Hydrophylloideae) and Euphorbiaceae. Such hairs have been shown to deter grazing mammals, but are no more effective against insect attack than non-stinging hairs. Many plants with stinging hairs have the word \"nettle\" in their English name, but may", "title": "Stinging plant" }, { "id": "15470538", "score": "1.480762", "text": "extend throughout their bodies. When these are mechanically irritated, the ant commits suicide by exploding, spilling out a sticky, entangling substance. The subfamily Dolichoderinae, which also does not possess a stinger, has a different type of defense. The anal gland secretions of this group rapidly polymerize in air and serve to immobilize predators. Leaf beetles produce a spectrum of chemicals for their protection from predators. In the case of the subtribe Chrysomelina (Chrysomelinae), all live stages are protected by the occurrence of isoxazolin-5-one derived glucosides that partially contain esters of 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA, beta-nitropropionic acid). The latter compound is an", "title": "Defense in insects" }, { "id": "17494222", "score": "1.4806703", "text": "researcher Marina Hurley reports being hospitalized after being stung by a dead leaf. Deaths are probably due to heart failure caused by pain and shock. \"Urtica ferox\" (tree nettle or ongaonga) is endemic to New Zealand. One recorded human death is known: a lightly clad young man died five hours after walking through a dense patch. After cooking, some plants with stinging hairs, such as \"Urtica dioica\" (stinging nettle), are eaten as vegetables. Stinging plant A stinging plant or a plant with stinging hairs is a plant with hairs (trichomes) on its leaves or stems that are capable of injecting", "title": "Stinging plant" }, { "id": "20327202", "score": "1.4728321", "text": "pain intensity of an insect's sting from 0 to 4. Over 95% of the venom components are water-insoluble piperidine alkaloids. Piperidines include \"trans\"-2-methyl-6-n-undecylpiperidines, \"trans\"-2-methyl-6-n-tridecylpiperidine, \"trans\"-2-methyl-6-(\"cis\"-4-tridecenyl) piperidines, \"trans\"-2-methyl-6-n-pentadecylpiperidine, \"trans\"-2-methyl-6-(\"cis\"-6-pentadecenyl)piperidine and 2,6-dialkylpiperidines (the ants' venom is dominated by the \"trans\"- stereoisomers of this specific ingredient). \"trans\"-2-Methyl-6-n-undecylpiperidine (solenopsin) has been shown to have cytotoxic, hemolytic, necrotic, insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-HIV properties. As well as that, the alkaloid has shown antiangiogenic activity. These components are responsible for the formation of hives, and also for the development of sterile pustules on areas where the ant has stung. Experiments indicate that the median lethal dose", "title": "Toxicology of red imported fire ant venom" }, { "id": "2327889", "score": "1.4726236", "text": "ant stings are painful, characterised by a local burning sensation, followed by urticaria. The sting site typically swells into a bump within hours, which can cause further pain and irritation, especially following several stings are at the same place. The bump may develop into a white pustule within 24-36h which can become infected if scratched, but will spontaneously flatten within a few days if left alone. The pustules are obtrusive and uncomfortable while active and, if they become infected, may cause scarring. Some people may become allergic to the venom, and if untreated, may become increasingly sensitive to the point", "title": "Fire ant" }, { "id": "20327213", "score": "1.4712974", "text": "ant venom, which may explain why some victims experience hallucinations after they have been stung. It is suggested that a conservative approach be used when treating sting injuries; specifically, the kind of treatment used should be based on the symptoms. For minor sting injuries, with symptoms only including pustule formations and pain, over-the-counter products are available to prevent infection. Ants should be removed by washing the area with antiseptic soap, and itchiness. It is rare for ant sting sites to become infected, so the use of antibiotic prophylaxis is not always required. Victims who show signs of anaphylaxis are treated", "title": "Toxicology of red imported fire ant venom" } ]

[ "Day in the life", "A Day in The Life", "day in life song", "A Day in the Life", "A Day In The Life", "day in life", "i read news today", "Day In The Life", "i read news today oh boy", "A Day in the Life (song)", "I read the news today, oh boy", "I'd love to turn you on", "A day in life", "I read the news today oh boy", "A day in the life", "I read the news today", "i d love to turn you on" ]

[ { "id": "1278754", "score": "2.0798976", "text": "to be the Beatles' greatest song. It is listed at number 5 in Pitchfork Media's \"The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s\". On 27 August 1992 Lennon's handwritten lyrics were sold by the estate of Mal Evans in an auction at Sotheby's London for $100,000 (£56,600). The lyrics were put up for sale again in March 2006 by Bonhams in New York. Sealed bids were opened on 7 March 2006 and offers started at about $2 million. The lyric sheet was auctioned again by Sotheby's in June 2010. It was purchased by an anonymous American buyer who paid $1,200,000 (£810,000).", "title": "A Day in the Life" }, { "id": "1365149", "score": "1.9753425", "text": "a further £35,000 at the auction, buying John Lennon memorabilia. John Cousins, Julian Lennon's manager, stated at the time: \"He has a few photographs of his father, but not very much else. He is collecting for personal reasons; these are family heirlooms if you like.\" In 2002, the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie's in London. The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £80,000 at the auction, which was scheduled for 30 April 2002. McCartney went to court to stop the auction, claiming the paper had", "title": "Hey Jude" }, { "id": "1285191", "score": "1.7802228", "text": "Lennon finish the song at Lennon's Kenwood home, specifically claiming he contributed the \"newspaper taxis\" and \"cellophane flowers\" lyrics; Lennon's 1968 interview with \"Rolling Stone\" magazine confirmed McCartney's contribution. Lennon's original handwritten lyrics sold at auction in 2011 for $230,000. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine described \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\" as \"Lennon's lavish daydream\". In their respective reviews for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine identifies it as \"one of the touchstones of British psychedelia\" while Richie Unterberger views it as \"one of the best songs on the Beatles' famous \"Sgt. Pepper\" album, and one of the classic songs of psychedelia as", "title": "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" }, { "id": "7518954", "score": "1.7698367", "text": "fetched $2 million dollars at auction, a record for a popular music manuscript. On October 28, 2014, Simon & Schuster published a massive 960 page, thirteen and a half pound edition of Dylan's lyrics, \"The Lyrics: Since 1962\". The book was edited by literary critic Christopher Ricks, Julie Nemrow and Lisa Nemrow, to offer variant versions of Dylan's songs, sourced from out-takes and live performances. A limited edition of 50 books, signed by Dylan, was priced at $5,000. \"It's the biggest, most expensive book we've ever published, as far as I know,\" said Jonathan Karp, Simon & Schuster's president and", "title": "Bob Dylan" }, { "id": "1181743", "score": "1.7625651", "text": "Life\" were sold by the Evans estate for £56,600 at Sotheby's in London. In 2010, a double-sided sheet of paper containing the hand-written lyrics and notes to \"A Day in the Life\" were sold at auction at Sotheby's in New York to an anonymous American buyer for $1.2m (£810,000). Other lyrics collected by Evans have been subject to legal action over the years: In 1996, McCartney went to the High Court in England and prevented the sale of the original lyrics to \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" that Evans' ex-wife had tried to sell, by claiming that the", "title": "Mal Evans" }, { "id": "1365150", "score": "1.7619767", "text": "disappeared from his West London home. Richard Morgan, representing Christie's, said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written. The courts decided in McCartney's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics. They had been sent to Christie's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier, who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £10 in the early 1970s. In the original catalogue for the auction, Julian Lennon had written, \"It's very strange to think that someone has written a song about", "title": "Hey Jude" }, { "id": "5753308", "score": "1.7031331", "text": "Associated Television for £1,525,000, giving Lennon and McCartney no notice or the chance to buy them out. Lennon learned of the sale from a morning newspaper during his honeymoon with Yoko Ono, and immediately called McCartney. Lennon and McCartney were offered £2.3 million by ATV for their shares but turned down the offer. Lennon and McCartney then attempted to gain a controlling interest in the company but their bid, part of a long and acrimonious fight, ultimately failed. The financial power of Lew Grade, their adversary in the bidding war, ensured that the songs written by the two Beatles passed", "title": "Northern Songs" }, { "id": "402654", "score": "1.6942518", "text": "valued at over half a billion dollars, the third largest music publisher in the world. In 2016, Sony acquired Jackson's share of Sony/ATV from the Jackson estate for $750 million. Despite the lack of publishing rights to most of their songs, Lennon's estate and McCartney continue to receive their respective shares of the writers' royalties, which together are 33% of total commercial proceeds in the US and which vary elsewhere around the world between 50 and 55%. Two of Lennon and McCartney's earliest songs – \"Love Me Do\" and \"P.S. I Love You\" – were published by an EMI subsidiary,", "title": "The Beatles" }, { "id": "16647974", "score": "1.6922545", "text": "sell copies to passing people for 50 cents each. This soon resulted in people going into record shops looking for it. Not long afterwards, CBS wanted to put it out. On April 3, 1981, the song pushed John Lennon's Woman from the number 1 spot. It also reached no 7 in Australia. For his efforts he received $27,000 from CBS and surrendered the rights to the song. In 1981, along with Ken Kincaid, the Lightwood family, and Rhonda, he appeared on the \"Mauri Hikitia\" album, which was in support of the Mt. Smart Stadium project. In 1984, he released the", "title": "Deane Waretini" }, { "id": "5711156", "score": "1.6889447", "text": "It was stored in a shed at Hancock's home for 40 years until he died. The lot had an estimate of £750–1,000. Also offered for sale was a mono copy of \"Two Virgins\", recorded at Kenwood (estimate £2,500) and Julian Lennon's harmonica, given to Mr Hancock by the musician who asked him to take it home as \"Julian was driving him mad with it\". Lennon told Mr Hancock he would tell Julian it was lost (estimate £750–1,000). In December 2015, several additional items from Tittenhurst Park were put up for sale as part of the Ringo Starr & Barbara Bach", "title": "Tittenhurst Park" }, { "id": "402652", "score": "1.6687536", "text": "ATV Music and Northern Songs for $30 million. According to an account McCartney gave in 1995, he met with Grade and explained he was interested solely in the Northern Songs catalogue, if Grade were ever willing to \"separate off\" that portion of ATV Music. Soon afterwards, Grade offered to sell him Northern Songs for £20 million, giving the ex-Beatle \"a week or so\" to decide. By McCartney's account, he and Ono countered with a £5 million bid that was rejected. According to reports at the time, Grade refused to separate Northern Songs, and turned down an offer of £21–25 million", "title": "The Beatles" }, { "id": "1181744", "score": "1.6664734", "text": "lyrics were collected by Evans as a part of his duties, and therefore belonged to The Beatles, collectively. A 2004 report of the discovery of a further collection of Evans's Beatles' memorabilia proved to be false. A notebook in which McCartney wrote the lyrics for \"Hey Jude\" was sold in 1998, for £111,500. The notebook also contains lyrics for \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" and \"All You Need Is Love\". It also contained lyrics, notes, drawings and poems by Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr, as well as by Evans. A one-man play about Evans was performed at the Cavern", "title": "Mal Evans" }, { "id": "5753305", "score": "1.6628807", "text": "their income tax burden. 1,250,000 shares were traded on the London Stock Exchange, which were worth 17 pence each ($0.28), but were offered at 66 pence ($1.09) each. Although the trade was scoffed at by various financial institutions, it was expected that the application lists would not remain open for more than 60 seconds, which is exactly what happened, as the lists were oversubscribed. After the offer was closed, Lennon and McCartney owned 15% each, worth £195,200 ($320,000), NEMS a 7.5% interest, and James and Silver (who served as Northern Songs' chairmen), controlling 37.5%, with Harrison and Starr sharing 1.6%.", "title": "Northern Songs" }, { "id": "5310987", "score": "1.6619961", "text": "Catherine before the sale, as it was her favorite Beatles song. In an analysis of the acquisition, the \"Los Angeles Times\" noted that if \"Yesterday\" were to earn $100,000 a year in royalties, the Lennon estate and McCartney would divide 50% of the income; $25,000 each. The publisher, Jackson, would receive the other 50%; $50,000. It was mentioned that \"Yesterday\" probably earns more than $100,000 a year. The publisher would also control the use of the song in films, commercials and stage productions. Jackson went on to use the Beatles' songs in numerous commercials, feeling that it would enable a", "title": "Sony/ATV Music Publishing" }, { "id": "5753311", "score": "1.6598327", "text": "McCartney sold their stock (Lennon's 644,000 shares and McCartney's 751,000) in October 1969, for £3.5 million. Starr chose to keep his shares (0.8%), but Harrison had already sold his shares (also 0.8%) in June 1968. In the late 1970s, the parent company of ATV Music, now known as Associated Communications Corporation (ACC) began experiencing financial difficulties. From 1978 to 1981, ACC's profits declined due to losses in its film division, and share prices dropped dramatically. In 1981, Grade entertained offers for Northern Songs, drawing interest from several bidders. McCartney, with Lennon's widow Yoko Ono, offered £21 million but the offer", "title": "Northern Songs" }, { "id": "5718588", "score": "1.6542645", "text": "Beatles' 1965 album \"Rubber Soul\". As Lennon and Cynthia were getting divorced, it became clear that Lennon did not wish to keep Kenwood, and Cynthia could not afford to maintain it on her own, so it was sold in December 1968, for a reputed £40,000 to Bill Martin, writer of songs such as \"Puppet on a String\" and \"Congratulations\". Kenwood has subsequently changed hands several times, and been subject to some major renovation work, such that the interior now little resembles the house that Lennon lived in. The exterior and grounds are still recognisable, although the sunroom has been completely", "title": "Kenwood, St. George's Hill" }, { "id": "11375019", "score": "1.653069", "text": "(1961); however, his most significant purchase came in 1985, when he acquired the publishing rights to ATV Music Publishing after months of negotiation. ATV had acquired the publishing rights to nearly 4000 songs, including the Northern Songs catalog that contained the majority of the Lennon–McCartney compositions recorded by the Beatles. In 1984 Robert Holmes à Court, the wealthy Australian investor who owned ATV Music Publishing, announced he was putting the ATV catalog up for sale. In 1981, McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for £20 million ($40 million). According to McCartney, he contacted Yoko Ono about making a joint", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "id": "8604729", "score": "1.6497568", "text": "Most notable of these is a red sticker, measuring , with rounded corners that reads \"The writing Beatle!\". Some first run issues have been seen without this sticker. Additionally, there is a small printed price marking of $2.50 on the bottom left corner of the back cover. The main title page, on the fourth page, reads \"Simon & Schuster, New York 1964\", as the only publishing credit; the verso has just a copyright symbol followed by \"1964 by John Lennon\" in the top third of the page, and \"Cover photograph by Robert Freeman\", with \"Printed in Great Britain\" beneath that,", "title": "In His Own Write" }, { "id": "11375020", "score": "1.6369677", "text": "purchase by splitting the cost at £10 million each, but Ono thought they could buy it for £5 million each. When they were unable to make a joint purchase, McCartney, who did not want to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs, did not pursue an offer on his own. According to a negotiator for Holmes à Court in the 1984 sale, McCartney was given first right of refusal and declined to purchase. Jackson was informed of the sale by his attorney, John Branca, in September 1984. An attorney for McCartney also assured Branca that McCartney was not interested", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "id": "464936", "score": "1.6335436", "text": "image of Lennon's blood-splashed spectacles. Early in 2002 she paid about £150,000 ($213,375) for a billboard in Piccadilly Circus with a line from Lennon's \"Imagine\": \"Imagine all the people living life in peace.\" Later the same year, she inaugurated a peace award, the LennonOno Grant for Peace, by giving $50,000 (£31,900) in prize money originally to artists living \"in regions of conflict\". The award is given out every two years in conjunction with the lighting of the Imagine Peace Tower, and was first given to Israeli and Palestinian artists. Its program has since expanded to include writers, such as Michael", "title": "Yoko Ono" } ]

[ "Rugby (disambiguation)", "rubgy", "rugby", "Rubgy", "Rugby", "rugby disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "13137144", "score": "2.0122712", "text": "leaves audiences cheering. The sports, accurate portrayal and the solid storyline earn this movie a manliness rating of 3/5. However, the entertainment value, historical accuracy and strong message this movie delivers earn it an overall rating of 4.5 stars. Definitely, worth seeing. \"Variety\"'s Todd McCarthy wrote: Inspirational on the face of it, Clint Eastwood's film has a predictable trajectory, but every scene brims with surprising details that accumulate into a rich fabric of history, cultural impressions and emotion. Don Beck, who had helped the rugby team succeed in 1995 as a close friend and adviser to coach Kitch Christie and", "title": "Invictus (film)" }, { "id": "13137145", "score": "1.9869807", "text": "team captain François Pienaar, found the film faithful to the true story. He remarked: \"I thought it was steady and balanced.\" Invictus (film) Invictus is a 2009 American-South African biographical sports drama film directed by Clint Eastwood and starring Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon. The story is based on the John Carlin book \"Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation\" about the events in South Africa before and during the 1995 Rugby World Cup. The Springboks were not expected to perform well, the team having only recently returned to high-level international competition following the dismantling", "title": "Invictus (film)" }, { "id": "13137128", "score": "1.9460824", "text": "Invictus (film) Invictus is a 2009 American-South African biographical sports drama film directed by Clint Eastwood and starring Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon. The story is based on the John Carlin book \"Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation\" about the events in South Africa before and during the 1995 Rugby World Cup. The Springboks were not expected to perform well, the team having only recently returned to high-level international competition following the dismantling of apartheid—the country was hosting the World Cup, thus earning an automatic entry. Freeman and Damon play, respectively, South African President", "title": "Invictus (film)" }, { "id": "13137141", "score": "1.7478349", "text": "generally positive reviews. Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 76% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 237 reviews, with an average score of 6.6/10. The website's critical consensus is: \"Delivered with typically stately precision from director Clint Eastwood, \"Invictus\" may not be rousing enough for some viewers, but Matt Damon and Morgan Freeman inhabit their real-life characters with admirable conviction.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Critic David Ansen wrote: Anthony Peckham's sturdy, functional screenplay, based on John Carlin's", "title": "Invictus (film)" }, { "id": "15220766", "score": "1.734205", "text": "Oscar nominations, including Best Director and Best Picture for \"Letters from Iwo Jima\". In 2008, Eastwood directed \"Changeling\", based on a true story, starring Angelina Jolie. In 2009, Eastwood directed \"Invictus\", with Morgan Freeman as Nelson Mandela and Matt Damon as rugby team captain François Pienaar. John Carlin, author of the book on which the film is based, sold the film rights to Freeman. Then in 2011, Clint Eastwood collaborated with Brad Paisley to make the song \"Eastwood\". Clint Eastwood in the 2000s In 2000, Clint Eastwood directed and starred in \"Space Cowboys\" as Frank Corvin, a retired NASA engineer", "title": "Clint Eastwood in the 2000s" }, { "id": "13137138", "score": "1.7317412", "text": "He was given intensive coaching by Chester Williams, another star of the 1995 team, at the Gardens Rugby League Club. \"In terms of stature and stars, this certainly is one of the biggest films ever to be made in South Africa,\" said Laurence Mitchell, the head of the Cape Film Commission. On March 18, 2009, Scott Eastwood was cast as flyhalf Joel Stransky (whose drop goal provided the Springboks' winning margin in the 1995 final). Over Christmas 2008, auditions had taken place in London to try to find a well-known British actor to play Pienaar's father, but in March it", "title": "Invictus (film)" }, { "id": "1438972", "score": "1.7161489", "text": "Also in 2009, Damon portrayed South Africa national rugby union team captain François Pienaar in the Clint Eastwood-directed film \"Invictus\", which is based on the 2008 John Carlin book \"Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Changed a Nation\" and features Morgan Freeman as Nelson Mandela. \"Invictus\" earned Damon an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. \"The New Republic\" observed that he brought \"it off with low-key charm and integrity.\" In 2010, he reteamed with director Paul Greengrass, who directed him in the \"Bourne Supremacy\" and \"Bourne Ultimatum\", for the action thriller \"Green Zone\", which flopped commercially", "title": "Matt Damon" }, { "id": "539245", "score": "1.6990932", "text": "Western \"Pale Rider\" (1985), the war films \"Where Eagles Dare\" (1968), \"Kelly's Heroes\" (1970), and \"Heartbreak Ridge\" (1986), the action thriller \"In the Line of Fire\" (1993), the romantic drama \"The Bridges of Madison County\" (1995), and the drama \"Gran Torino\" (2008). In addition to directing many of his own star vehicles, Eastwood has also directed films in which he did not appear, such as the mystery drama \"Mystic River\" (2003) and the war film \"Letters from Iwo Jima\" (2006), for which he received Academy Award nominations, the drama \"Changeling\" (2008), and the South African biographical political sports drama \"Invictus\"", "title": "Clint Eastwood" }, { "id": "5944051", "score": "1.681187", "text": "World Cup against New Zealand and was nicknamed \"The Black Pearl\". Williams was selected in the initial squad, but had to withdraw due to injury. He was later called back into the squad and first played in the quarter final, scoring 4 tries. Clint Eastwood directed \"Invictus\", which is about the 1995 Rugby World Cup and how it helped South Africa heal after years of apartheid. It features many scenes involving Chester, including his face on the side of an SAA aeroplane and several scenes showing how black children in South Africa idolised him. Chester Williams is listed as one", "title": "Chester Williams" }, { "id": "539322", "score": "1.6288195", "text": "\"an amalgam of the Man with No Name, Dirty Harry, and William Munny, here aged and cynical but willing and able to fight on whenever the need arose\". \"Gran Torino\" grossed almost $30 million during its opening weekend release in January 2009, the highest of his career as an actor or director. \"Gran Torino\" eventually grossed over $268 million in theaters worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of Eastwood's career so far (without adjustment for inflation). Eastwood's 30th directorial outing came with \"Invictus\", a film based on the story of the South African team at the 1995 Rugby World Cup, with", "title": "Clint Eastwood" }, { "id": "13137137", "score": "1.6143124", "text": "heard reciting \"Invictus\" again. The film is based on the book \"Playing the Enemy: Mandela and the Game that Made a Nation\" by John Carlin. The filmmakers met with Carlin for a week in his Barcelona home, discussing how to transform the book into a screenplay. Filming began in March 2009 in Cape Town. Primary filming in South Africa was completed in May 2009. Morgan Freeman was the first actor to be cast, as Mandela. Matt Damon was then cast as team captain François, despite being significantly smaller than him and much smaller than members of the current Springbok squad.", "title": "Invictus (film)" }, { "id": "13137129", "score": "1.6001219", "text": "Nelson Mandela and François Pienaar, the captain of the South Africa rugby union team, the Springboks. \"Invictus\" was released in the United States on December 11, 2009. The title refers to the Roman divine epithet Invictus and may be translated from the Latin as \"undefeated\" or \"unconquered\". \"Invictus\" is also the title of a poem, referred to in the film, by British poet William Ernest Henley (1849–1903). The film was met with positive critical reviews and earned Academy Award nominations for Freeman (Best Actor) and Damon (Best Supporting Actor). On 11 February 1990, Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster", "title": "Invictus (film)" }, { "id": "13137140", "score": "1.598362", "text": "the 1995 final. 'Suzie' was not a character in the film and there was no reference to the health issues in the New Zealand squad. \"Invictus\" opened in 2,125 theaters in North America at #3 with US$8,611,147 and was the largest opening for a rugby-themed film. The film held well and ultimately earned $37,491,364 domestically and $84,742,607 internationally for a total of $122,233,971, above its $60 million budget. The film was released on May 18, 2010 on DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Special features include The Blu-ray release included a digital copy and additional special features: The film was met with", "title": "Invictus (film)" }, { "id": "13137143", "score": "1.5920267", "text": "to serve together. And when Damon's character—François Pienaar, as the team captain—is shown the cell where Mandela was held for those long years on Robben Island. My wife, Chaz, and I were taken to the island early one morning by Ahmed Kathrada, one of Mandela's fellow prisoners, and yes, the movie shows his very cell, with the thin blankets on the floor. You regard that cell and you think, here a great man waited in faith for his rendezvous with history. \"Shave Magazine\"s Jake Tomlinson wrote: Eastwood's film shows how sport can unify people, a straightforward and moving message that", "title": "Invictus (film)" }, { "id": "17904362", "score": "1.5590128", "text": "Invictus Games The Invictus Games is an international adaptive multi-sport event, created by Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, in which wounded, injured or sick armed services personnel and their associated veterans take part in sports including wheelchair basketball, sitting volleyball, and indoor rowing. Named after Invictus, Latin for \"unconquered\" or \"undefeated\", the event was inspired by the Warrior Games, a similar event held in the United States. The first Invictus Games took place in September 2014 at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London, United Kingdom.The 2014 opening ceremony was attended by Prince Harry, British Prime Minister David Cameron, Prince", "title": "Invictus Games" }, { "id": "10403616", "score": "1.558733", "text": "by centuries of racial animosity. The book became the basis for Clint Eastwood's 2009 film, \"Invictus\", starring Morgan Freeman as Mandela. Carlin has written for, among others, \"The Times\", the \"Financial Times\", the \"New York Times\", \"Wall Street Journal\", \"The Observer\", \"the Guardian\", the \"New Statesman\", \"Wired\" and \"New Republic\". In August 2011, Carlin collaborated with tennis superstar Rafael Nadal on the latter's autobiography \"Rafa\" (Hyperion, 2012, ). John Carlin (journalist) John Carlin (born 12 May 1956) is a journalist and author, who deals with both sports and politics. His book \"Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game that", "title": "John Carlin (journalist)" }, { "id": "539326", "score": "1.5552759", "text": "scout who travels with his daughter for a final scouting trip. Robert Lorenz, who worked with Eastwood as an assistant director on several films, directed the film. During Super Bowl XLVI, Eastwood narrated a halftime advertisement for Chrysler titled \"It's Halftime in America\". The advertisement was criticized by several U.S. Republicans, who claimed it implied that President Barack Obama deserved a second term. In response to the criticism, Eastwood stated, \"I am certainly not politically affiliated with Mr. Obama. It was meant to be a message about job growth and the spirit of America.\" Eastwood next directed \"Jersey Boys\", a", "title": "Clint Eastwood" }, { "id": "14099289", "score": "1.5461332", "text": "Eastwood cast Hendricks as 1995 Rugby World Cup winning Springbok legend, Chester Williams for the movie \"Invictus\", released in 2009. This is so far his only acting role. McNeil Hendricks McNeil Hendricks (born 10 July 1973), also known as \"Maccie\", is a former South African rugby union player who played primarily as a wing. He starred in the movie \"Invictus\", in which he played the role of Chester Williams. Hendricks was born in Malmesbury. He attended St Thomas Primary School and finally matriculated at Schoonspruit Senior Secondary. In 1996 Hendricks was selected in the Boland President's Shield A team. He", "title": "McNeil Hendricks" }, { "id": "14664006", "score": "1.545633", "text": "a young Jim Carrey. \"The Dead Pool\", grossed $37,903,295, relatively low takings for a \"Dirty Harry\" film and was generally panned by critics. Eastwood began working on smaller, more personal projects, marking a serious lull in his career between 1988 and 1992. He directed \"Bird\" (1988), a biopic starring Forest Whitaker as jazz musician Charlie \"Bird\" Parker, a genre of music that Eastwood has always been personally interested in. Filming commenced in late 1987 and was shot in the old districts of Los Angeles, Pasadena and the Sacramento Valley, with additional New York City scenes shot in Burbank. \"Bird\" was", "title": "Clint Eastwood in the 1980s" }, { "id": "13137142", "score": "1.5422552", "text": "book \"Playing the Enemy\", can be a bit on the nose (and the message songs Eastwood adds are overkill). Yet the lapses fade in the face of such a soul-stirring story—one that would be hard to believe if it were fiction. The wonder of \"Invictus\" is that it actually went down this way. Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" gave the film three-and-a-half stars and wrote: It is a very good film. It has moments evoking great emotion, as when the black and white members of the presidential security detail (hard-line ANC activists and Afrikaner cops) agree with excruciating difficulty", "title": "Invictus (film)" } ]

[ "Smacked", "Smacking", "smack band", "SMACK", "Smacks", "smacked", "smack", "smacks", "Smack (disambiguation)", "Smack", "smacks disambiguation", "Smack (band)", "Smacks (disambiguation)", "smacking", "smack disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "604315", "score": "1.67781", "text": "Jellyfish Jellyfish or sea jellies are the informal common names given to the medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, a major part of the phylum Cnidaria. Jellyfish are mainly free-swimming marine animals with umbrella-shaped bells and trailing tentacles, although a few are not mobile, being anchored to the seabed by stalks. The bell can pulsate to provide propulsion and highly efficient locomotion. The tentacles are armed with stinging cells and may be used to capture prey and defend against predators. Jellyfish have a complex life cycle; the medusa is normally the sexual phase, the planula larva can", "title": "Jellyfish" }, { "id": "604320", "score": "1.6073294", "text": "authorities state that neither of these are jellyfish, which they consider should be limited to certain groups within the medusozoa. The non-medusozoan clades called jellyfish by some but not all authorities (both agreeing and disagreeing citations are given in each case) are indicated with \"???\" on the following cladogram of the animal kingdom: Jellyfish are not a clade, as they include most of the Medusozoa, barring some of the Hydrozoa. The medusozoan groups included by authorities are indicated on the following phylogenetic tree by the presence of citations. Names of included jellyfish, in English where possible, are shown in boldface;", "title": "Jellyfish" }, { "id": "604321", "score": "1.6009419", "text": "the presence of a named and cited example indicates that at least that species within its group has been called a jellyfish. The subphylum Medusozoa includes all cnidarians with a medusa stage in their life cycle. The basic cycle is egg, planula larva, polyp, medusa, with the medusa being the sexual stage. The polyp stage is sometimes secondarily lost. The subphylum include the major taxa, Scyphozoa (large jellyfish), Cubozoa (box jellyfish) and Hydrozoa (small jellyfish), and excludes Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones). This suggests that the medusa form evolved after the polyps. Medusozoans have tetramerous symmetry, with parts in fours", "title": "Jellyfish" }, { "id": "604319", "score": "1.5708859", "text": "the word \"fish\" with its connotations of an animal with a backbone, though shellfish, cuttlefish and starfish are not vertebrates either. In scientific literature, \"jelly\" and \"jellyfish\" have been used interchangeably. Many sources refer to only scyphozoans as \"true jellyfish\". The term jellyfish broadly corresponds to medusae, that is, a life-cycle stage in the Medusozoa. The American evolutionary biologist Paulyn Cartwright gives the following general definition: The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines jellyfish as follows: Given that jellyfish is a common name, its mapping to biological groups is inexact. Some authorities have called the comb jellies and certain salps jellyfish, though other", "title": "Jellyfish" }, { "id": "611382", "score": "1.5661436", "text": "Scyphozoa The Scyphozoa are an exclusively marine class of the phylum Cnidaria, referred to as the true jellyfish (or \"true jellies\"). It may include the extinct fossil group the Conulariida, whose affinities are uncertain and widely debated. The class name Scyphozoa comes from the Greek word \"skyphos\" (σκύφος), denoting a kind of drinking cup and alluding to the cup shape of the organism. Scyphozoans have existed from the earliest Cambrian to the present. Most species of Scyphozoa have two life history phases, including the planktonic medusa or jellyfish form, which is most evident in the warm summer months, and an", "title": "Scyphozoa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jellyfish\n\nJellyfish and sea jellies are the informal common names given to the medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, a major part of the phylum Cnidaria. Jellyfish are mainly free-swimming marine animals with umbrella-shaped bells and trailing tentacles, although a few are anchored to the seabed by stalks rather than being mobile. The bell can pulsate to provide propulsion for highly efficient locomotion. The tentacles are armed with stinging cells and may be used to capture prey and defend against predators. Jellyfish have a complex life cycle; the medusa is normally the sexual phase, which produces planula larvae that disperse widely and enter a sedentary polyp phase before reaching sexual maturity.\n\nJellyfish are found all over the world, from surface waters to the deep sea. Scyphozoans (the \"true jellyfish\") are exclusively marine, but some hydrozoans with a similar appearance live in freshwater. Large, often colorful, jellyfish are common in coastal zones worldwide. The medusae of most species are fast-growing, and mature within a few months then die soon after breeding, but the polyp stage, attached to the seabed, may be much more long-lived. Jellyfish have been in existence for at least 500 million years, and possibly 700 million years or more, making them the oldest multi-organ animal group.\n\nJellyfish are eaten by humans in certain cultures. They are considered a delicacy in some Asian countries, where species in the Rhizostomae order are pressed and salted to remove excess water. Australian researchers have described them as a \"perfect food\", sustainable, and protein-rich but relatively low in food energy.\n\nThey are also used in research, where the green fluorescent protein used by some species to cause bioluminescence has been adapted as a fluorescent marker for genes inserted into other cells or organisms.\n\nThe stinging cells used by jellyfish to subdue their prey can injure humans. Thousands of swimmers worldwide are stung every year, with effects ranging from mild discomfort to serious injury or even death. When conditions are favourable, jellyfish can form vast swarms, which can be responsible for damage to fishing gear by filling fishing nets, and sometimes clog the cooling systems of power and desalination plants which draw their water from the sea.", "title": "Jellyfish" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jellyfish (band)\n\nJellyfish was an American rock band that formed in San Francisco in 1989. Led by songwriters Andy Sturmer (drums, vocals) and Roger Manning (keyboards, vocals), the group was known for their blend of 1970s classic rock and XTC-style power pop. They released two albums, \"Bellybutton\" (1990) and \"Spilt Milk\" (1993), that proved influential to many subsequent acts in a similar vein.<ref name=\"AMBio\" />\n\nSturmer and Manning met in high school and shared an admiration for jazz, post-punk, and British pop music. Following a stint as members of Beatnik Beatch, they quit the group to continue songwriting with one another and formed Jellyfish. They were initially supported by Jason Falkner (guitar) and Roger's brother Chris (bass). After the tour for \"Bellybutton\", those musicians were replaced by Tim Smith (bass) and Eric Dover (guitar). The group viewed \"Spilt Milk\" as their \"masterpiece\" and the fulfillment of their original grandiose vision for the band, emphasizing bombasticity, vocal harmonies, orchestration, and studio experimentation.\n\nDuring their five-year existence, Jellyfish attracted critical acclaim and a devoted cult following, but struggled against prevailing rock trends (hair metal and grunge). Their only charting single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 was \"Baby's Coming Back\". Three other songs were top-twenty hits on \"Billboard\"s Modern Rock Tracks chart: \"The King Is Half-Undressed\", \"That Is Why\", and \"The Ghost at Number One\". Elsewhere, they had six songs appear on the UK Singles Chart, although none reached higher than the top thirty.\n\nJellyfish broke up in 1994 due to poor record sales, Sturmer's discomfort with his role as frontman, and artistic conflicts between the two songwriters. Manning subsequently formed Imperial Drag with Dover, and pursued careers as a solo artist and session musician. Sturmer worked with the Japanese pop duo Puffy AmiYumi and continues to compose music for animated television programs. Since 2017, the trio of Manning, Dover, and Smith have recorded together as the Lickerish Quartet.", "title": "Jellyfish (band)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Cnidaria" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jellyfish as food\n\nSome species of jellyfish are suitable for human consumption and are used as a source of food and as an ingredient in various dishes. Edible jellyfish is a seafood that is harvested and consumed in several East and Southeast Asian countries, and in some Asian countries it is considered to be a delicacy. Edible jellyfish is often processed into a dried product. Several types of foods and dishes may be prepared with edible jellyfish, including salads, sushi, noodles, and main courses. Various preparation methods exist.", "title": "Jellyfish as food" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Box jellyfish\n\nBox jellyfish (class Cubozoa) are cnidarian invertebrates distinguished by their box-like (i.e. cube-shaped) body. Some species of box jellyfish produce potent venom delivered by contact with their tentacles. Stings from some species, including \"Chironex fleckeri\", \"Carukia barnesi\", \"Malo kingi\", and a few others, are extremely painful and often fatal to humans.", "title": "Box jellyfish" }, { "id": "10806835", "score": "1.5640657", "text": "Atolla jellyfish Atolla wyvillei, also known as the Atolla jellyfish or Coronate medusa, is a species of deep-sea crown jellyfish (Scyphozoa: Coronatae). It lives in oceans around the world. Like many species of mid-water animals, it is deep red in color. This species was named in honor of Sir Charles Wyville Thomson, chief scientist on the Challenger expedition. It typically has 20 marginal tentacles and one hypertrophied tentacle which is larger than the rest. This long trailing tentacle is thought to facilitate prey capture. This species is bioluminescent. When attacked, it will launch a series of flashes, whose function is", "title": "Atolla jellyfish" }, { "id": "7950480", "score": "1.5544317", "text": "there are many short, club-shaped ones that bear disk-like ends. \"C. tuberculata\" are the most common jellyfish of their entire order in the Mediterranean Sea. They experience an annual life cycle marked by summer population blooms, which is likely an adaptive result of the strong seasonal changes in their Mediterranean environment. Their phases of development are quite similar to that of their other jellyfish counterparts. \"C. tuberculata\"s four main stages of growth include the swimming larvae known as planulae, younger, sessile polyps called scyphistomae, the undeveloped young adult intermediates known as ephyrae, and the adult jellyfish forms, called medusas. In", "title": "Cotylorhiza tuberculata" }, { "id": "604362", "score": "1.5482982", "text": "several countries; jellyfish caused a cascading blackout in the Philippines in 1999, as well as damaging the Diablo Canyon Power Plant in California in 2008. They can stop desalination plants and ships' engines. Jellyfish Jellyfish or sea jellies are the informal common names given to the medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, a major part of the phylum Cnidaria. Jellyfish are mainly free-swimming marine animals with umbrella-shaped bells and trailing tentacles, although a few are not mobile, being anchored to the seabed by stalks. The bell can pulsate to provide propulsion and highly efficient locomotion. The tentacles", "title": "Jellyfish" }, { "id": "6185670", "score": "1.5155056", "text": "basic life cycle pattern among medusozoans. Scyphozoa is the group commonly known as \"true jellyfish\" and occur in tropical, temperate and polar seas worldwide. Scyphozoans generally have planula larvae that develop into sessile polyps. These reproduce asexually, producing similar polyps by budding, and then either transform into medusae, or repeatedly bud medusae from their upper surface in a process known as strobilation. Cubozoa is a group commonly known as box jellyfish, that occur in tropical and warm temperate seas. They have cube-shaped, transparent medusae and are heavily-armed with venomous nematocysts. Cubozoans have planula larvae, which settle and develop into sessile", "title": "Medusozoa" }, { "id": "4822874", "score": "1.5128487", "text": "medicine) are all from this order and include members of the families Catostylidae, Lobonematidae, Rhizostomatidae and Stomolophidae. The jellyfish are typically dried and/or salted. In China, which was the first country documented to use jellyfish as food, this has been practiced at least since the year 300 CE, but they are also commonly consumed in Japan (the largest consumer of jellyfish today), Korea and southeast Asia. Several countries outside Asia have also started catching and exporting these in recent decades. , there were 92 recognized extant species in Rhizostomeae. These belong in the following families: Rhizostomae Rhizostomae or Rhizostomeae is", "title": "Rhizostomae" }, { "id": "1831762", "score": "1.500926", "text": "Jellynose fish The jellynose fishes or tadpole fishes are the small order Ateleopodiformes. This group of ray-finned fish is monotypic, containing a single family Ateleopodidae. It has about a dozen species in four genera, but these enigmatic fishes are in need of taxonomic revision. The scientific name means \"\"Ateleopus\"-shaped\", from \"Ateleopus\" (the type genus) + the standard fish order suffix \"-formes\". It ultimately derives from Ancient Greek \"atelís\" (ἆτελής, \"imperfect\") + \"pús\" (πούς, \"foot\") + Latin \"forma\" (\"external form\"), the Greek part in reference to the reduced pectoral and ventral fins of the jellynoses. Jellynoses are deep-water, bottom-dwelling, marine fishes.", "title": "Jellynose fish" }, { "id": "18874146", "score": "1.5000567", "text": "Rhopilema esculentum Rhopilema esculentum, the flame jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish native to the warm temperate waters of the Pacific Ocean. It is a popular seafood in southeastern Asia. In the 1980s, research was undertaken in China into its aquaculture, and it is now bred in ponds in that country before being released into the sea to grow to a mature size suitable for the fishery. Like other members of the order Rhizostomae, the medusa stage of \"Rhopilema esculentum\" has no tentacles at the margin of the bell. Instead, underneath the bell it has eight highly branched oral arms,", "title": "Rhopilema esculentum" }, { "id": "604318", "score": "1.4980917", "text": "injury or even death; small box jellyfish are responsible for many of these deaths. When conditions are favourable, jellyfish can form vast swarms. These can be responsible for damage to fishing gear by filling fishing nets, and sometimes clog the cooling systems of power and desalination plants which draw their water from the sea. The name jellyfish, in use since 1796, has traditionally been applied to medusae and all similar animals including the comb jellies (ctenophores, another phylum). The term \"jellies\" or \"sea jellies\" is more recent, having been introduced by public aquaria in an effort to avoid use of", "title": "Jellyfish" }, { "id": "7014734", "score": "1.4955401", "text": "Stauromedusae Stauromedusae are the stalked jellyfishes. They are the sole living members of the class Staurozoa, and belong to the medusozoa subphylum of Cnidaria. They are unique among medusa jellyfish in that they do not have an alternation of polyp and medusa life cycle phases but are instead interpreted as an attached medusa stage, with a life style more resembling that of polypoid forms. They have a generally trumpet-shaped body, oriented upside-down in comparison with other jellyfish, with the tentacles projecting upwards, and the stalk located in the centre of the umbrella. Members of this class are commonly found in", "title": "Stauromedusae" }, { "id": "6541227", "score": "1.4943783", "text": "Crown jellyfish Crown jellyfishes are the six families of true jellyfish that belong to the order Coronatae. They are distinguished from other jellyfish by the presence of a deep groove running around the umbrella, giving them the crown shape from which they take their name. Many of the species in the order inhabit deep sea environments. Crown jellyfish are able to make light through bioluminescence. When they are touched, their bells will light up. Otherwise, the bell of a crown jellyfish will look transparent when undisturbed. When they are attacked, crown jellyfish are able to startle, mislead, and distract their", "title": "Crown jellyfish" }, { "id": "2181715", "score": "1.4938412", "text": "Box jellyfish Box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) are cnidarian invertebrates distinguished by their cube-shaped medusae. Some species of box jellyfish produce extremely potent venom: \"Chironex fleckeri\", \"Carukia barnesi\" and \"Malo kingi\". Stings from these and a few other species in the class are extremely painful and can be fatal to humans. At least 51 species of box jellyfish were known as of 2018. These are grouped into two orders and eight families. A few new species have since been described, and it is likely that additional undescribed species remain. Class Cubozoa The medusa form of a box jellyfish has a squarish,", "title": "Box jellyfish" }, { "id": "604350", "score": "1.4933677", "text": "Lake is a marine lake where millions of golden jellyfish (\"Mastigias\" spp.) migrate horizontally across the lake daily. Although most jellyfish live well off the ocean floor and form part of the plankton, a few species are closely associated with the bottom for much of their lives and can be considered benthic. The upside-down jellyfish in the genus \"Cassiopea\" typically lie on the bottom of shallow lagoons where they sometimes pulsate gently with their umbrella top facing down. The tiny creeping jellyfish \"Staurocladia\" and \"Eleutheria\" cannot swim, and \"walk\" around on seaweed fronds or rocky bottoms on their tentacles. Most", "title": "Jellyfish" }, { "id": "611389", "score": "1.4925963", "text": "Rhizostomeae. Most rhizostome jellyfish live in warm water. Although the Scyphozoa were formerly considered to include the animals now referred to as the classes Cubozoa and Staurozoa, they now include just three extant orders (two of which are in Discomedusae, a subclass of Scyphozoa). About 200 extant species are recognized at present, but the true diversity is likely to be at least 400 species. Class Scyphozoa Scyphozoa The Scyphozoa are an exclusively marine class of the phylum Cnidaria, referred to as the true jellyfish (or \"true jellies\"). It may include the extinct fossil group the Conulariida, whose affinities are uncertain", "title": "Scyphozoa" }, { "id": "19975961", "score": "1.4915576", "text": "a problem than \"S.\" \"meleagris\". The mushroom jellyfishes are served pickled, or dried out into paste in Asian countries such as China and Japan. The taxon for \"Rhopilema\" has not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List. Rhopilema verrilli Rhopilema verrilli, or mushroom cap jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish in the family Rhizostomatidae. They are cnidarian invertebrates distinguished by their mushroom-shaped medusae. The species does not have any tentacles; however, they still have stinging cells, called nematocysts, within their bells, which can produce mild stings to humans. “Mushroom cap jellyfish” and “sea mushroom jellyfish” are common names for", "title": "Rhopilema verrilli" }, { "id": "604327", "score": "1.4905093", "text": "of the bell, although many hydrozoans are colonial and may not have a free-living medusal stage. In some species, a non-detachable bud known as a gonophore is formed that contains a gonad but is missing many other medusal features such as tentacles and rhopalia. Stalked jellyfish are attached to a solid surface by a basal disk, and resemble a polyp, the oral end of which has partially developed into a medusa with tentacle-bearing lobes and a central manubrium with four-sided mouth. Most jellyfish do not have specialized systems for osmoregulation, respiration and circulation, and do not have a central nervous", "title": "Jellyfish" } ]

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[ { "id": "8484191", "score": "1.7075409", "text": "cape, which can be buttoned up in the front. Arguably the most famous example in fiction, Arthur Conan Doyle's famous detective Sherlock Holmes is often associated with the Inverness cape. In the Holmes novels, Holmes is described as wearing an Ulster. Holmes's distinctive look, which was usually complemented with a deerstalker cap and a calabash pipe, is a composite of images, originally credited to illustrator Sidney Paget. But as adapted to the stage by the actor-playwright William Gillette, Holmes did not wear a cape-coat at all, and the origin of the calabash pipe is something of a mystery, although it", "title": "Inverness cape" }, { "id": "4322873", "score": "1.635425", "text": "this style of cap. Holmes is never actually described as wearing a deerstalker by name in Arthur Conan Doyle's stories, though. However, most notably in \"The Adventure of Silver Blaze\", the narrator, Doctor Watson, describes him as wearing \"his ear-flapped travelling cap\", and in \"The Boscombe Valley Mystery\", as wearing a \"close-fitting cloth cap\". As the deerstalker is the most typical cap of the period matching both descriptions, it is not surprising that the original illustrations for the stories by Sidney Paget in Great Britain, and Frederic Dorr Steele in the United States, along with other illustrators of the period,", "title": "Deerstalker" }, { "id": "4322876", "score": "1.6129627", "text": "respectively. It has been supposed that Holmes' indiscriminate use of the deerstalker cap occurred because of the popularity of the two period films from 1939 in which Basil Rathbone starred as Holmes, \"The Hound of the Baskervilles\" and \"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\". This is erroneous. In both of these films Holmes is shown properly wearing the deerstalker in the countryside or in a rural setting. That Sherlock Holmes has been frequently depicted wearing a deerstalker regardless of setting, was popularised in the United States by the pastel and line drawings of Frederic Dorr Steele whose illustrations of Holmes wearing", "title": "Deerstalker" }, { "id": "6601153", "score": "1.6005685", "text": "while the stories were still being published, to 1930. His version of Holmes, dressed in deerstalker hat and Inverness cape and smoking a large curved calabash pipe, contributed much to the popular image of the character. The deerstalker hat appears occasionally in Paget's original illustrations for \"The Strand\", but it is by no means a part of Holmes' regular clothing. Doyle's text is even vaguer, referring only to a travelling cap with earflaps in the passages with the relevant illustrations. He is also described as smoking several different types of pipes, varying them with his mood. While Gillette is the", "title": "Adaptations of Sherlock Holmes" }, { "id": "6954816", "score": "1.5994942", "text": "cables and vintage or retro guitar amplifiers, such as the Fender tweed and Fender Tweed Deluxe. Despite the common terminology, these coverings were actually cotton twill, and not actually tweed. Tweed was worn by many fictional characters from the Victorian and Edwardian periods, including the detective Sherlock Holmes. Basil Rathbone and Jeremy Brett both wore keeper's tweed deerstalkers and Inverness capes, but more recent portrayals of Sherlock have abandoned the hat. Although Robert Downey Jr.'s character wore a fedora, both he and Doctor Watson wore tweed overcoats, as was then fashionable in Victorian England. Due to the popularity of Benedict", "title": "Tweed" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Inverness cape\n\nThe Inverness cape is a form of weatherproof outer-coat. It is notable for being sleeveless, the arms emerging from armholes beneath a cape. It has become associated with the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes.", "title": "Inverness cape" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Deerstalker" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of headgear\n\nThis is an incomplete list of headgear (anything worn on the head), both modern and historical.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of headgear" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sherlock Holmes\n\nSherlock Holmes () is a fictional detective created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a \"consulting detective\" in the stories, Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation, deduction, forensic science and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic, which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients, including Scotland Yard.\n\nFirst appearing in print in 1887's \"A Study in Scarlet\", the character's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in \"The Strand Magazine\", beginning with \"A Scandal in Bohemia\" in 1891; additional tales appeared from then until 1927, eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories. All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras, between about 1880 and 1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes's friend and biographer Dr. John H. Watson, who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street, London, where many of the stories begin.\n\nThough not the first fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best known. By the 1990s, there were already over 25,000 stage adaptations, films, television productions and publications featuring the detective, Holmes's popularity and fame are such that many have believed him to be not a fictional character but a real individual; numerous literary and fan societies have been founded on this pretence. Avid readers of the Holmes stories helped create the modern practice of fandom. The character and stories have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole, with the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays, television, films, video games, and other media for over one hundred years.", "title": "Sherlock Holmes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hat\n\nA hat is a head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as a fashion accessory. Hats which incorporate mechanical features, such as visors, spikes, flaps, braces or beer holders shade into the broader category of headgear. \n\nIn the past, hats were an indicator of social status. In the military, hats may denote nationality, branch of service, rank or regiment. Police typically wear distinctive hats such as peaked caps or brimmed hats, such as those worn by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Some hats have a protective function. As examples, the hard hat protects construction workers' heads from injury by falling objects, a British police Custodian helmet protects the officer's head, a sun hat shades the face and shoulders from the sun, a cowboy hat protects against sun and rain and an ushanka fur hat with fold-down earflaps keeps the head and ears warm. Some hats are worn for ceremonial purposes, such as the mortarboard, which is worn (or carried) during university graduation ceremonies. Some hats are worn by members of a certain profession, such as the Toque worn by chefs, or the mitre worn by Christian bishops. Adherents of certain religions regularly wear hats, such as the turban worn by Sikhs, or the church hat that is worn as a headcovering by Christian women during prayer and worship.", "title": "Hat" }, { "id": "4322874", "score": "1.5757151", "text": "depicted Holmes as a \"deerstalker man\", which then became the popular perception of him. Later, less-informed depictions of Holmes have him wearing this cap in the city failing to take into account the fact that the fashion-conscious Holmes would be loath to commit such a sartorial faux pas; the deerstalker is traditionally a rural outdoorsman's cap. It is not appropriate headgear for the properly dressed urban gentleman. Still, while contemporaneous illustrators portrayed Holmes as wearing a deerstalker in the proper setting for such attire, travelling cross-country or operating in a rural outdoor setting, Sidney Paget chose to depict Holmes as", "title": "Deerstalker" }, { "id": "8484192", "score": "1.5750679", "text": "might have had something to do with Gillette's introduction of a full-bend briar pipe for his performances. Paget had depicted Holmes as smoking straight pipes, exclusively. Be that as it might, the cape-coat, the deerstalker, and the calabash pipe were already associated with Holmes by the 1930s, chiefly in the United States, but the image became definitive with the first two films in which Basil Rathbone appeared on-screen as Holmes, produced for 20th Century Fox in 1939. The Inverness cape is a water-repellent garment. The commonly held image of the cape as worn by Holmes is one made of tweed,", "title": "Inverness cape" }, { "id": "17079973", "score": "1.5552218", "text": "he was trying to convey. Two particular favorites were Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Lewis Carroll. Early in his career, grateful students presented him with an authentic Sherlock Holmes style hat which was a famous trademark of his many years thereafter. That hat, his Holmesian pipe, and his tall lean appearance must have startled more than one MIT student. An impressionable undergraduate might well have thought that the famous detective was alive and well and now devoting his talents to unraveling scientific mysteries, and such a deduction would not have been far from the truth. The Cheshire Cat figured prominently", "title": "Edward Wilson Merrill" }, { "id": "12828421", "score": "1.5473053", "text": "suburban\" or \"too modern\". Speedy's, the sandwich shop below the flat used as Holmes' residence, reported a sharp rise in new customers who recognised it from the show. Costumes for the pilot were designed by BAFTA Cymru award-winning costume designer Ray Holman. Cumberbatch wore a £1,000 Belstaff coat in the series. Sarah Arthur, the series' costume designer, explained how she achieved the detective's look. \"Holmes wouldn't have any interest in fashion so I went for classic suits with a modern twist: narrow-leg trousers and a two-button, slim-cut jacket. I also went for slim-cut shirts and a sweeping coat for all", "title": "Sherlock (TV series)" }, { "id": "4322872", "score": "1.5314798", "text": "contrasting earflaps of the original fabric turned backward and tied together. The deerstalker cap is also known as a \"fore-and-aft\" cap in reference to its front and rear bills. This headgear is also called a \"tweed helmet,\" due to its resemblance to the basic design of the Balaclava helmet worn by British soldiers during the Crimean War. Due to the band Thee Headcoats who, along with their fans, made a habit of wearing the hat it is sometimes called a headcoat. The most famous wearer of a deerstalker is undoubtedly the fictional character Sherlock Holmes, who is popularly depicted favouring", "title": "Deerstalker" }, { "id": "10709411", "score": "1.5226846", "text": "and pirates' bandanas. The headgear in steampunk fashion is also inspired by Victorian era fashion styles. Among those, the deerstalker hat that Sherlock Holmes, the noted character in Arthur Conan Doyle's novels, was depicted wearing in Sidney Paget's illustrations of the novel. Many of the skirt and dress styles worn in Steampunk fashion are derivative of Victorian era silhouettes (bell skirts, trumpet skirts, bustled skirts, etc.), but with a sexier, modern twist. In 2005, Kate Lambert, known professionally as \"Kato\", founded the first steampunk clothing company, \"Steampunk Couture\", mixing Victorian, post-apocalyptic and tribal influences as well as sci-fi, shabby chic", "title": "Steampunk fashion" }, { "id": "12533724", "score": "1.5197381", "text": "play against the popular image of the character, joking \"there is only one person in history who ever wore a deerstalker\". Downey selected the character's hat, a beat-up fedora. The director kept to the tradition of making Holmes and Watson's apartment quite messy, and had it decorated with artifacts and scientific objects from the continents they would have visited. The soundtrack for the film was composed by Hans Zimmer. It was released on 12 January 2010. Zimmer purchased an out-of-tune piano for 200 dollars and used it throughout the scoring process because of its \"quirkiness\". The film had its world", "title": "Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)" }, { "id": "6954817", "score": "1.5149918", "text": "Cumberbatch's portrayal of \"Sherlock\", the tweed overcoat entered high fashion in the 2010s. Television actors playing intellectuals or older men often wear Harris tweed, including Anthony Head in \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" and Mads Mikkelsen as Hannibal Lecter. Notable movie characters who have worn tweed include Sean Connery in \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\", and Harrison Ford himself in the opening scenes of \"Indiana Jones and the Crystal Skull\". Additionally, windowpane tweed suits are frequently worn by actors portraying members of the English upper classes, such as Hugh Fraser in \"Agatha Christie's Poirot\", Peter Davison as Campion, or the", "title": "Tweed" }, { "id": "12828459", "score": "1.5121038", "text": "Costelloe moved to meet the demand, offering tailored coats and scarves based on the series, while Savile Row bespoke tailor John Pearse said many of his clients were inquiring about the actors' clothes.\" Journalist Alexis Petridis commented, \"[Y]ou can see why men wanted to get the look. Perhaps they noted the effect Cumberbatch, by no means your standard telly hunk, had on lady viewers […] and decided it must have something to do with the clobber. So it is that Britain's latest men's style icon is a fictional asexual sociopath first seen onscreen hitting a corpse with a horse whip.", "title": "Sherlock (TV series)" }, { "id": "18222829", "score": "1.5047045", "text": "pupils. Holmes wears the dark blue of Baker and hangs a clock and a pair of compasses on his left chest but Watson wears the pale brown uniform of his former school. In Inoue's original sketch, Holmes has a cane whose top is shaped like a skull and the letters of \"Sherlock Holmes\" are written on each of his shoe soles using the stick figures in \"The Adventure of the Dancing Men\". On selecting voice actors, Mitani asked experienced voice actor Koichi Yamadera to voice Holmes, knowing that acting ability was needed to portray the difficult character. Mitani admires Yamadera", "title": "Sherlock Holmes (2014 TV series)" }, { "id": "12828458", "score": "1.5023761", "text": "several blogs about \"unseen\" cases that do not feature on television. Similar to the broadcast cases, these retain familiar elements from classic Arthur Conan Doyle stories: \"The Geek Interpreter\" instead of \"The Greek Interpreter\", and \"The Six Thatchers\" instead of \"The Six Napoleons\". On the websites, links can be found to Molly Hooper's diary and the official website of Connie Prince. The show's popularity resulted in enquiries for coats similar to Sherlock's, reported retailer Debenhams. Garment manufacturer Belstaff put the wool trench coat worn by Benedict Cumberbatch back into production before the series had ended. \"The Independent\" reported, \"designer Paul", "title": "Sherlock (TV series)" }, { "id": "4322877", "score": "1.4970331", "text": "the deerstalker were created for \"Collier's Magazine\" and other periodicals. Steele based his concept of Holmes mainly on photographs of the actor William Gillette, who had become hugely popular as a portrayer of Holmes during the first third of the 20th century. Gillette had worn a deerstalker in his stage play which first ran in 1899. It was left to Steele's influential drawings to popularise Holmes as wearing a deerstalker so that the cap became synonymous with the detective. Deerstalker A deerstalker is a type of cap that is typically worn in rural areas, often for hunting, especially deer stalking.", "title": "Deerstalker" }, { "id": "3325161", "score": "1.4929788", "text": "Holmes story in \"The Strand\" featured a full-page illustration as well as many smaller pictures within the text. Paget is also credited with giving the first deerstalker cap and Inverness cape to Holmes, details that were never mentioned in Arthur Conan Doyle's writing. The cap and coat first appear in an illustration for \"The Boscombe Valley Mystery\" in 1891 and reappear in \"The Adventure of Silver Blaze\" in 1893. They also appear in a few illustrations from \"The Return of Sherlock Holmes\". (The curved calabash pipe was added by the stage actor William Gillette.) Altogether, Sidney Paget did some 356", "title": "Sidney Paget" }, { "id": "359839", "score": "1.484115", "text": "Saintsbury as the Great Detective smoking what may be a calabash pipe, its now-stereotypical identification with Sherlock Holmes remains a mystery. Some commentators have erroneously associated the calabash with William Gillette, the first actor to become universally recognized as the embodiment of the detective. Gillette actually introduced the curving or bent pipe for use by Holmes, but his pipe was an ornate briar. Gillette chose a bent pipe, more easily clenched in the teeth when delivering lines. While there are promotional stills of Basil Rathbone smoking calabash pipes as Holmes for other projects, most notably his radio show, in his", "title": "Tobacco pipe" }, { "id": "4322875", "score": "1.4687841", "text": "wearing the deerstalker in London while keeping vigil for the appearance of the murderous Colonel Sebastian Moran in illustrations made for \"The Empty House\" when the story first appeared in \"Strand Magazine\" in 1904. This is uncharacteristic of Paget who most often depicts Holmes wearing a black top hat and frock coat in the city, as shown in the Regent Street scene in \"The Hound of the Baskervilles\", or sporting a black bowler when wearing a black or plaid Inverness cape (or, more accurately, a macfarlane cape-coat) as seen in his illustrations for \"The Blue Carbuncle\" and \"The Musgrave Ritual\"", "title": "Deerstalker" } ]

[ "nile canal", "Egypt's Canal Zone", "The suez canal", "suez canal", "Suez Canal (Egypt)", "Suez Canal Zone", "suez canal egypt", "Suez canal", "suez channel", "egypt s canal zone", "Suez Channel", "Nile Canal", "Suez Canal", "suez canal zone" ]

[ { "id": "19262091", "score": "1.6094651", "text": "motorboat ran around the ship, while the ship stayed in Algeria, and periodically dropped underwater explosives to prevent divers from coming aboard. During the Six-Day War in June 1967 Israel occupied the Sinai Peninsula, and as such the Suez Canal was closed for shipping between 1967 and 1975. Therefore, the \"Metallurg Anosov\" was forced to go around Cape Horn from 1967 to 1975, visiting South African ports for bunkering for voyages from the Black Sea to Asian ports in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. During its trip, the ship crossed the equator at longitude 009° 30' W on 24 of", "title": "SS Metallurg Anosov" }, { "id": "8603858", "score": "1.5814012", "text": "1863 to serve railway passengers, replacing the earlier New Passage House inn. When the ferry closed it continued to prosper as a privately owned public house. In 1921 the hotel was the location of experiments by the inventor H.G. Matthews in the projection of moving films with a sound track. The hotel was closed in 1973. It was then sold by the Bracey family, and the building was left empty, until ravaged by the elements and neglect, it was finally demolished in the late 1970s. A small luxurious housing development was created on the resulting land. There is a photograph", "title": "New Passage" }, { "id": "5790759", "score": "1.5706676", "text": "passage of a St. Lawrence Seaway service vessel.) The Main Street Tunnel was officially opened on May 20, 1972, with the Townline Tunnel following on July 13. Rail traffic through the Townline Tunnel was inaugurated on January 31, 1973. The new canal was first traversed by the Canadian Coast Guard cutter Griffin on March 27, 1973. The first commercial ship to pass through the by-pass was the M.V. Senneville on March 28, 1973. It carried a cargo of 1,063,868 bushels of barley in transit from Duluth, Minnesota to Port Cartier, Quebec. The official opening ceremony for the Welland By-pass took", "title": "Welland By-Pass" }, { "id": "18394501", "score": "1.5330292", "text": "through the passage aboard \"Happy Adventure\" on his way to Expo67. In February 1970 following the grounding and subsequent breakup of the Liberian-registered tanker Arrow on Cerberus Rock in Chedabucto Bay and the resulting spill of 77,000 to 82,500 barrels (more than 2 million gallons) of bunker C oil, the decision was made by the Nova Scotia Government to construct two causeways between Burnt Point and Burnt Island to stop the spread of the Arrow's spilled cargo into the lucrative fishing areas of the Passage as well as the coastline to the east. After the oil spill cleanup by the", "title": "Lennox Passage (waterway)" }, { "id": "6637825", "score": "1.5320514", "text": "that time Passage was no longer popular as a tourist resort, Crosshaven taking its place. The railway was closed in 1932. Passage railway station opened on 8 June 1850 and finally closed on 12 September 1932. In November 2007, to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the closure of the railway, a historical walking and cycle trail was created. This was part funded by the Irish Heritage Council and Cork County Council. It consists of a series plaques with historical photographs and explanatory text. The greatest of the Passage industries were the two dockyards. Hennessy's yard was situated in what is", "title": "Passage West" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Closure of the Suez Canal (1967–1975)\n\nOn 6 June 1967, the Suez Canal was closed shortly after the start of the Six-Day War or Third Arab–Israeli War. Israel bombed most of Egypt's airfields and then entered and occupied the Sinai Peninsula, all the way to the Suez Canal, for 15 years. Gamal Abdel Nasser, the leader of Egypt at the time, was aligning himself with the Soviet Union and had the Suez Canal closed earlier from October 1956 until March 1957 during the Suez Crisis, when he nationalized the Suez Canal from French and British investors. Oil through the Suez Canal accounted for 60% of Italy's, 39% of France's, and 25% of Britain's total oil consumption in 1966 before the canal was closed for 8 years. The canal opened again in June 1975 after the 1974 Suez Canal Clearance Operation of mines and debris.", "title": "Closure of the Suez Canal (1967–1975)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Yellow Fleet\n\nFrom 1967 to 1975, fifteen ships and their crews were trapped in the Suez Canal after the Six-Day War between Israel and Egypt. The stranded ships, which belonged to eight countries (West Germany, Sweden, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, Poland, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia), were nicknamed the Yellow Fleet after the desert sand that coated them.\n\nDuring the war, Egypt blocked both ends of the canal to prevent its use by Israel. Scuttled ships, sea mines, and other debris continued to block transport through the canal until the wake of the Yom Kippur War, after which the blockade was lifted. In 1975, the Canal was reopened, enabling the ships to leave after eight years of being stranded. At that time, only two ships were capable of moving under their own power.", "title": "Yellow Fleet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Suez Canal" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Israeli passage through the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "SS Metallurg Anosov\n\nThe SS \"Metallurg Anosov\" (Russian: \"Металлург Аносов\") was a merchant ship of Black Sea Shipping Company (Soviet Union). the ship was one of the project 567K \"Leninsky Komsomol class\", a multi-purpose tweendecker freighter with steam turbine engines. The ship takes its name from scientist and metallurgist Pavel Anosov.", "title": "SS Metallurg Anosov" }, { "id": "4101675", "score": "1.5273588", "text": "names to play there. It was closed by health authorities in 1973 because it could not earn the revenue to keep the building up. H.J. McManus, a London businessman, bought it and his son, Joe Jr., led the renovations, reopening in 1974 with the Harry James Orchestra performing before a sellout crowd. The last event was a performance by Day Break on New Year's Eve of 1978/79; a fire in a dumpster 12 days later damaged the building too heavily to save it. In the first decade of the 21st century, there were numerous proposals to operate a ferry between", "title": "Port Stanley, Ontario" }, { "id": "17795853", "score": "1.5106989", "text": "Cienega. They were open 24 hours, 365 days a year, never closing. The Westwood (two part) Ships CS/CG (Coffee Shop/Chicken Galley) Wilshire Boulevard and Glendon Avenue, was the second to open (1958). It closed on Thursday September 20 1984 and was demolished shortly after, to make way for a 20 story office building. The Ships at La Cienega Boulevard and Olympic Boulevard, was the last to open (1963). It closed at 4pm on Wednesday 30 August 1995 and was later demolished. This was the Ships which featured in the film Into The Night. The Culver City Ships at Washington Boulevard", "title": "Ships Coffee Shop" }, { "id": "3564339", "score": "1.4958236", "text": "from New York City to Philadelphia. The Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel has suffered three major ship accidents which caused the bridge tunnel system to be closed. The first accident occurred in December 1967 when the Mohawk, a coal barge, broke anchor and struck the bridge, closing it for two weeks for repair. On January 21, 1970 the USS Yancey (AKA-93), a United States Navy attack cargo ship carrying 250 people, was at anchor near the bridge tunnel. During a gale with winds gusting in excess of , the Yancey dragged her anchors and hit the bridge stern first, knocking out", "title": "Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel" }, { "id": "284795", "score": "1.4923664", "text": "for at least part of the year. On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker. According to Nalan Koc of the Norwegian Polar Institute, this was the first time the Passage has been clear since they began keeping records in 1972. The Northwest Passage opened again on August 25, 2008. It is usually reported in mainstream medias that ocean thawing will open up the Northwest Passage (and within it, the Northern Sea Route) for various kind of ships, making it possible to sail around the Arctic ice cap. and possibly cutting", "title": "Northwest Passage" }, { "id": "9564845", "score": "1.4848757", "text": "1970, the ferries were equipped with televisions. The following year, the company had a deficit of NOK 1.1 million. It transported 195,000 passengers, of which 120,000 took the Vangshylla–Kjerringvik service. Mobile telephones came into use in January 1972. In 1973, the service was reduced as a result of the oil crisis, which lasted until 1 March 1974. Smoking indoors was banned from 1975, and a new quay was built in Levanger and opened on 1 July 1976. Local disagreement about the location of a new quay on Ytterøy delayed construction, and it did not open until 1981. In 1974, planning", "title": "Innherredsferja" }, { "id": "18394502", "score": "1.4811717", "text": "mid-1970s, the Government left one causeway in place because the 1919 bridge had rusted beyond repair and in response to the needs of marine interests built the electrically powered single-leaf bascule bridge (Lennox Passage Bridge) carrying Nova Scotia Route 320 which is currently in operation. When closed, the bridge has a vertical clearance of at high tide, possibly as much as at a very low tide. Beginning in 2010, marine interests were advised that the heat of the day in summer months may make it impossible for the bridge operator to lift the span, forcing vessels to either wait at", "title": "Lennox Passage (waterway)" }, { "id": "10731699", "score": "1.4805827", "text": "to the United States. \"Bering Strait\" returned to her conventional Coast Guard duties in 1968, still operating from Honolulu. From 24 February 1970 to 1 March 1970 she fought a fire on the Panamanian merchant ship \"Grand Ocean\" in the mid-Pacific. \"Bering Strait\" returned to Coast Guard Squadron Three for service in the Vietnam War on 17 May 1970. Her second Vietnam tour of duty ended on 31 December 1970. After her antisubmarine warfare equipment had been removed, the Coast Guard decommissioned \"Bering Strait\" in South Vietnam on 1 January 1971, the day after her second Vietnam War tour ended.", "title": "USS Bering Strait (AVP-34)" }, { "id": "13401045", "score": "1.4711642", "text": "workshop which was abolished in the late 18th century, but restored by the French Directory in 1798. The old houses were bought and demolished by M. Coste, Casati, Dugueyt, and Millon to do rebuilt the passage in 1825 by architect Fargue and opened three years later. In 1834, the Republicans were hidden in the passage and this latter was completely ransacked: broken windows, destroyed stores and looted goods... In November 1840, the passage was completely flooded after heavy rains. Although it was uncommon at the time, gas lighting was brought very quickly: indeed, in October 1828, Delorme requested the installation", "title": "Passage de l'Argue" }, { "id": "2455312", "score": "1.4664348", "text": "by Tom Rolt in 1947 and 1949, and despite being officially closed, a number of boats started to use it. There was a growing campaign to reopen it, but it was still designated as one of the 'waterways having insufficient commercial prospects to justify their retention for navigation' under government papers published in 1955 and 1958. It was not until the passing of the Transport Act 1968 that the route was finally designated as a cruiseway, and its future was secured. As leisure use of the canals grew, the route was rebranded as \"The Llangollen Canal\" in the 1980s, and", "title": "Llangollen Canal" }, { "id": "11007367", "score": "1.4597745", "text": "June 1967 the fifteen ships were sailing northwards through the Suez Canal as a war broke out between Israel and Egypt in what was to become known as the Six-Day War. Both ends of the canal were closed, and after three days it became apparent that the canal would remain blocked for some time as a result of the scuttling of ships to block its passage. Fourteen ships were forced to anchor in the widest part of the Suez Canal, the Great Bitter Lake. Some of the scuttled ships cut off the SS \"Observer\" from the other ships and it", "title": "Yellow Fleet" }, { "id": "14475395", "score": "1.4580252", "text": "and was a hive of the counterculture from 1969 through the end of the Vietnam War. At the time, Fairhaven was a hippie enclave—a temporary autonomous zone of cooperative enterprise that spawned the community garden program, a cooperative primary school, and a co-op flour mill(has since become a family owned business and moved out of Bellingham), all of which are still thriving forty years later. Though initially a kind of hippie paper focusing on the counterculture and ending the war in Vietnam, under the leadership of Kathman and Kee, and later Chris Condon and others, it quickly became an important", "title": "Northwest Passage (newspaper)" }, { "id": "4076353", "score": "1.457833", "text": "tons in 1954. The old line of locks from the Bridgewater Canal became disused in the late 1930s, they were closed under the Ship Canal Act of 1949 and filled in. The Ship Canal Act of 1966 allowed the closure of the new line of locks, the old dock area and the Francis and Arnold Docks. The Runcorn and Weston Canal has been filled in to provide additional quay space for modern docks and the old warehouses have been demolished. However, with the building of the Silver Jubilee Bridge in 1961 communications to the docks have been improved and trade", "title": "Port of Runcorn" }, { "id": "7060451", "score": "1.4543169", "text": "reopened for business in 1947. Since 1961, this historic department store has been specializing in goods for women. The Passage is now privately owned by employees and shareholders. Updates and renovations throughout the entire building were done to meet modern international standards. Expanded showrooms welcomed more customers. Passage established relations with new trade and business partners, such as Escada, and other international department stores. One of the first upscale food markets in Russia, with a wide variety of international produce, opened in the basement. New restaurant opened on the upper level with the panoramic view of the Nevsky Prospect. Jensen", "title": "Passage (department store)" }, { "id": "11107598", "score": "1.447991", "text": "the Great Lakes during the Second World War, the Muir Dry Dock was closed down at Port Dalhousie, Ontario and operations were moved to the east side of the Welland Canal at Port Weller, Ontario in 1946. The drydock, opened in 1947, was initially owned by the Government of Canada and was used to store gates, lock valves, and gate-lifting vessels. The new site was considered an improvement over the Muir Dry Dock due to its location above Lock 1, which eliminated the need for pumps to fill or empty the dry dock. The yard was expanded to include ship", "title": "Port Weller Dry Docks" }, { "id": "8439712", "score": "1.4477508", "text": "at Portland followed, although this was interrupted to act as a range safety ship for the bombing of the stranded Torrey Canyon. The ship visited Cherbourg at Whitsun (mid May 1967), and leave was granted in June and July while the ship was prepared for a deployment East of Suez. The ship sailed from Plymouth for the East on 17 July 1967. After visiting Gibraltar on 20 July, and Freetown in Sierra Leone, she conducted the traditional 'Crossing the line' ceremony on 30 July. A stop at Simonstown preceded time on the Beira Patrol and passage to the Far East", "title": "HMS Daring (D05)" } ]

[ "pile of sand", "A pile of sand" ]

[ { "id": "2282723", "score": "1.8257786", "text": "Happy Days (play) Happy Days is a play in two acts, written by Samuel Beckett. Winnie, buried to her waist, follows her daily routine and prattles to her husband, Willie, who is largely hidden and taciturn. Her frequent refrain is “Oh this \"is\" a happy day.” Later, in Act II she is buried up to her neck, but continues to talk and remember happier days. Winnie is embedded waist-deep in a low mound under blazing light, with a large black bag beside her. She is awakened by a piercing bell and begins her daily routine with a prayer. Talking incessantly", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2282750", "score": "1.799922", "text": "of the text and production. Even Kenneth Tynan, one of the saviours of \"Godot\", felt that \"Happy Days\" was \"a metaphor extended beyond its capacity\", nevertheless, he admitted Beckett's strange, insinuating power and urged his readers to buy tickets for the play. More recent revivals on stage have occurred in 2008 at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York City, directed by Deborah Warner and starring Fiona Shaw as Winnie and Tim Potter as Willie, in 2014 at the Young Vic, starring Juliet Stevenson, and in New York City (The Flea Theater) and Pasadena (Boston Court Theatre) in 2015", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2282737", "score": "1.7600155", "text": "shade, nothing, and that bell wakes you up all the time and all you've got is a little parcel of things to see you through life.\" He was referring to the life of the modern woman. Then he said: \"And I thought who would cope with that and go down singing, only a woman.\" \"Happy Days\" was first published by Grove Press in 1961 followed by Faber in 1963. By this stage in his writing career Beckett was becoming more aware of the importance of revising his work in actual performance and so wrote to Grove Press about \"Happy Days\"", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2282752", "score": "1.7378011", "text": "starred Rosaleen Linehan as Winnie. Happy Days (play) Happy Days is a play in two acts, written by Samuel Beckett. Winnie, buried to her waist, follows her daily routine and prattles to her husband, Willie, who is largely hidden and taciturn. Her frequent refrain is “Oh this \"is\" a happy day.” Later, in Act II she is buried up to her neck, but continues to talk and remember happier days. Winnie is embedded waist-deep in a low mound under blazing light, with a large black bag beside her. She is awakened by a piercing bell and begins her daily routine", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2282741", "score": "1.7113268", "text": "Of note is the fact that he worked on the play while in the English seaside resort of Folkestone during the two weeks he was obliged to be resident in the area before his marriage to Suzanne could officially take place. The play is also reminiscent of the music hall. The boater Willie sports at a \"rakish angle\" places his character clearly in the music hall tradition as does his formal wear in the second half of the play. Historically boaters were fashionable headgear up till about the 1920s at which time sunbathing started to become fashionable; prior to this", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2282735", "score": "1.710234", "text": "a sexual dimension by revealing that a hog is a \"Castrated male swine.\" In context, this phrase seems to relate to Willie, since various hints are made that he has been metaphorically emasculated by his domineering wife. Beckett began the play on 8 October 1960 and the English version was completed on 14 May 1961. Beckett finished the translation into French by November 1962 but amended the title. In a moment of inspiration, he borrowed the title Oh les beaux jours, from Verlaine's poem, \"\"Colloque sentimental\"\". Cyril Cusack claimed that \"Happy Days\" was, by Beckett's own admission, \"influenced\" by Cusack's", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2282745", "score": "1.7086971", "text": "eyes, exaggerated lipstick … a woman, who while not any longer young, still manifests a powerful erotic dimension.” Her memories often have a sexual edge: sitting on Charlie Hunter’s knees; her first kiss; the two balls; an encounter in a toolshed; when handed the erotic postcard from Willie, she takes time to examine it before returning it in feigned offense and the story she tells of the small girl Mildred’s (Beckett’s original name for Winnie) sexual curiosity is genuinely disturbing. A mouse, in Freudian terms, is a phallic symbol and Beckett’s protagonists often speak autobiographically in the third person. Also", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2282740", "score": "1.703153", "text": "kind of tawdriness you get in a 3rd rate musical or pantomime, that quality of \"pompier\", laughably earnest bad imitation.\" The scene is reminiscent of a seaside postcard with Winnie buried in the sand and Willie with his knotted handkerchief and his boater. The fake backdrop calls to mind also the kind used by photographers that feature a painted body on a sheet of wood with a hole cut out where the head belongs popular at holiday venues. Even the title of the play, \"Happy Days\", is the kind of expression typically used when reminiscing about these kinds of holidays.", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2282744", "score": "1.6602919", "text": "always am – and so changed from what I was.\" By Act II she can no longer imagine any relief, and she can no longer pray, as she did at the play’s start. Although she still intones the phrase ‘happy day’, it no longer triggers her smile.\" The play, like life, has a strong sexual undercurrent. “In the \"Happy Days\" of 1979, Beckett very particularly played upon the physical attractiveness of [Billie] Whitelaw … Where most Winnies, such as Peggy Ashcroft and Irene Worth, look rather matronly, Beckett made Whitelaw’s Winnie into a siren, with black, low cut gown, haunting", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2282731", "score": "1.6569049", "text": "is expressed in her carefully precise, self-correcting refrain, \"Oh this \"is\" a happy day, this will have been another happy day. After all. So far.\" Beckett described her as being \"like a bird\" and she makes every effort to rise above her predicament but she keeps getting pulled down. She never questions or explains why she finds herself in the predicament she is in, but her dream is that she will \"simply float up into the blue … And that perhaps some day the earth will yield and let me go, the pull is so great, yes, crack all round", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2282742", "score": "1.6519927", "text": "ladies would commonly be seen making use of parasols to protect their white skin from the sun's harmful rays. This play, with Winnie embedded in the earth and Willie crawling on it, is evidently strange. \"Strangeness,\" Beckett informs us, \"was the necessary condition of the play of Winnie’s plight in the play.\" During Berlin rehearsals he said, \"In this play you have the combination of the strange and the practical, the mysterious and the factual. This is the crux of both the comedy and the tragedy of it.\" The question of \"What does it mean?\" is voiced in the play", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2282739", "score": "1.6488311", "text": "this way but we never discover how she came to be trapped so. A number of suggestions have been put forth to explain where the idea for the original imagery originated. James Knowlson has suggested images from Luis Buñuel’s 1928 film, \"Un chien andalou\" or a photograph by Angus McBean of Frances Day. Beckett required the set to have \"a maximum of simplicity and symmetry\" with a \"very pompier trompe-l'oeil backcloth to represent unbroken plain and sky receding to meet in far distance\". \"What should characterise [the] whole scene, sky and earth\", he wrote, \"is a pathetic unsuccessful realism, the", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2282728", "score": "1.6461086", "text": "a nail file, a revolver and a music box. The routine is raised to the level of ceremony. Beckett's instructions to Billie Whitelaw in 1979 emphasize this: The bag is all she has—look at it with affection … From the first you should know how she feels about it … When the bag is at the right height you peer in, see what things are there and then get them out. Peer, take, place. Peer, take, place. You peer more when you pick things up than when you put them down. Everything has its place. At the end of the", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "9346729", "score": "1.620367", "text": "in the 1920s; Eugene O'Neill, Seán O'Casey, Clifford Odets, W. H. Auden, Gertrude Stein, Luigi Pirandello, and William Saroyan in the 1940s; Samuel Beckett, Pablo Picasso, T. S. Eliot, Jean Anouilh, and Tennessee Williams in the 1950s; Harold Pinter, LeRoi Jones, Eugène Ionesco, Terrence McNally, Lanford Wilson, and Lorraine Hansberry, in the 1960s, as well as Edward Albee, staging a large number of his plays; and Sam Shepard, Joe Orton and David Mamet in the 1970s and 1980s. Beckett's \"Happy Days\" had its world premiere at the Cherry Lane, directed by Alan Schneider, on September 17, 1961. Sam Shepard's \"True", "title": "Cherry Lane Theatre" }, { "id": "2282736", "score": "1.6058108", "text": "wife, Maureen Cusack's request that he \"write a happy play\" after \"Krapp\". Beckett confided to Brenda Bruce what was going through his mind as he sat down to write the play: He said: \"Well I thought that the most dreadful thing that could happen to anybody, would be not to be allowed to sleep so that just as you're dropping off there'd be a 'Dong' and you'd have to keep awake; you’re sinking into the ground alive and it's full of ants; and the sun is shining endlessly day and night and there is not a tree … there’s no", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "6196993", "score": "1.5909543", "text": "Beckett's Happy Days at the Royal Exchange Theatre in May 2018, with The Guardian calling hers a \"brilliant central performance, there’s barely a breath between optimism and despair.\" Following Happy Days, the theatre presented \"Queens of the Coal Age\", a play written by Peake. Adapted from her earlier radio drama, \"Queens of the Coal\" age looks at the early 1990s pit closure protests by miners' wives in northern England. The play was met with mixed reviews. Peake brings her views into much of her work. She is a feminist and socialist. She was active in communist organisations during her youth", "title": "Maxine Peake" }, { "id": "9936576", "score": "1.5825181", "text": "weaknesses’. [I asked:] ‘Do you mean the production?’ He said, ‘No, no, no. The writing.’... ‘What I really was waiting for was the rain at the end.’\" In 1961 Kay Boyle asked Beckett if, at the end of \"Happy Days\", Willie is reaching for the gun, or for his wife. Beckett replied: When writing in French, Beckett stripped his text of biographical detail in an attempt to universalise his characters. With his return to English he also returns to the Dublin suburb of Foxrock for his first radio play. Apart from many uses of common Irish words and phrases, Beckett", "title": "All That Fall" }, { "id": "2282751", "score": "1.5805006", "text": "starring Tony Shaloub and Brooke Adams. In 2016 The Yale Repertory Theatre mounted a production with Dianne Wiest as \"Winnie\" and Jarlath Conroy as \"Willie\", directed by James Bundy. That production subsequently transferred to downtown Brooklyn, New York's Theatre for a New Audience with Wiest and Conroy reprising their roles in April & May 2017. Maxine Peake will play the role of Winnie at the Royal Exchange Theatre in 2018, directed by Sarah Frankcom. The film version of \"Happy Days\" was produced in 2001 as part of the Beckett on Film project. The film was directed by Patricia Rozema and", "title": "Happy Days (play)" }, { "id": "2297330", "score": "1.5749054", "text": "Lady Says No!\" (1929), and \"The Moon in the Yellow River\" (1931). While there no doubt that Samuel Beckett is an Irishman he lived much of his life in France and wrote several works first in French. His most famous plays are \"Waiting for Godot\" (1955) (originally \"En attendant Godot\", 1952), \"Endgame\" (originally \"Fin de partie\") (1957), \"Happy Days\" (1961), written in English, all of which profoundly affected British drama. In 1954, Behan's first play \"The Quare Fellow\" was produced in Dublin. It was well received; however, it was the 1956 production at Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop in Stratford, London,", "title": "Irish literature" }, { "id": "4900597", "score": "1.5729682", "text": "Canada; \"Mansfield Park\" (1999) is a revisionist adaptation of Jane Austen’s novel of that name. \"Happy Days\" (2000), an Irish production, is a film version of Samuel Beckett’s humorously despairing play in which a woman lives partially buried in a mound of sand. She later directed and ghost-wrote \"\" (2008), which was based on the \"American Girl\" book series. The film earned Rozema a Director’s Guild of Canada Award nomination for Best Director. Rozema’s television credits include the pilot and two subsequent episodes of the HBO series \"Tell Me You Love Me\" (2008), an episode of the HBO series \"In", "title": "Patricia Rozema" } ]

[ "2", "", "2 to 4 years", "time:years", "4" ]

[ { "id": "11893077", "score": "2.1912441", "text": "or six incisors and two incisor-shaped canines. This means that the dental formula for sheep is either or There is a large diastema between the incisors and the molars. In the first few years of life one can calculate the age of sheep from their front teeth, as a pair of milk teeth is replaced by larger adult teeth each year, the full set of eight adult front teeth being complete at about four years of age. The front teeth are then gradually lost as sheep age, making it harder for them to feed and hindering the health and productivity", "title": "Sheep" }, { "id": "11893076", "score": "2.0183702", "text": "rate of growth and mature weight is a heritable trait that is often selected for in breeding. Ewes typically weigh between , and rams between . When all deciduous teeth have erupted, the sheep has 20 teeth. Mature sheep have 32 teeth. As with other ruminants, the front teeth in the lower jaw bite against a hard, toothless pad in the upper jaw. These are used to pick off vegetation, then the rear teeth grind it before it is swallowed. There are eight lower front teeth in ruminants, but there is some disagreement as to whether these are eight incisors,", "title": "Sheep" }, { "id": "589986", "score": "1.7104697", "text": "Cattle age determination Cattle are placed in a cattle crush in order to restrain them prior inspecting the mouth and amount of teeth that each animal has. The temporary teeth are in part erupted at birth, and all the incisors are erupted in twenty days; the first, second and third pairs of temporary molars are erupted in thirty days; the teeth have grown large enough to touch each other by the sixth month. Temporary incisors or \"milk\" teeth are smaller than the permanent incisors. Cattle have thirty-two teeth, including six incisors or biting teeth and two canines in the front", "title": "Cattle age determination" }, { "id": "589967", "score": "1.6993954", "text": "age will have between 36 and 44 teeth. All equines are heterodontous, which means that they have different shaped teeth for different purposes. All horses have twelve incisors at the front of the mouth, used primarily for cutting food, most often grass, whilst grazing. They are also used as part of a horse's attack or defence against predators, or as part of establishing social hierarchy within the herd. Immediately behind the front incisors is the interdental space, where no teeth grow from the gums. This is where the bit is placed, if used, when horses are ridden. Behind the interdental", "title": "Horse teeth" }, { "id": "589971", "score": "1.6802771", "text": "although the difference between breeds and individuals make precise dating impossible. All teeth are normally erupted by the age of five, at which point the horse is said to have a \"full mouth\", but the actual age this occurs will depend on the individual horse, and also by breed, with certain breeds having different average eruption times. For instance, in Shetland ponies the middle and corner incisor tend to erupt late, and in both draft horses and miniature horses, the permanent middle and corner incisors are usually late appearing. Horse teeth often wear in specific patterns, based on the way", "title": "Horse teeth" }, { "id": "14142329", "score": "1.6787161", "text": "and five years, age can be closely estimated by observing the eruption pattern on milk teeth and then permanent teeth. By age five, all permanent teeth have usually erupted. The horse is then said to have a \"full\" mouth. After the age of five, age can only be conjectured by studying the wear patterns on the incisors, shape, the angle at which the incisors meet, and other factors. The wear of teeth may also be affected by diet, natural abnormalities, and cribbing. Two horses of the same age may have different wear patterns. A horse's incisors, premolars, and molars, once", "title": "Tooth" }, { "id": "14789810", "score": "1.6703722", "text": "cause problems as they can interfere with the horse's bit contact. Therefore, wolf teeth are commonly removed. Horse teeth can be used to estimate the animal's age. Between birth and five years, age can be closely estimated by observing the eruption pattern on milk teeth and then permanent teeth. By age five, all permanent teeth have usually erupted. The horse is then said to have a \"full\" mouth. After the age of five, age can only be conjectured by study of the wear patterns on the incisors, shape, the angle at which the incisors meet, and other factors. The wear", "title": "Mammal tooth" }, { "id": "589987", "score": "1.6645696", "text": "on the bottom jaw. The canine teeth are not pointed but look like incisors. The incisor teeth meet with the thick hard dental pad of the upper jaw. Cattle have six premolars and six molars on both top and bottom jaws for a total of twenty-four molars. The teeth of cattle are designed primarily for grinding, and they use their rough tongues to grasp grass and then nip it off between their incisors and the dental pad. There is controversy on the reliability of attempting to tell the age of cattle by their teeth, as rate of wear can be", "title": "Cattle age determination" }, { "id": "589993", "score": "1.6641207", "text": "numbers or different colours are good methods of identifying the age of cattle, if they are used according to standards. Cattle age determination Cattle are placed in a cattle crush in order to restrain them prior inspecting the mouth and amount of teeth that each animal has. The temporary teeth are in part erupted at birth, and all the incisors are erupted in twenty days; the first, second and third pairs of temporary molars are erupted in thirty days; the teeth have grown large enough to touch each other by the sixth month. Temporary incisors or \"milk\" teeth are smaller", "title": "Cattle age determination" }, { "id": "14789811", "score": "1.6624885", "text": "of teeth may also be affected by diet, natural abnormalities, and cribbing. Two horses of the same age may have different wear patterns. A horse's incisors, premolars, and molars, once fully developed, continue to erupt as the grinding surface is worn down through chewing. A young adult horse will have teeth which are 4.5-5 inches long, with the majority of the crown remaining below the gumline in the dental socket. The rest of the tooth will slowly emerge from the jaw, erupting about 1/8\" each year, as the horse ages. When the animal reaches old age, the crowns of the", "title": "Mammal tooth" }, { "id": "12243738", "score": "1.6530236", "text": "as garden fertilizer or even natural fertilizer. Another factor that goes into alpaca hygiene is their tooth care. When observing the teeth of an alpaca, it is a good way to tell if they have a healthy digestive system. Alpacas have their full set of adult teeth by the age of six. Male alpacas have 32 teeth and female alpacas have 30 teeth. Males have two extra teeth, called fighting teeth, but females only rarely have these. Alpacas have six lower incisors which help them bite off plants to chew. They do not have any upper incisors, but their mouths", "title": "Alpaca" }, { "id": "589970", "score": "1.6470323", "text": "or baby teeth) soon after birth, with these being replaced by permanent teeth by the age of approximately five years old. The horse will normally have 24 deciduous teeth, emerging in pairs, and eventually pushed out by the permanent teeth, which normally number between 36 and 40. As the deciduous teeth are pushed up, they are termed \"caps\". Caps will eventually shed on their own, but may cause discomfort when still loose, requiring extraction. It is possible to estimate the age of a young horse by observing the pattern of teeth in the mouth, based on which teeth have erupted,", "title": "Horse teeth" }, { "id": "5507221", "score": "1.6360719", "text": "age, but males appear to continue to grow larger and heavier in their third and fourth years. Milk teeth develop around three months of age, with a full set of teeth developing by around six months. By the time their teeth develop, lambs are capable grazers, but the ewes continue nursing them from August to May of the following year. Most argali live five to 10 years, but are capable of living 13 years in the wild. Adult argali eat of food a day. The vegetation preferred by the species varies based on elevation and area. In higher elevations, they", "title": "Argali" }, { "id": "2157794", "score": "1.6321789", "text": "Incisor Incisors (from Latin \"incidere\", \"to cut\") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, whereas armadillos have none. Adult humans normally have eight incisors, two of each type. The types of incisor are: Children with a full set of deciduous teeth (primary teeth) also have eight incisors, named the same way as in permanent teeth. Young children may have from zero to eight incisors depending on the stage of their tooth", "title": "Incisor" }, { "id": "177009", "score": "1.6255832", "text": "with the bit. There is an empty interdental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit rests directly on the gums, or \"bars\" of the horse's mouth when the horse is bridled. An estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth. The teeth continue to erupt throughout life and are worn down by grazing. Therefore, the incisors show changes as the horse ages; they develop a distinct wear pattern, changes in tooth shape, and changes in the angle at which the chewing surfaces meet. This allows a very rough estimate of a horse's", "title": "Horse" }, { "id": "177008", "score": "1.6130757", "text": "suitable for their terrain. Horses are adapted to grazing. In an adult horse, there are 12 incisors at the front of the mouth, adapted to biting off the grass or other vegetation. There are 24 teeth adapted for chewing, the premolars and molars, at the back of the mouth. Stallions and geldings have four additional teeth just behind the incisors, a type of canine teeth called \"tushes\". Some horses, both male and female, will also develop one to four very small vestigial teeth in front of the molars, known as \"wolf\" teeth, which are generally removed because they can interfere", "title": "Horse" }, { "id": "11893108", "score": "1.6031553", "text": "uses her vomeronasal organ for early recognition of her neonate lamb. Sheep follow a similar reproductive strategy to other herd animals. A group of ewes is generally mated by a single ram, who has either been chosen by a breeder or (in feral populations) has established dominance through physical contest with other rams. Most sheep are seasonal breeders, although some are able to breed year-round. Ewes generally reach sexual maturity at six to eight months old, and rams generally at four to six months. However, there are exceptions. For example, Finnsheep ewe lambs may reach puberty as early as 3", "title": "Sheep" }, { "id": "3340757", "score": "1.5983838", "text": "animals in 1614. These characters apply especially to llamas. Dentition of adults:-incisors 1/3 canines 1/1, premolars 2/2, molars 3/2; total 32. In the upper jaw is a compressed, sharp, pointed laniariform incisor near the hinder edge of the premaxilla, followed in the male at least by a moderate-sized, pointed, curved true canine in the anterior part of the maxilla. The isolated canine-like premolar which follows in the camels is not present. The teeth of the molar series which are in contact with each other consist of two very small premolars (the first almost rudimentary) and three broad molars, constructed generally", "title": "Lama (genus)" }, { "id": "589988", "score": "1.5956652", "text": "affected by the forage that is grazed. Drought or grazing on sandy country will also affect rate of wear. The following is a guide: The development is quite complete at from five to six years. At that time the border of the incisors has been worn away a little below the level of the grinders. At six years, the first grinders are beginning to wear, and are on a level with the incisors. At eight years, the wear of the first grinders is very apparent. At ten or eleven years, used surfaces of the teeth begin to bear a square", "title": "Cattle age determination" }, { "id": "589975", "score": "1.5954585", "text": "wild forebears never faced. Typical wear patterns in horses include: A horse's incisors, premolars, and molars, once fully developed, continue to erupt as the grinding surface is worn down through chewing. A young adult horse's teeth are typically 4.5–5 inches long, but the majority of the crown remaining below the gumline in the dental socket. The rest of the tooth slowly emerges from the jaw, erupting about 1/8\" each year, as the horse ages. When the animal reaches old age, the crowns of the teeth are very short and the teeth are often lost altogether. Very old horses, if lacking", "title": "Horse teeth" } ]

[ "indira gandhi", "Smt. Indira Gandhi", "Premiership of Indira Gandhi", "mrs gandhi", "Gandhi, Indira Priyadarshini", "indira nehru gandhi", "Indira ghandi", "indira bundghi", "Gandhi, Indira", "Indira Nehru", "इंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांधी", "Indira Nehru Gandhi", "summary of indira gandhi as prime minister", "indira ghandi", "Mrs. Gandhi", "indira priyadarshini gandhi", "gandhi indira priyadarshini", "indira nehru", "Summary of indira gandhi as prime minister", "premiership of indira gandhi", "Indira Ghandi", "Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi", "Indira gandhi", "Indira Gandhi", "Indira Bundghi", "Smt Indira Gandhi", "smt indira gandhi", "gandhi indira" ]

[ { "id": "323491", "score": "1.966213", "text": "minister. Shastri's tenure saw the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Shashtri subsequently died of a reported heart attack in Tashkent, after signing the Tashkent Declaration. After Shastri, Indira Gandhi—Nehru's daughter—was elected as the country's first woman prime minister. Indira's first term in office lasted 11 years, in which she took steps such as nationalization of banks; end of allowances and political posts, which were received by members of the royal families of the erstwhile princely states of British India. In addition, events such as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971; the establishment of a sovereign Bangladesh; accession of Sikkim to India, through", "title": "Prime Minister of India" }, { "id": "203089", "score": "1.9254706", "text": "Indira Gandhi Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (; née Nehru; November 19, 1917 – October 31, 1984), was an Indian politician, stateswoman and a central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was the first and, to date, the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. She served as Prime Minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian Prime Minister after her father. Gandhi served as her father's personal assistant and hostess during", "title": "Indira Gandhi" }, { "id": "323494", "score": "1.9185944", "text": "he had a tenure of 5 months, the shortest in the history of the office. In 1980, after a three-year absence, the Congress returned to power with an absolute majority. Indira Gandhi was elected prime minister a second time. During her second tenure, Operation Blue Star—an Indian Army operation inside the Golden Temple, the most sacred site in Sikhism—was conducted, resulting in reportedly thousands of deaths. Subsequently, on 31 October 1984, Gandhi was shot dead by Satwant Singh and Beant Singh—two of her bodyguards—in the garden of her residence at 1, Safdarjung Road, New Delhi. After Indira, Rajiv—her eldest son", "title": "Prime Minister of India" }, { "id": "9423601", "score": "1.9161537", "text": "the Indian feminist movement has gone beyond treating women as useful members of society and a right to parity, but also having the power to decide the course of their personal lives and the right of self-determination. In 1966 Indira Gandhi became the first female Prime Minister of India. She served as prime minister of India for three consecutive terms (1966–77) and a fourth term from 1980 until she was assassinated in 1984. Mary Roy won a lawsuit in 1986, against the inheritance legislation of her Keralite Syrian Christian community in the Supreme Court. The judgement ensured equal rights for", "title": "Feminism in India" }, { "id": "4606828", "score": "1.8900771", "text": "Women in India now participate fully in areas such as education, sports, politics, media, art and culture, service sectors, science and technology, etc. Indira Gandhi, who served as Prime Minister of India for an aggregate period of fifteen years, is the world's longest serving woman Prime Minister. The Constitution of India guarantees to all Indian women equality (Article 14), no discrimination by the State (Article 15(1)), equality of opportunity (Article 16), equal pay for equal work (Article 39(d)) and Article 42. In addition, it allows special provisions to be made by the State in favour of women and children (Article", "title": "Women in India" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Indira Gandhi\n\nIndira Priyadarshini Gandhi (; \"née\" Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and a central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was elected as third prime minister of India in 1966 and was also the first and, to date, only female prime minister of India. Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. She served as prime minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father.\n\nDuring Nehru's premiership from 1947 to 1964, Gandhi was considered a key assistant and accompanied him on his numerous foreign trips. She was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1959. Upon her father's death in 1964, she was appointed as a member of the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and became a member of Lal Bahadur Shastri's cabinet as Minister of Information and Broadcasting. In the Congress Party's parliamentary leadership election held in early 1966 (upon the death of Shastri), she defeated her rival Morarji Desai to become leader, and thus succeeded Shastri, after his death, as Prime Minister of India.\n\nAs prime minister, Gandhi was known for her political intransigency and unprecedented centralisation of power. She went to war with Pakistan in support of the independence movement and war of independence in East Pakistan, which resulted in an Indian victory and the creation of Bangladesh, as well as increasing India's influence to the point where it became the sole regional power of South Asia. Citing separatist tendencies, and in response to a call for revolution, Gandhi instituted a state of emergency from 1975 to 1977 where basic civil liberties were suspended and the press was censored. Widespread atrocities were carried out during the emergency. In 1980, she returned to power after free and fair elections. After Gandhi ordered military action in the Golden Temple in Operation Blue Star, her own bodyguards and Sikh nationalists assassinated her on 31 October 1984.\n\nIn 1999, Indira Gandhi was named \"Woman of the Millennium\" in an online poll organised by the BBC. In 2020, Gandhi was named by \"Time\" magazine among the world's 100 powerful women who defined the last century.", "title": "Indira Gandhi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of prime ministers of Pakistan\n\nThe prime minister of Pakistan (, ) is the popularly elected politician who is the chief executive of the Government of Pakistan. The prime minister is vested with the responsibility of running the administration through his appointed federal cabinet, formulating national policies to ensure the safeguard of the interests of the nation and its people through the Council of Common Interests as well as making the decision to call nationwide general elections for the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan.\n\nSince 1947, Pakistan has had eighteen prime ministers, aside from the appointed caretaker prime ministers who were only mandated to oversee the system until the election process was finished. In Pakistan's parliamentary system, the prime minister is sworn in by the president and usually is the chairman or the president of the party or coalition that has a majority in the National Assembly– the lower house of Pakistan Parliament.\n\nAfter the partition of British India on the midnight of 14/15 August 1947, Pakistan followed the British system by creating the post of prime minister based at the Prime Minister's Secretariat. Before the presidential system in 1960, seven prime ministers had served between 1947 until martial law in 1958. In 1971, the office was again revived but ceased to exist shortly. Executive powers and authority was given to the prime minister when the full set of the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated in 1973 but the post was ceased from its effective operations after another martial law in 1977. After the general elections held in 1985, the office came to its existence. and Sharif during 1990–93 and 1997–99.\n\nAfter the general elections held in 2002, Zafarullah Khan Jamali was invited to form his administration as its prime minister. After the Supreme Court of Pakistan's ruling to disqualify Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani in 2012, the business of his administration was looked after by Raja Pervez Ashraf until the caretaker administration was setup under Mir Hazar Khan Khoso.<ref name=\"List\"/><ref name=\"Staesmen\"/>\n\nNurul Amin of the Muslim League had the shortest term, at 13 days. Yousaf Raza Gilani of PPP had the longest consecutive term of 4 years and 86 days. At approximately 9 years and 215 days in total, Nawaz Sharif of PML (N) has been the longest-serving prime minister for a non-consecutive term. Sharif was re-elected for a third non-consecutive term on 5 June 2013, which is a record in the . No prime minister of Pakistan has yet served their full five year term.\n\nThe national politics in Pakistan was mostly dominated by the army department of the Pakistan Armed Forces throughout its history, but it is now dominated by the political parties.<ref name=\"Jamali\" />\n\n", "title": "List of prime ministers of Pakistan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Margaret Thatcher" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Pierre Trudeau" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of the Republic of India (1947–present)" }, { "id": "7385962", "score": "1.8652515", "text": "level, there was a movement to have more women representatives in the Indian Parliament. The Assembly elected Satpathy (then president of the Women's Forum) to the upper house of India's Parliament, where she served two terms. After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister of India in 1966, Satpathy became a Minister attached to the Prime Minister, with her specific portfolio being the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Satpathy returned to Odisha in 1972, due to vacancies caused by Biju Patnaik and others departing from the Congress party, and became the Chief Minister of Odisha. During the Emergency of 25 June 1975", "title": "Nandini Satpathy" }, { "id": "203090", "score": "1.8618399", "text": "his tenure as Prime Minister between 1947 and 1964. She was elected President of the Indian National Congress in 1959. Upon her father's death in 1964 she was appointed as a member of the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and became a member of Lal Bahadur Shastri's cabinet as Minister of Information and Broadcasting. In the Congress Party's parliamentary leadership election held in early 1966 (upon the death of Shastri), she defeated her rival Morarji Desai, to become leader, and thus succeeded Shastri as Prime Minister of India. As Prime Minister, Gandhi was known for her political intransigency and unprecedented centralisation", "title": "Indira Gandhi" }, { "id": "15285065", "score": "1.8317704", "text": "naval sector. She cautioned the government to be careful when dealing with foreign capital and supported linguistic states. After the second Indian General Election in 1957, she became Deputy Minister of State for Home Affairs. In 1962, Alva became the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, thereby becoming the first female to preside over the Rajya Sabha in its history. She served two consecutive terms in Rajya Sabha. Her first term commenced on 19 April 1962 and continued till 2 April 1966. Her second term began with her election to the office of Deputy Chairman on 7 April 1966 and", "title": "Violet Alva" }, { "id": "8327175", "score": "1.8317504", "text": "was the first female Spokesperson of a national political party in India. She has many firsts to her credit as BJPs first female Chief Minister, Union Cabinet Minister, general secretary, Spokesperson, Leader of Opposition and Minister of External Affairs. She is the Indian Parliament's first and the only female MP honoured with the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award. She has contested 11 direct elections from four states. She has served as the President of the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan in Haryana for four years. During the times of Emergency, on 13 July 1975, Sushma Swaraj married Swaraj Kaushal, a peer and fellow advocate", "title": "Sushma Swaraj" }, { "id": "13874223", "score": "1.8228531", "text": "was the first (and only) woman minister of the presidency. Marshall's road in Egmore, Chennai has been renamed after her. In her memory, a postage stamp was issued in 1997. Rukmini Lakshmipathi Rukmini Laxmipathi (also spelled as Rukmani Lakshmipathi, ; 6 December 1892 – 6 August 1951) was an Indian independence activist and politician belonging to the Indian National Congress. She was the first woman to be elected to the Madras Legislature and the first to serve as a minister in the Madras Presidency. Rukmini was born in Madras in an agriculturist family. Her grandfather was the landlord Raja T.", "title": "Rukmini Lakshmipathi" }, { "id": "7380797", "score": "1.8227983", "text": "her reputation as a firm administrator by refusing their demand for a pay hike. She retired from politics in 1971 and remained in seclusion till her death in 1974. Sucheta Kriplani Sucheta Kriplani (née Mazumdar, 25 June 1908 – 1 December 1974) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. She was India's first woman Chief Minister, serving as the head of the Uttar Pradesh government from 1963 to 1967. She was born in Ambala, Punjab (now in Haryana) to a Bengali Brahmo family. She studied at Indraprastha College and Punjab University before becoming a Professor of Constitutional History at Banaras", "title": "Sucheta Kriplani" }, { "id": "203204", "score": "1.8222721", "text": "long time. One of her legacies is supposed to be the systematic corruption of all parts of India's government from the executive to the judiciary due to her sense of insecurity. Although the Maruti Udyog company was first established by Gandhi's son, Sanjay, it was under Indira that the then nationalized company came to prominence. She remains the only woman ever to occupy the office of the Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (; née Nehru; November 19, 1917 – October 31, 1984), was an Indian politician, stateswoman and a central figure of the Indian National Congress.", "title": "Indira Gandhi" }, { "id": "14949624", "score": "1.8198897", "text": "placed her on the ticket for a seat in Khammam which was a stronghold of Communists; Congress had never won an election in that seat in the past. Lakshmi Kantamma won the election. She became a Member of Parliament in 1962. She served as Executive Member of Parliament Committee when Jawaharlal Nehru was the Prime Minister. She was elected to Parliament continuously from 1962 to 1977. During the China War in 1962, she not only learnt rifle shooting but also won 2nd prize. She was a member of Indian delegation from Parliament to visit Australia. In those days women were", "title": "Lakshmi Kantamma" }, { "id": "7380796", "score": "1.8165804", "text": "Lok Sabha in 1967, from Gonda constituency in Uttar Pradesh. Meanwhile, she had also become a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly. From 1960 to 1963, she served as Minister of Labour, Community Development and Industry in the UP government. In October 1963, she became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, the first woman to hold that position in any Indian state. The highlight of her tenure was the firm handling of a state employees strike. This first-ever strike by the state employees continued for 62 days. She relented only when the employees' leaders agreed to compromise. Kriplani kept", "title": "Sucheta Kriplani" }, { "id": "8327174", "score": "1.812922", "text": "on 21 December 2009 and retained this position till May 2014 when in Indian general election, 2014 her party got a major victory. Swaraj has been serving as the Indian Minister of External Affairs under Prime Minister Narendra Modi since May 2014, responsible for implementing the foreign policy of Narendra Modi. She is only the second woman to hold this position after Indira Gandhi. In 1977, she became the youngest ever Cabinet Minister in the country at 25 years of age. In 1979, she became State President of Janata Party, Haryana State at the young age of 27. Sushma Swaraj", "title": "Sushma Swaraj" }, { "id": "2539086", "score": "1.8108686", "text": "Nanda was the Prime Minister of India twice for thirteen days each: the first time after the death of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964, and the second time after the death of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966. Both his terms were uneventful, yet they came at sensitive times because of the potential danger to the country following Nehru's death soon after a war with China in 1962 and Shastri's death after a war with Pakistan in 1965. Nanda died on 15 January 1998 at the age of 99. From 25 November 1997, when former Malawi President Hastings", "title": "Gulzarilal Nanda" }, { "id": "8327169", "score": "1.8082232", "text": "Party (Haryana) in 1979, at the age of 27 years. She was Education Minister of Haryana state in the Bharatiya Janata Party–Lok Dal coalition government during the period of 1987 to 1990. After a tenure in national level politics, in October 1998 she resigned from the Union Cabinet to take over as the first female Chief Minister of Delhi. However, the BJP had lost the Assembly elections because of rising prices and inflation. She resigned from her Assembly seat and returned to national politics. In April 1990, she was elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha and remained there", "title": "Sushma Swaraj" }, { "id": "203093", "score": "1.8023084", "text": "and became the first Prime Minister of the Dominion (and later Republic) of India. She was the only child (a younger brother was born, but died young), and grew up with her mother, Kamala Nehru, at the Anand Bhavan; a large family estate in Allahabad. She had a lonely and unhappy childhood. Her father was often away, directing political activities or incarcerated, while her mother was frequently bed-ridden with illness, and later suffered an early death from tuberculosis. She had limited contact with her father, mostly through letters. Indira was mostly taught at home by tutors, and intermittently attended school", "title": "Indira Gandhi" }, { "id": "203101", "score": "1.7933171", "text": "in 1977, she was such a dominating figure in Indian politics that a Congress party president had coined the phrase \"India is Indira and Indira is India.\" Indira formed her government with Morarji Desai as deputy prime minister and finance minister. At the beginning of her first term as prime minister, Indira was widely criticized by the media and the opposition as a \"Goongi goodiya\" (Hindi word for a dumb doll or puppet) of the Congress party bosses who had got her elected and tried to constrain her. The first electoral test for Indira was the 1967 general elections for", "title": "Indira Gandhi" }, { "id": "203197", "score": "1.7914227", "text": "only people capable of leading them.\" Gandhi had been swept up in the call for Indian independence since she was born in 1917. Thus by 1947 she was already well immersed in politics, and by 1966, when she first assumed the position of prime minister, she had held several cabinet positions in her father's office. Gandhi's advocacy for women's rights began with her help in establishing the Congress Party's Women's Section. In 1956, she wrote in a letter: \"It is because of this that I am taking a much more active part in politics. I have to do a great", "title": "Indira Gandhi" } ]

[ "Witcracker", "Jokesters", "Wit cracker", "court jesters", "court jester", "jestyr", "Wit-cracker", "folly and fool", "fool court jester", "FOOLS", "Wit-crackers", "Court Jester", "jokesters", "Jesters", "Buffoonery", "Buffoons", "Jestyr", "buffoons", "wit crackers", "Buffoon", "Court jesters", "buffoonery", "Folly And Fool", "Wit crackers", "buffoon", "witcrackers", "jester", "Jester", "wit cracker", "jesters", "fools", "Fool (court jester)", "Witcrackers", "witcracker", "Court jester" ]

[ { "id": "9346369", "score": "1.812978", "text": "Yorick Yorick is a character in William Shakespeare's play \"Hamlet\". He is the dead court jester whose skull is exhumed by the First Gravedigger in Act 5, Scene 1, of the play. The sight of Yorick's skull evokes a reminiscence by Prince Hamlet of the man, who apparently played a role during Hamlet’s upbringing: Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio; a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy; he hath borne me on his back a thousand times; and now, how abhorred in my imagination it is! My gorge rises at it. Here hung those lips that I", "title": "Yorick" }, { "id": "11226391", "score": "1.7781537", "text": "Hamlet's famous \"Alas, poor Yorick\" speech. During the Interregnum, all theatres were closed down by the puritan government. However, even during this time playlets known as \"drolls\" were often performed illegally, including one based on the two clowns, called \"The Grave-Makers\", based on Act 5, Scene 1 of \"Hamlet\". He officiates at Ophelia's funeral, and does not give her full Christian burial rights, since the church suspects her death was suicide. Called a \"Priest\" in the First Folio edition of \"Hamlet,\" his speech prefix in the Second Quarto is \"Doct\" for Doctor of Divinity, a Protestant clergyman. Thus, the two", "title": "Characters in Hamlet" }, { "id": "5298211", "score": "1.7509576", "text": "22 year old wife of an East India Company official and sister of Rawson Hart Boddam. Her husband had brought her over here to recuperate from illness. Given both parties were already married, the relationship was regarded as scandalous. The author adopts the pseudonym Parson Yorick, who previously appeared in his two best known novels, \"The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman\" and \"A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy\". In \"Tristram Shandy\" we are told that the parson is related to the famous, fictional jester Yorick whose skull is disinterred in Shakespeare’s \"Hamlet:\" \"It has often come into", "title": "Journal to Eliza" }, { "id": "9346374", "score": "1.7242641", "text": "appears as the skull, there have been scattered portrayals of him as a living man, such as Philip Hermogenes Calderon's painting \"The Young Lord Hamlet\" (1868), which depicts him carrying the child Hamlet on his back, as if being ridden like a horse by the prince. He was portrayed by comedian Ken Dodd in a flashback during the gravedigging scene in Kenneth Branagh's 1996 film \"Hamlet\". Pianist André Tchaikowsky donated his skull to the Royal Shakespeare Company for use in theatrical productions, hoping that it would be used as the skull of Yorick. Tchaikowsky died in 1982. His skull was", "title": "Yorick" }, { "id": "9346370", "score": "1.7222713", "text": "have kissed I know not how oft. Where be your gibes now? Your gambols? Your songs? Your flashes of merriment, that were wont to set the table on a roar? (Hamlet, V.i) It is suggested that Shakespeare may have intended his audience to connect Yorick with the Elizabethan comedian Richard Tarlton, a celebrated performer of the pre-Shakespearian stage, who had died a decade or so before \"Hamlet\" was first performed. The contrast between Yorick as \"a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy\" and his grim remains reflects on the theme of earthly vanity: death being unavoidable, the things", "title": "Yorick" }, { "id": "9346373", "score": "1.695442", "text": "near-anagram of the Greek word 'Kyrios' and thus a reference to the Catholic martyr Edmund Campion. The name was used by Laurence Sterne in his comic novels \"Tristram Shandy\" and \"A Sentimental Journey\" as the surname of one of the characters, a parson who is a humorous portrait of the author. Parson Yorick is supposed to be descended from Shakespeare's Yorick. The earliest printed image of Hamlet holding Yorick's skull is a 1773 engraving by John Hall after a design by Edward Edwards in Bell's edition of Shakespeare's plays. It has since become a common subject. While Yorick normally only", "title": "Yorick" }, { "id": "8934878", "score": "1.6828643", "text": "would raise the question of why it was not he, rather than his uncle, who was elected to succeed to the throne upon the death of King Hamlet. The line about the length of the Gravedigger's career does not appear in the First Quarto of Hamlet; in that text Yorick is said to have been in the ground only twelve years. Furthermore, in Belleforest, possibly one of Shakespeare's sources for the story, it is said that Amleth has \"not attained to man's estate.\" And in the original spelling of the Folio text, one of the two authoritative texts for the", "title": "Prince Hamlet" }, { "id": "8934881", "score": "1.6674092", "text": "has the disadvantage that in the Folio the length of time Yorick has been in the ground is said to be twenty-three years, meaning that he had been dead seven years by the time Hamlet was born. Another theory offered is that the play was originally written with the view that Hamlet was 16 or 17, but since Shakespeare wrote his plays to be performed, and not read, these lines were likely changed so Burbage (who was almost always the protagonist in Shakespeare's plays) could play the role. Below are listed some of the notable acting portrayals of Hamlet. In", "title": "Prince Hamlet" }, { "id": "9346376", "score": "1.6535574", "text": "his final duel with Laertes. In 2008, Tchaikowsky's skull was used by David Tennant in an RSC production of \"Hamlet\" at the Courtyard Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon. It was later announced that the skull had been replaced after it became apparent that news of the skull distracted the audience too much from the play. This was untrue however, and the skull was used as a prop throughout the run of the production after its move to London's West End. Yorick appears as a principal character in the novel \"The Skull of Truth\" by Bruce Coville. Yorick Yorick is a character in William", "title": "Yorick" }, { "id": "6234395", "score": "1.6438158", "text": "not she deserves a Christian burial after having killed herself. When together, the Gravediggers speak mainly in riddles and witty banter regarding death, with the first asking the questions and the second answering. \"and later in the scene:\" Soon, Hamlet enters and engages in a quick dialog with the first Gravedigger. The scene ends with Hamlet's soliloquies regarding the circle of life prompted by his discovery of the skull of his beloved jester, Yorick. The First Clown unearths Yorick's skull, prompting Hamlet to deliver the memorable lines: \"Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio: a fellow of infinite jest, of", "title": "Gravedigger" }, { "id": "17576493", "score": "1.640389", "text": "to Be\" offers the reader the option to play as one of three characters: Hamlet, Ophelia, or Hamlet Sr., King of Denmark. From there the story branches frequently, with some options following the course of the original play and others providing the choice to give up on the quest to kill King Claudius, or to follow other pursuits (Ophelia, for example, is a keen scientist who can invent indoor heating, and King Hamlet, as a ghost, can choose to explore the ocean floor or tame the ghosts of dinosaurs). The choices that follow Shakespeare's play are marked with little \"Yorick", "title": "To Be or Not to Be (book)" }, { "id": "8934876", "score": "1.6306835", "text": "explicit manner. The Gravedigger says that he has been in his profession since the day that Old Hamlet defeated Old Fortinbras, which was \"the very day that young Hamlet was born.\" Then, a little later, he adds that \"I have been sexton here, man and boy, thirty years.\" According to this logic, Hamlet must be thirty years old. Yorick, the dead jester whose skull Hamlet holds during this scene, is said to have been in the earth \"three-and-twenty years,\" which would make Hamlet no more than seven years old when he last rode on Yorick's back. This view of Hamlet's", "title": "Prince Hamlet" }, { "id": "11014936", "score": "1.6167662", "text": "without any reason, when he was about to destroy the house the manager is informed that the real patient was captured somewhere else. Alas! Poor Yorick! Alas! Poor Yorick! is a 1913 American short comedy film featuring Fatty Arbuckle. The film's title is taken from the Shakespeare play \"Hamlet\". The film was both written and directed by Colin Campbell, and was released on April 21, 1913. A mental patient, who in his mind is an amazing actor, escapes from a psychiatric hospital. Every theater manager in town is notified and the first man that causes suspicion is Montgomery Irving, a", "title": "Alas! Poor Yorick!" }, { "id": "11021980", "score": "1.6025574", "text": "after having killed herself. Soon, Hamlet enters and engages in a quick dialogue with the first Gravedigger. The beat ends with Hamlet's speech regarding the circle of life prompted by his discovery of the skull of his father's beloved jester, Yorick. The penultimate scene of the play begins with the two clowns digging a grave for the late Ophelia. They debate whether she should be allowed to have a Christian burial, because she committed suicide. This quickly leads them into a discussion of the impact of politics on the decision, and the two parody lawyer speech. They present Ophelia's case", "title": "The Gravediggers" }, { "id": "10711601", "score": "1.5894039", "text": "work, however, saying of \"Hamlet\": \"I had sworn I would not leave the stage till I had rescued that noble play from all the rubbish of the fifth act. I have brought it forth without the grave-digger's trick, Osrick, & the fencing match.\" Apparently no incongruity was perceived in having Barry and Garrick, in their late thirties, play adolescent Romeo one season and geriatric King Lear the next. 18th century notions of verisimilitude did not usually require an actor to be physically appropriate for a role, a fact epitomized by a 1744 production of \"Romeo and Juliet\" in which Theophilus", "title": "Shakespeare in performance" }, { "id": "178487", "score": "1.5880394", "text": "apparent suicide while digging her grave. Hamlet arrives with Horatio and banters with one of the gravediggers, who unearths the skull of a jester from Hamlet's childhood, Yorick. Hamlet picks up the skull, saying \"alas, poor Yorick\" as he contemplates mortality. Ophelia's funeral procession approaches, led by Laertes. Hamlet and Horatio initially hide, but when Hamlet realizes that Ophelia is the one being buried, he reveals himself, proclaiming his love for her. Laertes and Hamlet fight by Ophelia's graveside, but the brawl is broken up. Back at Elsinore, Hamlet explains to Horatio that he had discovered Claudius's letter with Rosencrantz", "title": "Hamlet" }, { "id": "9346375", "score": "1.5875919", "text": "used during rehearsals for a 1989 RSC production of \"Hamlet\" starring Mark Rylance, but the company eventually decided to use a replica skull in the performance. Musical director Claire van Kampen, who later married Rylance, recalled: Although Tchaikowsky's skull was not used in the performances of this production, its use during rehearsals affected some interpretations and line readings: for example, Rylance delivered the line \"That skull had a tongue in it, and could sing once\" with especial reproach. In this production, Hamlet retained Yorick's skull throughout subsequent scenes, and it was eventually placed on a mantelpiece as a \"talisman\" during", "title": "Yorick" }, { "id": "5273932", "score": "1.5823871", "text": "visits the Count de B**** to acquire a passport. When Yorick notices the count reads \"Hamlet\", he points with his finger at Yorick's name, mentioning that he is Yorick. The count mistakes him for the king's jester and quickly procures him a passport. Yorick fails in his attempt to correct the count, and remains satisfied with receiving his passport so quickly. Yorick returns to Paris, and continues his voyage to Italy after staying in Paris for a few more days. Along the way he decides to visit Maria—who was introduced in Sterne's previous novel, \"Tristram Shandy\"—in Moulins. Maria's mother tells", "title": "A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy" }, { "id": "11014935", "score": "1.5813975", "text": "Alas! Poor Yorick! Alas! Poor Yorick! is a 1913 American short comedy film featuring Fatty Arbuckle. The film's title is taken from the Shakespeare play \"Hamlet\". The film was both written and directed by Colin Campbell, and was released on April 21, 1913. A mental patient, who in his mind is an amazing actor, escapes from a psychiatric hospital. Every theater manager in town is notified and the first man that causes suspicion is Montgomery Irving, a poor actor in disgrace who honestly looks and acts crazy. He applies for the position, but he doesn't understand why he is arrested", "title": "Alas! Poor Yorick!" }, { "id": "9970094", "score": "1.5601197", "text": "his quest for revenge, Walton is determined to let Yorick know that Alicia loves Edmundo and, when he opportunely gets the evidence he needs, he substitutes Edmundo's letter to Alicia for the prop letter and presents it to Yorick during the performance. At this point Yorick is enmeshed in both the play he is presenting and the drama of his own discovery and kills Edmundo on stage before the audience. Finally Shakespeare explains to the audience what has happened: the play cannot go on because Yorick got so involved in his stage role that he killed his rival. Shakespeare also", "title": "Spanish Realist literature" } ]

[ "", "five time", "5 years", "five time", "5 time", "5", "time:years" ]

[ { "id": "164426", "score": "1.7095602", "text": "be held on the same day. There has been a convention since the 1930s that general elections in Britain should take place on a Thursday; the last general election to take place on any other weekday was that of 1931. The five-year limit on the time of a Parliament can be varied by an Act of Parliament implemented by several bodies. This was done during both World Wars; the Parliament elected in December 1910 was prolonged to November 1918, and that elected in November 1935 lasted until June 1945. The House of Lords has an absolute veto on any Bill", "title": "General election" }, { "id": "4904069", "score": "1.6903661", "text": "the United Kingdom were not fixed, being instead set by the government with a minimum notice of 17 working days, the length of a general election campaign. The only legal limitation, under the Parliament Act 1911, was that Parliament could not last longer than five years. As the previous general election was held on 7 June 2001, another election was not required until 7 June 2006. However, governments with safe majorities in the House of Commons sometimes called elections early when seeking a mandate for a change in policy, if they feared that holding the election later would adversely affect", "title": "Pre-election day events of the 2005 United Kingdom general election" }, { "id": "164425", "score": "1.6413407", "text": "Act 2011, the period between one general election and the next is fixed at 5 years, unless the House of Commons passes The term may also be used to refer to elections to any democratically elected body in which all of the members are up for election. Section 2 of the Scotland Act 1998, for example, specifically refers to ordinary elections to the Scottish Parliament as general elections. Originally, British elections took place over a period of several weeks, with individual constituencies holding polling on separate days. The Parliament Act 1911 introduced the requirement that elections in all parliamentary constituencies", "title": "General election" }, { "id": "14185532", "score": "1.6238375", "text": "in Welsh in Wales). United Kingdom general elections are held following a dissolution of Parliament. All the Members of Parliament (MPs) forming the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are elected. Following the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, parliamentary sessions last five years and the only way that an early election can be called is in a vote by a two-thirds majority of the House. Under the Act, dissolution occurs automatically 25 working days before the election (previously, a minimum period of 17 working days applied). At this point, all parliamentary business ends and the role of", "title": "Elections in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "14185535", "score": "1.6233582", "text": "not in government forms Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition. A general election must take place before each parliamentary term begins. Since the maximum term of a parliament is five years, the interval between successive general elections can exceed that period by no more than the combined length of the election campaign and the time for the new parliament to assemble (a total of typically around four weeks). The five years runs from the first meeting of Parliament following the election. After the 2010 general election, the coalition government enacted the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 which set fixed term parliaments of five", "title": "Elections in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of United Kingdom general elections\n\nThis is a list of United Kingdom general elections (elections for the UK House of Commons) since the first in 1802. The members of the 1801–1802 Parliament had been elected to the former Parliament of Great Britain and Parliament of Ireland, before being co-opted to serve in the first Parliament of the United Kingdom, so that Parliament is not included in the table below. There have been 57 general elections held in the UK up to and including the December 2019 election.", "title": "List of United Kingdom general elections" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United Kingdom general election records\n\nThis is an annotated list of notable records from United Kingdom general elections from 1945 onwards (with certain exceptions).\nSection::::Rationale.\nThis article limits itself to records for 1945 and onwards. Prior to 1945, electoral competition in the United Kingdom exhibited features which make meaningful comparisons with modern results difficult.\n\nAmong the most significant were:\n\n\nSince 1945, the evolution of a stable 3-party system has tended to negate each of the above features so that, broadly speaking, elections are more comparable.\n\nIn Northern Ireland, as ever, the pattern of party competition is completely different from that in Great Britain and comparisons remain problematic.\n\nHence, unless otherwise stated records are based on results since the 1945 general election, and earlier exceptional results are listed separately.", "title": "United Kingdom general election records" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Records of prime ministers of the United Kingdom\n\nThe article lists the records of prime ministers of the United Kingdom since 1721.", "title": "Records of prime ministers of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Labour Party (UK)\n\nThe Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom that has been described as an alliance of social democrats, democratic socialists and trade unionists. The Labour Party sits on the centre-left of the political spectrum. In all general elections since 1922, Labour has been either the governing party or the Official Opposition. There have been six Labour prime ministers and thirteen Labour ministries. The party holds the annual Labour Party Conference, at which party policy is formulated.\n\nThe party was founded in 1900, having grown out of the trade union movement and socialist parties of the 19th century. It overtook the Liberal Party to become the main opposition to the Conservative Party in the early 1920s, forming two minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in the 1920s and early 1930s. Labour served in the wartime coalition of 1940–1945, after which Clement Attlee's Labour government established the National Health Service and expanded the welfare state from 1945 to 1951. Under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan, Labour again governed from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1979. In the 1990s, Tony Blair took Labour to the centre as part of his New Labour project which governed under Blair and then Gordon Brown from 1997 to 2010.\n\nThe Labour Party currently forms the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, having won the second-largest number of seats in the 2019 general election. The leader of the party and leader of the opposition is Keir Starmer. Labour is the largest party in the Senedd (Welsh Parliament), being the only party in the current Welsh government. The party is the third-largest in the Scottish Parliament, behind the Scottish National Party and the Scottish Conservatives. Labour is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and holds observer status in the Socialist International. The party includes semi-autonomous London, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish branches; however, it supports the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in Northern Ireland, while still organising there. , Labour has around 450,000 registered members, one of the largest memberships of any party in Europe.", "title": "Labour Party (UK)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United Kingdom by-election records\n\nParliamentary by-elections in the United Kingdom occur when a Member of Parliament (MP) vacates a House of Commons seat (due to resignation, death, disqualification or expulsion) during the course of a parliament.", "title": "United Kingdom by-election records" }, { "id": "9902653", "score": "1.6182256", "text": "duration of a Parliament is currently five years. All period of six years or more between general elections are listed: All period of less than a year between general elections are listed: The longest continuous Conservative government was in office for almost 18 years, between 4 May 1979 and 2 May 1997. The longest continuous Labour government was in office for over 13 years, between 2 May 1997 and 11 May 2010. The longest continuous Liberal government was in office for over 9 years, between 5 December 1905 and 25 May 1915. The longest continuous coalition government was in office", "title": "United Kingdom general election records" }, { "id": "14761968", "score": "1.6171811", "text": "general election of 2005, whilst the general election of 1992 was held on 9 April 1992, and the next general election was not held until 1 May 1997 (5 years and 22 days). Section 3(1) of the Act originally stated that Parliament should be automatically dissolved 17 working days before a polling day of a general election. This was subsequently amended by the Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 to 25 working days. Section 1 of the Act provides for such polling days to occur on the first Thursday in May of the fifth year after the previous general election,", "title": "Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011" }, { "id": "3857491", "score": "1.6159836", "text": "the Royal Prerogative on request of the Prime Minister. It should be noted, however, that the five-year maximum duration in the amended Septennial Act referred to the lifetime of the Parliament, and not to the interval between general elections. For example, the 2010 general election was held five years and one day after the 2005 general election, and the 1992 general election was held on 9 April 1992 and the next general election was not held until 1 May 1997. The reduction in the maximum length of a Parliament was seen as a counterbalance to the new powers granted to", "title": "Parliament Act 1911" }, { "id": "9902654", "score": "1.6125872", "text": "for almost 14 years, between 24 August 1931 and 26 July 1945, although its components changed significantly during that period. Currently, all British Parliamentary elections are invariably held on a Thursday. The last general election not held on a Thursday was the 1931 election, which was held on Tuesday 27 October. Prior to this, it was common to hold general elections on any day of the week (other than Sunday), and until the 1918 general election, polling (and the declaration of results) was held over a period of several weeks. On rare occasions, polling in an individual constituency may be", "title": "United Kingdom general election records" }, { "id": "14761974", "score": "1.6020162", "text": "the petition had passed the threshold of 100,000 signatures, the government response cited the Fixed-term Parliaments Act in its reply, and stated that \"no Government can call an early general election any more anyway\". On 18 April 2017, Prime Minister Theresa May announced her intention to call a general election for 8 June 2017, bringing the United Kingdom's 56th parliament to an end after two years and 32 days. She required two-thirds of the Commons (at least 434 MPs) to support the motion to allow it to pass. Jeremy Corbyn, the Leader of the Opposition and the Labour Party indicated", "title": "Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011" }, { "id": "488584", "score": "1.5951128", "text": "papers, which in turn must be no more than six working days after the next parliament was summoned. Therefore, the latest date the election could have been held on was 22 May 1997 (which happened to be a Thursday). British elections (and referendums) have been held on Thursdays by convention since the 1930s, but can be held on other working days. Prime Minister John Major called the election on Monday 17 March 1997, ensuring the formal campaign would be unusually long, at six weeks (Parliament was dissolved on 8 April). The election was scheduled for 1 May, to coincide with", "title": "1997 United Kingdom general election" }, { "id": "14761973", "score": "1.5920153", "text": "have limited the fixed year terms to four years, backed by Labour, Plaid Cymru, and the SNP, were defeated. However, section 4 of the act postponed the Scottish Parliament election that would have been held on 7 May 2015, moving the election day to 5 May 2016 to avoid it coinciding with the general election in the United Kingdom. In the wake of the Panama Papers scandal, a petition was created on the Parliament petitions website that called for a general election after former British Prime Minister David Cameron revealed that he had had investments in an offshore trust. After", "title": "Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011" }, { "id": "9119622", "score": "1.588783", "text": "place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections). This was the first general election after the law had been changed in 1785 to limit the maximum duration of polling in county elections to fifteen days. Under the old law, the poll could remain open longer. For example, the election for Sussex in 1774 had polls open for 24 days (ignoring Sundays when polling did not take place). It was hoped that the change would reduce the enormous", "title": "1790 British general election" }, { "id": "2579203", "score": "1.5822436", "text": "The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 29 January 1833, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired. At this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days. The general election took place between December 1832 and January 1833.", "title": "1832 United Kingdom general election" }, { "id": "5071944", "score": "1.5794973", "text": "the third-largest since 1945. The result in one constituency, Oldham East and Saddleworth, was subsequently declared void on petition because of illegal practices during the campaign, the first such instance since 1910. The Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, went to Buckingham Palace on 6 April and asked the Queen to dissolve Parliament on 12 April, confirming in a live press conference in Downing Street, as had long been speculated, that the election would be held on 6 May, five years since the previous election on 5 May 2005. The election took place on 6 May in 649 constituencies across the United", "title": "2010 United Kingdom general election" }, { "id": "164427", "score": "1.5666108", "text": "to extend the life of Parliament. In U.S. politics, general elections are elections held at any level (e.g. city, county, congressional district, state) that typically involve competition between at least two parties. General elections occur every two to six years (depending on the positions being filled with most positions good for four years) and include the presidential election, but unlike parliamentary systems the term can also refer to special elections that fill out positions prematurely vacated by the previous office holder (e.g. through death, resignation, etc.). Some parallels can be drawn between the general election in parliamentary systems and the", "title": "General election" }, { "id": "18778685", "score": "1.5621326", "text": "a simple majority and a new government is not formed within 14 days. The next general election is due to take place on 5 May 2022. Under the Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 parliament would be dissolved 25 working days before this date on 28 March 2022. Under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act the prime minister may schedule polling day up to two months after 5 May 2022, subject to approval by both Houses. The Conservative Party manifesto at the 2017 general election proposed repealing the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011. Most candidates are representatives of a political party, which must", "title": "Next United Kingdom general election" }, { "id": "10985812", "score": "1.5611936", "text": "performed dismally in the European parliament elections of 2009, and opinion polls pointed towards a heavy defeat in the event of a general election. The previous two general elections had both been held at four-year intervals, but there would be no general election in 2009. On 6 April 2010, Gordon Brown called a general election for 6 May – with the opinion polls still showing a Conservative lead, although most of the polls showed that a Conservative majority was unlikely, suggesting that Labour could still continue in a minority or coalition government. In the event, the Tories enjoyed the largest", "title": "Opinion polling for the United Kingdom general election, 2010" }, { "id": "3876790", "score": "1.5566621", "text": "place on the first Thursday in May every five years, barring special circumstances. Before the Fixed Terms Parliament Act 2011, a General Election in the UK would follow the dissolution of Parliament by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister of the day. The Prime Minister thus had the power to choose the date of the election. Now, the decision is taken by two-thirds majority of the House of Commons, or is legally determined through the act as the first Thursday in May every 5 years. Thursday has been the customary day to hold elections since the 1930s.", "title": "Election Day (United Kingdom)" }, { "id": "13853298", "score": "1.5545557", "text": "together in three separate live television debates, and be given equal treatment. The debates would be held during three weeks of the election campaign, or over two weeks if there was less than four weeks between the election being called and polling day. Each broadcaster would produce one debate using the same format, ITV first from the North West, Sky from the South/South West, and finally the BBC from the Midlands. Broadcasts would be between 85 and 90 minutes in duration with half focused on a specific theme. There would be no commercial breaks and each debate would take place", "title": "2010 United Kingdom general election debates" } ]

[ "les tringles des sistres tintaient", "escamillo", "Carmen (opera)", "Les tringles des sistres tintaient", "carmen by george bizet", "Escamillo", "Carmen opera", "Carmen by George Bizet", "carmen opera", "carmen", "CARMEN", "Carmen" ]

[ { "id": "12661051", "score": "2.1215677", "text": "is speculated that \"The Gypsies\" was the inspiration for Prosper Mérimée's novella \"Carmen\" written in 1845, on which Georges Bizet's opera \"Carmen\" was based in 1875. Mérimée had read the poem in Russian by 1840 and translated it into French in 1852. The Gypsies (poem) The Gypsies () is a narrative poem by Alexander Pushkin, originally written in Russian in 1824 and first published in 1827. The last of Pushkin's four 'Southern Poems' written during his exile in the south of the Russian Empire, \"The Gypsies\" is also considered to be the most mature of these Southern poems, and has", "title": "The Gypsies (poem)" }, { "id": "12661042", "score": "2.0717223", "text": "The Gypsies (poem) The Gypsies () is a narrative poem by Alexander Pushkin, originally written in Russian in 1824 and first published in 1827. The last of Pushkin's four 'Southern Poems' written during his exile in the south of the Russian Empire, \"The Gypsies\" is also considered to be the most mature of these Southern poems, and has been praised for originality and its engagement with psychological and moral issues. The poem has inspired at least eighteen operas and several ballets. The poem opens with an establishment of the setting in Bessarabia and a colorful, lively description of the activities", "title": "The Gypsies (poem)" }, { "id": "8256171", "score": "1.9192669", "text": "a Gypsy.\" An important source for the material on the Romani people (Gypsies) was George Borrow's book \"The Zincali\" (1841). Another source may have been the narrative poem \"The Gypsies\" (1824) by Alexander Pushkin, which Mérimée would later translate into French prose (Briggs 2008). The novella comprises four parts. Only the first three appeared in the original publication in the October 1, 1845 issue of the \"Revue des Deux Mondes\" (Robinson 1992); the fourth first appeared in the book publication in 1846. Mérimée tells the story as if it had really happened to him on his trip to Spain in", "title": "Carmen (novella)" }, { "id": "12661050", "score": "1.8570781", "text": "Antiquity than to Byron\". Antony Wood suggests that \"The Gypsies\" is a parody of both Rousseau's Noble Savage idea and Byron's verse tales, pointing out that \"Aleko, pursuing the ideal of the Noble Savage, himself comes to present the spectacle of an noble citizen.\" John Bayley argues that \"The Gypsies\" \"shows the problem of a poet as naturally classical as Pushkin in an epoch fashionably and self-consciously romantic.\" Boris Gasparov estimates that \"The Gypsies\" has inspired some eighteen operas and half a dozen ballets, including Sergei Rachmaninoff's \"Aleko\" (1893), Ruggero Leoncavallo's \"Zingari\" (1912), and Vasily Kalafati's \"Gypsies\" [\"Tsygany\"] (1941). It", "title": "The Gypsies (poem)" }, { "id": "487805", "score": "1.8570251", "text": "of having found my path\". The subject of the projected work was a matter of discussion between composer, librettists and the Opéra-Comique management; Adolphe de Leuven, on behalf of the theatre, made several suggestions that were politely rejected. It was Bizet who first proposed an adaptation of Prosper Mérimée's novella \"Carmen\". Mérimée's story is a blend of travelogue and adventure yarn, possibly inspired by the writer's lengthy travels in Spain in 1830, and had originally been published in 1845 in the journal \"Revue des deux Mondes\". It may have been influenced in part by Alexander Pushkin's 1824 poem \"The Gypsies\",", "title": "Carmen" }, { "id": "7160794", "score": "1.8289206", "text": "the future. Aleko (Rachmaninoff) Aleko () is the first of three completed operas by Sergei Rachmaninoff. The Russian libretto was written by Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko and is an adaptation of the poem \"The Gypsies\" by Alexander Pushkin. The opera was written in 1892 as a graduation work at the Moscow Conservatory, and it won the highest prizes from the conservatory judges that year. It was first performed in Moscow 19 May 1892. The Bolshoi Theatre's premiere took place on 9 May (O.S. 27 April) 1893 in Moscow. The composer conducted another performance in Kiev on 18/30 October 1893. (Tchaikovsky had attended", "title": "Aleko (Rachmaninoff)" }, { "id": "7160788", "score": "1.8282775", "text": "Aleko (Rachmaninoff) Aleko () is the first of three completed operas by Sergei Rachmaninoff. The Russian libretto was written by Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko and is an adaptation of the poem \"The Gypsies\" by Alexander Pushkin. The opera was written in 1892 as a graduation work at the Moscow Conservatory, and it won the highest prizes from the conservatory judges that year. It was first performed in Moscow 19 May 1892. The Bolshoi Theatre's premiere took place on 9 May (O.S. 27 April) 1893 in Moscow. The composer conducted another performance in Kiev on 18/30 October 1893. (Tchaikovsky had attended the Moscow", "title": "Aleko (Rachmaninoff)" }, { "id": "12661049", "score": "1.7937231", "text": "сыны!... / И под издранными шатрами / Живут мучительные сны.] (ll.562–565) \"The Gypsies\" is the last of Pushkin's \"Southern Poems\", and is usually considered to be the most mature and sophisticated of these works. The \"Southern Poems\" are indebted to Byron: they use exotic and orientalized settings, rapid transitions, and chart sexual and military conquest. However, critics agree that \"The Gypsies\", while inheriting much from the Byronic tradition, also strives to move away from it. Michael Wachtel argues that \"the grim, fatalistic acceptance of life as a tragedy and of individual experience as endless repetition brings the work closer to", "title": "The Gypsies (poem)" }, { "id": "12661043", "score": "1.7836624", "text": "of a gypsy camp there: The poem is written almost exclusively in iambic tetrameter, and this regular metre is established from the outset: Once the scene is set, the characters are introduced: an old man is waiting for his daughter Zemfira to return home while his dinner grows cold. When she arrives, she announces that she has brought home with her a man, Aleko, who has fled the city because the law is pursuing him. At this point the narrative style changes: the omniscient narrator steps aside and the majority of the rest of the poem takes the form of", "title": "The Gypsies (poem)" }, { "id": "1402254", "score": "1.7802176", "text": "work, \"La Guzla\". Ostensibly it was a collection of poems from the ancient Adriatic province of Illyria (modern Croatia), and it was published under another assumed name, Hyacinthe Maglanovich. The poems were highly romantic, filled with phantoms and werewolves. Mérimée drew upon many historic sources for his picturesque and gothic portrait of the Balkans, including a tale about vampires taken from the writings of the 18th-century French monk Dom Calmet. These poems, published in literary journals, were widely praised both in France and abroad. The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin had translated some of the poems in the book into Russian", "title": "Prosper Mérimée" }, { "id": "12661044", "score": "1.7752478", "text": "a dialogue, following the tradition of closet drama. The Old Man and Zemfira welcome Aleko, but he retains lingering doubts about the possibility of happiness at the Gypsy camp: Aleko is established as a Romantic hero: the narrator describes him as a tormented victim of passion and sounds an ominous note that his passions will return. Zemfira asks Aleko if he misses the splendor of his homeland, but he responds that his only desire is to spend his life with her in voluntary exile. (ll.174–176). The Old Man warns that although Aleko loves the Gypsy life, this feeling may not", "title": "The Gypsies (poem)" }, { "id": "12063446", "score": "1.7745011", "text": "31, 1828 night at Bolshoy stage for the benefit of Mikhail Shchepkin featured \"The Robbers\" by Friedrich Schiller, a single-act French opera, and a \"vaudeville ballet by Alexander Shakhovskoy in rhyme and free verse with machines, flooding of the entire theatre, diverse dancing and music compiled from folk songs\". In the second quarter of the century native Russian plays gradually increased their share. Maly performances included works by Vasily Zhukovsky, Alexander Griboyedov (\"Woe from Wit\" 1831 featuring both Shchepkin and Pavel Mochalov). Alexander Pushkin (\"Ruslan and Ludmila\" 1825, \"The Fountain of Bakhchisaray\" 1827, \"The Gypsies\" 1832) and lesser known, now", "title": "Maly Theatre (Moscow)" }, { "id": "1315567", "score": "1.7687616", "text": "\"picturesque music.\" In this Glinka was influenced by French composer Hector Berlioz, whom he met in the summer of 1844. At least three of the Five fully embraced the symphonic poem. Mily Balakirev's \"Tamara\" (1867–82) richly evokes the fairy-tale orient and, while remaining closely based on the poem by Mikhail Lermontov, remains well-paced and full of atmosphere. Balakirev's other two symphonic poems, \"In Bohemia\" (1867, 1905) and \"Russia\" (1884 version) lack the same narrative content; they are actually looser collections of national melodies and were originally written as concert overtures. Macdonald calls Modest Mussorgsky's \"Night on Bald Mountain\" and Alexander", "title": "Symphonic poem" }, { "id": "632678", "score": "1.7452668", "text": "in Time of Plague\", and \"The Captain's Daughter\"; Tchaikovsky's \"Mazeppa\"; Rachmaninoff's one-act operas \"Aleko\" (based on \"The Gypsies\") and \"The Miserly Knight\"; Stravinsky's \"Mavra\", and Nápravník's \"Dubrovsky\". Additionally, ballets and cantatas, as well as innumerable songs, have been set to Pushkin's verse (including even his French-language poems, in Isabelle Aboulker's song cycle \"Caprice étrange\"). Suppé, Leoncavallo and Malipiero have also based operas on his works. \"The Desire of Glory\", which has been dedicated to Elizaveta Vorontsova, was set to music by David Tukhmanov ), as well as \"Keep Me, Mine Talisman\" – by Alexander Barykin ) and later by Tukhmanov.", "title": "Alexander Pushkin" }, { "id": "306059", "score": "1.7355707", "text": "opera came with Mikhail Glinka and his two great operas \"A Life for the Tsar\" (1836) and \"Ruslan and Lyudmila\" (1842). After him, in the 19th century in Russia, there were written such operatic masterpieces as \"Rusalka\" and \"The Stone Guest\" by Alexander Dargomyzhsky, \"Boris Godunov\" and \"Khovanshchina\" by Modest Mussorgsky, \"Prince Igor\" by Alexander Borodin, \"Eugene Onegin\" and \"The Queen of Spades\" by Pyotr Tchaikovsky, and \"The Snow Maiden\" and \"Sadko\" by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. These developments mirrored the growth of Russian nationalism across the artistic spectrum, as part of the more general Slavophilism movement. In the 20th century, the", "title": "Opera" }, { "id": "9390026", "score": "1.7330871", "text": "Before it was published in 1820, Pushkin was exiled to the south of Russia for political ideas he had expressed in other works such as his ode to \"Freedom” (вольность). A slightly revised edition was published in 1828. The poem was the basis of an opera of the same name composed by Mikhail Glinka between 1837 and 1842. A feature film based on the poem was produced in the Soviet Union in 1972, directed by Aleksandr Ptushko and starring Valeri Kozinets and Natalya Petrova as the title characters. Other film versions include a 1915 silent produced by the Russian production", "title": "Ruslan and Ludmila" }, { "id": "3173711", "score": "1.7321163", "text": "new production double bill of two operas that both premiered in May 1892, \"Aleko\" (a New York premier; composed by Sergei Rachmaninoff, an adaptation of Alexander Pushkin's poem \"The Gypsies\") and \"Pagliacci\" (by Ruggero Leoncavallo). They were directed by Lev Pugliese, with conductor James Meena leading the NYCO Orchestra, at Rose Theater at Jazz at Lincoln Center's Rose Hall. Bass Stefan Szkafarowsky made his NYCO debut in the title role of Aleko, and \"Pagliacci\" featured tenor Francesco Anile in his NYCO debut as Canio. Anthony Tommasini of \"The New York Times\" wrote that \"the performance offered animated, if sometimes scrappy,", "title": "New York City Opera" }, { "id": "7160790", "score": "1.7232795", "text": "Center's Rose Hall with a double bill of \"Aleko\" and \"Pagliacci\", an opera that also premiered in May 1892. James Meena conducted and Stefan Szkafarowsky sang the title role. A band of gypsies has pitched its tents for the night on the bank of a river. Beneath a pale moon, they light campfires, prepare a meal and sing of the freedom of their nomadic existence. An old gypsy tells a story. Long ago, he loved Mariula who deserted him for another man, leaving behind Zemfira, their daughter. Zemfira is now grown up, has her own child, and lives with Aleko,", "title": "Aleko (Rachmaninoff)" }, { "id": "12661045", "score": "1.7216294", "text": "last forever, and tells a story of a man that he knew who spent his entire life with the Gypsies but who eventually pined for his homeland and asked to be buried there. (ll.181–216). This is thought to be a reference to the Roman poet Ovid, who was banished to Tomis in 8 AD. Two years pass (l.225) and Aleko remains with Zemfira in the Gypsy camp. However, Zemfira begins to sing a love song about an adulterous affair which shocks and scares Aleko (ll.259–266). At this point the poem switches from iambic tetrameter and is less consistent with fewer", "title": "The Gypsies (poem)" }, { "id": "5284641", "score": "1.7183127", "text": "Alexander Dargomyzhsky Alexander Sergeyevich Dargomyzhsky () () was a 19th-century Russian composer. He bridged the gap in Russian opera composition between Mikhail Glinka and the later generation of The Five and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Dargomyzhsky was born in Troitsko village, Belyovsky District, Tula Governorate, and educated in Saint Petersburg. He was already known as a talented musical amateur when in 1833 he met Mikhail Glinka and was encouraged to devote himself to composition. His opera \"Esmeralda\" (libretto by composer, based on Victor Hugo's \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\") was composed in 1839 (performed 1847), and his \"Rusalka\" was performed in", "title": "Alexander Dargomyzhsky" } ]

[ "sacking and sack manufacture", "BAG", "Sacking and Sack Manufacture", "Bag", "bag" ]

[ { "id": "19511504", "score": "1.4302158", "text": "When the reticule first appeared, it was made of netting. As time went by, they were made from all kinds of fabrics, including velvet, silk, and satin. A reticule usually had a drawstring closure at the top and was carried over the arm on a cord or chain. Reticules were made in a variety of styles and shapes and sometimes trimmed with embroidery or beading. Women often made their own reticules. Reticule (handbag) A reticule, also known as a ridicule or indispensable, was a type of small handbag, similar to a modern evening bag, used mainly from 1795 to 1820.", "title": "Reticule (handbag)" }, { "id": "19511503", "score": "1.4276586", "text": "Reticule (handbag) A reticule, also known as a ridicule or indispensable, was a type of small handbag, similar to a modern evening bag, used mainly from 1795 to 1820. According to the American Heritage Dictionary, the name \"reticule\" came from the French \"réticule\", which in turn came from the Latin \"reticulum\", a diminutive of \"rete\", or \"net\". The reticule became popular with the advent of Regency fashions in the late 18th century. Previously, women had carried personal belongings in pockets tied around the waist, but the columnar skirts and thin fabrics that had come into style made pockets essentially unusable.", "title": "Reticule (handbag)" }, { "id": "450353", "score": "1.3527815", "text": "specifically targeted such establishments in their efforts to stop gambling, drinking, and prostitution. Brass bands and 'The Bandstand' became popular in the Victorian era. The band stand was a simple construction that not only created an ornamental focal point, but also served acoustic requirements whilst providing shelter from the changeable British weather. It was common to hear the sound of a brass band whilst strolling through parklands. At this time musical recording was still very much a novelty. The Victorian era marked the golden age of the British circus.Astley's Amphitheatre in Lambeth, London, featuring equestrian acts in a 42-foot wide", "title": "Victorian era" }, { "id": "12380159", "score": "1.3467088", "text": "dating to 1766. However, the shift of the waistline to just below the bust (the Empire waistline), as well as the growing fashion for sheer fabrics such as cotton and muslin, meant that the tied pockets no longer fit under fashionable clothing. This led to the invention of the reticule (often referred to in early fashion texts as a 'ridicule', from the French), of which the museum has many examples. Reticules are usually small, as upper-class women were not expected to carry very much: sometimes not much more than a handkerchief and a bottle of smelling salts. In an era", "title": "Museum of Bags and Purses" }, { "id": "3173240", "score": "1.3269838", "text": "Reticle A reticle, or reticule (), also known as a graticule (), is a pattern of fine lines or markings built into the eyepiece of a sighting device, such as a telescopic sight in a telescope, a microscope, or the screen of an oscilloscope, to provide measurement references during visual examination. Today, engraved lines or embedded fibers may be replaced by a computer-generated image superimposed on a screen or eyepiece. Both terms may be used to describe any set of lines used for optical measurement, but in modern use \"reticle\" is most commonly used for gunsights and such, while \"graticule\"", "title": "Reticle" }, { "id": "5904767", "score": "1.3012536", "text": "slide bracelets. Even old stick pin heads were mounted on \"blank slides\" to add into these bracelets. Victorian slide bracelet The Victorian slide bracelet was a fashion accessory formerly worn by many women in 19th century England. Before the creation of the wrist watch, Victorian women wore their time piece on a neck chain that stayed in place with a decorative station that supported the watch (just under it). With a variety of these \"stations\" to wear with different outfits, they needed some use for all that jewelry after the wrist watch came into fashion. The various pieces were lined", "title": "Victorian slide bracelet" }, { "id": "4094772", "score": "1.2993065", "text": "not be bulky or untidy in appearance, so \"reticules\" were designed. Reticules were made of fine fabrics like silk and velvet, carried with wrist straps. First becoming popular in France, they crossed over into Britain, where they became known as \"indispensables.\" Men, however, did not adopt the trend. They used purses and pockets, which became popular in men's trousers. The modern purse, clutch, pouch or handbag came about in England during the Industrial Revolution, in part due to the increase in travel by railway. In 1841 the Doncaster industrialist and confectionery entrepreneur Samuel Parkinson (of butterscotch fame) ordered a set", "title": "Handbag" }, { "id": "13122805", "score": "1.2969017", "text": "suppressing demonstrations and riots organised by political movements such as the Chartists, or those that occurred as the result of industrial or agrarian poverty and unrest. Units deployed to such duty often became demoralised through being quartered in public houses where drink was freely available, while the prestige of the army suffered. Cavalry (usually referred to generically as \"Dragoons\") were suited to suppressing widely scattered disturbances by agricultural labourers in the countryside and became especially hated. Such duties were one reason for the very long enlistments of British soldiers, so that many years of drill and discipline prevented them sympathising", "title": "British Army during the Victorian Era" }, { "id": "5904766", "score": "1.2954519", "text": "Victorian slide bracelet The Victorian slide bracelet was a fashion accessory formerly worn by many women in 19th century England. Before the creation of the wrist watch, Victorian women wore their time piece on a neck chain that stayed in place with a decorative station that supported the watch (just under it). With a variety of these \"stations\" to wear with different outfits, they needed some use for all that jewelry after the wrist watch came into fashion. The various pieces were lined up on a 6 or 7 inch double chain with little gold balls for spacing them called", "title": "Victorian slide bracelet" }, { "id": "1345393", "score": "1.2887063", "text": "1884 Reform Acts as \"perhaps less objectionable than he had expected—succeeding, through his public persona, in mitigating some part of its nastiness.\" The Victorian era is famous for the Victorian standards of personal morality. Historians generally agree that the middle classes held high personal moral standards (and usually followed them), but have debated whether the working classes followed suit. Moralists in the late 19th century such as Henry Mayhew decried the slums for their supposed high levels of cohabitation without marriage and illegitimate births. However, new research using computerized matching of data files shows that the rates of cohabitation then", "title": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" }, { "id": "450362", "score": "1.283498", "text": "were improving technology. Britain was the leading world centre for advanced engineering and technology. Its engineering firms were in worldwide demand for designing and constructing railways. A central development during the Victorian era was the improvement of communication. The new railways all allowed goods, raw materials, and people to be moved about, rapidly facilitating trade and industry. The financing of railways became an important specialty of London's financiers. The railway system led to a reorganisation of society more generally, with \"railway time\" being the standard by which clocks were set throughout Britain; the complex railway system setting the standard for", "title": "Victorian era" }, { "id": "3173248", "score": "1.2819743", "text": "Gunsight). Red is the most common color used, as it is the least destructive to the shooter's night vision, but some products use green or yellow illumination, either as a single colour or changeable via user selection. A graticule is another term for reticle, frequently encountered in British and British military technical manuals, and came into common use during World War One. The reticle may be located at the front or rear focal plane (First Focal Plane (FFP) or Second Focal Plane (SFP)) of the telescopic sight. On fixed power telescopic sights there is no significant difference, but on variable", "title": "Reticle" }, { "id": "6289618", "score": "1.2781936", "text": "recitals. When the Panopticon closed in 1856 to become a theatre, the organ was sold to St Pauls Cathedral. Royal Panopticon The Royal Panopticon of Science and Art was one of the grand social institutions and architectural splendours of Victorian London, that is now lost. It was given a Royal Charter in 1850 and in July 1851 a lease was taken out on a premium site for 60 years, and building could commence. The Panopticon was built on the eastern side of Leicester Square, opening on 18 March 1854. As a showcase venue for the very best achievements in Science", "title": "Royal Panopticon" }, { "id": "2798115", "score": "1.2744498", "text": "recognition in Europe of the new forces emerging in North American architecture. Efforts to preserve landmarks of Victorian architecture are ongoing and are often led by the Victorian Society. A recent campaign the group has taken on is the preservation of Victorian gasometers after utility companies announced plans to demolish nearly 200 of the now-outdated structures. Victorian architecture Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century. \"Victorian\" refers to the reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901), called the Victorian era, during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction. However, many elements", "title": "Victorian architecture" }, { "id": "450335", "score": "1.2682395", "text": "nonconformists and Roman Catholics, and above all, the reform of Parliament and elections to introduce democracy and replace the old system whereby senior aristocrats controlled dozens of seats in parliament.< Religion was a battleground during this era, with the Nonconformists fighting bitterly against the established status of the Church of England, especially regarding education and access to universities and public office. Penalties on Roman Catholics were mostly removed. The Vatican restored the English Catholic bishoprics in 1850 and numbers grew through conversions and immigration from Ireland. Secularism and doubts about the accuracy of the Old Testament grew as the scientific", "title": "Victorian era" }, { "id": "18157075", "score": "1.2643213", "text": "a lack of historical scholarship and was interesting in its own right, being the high-Victorian stage marked by a focus upon 'thought', 'work' and 'progress' and a belief in British institutions after the negotiation of the cataclysms and challenges of 1848. The chapters are as follows: Victorian People Victorian People: A Reassessment of Persons and Themes, 1851-1867 is a book by the historian Asa Briggs originally published in 1955. It is part of a trilogy that also incorporates \"Victorian Cities\" and \"Victorian Things\". Briggs's analysis spans a relatively short part of the Victorian era, encompassing the period between the Great", "title": "Victorian People" }, { "id": "12380160", "score": "1.2587943", "text": "of footmen and maidservants, aristocratic women could rely on others to carry their jackets and outdoor shoes, and most women 'bought' things on credit, meaning they rarely carried money. The earliest reticules bear a close relation in shape to the tied pocket, but as can be seen in the museum's nineteenth-century display, styles and fashions changed rapidly throughout the period. Reticules continued to be used up until the 1930s, and the museum has an extensive collection of beaded evening bags from the 1920s that share many similarities with bags from a century before. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution,", "title": "Museum of Bags and Purses" }, { "id": "2474004", "score": "1.2537457", "text": "Retinue A retinue is a body of persons \"retained\" in the service of a noble, royal personage, or dignitary, a \"suite\" (literal French meaning: what follows) of \"retainers\". The word, recorded in English since circa 1375, stems from Old French \"retenue\", itself from \"retenir\", from the Latin \"retenere\": to hold back or retain. Such retainers were not necessarily in the domestic service or otherwise normally close to the presence of their lord, but also include others who wore his livery (a kind of uniform, in distinctive colours) and claimed his protection, such as musicians and private teachers. Some were a", "title": "Retinue" }, { "id": "5743850", "score": "1.2526366", "text": "Victorian house In Great Britain and former British colonies, a Victorian house generally means any house built during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901). During the Industrial Revolution, successive housing booms resulted in the building of many millions of Victorian houses which are now a defining feature of most British towns and cities. In the UK, Victorian houses follow a wide range of architectural styles. Starting from the early classicism inherited from Regency architecture, the Italianate style gained influence in the 1820 and 1850s, and the Gothic Revival style became prevalent by the 1880s. Later in the Victorian era, the", "title": "Victorian house" }, { "id": "13122799", "score": "1.2507877", "text": "Rifle regiments used the Brunswick Rifle, which was first adopted in 1836 and was criticised for its lack of accuracy and difficulty of use, particularly when fouled. At the start of the Victorian Era, the artillery and engineers were controlled by the Board of Ordnance rather than the War Office, which resulted in wasteful duplication of equipment and paperwork. However, the ethos of the officers of both corps, who did not pay for their commissions but were required to pass a course at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, was very different to those of the infantry and cavalry. The artillery", "title": "British Army during the Victorian Era" } ]

[ "colour green", "color green", "Greenest", "Green (color)", "List of terms associated with the color green", "greenest", "pastel green", "list of terms associated with color green", "(0, 255, 0)", "Greenishness", "Rgb(0, 255, 0)", "avacado color", "Avacado (color)", "Pastel green", "green", "greenishness", "greenness", "greenishly", "Green", "0 255 0", "rgb 0 255 0", "The colour green", "Green (colour)", "Greenishly", "Greenness", "green colour", "The color green", "green color" ]

[ { "id": "11009886", "score": "1.6272826", "text": "using green on a university website, they are encouraged to use Castleton green. It is prominently used for representing Castleton's athletic teams, the Castleton Spartans. \"Celadon\" is a pale greyish shade of green. According to dictionary.com, this pale green color can be traced to French literature of the 17th century. \"Celadon\" was the name of a character who wore green clothes in Honoré d'Urfé's novel \"L’Astree\". A glaze of this color is commonly used in Chinese and Korean pottery. It is normally associated with a pale sea-green pigment though the style originally was made with much darker pigments. The pale", "title": "Shades of green" }, { "id": "2748124", "score": "1.5070628", "text": "of its attraction. Celadon continued to be produced in China at a lower level, often with a conscious sense of reviving older styles. In Korea the celadons produced under the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392) are regarded as the classic wares of Korean porcelain. The celadon colour is classically produced by firing a glaze containing a little iron oxide at a high temperature in a reducing kiln. The materials must be refined, as other chemicals can alter the color completely. Too little iron oxide causes a blue colour (sometimes a desired effect), and too much gives olive and finally black; the right", "title": "Celadon" }, { "id": "2748128", "score": "1.4819044", "text": "glazes can be produced in a variety of colors, including white, grey, blue and yellow, depending on several factors: 1) the thickness of the applied glaze, 2) the type of clay to which it is applied, 3) the exact chemical makeup of the glaze, 4) the firing temperature 5) the degree of reduction in the kiln atmosphere and 6) the degree of opacity in the glaze. The most famous and desired shades range from a very pale green to deep intense green, often meaning to mimic the green shades of jade. The main color effect is produced by iron oxide", "title": "Celadon" }, { "id": "11009887", "score": "1.4617887", "text": "green pigment came from the artisans who used specific clays and potting techniques to create the style now associated with the name. It was most commonly used in Chinese, Korean and Japanese art and spread to the other Asian cultures. Celadon, as it is known by the west, or \"qingci\", is an ancient type of Chinese glaze that was particularly favored at the Song court. These pots have blue-green glazes and are made in elegant shapes and were produced in kilns from all over China. Korean celadon pottery has been described by ancient Chinese artisans as having a quiet elegance", "title": "Shades of green" }, { "id": "2748131", "score": "1.4557948", "text": "the capital moved to the south and the northern kilns declined. This had bluish, blue-green, and olive green glazes and the bodies increasingly had high silica and alkali contents which resembled later porcelain wares made at Jingdezhen and Dehua rather than stonewares. All the wares mentioned above were mostly in, or aiming to be in, some shade of green. Other wares which can be classified as celadons, were more often in shades of pale blue, very highly valued by the Chinese, or various browns and off-whites. These were often the most highly regarded at the time and by later Chinese", "title": "Celadon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Shades of green\n\nVarieties of the color green may differ in hue, chroma (also called saturation or intensity) or lightness (or value, tone, or brightness), or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a green or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. A large selection of these various colors is shown below.", "title": "Shades of green" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Celadon\n\nCeladon () is a term for pottery denoting both wares glazed in the jade green celadon color, also known as greenware or \"green ware\" (the term specialists now tend to use), and a type of transparent glaze, often with small cracks, that was first used on greenware, but later used on other porcelains. Celadon originated in China, though the term is purely European, and notable kilns such as the Longquan kiln in Zhejiang province are renowned for their celadon glazes. Celadon production later spread to other parts of East Asia, such as Japan and Korea as well as Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand. Eventually, European potteries produced some pieces, but it was never a major element there. Finer pieces are in porcelain, but both the color and the glaze can be produced in stoneware and earthenware. Most of the earlier Longquan celadon is on the border of stoneware and porcelain, meeting the Chinese but not the European definitions of porcelain.\n\nFor many centuries, celadon wares were highly regarded by the Chinese Imperial court, before being replaced in fashion by painted wares, especially the new blue and white porcelain under the Yuan dynasty. The similarity of the color to jade, traditionally the most highly valued material in China, was a large part of its attraction. Celadon continued to be produced in China at a lower level, often with a conscious sense of reviving older styles. In Korea the celadons produced under the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392) are regarded as the classic wares of Korean porcelain.\n\nThe celadon color is classically produced by firing a glaze containing a little iron oxide at a high temperature in a reducing kiln. The materials must be refined, as other chemicals can alter the color completely. Too little iron oxide causes a blue color (sometimes a desired effect), and too much gives olive and finally black; the right amount is between 0.75% and 2.5%. The presence of other chemicals may have effects; titanium dioxide gives a yellowish tinge.", "title": "Celadon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Category:Shades of green" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Longquan celadon\n\nLongquan celadon (龍泉青瓷) is a type of green-glazed Chinese ceramic, known in the West as celadon or greenware, produced from about 950 to 1550. The kilns were mostly in Lishui prefecture in southwestern Zhejiang Province in the south of China, and the north of Fujian Province. Overall a total of some 500 kilns have been discovered, making the Longquan celadon production area one of the largest historical ceramic producing areas in China. \"Longquan-type\" is increasingly preferred as a term, in recognition of this diversity, or simply \"southern celadon\", as there was also a large number of kilns in north China producing Yaozhou ware or other Northern Celadon wares. These are similar in many respects, but with significant differences to Longquan-type celadon, and their production rose and declined somewhat earlier.\n\nCeladon production had a long history at Longquan and related sites, but it was not until the Northern Song (960–1127) period that large-scale production began, and the move of the capital to Hangzhou, close to Longquan, after the start of the Southern Song (1127–1279), was probably important in the great expansion of both quality and production there. Both continued at high levels in the Yuan (1271–1368) and the early part of the Ming (1368–1644) periods. Longquan celadons were an important part of China's export economy for over five hundred years, and were widely imitated in other countries, especially Korea and Japan. Their demise came after they were overtaken in their markets by blue and white porcelain from Jingdezhen.\n\nIn traditional Western terms, most celadons are strictly counted as stoneware, since the fired clay body is usually neither white nor translucent. In the traditional Chinese classification, which divides pottery into low-fired earthenware and high-fired porcelain, they count as porcelain. Compromise terms such as \"porcellanous stoneware\" may be used to describe the pieces, and some Western writers consider the wares should be \"regarded as porcelains\".\n\nThe Longquan celadons were among the finest of a range of celadon wares produced in China, and led stylistic and technical developments. The celadons were produced in a range of shades of colour, centred on olive-green, but extending to greenish blues (regarded as desirable, but less common) and browns. All these colours come from the glaze; the body beneath is sometimes left partly unglazed as part of the decoration, when it fires to a terracotta brown. The wares are hardly ever painted; decoration comes from the vessel shape and carved or incised designs in the body. Shapes were originally mostly simple, allowing the glaze colour to create the main effect of a piece, but in later periods raised decoration was common.", "title": "Longquan celadon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Yaozhou ware\n\nYaozhou ware () is a type of celadon or greenware in Chinese pottery, which was at its height during the Northern Song dynasty. It is the largest and typically the best of the wares in the group of Northern Celadon wares. It is especially famous for the rich effects achieved by decoration in shallow carving under a green celadon glaze which sinks into the depressions of the carving giving contrasts of light and dark shades.\n\nAlthough \"the term Northern Celadon has never been regarded as anything but vague and unsatisfactory\", and the Yaozhou kiln site has been known for a long time, some scholars have felt that the wider term retains its usefulness as an umbrella category and because of the difficulty of distinguishing Yaozhou wares from those of other sites. The most important of these are at Linru and Baofeng in Henan, but their quality is regarded as inferior to Yaozhou, although the bodies are extremely similar, and the range of glaze colours overlap. The \"products are only distinguishable by very small technical differences in the carved wares and of style in the moulded ones\".", "title": "Yaozhou ware" }, { "id": "2122778", "score": "1.4191098", "text": "a dark brown. Both Chinese and Japanese tradition have developed a range of terms to describe the glaze colours and qualities; some of the Japanese ones have the advantage of being anchored to specific pieces in Japan. The term \"kinuta\" (砧青瓷) meaning \"mallet\", probably after a particular mallet vase, represents the most admired blue-green colour from the Song period, and is often used in English, while \"tenryūji\" has a \"a faint yellowish-green tone\", and is from the Yuan and Ming. The \"shickikan\" type is from the middle Ming, after the glaze became more transparent. As with other celadons, for the", "title": "Longquan celadon" }, { "id": "2748133", "score": "1.404813", "text": "in metal in Europe, and exhibited in Kassel in the Landesmuseum. After the development of blue and white porcelain in Jingdezhen ware in the early 14th century, celadon gradually went out of fashion in both Chinese and export markets, and after about 1500 both the quality and quantity of production was much reduced, though there were some antiquarian revivals of celadon glazes on Jingdezhen porcelain in later centuries. Decoration in Chinese celadons is normally only by shaping the body or creating shallow designs on the flat surface which allow the glaze to pool in depressions, giving a much deeper colour", "title": "Celadon" }, { "id": "2122772", "score": "1.4040409", "text": "describe the pieces, and some Western writers consider the wares should be \"regarded as porcelains\". The Longquan celadons were among the finest of a range of celadon wares produced in China, and led stylistic and technical developments. The celadons were produced in a range of shades of colour, centred on olive-green, but extending to greenish blues (regarded as desirable, but less common) and browns. All these colours come from the glaze; the body beneath is sometimes left partly unglazed as part of the decoration, when it fires to a terracotta brown. The wares are hardly ever painted; decoration comes from", "title": "Longquan celadon" }, { "id": "2122775", "score": "1.4032621", "text": "area before firing, where the surface would be flat in the kiln, or by adding a resist of wax or grease before glazing, when the sides of a vase were decorated. The glaze colours vary across a wide spectrum of greyish to blueish greens, with some yellowish browns as well. The colour comes from iron oxide fired in a reducing atmosphere, and the colour varies with the temperature and the strength and timing of the reduction. Longquan celadon was fired in long dragon kilns, brick tunnels rising up a slope, with a series of chambers, and the best results came", "title": "Longquan celadon" }, { "id": "2748127", "score": "1.3998716", "text": "furnace temperature, a preferred range of , and firing in a reducing atmosphere, originated at the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127), at least on one strict definition. The unique grey or green celadon glaze is a result of iron oxide's transformation from ferric to ferrous iron (FeO → FeO) during the firing process. Individual pieces in a single firing can have significantly different colours, from small variations in conditions in different parts of the kiln. Most of the time, green was the desired colour, reminding the Chinese of jade, always the most valued material in Chinese culture. Celadon", "title": "Celadon" }, { "id": "2748122", "score": "1.3968492", "text": "Celadon Celadon is a term for pottery denoting both wares glazed in the jade green celadon color, also known as greenware (the term specialists now tend to use) and a type of transparent glaze, often with small cracks, that was first used on greenware, but later used on other porcelains. Celadon originated in China, though the term is purely European, and notable kilns such as the Longquan kiln in Zhejiang province are renowned for their celadon glazes. Celadon production later spread to other regions in Asia, such as Japan, Korea and Thailand. Eventually, European potteries produced some pieces, but it", "title": "Celadon" }, { "id": "2748123", "score": "1.3900127", "text": "was never a major element there. Finer pieces are in porcelain, but both the color and the glaze can be produced in stoneware and earthenware. Most of the earlier Longquan celadon is on the border of stoneware and porcelain, meeting the Chinese but not the European definitions of porcelain. For many centuries, celadon wares were highly regarded by the Chinese Imperial court, before being replaced in fashion by painted wares, especially the new blue and white porcelain under the Yuan dynasty. The similarity of the color to jade, traditionally the most highly valued material in China, was a large part", "title": "Celadon" }, { "id": "2748126", "score": "1.3883573", "text": "the term is a corruption of the name of Saladin (Salah ad-Din), the Ayyubid Sultan, who in 1171 sent forty pieces of the ceramic to Nur ad-Din Zengi, Sultan of Syria. Yet a third theory is that the word derives from the Sanskrit \"sila\" and \"dhara\", which mean \"green\" and \"stone\" respectively. Celadon glaze refers to a family of usually partly transparent but coloured glazes, many with pronounced (and sometimes accentuated) \"crackle\", or tiny cracks in the glaze produced in a wide variety of colors, generally used on stoneware or porcelain pottery bodies. So-called \"true celadon\", which requires a minimum", "title": "Celadon" }, { "id": "4104384", "score": "1.384558", "text": "\"cobalt turquoise\". Pantone, in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call \"cerulean\", as the \"colour of the millennium\". The source of this colour is the \"Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)\" colour list, colour #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean. This bright tone of cerulean is the colour called \"cerulean\" by Crayola crayons. At right is displayed the colour cerulean frost. \"Cerulean frost\" is one of the colours in the special set of metallic coloured Crayola crayons called Silver Swirls, the colours of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990. Cerulean Cerulean (), also spelled caerulean, is a", "title": "Cerulean" }, { "id": "2748125", "score": "1.3807153", "text": "amount is between 0.75% and 2.5%. The presence of other chemicals may have effects; titanium dioxide gives a yellowish tinge. Pieces made with a celadon glaze are themselves often referred to as \"celadons.\" The term \"celadon\" for the pottery's pale jade-green glaze was coined by European connoisseurs of the wares. One theory is that the term first appeared in France in the 17th century and that it is named after the shepherd Celadon in Honoré d'Urfé's French pastoral romance, \"L'Astrée\" (1627), who wore pale green ribbons. (D'Urfe, in turn, borrowed his character from Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\" V.210.) Another theory is that", "title": "Celadon" }, { "id": "15888299", "score": "1.3596847", "text": "or blue-green\", which in turn probably derives from \"caelulum\", diminutive of \"caelum\", \"heaven, sky\". This color hex triplet has also been designated as \"celadon blue\", after the hue derived from glazing in some Chinese celadon earthenware. \"Charleston green\" is an extremely dark shade of cyan. The color \"Charleston green\" originated after the American Civil War, approximately 1865, when during reconstruction, it was widely used to paint homes in Charleston, South Carolina. At right is displayed the web color dark cyan. Electric blue is a color close to cyan that is a representation of the color of lightning, an electric spark,", "title": "Shades of cyan" }, { "id": "1570098", "score": "1.3461761", "text": "hypothesize occasioned the first production of celadon in Korea. The glaze is an ash glaze with iron colourant, fired in a reduction atmosphere in a modified Chinese-style 'dragon' kiln. The distinctive blue-grey-green of Korean celadon is caused by the iron content of the glaze with a minimum of titanium contaminant, which modifies the color to a greener cast, as can be seen in Chinese Yueh wares. However, the Goryeo potters took the glaze in a different direction than their Chinese forebears; instead of relying solely on underglaze incised designs, they eventually developed the \"sanggam\" technique of inlaying black (magnetite) and", "title": "Goryeo" }, { "id": "4104380", "score": "1.3432004", "text": "Cerulean Cerulean (), also spelled caerulean, is a shade of blue ranging between azure and a darker sky blue. The first recorded use of \"cerulean\" as a colour name in English was in 1590. The word is derived from the Latin word \"caeruleus\", \"dark blue, blue, or blue-green\", which in turn probably derives from \"caerulum\", diminutive of \"caelum\", \"heaven, sky\". \"Cerulean blue\" is the name of a pigment. The pigment was discovered in the late eighteenth century and designated as cerulean blue in the nineteenth century. At right is displayed the colour cerulean blue. In classical times, the word \"caerulum\"", "title": "Cerulean" }, { "id": "2748132", "score": "1.3365138", "text": "connoisseurs, and sometimes made more or less exclusively for the court. These include Ru ware, Guan ware and Ge ware, as well as earlier types such as the \"secret colour\" (\"mi se\") wares, finally identified when the crypt at the Famen Temple was opened. Large quantities of Longquan celadon were exported throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East in the 13th-15th century. Large celadon dishes were especially welcomed in Islamic nations. Since about 1420 the Counts of Katzenelnbogen have owned the oldest European import of celadon, reaching Europe indirectly via the Islamic world. This is a cup mounted", "title": "Celadon" }, { "id": "5871925", "score": "1.3313947", "text": "Celadonite Celadonite is a mica group mineral, a phyllosilicate of potassium, iron in both oxidation states, aluminium and hydroxide with formula: K(Mg,Fe)(Fe,Al)[SiO](OH). It crystallizes in the monoclinic system and usually forms massive aggregates of prismatic crystallites or in dull clay masses. It is soft with a Mohs hardness of 2 and a specific gravity of 3. Typically occurs as dull gray-green to bluish green masses. It forms vesicle fillings and linings in altered basaltic lavas. It was first described in 1847 on Monte Baldo, near Verona, Italy. The name is from the French \"celadon,\" for sea-green. It is one of", "title": "Celadonite" } ]

[ "Paris Peace Conference, 1856", "Baltic theatre of the Crimean War", "cremean war", "Russo-Turkish War, 1853-1856", "Crimean War (1853)", "Crimea War", "baltic campaign of 1854", "Crimean expedition", "War of Crimea", "Crimean War", "russo turkish war 1853 56", "crimean struggle", "Crimean war", "oriental war", "Crimean struggle", "crimean war 1853", "The Crimean War", "Eastern War", "baltic theatre of crimean war", "russian war", "crimean expedition", "war of crimea", "Cremean War", "russo turkish war 1853 1856", "Russian War", "Crim war", "eastern war", "crimean war", "Baltic Campaign of 1854", "crimea war", "crim war", "Russo-Turkish War, 1853-56", "Oriental War", "paris peace conference 1856" ]

[ { "id": "1651933", "score": "1.6996342", "text": "Battle of Balaclava The Battle of Balaclava, fought on 25 October 1854 during the Crimean War, was part of Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55) to capture the port and fortress of Sevastopol, Russia's principal naval base on the Black Sea. The engagement followed the earlier Allied victory in September at the Battle of the Alma, where the Russian General Menshikov had positioned his army in an attempt to stop the Allies progressing south towards their strategic goal. Alma was the first major encounter fought in the Crimean Peninsula since the Allied landings at Kalamita Bay on 14 September, and was a", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "2348472", "score": "1.6831567", "text": "presented to the Highland soldiers at that time than at any other. The event was lionized in the British press and became an icon of the qualities of the British soldier in a war that was arguably poorly managed and increasingly unpopular. The Russian cavalry force of 2,500 was on the road to the Crimean city of Balaclava. About 400 of them were involved in the incident. It was early morning, and the sole force that lay between the oncoming cavalry and the disorganised and vulnerable British camp was the 93rd Regiment. Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde is said to", "title": "The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)" }, { "id": "8833689", "score": "1.6831132", "text": "External Links). Gradually the village moved a mile and a quarter south to its present location at the junction of County Grey Road 20 and Side Road 8. Its name is likely derived from the Crimean War (1853-1856) and the Battle of Balaclava, which occurred on October 25, 1854, and in which many Scottish soldiers died. A school was built in 1862. This building burned shortly thereafter, and classes were held in the Orange Lodge until a new log school was built on the site of the modern school building. Attendance in 1862 averaged 25 students. However, in the early", "title": "Balaclava, Grey County, Ontario" }, { "id": "1651970", "score": "1.6480002", "text": "together with the 550 men of the 93 Highlanders, Barker's W Battery, 100 invalids under Colonel Daveney, and some Ottomans, reinforced by their countrymen from the redoubts who had rallied and formed up alongside them. It was only now that Raglan ordered the British 1st Division under the Duke of Cambridge, and Cathcart's 4th Division, to move into the plain. The 1st Division got away promptly, but when Raglan's staff officer informed Cathcart that the Russians were marching on Balaclava, he at first refused to comply, complaining that his men had only just finished their shift in the trenches before", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "572691", "score": "1.6479521", "text": "base on the south coast. A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854. The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders, who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi. Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell. Rather than 'form square', the traditional method of repelling cavalry, Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line, two men deep. Campbell had", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Battle of Balaclava\n\nThe Battle of Balaclava, fought on 25 October 1854 during the Crimean War, was part of the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55), an Allied attempt to capture the port and fortress of Sevastopol, Russia's principal naval base on the Black Sea. The engagement followed the earlier Allied victory in September at the Battle of the Alma, where the Russian General Menshikov had positioned his army in an attempt to stop the Allies progressing south towards their strategic goal. Alma was the first major encounter fought in the Crimean Peninsula since the Allied landings at Kalamita Bay on 14 September, and was a clear battlefield success; but a tardy pursuit by the Allies failed to gain a decisive victory, allowing the Russians to regroup, recover and prepare their defence.\n\nThe Russians split their forces. Defending within the allied siege lines was primarily the Navy manning the considerable static defenses of the city and threatening the allies from without was the mobile Army under General Menshikov.\n\nThe Allies decided against a slow assault on Sevastopol and instead prepared for a protracted siege. The British, under the command of Lord Raglan, and the French, under Canrobert, positioned their troops to the south of the port on the Chersonese Peninsula: the French Army occupied the bay of Kamiesch on the west coast whilst the British moved to the southern port of Balaclava. However, this position committed the British to the defence of the right flank of the Allied siege operations, for which Raglan had insufficient troops. Taking advantage of this exposure, the Russian General Liprandi, with some 25,000 men, prepared to attack the defences around Balaclava, hoping to disrupt the supply chain between the British base and their siege lines.\n\nThe battle began with a Russian artillery and infantry attack on the Ottoman redoubts that formed Balaclava's first line of defence on the Vorontsov Heights. The Ottoman forces initially resisted the Russian assaults, but lacking support they were eventually forced to retreat. When the redoubts fell, the Russian cavalry moved to engage the second defensive line in the South Valley, held by the Ottoman and the British 93rd Highland Regiment in what came to be known as the \"Thin Red Line\". This line held and repelled the attack; as did General James Scarlett's British Heavy Brigade who charged and defeated the greater proportion of the cavalry advance, forcing the Russians onto the defensive. However, a final Allied cavalry charge, stemming from a misinterpreted order from Raglan, led to one of the most famous and ill-fated events in British military history – the Charge of the Light Brigade.", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Charge of the Light Brigade\n\nThe Charge of the Light Brigade was a failed military action involving the British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War. Lord Raglan had intended to send the Light Brigade to prevent the Russians from removing captured guns from overrun Turkish positions, a task for which the light cavalry were well suited. However, there was miscommunication in the chain of command and the Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault against a different artillery battery, one well prepared with excellent fields of defensive fire. The Light Brigade reached the battery under withering direct fire and scattered some of the gunners, but they were forced to retreat immediately, and the assault ended with very high British casualties and no decisive gains.\n\nThe events were the subject of Alfred, Lord Tennyson's narrative poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (1854), published just six weeks after the event. Its lines emphasise the valour of the cavalry in bravely carrying out their orders, regardless of the nearly inevitable outcome. Responsibility for the miscommunication has remained controversial, as the order was vague and Captain Louis Nolan, who delivered the written orders with some verbal interpretation, was killed in the first minute of the assault.", "title": "Charge of the Light Brigade" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)\n\nThe Thin Red Line was an episode in the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War. In the incident, around 500 men of the 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders), aided by a small force of 100 walking wounded, 40 detached Guardsmen, and supported by a substantial force of Turkish infantrymen, led by Sir Colin Campbell, fired at the Russian cavalry. Previously, Campbell's Highland Brigade had taken part in actions at the Battle of Alma and the Siege of Sevastopol. There were more Victoria Crosses presented to the Highland soldiers at that time than at any other. The event was lionised in the British press and became an icon of the qualities of the British soldier in a war that was arguably poorly managed and increasingly unpopular.", "title": "The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)\n\n\"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" is an 1854 narrative poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. He wrote the original version on 2 December 1854, and it was published on 9 December 1854 in \"The Examiner\". He was the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom at the time. The poem was subsequently revised and expanded for inclusion in \"Maud and Other Poems\" (1855). ", "title": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Order of battle for the Balaclava campaign\n\nThis is the complete order of battle of opposing forces at the Battle of Balaclava.", "title": "Order of battle for the Balaclava campaign" }, { "id": "1651935", "score": "1.647268", "text": "on the Chersonese Peninsula: the French Army occupied the bay of Kamiesch on the west coast whilst the British moved to the southern port of Balaclava. However, this position committed the British to the defence of the right flank of the Allied siege operations, for which Raglan had insufficient troops. Taking advantage of this exposure, the Russian General Liprandi, with some 25,000 men, prepared to attack the defences around Balaclava, hoping to disrupt the supply chain between the British base and their siege lines. The battle began with a Russian artillery and infantry attack on the Ottoman redoubts that formed", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "1651986", "score": "1.6406834", "text": "from C Troop, Royal Horse Artillery under Captain Brandling, whose 24-pounders dissuaded Ryzhov's cavalry from reforming and charging again. The Russians retreated in the direction of the Causeway Heights before halting at the east end of the North Valley. The Charge of the Heavy Brigade had lasted no more than 10 minutes. Ryzhov's cavalry suffered 40–50 killed and over 200 wounded; the British lost 10 killed and 98 wounded. Scarlett's attack had been a remarkable success, yet it could have been a greater victory. When the Heavies attacked, the Earl of Cardigan's Light Brigade was less than 500 yards (~450", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "1651990", "score": "1.6338573", "text": "squadrons of Lancers divided into two bodies: three squadrons on the Fedioukine Heights; three others in a ravine on the side of the Causeway Heights. Raglan was anxious to exploit Scarlett's success and drive the Russians off the Causeway Heights, but Cathcart's and Cambridge's infantry divisions had still not arrived; every minute that passed gave the Russians more time to prepare their defences for the expected British counter-attack. The British commander believed that the enemy had retreated in such disorder that a show of force by his cavalry — in advance of the infantry's arrival – would be enough to", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "1651958", "score": "1.6258843", "text": "every report. But this latest intelligence proved accurate, and early on 25 October, just before 05:00, Liprandi’s troops of the 'Chorgun Detachment' left their camp and marched off in silence towards the Balaclava valleys. The village of Kamara was the most easterly picket for Allied soldiers, providing a useful observation point for Lucan's vedettes. In the dark dawn, a squadron of Russian Cossacks, followed by a host of uhlans, rode slowly towards the village. These troops were the leading elements of Gribbe's force. First to discover that the Russians had moved up under cover of dark was the duty field", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "1651992", "score": "1.6249645", "text": "of the South Valley, perhaps in response to the order 'Advance on two fronts'. Lucan believed he had complied with the order as far as he could until the infantry arrived, but Raglan looked on with growing impatience at his immobile cavalry. It was at this moment when a staff officer (identity unknown) shouted out that the Russians in the redoubts on the Causeway Heights were dragging away the captured British guns. The British infantry divisions were now only minutes away, but only the cavalry could move fast enough and prevent the loss of the guns. With growing impatience Raglan", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "1651973", "score": "1.6197243", "text": "the foot of the Sapouné Heights where they could not be seen by, or engage with, the Russians. The new position placed the Light Brigade near, but to one side, of the mouth of the North Valley; the Heavy Brigade sat on their right. However, 30 minutes after issuing his first order, Raglan now changed his mind and issued his second order at 08:30 – \"Eight squadrons of heavy Dragoons to be detached towards Balaclava to support the Turks who are wavering\". There was no evidence that the Turks formed up alongside the Highlanders were wavering, but Raglan thought they", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "2348471", "score": "1.6116903", "text": "The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava) The Thin Red Line was a military action by the British Sutherland Highlanders 93rd (Highland) Regiment at the Battle of Balaklava on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War. In this incident, around 200 men of the 93rd, aided by a small force of 100 walking wounded, 40 detached Guardsmen, and supported by a substantial force of Turkish infantrymen, led by Sir Colin Campbell, routed a Russian cavalry charge. Previously, Campbell's Highland Brigade had taken part in actions at the Battle of Alma and the Siege of Sevastopol. There were more Victoria Crosses", "title": "The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)" }, { "id": "1651968", "score": "1.6079918", "text": "the guns, rendering them unusable. The Ottoman forces had gained some time for the Allies, but in the end the Turks were forced to abandon the redoubts. By 08:00 the Russians had occupied redoubts 1, 2 and 3, and, considering it too close to the enemy, had razed redoubt No.4. Canrobert had been informed of the Russian attack at about 07:30, and had immediately ridden off to join Raglan. Bosquet, having been aroused by the sound of the cannon, had ordered the 2nd Brigade of the French 1st Division (under General Vinoy) to march towards Balaclava in support of the", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "8191914", "score": "1.5996134", "text": "this day to the ending of the world, But we in it shall be rememberèd; We few, we happy few, we band of brothers.</poem> When the Battle of Balaclava was fought on the 25 October 1854, the coincidence was noticed by contemporaries, who used Shakespeare's words to comment on the battle. The contrast between the two battles, one a complete victory, the other indecisive and notorious for the disastrous Charge of the Light Brigade, has also been noted. The Battle of Shangani (1893) in the First Matabele War was also fought on that date. Several battles of World War II", "title": "Saint Crispin's Day" }, { "id": "1651937", "score": "1.5954046", "text": "Allied cavalry charge, stemming from a misinterpreted order from Raglan, led to one of the most famous and ill-fated events in British military history – the Charge of the Light Brigade. The British and French fleets departed from the Bulgarian port of Varna on 5 September 1854, heading towards Kalamita Bay in the Crimea. By the 14th, the troops began to land; within four days the Allied force of 61,400 infantry, 1,200 cavalry and 137 guns, was ashore. Thirty-three miles (~53 km) to the south of the landing zone, beyond the Bulganak, Alma, Katcha and Belbek rivers, lay the Russian", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "2348475", "score": "1.5949715", "text": "thin red line\", the phrase became a symbol of British composure in battle. The battle is represented in Robert Gibb's 1881 oil painting \"The Thin Red Line\", which is displayed in the Scottish National War Museum in Edinburgh Castle. It is also commemorated in the assembly hall of Campbell's former school, High School of Glasgow, where there is a painting of the action hung in the grand position, a tribute to one of the school's two generals, the other being Sir John Moore who was dismembered by a cannonball during the Peninsular War. \"The Thin Red Line\" has become an", "title": "The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)" }, { "id": "1651936", "score": "1.5946214", "text": "Balaclava's first line of defence on the Vorontsov Heights. The Ottoman forces initially resisted the Russian assaults, but lacking support they were eventually forced to retreat. When the redoubts fell, the Russian cavalry moved to engage the second defensive line in the South Valley, held by the Ottoman and the British 93rd Highland Regiment in what came to be known as the \"Thin Red Line\". This line held and repulsed the attack; as did General James Scarlett's British Heavy Brigade who charged and defeated the greater proportion of the cavalry advance, forcing the Russians onto the defensive. However, a final", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "1651964", "score": "1.5942826", "text": "the artillery duel was a very one sided affair. The heavier Russian guns (some 18-pounders), particularly No.4 battery under Lieutenant Postikov, together with the riflemen of the Ukraine regiment, took their toll on both men and ordnance. Running short of ammunition and taking hits, Maude's troop was forced to retire (Maude himself was severely wounded). Their place taken by two guns from Barker's battery. As the British artillery fire slackened, Semyakin prepared to storm No. 1 redoubt, personally leading the assault together with three battalions of the Azovsky Regiment under Colonel Krudener. \"I waved my hat on both sides,\" recalled", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "1651948", "score": "1.592608", "text": "a covering force along the Sapouné Heights. To Bosquet's north lay the camp of the British 1st Division, and beyond this De Lacy Evans' 2nd Division guarding the extreme right of the Allied line with the Inkerman Heights to its front and the Chernaya Valley to its right. The port of Balaclava lay outside the main Allied perimeter and had to be provided with a defensive system of its own. The Vorontsov Road ran down from the Sapouné Heights along a ridge, running east–west, known as the Causeway Heights, dividing the plain into two sections – the North Valley and", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" }, { "id": "1651966", "score": "1.5849075", "text": "been a witness to the start of the battle, confessing, 'Our treatment of the Turks was unfair … ignorant as we were that the Turkish in No.1 redoubt lost more than a fourth of their number ere they abandoned it to the enemy'. Later Lucan and Campbell too acknowledged the firmness with which the assault on No 1 redoubt, which was not visible from their vantage point, had been resisted; it was not until this had been overwhelmed did the defenders abandon redoubts 2, 3 and 4. Of the estimated 2,500 Russians who took part in the assault the Azovsky", "title": "Battle of Balaclava" } ]

[ "digital collage", "collagist", "Collage", "Collaging", "collage", "Digital Collage", "Digital collage", "Collages", "Collagist", "collages", "inimage", "collagic", "collaging", "Collagic", "Inimage" ]

[ { "id": "12358713", "score": "1.46608", "text": "Collage Collage (from the , \"to glue\"; ) is a technique of an art production, primarily used in the visual arts, where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. A collage may sometimes include magazine and newspaper clippings, ribbons, paint, bits of colored or handmade papers, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs and other found objects, glued to a piece of paper or canvas. The origins of collage can be traced back hundreds of years, but this technique made a dramatic reappearance in the early 20th century as an art form", "title": "Collage" }, { "id": "12358748", "score": "1.4293013", "text": "into a collage painting was fair use. Collage Collage (from the , \"to glue\"; ) is a technique of an art production, primarily used in the visual arts, where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. A collage may sometimes include magazine and newspaper clippings, ribbons, paint, bits of colored or handmade papers, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs and other found objects, glued to a piece of paper or canvas. The origins of collage can be traced back hundreds of years, but this technique made a dramatic reappearance in the", "title": "Collage" }, { "id": "3170082", "score": "1.3882455", "text": "Papier-mâché Papier-mâché (, ; , literally \"chewed paper\", \"pulped paper\", or \"mashed paper\") is a composite material consisting of paper pieces or pulp, sometimes reinforced with textiles, bound with an adhesive, such as glue, starch, or wallpaper paste. Two main methods are used to prepare papier-mâché. The first method makes use of paper strips glued together with adhesive, and the other uses paper pulp obtained by soaking or boiling paper to which glue is then added. With the first method, a form for support is needed on which to glue the paper strips. With the second method, it is possible", "title": "Papier-mâché" }, { "id": "908771", "score": "1.387687", "text": "sheet of paper, and the lines are then made between the dots. Mosaics are images formed with small pieces of stone or glass, called \"tesserae\". They can be decorative or functional. An artist who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper. Except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print is considered an original, as opposed to a copy. The reasoning behind this is that the print is", "title": "Fine art" }, { "id": "5069055", "score": "1.3840003", "text": "Paper craft Paper craft is the collection of art forms employing paper or card as the primary artistic medium for the creation of three-dimensional objects. It is the most widely used material in arts and crafts. It lends itself to a wide range of techniques, as it can for instance be folded, cut, glued, molded, stitched, or layered. Papermaking by hand is also an important paper craft. Painting and calligraphy though they are commonly applied as decoration are normally considered as separate arts or crafts. Paper crafts are known in most societies that use paper, with certain kinds of crafts", "title": "Paper craft" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Collage\n\nCollage (, from the , \"to glue\" or \"to stick together\";) is a technique of art creation, primarily used in the visual arts, but in music too, by which art results from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. (Compare with pastiche, which is a \"pasting\" together.)\n\nA collage may sometimes include magazine and newspaper clippings, ribbons, paint, bits of colored or handmade papers, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs and other found objects, glued to a piece of paper or canvas. The origins of collage can be traced back hundreds of years, but this technique made a dramatic reappearance in the early 20th century as an art form of novelty.\n\nThe term \"Papier collé\" was coined by both Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in the beginning of the 20th century when collage became a distinctive part of modern art.", "title": "Collage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Assemblage (art)\n\nAssemblage is an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate. It is similar to collage, a two-dimensional medium. It is part of the visual arts and it typically uses found objects, but is not limited to these materials.", "title": "Assemblage (art)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Painting\n\nPainting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the \"matrix\" or \"support\"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used.\n\nIn art, the term \"painting \"describes both the act and the result of the action (the final work is called \"a painting\"). The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, pottery, leaf, copper and concrete, and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials, including sand, clay, paper, plaster, gold leaf, and even whole objects.\n\nPainting is an important form in the visual arts, bringing in elements such as drawing, composition, gesture (as in gestural painting), narration (as in narrative art), and abstraction (as in abstract art). Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in still life and landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic (as in Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism) or political in nature (as in Artivism).\n\nA portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by religious art. Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery, to Biblical scenes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, to scenes from the life of Buddha (or other images of Eastern religious origin).", "title": "Painting" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Decoupage\n\nDecoupage or découpage (; ) is the art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto it in combination with special paint effects, gold leaf, and other decorative elements. Commonly, an object like a small box or an item of furniture is covered by cutouts from magazines or from purpose-manufactured papers. Each layer is sealed with varnishes (often multiple coats) until the \"stuck on\" appearance disappears and the result looks like painting or inlay work. The traditional technique used 30 to 40 layers of varnish which were then sanded to a polished finish.\n\nThree dimensional \"decoupage\" (sometimes also referred to simply as decoupage) is the art of creating a three-dimensional (3D) image by cutting out elements of varying sizes from a series of identical images and layering them on top of each other, usually with adhesive foam spacers between each layer to give the image more depth. Pyramid decoupage (also called pyramage) is a process similar to 3D decoupage. In pyramid decoupage, a series of identical images are cut into progressively smaller, identical shapes which are layered and fixed with adhesive foam spacers to create a 3D \"pyramid\" effect.\n\nA person who does decoupage is known as a decoupeur, or \"cutter\".", "title": "Decoupage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paper craft\n\nPaper craft is a collection of crafts using paper or card as the primary artistic medium for the creation of two or three-dimensional objects. Paper and card stock lend themselves to a wide range of techniques and can be folded, curved, bent, cut, glued, molded, stitched, or layered. Papermaking by hand is also a paper craft. \n\nPaper crafts are known in most societies that use paper, with certain kinds of crafts being particularly associated with specific countries or cultures. In Caribbean countries paper craft is unique to Caribbean culture which reflect the importance of native animals in life of people. \n\nIn addition to the aesthetic value of paper crafts, various forms of paper crafts are used in the education of children. Paper is a relatively inexpensive medium, readily available, and easier to work with than the more complicated media typically used in the creation of three-dimensional artwork, such as ceramics, wood, and metals. It is also neater to work with than paints, dyes, and other coloring materials. Paper crafts may also be used in therapeutic settings, providing children with a safe and uncomplicated creative outlet to express feelings.<ref name=\"Therapy\"/>", "title": "Paper craft" }, { "id": "11034774", "score": "1.3664019", "text": "Spin art Spin art is an art form that uses paint, a canvas such as glossy cardboard and a spinning platform. It is primarily used to entertain and expose children to the process of art creation, although it can be enjoyed by people of all ages. To create spin art, an artist initially decorates or drips paint onto a canvas. The canvas can be anything; however, the most common form of canvas is a small rectangular piece of cardboard. Before the paint on the canvas dries, the artist secures the canvas to a platform that can be rotated at high", "title": "Spin art" }, { "id": "16047883", "score": "1.3627269", "text": "in tempera or oils on wooden panels and oil paintings on canvas, although tüchlein co-existed with panel painting until both were supplanted by oil-on-canvas by the end of the 16th century. The technique corresponds with the Spanish \"sarga\", where a thin gesso ground was favoured to create a smooth working surface. Several examples by mid-16th century Dutch artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder have survived. Bruegel's \"Adoration of the Magi\" has traces of colour on the back of the canvas, demonstrating that the linen was not prepared with a traditional ground before it was painted; other examples, such as Bouts' \"The", "title": "Glue-size" }, { "id": "767891", "score": "1.3583316", "text": "of paper. The artist can then develop images based on what is seen. A calligramme is a text or poem of a type developed by Guillaume Apollinaire in which the words or letters make up a shape, particularly a shape connected to the subject of the text or poem. Collage is the assemblage of different forms creating a new whole. For example, an artistic collage work may include newspaper clippings, ribbons, bits of colored or hand-made papers, photographs, etc., glued to a solid support or canvas. A coulage is a kind of automatic or involuntary sculpture made by pouring a", "title": "Surrealist techniques" }, { "id": "804442", "score": "1.3558557", "text": "stretched tighter over a longer period of time, but are more difficult to re-stretch when the need arises. \"Canvas boards\" are made of canvas stretched over and glued to a cardboard backing, and sealed on the backside. The canvas is typically linen primed for a certain type of paint. They are primarily used by artists for quick studies. Canvas Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is required. It is also popularly used by artists as a painting surface, typically stretched across a wooden frame. It is", "title": "Canvas" }, { "id": "528867", "score": "1.3497689", "text": "a variety of materials, from paper, cloth, and canvas to rubber, glass, and metal. Artists have used the technique to print on bottles, on slabs of granite, directly onto walls, and to reproduce images on textiles which would distort under pressure from printing presses. Monotyping is a type of printmaking made by drawing or painting on a smooth, non-absorbent surface. The surface, or matrix, was historically a copper etching plate, but in contemporary work it can vary from zinc or glass to acrylic glass. The image is then transferred onto a sheet of paper by pressing the two together, usually", "title": "Printmaking" }, { "id": "12358737", "score": "1.3428141", "text": "or a new object. Examples can include houses, bead circles, etc. It is the art of putting together or assembling of small pieces of paper, tiles, marble, stones, etc. They are often found in cathedrals, churches, temples as a spiritual significance of interior design.Small pieces, normally roughly quadratic, of stone or glass of different colors, known as tesserae, (diminutive tessellae), are used to create a pattern or picture. The term \"eCollage\" (electronic Collage) can be used for a collage created by using computer tools. Though Le Corbusier and other architects used techniques that are akin to collage, collage as a", "title": "Collage" }, { "id": "16047879", "score": "1.3404243", "text": "Glue-size Glue-size is a painting technique in which pigment is bound (sized) to cloth (usually linen) with hide glue, and typically the unvarnished cloth was then fixed to the frame using the same glue. Glue-size is also known as distemper, though the term \"distemper\" is applied variously to different techniques. Glue-size was used because hide glue was a popular binding medium in the 15th century, particularly among artists of the Early Netherlandish period, who used it as an inexpensive alternative to oil. Although a large number of works using this medium were produced, few survive today, mainly because of the", "title": "Glue-size" }, { "id": "12358727", "score": "1.3396087", "text": "such as driftwood, or parts of found and unaltered logs, branches, sticks, or bark. This raises the question of whether such artwork is collage (in the original sense) at all (see Collage and modernism). This is because the early, paper collages were generally made from bits of text or pictures - things originally made by people, and functioning or signifying in some cultural context. The collage brings these still-recognizable \"signifiers\" (or fragments of signifiers) together, in a kind of semiotic collision. A truncated wooden chair or staircase newel used in a Nevelson work can also be considered a potential element", "title": "Collage" }, { "id": "19455822", "score": "1.338851", "text": "tapes, and adhesives. Stains from these products can also be treated with solvents. Tears and losses can be repaired with products such as wheat starch paste or methyl cellulose, and weakened paper can be strengthened by attaching a lining. Scroll Paintings, Hanging and Hand, and screen paintings are made of ink, color, pigment, silk and paper. Scroll paintings often are multiple layers of paper and silk attached to wooden bars called a stave and dowel. Screens are often single panels that are joined together by paper hinges that fold into each other like an accordion. Scrolls and Screens are vulnerable", "title": "Conservation and restoration of paintings" }, { "id": "1461246", "score": "1.3327512", "text": "by not having to pay attention to a separate chart. In North America this is the most popular form of needlepoint canvas. Printed Canvas is when the design is printed by silk screening or computer onto the needlepoint canvas. Printing the canvas in this means allows for faster creation of the canvas and thus has a lower price than Hand-Painted Canvas. However, care must be taken that the canvas is straight before being printed to ensure that the edges of the design are straight. Designs are typically less involved due to the limited color palette of this printing method. The", "title": "Needlepoint" }, { "id": "627165", "score": "1.3300571", "text": "wet-folded. This technique allows for a more rounded sculpting of the model, which becomes rigid and sturdy when it is dry. Foil-backed paper, as its name implies, is a sheet of thin foil glued to a sheet of thin paper. Related to this is tissue foil, which is made by gluing a thin piece of tissue paper to kitchen aluminium foil. A second piece of tissue can be glued onto the reverse side to produce a tissue/foil/tissue sandwich. Foil-backed paper is available commercially, but not tissue foil; it must be handmade. Both types of foil materials are suitable for complex", "title": "Origami" }, { "id": "14518974", "score": "1.3292241", "text": "to the artist whenever someone buys their work. The pieces come in white containers the size of a cigarette pack (roughly two inches by three inches) and wrapped in cellophane. They range from miniature sculptures to jewelry to tiny paintings. Almost every media imaginable has been used including wood, glass, watercolors on canvas, clay, Styrofoam, magnets, stained-glass, and bronze. Contributing sculptor Jules Vital said, “This project gives artists the opportunity to get their work into major venues, and it's cheap for buyers.\". Clark Whittington built the first machine for his 1997 art show at a café in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.", "title": "Tobacco and art" }, { "id": "1959986", "score": "1.3271508", "text": "Xerox art Xerox art (sometimes, more generically, called copy art, electrostatic art, or xerography) is an art form that began in the 1960s. Prints are created by putting objects on the glass, or platen, of a copying machine and by pressing \"start\" to produce an image. If the object is not flat, or the cover does not totally cover the object, or the object is moved, the resulting image is distorted in some way. The curvature of the object, the amount of light that reaches the image surface, and the distance of the cover from the glass, all affect the", "title": "Xerox art" }, { "id": "5069059", "score": "1.326591", "text": "usually are done on one single sheet. In either of these traditions, paper sheets are folded prior to cutting to achieve symmetrical designs. Images built using colored paper pulp are a form of paper art that started in the 20th century. Chuck Close, Lynn Sures are among contemporary artist developing this medium. Paper pulp craft is widely used in rural India for making kitchen utility baskets. Paper craft Paper craft is the collection of art forms employing paper or card as the primary artistic medium for the creation of three-dimensional objects. It is the most widely used material in arts", "title": "Paper craft" }, { "id": "16065453", "score": "1.3261441", "text": "With paper becoming common in Europe by the 15th century, drawing was adopted by masters such as Sandro Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci who sometimes treated drawing as an art in its own right rather than a preparatory stage for painting or sculpture. Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding agent (a glue) to a surface (support) such as paper, canvas or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with drawing, composition, or other aesthetic considerations", "title": "Visual arts" } ]

[ "proper hindi", "Hindī", "हिंदी", "hindi", "hindi language", "Hindi:", "hindi proper", "Hindi version", "Hindi proper", "Nagari Hindi", "manaka hindi", "rashtrabhasha", "high hindi", "nagari hindi", "Modern Hindi", "Modern Standard Hindi", "Hindi language", "मानक हिन्दी", "Literary Hindi", "ISO 639:hi", "standard hindi", "iso 639 hi", "hindee", "ISO 639:hin", "हिन्दी", "Hindi", "manak hindi", "Manak hindi", "modern standard hindi", "literary hindi", "shuddha hindi", "hindī", "Hindee", "iso 639 hin", "Hindhi", "Manaka hindi", "hindi langauge", "Rashtrabhasha", "modern hindi", "hindi version", "Shuddha Hindi", "Proper hindi", "Hindi Language", "Hindi-language", "Manak Hindi", "hindhi", "Standard Hindi", "Hindi langauge", "Hindi (language)", "High Hindi" ]

[ { "id": "4191344", "score": "1.5253325", "text": "Dunglish, \"steenkolenengels\" (\"\"Coal English\"\"), goes back to the early 20th century when Dutch port workers used a rudimentary form of English to communicate with the personnel of English coal ships. Errors occur mainly in pronunciation, word order, and the meaning of words, so-called false friends and false cognates. Former Dutch ambassador and prime minister Dries van Agt supposedly once said \"I can stand my little man\" (translation of \"ik kan mijn mannetje staan\", a Dutch idiom meaning roughly \"I can stand up for myself\"). The former leader of the Dutch Liberal Party, Frits Bolkestein, repeatedly referred to economic prospects as", "title": "Dunglish" }, { "id": "4191348", "score": "1.462659", "text": "and \"traintickets\". In some cases the English compound noun spelled as two words in English has been officially absorbed by the Dutch language – as is the case with \"\" (credit card) and \"jetlag\" (jet lag). English and Dutch are both West Germanic languages, with many cognate verbs with identical or nearly identical meanings. This similarity between verbs may cause speakers of Dutch to conjugate English verbs according to Dutch grammar. Dutch author Maarten H. Rijkens has written two books on the subject for Dutch readers: \"I always get my sin\" and \"We always get our sin too\". Dunglish Dunglish", "title": "Dunglish" }, { "id": "4191343", "score": "1.4248319", "text": "Dunglish Dunglish (portmanteau of \"Dutch\" and \"English\"; in Dutch steenkolenengels, literally: \"coal-English\") is a popular term for mistakes native Dutch speakers make when trying to speak English. The term's usage is loosely connected to that of other English language corruptions, such as \"Engrish\". English instruction in the Netherlands begins in elementary school or secondary school, and Dutch-speaking Belgians are usually taught English from the age of twelve. In addition, like all foreign-language films, English-spoken movies are subtitled rather than being dubbed in the Netherlands and in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. The Dutch word for the poorest form of", "title": "Dunglish" }, { "id": "8205983", "score": "1.3951082", "text": "21st centuries. For example, an unmarried woman is an \"opare\" (au pair); Dave called Muslim women's concealing garments \"cloakyfings\"—his adherents use the word for women's outerwear in general. Spellings are phonetic and can be opaque, making the book particularly difficult for those unfamiliar with the speech of England and London: \"bugsbunny\" for rabbit is easy enough, but \"beefansemis\" for an architectural style is less clear—it presumably comes from \"[Eliza]bethan semi[-detached house]s.\" A glossary is provided. The book resembles, in part, \"Riddley Walker\", a 1981 novel by Russell Hoban written in a similar phonetic manner and also set in England centuries", "title": "The Book of Dave" }, { "id": "4191345", "score": "1.3889918", "text": "\"golden showers\", unaware of the term's sexual connotation. Errors often occur because of the \"false friend\" or false cognate possibility: words are incorrectly translated for understandable reasons. Examples are: Some Dutch speakers may use Dutch syntax inappropriately when using English, creating errors such as \"What mean you?\" instead of \"What do you mean?\" This is because English and Dutch do not follow exactly the same word order. English has a subject–verb–object word order, but this is shared only partially by Dutch, which has a verb-second order, causing the subject to follow the verb if another constituent already precedes it; e.g.,", "title": "Dunglish" }, { "id": "285862", "score": "1.3887686", "text": "British English. The same is true for two other pairs, \"whilst\" and \"while\" and \"amidst\" and \"amid\". NZE terms of Australian origin include \"bushed\" (lost or bewildered), \"chunder\" (to vomit), \"dinkum\" (genuine or real), \"drongo\" (a foolish or stupid person), \"fossick\" (to search), \"jumbuck\" (sheep, from Australian pidgin), \"larrikin\" (mischievous person), \"Maccas\" (21st century slang for McDonald's food), \"maimai\" (a duckshooter's hide; originally a makeshift shelter, from aboriginal \"mia-mia\"), \"paddock\" (field, or meadow), \"pom\" or \"pommy\" (an Englishman), \"skite\" (verb: to boast), \"station\" (for a very large farm), \"wowser\" (non-drinker of alcohol, or killjoy), and \"ute\" (pickup truck). Advancing from", "title": "New Zealand English" }, { "id": "1615707", "score": "1.3768364", "text": "word \"\" was first recorded in written form in England in the fourteenth century, whereas according to the Oxford English Dictionary the words \"Niger\" or \"'nigger\" were first recorded in England in the sixteenth century with their current disparaging meaning. The 'olla' and 'toe' are found as nonsense words in some nineteenth century versions of the rhyme, and it could possibly be that the original 'Where do all the Frenchmen Go?' (probably originating during one of the periods of Anglo-French warfare) was later on replaced by the earlier version in the United States, using some of the nonsense words. There", "title": "Eeny, meeny, miny, moe" }, { "id": "4272506", "score": "1.3717942", "text": "place towards the end of the nineteenth century. Other language groups from north and south of the Macleay gathered near Smoky Range not long before the last marked tree was cut down and taken to the Australian Museum for preservation. Dunghutti people were hunters and gathers, a group who shared a common language and who organised themselves into smaller groups regularly living together. They lived in harmony with the land and their pattern of life was governed by codes of conduct regarded as sacred, having been handed down through countless generations. Remnants of the ancient culture remain in Macleay valley", "title": "Dunghutti" }, { "id": "20268177", "score": "1.370731", "text": "1895. He identified the Charon annulipes an indigenous species of scorpion endemic to Queensland. Lauterer also wrote on Aboriginal languages, and published on English loan-words into a dialect of Jagera, which he called \"yerongpan.\" Many words are taken from the English in a mutilated form, e.g.,\"buredn,\" bread; \"tseruse,\" trousers; \"whymerigan,\"(white Mary), an English lady; \"bullae,\" ox; \"goondool\" (gondola, a small boat; \"deamer,\"steamer. Somer words have only been invented when the white man came into contact with aboriginals, \"e-g.,\" the horse \"yereman\" is named after the kangaroo,\"guruman\"; the sheep is called monkey. The names of native weapons, as adopted by the", "title": "Joseph Lauterer" }, { "id": "4668898", "score": "1.3660572", "text": "managed to meet Bennett, he began his study of the language by eliciting a few basic nouns; among the first of these was the word for \"dog\". Bennett supplied the Mbabaram translation, \"dog\". Dixon suspected that Bennett hadn't understood the question, or that Bennett's knowledge of Mbabaram had been tainted by decades of using English. But it turned out that the Mbabaram word for \"dog\" was in fact \"dog\", pronounced almost identically to the English word (compare true cognates such as Yidiny \"gudaga\", Dyirbal \"guda\", Djabugay \"gurraa\" and Guugu Yimidhirr \"gudaa\", for example). The similarity is a complete coincidence: there", "title": "Mbabaram language" }, { "id": "788753", "score": "1.3593576", "text": "old language. An example of this is the pronunciation of certain words: \"dead\", \"cow\", \"house\" and \"strong\" are pronounced \"deed\", \"coo\", \"hoos\" and \"strang\"—which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins include: \"larn\" (from the Anglo-Saxon \"laeran\", meaning \"teach\"), \"burn\" (\"stream\") and \"gan\" (\"go\"). \"Bairn\" and \"hyem\", meaning \"child\" and \"home\", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; \"barn\" and \"hjem\" are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words \"bonny\" (meaning \"pretty\"),", "title": "Newcastle upon Tyne" }, { "id": "12684194", "score": "1.3583412", "text": "dates back to 500 BCE. \"Qudšu\" was later used in Jewish Aramaic to refer to God, and \"qudš\" is the proto-form of the Hebrew word \"qadōš\", meaning \"holy\". Words derived from the root \"qdš\" appear some 830 times in the Hebrew Bible. Its use in the Hebrew Bible evokes ideas of separation from the profane, and proximity to the Otherness of God, while in nonbiblical Semitic texts, recent interpretations of its meaning link it to ideas of consecration, belonging, and purification. The Hebrew language is called \"The Holy Tongue\" ( \"Lashon HaKodesh\") in Judaism. In addition, the Hebrew term for", "title": "Q-D-Š" }, { "id": "628292", "score": "1.3571653", "text": "\"ma(k)- -k\" is used instead of \"-na'in\". For example, the nouns \"sinner\" or \"wrongdoer\" can be derived from the word \"sala\" as either \"maksalak\", or \"sala-na'in\". Only the prefix \"ma(k)-\" is used when the root word ends with a consonant; for example, the noun \"cook\" or \"chef\" can be derived from the word \"te'in\" as \"makte'in\" as well as \"te'in-na'in\". The suffix \"-teen\" (from the word for \"dirt\" or \"excrement\") can be used with adjectives to form derogatory terms: To turn a noun into an adjective, the particle \"oan\" is added to it. Thus, \"Timorese\" is \"Timor-oan\", as opposed to", "title": "Tetum language" }, { "id": "324486", "score": "1.3555516", "text": "and \"pipoca\" \"popcorn\" from Tupi and \"tucano\" \"toucan\" from Guarani \"tucan\". Finally, it has received a steady influx of loanwords from other European languages, especially French and English. These are by far the most important languages when referring to loanwords. There are many examples such as: \"colchete\"/\"crochê\" \"bracket\"/\"crochet\", \"paletó\" \"jacket\", \"batom\" \"lipstick\", and \"filé\"/\"filete\" \"steak\"/\"slice\", \"rua\" \"street\" respectively, from French \"crochet\", \"paletot\", \"bâton\", \"filet\", \"rue\"; and \"bife\" \"steak\", \"futebol\", \"revólver\", \"stock\"/\"estoque\", \"folclore\", from English \"beef\", \"football\", \"revolver\", \"stock\", \"folklore\". Examples from other European languages: \"macarrão\" \"pasta\", \"piloto\" \"pilot\", \"carroça\" \"carriage\", and \"barraca\" \"barrack\", from Italian \"maccherone\", \"pilota\", \"carrozza\", and \"baracca\";", "title": "Portuguese language" }, { "id": "1432682", "score": "1.3525933", "text": "of them into Chinese. The Hui traders in the bazaars would be able to use Arabic or Persian numbers when talking between themselves, to keep their communications secret from Han bystanders. While not constituting a separate language, these words, phrases and turns of speech, known as \"Huihui hua\" (, \"Hui speech\"), served as markers of group identity. As early 20th century travellers in Northwestern China would note, \"the Mohammedan Chinese have to some extent a vocabulary, and always a style and manner of speech, all their own\". As the Dungans in the Russian Empire, and even more so in the", "title": "Dungan language" }, { "id": "7959870", "score": "1.3522143", "text": "undergone sound changes similar to those undergone by Paman word stock. Possible loans are marked (?). WCL aap(a) \"garden\" : G (?)ampa \"ground, soil\", cf Y ampimana \"clearing\" WCL aga(thurik) \"axe\" : G aga, Y agha WCL apa- \"lower, below, down, underneath\" : G apa \"lower back\" WCL baag(a) \"jaw\" : G baaga \"cheek\" WCL bœbath(a) \"grandparent\" : G bubaatha \"grandfather\" WCL buru \"(saw)dust, chips, crumbs\" : G burruburru \"ash(es)\" WCL daan(a) \"eye\" : G daanha WCL dhumowak(u), dhœmuwak(u) \"cloth, clothes\" : G dhumook WCL (KLY/KulY/KY) dhuyum(a) \"thunder\" : Y unhthuymu, At unhthumu, A unhthuymu \"thunder\" (The relationship between Urradhi", "title": "Gudang language" }, { "id": "7759451", "score": "1.3515687", "text": "I consider them so much rubbish, that I may gain Christ...\" In the scriptural passage, the original Greek word used is \"skybala,\" which means \"dung\" or \"crap.\" The passage is meant to illustrate how the apostle Paul regards his life prior to becoming converted to Christianity. In effect, the young boy who wore the T-shirt had on a very mild translation of the scriptural passage because the scripture, itself, is clear in saying that a secular life without Christ is as worthless as dung. On May 4, 2012, the South Shore Regional School Board decided to allow the boy to", "title": "South Shore Regional School Board" }, { "id": "1499445", "score": "1.3513026", "text": "ʼeldǫǫh tsoh, bikaaʼ dah naazniligii\" 'vehicle that crawls around, by means of which big explosions are made, and that one sits on at an elevation'. This language purism also extends to proper nouns, such as the names of U.S. states (e.g. \"Hoozdo\" 'Arizona' and \"Yootó\" 'New Mexico'; see also \"hahoodzo\" 'state') and languages (\"naakaii\" 'Spanish'). Only one Navajo word has been fully absorbed into the English language: \"hogan\" (from Navajo \"hooghan\") – a term referring to the traditional houses. Others with limited English recognition include \"chindi\" (an evil spirit of the deceased), and \"Kayenta\" (a place name, from \"tééʼndééh\" 'game", "title": "Navajo language" }, { "id": "7959843", "score": "1.3500206", "text": "(i.e. sœka) as \"lungs (of turtle and dugong)\"). G *caamudaanha, Y —, At —, A angwaa-anyan, WCL dœnasam(u) \"eyelash\" (OKY also samudaana) G *carra \"tern\", Y *charra, ukaapati, At *iyarra, angkangka, A — \"seagull\", WCL sara \"tern\" G *cicalurru, Y atal, muri, At atal, A ataa, muri \"rope\", WCL wœru/uru \"rope\", sisaluru \"type of rope\", cf. musi \"strand\" G cuuka, cooka, Y/At/A *chughuva, WCL sœguba \"tobacco\" G*daanha, Y anngal, At ipanh, A angwaa, WCL purka, daan \"eye\" G []dhaama, Y inychantu, makyaana, At ilvan, A ilvan, WCL kœigœrsar \"many\" [lit. \"big number\"]; Cf Y udhima, At udhyama, A udhima, WCL", "title": "Gudang language" }, { "id": "668537", "score": "1.3481472", "text": "to England and used for manufacturing of cheap, robust working clothes. In English, the word \"dungri\" became pronounced as \"dungaree\". The term jeans appears first in 1795, when a Swiss banker by the name Jean-Gabriel Eynard and his brother Jacques went to Genoa and both were soon heading a flourishing commercial concern. In 1800 Massena's troops entered the town and Jean-Gabriel was entrusted with their supply. In particular he furnished them with uniforms cut from blue cloth called \"bleu de Genes\" whence later derives the famous garment known worldwide as \"blue jeans\". Levi Strauss, as a young man in 1851,", "title": "Jeans" } ]

[ "R-17 (missile)", "SS-1b Scud", "ss 1", "SS-1 SCUD", "SS-1b", "Scud C", "SS-1 Scud", "scud missiles", "ss 1b scud", "Scud D", "SS-1C", "SS-1", "Scud", "R-1/8K11", "R-17E", "r 17 missile", "SCUD", "r 300", "ss 1 scud", "Scud-B", "scud missile", "scud d", "Scuds", "r 17e", "ss 1c", "SS-1c", "R-300 Elbrus", "scuds", "scud", "ss 1c scud", "r 1 8k11", "SS-1c Scud", "Scud Missile", "r 300 elbrus", "ss 1b", "scud c", "Scud missiles", "SCUD missiles", "The Scud", "Scud missile", "SCUD missile", "R-300", "scud b", "Scud-C" ]

[ { "id": "1901134", "score": "2.1091793", "text": "Mark Philippoussis Mark Anthony Philippoussis ( ; born 7 November 1976) is an Australian retired tennis player of Greek and Italian descent. He turned professional in 1994. His greatest achievements are winning two Davis Cup titles with Australia in 1999 and 2003, winning the deciding rubber in the final of each. He also reached the finals of the 1998 US Open and the 2003 Wimbledon tournaments, losing to countryman Pat Rafter and Swiss Roger Federer respectively. He reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 8. He has had a minor career in modelling and starred in the American reality", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901157", "score": "2.0822358", "text": "1996 through 2001. Article - CNN Article - The Australian Mark Philippoussis Mark Anthony Philippoussis ( ; born 7 November 1976) is an Australian retired tennis player of Greek and Italian descent. He turned professional in 1994. His greatest achievements are winning two Davis Cup titles with Australia in 1999 and 2003, winning the deciding rubber in the final of each. He also reached the finals of the 1998 US Open and the 2003 Wimbledon tournaments, losing to countryman Pat Rafter and Swiss Roger Federer respectively. He reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 8. He has had a", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901136", "score": "1.909609", "text": "single ranking for juniors. Philippoussis also finished as junior doubles champion with Ben Ellwood in Australia, Wimbledon, and Italy. He turned professional in 1994. In 1995, at the age of 19, he was the youngest player in the year-end top 50. In 1996, he reached the 4th round of the Australian Open upsetting Pete Sampras in the 3rd round and in doubles with Patrick Rafter. On 25 May 1997, he recorded a personal best 229.0 km/h (142.3 mph) serve in a game he lost to Albert Costa. During the height of his career, Philippoussis was known as having one of", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901142", "score": "1.9037206", "text": "team harmony was at its highest throughout the year. Philippoussis once again sealed victory for Australia in the Melbourne Final against Spain. Philippoussis beat Spain's Juan Carlos Ferrero in a 7–5, 6–3, 1–6, 2–6, 6–0 battle. Philippoussis suffered a pectoral tear at the end of the second set, which caused him to lose the third and fourth sets. He regrouped in the fifth set and trounced Ferrero 6–0. After three knee operations and a protracted comeback, Philippoussis avowed a new seriousness to his sport. He made himself available regularly for Davis Cup, hired a new physical trainer, and took up", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901135", "score": "1.8886145", "text": "television dating show \"Age of Love\". He is nicknamed 'the Scud', after the Scud missile. Philippoussis was born in Melbourne to a Greek father, Nikolaos (\"Nick\") and an Italian mother, Rossana and was educated at Maribyrnong College and later at Wesley College. He is of the Roman Catholic faith. Coached by his father, Nick, the right-hander has played tennis since he was six years of age. He was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder. He was briefly coached by former 1987 Wimbledon champion Pat Cash, which ended in an acrimonious split in 2000. In 1994, he finished third in", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mark Philippoussis\n\nMark Anthony Philippoussis ( ; born 7 November 1976) is an Australian former professional tennis player of Greek and Italian descent. Philippoussis' greatest achievements are winning two Davis Cup titles with Australia in 1999 and 2003, winning the deciding rubber in the final of each. He also reached the final of the 1998 US Open and the 2003 Wimbledon singles tournaments. Philippoussis reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 8.\n\nPhilippoussis has had a minor career in modelling and starred in the American reality television dating show \"Age of Love\". He is nicknamed 'the Scud', after the Scud missile. He is also known in Australia as “The Pou”.", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of nicknames used in tennis\n\nThis is a list of verified common nicknames that notable professional tennis players were personally addressed by. Some are group names collectively referring to more than one player.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of nicknames used in tennis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Age of Love (TV series)\n\nAge of Love is an American reality TV dating series that ran for one season in Summer 2007.\n\nThe show featured 30-year-old Australian tennis star Mark Philippoussis as he looked for love among a group of women ranging in age from their early 20s to their late 40s.\n\nHosted by Mark Consuelos, the series aired on NBC, premiered on Monday, June 18, 2007. The last episode aired on August 6, 2007, in which 25-year-old Amanda Salinas was chosen as the winner.", "title": "Age of Love (TV series)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Maria Sakkari\n\nMaria Sakkari (, ; born 25 July 1995) is a Greek professional tennis player. She has been ranked as high as world No. 3 by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA), which she first achieved on 21 March 2022, making her the highest-ranked Greek player in history alongside Stefanos Tsitsipas. Her career-best doubles ranking is world No. 169, achieved on 9 September 2019.\n\nSakkari has won one singles title on the WTA Tour at the 2019 Morocco Open, where she defeated Johanna Konta in the final. She was also a semifinalist at the 2017 Wuhan Open, where she defeated Caroline Wozniacki en route, her first top-10 win. In 2019, she reached another Premier 5 semifinal at the Italian Open where she defeated, among other players, Petra Kvitová. In 2020, Sakkari reached the fourth round at both the Australian Open and US Open. In 2021, she has reached the semifinals at the French Open and the 2021 US Open making her the first woman from Greece to reach a Grand Slam semifinal.\n\nSakkari is known for her aggressive, all-court style of play, centered around her strong serve and powerful groundstrokes. She served the sixth most aces of any WTA player in 2020, with 144 aces served in 31 matches.", "title": "Maria Sakkari" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Scud (disambiguation)\n\nScud refers to a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.\n\nScud or SCUD may also refer to:\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Scud (disambiguation)" }, { "id": "1901151", "score": "1.8789966", "text": "when they faced the Boston Lobsters and travelled with the team to their matches against the Sacramento Capitals and Orange County Breakers. Philippoussis contested in his first match on the ATP World Tour in nine years since winning the 2006 Newport title, after receiving a wild card into the qualifying rounds of the 2015 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships at 38 years of age. He lost to Eric Quigley 6–7(1), 6–7(4). Philippoussis also played doubles in the tournament with Ryan Harrison, winning the first round to make it to the quarter-finals before losing to the second seeds Austin Krajicek and", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901140", "score": "1.8343954", "text": "in the top 100 (seventh time in eight years), despite not winning a title. He moved from Miami to the San Diego area in September 2002. Philippoussis has always claimed to be proud of representing his country in Davis Cup, but personal differences with John Newcombe and Tony Roche interfered with his commitment early in his career. Despite several highly publicised feuds, Philippoussis played a large part in giving Australia their 27th Davis Cup triumph—second only to the United States with 31—but it was their first since 1986. In 1999 he defeated Cédric Pioline, 6–3, 5–7, 6–1, 6–2, in Nice,", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901146", "score": "1.7970959", "text": "as his coach and rehired Peter McNamara in an attempt to revive his career. After some controversy over his wildcard selection after a disappointing 2006 Australian Open, Philippoussis made more headlines when he again earned entry into the 2006 Wimbledon. He was defeated in the second round. Leading into the Campbell's Hall of Fame Championships as a wildcard, his record was a modest 6–7. He had a fantastic run in the tournament, getting to the final, where he defeated Justin Gimelstob in straight sets to claim his first title in almost three years. Philippoussis, then ranked No. 114, lost to", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901150", "score": "1.7841853", "text": "was unable to play. Philippousis appeared in a pro tour match for the first time since November 2006, when he lost to fifth seed Michael Yani, 4–6, 4–6, in the first round of the Challenger of Dallas. Philippousis also competed in some of the events on the Champions Series, winning two tournaments and topping the rankings for 2010. Philippoussis has played for the Philadelphia Freedoms of World Team Tennis this summer. The Freedoms used the No. 1 overall pick to draft Philippoussis, who previously played for the team in 2002. He was the team's marquee player on 25 July 2012", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901144", "score": "1.7814457", "text": "final in Melbourne, securing the title for Australia. At the end of 2003, Philippoussis received the ATP Comeback Player of the Year award. The honeymoon period with the Australian public, however, did not last. 2004 proved a disastrous year in terms of his tennis career and public profile. After shouldering most of the blame for losing Australia's Davis Cup tie with Sweden with an unexpected below-par performance, Philippoussis struggled through to the Wimbledon fourth round in June 2004. From Wimbledon in June until the end of the season in October, he failed to win a single ATP tennis match and", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901143", "score": "1.7695048", "text": "surfing as his new recreation. It seemed to work, as he made the 2003 Wimbledon final, finally losing to Roger Federer, 6–7(5), 2–6, 6–7(3). During a 2003 Wimbledon tennis match against Andre Agassi (6–3, 2–6, 6–7 (4–7), 6–3, 6–4), he set a new Australian tennis record of 46 aces served in a match, three aces short of the overall ATP Tour record then held by Richard Krajicek. Philippoussis broke a two-year singles-title drought by winning the Shanghai Open in 2003. On 30 November 2003, he defeated Juan Carlos Ferrero of Spain to win the fourth match of the Davis Cup", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901147", "score": "1.753011", "text": "Rafael Nadal as a wildcard entry in the first round of the 2006 US Open. The Australian Davis Cup team lost against Argentina in an unpredictable 5–0. On 22 September, Philippoussis was defeated by David Nalbandian 4-6, 3-6, 3-6, in the first match of the series. Philippoussis played in a series of Challenger tournaments after the Davis Cup semifinals. Philippoussis won the Calabasas tournament, defeating Amer Delic, 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–4), 6–3, in the final. Philippoussis beat Russian Dmitry Tursunov, 6–4, 7–6, at the 2007 Hopman Cup. However, during his second match against Jérôme Haehnel, he was forced to retire after hyperextending", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901139", "score": "1.7302397", "text": "2000 was the fourth consecutive year in which Philippoussis finished in the top 20, at No. 11. He reached the fourth round at the Australian Open, losing to eventual champion Andre Agassi. He defeated No. 2 Sampras 8–6 in the fifth set at the French Open in a first-round match, but lost in the fourth round to Juan Carlos Ferrero. For the third consecutive year, he made it to the quarterfinals at Wimbledon, losing again to Agassi. He appeared in his second Olympic Games in Sydney, losing in the third round to eventual gold medalist Yevgeny Kafelnikov. Philippoussis finished 2002", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901149", "score": "1.728728", "text": "Wildcard playoff, he was drawn against reigning Australian Open juniors champion Brydan Klein and had a fiery contest. After a remark from Klein, Philippoussis was quoted as saying, \"You say that to me again and you're in trouble; you're not playing juniors any more.\" He came out the victor in straight sets, 6–3, 7–5, and thus began his comeback in good form. Philippoussis then lost his second match to Sam Groth, 4-6, 3-6, but due to other players' injuries, he advanced to the quarterfinals, where he was to play Rameez Junaid. However, due to another knee injury requiring surgery, Philippoussis", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901141", "score": "1.7264857", "text": "France. Injuries plagued Philippoussis’s availability for Davis Cup and was the cause of a public rift between team-mates Patrick Rafter and Lleyton Hewitt. Rafter publicly accused Philippoussis of jerking the team around after he withdrew from a Davis Cup tie in late 2000. Philippoussis said Rafter was ill-informed and upset by the lack of support and understanding from his team-mates. Knee surgeries forced Philippoussis out of Davis Cup until February 2003. By then, Pat Rafter had retired, and John Fitzgerald and Wally Masur were the new Davis Cup captain and coach. The impact of these changes was instantly recognised, as", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901137", "score": "1.7146919", "text": "the fastest serves in the game. At the 1998 U.S. Open, Philippoussis reached his first Grand Slam final, losing to fellow Australian Patrick Rafter. In January 1999, Philippoussis and Jelena Dokić won the Hopman Cup for Australia, defeating Sweden's Åsa Carlsson and Jonas Björkman in the final tie. This was the first time that Australia won the Hopman Cup and the only time, until Nick Kyrgios and Daria Gavrilova won in January 2016. On 29 March 1999, Philippoussis entered the top 10 for the first time and stayed there for 10 weeks. He advanced to the quarter-finals at Wimbledon in", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901152", "score": "1.699136", "text": "Rajeev Ram. Afterwards, Philippousis said: \"It was just about playing one event. There’s no talk about a comeback. Down the line if I see something, maybe close to California, I might do that. It’s one event and that’s it.\" Philippoussis won the 2017 RPIA Championships in Toronto, defeating Andy Roddick in the finals. In early 2000s, Philippoussis wore apparel manufactured by Fila on court, and used Dunlop 200G racquet. Philippoussis starred as the bachelor in the reality television dating show \"Age of Love\" on the NBC television network, in June 2007. The show centred around women in or near their", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901148", "score": "1.695605", "text": "his knee. An MRI showed that he had torn cartilage in his knee, forcing him to miss the rest of the season. Philippoussis acquired a protected ranking of No. 119 and was allowed to use that ranking for entry into eight tournaments. Tennis Australia, not being happy with his lack of match play and unwillingness to play the Australian Open wildcard playoff, told him that he would not be given any special treatment and would have to earn his wildcard. This forced him to use one of his protected ranking tournament entries. In his first match of the Australian Open", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901138", "score": "1.6430484", "text": "1999 for the second straight year, where he retired in the second set against Sampras after having won the first set. During that match, Philippoussis suffered a moderate cartilage tear in his left knee and underwent arthroscopic surgery four days later. Sampras later remarked that he \"\"dodged a bullet out there\"\". Philippoussis returned to professional tennis seven weeks later at the Indianapolis Tennis Championships and lost his second round match after receiving a bye in the first round. He did not play again until October in Singapore, where he lost in the second round. He finished 1999 at No. 19.", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" }, { "id": "1901156", "score": "1.6195594", "text": "was more than $10,000. \"I haven't played tennis since 2006, and tennis is one of those sports where if you don't play, you don't get paid\", he said. Later in 2009, whilst in the US attempting to restart his tennis career, he dated and was engaged to actress Jennifer Esposito but the engagement ended a year later He married Romanian-born model Silvana Lovin in September 2013. Lovin gave birth to their first child, a boy, in 2014, and had their second child, a girl, in 2018. This event was held in Stockholm through 1994, Essen in 1995, and Stuttgart from", "title": "Mark Philippoussis" } ]

[ "Books", "booke", "book", "📚", "books", "Book and paper conservation", "🕮", "📙", "📘", "Book", "📗", "book and paper conservation", "📕", "Booke" ]

[ { "id": "10538039", "score": "1.3425627", "text": "National Integrated Ballistic Information Network The National Integrated Ballistic Information Network or NIBIN is a specialized computer network in the United States. It contains digital images of recovered pieces of ballistic evidence. Running on the Integrated Ballistic Identification System or IBIS platform, NIBIN enables U.S. law enforcers to rapidly determine if a piece of recovered ballistic evidence came from a firearm that has been previously used in a crime. There are certain criteria that must be met prior to entering information into the NIBIN database. For instance, cartridge cases from a .22 caliber firearm or a revolver are normally not", "title": "National Integrated Ballistic Information Network" }, { "id": "10482700", "score": "1.2584139", "text": "Integrated Ballistics Identification System The Integrated Ballistics Identification System, or IBIS, is the brand of the Automated firearms identification system manufactured by Forensic Technology WAI, Inc., of Montreal, Canada. IBIS has been adopted as the platform of the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) program, which is run by the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). NIBIN tracks about 100,000 guns used in crimes. The integration of technology into about 220 sites across the continental US and its territories facilitates sharing of information between different law enforcement groups. The rapid dissemination of ballistics information, in turn,", "title": "Integrated Ballistics Identification System" }, { "id": "3988282", "score": "1.24788", "text": "followed by a three-digits numeric country code numeric-3 country code from ISO 3166-1. National Numbering Systems are managed by ISO-member national standards bodies. The US National Numbering system is managed by the American National Standards Institute. The first six digits, including the major industry identifier, compose the \"issuer identifier number\" (IIN) which identifies the issuing organization. The IIN is sometimes referred to as a \"bank identification number\" (BIN). The IIN's use is much broader than identification of a bank. IINs are used by companies other than banks. The official \"ISO Register of Issuer Identification Numbers\", is not available to the", "title": "ISO/IEC 7812" }, { "id": "10482703", "score": "1.2248061", "text": "helped develop an interactive exhibit, 'CSI: The Experience' that showcased the company's technology. 1. https://web.archive.org/web/20070711154331/http://www.nibin.gov/ is the official Web site for the NIBIN, the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network. <br> 2. http://www.fti-ibis.com is the Web site for the developer and supporter of IBIS technology, Forensic Technology Incorporated.<br> Integrated Ballistics Identification System The Integrated Ballistics Identification System, or IBIS, is the brand of the Automated firearms identification system manufactured by Forensic Technology WAI, Inc., of Montreal, Canada. IBIS has been adopted as the platform of the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) program, which is run by the United States Bureau", "title": "Integrated Ballistics Identification System" }, { "id": "9290384", "score": "1.2231922", "text": "B.A.T.M.A.N. The Better Approach To Mobile Adhoc Networking (B.A.T.M.A.N.) is a routing protocol for multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks which is under development by the German \"Freifunk\" community and intended to replace the link state routing protocol - OLSR. B.A.T.M.A.N.'s crucial point is the decentralization of the knowledge about the best route through the network — no single node has all the data. This technique eliminates the need to spread information concerning network changes to every node in the network. The individual node only saves information about the \"direction\" it received data from and sends its data accordingly. The data", "title": "B.A.T.M.A.N." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "ISBN\n\nThe International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier that is intended to be unique. Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency.\n\nAn ISBN is assigned to each separate edition and variation (except reprintings) of a publication. For example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book will each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is ten digits long if assigned before 2007, and thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007. The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-specific and varies between countries, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country.\n\nThe initial ISBN identification format was devised in 1967, based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) created in 1966. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108 (the 9-digit SBN code can be converted to a 10-digit ISBN by prefixing it with a zero).\n\nPrivately published books sometimes appear without an ISBN. The International ISBN Agency sometimes assigns such books ISBNs on its own initiative.\n\nAnother identifier, the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), identifies periodical publications such as magazines and newspapers. The International Standard Music Number (ISMN) covers musical scores.", "title": "ISBN" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of ISBN registration groups\n\nThe registration group or identifier group is the second element in a 13-digit ISBN (first element in a 10-digit ISBN) and indicates the country, geographic region, or language area where a book was published. The element ranges from one to five numerical digits.<ref name=\"7th edition Users' Manual2\" />\n\nIn 2007, the length of an ISBN changed from 10 to 13 digits, and a new 3-digit prefix (978 or 979) was added in front of 10-digit ISBNs. The following registration groups are compatible with or without a 978- prefix:\n\n\nThe following must have a 979- prefix:\n\n\nShorter registration group numbers are generally used for countries or regions with greater publishing volume. Because a longer number leaves room for fewer publishers and ISBNs, several countries have more than one number assigned. On the other hand, some countries (Australia, Switzerland, Fiji) have no unique number because they fall in a broader geographic region or language area.", "title": "List of ISBN registration groups" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:ISBN" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Amazon Standard Identification Number\n\nAn Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN) is a 10-character alphanumeric unique identifier assigned by Amazon.com and its partners for product identification within the Amazon organization. They were originated in 1996 by Rebecca Allen, an Amazon software engineer, when it became clear that Amazon was going to sell products other than just books. The 10-character format of the ASIN was adopted so that Amazon databases and software, which were designed to expect a 10-character International Standard Book Number (ISBN) field, would not have to be changed to accommodate the new identification format.", "title": "Amazon Standard Identification Number" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Uniform Resource Identifier\n\nA Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a unique sequence of characters that identifies a logical or physical resource used by web technologies. URIs may be used to identify anything, including real-world objects, such as people and places, concepts, or information resources such as web pages and books. Some URIs provide a means of locating and retrieving information resources on a network (either on the Internet or on another private network, such as a computer filesystem or an Intranet); these are Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). A URL provides the location of the resource. A URI identifies the resource by name at the specified location or URL. Other URIs provide only a unique name, without a means of locating or retrieving the resource or information about it, these are Uniform Resource Names (URNs). The web technologies that use URIs are not limited to web browsers. URIs are used to identify anything described using the Resource Description Framework (RDF), for example, concepts that are part of an ontology defined using the Web Ontology Language (OWL), and people who are described using the Friend of a Friend vocabulary would each have an individual URI.", "title": "Uniform Resource Identifier" }, { "id": "3988280", "score": "1.20825", "text": "ISO/IEC 7812 ISO/IEC 7812 \"Identification cards — Identification of issuers\" was first published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1989. It is the international standard specifies \"a numbering system for the identification of the card issuers, the format of the issuer identification number (IIN) and the primary account number (PAN).\", and procedures for registering IINs. ISO/IEC 7812 has two parts: The registration authority for Issuer Identification Numbers (IINs) is the American Bankers Association. An IIN is currently six digits in length. The leading digit is the \"major industry identifier\" (MII), followed by 5 digits, which together make up", "title": "ISO/IEC 7812" }, { "id": "12403655", "score": "1.193599", "text": "of a unique data string and encoded in a bar code placed on the item. An item unique identifier is only assigned to a single item and is never reused. Once assigned to an item, the IUID is never changed even if the item is modified or re-engineered. IUID is similar to social security numbering used to distinguish citizens of the United States from one another. In the case of a lot or batch of items that are not individually serialized, the entire lot or batch may have a unique identifier assigned. For example, a manufacturer might place a unique", "title": "Item Unique Identification" }, { "id": "10538041", "score": "1.1805282", "text": "into NIBIN. Partners use Integrated Ballistic Identification Systems to acquire digital images of the markings made on spent ammunition recovered from a crime scene or a crime gun test fire and then compare those images against earlier entries via electronic image comparison. If a high-confidence candidate for a match emerges, firearms examiners compare the original evidence with a microscope to confirm the match. National Integrated Ballistic Information Network The National Integrated Ballistic Information Network or NIBIN is a specialized computer network in the United States. It contains digital images of recovered pieces of ballistic evidence. Running on the Integrated Ballistic", "title": "National Integrated Ballistic Information Network" }, { "id": "6859662", "score": "1.1710732", "text": "origin and stamped with the traceability code of the abattoir when slaughtered. The tools used may vary from one country to another and can include ear tags, passports and bar codes, but must carry the same information. Australia's National Livestock Identification System, or NLIS, is used to identify and track livestock from property of birth to slaughter using RFID devices and a central electronic database of an animal’s residency and animals it has interacted with. The government claims the system improves food safety and access to export markets, and assists with disease management. Farmers must register their property if they", "title": "National Animal Identification System" }, { "id": "19686003", "score": "1.1634448", "text": "a series of YouTube videos of the I.B.I members (individually and as a group) singing their favorite song live. A webtoon series titled 'I.B.I's Debut Story' drawn by the popular webtoon artist Omyo was also released around the same time, in five parts depicting each member's debut story. I.B.I released their digital single album \"Molae Molae (몰래몰래)\" on August 18, 2016. On the same day, the group held their debut showcase and their debut stage on \"M! Countdown\". On August 19, 2016, I.B.I performed on \"Music Bank\". They also held a guerrilla concert 'Run to You' on the very same", "title": "I.B.I (group)" }, { "id": "12403667", "score": "1.1619811", "text": "2D Matrix - The 2D Data Matrix symbol marked on the item contains data compression, redundancy, and additional information to aid in decoding. This information can be translated by a MRI device (per ISO-15343) and concatenated into a human-readable string of 50 characters or less per MIL-STD-130N. (Note that this limit was previously 78 characters in MIL-STD-130M, superseded in December 2007.) The human-readable concatenated UII (Unique Item Identifier) is properly referred to as the IUII or \"Individual Unique Item Identifier\". The IUII provides a high probability of being globally unique, regardless of context. IUID Registry - The U.S. Federal Government", "title": "Item Unique Identification" }, { "id": "10538040", "score": "1.1605551", "text": "entered. Using NIBIN, law enforcement staff can identify firearms in new cases that were used in prior incidents. A series of seventeen different Washington state crime scenes involving seven firearms, and three different agencies in two counties, was identified using information provided by IBIS/NIBIN. In 1999, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) established and began administration of the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network. In this program, ATF administers automated ballistic imaging technology for law enforcement, forensic science, and attorney agencies in the United States that have entered into a formal agreement with ATF to enter ballistic information", "title": "National Integrated Ballistic Information Network" }, { "id": "4851896", "score": "1.1595964", "text": "N.I.B. \"N.I.B.\" is a song released by British heavy metal band Black Sabbath. It first appeared as the fourth track on the band's 1970 debut album, \"Black Sabbath\". The lyrics are in the first person from the point of view of Lucifer. Lyricist Geezer Butler has said that \"the song was about the devil falling in love and totally changing, becoming a good person.\" \"N.I.B.\" begins with a bass solo by Geezer Butler, titled \"Bassically\" on some US releases. It involves the use of the wah-wah pedal and was recorded in one take, as the amp's volume control is audibly", "title": "N.I.B." }, { "id": "17747213", "score": "1.157711", "text": "Nachrichtendienstliches Informationssystem The Nachrichtendienstliches Informationssystem (NADIS) (\"Intelligence agency information system\") is a searchable database operated by the German domestic security agency Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV). Data stored in the system is readily assessible by the BfV, the foreign intelligence agency Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), and the military intelligence agency Militärischer Abschirmdienst (MAD). As of 2008, it contains over a million data sets of personal information. On 24 June 2012, the database was upgraded and renamed \"NADIS WN\". In 2012, the BND received information from the United States intelligence community on 1,830 occasions. The information was handed over to the BfV and stored", "title": "Nachrichtendienstliches Informationssystem" }, { "id": "11821183", "score": "1.1575488", "text": "Identified Identified is the second studio album by Vanessa Hudgens, released on July 1, 2008 in the U.S. June 24, 2008 in Japan, February 13, 2009 in most European countries and February 16, 2009 in the United Kingdom. The album received generally positive reviews from music critics. Hudgens embarked on her first concert tour, Identified Summer Tour between August and September 2008 in support of the album. \"Sneakernight\" was released as the first and only single from the album. The track, produced by J.R. Rotem, was released on May 27, 2008 in the United States and February 8, 2009 in", "title": "Identified" }, { "id": "1973323", "score": "1.1574261", "text": "In 2004 the European Union mandated the use of instrument identifiers in some of its regulatory reporting, which included ISIN as one of the valid identifiers. \"ISO 6166\" (or ISO6166:2013 as of the 2013 revision) defines the structure of an International Securities Identification Number (ISIN). An ISIN uniquely identifies a fungible security. Securities with which ISINs can be used are: ISINs consist of two alphabetic characters, which are the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for the issuing country, nine alpha-numeric characters (the National Securities Identifying Number, or NSIN, which identifies the security, padded as necessary with leading zeros), and one numerical", "title": "International Securities Identification Number" }, { "id": "11505371", "score": "1.1529808", "text": "National Bibliography Number National Bibliography Number (NBN) is a group of publication identifier systems used by national libraries in countries such as Germany, Italy, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. There is no global standard for the contents of NBNs; instead, they have a country-specific format. NBNs are typically used for documents which do not have a publisher-assigned identifier such as an ISBN. They can be used to identify persistently media that are archived in national libraries, for instance Ph.D. theses. A Uniform Resource Name (URN) namespace for NBNs has been assigned , and is described in IETF RFC 3188. For example:", "title": "National Bibliography Number" }, { "id": "12871251", "score": "1.1516441", "text": "National Livestock Identification System The National Livestock Identification System (NLIS) is a livestock identification and tracking system used in Australia. The system uses Radiofrequency Identification Devices (RFID) applied as ear tags to identify and track livestock, each assigned an individual and unique electronic and physical printed tag numbers. There is an associated central electronic database which is used to record each animal’s residency and keep track of the other animals it has interacted with. The system improves food safety, acts as a market export assurance program which improves Australia's access to foreign export markets, and assists with disease control, tracing", "title": "National Livestock Identification System" }, { "id": "6409721", "score": "1.1493666", "text": "have made an \"outstanding contribution to the Association.\" The laureates are: Distinguished membership may be conferred only on a Member by a majority vote of the I.A.I. Board of Directors in recognition of the Member's superior efforts in the furtherance of the aims and purposes of the I.A.I. A Distinguished Member retains all the rights, privileges, and obligations of the class of membership he or she held prior to being designated as a Distinguished Member. There are four means of obtaining training through the IAI: There are several certifying boards: The International Association for Identification also participates in Scientific Working", "title": "International Association for Identification" }, { "id": "15085185", "score": "1.1491201", "text": "Hebrew Biblical texts. It can be used to analyse congressional or parliamentary debates; lawyers use it to scrutinise case law. Ibidem is NB’s bibliographic database. It is equipped with the citation and bibliographic rules of over 500 journals and professional associations. Bibliographical information for a book or journal need only be typed in once. Then, after choosing an academic style for a document, users can enter citations with one click. The entries are automatically formatted (as footnotes, endnotes, or in-text citation) according to the requirements of the chosen style, as are subsequent references to the same work, and bibliographies. If", "title": "Nota Bene (word processor)" } ]

[ "The Fuck You Tour", "fuck you tour", "It's Not Me It's You", "it s not me it s you", "stuck on naughty step", "It's Not Me, It's You", "Everyone's at It (song)", "everyone s at it", "Its not me, its you", "its not me its you", "Everyone's at It", "Stuck on the Naughty Steps", "Stuck on the Naughty Step", "Its not me its you", "stuck on naughty steps", "everyone s at it song", "Everyone's At It" ]

[ { "id": "12059696", "score": "2.0512953", "text": "The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, the Australian Albums Chart and the Canadian Albums Chart. The first single from it, \"The Fear\", also debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, where it remained for four consecutive weeks. Other singles include \"Not Fair\", another top 10 single in the UK, \"Fuck You\", which became her third chart entry on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at 68, \"22\" and her more recent \"Who'd Have Known\". Allen's first extended play, \"F.U.E.P.\", was released in March 2009 and her second, \"Paris Live Session\", in November of", "title": "Lily Allen discography" }, { "id": "7734563", "score": "2.0136886", "text": "to Hell\" on an album for the charity Heroes. \"It's Not Me, It's You\" was released in February 2009. It debuted at the number 1 position in the UK, Canada, and Australia and the number 5 position in the United States. The album has been certified platinum in the United Kingdom. The release of the album was a factor in EMI more than trebling their earnings. The first single from the album, \"The Fear\", was number 1 for the first four weeks in the UK after its release. The second single released from the album, \"Not Fair\", reached the number", "title": "Lily Allen" }, { "id": "12122206", "score": "1.8895901", "text": "radio station where she performed \"The Fear\", \"Not Fair\" and \"He Wasn't There\". She also performed \"The Fear\" on \"So You Think You Can Dance Australia\". She performed \"The Fear\" on the Japanese show \"Music Station\". She performed \"Not Fair\" on the UK TV show T4 and was interviewed about the album on \"The One Show\". Allen performed songs off the album and old hits on Radio 1's Big Weekend and at the London nightclub G-A-Y. To further promote the album, Allen embarked on the It's Not Me, It's You World Tour (2009–2010). Allen stated on her official website that", "title": "It's Not Me, It's You" }, { "id": "13026506", "score": "1.8644682", "text": "Not Fair \"Not Fair\" is a song by British recording artist Lily Allen from her second studio album, \"It's Not Me, It's You\" (2009). Written by Allen and produced by Greg Kurstin, the song was released as the second single from the album on 19 February 2009 by Regal Recordings. The song incorporates country music as the lyrics depict sexual frustration. Contemporary critics did not positively receive the song and its theme, some calling it a \"pseudo country track\" and considering it a strange musical composition. The single peaked in the top 20 of the charts of some European countries", "title": "Not Fair" }, { "id": "12632265", "score": "1.863411", "text": "in July 2006. \"The Fear\" also became the single which spent more weeks atop the chart of 2009 in the UK. On the single's third week stay at number one, its parent album, \"It's Not Me, It's You\" topped the UK Albums Chart, having a chart double, to which Allen said: \"It's great being at the top of both charts, especially in the same week as the Brit Awards are once again celebrating the best of British music.\" The song shared similar success in Australia, where it peaked at number three on the ARIA Singles Chart and stayed eight consecutive", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "12632253", "score": "1.851578", "text": "The Fear (Lily Allen song) \"The Fear\" is a song by English singer Lily Allen from her second studio album, \"It's Not Me, It's You\" (2009). Written by Allen and Greg Kurstin, the song was released as the lead single from the album. Initially, \"Everyone's at It\" was announced to be the first single from the album. However, it was ultimately decided on \"The Fear\" to be released on 26 January 2009 by Regal Recordings, while the demo (which was then titled \"I Don't Know\") leaked onto the Internet in April 2008. The song incorporates electropop music as the lyrics", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "12632267", "score": "1.8474143", "text": "the New Zealand Singles Chart. In North America, \"The Fear\" shared moderate success, charting at number 80 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, making it Allen's only second entry in the United States. Despite low positions on the main chart, the single managed to become the singer's first Hot Dance Club Play number one, topping it for one week. In Canada, it debuted at 57 in late 2008, afterwards leaving the chart for seven weeks; it returned in 2009, peaking at 33. It was certified Gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for shipments of over 20,000 copies. The music", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "12632256", "score": "1.8354857", "text": "most performed work. Initially, the song \"Everyone's at It\" was announced to be released as the lead single from the album, but it was ultimately decided on \"The Fear\". While discussing \"It's Not Me, It's You\", Allen stated that her intention was to make \"bigger sounding, more ethereal songs, real songs. [...] I think I've grown up a bit as a person and I hope it reflects that.\" She released a demo version of the song, which was then called \"I Don't Know\", onto her Myspace account, along with another song, \"I Could Say\", in April 2008. The singer declared", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "12632266", "score": "1.834892", "text": "weeks in the top 10, and was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association. In Ireland, \"The Fear\" entered at number 29 on the Irish Singles Chart, making a slow rise to number five, where it remained for one week after descending the chart. The song became a success in Europe, having entered the top 20 in most of its countries, which resulted in a peak of number three on the European Hot 100 Singles chart. Also, in New Zealand, Allen scored her fourth top 40 entry with the song placing itself at a peak of number 14 on", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "7734589", "score": "1.8282843", "text": "from the retro sound that many other artists had adapted since her debut, Allen ventured in a new direction sonically and lyrically in her second studio album, \"It's Not Me, It's You\". \"The Fear\", the first single from the album, is an electro-pop track denouncing consumerism. Her new musical direction and willingness to write lyrics that tackled less-common subjects were lauded by some critics. Allen's song \"Who'd Have Known\" was sampled in T-Pain's single \"5 O'Clock\" because of her accent. Joe Strummer, a close friend of Allen's father Keith, played mixtapes of Brazilian music and Jamaican reggae and ska when", "title": "Lily Allen" }, { "id": "12632254", "score": "1.8258162", "text": "articulate problems with celebrity lifestyles and include metaphors for recognised tabloid national newspapers such as \"The Sun\". Contemporary critics complimented the song and its themes of consumerism and the postmodern condition. \"The Fear\" topped the UK Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks, thus becoming the longest running number 1 in the UK of 2009, while peaking inside the top 10 in Australia and Ireland and the top 20 in several European countries. It is also Allen's second entry on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States, where it reached number 80. The accompanying music video portrayed a fantasy theme,", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "12632260", "score": "1.8159075", "text": "Kurstin using Apple's Logic Studio, using its built-in instruments. Michael Menachem from \"Billboard\" commented on the song, saying it \"packs another lyrical punch\", while complimenting Allen's vocals. Lucy Davies of the BBC described the song as \"[e]minently danceable and slightly trancey\". Neil McCormick from \"The Daily Telegraph\" suggested that the song confirms that the singer's \"pithy observational skills and sweet musicality\" remain intact, as she has been a bit bruised by her encounter with 21st-century fame. \"Clash\" reporter Natasha Arico concluded that \"The Fear\" is somewhat trite, though \"sickeningly catchy and dance friendly\", while \"Rolling Stone\" magazine failed to detect", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "12632275", "score": "1.8133678", "text": "BBC Radio 1's \"Live Lounge\" segment of Jo Whiley's show on 15 September 2009, featuring an interpolation of the Beyoncé's \"Halo\". Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"It's Not Me, It's You\". The Fear (Lily Allen song) \"The Fear\" is a song by English singer Lily Allen from her second studio album, \"It's Not Me, It's You\" (2009). Written by Allen and Greg Kurstin, the song was released as the lead single from the album. Initially, \"Everyone's at It\" was announced to be the first single from the album. However, it was ultimately decided on \"The Fear\" to be", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "12122207", "score": "1.8072202", "text": "\"The Fear\" had been chosen as the lead single. The song had its radio premiere via on \"The Scott Mills Show\" on 1 December 2008. The song's official music video premiered on 4 December at Channel 4, but it was leaked before the official release date; it was uploaded on YouTube two hours before the official premiere. The song was officially released on 8 December 2008, topping the UK Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks and becoming Allen's second number-one single in the UK. \"Not Fair\" was released digitally on 20 March 2009 and as a CD single on 16", "title": "It's Not Me, It's You" }, { "id": "12632264", "score": "1.7872901", "text": "familiar with Lily's music and good job Lily for knocking me off. There always deserves to be a female on top and I don't want to be the only one to do it. I think generally that pop music is making an enormous comeback and I'm actually very pleased with Lily Allen's new record as it's decidedly pop\". The song managed to remain on top for four weeks, throughout the whole of February, until it was dethroned by Kelly Clarkson's \"My Life Would Suck Without You\". It thus earned Allen's second chart-topper, since her debut single, \"Smile\", achieved the feat", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "7734545", "score": "1.7830143", "text": "maturity. It spawned the hit singles \"The Fear\" and \"Fuck You\". This success saw her receive the Brit Award for British Female Solo Artist at the 2010 Brit Awards. Allen and Amy Winehouse were credited with starting a process that led to the \"year of the women\" media label in 2009 that saw five female artists making music of \"experimentalism and fearlessness\" nominated for the Mercury Prize. After announcing a hiatus from her music career in 2009, Allen launched her own record label, In the Name Of, in 2011. She has released two further albums: \"Sheezus,\" (2014), which debuted at", "title": "Lily Allen" }, { "id": "12632261", "score": "1.7615817", "text": "the song's sarcasm and criticised the song for being a \"cliché\" delivered by Allen \"with sneer\". James Montgomery of MTV gave a good review, saying it is a relatively scathing indictment of today's glossy, \"celeb-ified culture\". Ryan Dombal from Pitchfork Media described the song to have a \"part admission, part brag, part apocalyptic vision\" and suggested that \"for almost any other artist, the lines would be barbed, sarcastic, and, ultimately, uppity and bland indictments. But not for the loudmouth [Allen]\". Other reviews were also positive; Sal Cinquemani from \"Slant Magazine\" suggested that \"The Fear\" is proof of the pop singer's", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "12632274", "score": "1.7558556", "text": "corset dress. She was later joined on stage by paratroopers dressed in pink military camouflage and women with Silver Cross prams. The song was featured in the fourth episode of series three of the TV drama \"Skins\", and, also, an instrumental version is used as accompanying music by \"Match of the Day 2\" during the review segment showing the goals. \"The Fear\" was parodied by the character playing Kevin Rudd on the TV show \"Double Take\", in which the lyrics are altered to deal with the voting campaign for Prime Minister in Australia. The song was covered by JLS for", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "12632262", "score": "1.7492306", "text": "self-awareness, but, given her own personal tabloid history, the song possesses a trail of irony: \"I'll look at \"The Sun\" and I'll look in \"The Mirror\"/I'm on the right track, yeah, we're onto a winner.\" Leah Greenblatt of \"Entertainment Weekly\" liked the song, in which Allen makes fun of her own material-girl ID and went on to say that it is in fact \"a tale of two Lilys: the naughty postadolescent in the rearview mirror, and the fully realized female coming around the bend.\" Chris Buckle from \"The Skinny\" gave \"The Fear\" three stars, commenting that it \"is a potent", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "17908260", "score": "1.7470877", "text": "at number one on the UK Albums Chart and the Australian Albums Chart and was well received by critics, noting the singer's musical evolution and maturity. It spawned the hit singles \"The Fear\" and \"Fuck You\", popular mostly in Europe. Allen and Amy Winehouse were credited with starting a process that led to the media-proclaimed \"year of the women\" in 2009 that has seen five female artists making music of \"experimentalism and fearlessness\" nominated for the Mercury Prize. In 2009, Allen announced that she would be taking a hiatus from musical activities. The following year, she opened a fashion rental", "title": "Our Time (Lily Allen song)" } ]

[ "None", "none disambiguation", "None (disambiguation)", "none" ]

[ { "id": "480039", "score": "1.3406948", "text": "in context. Determiners generally do this by indicating definiteness (as in \"a\" vs. \"the\"), quantity (as in \"one\" vs. \"some\" vs. \"many\"), or another such property. An adjective acts as the head of an \"adjective phrase\" or \"adjectival phrase\" (AP). In the simplest case, an adjective phrase consists solely of the adjective; more complex adjective phrases may contain one or more adverbs modifying the adjective (\"\"very\" strong\"), or one or more complements (such as \"worth \"several dollars\"\", \"full \"of toys\"\", or \"eager \"to please\"\"). In English, attributive adjective phrases that include complements typically follow the noun that they qualify (\"an", "title": "Adjective" }, { "id": "601376", "score": "1.3403122", "text": "Lexemes may be inflected to express different grammatical categories. The lexeme \"run\" has the forms \"runs\", \"ran\", \"runny\", \"runner\", and \"running\". Words in one class can sometimes be derived from those in another. This has the potential to give rise to new words. The noun \"aerobics\" has recently given rise to the adjective \"aerobicized\". Words combine to form phrases. A phrase typically serves the same function as a word from some particular word class. For example, \"my very good friend Peter\" is a phrase that can be used in a sentence as if it were a noun, and is therefore", "title": "English grammar" }, { "id": "11802672", "score": "1.3400416", "text": "\"homeless\", \"disabled\", \"blind\", \"deaf\", etc., as well as certain demonyms such as \"English\", \"Welsh\", \"Irish\", \"French\", \"Dutch\". Another case is when an adjective is used to denote a single object with the property, as in \"you take the long route, and I'll take the \"short\"\". Here \"the short\" stands for \"the short route\". A much more common alternative in the modern language is the structure using the prop-word \"one\": \"the short one\". However, the use of the adjective alone is fairly common in the case of superlatives such as \"biggest\", ordinal numbers such as \"first\", \"second\", etc., and other related", "title": "Nominalized adjective" }, { "id": "2484834", "score": "1.326974", "text": "words that are not matched will be cycled back in once all seven words have been attempted. Jack Attack ends after either (1) all seven phrases are correctly associated with their clue, (2) 7-14 total phrases (including cycled words) have been shown in the middle, and/or (3) all phrases are either matched or attempted twice. The exceptions are the 2012 Facebook edition (the faces of those who did answer correctly are shown) and \"2015\", where all seven phrases are only shown once. In \"You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream\", the same clue and phrase in the center of the screen", "title": "You Don't Know Jack (franchise)" }, { "id": "3586013", "score": "1.3158889", "text": "demonstratives include \"here\", \"there (nearby)\", \"there (far away)\", \"down there\", \"up there\". Alone, or with the determiner suffixes or added, these function as demonstrative pronouns \"this person\", \"that person\", etc. With the noun phrase marker , they become demonstrative adjectives. E.g.: The numbers are: 20, 30, etc. are formed by adding \"ten\" (with tone change) to the unit. In compound numbers, is added to each 'figure, thus: When a cardinal number functions as an adjective, the suffix can be added \"(e.g.\" \"three children\"). Ordinal numbers are formed by suffixing to the cardinal, e.g.: \"fourth\". Adjectives are sometimes intensified by changing", "title": "Bench language" }, { "id": "6436890", "score": "1.3149529", "text": "from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, \"sure\" was followed by a verb 7,396 times, but it was rarely followed by an adjective at only 470 times. Compare:\"We sure had a great time.\" \"We surely had a great time.\" \"We had a sure great time.*\" \"We surely had a great time. (meaning is changed)\" This can possibly be explained by the differing uses of the suffix \"-ly,\" and another adverbial suffix, \"-e\". According to the Oxford English Dictionary, there are two different uses of the suffix \"-ly\": when the suffix transforms a word into an adjective (e.g. \"brotherly\"), and when", "title": "Flat adverb" }, { "id": "601420", "score": "1.3128204", "text": "are also many adverbs that are not derived from adjectives, including adverbs of time, of frequency, of place, of degree and with other meanings. Some suffixes that are commonly used to form adverbs from nouns are \"-ward[s]\" (as in \"homeward[s]\") and \"-wise\" (as in \"lengthwise\"). Most adverbs form comparatives and superlatives by modification with \"more\" and \"most\": \"often\", \"more often\", \"most often\"; \"smoothly\", \"more smoothly\", \"most smoothly\" (see also comparison of adjectives, above). However, a few adverbs retain irregular inflection for comparative and superlative forms: \"much\", \"more\", \"most\"; \"a little\", \"less\", \"least\"; \"well\", \"better\", \"best\"; \"badly\", \"worse\", \"worst\"; \"far\", \"further\"", "title": "English grammar" }, { "id": "4231353", "score": "1.3100574", "text": "flow (e.g., the TV show ). It is also more typical to omit when a single-syllable adjective is used than for a multi-syllable adjective (e.g., compare () with ). In general, there are no strict rules regarding when can be omitted; however, some adjectives and adjective-noun pairs are more often seen without the associative particle than others. Some examples: Unlike English, subjects and predicate adjectives in a Chinese sentence are not linked by copula but by degree adverbs, such as hěn \"very,\" hǎo \"highly,\" zhēn \"really,\" and fēicháng \"extraordinarily, extremely.\" For example, the following sentences express increasing degrees of \"beauty\":", "title": "Chinese adjectives" }, { "id": "341603", "score": "1.307297", "text": "vocative, accusative, dative, genitive, and ablative) and two numbers. Many adjectives were additionally declined in three genders, leading to a possible 6 × 2 × 3 = 36 endings per adjective (although this was rarely the case). In practice, some category combinations had identical endings to other combinations, but a basic adjective like \"bonus\" \"good\" still had 14 distinct endings. In all Romance languages, this system was drastically reduced. In most modern Romance languages, in fact, case is no longer marked at all on nouns, adjectives and determiners, and most forms are derived from the Latin accusative case. Much like", "title": "Romance languages" }, { "id": "236333", "score": "1.3031223", "text": "is closed, whereas the class of adjectives is open, since an infinite number of adjectives can be constructed from verbs (e.g. \"saddened\") or nouns (e.g. with the -like suffix, as in \"noun-like\"). In other languages such as Korean, the situation is the opposite, and new pronouns can be constructed, whereas the number of adjectives is fixed. Word classes also carry out differing functions in grammar. Prototypically, verbs are used to construct predicates, while nouns are used as arguments of predicates. In a sentence such as \"Sally runs\", the predicate is \"runs\", because it is the word that predicates a specific", "title": "Language" }, { "id": "9377001", "score": "1.2974088", "text": "as \"good\", \"better\", and \"best\". Other adjectives have comparatives formed by periphrastic constructions, with the adverb \"more\" marking the comparative, and \"most\" marking the superlative: \"happier\" or \"more happy\", \"the happiest\" or \"most happy\". There is some variation among speakers regarding which adjectives use inflected or periphrastic comparison, and some studies have shown a tendency for the periphrastic forms to become more common at the expense of the inflected form. English pronouns conserve many traits of case and gender inflection. The personal pronouns retain a difference between subjective and objective case in most persons (\"I/me, he/him, she/her, we/us, they/them\") as", "title": "English language" }, { "id": "480042", "score": "1.294911", "text": "in \"the man \"who wasn't there\"\"), and infinitive phrases (as in \"a cake \"to die for\"\"). Some nouns can also take complements such as content clauses (as in \"the idea \"that I would do that\"\"), but these are not commonly considered modifiers. For more information about possible modifiers and dependents of nouns, see Components of noun phrases. In many languages, attributive adjectives usually occur in a specific order. In general, the adjective order in English can be summarised as: opinion, size, age or shape, colour, origin, material, purpose. This sequence (with age preceding shape) is sometimes referred to by the", "title": "Adjective" }, { "id": "601419", "score": "1.2942476", "text": "(for details of spelling and etymology, see \"-ly\"). Certain words can be used as both adjectives and adverbs, such as \"fast\", \"straight\", and \"hard\"; these are flat adverbs. In earlier usage more flat adverbs were accepted in formal usage; many of these survive in idioms and colloquially. (\"That's just plain ugly.\") Some adjectives can also be used as flat adverbs when they actually describe the subject. (\"The streaker ran naked\", not **\"The streaker ran nakedly\".) The adverb corresponding to the adjective \"good\" is \"well\" (note that \"bad\" forms the regular \"badly\", although \"ill\" is occasionally used in some phrases). There", "title": "English grammar" }, { "id": "3161307", "score": "1.292059", "text": "have a value of -1. Any adjective multiplies a noun by 2, and adjectives can be compounded. Possessive pronouns are ignored by the parser, while words pertaining to basic arithmetic are recognized as operations, such as \"sum\", \"quotient\", and \"cube\". A sentence that assigns a value to a character starts with \"You\", may optionally continue with \"are as [any adjective] as\", and then gives the mathematical formula in nouns, adjectives, variables, and operations for the new value. Examples of such lines follow: Lines can also call for a variable to give output or receive input. \"Open your heart\" outputs the", "title": "Shakespeare Programming Language" }, { "id": "249587", "score": "1.2915444", "text": "sentences (A) and (B) to form the compound sentences (C) and (D). The \"and\" in (C) is a \"logical\" connective, since the truth of (C) is completely determined by (A) and (B): it would make no sense to affirm (A) and (B) but deny (C). However, \"so\" in (D) is not a logical connective, since it would be quite reasonable to affirm (A) and (B) but deny (D): perhaps, after all, Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water, not because Jack had gone up the hill at all. Various English words and word pairs express logical", "title": "Logical connective" }, { "id": "601422", "score": "1.2906094", "text": "special verb (or after the first of them, if there is more than one): \"I have just finished the crossword\"; \"She can usually manage a pint\"; \"We are never late\"; \"You might possibly have been unconscious\". Adverbs that provide a connection with previous information (such as \"next\", \"then\", \"however\"), and those that provide the context (such as time or place) for a sentence, are typically placed at the start of the sentence: Yesterday we went on a shopping expedition.\" A special type of adverb is the adverbial particle used to form phrasal verbs (such as \"up\" in \"pick up\", \"on\"", "title": "English grammar" }, { "id": "3552564", "score": "1.2877653", "text": "formula_25. Then an adjective could have the type formula_26, because if it is followed by a noun then the whole phrase is a noun. Similarly, a determiner has the type formula_27, because it forms a complete noun phrase when followed by a noun. Intransitive verbs have the type formula_28, and transitive verbs the type formula_29. Then a string of words is a sentence if it has overall type formula_25. For example, take the string \"the bad boy made that mess\". Now \"the\" and \"that\" are determiners, \"boy\" and \"mess\" are nouns, \"bad\" is an adjective, and \"made\" is a transitive", "title": "Categorial grammar" }, { "id": "3897357", "score": "1.2847664", "text": "many roads must a man walk down?\" from Bob Dylan's song \"Blowin' in the Wind\". At the end of the radio series, the television series and , Arthur Dent, having escaped the Earth's destruction, potentially has some of the computational matrix in his brain. He attempts to discover The Ultimate Question by extracting it from his brainwave patterns, as abusively suggested by Ford Prefect, when a Scrabble-playing caveman spells out forty two. Arthur pulls random letters from a bag, but only gets the sentence \"What do you get if you multiply six by ?\" Six times nine is, of course,", "title": "Phrases from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" }, { "id": "9146125", "score": "1.2821238", "text": "decreasing. An example of such a GQ is \"exactly three boys\". Neither of the following two sentences entail the other. The first sentence doesn't entail the second. The fact that the number of students that ran is exactly three doesn't entail that each of these students \"ran fast\", so the number of students that did that can be smaller than 3. Conversely, the second sentence doesn't entail the first. The sentence \"exactly three students ran fast\" can be true, even though the number of students who merely ran (i.e. not so fast) is greater than 3. The lambda term for", "title": "Generalized quantifier" }, { "id": "807356", "score": "1.2808844", "text": "phrase. codice_1 Sam ordered a very spicy (and/but) \"quite small pizza.\" (Sam ordered a AP and AP pizza) This phrase passed the coordination test because it was grammatical, and the adjective phrases were not creating ambiguous meanings when a conjunction (and/but) is used. 2) Ellipsis tests can be also be used to confirm if \"very spicy\" is an adjective phrase. codice_2 \"Sam ordered a very spicy pizza, but the pizza Betty ordered was not very spicy.\" This phrase passed the Ellipsis test, because no ambiguity is created and the adjective phrase could be elided (deleted). 3) Movement test, specifically pseudoclefting,", "title": "Adjective phrase" } ]

[ "", "six", "6" ]

[ { "id": "12478206", "score": "2.2472632", "text": "not receive this respect. However, Percy and Toby are more than capable of standing up to him, and Annie and Clarabel often rebuke him. Thomas's on-screen appearances in the TV series were developed by Britt Allcroft. The first series of 26 stories premiered in October 1984 on the ITV Network in the UK, with former Beatles drummer/vocalist Ringo Starr as storyteller. The stories were featured as segments as part of Shining Time Station in the US beginning in 1989 with Starr as the show's Mr. Conductor character. From 1991 to 1993, George Carlin replaced Starr as both the storyteller and", "title": "Thomas the Tank Engine" }, { "id": "6076678", "score": "2.036011", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 1) Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from the first series, which was originally broadcast in 1984. This series was initially narrated by Ringo Starr for the U.K. audiences, who re-narrated 25 episodes for U.S. audiences on the American television show \"Shining Time Station\". The entire series was later re-narrated by George Carlin for the U.S.", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 1)" }, { "id": "6076737", "score": "2.0200315", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 2) Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from the second series of the show, which was first broadcast in 1986. This series was initially narrated by Ringo Starr for the U.K. audiences, who re-narrated 17 episodes for the U.S. audiences on \"Shining Time Station\". The entire series was later re-narrated by George Carlin for the U.S.", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 2)" }, { "id": "6076740", "score": "2.0128882", "text": "believed to be in possession of the original film footage. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Thomas & Friends (series 2) Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from the second series of the show, which was first broadcast in 1986. This series was initially narrated by Ringo Starr for the U.K. audiences, who re-narrated 17 episodes for the U.S. audiences on \"Shining Time Station\".", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 2)" }, { "id": "12478199", "score": "2.0102549", "text": "the second book in the series, \"Thomas the Tank Engine\", and was the focus of the four short stories contained within. Thomas's best friends are Percy and Toby. In 1979, British writer/producer Britt Allcroft came across the books, and arranged a deal to bring the stories to life as the TV series \"Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends\" (later simplified to \"Thomas & Friends\"). The programme became an award-winning hit around the world, with a vast range of spin-off commercial products. When Awdry created Thomas, the engine existed only as a wooden toy made for his son Christopher. This engine", "title": "Thomas the Tank Engine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Thomas the Tank Engine\n\nThomas the Tank Engine is an anthropomorphised fictional tank locomotive in the British \"Railway Series\" books by Wilbert Awdry and his son, Christopher, published from 1945. He became the most popular and famous character in the series, and is the titular protagonist in the accompanying television adaptation series \"Thomas & Friends\" and its reboot \"\".\n\nThomas is a blue steam engine and has a number 1 painted on his side. All of the vehicles in \"The Railway Series\" were based on prototypical engines; Thomas's basis is the LB&SCR E2 class. Thomas first appeared in 1946 in the second book in the series, \"Thomas the Tank Engine\", and was the focus of the four short stories contained within. In \"The Railway Series\" and early episodes of \"Thomas & Friends\", Thomas's best friends are Percy and Toby, though he is also close friends with Edward. Later episodes of \"Thomas & Friends\" have Thomas in a trio with James and Percy, and Percy is known as his best friend.\n\nIn 1979, British writer and producer Britt Allcroft came across the books, and arranged a deal to bring the stories to life as the TV series \"Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends\" (later simplified to \"Thomas & Friends\"). The programme became an award-winning hit around the world, with a vast range of spin-off commercial products.", "title": "Thomas the Tank Engine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ringo Starr\n\nSir Richard Starkey (born 7 July 1940), known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor who achieved international fame as the drummer for the Beatles. Starr occasionally sang lead vocals with the group, usually for one song on each album, including \"Yellow Submarine\" and \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". He also wrote and sang the Beatles songs \"Don't Pass Me By\" and \"Octopus's Garden\", and is credited as a co-writer of four others.\n\nStarr was afflicted by life-threatening illnesses during childhood, with periods of prolonged hospitalisation. He briefly held a position with British Rail before securing an apprenticeship as a machinist at a Liverpool school equipment manufacturer. Soon afterwards, Starr became interested in the UK skiffle craze and developed a fervent admiration for the genre. In 1957, he co-founded his first band, the Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group, which earned several prestigious local bookings before the fad succumbed to American rock and roll around early 1958. When the Beatles formed in 1960, Starr was a member of another Liverpool group, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. After achieving moderate success in the UK and Hamburg, he quit the Hurricanes when he was asked to join the Beatles in August 1962, replacing Pete Best.\n\nIn addition to the Beatles' films, Starr has acted in numerous others. After the band's break-up in 1970, he released several successful singles including the US top-ten hit \"It Don't Come Easy\", and number ones \"Photograph\" and \"You're Sixteen\". His most successful UK single was \"Back Off Boogaloo\", which peaked at number two. He achieved commercial and critical success with his 1973 album \"Ringo\", which was a top-ten release in both the UK and the US. Starr has featured in numerous documentaries, hosted television shows, narrated the first two series of the children's television program \"Thomas & Friends\" and portrayed \"Mr. Conductor\" during the first season of the PBS children's television series \"Shining Time Station\". Since 1989, he has toured with thirteen variations of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band.\n\nStarr's playing style, which emphasised feel over technical virtuosity, influenced many drummers to reconsider their playing from a compositional perspective. He also influenced various modern drumming techniques, such as the matched grip, tuning the drums lower, and using muffling devices on tonal rings. In 2011, \"Rolling Stone\" readers named him the fifth-greatest drummer of all time. He was inducted twice into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, as a Beatle in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2015, and appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 2018 New Year Honours for services to music. In 2020, he was cited as the wealthiest drummer in the world, with a net worth of $350 million.", "title": "Ringo Starr" }, { "id": "16421366", "score": "1.9932474", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 17) Thomas & Friends (previously known as Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends) is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from the seventeenth series of the show, which was first broadcast in 2013. This series was narrated by Mark Moraghan for the U.K. and U.S. audiences. Note: Episodes 1–20 were first broadcast in the U.K. in 2013 by Channel 5 (20 single episodes).", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 17)" }, { "id": "10874500", "score": "1.9786723", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 12) Thomas & Friends (previously known as Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends) is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from the twelfth series of the show, which was first broadcast in 2008. This series was originally planned to be narrated by Pierce Brosnan, replacing Michael Angelis and Michael Brandon for the UK and US narrations starting with \"The Great Discovery\", respectively. However,", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 12)" }, { "id": "6070792", "score": "1.9728439", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 5) Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from the fifth series of the show, which was first broadcast in 1998. This series is narrated by Michael Angelis for the U.K. audiences, while Alec Baldwin narrated the episodes for the U.S. audiences. The show's staff had decided since Series 3 that most of the best stories of", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 5)" }, { "id": "17868514", "score": "1.9693562", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 18) Thomas & Friends (previously known as Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends) is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from series 18 of the show, which first began broadcasting from 2014. Some episodes in this series have two titles: the original titles are indicated in bold, with the American-adapted titles underneath. This series is narrated by Mark Moraghan for the U.K. and", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 18)" }, { "id": "15393537", "score": "1.9549274", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 15) Thomas & Friends (previously known as Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends) is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This was Christopher Skala's last series as executive producer. This article lists and details episodes from the fifteenth series of the show, which was first broadcast in 2011. This series was narrated by Michael Angelis for the U.K. audiences, while Michael Brandon narrates the episodes for the U.S. audiences.", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 15)" }, { "id": "1766463", "score": "1.9492797", "text": "Thomas & Friends Thomas & Friends (originally known as Thomas The Tank Engine & Friends or Thomas the Tank Engine; also known as Thomas & Friends: Big World! Big Adventures! in the twenty-second series) is a British children's television series. In the United Kingdom, it had its first broadcast on the ITV network in Great Britain in 1984. In the United States, it had its first broadcast on \"Shining Time Station\" in 1989. It is based on \"The Railway Series\" of books by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry and his son, Christopher Awdry. These books follow the adventures of a group", "title": "Thomas & Friends" }, { "id": "16332609", "score": "1.9488683", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 16) Thomas & Friends (previously known as Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends) is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from the sixteenth series of the show, which was first broadcast in 2012. This series was narrated by Michael Angelis for the U.K. audiences, while Michael Brandon narrates the episodes for the U.S. audiences. This was also their last series. This was Sharon", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 16)" }, { "id": "6074922", "score": "1.9450946", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 3) Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from the third series of the show, which was first broadcast for the U.S. in 1991 as part of \"Shining Time Station\", and followed a year later for the U.K. This series was narrated by Michael Angelis for the U.K. audiences, while George Carlin narrated the episodes for the", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 3)" }, { "id": "6070846", "score": "1.9348586", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 6) Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from the sixth series of the show, which was first broadcast in 2002. This series was narrated by Michael Angelis for the U.K. audiences, who also re-dubbed only two episodes for the U.S. audiences, while Alec Baldwin narrated the episodes for the U.S. audiences, which was also his last", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 6)" }, { "id": "6070936", "score": "1.9347458", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 9) Thomas & Friends (previously known as Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends) is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from the ninth Series of this show, which was first broadcast in 2005. This series was narrated by Michael Angelis for the U.K. audiences, while Michael Brandon narrated the episodes for the U.S. audiences. Some episodes in this series have two titles: the", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 9)" }, { "id": "12478198", "score": "1.9337661", "text": "Thomas the Tank Engine Thomas the Tank Engine is a fictional steam locomotive in \"The Railway Series\" books by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry and his son, Christopher, published from 1945 on. He became the most popular character in the series, and is the title character in the accompanying television spin-off series \"Thomas & Friends\". Thomas is a steam engine and has a number 1 painted on his side. All of the locomotives in The Railway Series were based on prototypical engines; Thomas has origins in the E2 Class designed by Lawson Billinton in 1913. Thomas first appeared in 1946 in", "title": "Thomas the Tank Engine" }, { "id": "2857575", "score": "1.9322863", "text": "a model of Gordon; however, as that was too difficult Awdry made a model of a little 0-6-0 tank engine. Awdry said, \"The natural name was Thomas – Thomas the Tank Engine.\" Then Christopher requested stories about Thomas and these duly followed and were published in the famous book \"Thomas the Tank Engine\", released in 1946. The first book, (\"The Three Railway Engines\") was published in 1945, and by the time Awdry stopped writing in 1972, \"The Railway Series\" numbered 26 books. Christopher subsequently added further books to the series. In 1952, Awdry volunteered as a guard on the Talyllyn", "title": "Wilbert Awdry" }, { "id": "6070902", "score": "1.9192779", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 8) Thomas & Friends (previously known as Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends) is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from the eighth series of the show, which was first broadcast in 2004. This series was narrated by Michael Angelis for the U.K. audiences, while Michael Brandon narrated the episodes for the U.S. audiences. Starting with this series, \"Thomas & Friends\" broadcast in", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 8)" }, { "id": "10526280", "score": "1.9181736", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 11) Thomas & Friends \"(previously known as Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends)\" is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This article lists and details episodes from the eleventh series of this show, which was first broadcast in 2007. This series was narrated by Michael Angelis for the UK audiences, while Michael Brandon narrates the episodes for the US audiences. Starting in this series, the theme song is sung", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 11)" }, { "id": "6727134", "score": "1.9174166", "text": "Thomas & Friends (series 10) Thomas & Friends \"(previously known as Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends)\" is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. This was Jocelyn Stevenson's last series as executive producer. Sharon Miller remained as script editor. This article lists episodes from the tenth Series of this show, which was first broadcast in 2006. This series was narrated by Michael Angelis for the UK audiences, while Michael Brandon narrated the episodes", "title": "Thomas & Friends (series 10)" } ]

[ "scalp", "scalpus", "scalp hair", "Scalp", "Scalpus", "Scalp hair" ]

[ { "id": "7038013", "score": "1.4748716", "text": "or a prime broker under the condition that he will return it on demand. Next, the trader sells the borrowed shares and delivers them to the buyer who becomes their new owner. The buyer is typically unaware that the shares have been sold short: his transaction with the trader proceeds just as if the trader owned rather than borrowed the shares. Some time later, the trader closes his short position by purchasing the same number of shares in the market and returning them to the lender. The trader's profit is the difference between the sale price and the purchase price", "title": "Naked short selling" }, { "id": "1065971", "score": "1.4171076", "text": "This means that the buyer of such a short is buying the short-seller's promise to deliver a share, rather than buying the share itself. The short-seller's promise is known as a hypothecated share. When the holder of the underlying stock receives a dividend, the holder of the hypothecated share would receive an equal dividend from the short seller. Naked shorting has been made illegal except where allowed under limited circumstances by market makers. It is detected by the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (in the US) as a \"failure to deliver\" or simply \"fail.” While many fails are settled in", "title": "Short (finance)" }, { "id": "1065970", "score": "1.4036391", "text": "of the year, essentially as interest for borrowing a stock in limited supply. This has important implications for derivatives pricing and strategy, as the borrow cost itself can become a significant convenience yield for holding the stock (similar to additional dividend) - for instance, put-call parity relationships are broken and the early exercise feature of American call options on non-dividend paying stocks can become rational to exercise early, which otherwise would not be economical. A naked short sale occurs when a security is sold short without borrowing the security within a set time (for example, three days in the US.)", "title": "Short (finance)" }, { "id": "7038014", "score": "1.3918064", "text": "of the shares. In contrast to \"going long\" where sale succeeds the purchase, short sale precedes the purchase. Because the seller/borrower is generally required to make a cash deposit equivalent to the sale proceeds, it offers the lender some security. Naked short selling is a case of short selling without first arranging a borrow. If the stock is in short supply, finding shares to borrow can be difficult. The seller may also decide not to borrow the shares, in some cases because lenders are not available, or because the costs of lending are too high. When shares are not borrowed", "title": "Naked short selling" }, { "id": "1065946", "score": "1.3914264", "text": "an investor profits from an increase in the price of the asset. Mathematically, the return from a short position is equivalent to that of owning (being \"long\") a negative amount of the instrument. (Nevertheless, one main discrepancy in the short against a long position is that the short position must exclude the dividends paid, if any.) A short sale may have a variety of objectives. Speculators may sell short hoping to realize a profit on an instrument that appears overvalued, just as long investors or speculators hope to profit from a rise in the price of an instrument that appears", "title": "Short (finance)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Short (finance)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hoarding (economics)\n\nHoarding in economics refers to the concept of purchasing and storing a large amount of product belonging to a particular market, creating scarcity of that product, and ultimately driving the price of that product up. Commonly hoarded products include assets such as money, gold and public securities, as well as vital goods such as fuel and medicine. Consumers are primarily hoarding resources so that they can maintain their current consumption rate in the event of a shortage (real or perceived). Hoarding resources can prevent or slow products or commodities from traveling through the economy. Subsequently, this may lead to the product or commodity to becomes scarce, causing the value of the resource to rise.\n\nA common intention of economic hoarding is to generate a profit by selling the product once the price has increased. Hence, economic tend to hoard products that are so that when the price of the product does increase, the demand for that product is maintained. and generally occurs in markets operating under a non-competitive structure. The practice of hoarding can have varied effects in the economy and is legal in most cases, however price controls and other regulatory laws are often enforced to prevent negative market implications. Under Islamic jurisprudence, intentional acts of economic hoarding are regarded as a highly sinful and unlawful.<ref name=\":0\" />", "title": "Hoarding (economics)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Market manipulation\n\nIn economics and finance, market manipulation is a type of market abuse where there is a deliberate attempt to interfere with the free and fair operation of the market; the most blatant of cases involve creating false or misleading appearances with respect to the price of, or market for, a product, security or commodity. \n\nMarket manipulation is prohibited in most countries, in particular, it is prohibited in the United States under Section 9(a)(2) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, in the European Union under Article 12 of the \"Market Abuse Regulation\", in Australia under Section 1041A of the Corporations Act 2001, and in Israel under Section 54(a) of the securities act of 1968. In the US, market manipulation is also prohibited for wholesale electricity markets under Section 222 of the Federal Power Act and wholesale natural gas markets under Section 4A of the Natural Gas Act.\n\nThe US Securities Exchange Act defines market manipulation as \"transactions which create an artificial price or maintain an artificial price for a tradable security\".", "title": "Market manipulation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Artificial scarcity\n\nArtificial scarcity is scarcity of items despite the technology for production or the sufficient capacity for sharing. The most common causes are monopoly pricing structures, such as those enabled by laws that restrict competition or by high fixed costs in a particular marketplace. The inefficiency associated with artificial scarcity is formally known as a deadweight loss.", "title": "Artificial scarcity" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Money\n\nMoney is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts, such as taxes, in a particular country or socio-economic context. The primary functions which distinguish money are as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, a store of value and sometimes, a standard of deferred payment.\n\nMoney was historically an emergent market phenomenon that possess intrinsic value as a commodity; nearly all contemporary money systems are based on unbacked fiat money without use value.<ref name=\"mankiw\"/> Its value is consequently derived by social convention, having been declared by a government or regulatory entity to be legal tender; that is, it must be accepted as a form of payment within the boundaries of the country, for \"all debts, public and private\", in the case of the United States dollar. Contexts which erode public confidence, such as the circulation of counterfeit money or domestic hyperinflation, can cause good money to lose its value.\n\nThe money supply of a country comprises all currency in circulation (banknotes and coins currently issued) and, depending on the particular definition used, one or more types of bank money (the balances held in checking accounts, savings accounts, and other types of bank accounts). Bank money, whose value exists on the books of financial institutions and can be converted into physical notes or used for cashless payment, forms by far the largest part of broad money in developed countries.", "title": "Money" }, { "id": "1065990", "score": "1.3835375", "text": "of selling short involves a long position. \"Selling short against the box\" consists of holding a long position on which the shares have already risen, whereupon one then enters a short sell order for an equal number of shares. The term \"box\" alludes to the days when a safe deposit box was used to store (long) shares. The purpose of this technique is to lock in paper profits on the long position without having to sell that position (and possibly incur taxes if said position has appreciated). Once the short position has been entered, it serves to balance the long", "title": "Short (finance)" }, { "id": "8301761", "score": "1.382196", "text": "Scalping (trading) Scalping, when used in reference to trading in securities, commodities and foreign exchange, may refer to Scalping is the shortest time frame in trading and it exploits small changes in currency prices. Scalpers attempt to act like traditional market makers or specialists. To \"make the spread\" means to buy at the Bid price and sell at the Ask price, in order to gain the bid/ask difference. This procedure allows for profit even when the bid and ask don't move at all, as long as there are traders who are willing to take market prices. It normally involves establishing", "title": "Scalping (trading)" }, { "id": "9257983", "score": "1.379666", "text": "up the shares of worthless penny stocks. The word is derived by combining shareholder with the expression \"left holding the bag.\" If a worthless property is bought with the idea to sell it for a higher price, the gullible person who is stuck owning the property is the bagholder. The expression \"left holding the bag\" originated in eighteenth century Britain and spread throughout the English-speaking world. In this context, a person left holding the bag is stuck with the stolen goods, taking the blame from the police while the rest of a criminal gang escapes. The phrase is also used", "title": "Bagholder" }, { "id": "1065983", "score": "1.3752234", "text": "selling probably is most often used as a hedge strategy to manage the risks of long investments. Many short sellers place a \"stop order\" with their stockbroker after selling a stock short—an order to the brokerage to cover the position if the price of the stock should rise to a certain level. This is to limit the loss and avoid the problem of unlimited liability described above. In some cases, if the stock's price skyrockets, the stockbroker may decide to cover the short seller's position immediately and without his consent to guarantee that the short seller can make good on", "title": "Short (finance)" }, { "id": "1065950", "score": "1.3750515", "text": "to be borrowed, held by pension funds, mutual funds and other investors. The act of buying back the securities that were sold short is called \"covering the short\" or \"covering the position\". A short position can be covered at any time before the securities are due to be returned. Once the position is covered, the short seller is not affected by subsequent rises or falls in the price of the securities, as he already holds the securities required to repay the lender. Short selling refers broadly to any transaction used by an investor to profit from the decline in price", "title": "Short (finance)" }, { "id": "1065986", "score": "1.3723938", "text": "the intent of selling the position at a profit to the short sellers, who may be panicked by the initial uptick or who are forced to cover their short positions to avoid margin calls. Another risk is that a given stock may become \"hard to borrow.\" As defined by the SEC and based on lack of availability, a broker may charge a hard to borrow fee daily, without notice, for any day that the SEC declares a share is hard to borrow. Additionally, a broker may be required to cover a short seller's position at any time (\"buy in\"). The", "title": "Short (finance)" }, { "id": "1065984", "score": "1.3720992", "text": "his debt of shares. Short sellers must be aware of the potential for a short squeeze. When the price of a stock rises significantly, some people who are shorting the stock cover their positions to limit their losses (this may occur in an automated way if the short sellers had stop-loss orders in place with their brokers); others may be forced to close their position to meet a margin call; others may be forced to cover, subject to the terms under which they borrowed the stock, if the person who lent the stock wishes to sell and take a profit.", "title": "Short (finance)" }, { "id": "7038008", "score": "1.3624387", "text": "Naked short selling Naked short selling, or naked shorting, is the practice of short-selling a tradable asset of any kind without first borrowing the security or ensuring that the security can be borrowed, as is conventionally done in a short sale. When the seller does not obtain the shares within the required time frame, the result is known as a \"failure to deliver\". The transaction generally remains open until the shares are acquired by the seller, or the seller's broker settles the trade. Short selling is used to anticipate a price fall, but exposes the seller to the risk of", "title": "Naked short selling" }, { "id": "1065957", "score": "1.3594413", "text": "downward pressure on prices. In response, a number of countries introduced restrictive regulations on short-selling in 2008 and 2009. Naked short selling is the practice of short-selling a tradable asset without first borrowing the security or ensuring that the security can be borrowed – it was this practice that was commonly restricted. Investors argued that it was the weakness of financial institutions, not short-selling, that drove stocks to fall. In September 2008, the Securities Exchange Commission in the United States abruptly banned short sales, primarily in financial stocks, to protect companies under siege in the stock market. That ban expired", "title": "Short (finance)" }, { "id": "1065982", "score": "1.3523275", "text": "to short term capital gains, which are taxed as ordinary income. For this reason, buying shares (called \"going long\") has a very different risk profile from selling short. Furthermore, a \"long's\" losses are limited because the price can only go down to zero, but gains are not, as there is no limit, in theory, on how high the price can go. On the other hand, the short seller's possible gains are limited to the original price of the stock, which can only go down to zero, whereas the loss potential, again in theory, has no limit. For this reason, short", "title": "Short (finance)" }, { "id": "1065943", "score": "1.3488622", "text": "Short (finance) In finance, a short sale (also known as a short, shorting, or going short) is the sale of an asset (securities or other financial instrument) that the seller does not own. The seller effects such a sale by borrowing the asset in order to deliver it to the buyer. Subsequently, the resulting short position is \"covered\" when the seller repurchases the asset in a market transaction and delivers the purchased asset to the lender to replace the quantity initially borrowed. In the event of an interim price decline, the short seller will profit, since the cost of (re)purchase", "title": "Short (finance)" }, { "id": "4832156", "score": "1.3418636", "text": "value for any tickets on offer through secondary sellers. Ticket resale is common in both sporting and musical events. Ticket resale is a form of arbitrage that arises when the number demanded at the sale price exceeds the number supplied (that is, when event organizers charge less than the equilibrium prices for the tickets). During the 19th century, the term \"scalper\" was applied to railroad ticket brokers who sold tickets for lower rates. Ticket re-sellers use several different means to secure premium and previously sold-out ticket inventories (potentially in large quantities) for events such as concerts or sporting events. Established", "title": "Ticket resale" }, { "id": "739929", "score": "1.339009", "text": "to the new issue expecting the price of the stock to rise immediately upon the start of trading. Thus, stag profit is the financial gain accumulated by the party or individual resulting from the value of the shares rising. This term is more popular in the United Kingdom than in the United States. In the US, such investors are usually called flippers, because they get shares in the offering and then immediately turn around \"flipping\" or selling them on the first day of trading. The Government of Saudi Arabia is considering IPO of Saudi Aramco and selling around 5% of", "title": "Initial public offering" }, { "id": "4832155", "score": "1.3386872", "text": "Ticket resale Ticket resale (also known as ticket scalping or ticket touting) is the act of reselling tickets for admission to events. Tickets are bought from licensed sellers and are then sold for a price determined by the individual or company in possession of the tickets. Tickets sold through secondary sources may be sold for less or more than their face value depending on demand, which tends to vary as the event date approaches. When the supply of tickets for a given event available through authorized ticket sellers is depleted, the event is considered \"sold out\", generally increasing the market", "title": "Ticket resale" }, { "id": "627465", "score": "1.3341031", "text": "Exiting a short position by buying back the stock is called \"covering.\" This strategy may also be used by unscrupulous traders in illiquid or thinly traded markets to artificially lower the price of a stock. Hence most markets either prevent short selling or place restrictions on when and how a short sale can occur. The practice of naked shorting is illegal in most (but not all) stock markets. In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based", "title": "Stock market" } ]

[ "meadows", "Meadows, The", "The Meadows", "The Meadows (disambiguation)", "meadows disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "583314", "score": "1.3479359", "text": "Las Vegas Las Vegas (, Spanish for \"The Meadows\"; ), officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas, is the 28th-most populated city in the United States, the most populated city in the state of Nevada, and the county seat of Clark County. The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city, known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment, and nightlife. The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial, commercial, and", "title": "Las Vegas" }, { "id": "5372384", "score": "1.3426182", "text": "Street, the Fremont Street Experience and Fremont East. The city defines the area as bounded by I-15 on the west, Washington Avenue on the north, Maryland Parkway on the east and Sahara Avenue on the south. Perhaps the earliest visitors to the Las Vegas area were nomadic Paleo-Indians, who traveled here 10,000 years ago, leaving behind petroglyphs. Anasazi and Paiute tribes came here at least 2,000 years ago. The area was named Las Vegas, which is Spanish for \"the meadows\", in the 1800s because it featured abundant wild grasses, as well as desert spring waters for westward travelers. The year", "title": "Downtown Las Vegas" }, { "id": "3153750", "score": "1.3415883", "text": "was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party, including Rivera, who used the water in the area while heading north and west along the Old Spanish Trail from Texas. In the 19th century, areas of the valley contained artesian wells that supported extensive green areas, or meadows, hence the name \"Las Vegas\" (\"vegas\" being Spanish for \"meadows\"). The area was previously settled by Mormon farmers in 1854 and later became the site of a United States Army fort in 1864, beginning a long relationship between southern Nevada and the U.S. military. Since the 1930s, Las Vegas has generally been", "title": "Las Vegas Valley" }, { "id": "5363384", "score": "1.322633", "text": "History of Las Vegas This history of Las Vegas covers both the city of Las Vegas, Nevada, and the Las Vegas Valley. The name \"Las Vegas\" was given to the area in 1821 by Rafael Rivera, a member of the Antonio Armijo trading party that was traveling to Los Angeles, and stopped for water there on the Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico. At that time, several parts of the valley contained artesian wells surrounded by extensive green areas; \"Las Vegas\" means the meadows in Spanish. The flows from the wells fed the Las Vegas Wash, which runs to the", "title": "History of Las Vegas" }, { "id": "5363388", "score": "1.3124158", "text": "early as AD 700, migrating between nearby mountains in the summer and spending winter in the valley, near Big Springs. A trade caravan of 60 men led by the Mexican merchant Antonio Armijo was charged with establishing a trade route to Los Angeles. Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party. By following the Pike and Smith routes through a tributary of Colorado River they came upon the Las Vegas Valley, described by Smith as the best point to re-supply before going onto California. The travelers named the area \"Las Vegas\" which is Spanish for \"The Meadows\".", "title": "History of Las Vegas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "99 Luftballons\n\n\"99 Luftballons\" (, \"99 balloons\") is a song by the German band Nena from their 1983 self-titled album. An English-language version titled \"99 Red Balloons\", with lyrics by Kevin McAlea, was also released on the album \"99 Luftballons\" in 1984 after widespread success of the original in Europe and Japan. The English version is not a direct translation of the German original and contains lyrics with a somewhat different meaning. In the US, the English-language version did not chart, while the German-language recording became Nena's only US hit.", "title": "99 Luftballons" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vega\n\nVega is the brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. It has the Bayer designation α Lyrae, which is Latinised to Alpha Lyrae and abbreviated Alpha Lyr or α Lyr. This star is relatively close at only from the Sun, and one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighborhood. It is the fifth-brightest star in the night sky, and the second-brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, after Arcturus.\n\nVega has been extensively studied by astronomers, leading it to be termed \"arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun\".<ref name=apj429_2_L81/> Vega was the northern pole star around 12,000 BCE and will be so again around the year 13,727, when its declination will be .<ref name=stellarium/> Vega was the first star other than the Sun to have its image and spectrum photographed.<ref name=barger_white2000/><ref name=paps24_166/> It was one of the first stars whose distance was estimated through parallax measurements. Vega has functioned as the baseline for calibrating the photometric brightness scale and was one of the stars used to define the zero point for the UBV photometric system.\n\nVega is only about a tenth of the age of the Sun, but since it is 2.1 times as massive, its expected lifetime is also one tenth of that of the Sun; both stars are at present approaching the midpoint of their life expectancies. Compared with the Sun, Vega has a lower abundance of elements heavier than helium.<ref name=aaa391_3_1039/> Vega is also a variable star that varies slightly in brightness. It is rotating rapidly with a velocity of at the equator. This causes the equator to bulge outward due to centrifugal effects, and, as a result, there is a variation of temperature across the star's photosphere that reaches a maximum at the poles. From Earth, Vega is observed from the direction of one of these poles.<ref name=nature440_7086_896/>\n\nBased on an observed excess emission of infrared radiation, Vega appears to have a circumstellar disk of dust. This dust is likely to be the result of collisions between objects in an orbiting debris disk, which is analogous to the Kuiper belt in the Solar System.<ref name=apj628_1_487/> Stars that display an infrared excess due to dust emission are termed Vega-like stars.<ref name=apj124_1_514/> In 2021, a candidate ultra-hot Neptune on a 2.43-day orbit around Vega was discovered with the radial velocity method, additionally, another possible Saturn-mass signal with a period of about 200 days.<ref name=\"Hurt2021\"/>", "title": "Vega" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sierra Nevada\n\nThe Sierra Nevada () is a mountain range in the Western United States, between the Central Valley of California and the Great Basin. The vast majority of the range lies in the state of California, although the Carson Range spur lies primarily in Nevada. The Sierra Nevada is part of the American Cordillera, an almost continuous chain of mountain ranges that forms the western \"backbone\" of the Americas.\n\nThe Sierra runs north-south and its width ranges from to across east–west.<ref name=\"width\" /> Notable features include General Sherman, the largest tree in the world by volume; Lake Tahoe, the largest alpine lake in North America; Mount Whitney at ,<ref name=\"ngs\" /> the highest point in the contiguous United States; and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers from one-hundred-million-year-old granite, containing high waterfalls. The Sierra is home to three national parks, twenty wilderness areas, and two national monuments. These areas include Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks; and Devils Postpile National Monument.\n\nMore than one hundred million years ago during the Nevadan orogeny, granite formed deep underground. The range started to uplift less than five million years ago, and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the range. The uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada, which are reflected by the presence of five life zones (areas with similar plant and animal communities). Uplift continues due to faulting caused by tectonic forces, creating spectacular fault block escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra.\n\nThe Sierra Nevada has played an important role in the history of California and the United States. The California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855. Due to its inaccessibility, the range was not fully explored until 1912.<ref name=\"roper\" />", "title": "Sierra Nevada" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Nevada" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Translation\n\nTranslation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between \"translating\" (a written text) and \"interpreting\" (oral or signed communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.\n\nA translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering. On the other hand, such \"spill-overs\" have sometimes imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages. Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated.\n\nBecause of the laboriousness of the translation process, since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator. More recently, the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated \"language localisation\".", "title": "Translation" }, { "id": "583317", "score": "1.3030263", "text": "on and near the Las Vegas Strip, which is actually located within the unincorporated communities of Paradise and Winchester. Perhaps the earliest visitors to the Las Vegas area were nomadic Paleo-Indians, who traveled there 10,000 years ago, leaving behind petroglyphs. Anasazi and Paiute tribes followed at least 2,000 years ago. A young Mexican scout named Rafael Rivera is credited as the first non-Native American to encounter the valley, in 1829. Trader Antonio Armijo led a 60-man party along the Spanish Trail to Los Angeles, California in 1829. The area was named Las Vegas, which is Spanish for \"the meadows,\" as", "title": "Las Vegas" }, { "id": "284874", "score": "1.3001924", "text": "syllable of their state name using the vowel (). Many from outside the Western United States pronounce it with the vowel (). Although the latter pronunciation is closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation preferred by most Nevadans. State Assemblyman Harry Mortenson proposed a bill to recognize the alternate (quasi-Spanish) pronunciation of Nevada, though the bill was not supported by most legislators and never received a vote. The Nevadan pronunciation is the de facto official one, since it is the one used by the state legislature. At one time, the state's official tourism organization, TravelNevada, stylized the", "title": "Nevada" }, { "id": "3153748", "score": "1.299145", "text": "and constitute the largest community in the state of Nevada. The names Las Vegas and Vegas are interchangeably used to indicate the Valley, the Strip, and the city, and as a brand by the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority to denominate the region. The Valley is affectionately known as the \"ninth island\" by Hawaii natives and Las Vegans alike, in part due to the large number of people originally from Hawaii who live in and regularly travel to Las Vegas. Since the 1990s the Las Vegas Valley has seen rapid growth, more than doubling its population of 741,459 in", "title": "Las Vegas Valley" }, { "id": "583356", "score": "1.2937174", "text": "Union Pacific Railroad tracks. Las Vegas Las Vegas (, Spanish for \"The Meadows\"; ), officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas, is the 28th-most populated city in the United States, the most populated city in the state of Nevada, and the county seat of Clark County. The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city, known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment, and nightlife. The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the", "title": "Las Vegas" }, { "id": "583321", "score": "1.2893742", "text": "the limited Test Ban Treaty required that nuclear tests be moved underground. The iconic \"Welcome to Las Vegas\" sign, which was never located within municipal limits, was created in 1959 by Betty Willis. During the 1960s, corporations and business powerhouses such as Howard Hughes were building and buying hotel-casino properties. Gambling was referred to as \"gaming\" which transitioned into legitimate business. The year 1995 marked the opening of the Fremont Street Experience in Las Vegas's downtown area. This canopied five-block area features 12.5 million LED lights and 550,000 watts of sound from dusk until midnight during shows held on the", "title": "Las Vegas" }, { "id": "13941410", "score": "1.2637646", "text": "Las Vegas Weekly Las Vegas Weekly is a free alternative weekly newspaper based in Henderson, Nevada, covering Las Vegas arts, entertainment, culture and news. \"Las Vegas Weekly\" is published by Greenspun Media Group. The paper was founded in 1992 by James P. Reza, Greg Ryan and Robert Ringle as a free monthly publication called \"Scope Magazine\" covering Southern Nevada's culture, arts, music and lifestyle from a decidedly Generation X perspective . \"Scope\" published its first issue in April 1992. In 1996, Reza partnered with Daniel Greenspun, forming a new company (Radiant City Publications LLC) to publish \"Scope\". During this partnership,", "title": "Las Vegas Weekly" }, { "id": "583318", "score": "1.2637209", "text": "it featured abundant wild grasses, as well as the desert spring waters needed by westward travelers. The year 1844 marked the arrival of John C. Frémont, whose writings helped lure pioneers to the area. Downtown Las Vegas's Fremont Street is named after him. Eleven years later members of the LDS Church chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, where they would travel to gather supplies. The fort was abandoned several years afterward. The remainder of this Old Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas", "title": "Las Vegas" }, { "id": "4907827", "score": "1.2620671", "text": "welcome sign. Like the original, it does not mark the border with Las Vegas; instead, it \"represents the understood gateway from the Boulder Highway to Las Vegas.\" This is according to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority. In 2013, the SlotZilla Zipline attraction was built at the Fremont Street Experience. A \"Welcome to Fabulous Downtown Las Vegas\" sign was added to one of its towers. In 2004, souvenir replicas of the sign that light up were sold to benefit the Nevada Cancer Institute. In 2005, the image of the sign was featured on the Nevada license plate that was", "title": "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign" }, { "id": "583316", "score": "1.2593826", "text": "television programs, and music videos. Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911. At the close of the 20th century, it was the most populated American city founded within that century (a similar distinction earned by Chicago in the 1800s). Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s, and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled, increasing by 85.2%. Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century, and according to a 2018 estimate, the population is 648,224 with a regional population of 2,227,053. \"Las Vegas\" is often used to describe areas beyond official city limits—especially the areas", "title": "Las Vegas" }, { "id": "11511007", "score": "1.2534323", "text": "Las Vegas (In the Hills of Donegal) \"Las Vegas (In the Hills of Donegal)\" is a song by the Irish folk rock group Goats Don't Shave. It was a top 10 hit for the band in 1991, reaching #4 on the Irish singles chart. The lyrics of the song tell of the speaker's desire to turn County Donegal, described to be fame-less and unknown, into a gambling hub, ala Las Vegas. He speaks of walling it off from the rest of Ireland while legalizing casinos and brothels. There are several references made to people from popular and business culture including", "title": "Las Vegas (In the Hills of Donegal)" }, { "id": "13662343", "score": "1.2530487", "text": "had not yet opened in FY09. The \"North Strip\" is the unofficial name of the first mile of Las Vegas Blvd. just outside the Last Vegas City Limits, corresponding to Winchester, Nevada. This section of the Strip currently includes five budget resorts, like the Sahara Hotel, Circus Circus Las Vegas, Slots-A-Fun Casino, the Riviera Hotel and Casino and the Greek Isles Hotel and Casino. Collectively they have less than 200 table games, 4200 slots, 31 poker tables and less than 8000 hotel rooms. Also numerous time shares have been built in this region. The North Strip was planned to be", "title": "LV Strip (Nevada gaming area)" }, { "id": "1160653", "score": "1.2528076", "text": "Las Vegas, New Mexico Las Vegas is a city in and the county seat of San Miguel County, New Mexico, United States. Once two separate municipalities (one a city and the other a town), both were named Las Vegas—West Las Vegas (\"Old Town\") and East Las Vegas (\"New Town\")—are separated by the Gallinas River and retain distinct characters and separate, rival school districts. The population was 14,565 at the 2000 census. Las Vegas, NM is located south of Raton, New Mexico, east of Santa Fe, New Mexico, northeast of Albuquerque, New Mexico, south of Colorado Springs, Colorado, and south of", "title": "Las Vegas, New Mexico" }, { "id": "5363385", "score": "1.2507427", "text": "Colorado River. The settlement of Las Vegas was founded in 1905 after opening of a railroad that linked Los Angeles and Salt Lake City. The stopover attracted some farmers (mostly from Utah) to the area, and fresh water was piped into the settlement. In 1911, the town was incorporated as part of the newly founded Clark County. Urbanization took off in 1931 when work started on the Boulder Dam (now the Hoover Dam), bringing a huge influx of young male workers, for whom theatres and casinos were built, largely by the Mafia. Electricity from the dam also enabled the building", "title": "History of Las Vegas" }, { "id": "284873", "score": "1.2504976", "text": "divorce laws transformed Nevada into a major tourist destination in the 20th century. Nevada is the only U.S. state where prostitution is legal, though it is illegal in Clark County (Las Vegas), Washoe County (Reno) and Carson City (which, as an independent city, is not within the boundaries of any county). The tourism industry remains Nevada's largest employer, with mining continuing as a substantial sector of the economy: Nevada is the fourth-largest producer of gold in the world. The name \"Nevada\" comes from the Spanish \"nevada\" , meaning \"snow-covered\", after the Sierra Nevada (\"snow-covered mountains\"). Most Nevadans pronounce the second", "title": "Nevada" }, { "id": "5372385", "score": "1.2498583", "text": "1844 marked the arrival of John C. Frémont, whose writings helped lure pioneers to the area. Downtown Las Vegas’ Fremont Street is named after him. Eleven years later, members of the LDS Church chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, where they would travel to gather supplies. The fort was abandoned several years afterward. The remainder of this fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue at the Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park. Las Vegas was founded as a", "title": "Downtown Las Vegas" } ]

[ "Books", "booke", "book", "📚", "books", "Book and paper conservation", "🕮", "📙", "📘", "Book", "📗", "book and paper conservation", "📕", "Booke" ]

[ { "id": "196270", "score": "1.5891173", "text": "International Standard Book Number The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if assigned before 2007. The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "196277", "score": "1.584703", "text": "from government to support their services. In other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. A full directory of ISBN agencies is available on the International ISBN Agency website. Partial listing: The ISBN registration group identifier is a 1- to 5-digit number that is valid within a single prefix element (i.e. one of 978 or 979), and can be separated between hyphens, such as . Registration group identifiers have primarily been allocated within the 978 prefix element. The single-digit group identifiers within the 978-prefix element are: 0 or", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "196301", "score": "1.5800663", "text": "to full EAN-13, in 2005, eased migration to the <nowiki>ISBN-13</nowiki> in North America. International Standard Book Number The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if assigned before 2007. The method of", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "196274", "score": "1.5554365", "text": "in 1965, has – 340 indicating the publisher, 01381 their serial number, and 8 being the check digit. This can be converted to ; the check digit does not need to be re-calculated. Since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with \"Bookland\" European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "46007", "score": "1.5395173", "text": "International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), they devised a series of tools including the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). Each book is specified by an International Standard Book Number, or ISBN, which is unique to every edition of every book produced by participating publishers, worldwide. It is managed by the ISBN Society. An ISBN has four parts: the first part is the country code, the second the publisher code, and the third the title code. The last part is a check digit, and can take values from 0–9 and X (10). The EAN Barcodes numbers for books are", "title": "Book" }, { "id": "196297", "score": "1.528738", "text": "no generic \"eISBN\" which encompasses all the e-book formats for a title. Currently the barcodes on a book's back cover (or inside a mass-market paperback book's front cover) are EAN-13; they may have a separate barcode encoding five digits called an EAN-5 for the currency and the recommended retail price. For 10-digit ISBNs, the number \"978\", the Bookland \"country code\", is prefixed to the ISBN in the barcode data, and the check digit is recalculated according to the EAN13 formula (modulo 10, 1x and 3x weighting on alternating digits). Partly because of an expected shortage in certain ISBN categories, the", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "196284", "score": "1.5214509", "text": "the EAN format, and hence could not contain an \"X\". The 2001 edition of the official manual of the International ISBN Agency says that the <nowiki>ISBN-10</nowiki> check digit – which is the last digit of the ten-digit ISBN – must range from 0 to 10 (the symbol X is used for 10), and must be such that the sum of all the ten digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from 10 to 1, is a multiple of 11. For example, for an <nowiki>ISBN-10</nowiki> of 0-306-40615-2: Formally, using modular arithmetic, we can say: It is also true for <nowiki>ISBN-10</nowiki>'s", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "196276", "score": "1.5214336", "text": "of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for that country or territory regardless of the publication language. The ranges of ISBNs assigned to any particular country are based on the publishing profile of the country concerned, and so the ranges will vary depending on the number of books and the number, type, and size of publishers that are active. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture and thus may receive direct funding", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "797605", "score": "1.512126", "text": "defined and internationally consistent identifier, such as ISBN for books. Each product sold on Amazon.com is given a unique ASIN. For books with 10-digit International Standard Book Number (ISBN), the ASIN and the ISBN are the same. The Kindle edition of a book will not use its ISBN as the ASIN, although the electronic version of a book may have its own ISBN. In most cases, it is possible to convert an ASIN to obtain a corresponding EAN code, also known as an International Article Number. ASINs are also used for other items available from Amazon.com (and subsidiaries), such as", "title": "Amazon Standard Identification Number" }, { "id": "196299", "score": "1.5048404", "text": "are now 13 digits commencing 979-0; 979-1 to 979-9 will be used by ISBN. Publisher identification code numbers are unlikely to be the same in the 978 and 979 ISBNs, likewise, there is no guarantee that language area code numbers will be the same. Moreover, the ten-digit ISBN check digit generally is not the same as the thirteen-digit ISBN check digit. Because the GTIN-13 is part of the Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) system (that includes the GTIN-14, the GTIN-12, and the GTIN-8), the 13-digit ISBN falls within the 14-digit data field range. Barcode format compatibility is maintained, because (aside", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "196286", "score": "1.5045384", "text": "because the ISBN is less than 11 digits long, and because 11 is a prime number.) The ISBN check digit method therefore ensures that it will always be possible to detect these two most common types of error, i.e. if either of these types of error has occurred, the result will never be a valid ISBN – the sum of the digits multiplied by their weights will never be a multiple of 11. However, if the error occurs in the publishing house and goes undetected, the book will be issued with an invalid ISBN. In contrast, it is possible for", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "196296", "score": "1.5015752", "text": "its search engine. OCLC often indexes by invalid ISBNs, if the book is indexed in that way by a member library. Only the term \"ISBN\" should be used; the terms \"eISBN\" and \"e-ISBN\" have historically been sources of confusion and should be avoided. If a book exists in one or more digital (e-book) formats, each of those formats must have its own ISBN. In other words, each of the three separate EPUB, Amazon Kindle, and PDF formats of a particular book will have its own specific ISBN. They should not share the ISBN of the paper version, and there is", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "8568347", "score": "1.4941778", "text": "Publisher Item Identifier The Publisher Item Identifier (PII) is a unique identifier used by a number of scientific journal publishers to identify documents. It uses the pre-existing ISSN or ISBN of the publication in question, and adds a character for source publication type, an item number, and a check digit. The system was adopted in 1996 by the American Chemical Society, the American Institute of Physics, the American Physical Society, Elsevier Science, and the IEEE. A PII (pii) is a 17-character string, consisting of: When a PII is printed (as opposed to stored in a database), the 17-character string may", "title": "Publisher Item Identifier" }, { "id": "6226516", "score": "1.4940617", "text": "state that the entire GTIN-12 is used for encoding and that the entire GTIN-12 is to be delivered when scanned. Note that GTIN-12 and GTIN-13 numbers can be encoded as GTIN-13 or GTIN-14 by adding initial padding zeroes. For GTIN-14, this indicates a \"packaging level\" of a single item. The numbering structure is as follows: All books and serial publications sold internationally (including those in U.S. stores) have GTIN (GTIN-13) codes. The book codes are either constructed by prefixing the old 10-digit ISBN with 978, and recalculating the trailing check digit, or from 1 January 2007 issued as thirteen digits", "title": "Global Trade Item Number" }, { "id": "196279", "score": "1.4929594", "text": "are 10 for France, 11 for the Republic of Korea, and 12 for Italy. The original 9-digit standard book number (SBN) had no registration group identifier, but prefixing a zero (0) to a 9-digit SBN creates a valid 10-digit ISBN. The national ISBN agency assigns the registrant element (cf. ) and an accompanying series of ISBNs within that registrant element to the publisher; the publisher then allocates one of the ISBNs to each of its books. In most countries, a book publisher is not required by law to assign an ISBN; however, most bookstores only handle ISBN bearing publications. A", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "196272", "score": "1.4860842", "text": "(ISSN), identifies periodical publications such as magazines; and the International Standard Music Number (ISMN) covers for musical scores. The Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code is a 9-digit commercial book identifier system created by Gordon Foster, Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers WHSmith and others in 1965. The ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker (regarded as the \"Father of the ISBN\") and in 1968 in the United States by Emery Koltay (who later became director of the U.S. ISBN agency R.R. Bowker). The 10-digit ISBN", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "196287", "score": "1.482686", "text": "other types of error, such as two altered non-transposed digits, or three altered digits, to result in a valid ISBN (although it is still unlikely). Each of the first nine digits of the ten-digit ISBN—excluding the check digit itself—is multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from 10 to 2, and the sum of these nine products found. The value of the check digit is simply the one number between 0 and 10 which, when added to this sum, means the total is a multiple of 11. For example, the check digit for an <nowiki>ISBN-10</nowiki> of 0-306-40615-\"?\" is calculated as follows:", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "196280", "score": "1.4822204", "text": "listing of more than 900,000 assigned publisher codes is published, and can be ordered in book form (€1399, US$1959). The web site of the ISBN agency does not offer any free method of looking up publisher codes. Partial lists have been compiled (from library catalogs) for the English-language groups: identifier 0 and identifier 1. Publishers receive blocks of ISBNs, with larger blocks allotted to publishers expecting to need them; a small publisher may receive ISBNs of one or more digits for the registration group identifier, several digits for the registrant, and a single digit for the publication element. Once that", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "196271", "score": "1.4702842", "text": "on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967, based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) created in 1966. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108 (the SBN code can be converted to a ten-digit ISBN by prefixing it with a zero digit \"0\"). Privately published books sometimes appear without an ISBN. The International ISBN agency sometimes assigns such books ISBNs on its own initiative. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number", "title": "International Standard Book Number" }, { "id": "196298", "score": "1.4686048", "text": "International Organization for Standardization (ISO) decided to migrate to a thirteen-digit ISBN (<nowiki>ISBN-13</nowiki>). The process began 1 January 2005 and was planned to conclude 1 January 2007. , all the 13-digit ISBNs began with 978. As the 978 ISBN supply is exhausted, the 979 prefix was introduced. Part of the 979 prefix is reserved for use with the Musicland code for musical scores with an ISMN. The 10-digit ISMN codes differed visually as they began with an \"M\" letter; the bar code represents the \"M\" as a zero (0), and for checksum purposes it counted as a 3. All ISMNs", "title": "International Standard Book Number" } ]

[ "Rugby (disambiguation)", "rubgy", "rugby", "Rubgy", "Rugby", "rugby disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "2575075", "score": "1.6639421", "text": "is also used in the rare event that the ball bursts or the referee interferes with the movement of the ball. The scrum consists of six players from each team in a 3-2-1 formation. The scrum is usually formed by each team's \"forwards\", though any player can participate. The front row of the formation consists of the open-side prop (8), hooker (9) and blind-side prop (10). Behind the front row are the two second row forwards (11&12), and then the loose forward (13) at the back. The two \"packs\" of forwards form a scrum before the ball is put into", "title": "Scrum (rugby)" }, { "id": "11028518", "score": "1.5741313", "text": "several metres in one direction without collapsing. Scrums are one of the most dangerous phases in rugby, since a collapse or improper engage can lead to a front row player damaging or even breaking his neck. For this reason, only trained players may play in the front row to help avoid injuries. If a team is without sufficient specialist front row players, for example because of injury or sin-binning, all scrums may be \"uncontested scrums\". In this situation, the packs engage, but do not push, and the team that still puts the ball into the scrum must win it without", "title": "Scrum (rugby union)" }, { "id": "2575066", "score": "1.5722632", "text": "the players who are designated forwards binding together in three rows. The scrum then 'engages' with the opposition team so that the players' heads are interlocked with those of the other side's front row. In rugby union the initiation of the process is verbally coordinated by the referee who calls 'crouch, bind, set' as of 2013 (formerly 'crouch, touch, pause, engage', 'crouch and hold, engage' before 2007). The scrum-half from the team that did not infringe then throws the ball into the tunnel created in the space between the two sets of front rowers' legs. Both teams may then try", "title": "Scrum (rugby)" }, { "id": "15884668", "score": "1.5630991", "text": "is on the ground. Mauls are formed when the ball carrier is held by at least one of the opposition and a teammate is also bound to them. Players can compete for the ball at tackles, rucks and mauls in accordance with the laws. Scrums are used to start play after minor infringements (knock-ons and forward passes) and when the ball becomes unplayable. All eight members of the forwards must be involved in the scrum provided the team still has all fifteen players present. Players involved in the scrum stay bound to each other and the opposition until it is", "title": "Laws of rugby union" }, { "id": "2575065", "score": "1.5514777", "text": "Scrum (rugby) A scrum (short for scrummage) is a method of restarting play in rugby that involves players packing closely together with their heads down and attempting to gain possession of the ball. Depending on whether it is in rugby union or rugby league, the scrum is utilized either after an accidental infringement or when the ball has gone out of play. Scrums occur more often, and are now of greater importance, in union than in league. Starting play from the line of scrimmage in gridiron football is derived from the scrum. In both sports, a scrum is formed by", "title": "Scrum (rugby)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Scrum (rugby)\n\nA scrummage, commonly simply known as a scrum, is a method of restarting play in rugby football that involves players packing closely together with their heads down and attempting to gain possession of the ball. Depending on whether it is in rugby union or rugby league, the scrum is used either after an accidental infringement or when the ball has gone out of play. Scrums occur more often, and are now of greater importance, in union than in league. Starting play from the line of scrimmage in gridiron football is derived from the scrum.\n\nIn both forms of rugby, a scrum is formed by the players who are designated forwards binding together in three rows. The scrum then 'engages' with the opposition team so that the players' heads are interlocked with those of the other side's front row. In rugby union the initiation of the process is verbally coordinated by the referee who calls 'crouch, bind, set' as of 2013 (formerly 'crouch, touch, pause, engage', 'crouch and hold, engage' before 2007). The scrum-half from the team that did not infringe then throws the ball into the tunnel created in the space between the two sets of front rowers' legs. Both teams may then try to compete for the ball by trying to hook the ball backwards with their feet.\n\nA key difference between the two sports is that in rugby union both sets of forwards try to push the opposition backwards while competing for the ball and thus the team that did not throw the ball into the scrum has some minimal chance of winning the possession. In practice, however, the team with the 'put-in' usually keeps possession (92% of the time with the feed) and put-ins are not straight. Forwards in rugby league do not usually push in the scrum, scrum-halves often feed the ball directly under the legs of their own front row rather than into the tunnel, and the team with the put-in usually retains possession (thereby making the 40/20 rule workable).", "title": "Scrum (rugby)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Scrum (rugby union)\n\nIn rugby union a scrum is a means of restarting play after a minor infringement. It involves up to eight players from each team, known as the pack or forward pack, binding together in three rows and interlocking with the three opposing teams front row. At this point the ball is fed into the gap between the two forward packs and they both compete for the ball to win possession. Teams can be penalised for intentionally causing the scrum to collapse, and for not putting the ball into the scrum correctly. A scrum is most commonly awarded when the ball is knocked forward, or passed forward, or when a ball becomes trapped in a ruck or maul. Because of the physical nature of scrums, injuries can occur, especially in the front row.", "title": "Scrum (rugby union)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rugby union positions\n\nIn the game of rugby union, there are 15 players on each team, comprising eight forwards (wearing jerseys numbered 1–8) and seven backs (numbered 9–15). In addition, there may be up to eight replacement players \"on the bench\", numbered 16–23. Players are not restricted to a single position, although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types. Players that play multiple positions are called \"utility players\".\n\nForwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs. Props push in the scrums, while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by \"hooking\" it back with their heel. The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs, where it is mostly competed for by the locks, who are generally the tallest players on the team. The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team.\n\nThe backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster. Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking. Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers, and have the ability to catch a kicked ball. The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries. The centres' key attacking roles are to break through the defensive line and link successfully with wingers. The fly-half can be a good kicker and generally directs the back line. The scrum-half retrieves the ball from the forwards and needs a quick and accurate pass to get the ball to the backs (often firstly to the fly-half).\n\nEarly names, such as \"three-quarters\" (for the wings and centres) and \"outside-half\" (for fly-half) are sometimes used in the Northern Hemisphere, while in New Zealand the fly-half and inside centre are called \"first five-eighth\" and \"second five-eighth\" respectively, while the scrum-half is known as the \"half-back\".\n\nThe scrum (a contest used to restart play) must consist of eight players from each team: the \"front row\" (two props; a loosehead and tighthead, and a hooker), the \"second row\" (two locks), and a \"back row\" (two flankers, and a number 8). The players outside the scrum are called \"the backs\": scrum-half, fly-half, inside centre, outside centre, two wings, and a fullback.", "title": "Rugby union positions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rugby sevens\n\nRugby sevens (commonly known as simply sevens and originally known as seven-a-side rugby) is a variant of rugby union in which teams are made up of seven players playing seven-minute halves, instead of the usual 15 players playing 40-minute halves. Rugby sevens is administered by World Rugby, the body responsible for rugby union worldwide. The game is popular at all levels, with amateur and club tournaments generally held in the summer months. Sevens is one of the most well distributed forms of rugby, and is popular in parts of Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, and especially in the South Pacific.\n\nRugby sevens originated in Melrose, Scotland in the 1880s; the Melrose Sevens tournament is still played annually. The popularity of rugby sevens increased further with the development of the Hong Kong Sevens in the 1970s and was later followed by the inclusion of the sport into the Commonwealth Games for the first time in 1998 and the establishment of the annual World Rugby Sevens Series in 1999 and the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series in 2012. In 2016, rugby sevens was contested in the Summer Olympics for the first time. It has also been played in regional events such as the Pan American Games and the Asian Games, and in 2018 a women's tournament was played for the first time at the Commonwealth Games.", "title": "Rugby sevens" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Scrum cap\n\nThe scrum cap is a form of headgear used by rugby players to protect the ears in the scrum, which can otherwise suffer injuries leading to the condition commonly known as cauliflower ears. Although originally designed for forwards they are now worn by players of all positions, even those who do not play in the scrum.\n\nA simpler alternative to a cap, or a head-cap and used by many players, is a thin strip of foam or cloth and electrical tape wrapped around the ears like a head band.", "title": "Scrum cap" }, { "id": "2575067", "score": "1.5422196", "text": "to compete for the ball by trying to hook the ball backwards with their feet. A key difference between the two sports is that in rugby union both sets of forwards try to push the opposition backwards whilst competing for the ball and thus the team that did not throw the ball into the scrum have some minimal chance of winning the possession. In practice, however, the team with the 'put-in' usually keeps possession (92% of the time with the feed) and put-ins are not straight. Forwards in rugby league do not usually push in the scrum, scrum-halves often feed", "title": "Scrum (rugby)" }, { "id": "11028503", "score": "1.5417182", "text": "Scrum (rugby union) In rugby union a scrum is a means of restarting play after a minor infringement. It involves up to eight players from each team, known as the pack or forward pack, binding together in three rows and interlocking with the free opposing teams forwards. At this point the ball is fed into the gap between the two forward packs and they both compete for the ball to win possession. Teams can be penalised for intentionally causing the scrum to collapse, and for not putting the ball into the scrum correctly. A scrum is most commonly awarded when", "title": "Scrum (rugby union)" }, { "id": "2575080", "score": "1.5364649", "text": "the ball into scrum. Aided by this change, it is common for professional teams not to fully contest scrums, according to their choice of tactics. Scrum (rugby) A scrum (short for scrummage) is a method of restarting play in rugby that involves players packing closely together with their heads down and attempting to gain possession of the ball. Depending on whether it is in rugby union or rugby league, the scrum is utilized either after an accidental infringement or when the ball has gone out of play. Scrums occur more often, and are now of greater importance, in union than", "title": "Scrum (rugby)" }, { "id": "2575070", "score": "1.5333419", "text": "between the opposing hooker and loosehead prop. The props then bind by gripping the back or side of the opposing prop's jersey. The scrum-half from the team that has possession then throws the ball in the gap formed between the two front rows. The two hookers (and sometimes the props) then compete for possession by trying to hook the ball backwards with their feet, while the entire pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards. The side that wins possession usually transfers the ball to the back of the scrum — which is done with their feet. Once at the", "title": "Scrum (rugby)" }, { "id": "341759", "score": "1.5313377", "text": "when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of being retrieved. A team may also opt for a scrum if awarded a penalty. A scrum is formed by the eight forwards from each team binding together in three rows. The front row consists of the two props (loosehead and tighthead) either side of the hooker. The second row consists of two locks and the two flankers. Behind the second row is the number 8. This formation is known as the 3–4–1 formation. Once a scrum is formed the scrum-half from the team awarded the", "title": "Rugby union" }, { "id": "11028504", "score": "1.5220351", "text": "the ball is knocked forward, or passed forward, or when a ball becomes trapped in a ruck or maul. Because of the physical nature of scrums, injuries can occur, especially in the front row. To prepare for a scrum, each team's eight forwards (referred to as the \"pack\" or \"forward pack\") bind together in three rows — the front row, second row and back row. The front row is composed of the two \"props\" and the \"hooker\". To the left is the \"loosehead\" prop with the hooker in the middle, and the \"tighthead\" prop on the right (jersey numbers one,", "title": "Scrum (rugby union)" }, { "id": "2575074", "score": "1.5136373", "text": "the hands of the scrum-half the scrum has begun. Scrums in rugby union sevens consist only of what would be the \"front row\" in normal rugby union. They consist of three forwards on each side, plus a scrum half to feed in the ball. A rugby league scrum is used to bring the ball back into play in situations where the ball has gone out of play over the touchline or a player has made a mistake, a knock-on or forward pass, except when that mistake has occurred on the last tackle of a set of six tackles. A scrum", "title": "Scrum (rugby)" }, { "id": "10188039", "score": "1.5117", "text": "being retrieved. A team may also opt for a scrum if awarded a penalty. It is also awarded to the passing or kicking team if the ball hits the referee. A scrum is formed by the eight forwards from each team binding together in three rows. The front row consists of the two props (loosehead and tighthead) either side of the hooker. The second row consists of two locks and the two flankers. Behind the second row is the number 8. This formation is known as the 3–4–1 formation. The two packs of forwards engage with each other so that", "title": "Rugby union gameplay" }, { "id": "15884712", "score": "1.5106386", "text": "from the side line or to throw the ball in themselves. A team can also opt for a scrum in place of a \"mark\", free kick or penalty. A scrum is formed as near to where the infringement or stoppage occurred and at least five metres from either goal line. A normal scrum contains eight players from each team. If for some reason a team is reduced below fifteen men the scrum numbers can also be reduced, although there can never be fewer than five. The hookers binds with their props, the locks bind each other and their front row,", "title": "Laws of rugby union" }, { "id": "11028523", "score": "1.509939", "text": "his job was to feed the ball into the scrum. Wing forwards were frequently accused of obstructing the opposing scrum-half, and this contributed to the International Rugby Football Board, later known as the International Rugby Board (IRB) and now as World Rugby (WR), outlawing a two-man front row. Until the second half of the 20th century there were many configurations of scrum; including 3-2-3, 3-4-1 and 3-3-2. The 1906 Springboks became \"the first national team to utilize the 3-4-1 formation\". South Africans credit Springbok Fairy Heatlie for developing the 3-4-1 formation in 1901 at the Villagers Rugby Club in Cape", "title": "Scrum (rugby union)" }, { "id": "341758", "score": "1.5082514", "text": "who gained the penalty throws the ball in. Both sides compete for the ball and players may lift their teammates. A jumping player cannot be tackled until they stand and only shoulder-to-shoulder contact is allowed; deliberate infringement of this law is dangerous play, and results in a penalty kick. A scrum is a way of restarting the game safely and fairly after a minor infringement. It is awarded when the ball has been knocked or passed forward, if a player takes the ball over his own try line and puts the ball down, when a player is accidentally offside or", "title": "Rugby union" }, { "id": "2575076", "score": "1.4925709", "text": "the scrum. The scrum-half (7) (also known as the halfback) of the team that did not commit the forward pass, knock-on or cause the ball to go out of play over the touch line puts the ball into the scrum through the tunnel formed by the front rows of each set of forwards meeting. When the ball bursts or the referee interferes with the ball, the team that had possession at the time is the one to put the ball into the scrum. Both teams may attempt to secure the ball while it is in the scrum by \"hooking\" for", "title": "Scrum (rugby)" }, { "id": "2575068", "score": "1.491309", "text": "the ball directly under the legs of their own front row rather than into the tunnel, and the team with the put-in usually retains possession (thereby making the 40/20 rule workable). A rugby union scrum consists of two teams' eight forwards, with each team binding in three rows. The front row is composed of the two \"props\" and the \"hooker\". The two \"second row\" forwards (jersey numbers four and five), commonly referred to as the locks bind together and directly behind the front row with each putting their heads between the props and the hooker. Lastly the back row is", "title": "Scrum (rugby)" }, { "id": "2575069", "score": "1.4909425", "text": "made up of the two \"flankers\" and the number eight. The flankers bind on each side of the scrum — next to a lock and behind a prop. The two forward packs form a scrum by approaching to within an arms length of each other. The referee gives the command \"crouch\" and the opposing front rows then crouch. Then the referee calls \"touch\" and props touch the opposites outside shoulder. The referee then issues the \"set\" command which indicates that the two packs may come together. When this happens both front rows thrust forward with the tighthead props' heads going", "title": "Scrum (rugby)" }, { "id": "10188042", "score": "1.4896934", "text": "the ball has crossed the goal-line during a scrum an attacking player may legally ground it. Scrums are one of the most dangerous phases in rugby, since a collapse or improper engage can lead to a front row player damaging or even breaking his neck. For this reason, only trained players may play in the front row to help avoid injuries. If a team is without sufficient specialist front row players, for example because of injury or sin-binning, all scrums may be \"uncontested scrums\". In this situation, the packs engage, but do not push, and the team that still puts", "title": "Rugby union gameplay" } ]

[ "antediluvians", "Antediluvian", "antedeluvian", "ante diluvian", "Preflood earth", "Antedeluvian", "Ante-diluvian", "Antediluvians", "preflood earth", "antediluvian" ]

[ { "id": "2227185", "score": "1.6519775", "text": "Antediluvian The Antediluvian (alternatively Pre-Diluvian or Pre-Flood period) is the time period referred to in the Bible between the fall of humans and the Genesis flood narrative in the biblical cosmology. The narrative takes up chapters 1–6 (excluding the flood narrative) of the Book of Genesis. The term found its way into early geology and science until the late Victorian era. Colloquially, the term is used to refer to any ancient and murky period. The Sumerian flood myth is the direct mythological antecessor to the biblical flood myth as well as other Near Eastern flood stories, and reflects a similar", "title": "Antediluvian" }, { "id": "2227195", "score": "1.6079947", "text": "Paris, were neither those of giant humans nor of any extant animals. The geologists of the day increasingly came to use the term \"Antediluvian\" only for the younger strata containing fossils of animals resembling those alive today. Antediluvian The Antediluvian (alternatively Pre-Diluvian or Pre-Flood period) is the time period referred to in the Bible between the fall of humans and the Genesis flood narrative in the biblical cosmology. The narrative takes up chapters 1–6 (excluding the flood narrative) of the Book of Genesis. The term found its way into early geology and science until the late Victorian era. Colloquially, the", "title": "Antediluvian" }, { "id": "5499984", "score": "1.5604787", "text": "the Flood at 2349 BC. Camping argued that Ussher's dates \"agree neither with the Biblical nor the secular evidence\", asserting that Ussher's methodology was flawed. Camping surmised that the word \"begat\" in the Old Testament scriptures did not necessarily imply an immediate father-son relationship, as had been assumed by Ussher and others who (Camping felt) had not correctly interpreted the biblical timeline. Camping noted the use of the phrase \"called his name\" (\"\"qara shem\"\" in Hebrew, found three times in Genesis 4–5), which he characterized as a \"clue phrase\" to indicate an immediate father-son relationship. Despite the fact that this", "title": "Harold Camping" }, { "id": "2227186", "score": "1.5262133", "text": "religious and cultural relevance to their religion. Much as Jews and Christians, ancient Sumerians divided the world between pre-flood and post-flood eras, the former being a time where the gods walked the earth and humans were immortal. After the flood, humans ceased to be immortal and the gods distanced themselves. In the Christian Bible and Hebrew Torah, the Antediluvian period begins with the Fall of the first Man and woman, according to Genesis and ends with the destruction of all life on the earth except those saved with Noah in the ark (Noah and his wife, his three sons and", "title": "Antediluvian" }, { "id": "19175447", "score": "1.516967", "text": "Ages of Man with the Judeo-Christian concept of the Fall of Man. After the story of Creation, Proba briefly references the Great Flood by making use of lines from the fourth book of the \"Georgics\" that originally discussed the death of a beehive and the necessity of laws after the end of the Golden Age, respectively. According to the classicist Karla Pollmann, by using lines that concern destruction and the establishment of law, Proba is able to convey the traditional idea that Noah's survival represents the dawning of a \"second creation and a new order\" (that is, the Patriarchal age).", "title": "Cento Vergilianus de laudibus Christi" }, { "id": "5628940", "score": "1.5083729", "text": "charge to make in his instructions to these preachers. The use of ἑως [heōs] with aorist subjunctive for a future event is a good Greek idiom. Preterist scholars explain this verse as referring to the destruction of the Jerusalem temple in 70 AD with the phrase \"before the Son of Man comes\" meaning before judgment comes upon the nation of Israel and the city of Jerusalem for rejecting Jesus Christ as The Messiah. They reject to refer Matthew 10:23 to the second coming of Jesus because Jesus speaks to his disciples about the towns of Israel: Such a view completely", "title": "Bible prophecy" }, { "id": "2227188", "score": "1.5068443", "text": "as being a time of great wickedness. There were Gibborim (giants) in the earth in those days as well as Nephilim; some translations identify the two as one and the same. The Gibborim were unusually powerful; Genesis calls them \"mighty men which were of old, men of renown\". The antediluvian period ended when God sent the Flood to wipe out all life except Noah, his family, and the animals they took with them. Nevertheless, the Nephilim (literally meaning 'fallen ones', from the Hebrew root n-f-l 'to fall') reappear much later in the biblical narrative, in Numbers (where the spies sent", "title": "Antediluvian" }, { "id": "20537579", "score": "1.5027318", "text": "Great Deluge in the time of Noah (dated at 1656 \"anno mundi\") to the Division of the earth (dated at 1996 \"anno mundi\") when his sons were sent into their respective countries at the confounding of the languages, only ten years before the death of Noah, when he was aged 940. The Samaritan tradition, as conveyed by \"The Asatir\", avers differently, that Noah divided the earth among his three sons and their descendants some twenty years before his death, when he was aged 930. Today, there exists an English translation of the work, made by Moses Gaster. A partial Hebrew", "title": "The Asatir" }, { "id": "2070777", "score": "1.4968414", "text": "the Babylonian exile, a belief in afterlife and post-death retribution appeared in Jewish apocalyptic literature. At much the same time the Bible was translated into Greek, and the translators used the Greek word \"paradaisos\" (Paradise) for the garden of God and Paradise came to be located in heaven. In the Old Testament period, the earth was most commonly thought of as a flat disc floating on water. The concept was apparently quite similar to that depicted in a Babylonian world-map from about 600 BCE: a single circular continent bounded by a circular sea, and beyond the sea a number of", "title": "Biblical cosmology" }, { "id": "1540765", "score": "1.4952109", "text": "Septuagint than they were in the Hebrew or the Vulgate (Genesis 5, 11). The net difference between the two genealogies of Genesis amounts to 1466 years (ignoring the \"second year after the flood\" ambiguity), which accounts for virtually all of the 1500-year difference between 5500 BC and 4000 BC. For example, the period from the creation to the Flood derives from the genealogical table of the ten patriarchs listed in , and , called the generations of Adam. According to the Masoretic Text, this period consists of 1,656 years, and Western Christian Bibles deriving from the Latin Vulgate also follow", "title": "Dating creation" }, { "id": "1557512", "score": "1.4904159", "text": "at the Rapture, occurring before a \"Great Tribulation\" prophesied in Matthew 24–25; Mark 13 and Luke 21. The Tribulation is described in the book of Revelation. \"End times\" may also refer to the passing of an age or long period in the relationship between man and God. Adherents to this view cite the Second Epistle to Timothy and draw analogies to the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Post-Exilic Hebrew books of prophecy such as Daniel and Ezekiel are given new interpretations in this tradition, while in apocalyptic forecasts appear in the Judeo-Christian Sibylline Oracles which include the Book of", "title": "End time" }, { "id": "1529188", "score": "1.4881247", "text": "one true religion, beginning with the exodus and culminating in the appearing of Jesus. The historical interval that separated these two events is treated as naturally dividing itself into three great periods, — those of Moses, David and Ezra. The periods are externally indicated by the successive names by which the chosen people were called—Hebrews, Israelites, Jews. The events prior to the exodus are relegated by Ewald to a preliminary chapter of primitive history; and the events of the apostolic and post-apostolic age are treated as a kind of appendix. The entire construction of the history is based on a", "title": "Heinrich Ewald" }, { "id": "2205926", "score": "1.4880321", "text": "such, it compared end-time prophecies in the Bible with then-current events in an attempt to predict future scenarios resulting in the rapture of believers before the tribulation and Second Coming of Christ to establish his thousand-year (i.e. millennial) Kingdom on Earth. Emphasizing various passages in the books of Daniel, Ezekiel and Revelation, Lindsey originally suggested the possibility that these climactic events might occur during the 1980s, which he interpreted as one generation from the foundation of modern Israel during 1948, a major event according to some conservative evangelical schools of eschatological thought. Cover art of the Bantam edition suggested that", "title": "The Late, Great Planet Earth" }, { "id": "63835", "score": "1.4792411", "text": "into account the original Hebrew and other places these words are used in the Old Testament. Genesis 1:1–2 is consequently translated: Thus, the six days of creation (verse 3 onwards) start sometime after the Earth was \"without form and void.\" This allows an indefinite \"gap\" of time to be inserted after the original creation of the universe, but prior to the creation according to Genesis, (when present biological species and humanity were created). Gap theorists can therefore agree with the scientific consensus regarding the age of the Earth and universe, while maintaining a literal interpretation of the biblical text. Some", "title": "Creationism" }, { "id": "4444320", "score": "1.4773071", "text": "biblical Great Flood about 4,300 years earlier. This room is immediately followed by a second room of placards explaining various natural phenomena using two distinct \"starting points\"—mainstream science and the biblical narrative, respectively. From here, visitors enter an L-shaped corridor that begins with mannequins representing the Old Testament prophets Moses, David, and Isaiah, while audio recordings of passages from the Book of Psalms are played nearby. Further down the corridor, placards detail historical arguments against a literal interpretation of the Bible and conclude that \"The elevation of human reason above God's word is the essence of every attack on God's", "title": "Creation Museum" }, { "id": "6653776", "score": "1.4722366", "text": "the Little Apocalypse recorded in the Olivet Discourse of the Gospel of Mark. It predicts the siege of Jerusalem and destruction of the Jewish Temple at the hands of the Romans in 70 AD. Most mainstream New Testament scholars consider this to be an \"ex eventu\" (foretelling after the event), as are many of the prophecies in the Old Testament such those of Daniel 11. Another example is Isaiah's prophecy about Cyrus the Great. Traditionally, the entire book of Isaiah is believed to pre-date the rule of Cyrus by about 120 years. These particular passages (Isaiah 40-55, often referred to", "title": "Criticism of the Bible" }, { "id": "747506", "score": "1.4705187", "text": "of human society. Many of which also included stories that refer back to the Biblical Noah or describe a similar flood. The \"Epic of Gilgamesh\", written ca. 2000–1500 BC, details a myth where the angry gods send floods to punish humanity, but the ancient hero Utnapishtim and his family are saved through the intervention of the god Ea. A similar story about the Genesis flood narrative is found in Sura 71 of the Quran, where the Islamic counterpart of Noah, Nūḥ (نُوح ), builds the ark and rebuilds humanity. Even in the Hindu Dharmasastra, the apocalyptic deluge plays a prominent", "title": "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction" }, { "id": "15067387", "score": "1.4679148", "text": "question of unbelief, it was a question of, 'There must be a reason for it.'\" In 1970, Camping dated the Great Flood to 4990 BC. Using this date, taking the statement in Genesis 7:4 (\"Seven days from now I will send rain on the earth\") to be a prediction of the end of the world, and combining it with 2 Peter 3:8 (\"With the Lord a day is as a thousand years, and a thousand years are as a day\"), Camping concluded that the end of the world would occur in 2011, 7000 years from 4990 BC. Camping takes the", "title": "2011 end times prediction" }, { "id": "387928", "score": "1.4622712", "text": "of Christ. The Greek New Testament uses the Greek term \"parousia\" (παρουσία, meaning \"arrival\", \"coming\", or \"presence\") twenty-four times, seventeen of them concerning Christ. However, parousia has the distinct reference to a period of time rather than an instance in time. At Matthew 24:37 parousia is used to clearly describe the period of time that Noah lived. The Greek word \"eleusi\"s which means \"coming\" is not interchangeable with parousia. So this parousia or \"presence\" would be unique and distinct from anything that had occurred before. The word is also used six times referring to individuals (Stephanas, Fortunatus and Achaicus, Titus,", "title": "Second Coming" }, { "id": "16648183", "score": "1.4594738", "text": "\"be fruitful and multiply.\" The Genesis flood narrative is included in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible (see Books of the Bible). Jesus and the apostles additionally taught on the Genesis flood narrative in New Testament writing (Matt 24:37-39, Luke 17:26-27, 1 Peter 3:20, 2 Peter 2:5, 2 Peter 3:6, Hebrews 11:7). Some Christian biblical scholars suggest that the flood is a picture of salvation in Christ—the ark was planned by God and there is only one way of salvation through the door of the ark, akin to one way of salvation through Christ. Additionally, some scholars commenting on", "title": "Genesis flood narrative" } ]