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[ "Y-axis", "Cartesian co-ordinator", "3 d coordinate system", "cartesian coordinate plane", "3d coordinate system", "3 d cartesian coordinate system", "History of the Cartesian coordinate system", "First Quadrant", "Cartesian coordinate", "Right-handed coordinate system", "3-D coordinate system", "first quadrant", "first quadrants", "Z-coordinate", "3-d graph", "abscisse", "Rectangular coordinate plane", "x y coordinates", "cartesian co ordinates", "x axis", "z coordinate", "rectangular coordinates", "cartesian plain", "coordinate axes", "Cartesian coordinates", "vertical axis", "coordinate plane", "right handed coordinate system", "Cartesian space", "Cartesian co-ordinate system", "3d coordinates", "3 d graph", "cartesian co ordinate system", "cartesian co ordinator", "cartesian plane", "cartesian space", "cartesian chart", "Cartesian chart", "3D Cartesian Coordinate System", "history of cartesian coordinate system", "3-d coordinate system", "horizontal axis", "cartesian coordinate systems", "Cartesian-coordinate system", "3-D Cartesian Coordinate System", "Z axis", "First quadrants", "Cartesian orthogonal coordinate system", "Vertical axis", "cartesian dimension", "X,y coordinates", "rectangular coord", "3d cartesian coordinate system", "Xy-coordinate system", "z axis", "cartesian coordinate system", "Cartesian coordinate systems", "Axis (mathematics)", "euclidian coordinate system", "Rectangular coordinates", "Euclidian coordinate system", "Cartesian co-ordinates", "Cartesian dimensions", "3-D graph", "y axis", "position coordinate", "Position coordinate", "xy coordinate system", "Quadrant (analytic geometry)", "left handed coordinate system", "xy plane", "Cartesian planes", "3d Cartesian Coordinate System", "Z-axis", "3 dimensional coordinate system", "cartesian planes", "Cartesian equation", "Cartesian plain", "quadrant analytic geometry", "Right-handed system", "3D coordinate system", "Cartesian plane", "Cartesian coordinate plane", "First quadrant", "Cartesian dimension", "Rectangular Coordinates", "right handed system", "Rectangular coordinate system", "3-dimensional coordinate system", "Cartesian Coordinate System", "Rectangular coords", "rectangular coordinate plane", "Cartesian coordinate system", "rectangular coordinate system", "cartesian coordinate", "cartesian coordinates", "Coordinate plane", "cartesian dimensions", "Abscisse", "cartesian equation", "applicate", "rectangular coords", "Xy plane", "Applicate", "Left-handed coordinate system", "cartesian orthogonal coordinate system", "X axis", "axis mathematics", "X-axis", "Coordinate axes", "Y axis", "Horizontal axis", "Rectangular coord", "x y plane", "X-y plane" ]

[ { "id": "1439609", "score": "1.5676332", "text": "\"y\", and \"z\" axes of a three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system are They are sometimes referred to as the versors of the coordinate system, and they form a set of mutually orthogonal unit vectors, typically referred to as a standard basis in linear algebra. They are often denoted using normal vector notation (e.g., i or formula_4) rather than standard unit vector notation (e.g., formula_5). In most contexts it can be assumed that i, j, and k, (or formula_6 formula_7 and formula_8) are versors of a 3-D Cartesian coordinate system. The notations formula_9, formula_10, formula_11, or formula_12, with or without hat,", "title": "Unit vector" }, { "id": "94746", "score": "1.5577714", "text": "plane one can define canonical representatives of certain geometric figures, such as the unit circle (with radius equal to the length unit, and center at the origin), the unit square (whose diagonal has endpoints at and ), the unit hyperbola, and so on. The two axes divide the plane into four right angles, called \"quadrant\". The quadrants may be named or numbered in various ways, but the quadrant where all coordinates are positive is usually called the \"first quadrant\". If the coordinates of a point are , then its distances from the \"X\"-axis and from the \"Y\"-axis are |\"y\"| and", "title": "Cartesian coordinate system" }, { "id": "1439610", "score": "1.5322137", "text": "are also used, particularly in contexts where i, j, k might lead to confusion with another quantity (for instance with index symbols such as \"i\", \"j\", \"k\", used to identify an element of a set or array or sequence of variables). When a unit vector in space is expressed, with Cartesian notation, as a linear combination of i, j, k, its three scalar components can be referred to as direction cosines. The value of each component is equal to the cosine of the angle formed by the unit vector with the respective basis vector. This is one of the methods", "title": "Unit vector" }, { "id": "94749", "score": "1.5316147", "text": "and the unit points on the three axes are , , and . There are no standard names for the coordinates in the three axes (however, the terms \"abscissa\", \"ordinate\" and \"applicate\" are sometimes used). The coordinates are often denoted by the letters \"X\", \"Y\", and \"Z\", or \"x\", \"y\", and \"z\". The axes may then be referred to as the \"X\"-axis, \"Y\"-axis, and \"Z\"-axis, respectively. Then the coordinate planes can be referred to as the \"XY\"-plane, \"YZ\"-plane, and \"XZ\"-plane. In mathematics, physics, and engineering contexts, the first two axes are often defined or depicted as horizontal, with the third", "title": "Cartesian coordinate system" }, { "id": "94773", "score": "1.5242119", "text": "all dimensions, however there is a way to use complex numbers to provide such a multiplication. In a two dimensional cartesian plane, identify the point with coordinates with the complex number . Here, i is the imaginary unit and is identified with the point with coordinates , so it is not the unit vector in the direction of the \"x\"-axis. Since the complex numbers can be multiplied giving another complex number, this identification provides a means to \"multiply\" vectors. In a three dimensional cartesian space a similar identification can be made with a subset of the quaternions. Cartesian coordinates are", "title": "Cartesian coordinate system" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cartesian coordinate system\n\nA Cartesian coordinate system (, ) in a plane is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines, measured in the same unit of length. Each reference coordinate line is called a coordinate axis or just axis (plural axes) of the system, and the point where they meet is its \"origin\", at ordered pair . The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes, expressed as signed distances from the origin.\n\nOne can use the same principle to specify the position of any point in three-dimensional space by three Cartesian coordinates, its signed distances to three mutually perpendicular planes (or, equivalently, by its perpendicular projection onto three mutually perpendicular lines). In general, \"n\" Cartesian coordinates (an element of real \"n\"-space) specify the point in an \"n\"-dimensional Euclidean space for any dimension \"n\". These coordinates are equal, up to sign, to distances from the point to \"n\" mutually perpendicular hyperplanes.\n\nCartesian coordinates are named for René Descartes whose invention of them in the 17th century revolutionized mathematics by providing the first systematic link between Euclidean geometry and algebra. Using the Cartesian coordinate system, geometric shapes (such as curves) can be described by Cartesian equations: algebraic equations involving the coordinates of the points lying on the shape. For example, a circle of radius 2, centered at the origin of the plane, may be described as the set of all points whose coordinates \"x\" and \"y\" satisfy the equation .\n\nCartesian coordinates are the foundation of analytic geometry, and provide enlightening geometric interpretations for many other branches of mathematics, such as linear algebra, complex analysis, differential geometry, multivariate calculus, group theory and more. A familiar example is the concept of the graph of a function. Cartesian coordinates are also essential tools for most applied disciplines that deal with geometry, including astronomy, physics, engineering and many more. They are the most common coordinate system used in computer graphics, computer-aided geometric design and other geometry-related data processing.", "title": "Cartesian coordinate system" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Imaginary unit\n\nThe imaginary unit or unit imaginary number () is a solution to the quadratic equation formula_1. Although there is no real number with this property, can be used to extend the real numbers to what are called complex numbers, using addition and multiplication. A simple example of the use of in a complex number is formula_2.\n\nImaginary numbers are an important mathematical concept; they extend the real number system formula_3 to the complex number system formula_4, in which at least one root for every nonconstant polynomial exists (see Algebraic closure and Fundamental theorem of algebra). Here, the term \"imaginary\" is used because there is no real number having a negative square.\n\nThere are two complex square roots of −1: and formula_5, just as there are two complex square roots of every real number other than zero (which has one double square root).\n\nIn contexts in which use of the letter is ambiguous or problematic, the letter or the Greek formula_6 is sometimes used instead. For example, in electrical engineering and control systems engineering, the imaginary unit is normally denoted by instead of , because is commonly used to denote electric current.", "title": "Imaginary unit" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Unit vector\n\nIn mathematics, a unit vector in a normed vector space is a vector (often a spatial vector) of length 1. A unit vector is often denoted by a lowercase letter with a circumflex, or \"hat\", as in formula_1 (pronounced \"v-hat\").\n\nThe term direction vector, commonly denoted as d, is used to describe a unit vector being used to represent spatial direction and relative direction. 2D spatial directions are numerically equivalent to points on the unit circle \nand spatial directions in 3D are equivalent to a point on the unit sphere.\n\nThe normalized vector û of a non-zero vector u is the unit vector in the direction of u, i.e.,\nwhere |u| is the norm (or length) of u. The term \"normalized vector\" is sometimes used as a synonym for \"unit vector\".\n\nUnit vectors are often chosen to form the basis of a vector space, and every vector in the space may be written as a linear combination of unit vectors.", "title": "Unit vector" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Complex plane\n\nIn mathematics, the complex plane is the plane formed by the complex numbers, with a Cartesian coordinate system such that the -axis, called the real axis, is formed by the real numbers, and the -axis, called the imaginary axis, is formed by the imaginary numbers.\n\nThe complex plane allows a geometric interpretation of complex numbers. Under addition, they add like vectors. The multiplication of two complex numbers can be expressed more easily in polar coordinates—the magnitude or \"modulus\" of the product is the product of the two absolute values, or moduli, and the angle or \"argument\" of the product is the sum of the two angles, or arguments. In particular, multiplication by a complex number of modulus 1 acts as a rotation.\n\nThe complex plane is sometimes known as the Argand plane or Gauss plane.", "title": "Complex plane" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Quaternions and spatial rotation\n\nUnit quaternions, known as \"versors\", provide a convenient mathematical notation for representing spatial orientations and rotations of elements in three dimensional space. Specifically, they encode information about an axis-angle rotation about an arbitrary axis. Rotation and orientation quaternions have applications in computer graphics, computer vision, robotics, navigation, molecular dynamics, flight dynamics, orbital mechanics of satellites, and crystallographic texture analysis.\n\nWhen used to represent rotation, unit quaternions are also called rotation quaternions as they represent the 3D rotation group. When used to represent an orientation (rotation relative to a reference coordinate system), they are called orientation quaternions or attitude quaternions. A spatial rotation around a fixed point of formula_1 radians about a unit axis formula_2 that denotes the \"Euler axis\" is given by the quaternion formula_3, where formula_4 and formula_5.\n\nCompared to rotation matrices, quaternions are more compact, efficient, and numerically stable. Compared to Euler angles, they are simpler to compose. However, they are not as intuitive and easy to understand and, due to the periodic nature of sine and cosine, rotation angles differing precisely by the natural period will be encoded into identical quaternions and recovered angles in radians will be limited to formula_6.", "title": "Quaternions and spatial rotation" }, { "id": "94745", "score": "1.5123806", "text": "(However, in some computer graphics contexts, the ordinate axis may be oriented downwards.) The origin is often labeled \"O\", and the two coordinates are often denoted by the letters \"X\" and \"Y\", or \"x\" and \"y\". The axes may then be referred to as the \"X\"-axis and \"Y\"-axis. The choices of letters come from the original convention, which is to use the latter part of the alphabet to indicate unknown values. The first part of the alphabet was used to designate known values. A Euclidean plane with a chosen Cartesian coordinate system is called a \"Cartesian plane\". In a Cartesian", "title": "Cartesian coordinate system" }, { "id": "14292058", "score": "1.501549", "text": "Unit hyperbola In geometry, the unit hyperbola is the set of points (\"x,y\") in the Cartesian plane that satisfy the implicit equation formula_1 In the study of indefinite orthogonal groups, the unit hyperbola forms the basis for an \"alternative radial length\" Whereas the unit circle surrounds its center, the unit hyperbola requires the \"conjugate hyperbola\" formula_3 to complement it in the plane. This pair of hyperbolas share the asymptotes \"y\" = \"x\" and \"y\" = −\"x\". When the conjugate of the unit hyperbola is in use, the alternative radial length is formula_4 The unit hyperbola is a special case of", "title": "Unit hyperbola" }, { "id": "14292064", "score": "1.4897573", "text": "of points on a conic. The following description was given by Russian analysts: Whereas the unit circle is associated with complex numbers, the unit hyperbola is key to the \"split-complex number plane\" consisting of \"z\" = \"x\" + \"yj\", where \"j\" = +1. Then \"jz = y + xj\", so the action of \"j\" on the plane is to swap the coordinates. In particular, this action swaps the unit hyperbola with its conjugate and swaps pairs of conjugate diameters of the hyperbolas. In terms of the hyperbolic angle parameter \"a\", the unit hyperbola consists of points The right branch of", "title": "Unit hyperbola" }, { "id": "13729077", "score": "1.4838107", "text": "The Cartesian product of these sets returns a 52-element set consisting of 52 ordered pairs, which correspond to all 52 possible playing cards. Both sets are distinct, even disjoint. The main historical example is the Cartesian plane in analytic geometry. In order to represent geometrical shapes in a numerical way and extract numerical information from shapes' numerical representations, René Descartes assigned to each point in the plane a pair of real numbers, called its coordinates. Usually, such a pair's first and second components are called its \"x\" and \"y\" coordinates, respectively (see picture). The set of all such pairs (i.e.", "title": "Cartesian product" }, { "id": "11530389", "score": "1.4738046", "text": "shapes, the Pythagorean theorem (Proposition 47), equality of angles and areas, parallelism, the sum of the angles in a triangle, and the three cases in which triangles are \"equal\" (have the same area), among many other topics. Later, the plane was described in a so-called \"Cartesian coordinate system\", a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical \"coordinates\", which are the signed distances from the point to two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length. Each reference line is called a \"coordinate axis\" or just \"axis\" of the system,", "title": "Two-dimensional space" }, { "id": "15054540", "score": "1.4664743", "text": "is just \"a\"/\"c\" + \"ib\"/\"c\", where \"i\" is the imaginary unit. Conversely, if (\"x\", \"y\") is a rational point on the unit circle in the 1st quadrant of the coordinate system (i.e. \"x\" > 0, \"y\" > 0), then there exists a primitive right triangle with sides \"xc\", \"yc\", \"c\", with \"c\" being the least common multiple of \"x\" and \"y\" denominators. There is a correspondence between points (\"x\",\"y\") in the \"x\"-\"y\" plane and points \"x\" + \"iy\" in the complex plane which will be used below, with (\"a\", \"b\") taken as equal to \"a\" + \"ib\". The set of", "title": "Group of rational points on the unit circle" }, { "id": "7044113", "score": "1.4603083", "text": "∞ or m or ∞∞m. Plane groups can be depicted using the Hermann–Mauguin system. The first letter is either lowercase p or c to represent primitive or centered unit cells. The next number is the rotational symmetry, as given above. The presence of mirror planes are denoted m, while glide reflections are denoted g. The symbol of a space group is defined by combining the uppercase letter describing the lattice type with symbols specifying the symmetry elements. The symmetry elements are ordered the same way as in the symbol of corresponding point group (group that is obtained if one removes", "title": "Hermann–Mauguin notation" }, { "id": "94750", "score": "1.4593902", "text": "axis pointing up. In that case the third coordinate may be called \"height\" or \"altitude\". The orientation is usually chosen so that the 90 degree angle from the first axis to the second axis looks counter-clockwise when seen from the point ; a convention that is commonly called \"the right hand rule\". Since Cartesian coordinates are unique and non-ambiguous, the points of a Cartesian plane can be identified with pairs of real numbers; that is with the Cartesian product formula_1, where formula_2 is the set of all reals. In the same way, the points in any Euclidean space of dimension", "title": "Cartesian coordinate system" }, { "id": "94752", "score": "1.4554796", "text": "formulas (such as the Pythagorean formula for the distance) do not hold (see affine plane). The Cartesian coordinates of a point are usually written in parentheses and separated by commas, as in or . The origin is often labelled with the capital letter \"O\". In analytic geometry, unknown or generic coordinates are often denoted by the letters (\"x\", \"y\") in the plane, and (\"x\", \"y\", \"z\") in three-dimensional space. This custom comes from a convention of algebra, which uses letters near the end of the alphabet for unknown values (such as were the coordinates of points in many geometric problems),", "title": "Cartesian coordinate system" }, { "id": "1991047", "score": "1.4533355", "text": "Upper half-plane In mathematics, the upper half-plane H is the set of points (\"x,y\") in the Cartesian plane with \"y\" > 0. Mathematicians sometimes identify the Cartesian plane with the complex plane, and then the upper half-plane corresponds to the set of complex numbers with positive imaginary part: The term arises from a common visualization of the complex number \"x\" + \"iy\" as the point (\"x\",\"y\") in the plane endowed with Cartesian coordinates. When the Y-axis is oriented vertically, the \"upper half-plane\" corresponds to the region above the X-axis and thus complex numbers for which \"y\" > 0. It is", "title": "Upper half-plane" }, { "id": "94772", "score": "1.4505241", "text": "dimensions, the vector from the origin to the point with Cartesian coordinates (x, y) can be written as: where formula_35, and formula_36 are unit vectors in the direction of the \"x\"-axis and \"y\"-axis respectively, generally referred to as the \"standard basis\" (in some application areas these may also be referred to as versors). Similarly, in three dimensions, the vector from the origin to the point with Cartesian coordinates formula_37 can be written as: where formula_39 is the unit vector in the direction of the z-axis. There is no \"natural\" interpretation of multiplying vectors to obtain another vector that works in", "title": "Cartesian coordinate system" }, { "id": "1991053", "score": "1.4475421", "text": "\"n\" copies of the upper half-plane. Yet another space interesting to number theorists is the Siegel upper half-space H, which is the domain of Siegel modular forms. Upper half-plane In mathematics, the upper half-plane H is the set of points (\"x,y\") in the Cartesian plane with \"y\" > 0. Mathematicians sometimes identify the Cartesian plane with the complex plane, and then the upper half-plane corresponds to the set of complex numbers with positive imaginary part: The term arises from a common visualization of the complex number \"x\" + \"iy\" as the point (\"x\",\"y\") in the plane endowed with Cartesian coordinates.", "title": "Upper half-plane" }, { "id": "417396", "score": "1.4466568", "text": "polar and cartesian coordinates. Just as the choice of \"y\"-axis () is immaterial for line integration in cartesian coordinates, so is the choice of zero heading () immaterial here. Three formulas have the same structure as Heron's formula but are expressed in terms of different variables. First, denoting the medians from sides \"a\", \"b\", and \"c\" respectively as \"m\", \"m\", and \"m\" and their semi-sum as σ, we have Next, denoting the altitudes from sides \"a\", \"b\", and \"c\" respectively as \"h\", \"h\", and \"h\", and denoting the semi-sum of the reciprocals of the altitudes as formula_51 we have And", "title": "Triangle" }, { "id": "94747", "score": "1.4464347", "text": "|\"x\"|, respectively; where |...| denotes the absolute value of a number. A Cartesian coordinate system for a three-dimensional space consists of an ordered triplet of lines (the \"axes\") that go through a common point (the \"origin\"), and are pair-wise perpendicular; a orientation for each axis; and a single unit of length for all three axes. As in the two-dimensional case, each axis becomes a number line. For any point \"P\" of space, one considers a plane through \"P\" perpendicular to each coordinate axis, and interprets the point where that plane cuts the axis as a number. The Cartesian coordinates of", "title": "Cartesian coordinate system" }, { "id": "1439614", "score": "1.4446347", "text": "to define the system to be orthonormal and right-handed: where δ is the Kronecker delta (which is 1 for \"i\" = \"j\" and 0 otherwise) and formula_54 is the Levi-Civita symbol (which is 1 for permutations ordered as \"ijk\" and −1 for permutations ordered as \"kji\"). A unit vector in ℝ was called a right versor by W. R. Hamilton as he developed his quaternions ℍ ⊂ ℝ. In fact, he was the originator of the term \"vector\" as every quaternion formula_55 has a scalar part \"s\" and a vector part \"v\". If \"v\" is a unit vector in ℝ,", "title": "Unit vector" } ]

[ "Australia national rugby union team", "australia national rugby union team", "Australian National Rugby Union Team", "Wallabies", "australian national rugby union team", "Australian Wallabies", "Australia national rugby union side", "australia national rugby union side", "wallabies rugby team", "australia rugby union team", "wallabies", "qantas wallabies", "The Wallabies", "Australian national rugby union team", "Qantas Wallabies", "Australia National Rugby Union Team", "Australian rugby union team", "australian rugby union team", "Australia rugby union team", "Wallabies Rugby Team", "australian wallabies", "The Australian national rugby union team" ]

[ { "id": "3053454", "score": "1.757443", "text": "names suggested by the English newspapers. The Australians rejected this, and did not want the national team to be represented by an imported pest. They opted for the native Wallaby instead. At first it was only touring parties that were nicknamed the Wallabies; when Australia played domestically, they were referred to as internationals. The team mascot is known as Wally. When the World Rankings were introduced in 2003, Australia was ranked fourth. Since then, the highest ranking Australia has achieved is second, and the lowest is seventh. Australia has appeared at every Rugby World Cup since the first tournament in", "title": "Australia national rugby union team" }, { "id": "9463027", "score": "1.7023574", "text": "Australia national rugby union team is nicknamed the \"Wallabies\". The Australia national association football team (men's) is nicknamed the \"Socceroos\". The Australia national under-23 football team plays Football at the Summer Olympics and is nicknamed \"Olyroos\". The Australia national under-20 football team is nicknamed the \"Young Socceroos\" The Australia national under-17 football team is the \"Joeys\" The Australian Women's field hockey team is nicknamed the \"Hockeyroos\". The Australian national ice hockey team is nicknamed the \"Mighty Roos\". The Australian men's national basketball team is nicknamed the \"Boomers\". The North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League is nicknamed the", "title": "Kangaroo emblems and popular culture" }, { "id": "5353165", "score": "1.7001152", "text": "Australian national sports team nicknames In Australia, the national representative team of many sports has a nickname, used informally when referring to the team in the media or in conversation. These nicknames are typically derived from well-known symbols of Australia. Often the nickname is combined with that of a commercial sponsor, such as the \"Qantas Wallabies\" or the \"Telstra Dolphins\". Some names are a portmanteau word with second element \"-roo\", from kangaroo; such as \"Olyroos\" for the Olympic association football team. The oldest nicknames are \"Kangaroos\" and \"Wallabies\" for the rugby league football and rugby union teams. The other names", "title": "Australian national sports team nicknames" }, { "id": "6733891", "score": "1.6987721", "text": "coach Andy Friend in an interview with Green and Gold Rugby website, does not have a nickname as of 2016. The team is sometimes erroneously referred to as the \"Aussie Thunderbolts\" in sections of the media, but that name refers to Australia's developmental sevens side (the second team) rather than the official national team. At the inaugural Hong Kong Sevens tournament in 1976, Australia was represented by a selected team under the name \"Wallaroos\", originally the name of one of the foundation clubs of the Southern Rugby Union in 1874, but now used for the Australian women's team in 15-a-side", "title": "Australia national rugby sevens team" }, { "id": "8447345", "score": "1.6590381", "text": "Australia A national rugby union team Australia A is a national representative rugby union football team of Australian rugby union. The last match played under the 'Australia A' name was in 2008, but the team was previously the second national side behind the Wallabies. Matches played by 'Australia A' were used as a stepping-stone to Wallaby selection, with the team playing at smaller venues than the Wallabies. Aspiring Wallaby players were given a chance to impress selectors during these games. In the past, the team would also play touring sides, such as the British and Irish Lions, when they visited", "title": "Australia A national rugby union team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Australian national sports team nicknames\n\nIn Australia, the national representative team of many sports has a nickname, used informally when referring to the team in the media or in conversation. These nicknames are typically derived from well-known symbols of Australia. Often the nickname is combined with that of a commercial sponsor, such as the \"Qantas Wallabies\" or the \"Telstra Dolphins\". Some names are a portmanteau word with second element \"-roo\", from kangaroo; such as \"Olyroos\" for the Olympic association football team.", "title": "Australian national sports team nicknames" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Australia national rugby union team\n\nThe Australia national rugby union team, nicknamed the Wallabies, is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia. The team first played at Sydney in 1899, winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team.\n\nAustralia have competed in all nine Rugby World Cups, winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice. Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France.\n\nThe Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri-Nations), along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina, New Zealand and South Africa. They have won this championship on four occasions. Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations.\n\nMore than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame.", "title": "Australia national rugby union team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Australia national rugby sevens team\n\nThe Australia men's national rugby sevens team participates in international competitions such as the World Rugby Sevens Series and Rugby World Cup Sevens. The current captain of the team is Nick Malouf, and the head coach is John Manenti .\n\nRugby sevens is now recognised as an Olympic sport and made its debut at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Australia qualified for the tournament after winning the 2015 Oceania Sevens Championship.\n\nAustralia also competes at other international tournaments for rugby sevens, including at the Commonwealth Games.", "title": "Australia national rugby sevens team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Australia national rugby league team\n\nThe Australian National Rugby League Team, the Kangaroos, have represented Australia in senior men's rugby league football competition since the establishment of the 'Northern Union game' in Australia in 1908. Administered by the Australian Rugby League Commission, the Kangaroos are ranked fourth in the RLIF World Rankings. The team is the most successful in Rugby League World Cup history, having contested all 16 and won 12 of them, failing to reach the final only once, in the inaugural tournament in 1954. Only five nations (along with NZ Maori) have beaten Australia in test matches, and Australia has an overall win percentage of 70%.\n\nDating back to 1908, Australia is the fourth oldest national side after England, New Zealand and Wales. The team was first assembled in 1908 for a tour of Great Britain. The majority of the Kangaroos' games since then have been played against Great Britain and New Zealand. In the first half of the 20th century, Australia's international competition came from alternating tours to Great Britain and New Zealand. Australia played host to these teams in non-tour years. Great Britain dominated in the early years, and Australia did not win a Test against the Lions until 11 November 1911 under captain Chris McKivat. Australia did not win a series at home against Great Britain until 1920 or abroad until 1958.\n\nSince 1908, the team has been nicknamed the Kangaroos. Initially only used when touring Great Britain, and later France, this has been the official nickname of the team since 7 July 1994. In 1997 Australia was also represented by a \"Super League Australia\" team, drawing on players from that year's Super League competition. While in the past players for the side had been selected from clubs in various leagues around the country, the side has consisted exclusively of players from clubs of the National Rugby League.", "title": "Australia national rugby league team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Australia women's national rugby union team\n\nThe Australia women's national rugby union team, also known as the Wallaroos, has competed at all Women's Rugby World Cups since 1998, with their best result finishing in third place in 2010.\n\nAustralian women have been playing rugby since the late 1930s, in regional areas of New South Wales. In 1992 the first National Women's Tournament was held in Newcastle, NSW. The following year the Australian Women's Rugby Union was established, and it was declared that the national women's team would be called the Wallaroos. It was chosen because it was the name of one of Australia's oldest clubs, the Wallaroo Football Club, which was formed in 1870.", "title": "Australia women's national rugby union team" }, { "id": "5353166", "score": "1.6437681", "text": "are more recent, mostly invented to help publicise sports not traditionally popular in Australia. Some journalists have criticised the practice as embarrassing, gimmicky, or PR-driven. The name \"Wallabies\" was chosen by the 1908 rugby union side, making its first tour of the Northern Hemisphere. British newspapers had already nicknamed the 1905 New Zealand touring team the \"All Blacks\" from their kit colour; the 1906 South African tourists had adopted \"Springboks\". \"Rabbits\" was first suggested for Australia, but rejected since rabbits there are notorious as pests. Until the 1980s, only touring sides were \"Wallabies\"; players on the eight tours up to", "title": "Australian national sports team nicknames" }, { "id": "5353167", "score": "1.6407645", "text": "1984 were \"the First Wallabies\" up to \"the Eighth Wallabies\". The rugby league tour side arrived in Britain later in 1908 with a live kangaroo as mascot and were nicknamed \"Kangaroos\". \"Kangaroos\" originally referred only to teams on \"Kangaroo Tours\" to Britain and France. In 1994 the Australian Rugby League extended the nickname to all internationals for sponsorship reasons, drawing criticism for the break with tradition. The first such game was a 58–0 win over France at Parramatta Stadium on 6 July 1994. Among the longer-established sports, the test cricket and Davis Cup tennis teams have no common nickname. Harry", "title": "Australian national sports team nicknames" }, { "id": "3053453", "score": "1.6381607", "text": "2013, the ARU announced that Asics would be the apparel sponsor beginning in 2014. In the third 2017 Bledisloe Cup test, for the first time, the Wallabies played with an indigenous jersey. The nickname \"Wallabies\" is in reference to the wallaby—a marsupial that is widely distributed throughout Australia. The name has its origins during first United Kingdom and North America tour by the Australian team in 1908. New Zealand had just completed a tour and the English press dubbed their team the \"All Blacks\". It was suggested that Australia should too have a nickname, and Rabbits was one of the", "title": "Australia national rugby union team" }, { "id": "5353171", "score": "1.6344918", "text": "By 2016, the FFA announcement of Caltex as sponsors was titled \"Caltex Australia with the Socceroos all the way\". Australian national sports team nicknames In Australia, the national representative team of many sports has a nickname, used informally when referring to the team in the media or in conversation. These nicknames are typically derived from well-known symbols of Australia. Often the nickname is combined with that of a commercial sponsor, such as the \"Qantas Wallabies\" or the \"Telstra Dolphins\". Some names are a portmanteau word with second element \"-roo\", from kangaroo; such as \"Olyroos\" for the Olympic association football team.", "title": "Australian national sports team nicknames" }, { "id": "7071314", "score": "1.6247255", "text": "The game has been especially popular as a winter sport in Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. The Australian national rugby union team is called the Wallabies. Since the 1920s the Wallabies have worn green and gold jerseys. Despite having a relatively small player base, mainly in NSW and Queensland, the national side has twice won the Rugby World Cup – in 1991 and 1999. Australia hosted the 2003 Rugby World Cup, which saw the Wallabies defeated by England in the final at Telstra Stadium. Other notable competitions include the annual Bledisloe Cup played against Australia's traditional", "title": "Winter sport in Australia" }, { "id": "3053476", "score": "1.6142774", "text": "end of 2016 establishes BMW Australia as sponsors for the Wallabies and the ARU. The partnership agreement extends BMW's involvement with the game globally, having an established relationship with the English Rugby Football Union as a vehicle partner since 2012. Australia national rugby union team The Australia national rugby union team, nicknamed the Wallabies, is controlled by Rugby Australia. The team first played at Sydney in 1899, winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team. Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups, winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice. In", "title": "Australia national rugby union team" }, { "id": "3689817", "score": "1.6034031", "text": "11 November 1911 under captain Chris McKivat. Australia did not win a series at home against Great Britain until 1920 or abroad until 1958. Since 1908, the team has been nicknamed the Kangaroos. Initially only used when touring Great Britain, and later France, this has been the official nickname of the team since 7 July 1994. In 1997 Australia was also represented by a \"Super League Australia\" team, drawing on players from that year's Super League competition. While in the past players for the side had been selected from clubs in various leagues around the country, in recent years the", "title": "Australia national rugby league team" }, { "id": "3053403", "score": "1.6025472", "text": "Australia national rugby union team The Australia national rugby union team, nicknamed the Wallabies, is controlled by Rugby Australia. The team first played at Sydney in 1899, winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team. Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups, winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice. In 1991 Australia beat England in the final at Twickenham and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France. The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri-Nations),", "title": "Australia national rugby union team" }, { "id": "3053406", "score": "1.595401", "text": "year the first Australian rugby team to tour the British Isles left Sydney. Newspapers in England initially gave the team the name 'Rabbits'. The Australian players thought this nickname derogatory and replaced it with 'Wallabies'. In 1909, when the new \"Northern Union\" code was still in its infancy in Australia, a match between the Kangaroos and the Wallabies was played before a crowd of around 20,000, with the Rugby League side winning 29–26. The First World War had a very negative effect on rugby union in Australia. All rugby union competitions in New South Wales and Queensland ceased after the", "title": "Australia national rugby union team" }, { "id": "16390522", "score": "1.5949458", "text": "known as Australia and, as confirmed by captain Sharni Williams, does not have a nickname as of 2015. The team is sometimes referred to as the \"Pearls\" in sections of the media, but that name refers to Australia's developmental sevens side that participates in domestic tournaments rather than the official national team. In 2016 the Australian women's sevens team was named Team of the Year at the Australian Institute of Sport Performance Awards. \"A red box around the year indicates tournaments played within Australia\" The following is the Australia roster in the women's rugby sevens tournament of the 2015 Pacific", "title": "Australia women's national rugby sevens team" }, { "id": "3053449", "score": "1.5904421", "text": "Australia was in the death pool up against Wales, Fiji, England and Uruguay, the Wallabies first match was up against Fiji which Australia won 28 - 13. Then Australia slaughtered Uruguay 65 - 3, next Australia defeated England at Twickenham 33 - 13. In the last pool match Australia luckily defeated Wales 15 - 6. Then they went to the Quarter finals defeating Scotland 35 - 34, and then they defeated Argentina in the Semi finals which took them to the grand final against New Zealand which they lost 34 - 17. The Wallabies play in Australia's traditional sporting colours", "title": "Australia national rugby union team" }, { "id": "9889175", "score": "1.5796499", "text": "on a stylised emerald green and white rugby ball, outlined in navy blue. The only change from the original logo has been the name prefix moving from Central Coast to North Harbour and, as of 2016, Sydney. The team plays in a harlequin-style quartered strip composed of blue, red, green, gold and black colours from the four constituent clubs. All four clubs’ colours are also featured on the socks. In 2007, an attempt was made to form a third tier of rugby in Australia, similar to New Zealand's ITM Cup and South Africa's Currie Cup. The newly formed competition included", "title": "Sydney Rays" }, { "id": "5353168", "score": "1.5774527", "text": "Beitzel's 1967 Australian Football World Tour team was unofficially nicknamed the Galahs from their flashy uniform. Though this side was a precursor of subsequent Australian international rules football teams, the nickname has not been retained. \"Australian Tennis\" magazine invited reader to suggest a nickname for the Davis Cup team in 1996. The Australia Fed Cup team has been called the Cockatoos, first suggested by player Casey Dellacqua in a press conference at the April 2012 match against Germany. The name has been embraced by teammates and used on the website of governing body Tennis Australia. As part of a 1998", "title": "Australian national sports team nicknames" }, { "id": "5353169", "score": "1.5773988", "text": "strategic business plan, Cricket Australia surveyed \"stakeholders\" in 1998 about a possible nickname, to enhance marketing opportunities. State cricket teams in the Sheffield Shield had benefited from adopting nicknames in the 1990s. 69% opposed a national nickname, partly from a sense of decorum and partly because the best names were already taken by other teams. Athletics Australia held a competition for a nickname for its squad for the 2001 World Athletics Championships. The winning entry was \"the Diggers\", from the nickname for ANZAC soldiers. This was quickly abandoned after criticism from the Returned and Services League of Australia and others", "title": "Australian national sports team nicknames" }, { "id": "3546804", "score": "1.5756587", "text": "Rugby Australia Rugby Australia, known as the Australian Rugby Union until 2017, is the governing body of rugby union in Australia. It was officially constituted in 1949 and is a member of World Rugby (WR), the sport's international governing body. Rugby Australia has eight member unions, representing each state and territory. It also manages Australia's national rugby union teams, including the Wallabies. The original administrative body for rugby in Australia was the Southern Rugby Union, established in Sydney in 1874. Following the first inter-colonial rugby match in 1882 between the New South Wales and Queensland teams, a Northern Rugby Union", "title": "Rugby Australia" } ]

[ "Tennis player", "big tennis", "Tennis", "tenniz", "lawn tennis", "tennis", "break point", "Game point", "tennis coaching", "professional tennis player", "Tenis", "Match point (tennis)", "Lawn Tennis", "Lawn-Tennis", "Set point (tennis)", "🎾", "championship point", "Championship point", "set point tennis", "tennis player", "tenis", "Tenniz", "game point", "Tennis coaching", "match point tennis", "Break point", "Match tiebreak", "Big tennis", "match tiebreak", "TenniS", "Lawn tennis", "Professional tennis player" ]

[ { "id": "8010286", "score": "1.9381822", "text": "junior singles. In 1972, he reached the last 32 at Wimbledon, losing to Australian former world number 1, John Newcombe. He was a member of Great Britain’s Davis Cup squad between 1972-1974, and again between 1976-1980, and in 1978, was part of the first British team to reach the final since 1937. In 1976, he and his brother John achieved success together, winning a doubles title in London. He retired from professional tennis in 1981, having attained a career-high of 128 in the world singles rankings (September 1973) and 40 in the world doubles ranking (August 1977). He was appointed", "title": "David Lloyd (tennis)" }, { "id": "8010284", "score": "1.8696283", "text": "David Lloyd (tennis) David Alan Lloyd (born 3 January 1948) is a former professional English tennis player and entrepreneur. He was born in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. He and his younger brother John Lloyd became two of the most successful British tennis players throughout the 1970s and 1980s. David captained the British Davis Cup team and became a leading figure in the Lawn Tennis Association. For a short time he was chairman of Hull City A.F.C. and Hull FC. He also played a major part in making Tim Henman a world top 10 tennis player. David Lloyd grew up in Westcliff-on-Sea near", "title": "David Lloyd (tennis)" }, { "id": "8010292", "score": "1.8510702", "text": "in Toppa and a member of the board David Lloyd is married and lives near Oxshot in Surrey. David Lloyd (tennis) David Alan Lloyd (born 3 January 1948) is a former professional English tennis player and entrepreneur. He was born in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. He and his younger brother John Lloyd became two of the most successful British tennis players throughout the 1970s and 1980s. David captained the British Davis Cup team and became a leading figure in the Lawn Tennis Association. For a short time he was chairman of Hull City A.F.C. and Hull FC. He also played a major", "title": "David Lloyd (tennis)" }, { "id": "16983193", "score": "1.7975903", "text": "England trial matches in 1969 and toured the Far East with England in 1971 captaining the England team in a non cap match against Japan in the absence of the tour captain Budge Rogers through injury but won no further full caps after 1968. He was selected for the 1968 British Lions tour to South Africa but declined the invitation due to engineering exam commitments. Lloyd was Harlequins' captain in the 1970-71 and 1971-72 seasons and also represented the Surrey county team, playing in their county championship finals in 1967, when they shared the title with Durham and in 1971,", "title": "Bob Lloyd (rugby union)" }, { "id": "19370594", "score": "1.786092", "text": "Tony Lloyd (tennis) Tony Lloyd (born 3 December 1956) is a former British professional tennis player. Lloyd is the youngest of three brothers who played tennis at the top level. Two brothers, David Lloyd and John Lloyd, represented Great Britain in the Davis Cup. All three appeared in the main singles draw of the 1977 Wimbledon Championships, which was Tony's only Grand Slam appearance in singles. Given a wild card into the main draw, Lloyd was beaten in the first round by John Alexander. More noted as a doubles player, he often partnered with his brother John. The pair were", "title": "Tony Lloyd (tennis)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "John Lloyd (tennis)\n\nJohn Lloyd (born 27 August 1954) is a British former professional tennis player. Lloyd reached an ATP world ranking of 21 from 23 July 1978 to 30 July 1978, and was ranked as UK number 1 in 1984 and 1985. He now works as a sports commentator.\n\nDuring his career, he reached one Grand Slam singles final and won three Grand Slam mixed doubles titles with tennis partner Wendy Turnbull: the French Open in 1982 and Wimbledon in 1983 and 1984. Also, Lloyd scored 27 wins and 24 losses with the Great Britain Davis Cup team.\n\nHe was the first husband of the former top woman player Chris Evert and is the younger brother of the former British Davis Cup captain David Lloyd. He served as the British Davis Cup captain himself from August 2006 until March 2010.\nHe is a member of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club.", "title": "John Lloyd (tennis)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "David Lloyd George" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Winston Churchill" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Great Britain at the 1972 Summer Olympics\n\nGreat Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. 284 competitors, 210 men and 74 women, took part in 159 events in 18 sports. British athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games.\n\nThe Great Britain team included 69-year-old equestrian Lorna Johnstone - the oldest British athlete ever to appear in the Olympic Games.\n\n\n", "title": "Great Britain at the 1972 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Philip Noel-Baker\n\nPhilip John Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker, (1 November 1889 – 8 October 1982), born Philip John Baker, was a British politician, diplomat, academic, athlete, and renowned campaigner for disarmament. He carried the British team flag and won a silver medal for the 1500m at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, and received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1959.\n\nNoel-Baker is the only person to have won an Olympic medal and received a Nobel Prize. He was a Labour member of parliament from 1929 to 1931 and from 1936 to 1970, serving in several ministerial offices and the cabinet. He became a life peer in 1977.", "title": "Philip Noel-Baker" }, { "id": "6296190", "score": "1.775171", "text": "Lloyd made his England ODI debut on 7 September 1973 at The Oval, London against the West Indies under the captaincy of Mike Denness. In this 55-over match, England were reduced to 189/9, Lloyd making only eight before being run out. The West Indies reached the target from 42.2 overs, for the loss of only two wickets. He was nevertheless called up to the Test squad for the second Test against India on 20 June 1974 at Lord's. Opening the batting in place of Geoffrey Boycott, Lloyd scored 46 as England reached 629 all out, thanks largely to a 188", "title": "David Lloyd (cricketer, born 1947)" }, { "id": "8010285", "score": "1.7534024", "text": "Southend and began playing tennis at Westcliff Hard LTC, where his parents were members, together with his brothers Tony and John. To make a little pocket money he would string rackets for the club. At 14 he was one of the best schoolboy players in the country and just a year later he started playing full-time on the tennis circuit. With little money he had to hitchhike to tournaments and earned extra cash by stringing rackets for his rivals. In 1965 he won both singles and doubles titles at Junior Wimbledon and the following year was runner up in the", "title": "David Lloyd (tennis)" }, { "id": "8010287", "score": "1.737796", "text": "British Davis Cup captain in 1995 and went on to become a leading figure in the Lawn Tennis Association. He coached Tim Henman and was instrumental in his becoming British number 1 and a world top ten player. Lloyd remains an outspoken critic of the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) and its consistent failure to produce top British talent and maintains he is the only man in Britain qualified to run the LTA. Following his retirement from professional tennis, Lloyd worked for a number of years as a coach at a tennis club in Canada. It was here that he hatched", "title": "David Lloyd (tennis)" }, { "id": "6296189", "score": "1.714988", "text": "he was awarded the captaincy for 1973. The captaincy did nothing to affect his form, scoring 1,405 first-class runs that season at 40.14, including three centuries – one of which was a career best 195. He also took 31 wickets at 28.28. He played 24 one day matches, scoring 538 runs at 33.63 including a career best 113. Lloyd returned from Australia in 1975 following injury, and led Lancashire to their fourth Gillette title of the 1970s. Lloyd stepped down from the Lancashire captaincy in 1977, and was awarded a benefit year for 1978 which saw a then-record £40,171 raised.", "title": "David Lloyd (cricketer, born 1947)" }, { "id": "9872812", "score": "1.7133167", "text": "he worked as a riflemaker for John Rigby & Co. (Gunmakers) Limited, London, David Lloyd (riflemaker and sportsman) David Llewellyn Lloyd (1910-1996) was an English pilot, deer-stalker, ballistician and sporting rifle maker, of Northamptonshire, England and Glencassley Estate in Sutherland, Scotland. Although already an experienced pilot he was considered too old at 29, to be called up for service during the Battle of Britain in the Royal Air Force in the Second World War, instead he became the senior flight controller based at Tangmere, Sussex during the Battle of Britain. Extensive deer stalking, and frequent rifle shooting visits to Bisley", "title": "David Lloyd (riflemaker and sportsman)" }, { "id": "16983194", "score": "1.712589", "text": "when they beat Gloucestershire 14 - 3 at Kingsholm. His total of 46 appearances for Surrey has been exceeded only by Bob Hiller. In August 1973 Lloyd emigrated to Hong Kong where he played rugby for the Hong Kong Football Club and captained Hong Kong against Wales in 1975 and the Hong Kong Sevens team in the inaugural Hong Kong Sevens in 1976 during which they won the Plate competition. Lloyd worked for the Hong Kong Government for 30 years until his retirement in 2003. He has since worked with a Hong Kong civil engineering contractor as its Business Development", "title": "Bob Lloyd (rugby union)" }, { "id": "4484974", "score": "1.7123895", "text": "the first husband of the former top woman player Chris Evert and is the younger brother of the former British Davis Cup captain David Lloyd. He served as the British Davis Cup captain himself from August 2006 until March 2010. He is a member of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Lloyd was educated at Southend High School for Boys, a state grammar school in Southend-on-Sea in Essex, in southeast England. At the Australian Open in December 1977, Lloyd became the first British male tennis player in the Open era to reach a Grand Slam singles final. He", "title": "John Lloyd (tennis)" }, { "id": "6296181", "score": "1.7010987", "text": "successful all-rounder, scoring a career aggregate of more than 19,000 runs and taking 237 wickets. He captained his county from 1973 to 1977. Following his retirement as a player, he became a first-class umpire, and subsequently Lancashire and England cricket coach, resigning the latter post following the 1999 Cricket World Cup. He then became a renowned cricket commentator for Test Match Special, and later Sky Sports, with whom he currently broadcasts. He is also an author, journalist and columnist. Lloyd was born in Accrington, Lancashire in March 1947, and was educated at Accrington Secondary Technical School. His son, Graham Lloyd,", "title": "David Lloyd (cricketer, born 1947)" }, { "id": "10856873", "score": "1.7005095", "text": "had also entered the race, and so decided that he does not want to enter into conflict. Dave Lloyd (cyclist) Dave Lloyd (born 12 October 1949), is an English former professional cyclist. Lloyd began racing in 1969. In 1972 he came seventh in the Milk Race before going on to win the William Tell GP, beating Francesco Moser and Freddy Maertens, and riding in the Munich Olympics. In 1973 he turned professional with Raleigh, and over the next three years he won the national 5000m pursuit championship twice and set a national 50-mile road record. In 1976 a heart condition", "title": "Dave Lloyd (cyclist)" }, { "id": "4690411", "score": "1.6986941", "text": "48 kg) Men's Light Middleweight (– 71 kg) Eleven cyclists represented Great Britain in 1972. Men's 3m Springboard: Men's 10m Platform: Women's 3m Springboard: Women's 10m Platform: 19 fencers, 14 men and 5 women, represented Great Britain in 1972. Three male pentathletes represented Great Britain in 1972. Men's Individual Competition: Men's Team Competition: Alternate Member: Men's Single Scull Men's Double scull Men's Coxless pair Men's Coxed pair Men's Coxless four Men's Coxed four Flying Dutchman Tempest Finn Dragon Soling Star Fourteen male shooters represented Great Britain in 1972. John Kynoch won bronze in the 50 m running target event. Men's", "title": "Great Britain at the 1972 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "20758973", "score": "1.6960535", "text": "1975 US Open he and Phil Dent had a win over Björn Borg and Rod Laver en route to the quarter-finals. His best performance in a grand slam tournament was a semi-final appearance in the mixed doubles at the 1978 French Open, with Pat Bostrom. He is now a New South Wales based barrister. Bill Lloyd (tennis) William Lloyd (born 7 May 1949) is a former professional tennis player from Australia. Lloyd, who was born in Sydney, won the junior doubles title at the 1968 Australian Championships, partnering Phil Dent. He joined the University of Southern Illinois in 1969 where", "title": "Bill Lloyd (tennis)" }, { "id": "14131784", "score": "1.6937118", "text": "against Italy in the Paralympic Qualifiers in Turin, Italy. Lloyd represented Great Britain at the 2006 Winter Paralympics in Turin, the 2009 IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships and the 2011 IPC Ice Sledge Hockey European Championships. Lloyd is a founding member of the Grimsby Red Wings Sledge hockey team. In May 2007 Lloyd was approached to play the sport of Sitting volleyball, a version of traditional volleyball played by athletes with a disability. Due to an injury within the team and Lloyd’s Paralympic experience, he made his debut for the Great Britain Sitting volleyball team in an international friendly", "title": "Matt Lloyd (Paralympian)" }, { "id": "6296200", "score": "1.6922042", "text": "England to Test series victories against India, New Zealand and South Africa, as well as ODI victories against India, Pakistan and the West Indies. He worked to expand England's support structure, including \"a fitness consultant and a media relations officer, as well as a number of specialist coaches.\" In the winter tour to Zimbabwe, after two close draws, Lloyd generated controversy with his post-match statements. Speaking after the first Test in Bulawayo, which ended as a draw with the scores level, he stated \"We murdered them. We got on top and steamrollered them. We have flipping hammered them. One more", "title": "David Lloyd (cricketer, born 1947)" }, { "id": "3319256", "score": "1.6868348", "text": "8.45pm and hit 24 from an over in near darkness to win the match. David Lloyd was captain from 1973 to 1977 and secured Lancashire's fourth Gillette Cup in 1975, and coming runners up in 1974 and 1976. However, in the late 1970s, the team that had been so dominant in the one day format began to break up. Despite boasting international players such as Lloyd and Engineer, Lancashire's first-class performances never matched the success of the limited overs team. It wasn't until 1984, under the captaincy of John Abrahams, that the club won more silverware, this time in the", "title": "Lancashire County Cricket Club" }, { "id": "4484976", "score": "1.6819696", "text": "year, and then went on to win the Wimbledon mixed doubles crown in both 1983 and 1984. Lloyd's career-high singles ranking was World No. 21 in 1978. He was a member of the British team that reached the final of the Davis Cup that year with Lloyd himself losing in straight sets in the singles to Brian Gottfried and to a 19-year-old John McEnroe. As a player, he represented the British Davis Cup team for 11 years. His career-high doubles ranking was World No. 34 in 1986. As his playing career came to an end, Lloyd stayed within the tennis", "title": "John Lloyd (tennis)" } ]

[ "cyclism", "Cyclists", "Bicycling", "Cycling", "bicyclists", "bikeriding", "Bicycle user", "bike riding", "Cyclist", "Bicycle riding", "Bicycle uses", "bicyclist", "cycling", "cyclist", "bicycle uses", "Bike riding", "bicycle riding", "🚴", "bicycling", "Pedal cyclist", "Bicyclist", "Cyclism", "cyclists", "Bikeriding", "Biking", "bicycle user", "Bike rider", "Bicyclists", "pedal cyclist", "biking", "bike rider" ]

[ { "id": "3503159", "score": "1.7589719", "text": "cancer and continued to break records and win his seventh Tour de France in 2005. After beating cancer and breaking records he was accused of doping. Teammates of Lance had been caught taking EPO (Erythropoietin) which made the accusations against Armstrong stronger. On 22 October 2012 Lance Armstrong was stripped of his Tour de France titles since 1998. As a response to the decisions of the USADA and UCI, Armstrong resigned from the Lance Armstrong Foundation On 14 January 2013, Armstrong confessed to doping in an interview with Oprah Winfrey which was aired on 17 January on the Oprah Winfrey", "title": "Doping in sport" }, { "id": "17054618", "score": "1.7067552", "text": "the False Claims Act suit filed by Landis. He was also concerned about the toll it was taking on his kids. As Macur put it, Armstrong wanted to \"confess on his own terms.\" Lance Armstrong doping case The Lance Armstrong doping case was a doping investigation that led to American former professional road racing cyclist Lance Armstrong being stripped of his seven Tour de France titles and his eventual admission to using performance-enhancing drugs. For much of his career, Lance Armstrong faced persistent allegations of doping, but until 2006 no official investigation was undertaken. The first break in the case", "title": "Lance Armstrong doping case" }, { "id": "16858223", "score": "1.7062976", "text": "and requested samples from the French Anti-Doping Agency (AFLD). The investigation was led by Jeff Novitzky, an investigator from the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), who also investigated suspicions of steroid use by baseball players Barry Bonds and Roger Clemens. The probe was terminated on February 3, 2012 with no charges filed. Armstrong faced accusations of doping as early as the 1999 Tour de France. Specifically, many European papers contended his victory in Stage 9, where he seemingly ascended the Alps with almost no difficulty, could not have been possible through natural means. Armstrong adamantly denied this, and the American", "title": "History of Lance Armstrong doping allegations" }, { "id": "13477972", "score": "1.6913285", "text": "competitive cycling with the Astana team in January 2009, finishing third in the 2009 Tour de France later that year. Between 2010 and 2011, he raced with Team Radio Shack, the UCI ProTeam he helped found. He retired for a second time in 2011. Armstrong had been the subject of doping allegations ever since winning the 1999 Tour de France. In 2012, a United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) investigation concluded that Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs over the course of his career and named him as the ringleader of \"the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "id": "1301860", "score": "1.6851205", "text": "endemic\" in the world of sport and is becoming extremely pervasive, including more and more sports. One of the biggest individual scandals flowed from revelations that former American cycling champion Lance Armstrong had achieved success by consistent, long-term cheating. One of the biggest institutional sporting scandals is the 2015 FIFA corruption case. Doping scandals have plagued the Olympic games as well, such as in the Doping in East Germany scandal and the Asian Games in 1994. Scandals in match games such as Major League baseball and cricket may relate to spot-fixing or gambling. Scandal A scandal can be broadly defined", "title": "Scandal" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lance Armstrong doping case\n\nThe Lance Armstrong doping case was a major doping investigation that led to retired American road racing cyclist Lance Armstrong being stripped of his seven consecutive Tour de France titles, along with one Olympic medal, and his eventual admission to using performance-enhancing drugs. The United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) portrayed Armstrong as the ringleader of what it called \"the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen.\"", "title": "Lance Armstrong doping case" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lance Armstrong\n\nLance Edward Armstrong (\"né\" Gunderson; born September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist. Regarded as a sports icon for winning the Tour de France seven consecutive times from 1999 to 2005 after recovering from testicular cancer, he was later stripped of all his titles when an investigation found that he had used performance-enhancing drugs over his career.\n\nAt age 16, Armstrong began competing as a triathlete and was a national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990. In 1992, he began his career as a professional cyclist with the Motorola team. He had success between 1993 and 1996 with the World Championship in 1993, the Clásica de San Sebastián in 1995, Tour DuPont in 1995 and 1996, and a handful of stage victories in Europe, including stage 8 of the 1993 Tour de France and stage 18 of the 1995 Tour de France. In 1996, he was diagnosed with a potentially fatal metastatic testicular cancer. After his recovery, he founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation (now the Livestrong Foundation) to assist other cancer survivors.\n\nReturning to cycling in 1998, Armstrong was a member of the US Postal/Discovery team between 1998 and 2005 when he won his seven Tour de France titles. Armstrong retired from racing at the end of the 2005 Tour de France, but returned to competitive cycling with the Astana team in January 2009, finishing third in the 2009 Tour de France later that year. Between 2010 and 2011, he raced with Team Radio Shack, and retired for a second time in 2011.\n\nArmstrong became the subject of doping allegations after he won the 1999 Tour de France. For years, he denied involvement in doping. In 2012, a United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) investigation concluded that Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs over the course of his career While maintaining his innocence, Armstrong chose not to contest the charges, citing the potential toll on his family. The International Cycling Union (UCI) upheld USADA's decision In January 2013, Armstrong publicly admitted his involvement in doping. In April 2018, Armstrong settled a civil lawsuit with the United States Department of Justice and agreed to pay 5 million to the U.S. government after whistleblower proceedings were commenced by Floyd Landis, a former team member.", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Lance Armstrong doping allegations\n\nFor much of the second phase of his career, American cyclist Lance Armstrong faced constant allegations of doping, including doping at the Tour de France and in the Lance Armstrong doping case. Armstrong vehemently denied allegations of using performance enhancing drugs for 13 years, until a confession during a broadcast interview with Oprah Winfrey in January 2013, when he finally admitted to all his cheating in sports, stating, “I view this situation as one big lie that I repeated a lot of times”.", "title": "History of Lance Armstrong doping allegations" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Greg LeMond anti-doping stance and controversies\n\nGreg LeMond competed at a time when performance enhancing drugs were just beginning to impact his sport. Rumors of improprieties existed, including USA Cycling's blood doping at the 1984 LA Olympics and Francesco Moser's same measures prior to his 1984 assault on the hour record, but legalities were not sharply demarcated and the practice was not spoken of in the open. Considered one of the most talented cyclists of his generation, from his earliest days of professional cycling LeMond was strongly against taking performance enhancing drugs, largely on the basis of the health risks such practices posed. His career lacks the suspicious results that have tarnished his successors. His willingness to speak out against doping and those prominent individuals involved inadvertently linked him with the sport’s doping scandal controversies. In his opposition to fraud, corruption and what he saw as complicity on the part of cycling officials, LeMond became a lightning rod with the sports most prominent personalities.\n\nIn 2001 LeMond was one of the first professional cyclists of note, and the only former Tour champion, to openly express doubts over the legitimacy of Lance Armstrong's three-consecutive Tour successes. He consistently questioned the relationship between riders and sports doctors like Italian Michele Ferrari. In 2006 LeMond noted that the extent of doping in the sport could not occur without complicity from the body that regulates international professional cycling, and he accused the Union Cycliste Internationale of serious doping-related corruption. In an open letter in December 2012 he asserted that UCI's Pat McQuaid and Hein Verbruggen were central to the problem in professional cycling. LeMond claimed professional cyclists are treated as \"lab rats,\" while the doping facilitators escape harm or responsibility. He told an audience at Coventry University, \"The doctors, the management, the officials, they're the ones that have corrupted riders. The riders are the only ones that pay the price\". and riders Lance Armstrong, Floyd Landis, and Alberto Contador. In the interests of reforming the sport, LeMond offered to serve as president of the UCI, taking over the position of former president Pat McQuaid.", "title": "Greg LeMond anti-doping stance and controversies" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Doping at the Tour de France\n\nThere have been allegations of doping in the Tour de France since the race began in 1903. Early Tour riders consumed alcohol and used ether, among other substances, as a means of dulling the pain of competing in endurance cycling. Riders began using substances as a means of increasing performance rather than dulling the senses, and organizing bodies such as the \"Tour\" and the International Cycling Union (UCI), as well as government bodies, enacted policies to combat the practice.\n\nUse of performance-enhancing drugs in cycling predates the Tour de France. Cycling, having been from the start a sport of extremes, whether of speed by being paced by tandems, motorcycles and even cars, or of distance, the suffering involved encouraged the means to alleviate it. Not until after World War II were sporting or even particularly health issues raised. Those came shortly before the death of Tom Simpson in the Tour de France of 1967. Max Novich referred to the Tour de France in a 1973 issue of \"New York State Journal of Medicine\" as \"a cycling nightmare\". Journalist Hans Halter wrote in 1998 that \"For as long as the Tour has existed, since 1903, its participants have been doping themselves. For 60 years doping was allowed. For the past 30 years it has been officially prohibited. Yet the fact remains; great cyclists have been doping themselves, then and now.\"", "title": "Doping at the Tour de France" }, { "id": "17054590", "score": "1.6775086", "text": "Lance Armstrong doping case The Lance Armstrong doping case was a doping investigation that led to American former professional road racing cyclist Lance Armstrong being stripped of his seven Tour de France titles and his eventual admission to using performance-enhancing drugs. For much of his career, Lance Armstrong faced persistent allegations of doping, but until 2006 no official investigation was undertaken. The first break in the case came in 2004, when SCA Promotions, a Dallas-based insurer, balked at paying a US$5 million bonus to Armstrong for winning his sixth consecutive Tour de France. SCA president Bob Hamman had read \"L.A.", "title": "Lance Armstrong doping case" }, { "id": "16858240", "score": "1.6762059", "text": "since the beginning of his career. On October 10, 2012, USADA claimed that Armstrong was part of \"the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen,\" in advance of issuing its long-awaited report detailing the evidence it acquired. Based on evidence received during the Armstrong investigation and its prosecutions, USADA forwarded its \"reasoned decision\" document and supporting information to the UCI, the World Anti-Doping Agency, and the World Triathlon Corporation. Tygart claimed that: In December 2012, Armstrong and his attorney, Tim Herman, held a secret meeting at the Denver offices of former Colorado governor Bill Ritter", "title": "History of Lance Armstrong doping allegations" }, { "id": "17054598", "score": "1.6728964", "text": "any proceedings had actually occurred. Four days after Sparks's decision, on August 24, 2012, USADA officially charged Armstrong with doping. Had it prevailed in arbitration, Armstrong would have been stripped of all of his results from August 1, 1998 onward—including all seven Tour de France wins. USADA also sought to ban Armstrong for life from any activity or competition whose federation followed the World Anti-Doping Code—which would have effectively banned him from competing in Olympic-level sports. Three days later, Armstrong, while publicly maintaining his innocence, decided to not officially challenge the USADA allegations. In a statement, he said that USADA", "title": "Lance Armstrong doping case" }, { "id": "17054613", "score": "1.6709907", "text": "October 22. It was announced on October 30 that Armstrong was stripped of the key to the city of Adelaide, which he had received as an honor for his three participations in the Tour Down Under. At the end of November 2012, Armstrong was elected as the top \"Anti-Sportsman of the year\" by \"Sports Illustrated\". That same month, Armstrong cut all ties with his namesake foundation, which was renamed the Livestrong Foundation—after the brand it had used since 2003. The move came after several board members threatened to resign unless Armstrong was removed from the board. After UCI's formal notification", "title": "Lance Armstrong doping case" }, { "id": "17054600", "score": "1.6698287", "text": "doping offenses, Armstrong was automatically banned from all sports that follow the Code—effectively ending his competitive career. He also forfeited all awards and prizes earned after August 1, 1998, including his seven Tour titles. At the same time, Armstrong told USADA through his attorneys that he could not take part in any USADA arbitration because the UCI was the only body competent to hear the case. \"New York Times\" sports reporter Juliet Macur wrote in her book about the Armstrong scandal, \"Cycle of Lies,\" that Armstrong opted not to contest the charges on the advice of one of his lawyers,", "title": "Lance Armstrong doping case" }, { "id": "17054594", "score": "1.6667663", "text": "The firm worked for Armstrong for about three months, but, after arranging meetings on Capitol Hill, decided a full-scale lobbying effort wouldn't have worked. On February 2, 2012, federal prosecutors officially dropped their criminal investigation with no charges. The closing of the case by U.S. Attorney André Birotte, Jr. was not without controversy, with the decision coming as a surprise to many. In October, 2012, Velonews announced they had filed a Freedom of Information Act request regarding the two-year Armstrong investigation and its dismissal. In June 2012, USADA accused Armstrong of doping and drug trafficking, based on blood samples from", "title": "Lance Armstrong doping case" }, { "id": "13478026", "score": "1.663516", "text": "announced \"without an explanation\" by U.S. Attorney André Birotte, Jr. When Novitzky was asked to comment on it, he declined. In February 2013, a month after Armstrong admitted to doping, rather than filing criminal charges, the Justice Department joined Landis's whistle-blower lawsuit against him, to recover government funding given to Armstrong's cycling team. In June 2012, the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) accused Armstrong of doping and trafficking of drugs, based on blood samples from 2009 and 2010, and testimonies from witnesses including former teammates. Further, he was accused of putting pressure on teammates to take unauthorized performance-enhancing drugs as", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "id": "2232145", "score": "1.6605959", "text": "teams The 18th stage saw mistreatment of Filippo Simeoni by Lance Armstrong, after Simeoni had testified about doping and doctor Michele Ferrari. The book\" L. A. Confidentiel\", by David Walsh and Pierre Ballester, came out shortly before the 2004 Tour, accusing Lance Armstrong of doping. Lance Armstrong and his lawyers asked for an emergency hearing in French court to insert a denial into the book. The French judge denied this request. Armstrong also launched defamation suits against the publisher and the authors, as well as magazine \"L'Express\" and UK newspaper \"The Sunday Times\" which both referenced it. Subsequent to Armstrong's", "title": "2004 Tour de France" }, { "id": "16858218", "score": "1.659418", "text": "History of Lance Armstrong doping allegations For much of the second phase of his career, American cyclist Lance Armstrong faced constant allegations of doping. Armstrong consistently denied allegations of using performance enhancing drugs until a partial confession during a broadcast interview with Oprah Winfrey in January 2013. Armstrong has been criticized for his disagreements with outspoken opponents of doping such as journalist Paul Kimmage and cyclist Christophe Bassons. Bassons wrote a number of articles for a French newspaper during the 1999 Tour de France which made references to doping in the peloton. Subsequently, Armstrong had an altercation with Bassons during", "title": "History of Lance Armstrong doping allegations" }, { "id": "17054616", "score": "1.6556152", "text": "having used banned performance-enhancing drugs and blood transfusions during his cycling career. Armstrong's attorney, Tim Herman, denied the report and told the Associated Press: \"When, and if, Lance has something to say, there won't be any secret about it.\" In an interview with Oprah Winfrey on January 13, 2013 (broadcast later in two parts), Armstrong admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs throughout much of his career, including all seven Tour wins. During the interview, he stated that his \"mythic, perfect story\" was \"one big lie\", and attributed his denials to being \"a guy who expected to get whatever he wanted, and", "title": "Lance Armstrong doping case" }, { "id": "17093363", "score": "1.6519344", "text": "Agency’s investigation into the US Postal Service Pro Cycling Team and Lance Armstrong. The investigation lead to Matthew White and Stephen Hodge to admitting to doping during their careers. 2013 – February - Australian Crime Commission released report titled \"Organised Crime And Drugs In Sport\". The investigation identified widespread use of prohibited substances including peptides, hormones and illicit drugs in professional sport that was facilitated by sports scientists, high-performance coaches and sports staff. Essendon Football Club from the Australian Football League and six National Rugby League Canberra Raiders, Cronulla Sutherland Sharks, Newcastle Knights, Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, North Queensland Cowboys, Penrith", "title": "Drugs in sport in Australia" }, { "id": "17054607", "score": "1.6463077", "text": "meaning that it accepted USADA's sanctions of a lifetime ban for Armstrong and stripping of all results since August 1, 1998, including his Tour de France titles. UCI president Pat McQuaid remarked that he was \"sickened\" by the USADA report, particularly how the US Postal team officials coerced one of Armstrong's teammates, David Zabriskie, into taking EPO. He added, \"Lance Armstrong has no place in cycling. He deserves to be forgotten in cycling. Something like this must never happen again.\" The day following the UCI decision, Armstrong deleted references to his Tour wins from his Twitter biography. On November 2,", "title": "Lance Armstrong doping case" }, { "id": "13478027", "score": "1.6413743", "text": "well. In October, USADA formally charged him with running a massive doping ring. It also sought to ban him from participating in sports sanctioned by WADA for life. Since all Olympic sports follow the World Anti-Doping Code, USADA's sanctions would have effectively ended Armstrong's competitive career. Armstrong chose not to appeal the ban, saying it would not be worth the toll on his family. After years of public denials, Armstrong reversed course and admitted doping in an interview with Oprah Winfrey in January 2013. While admitting in the interview to the things he did, he also said it was \"absolutely", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "id": "17054608", "score": "1.6397023", "text": "the World Anti-Doping Agency confirmed that it would not appeal the USADA decision. On January 17, 2013, the International Olympic Committee removed Armstrong's results in the 2000 Summer Olympics from its record books, and requested the return of his Bronze Medal from the time trial. The French Cycling Federation (FFC) issued a statement on August 30, 2012, in support of the USADA decision, stating that \"Armstrong's refusal to contest USADA's accusations sounds like an admission of his guilt with regards to breaches of anti-doping regulation.\" The FFC also announced that it does not want vacated positions to be reassigned and", "title": "Lance Armstrong doping case" }, { "id": "5660621", "score": "1.6395648", "text": "doping by USADA, a CNN article claimed that critics had struck out the \"V\" or wrote a \"W\" over the \"ST\" to make the wristband read \"LIE STRONG\" or \"LIVEWRONG\". In 2012, Lance Armstrong was banned for life and was stripped of his Tour de France victories after being found guilty of, and admitting to, doping during his professional cycling career. As a result, he resigned as chairman of the foundation in October of that year and from the foundation's board of directors in November. Prior to Armstrong's televised interview with Oprah Winfrey in which he admitted to doping, the", "title": "Livestrong Foundation" } ]

[ "Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada", "rocky mountains and sierra nevada" ]

[ { "id": "13127400", "score": "1.4752122", "text": "across the state's central section and marks the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau. In 2002, this was an area of the Rodeo–Chediski Fire, the worst fire in state history. Located in northern Arizona, the Grand Canyon is a colorful, deep, steep-sided gorge, carved by the Colorado River. The canyon is one of the seven natural wonders of the world and is largely contained in the Grand Canyon National Park—one of the first national parks in the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent of designating the Grand Canyon area as a National Park, often visiting to hunt", "title": "Arizona" }, { "id": "575138", "score": "1.474894", "text": "Grand Canyon The Grand Canyon (Hopi: \"Ongtupqa\"; , Navajo: \"Tsékooh Hatsoh\", Spanish: \"Gran Cañón\") is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States. The Grand Canyon is long, up to wide and attains a depth of over a mile (). The canyon and adjacent rim are contained within Grand Canyon National Park, the Kaibab National Forest, Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument, the Hualapai Indian Reservation, the Havasupai Indian Reservation and the Navajo Nation. President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent of preservation of the Grand Canyon area, and visited it on numerous occasions to hunt and enjoy", "title": "Grand Canyon" }, { "id": "575198", "score": "1.4590242", "text": "Buttes, near the confluence of the Colorado and Little Colorado rivers. The disaster killed all 128 passengers and crew members aboard both planes. This accident led to the institution of high-altitude airways and direct radar observation of aircraft (known as positive control) by en route ground controllers. History Travel and sites Multimedia Grand Canyon The Grand Canyon (Hopi: \"Ongtupqa\"; , Navajo: \"Tsékooh Hatsoh\", Spanish: \"Gran Cañón\") is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States. The Grand Canyon is long, up to wide and attains a depth of over a mile (). The canyon and adjacent", "title": "Grand Canyon" }, { "id": "10464176", "score": "1.4476925", "text": "campers must follow for safety and protection of the wildlife and wilderness. This system helps to assure the Grand Canyon remains one of the world's great wonders. Grand Canyon Backcountry Camping The Grand Canyon National Park is a U.S. National Park located in the state of Arizona. The Park encompasses the Grand Canyon and the surrounding rim areas. The Park maintains an intricate trail system both above and below the rims of the canyon. To properly maintain and supervise the many trails and campgrounds in the backcountry of the Grand Canyon, Park implemented a system of zoning the different areas", "title": "Grand Canyon Backcountry Camping" }, { "id": "3053588", "score": "1.4455264", "text": "the Rocky Mountains in early Miocene time terminated in landlocked basins in Utah, Arizona and Nevada but there is no evidence for a major river. Around 18 million years ago, tensional forces started to thin and drop the region to the west, creating the Basin and Range Province. Basins (grabens) dropped down and mountain ranges (horsts) rose up between old and new north–south–trending faults. However, for reasons poorly understood, the beds of the Colorado Plateaus remained mostly horizontal through both events even as they were uplifted about in two pulses. The extreme western part of the canyon ends at one", "title": "Geology of the Grand Canyon area" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Colorado Plateau\n\nThe Colorado Plateau, also known as the Colorado Plateau Province, is a physiographic and desert region of the Intermontane Plateaus, roughly centered on the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States. This province covers an area of 336,700 km (130,000 mi) within western Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, southern and eastern Utah, northern Arizona, and a tiny fraction in the extreme southeast of Nevada. About 90% of the area is drained by the Colorado River and its main tributaries: the Green, San Juan, and Little Colorado. Most of the remainder of the plateau is drained by the Rio Grande and its tributaries.<ref name=geoparklands/>\n\nThe Colorado Plateau is largely made up of high desert, with scattered areas of forests. In the south-west corner of the Colorado Plateau lies the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. Much of the Plateau's landscape is related to the Grand Canyon in both appearance and geologic history. The nickname \"Red Rock Country\" suggests the brightly colored rock left bare to the view by dryness and erosion. Domes, hoodoos, fins, reefs, river narrows, natural bridges, and slot canyons are only some of the additional features typical of the Plateau.\n\nThe Colorado Plateau has the greatest concentration of U.S. National Park Service (NPS) units in the country outside the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Among its eight national parks are Grand Canyon, Zion, Bryce Canyon, Capitol Reef, Canyonlands, Arches, Mesa Verde, and Petrified Forest. Among its 18 national monuments and other protected areas managed by the NPS, the United States Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management are Bears Ears, Rainbow Bridge, Dinosaur, Hovenweep, Wupatki, Sunset Crater Volcano, Grand Staircase–Escalante, El Malpais, Natural Bridges, Canyons of the Ancients, Chaco Culture National Historical Park and the Colorado National Monument.", "title": "Colorado Plateau" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of the United States\n\nThe term 'United States', when used in the geographical sense, refers to the contiguous United States, the state of Alaska, the island state of Hawaii, the five insular territories of Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa, and minor outlying possessions. The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and maritime borders with Russia, Cuba, The Bahamas, and other countries, in addition to Canada and Mexico. The northern border of the United States with Canada is the world's longest bi-national land border.", "title": "Geography of the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sierra Nevada\n\nThe Sierra Nevada () is a mountain range in the Western United States, between the Central Valley of California and the Great Basin. The vast majority of the range lies in the state of California, although the Carson Range spur lies primarily in Nevada. The Sierra Nevada is part of the American Cordillera, an almost continuous chain of mountain ranges that forms the western \"backbone\" of the Americas.\n\nThe Sierra runs north-south and its width ranges from to across east–west.<ref name=\"width\" /> Notable features include General Sherman, the largest tree in the world by volume; Lake Tahoe, the largest alpine lake in North America; Mount Whitney at ,<ref name=\"ngs\" /> the highest point in the contiguous United States; and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers from one-hundred-million-year-old granite, containing high waterfalls. The Sierra is home to three national parks, twenty wilderness areas, and two national monuments. These areas include Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks; and Devils Postpile National Monument.\n\nMore than one hundred million years ago during the Nevadan orogeny, granite formed deep underground. The range started to uplift less than five million years ago, and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the range. The uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada, which are reflected by the presence of five life zones (areas with similar plant and animal communities). Uplift continues due to faulting caused by tectonic forces, creating spectacular fault block escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra.\n\nThe Sierra Nevada has played an important role in the history of California and the United States. The California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855. Due to its inaccessibility, the range was not fully explored until 1912.<ref name=\"roper\" />", "title": "Sierra Nevada" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wasatch Range\n\nThe Wasatch Range ( ) or Wasatch Mountains is a mountain range in the western United States that runs about from the Utah-Idaho border south to central Utah. It is the western edge of the greater Rocky Mountains, and the eastern edge of the Great Basin region. The northern extension of the Wasatch Range, the Bear River Mountains, extends just into Idaho, constituting all of the Wasatch Range in that state.\n\nIn the language of the native Ute people, Wasatch means \"mountain pass\" or \"low pass over high range.\" According to William Bright, the mountains were named for a Shoshoni leader who was named with the Shoshoni term \"wasattsi\", meaning \"blue heron\". In 1926, Cecil Alter quoted Henry Gannett from 1902, who said that the word meant \"land of many waters,\" then posited, \"the word is a common one among the Shoshones, and is given to a berry basket\" carried by women.", "title": "Wasatch Range" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Colorado River" }, { "id": "3053589", "score": "1.4419229", "text": "of the Basin and Range faults, the Grand Wash, which also marks the boundary between the two provinces. Uplift from the Laramide orogeny and the creation of the Basin and Range province worked together to steepen the gradient of streams flowing west on the Colorado Plateau. These streams cut deep, eastward-growing, channels into the western edge of the Colorado Plateau and deposited their sediment in the widening Basin and Range region. According to a 2012 study, there is evidence that the western Grand Canyon could be as old as 70 million years. Rifting started to create the Gulf of California", "title": "Geology of the Grand Canyon area" }, { "id": "575123", "score": "1.4380497", "text": "Grand Canyon National Park Grand Canyon National Park, located in northwestern Arizona, is the 15th site in the United States to have been named a national park. The park's central feature is the Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado River, which is often considered one of the Wonders of the World. The park, which covers of unincorporated area in Coconino and Mohave counties, received more than six million recreational visitors in 2017, which is the second highest count of all American national parks after Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The Grand Canyon was designated a World Heritage Site by", "title": "Grand Canyon National Park" }, { "id": "3053559", "score": "1.4191408", "text": "a partial rifting of the continent. The collision expanded the continent from the Wyoming–Colorado border into Mexico and almost doubled the crust's thickness in the Grand Canyon region. Part of this thickening created the high ancestral Mazatzal Mountains. Subsequent erosion lasting 300 million years stripped much of the exposed sediments and the mountains away. This reduced the very high mountains to small hills a few tens to hundreds of feet (tens of meters) high. Geologist John Wesley Powell called this major gap in the geologic record, which is also seen in other parts of the world, the Great Unconformity. Other", "title": "Geology of the Grand Canyon area" }, { "id": "3068895", "score": "1.4101946", "text": "as it skirts the park. This is the same formation that rims the Grand Canyon to the south. Farther to the west, a complex island arc assemblage formed above a subduction zone. To the east, in western Colorado, a mountain range similar to today's Himalayas called the Uncompahgre Mountains bordered the Utah lowland. The interfingering of the Kaibab with the White Rim Sandstone, now exposed in Capitol Reef National Park area, to the east suggests that the marine facies of the Kaibab migrated eastward in response to a relative sea-level rise, or transgression (the White Rim is not exposed in", "title": "Geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area" }, { "id": "4373485", "score": "1.4062059", "text": "of the state's natural lakes. In the East lies the White Mountain range, which has several lakes for boating and fishing as well other outdoor recreation such as cross country and down hill skiing. In the West lies the Grand Canyon, which was cut by the flow of the Colorado River while the land slowly rose around it. The elevation ranges from 2200 feet at the bottom of the Grand Canyon to 12,633 feet at Humphrey's Peak. In the central portion lies the Painted Desert, consisting of sedimentary rocks eroded by water and wind, exposing thick, brightly colored layers. The", "title": "Northern Arizona" }, { "id": "2837047", "score": "1.3991776", "text": "able to erode into the crust of the Earth at a nearly equal rate to the uplift of the plateau. Now, millions of years later, the North Rim of the Grand Canyon is at an elevation of about above sea level, and the South Rim of the Grand Canyon is about above sea level. At its deepest, the Colorado River is about below the level of the North Rim. Another high altitude plateau in North America is the Mexican Plateau. With an area of and average height of 1,825 m, it is the home of more than 70 million people.", "title": "Plateau" }, { "id": "575130", "score": "1.395849", "text": "Entrance. Interstate 40 provides access to the area from the south. From the north, U.S. Route 89 connects Utah, Colorado, and the North Rim to the South Rim. Overall, some 30 miles of the South Rim are accessible by road. The North Rim area of the park located on the Kaibab Plateau and Walhalla Plateau, directly across the Grand Canyon from the principal visitor areas on the South Rim. The North Rim's principal visitor areas are centered around Bright Angel Point. The North Rim is higher in elevation than the South Rim, at over of elevation. Because it is so", "title": "Grand Canyon National Park" }, { "id": "1005548", "score": "1.3936267", "text": "on the South Rim. Grand Canyon Village, Arizona Grand Canyon Village is a census-designated place (CDP) located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, in Coconino County, Arizona, in the United States. Its population was 2,004 at the 2010 Census. Located in Grand Canyon National Park, it is wholly focused on accommodating tourists visiting the canyon. Its origins trace back to the railroad completed from Williams, Arizona, to the canyon's South Rim by the Santa Fe Railroad in 1901. Many of the structures in use today date from that period. The village contains numerous landmark buildings, and its historic", "title": "Grand Canyon Village, Arizona" }, { "id": "10464174", "score": "1.3921281", "text": "Grand Canyon Backcountry Camping The Grand Canyon National Park is a U.S. National Park located in the state of Arizona. The Park encompasses the Grand Canyon and the surrounding rim areas. The Park maintains an intricate trail system both above and below the rims of the canyon. To properly maintain and supervise the many trails and campgrounds in the backcountry of the Grand Canyon, Park implemented a system of zoning the different areas of the canyon and the surrounding rim area into backcountry \"use areas,\" designated by a two-letter, one-number code system. This code is used when applying for the", "title": "Grand Canyon Backcountry Camping" }, { "id": "16311434", "score": "1.3915699", "text": "Buckskin Mountains (Arizona-Utah) The Buckskin Mountains on the Arizona-Utah border, is about a 15-mile (24 km) long mountain range divided almost equally in the counties of Coconino County, Arizona, and Kane County, Utah. The range lies at the north end of the Kaibab Plateau, of the North Rim of the Grand Canyon; the Kanab and Paria Plateaus of Arizona, lie southwest, and southeast. The Buckskin Mountains border the Vermilion Cliffs National Monument of Arizona, southeast. The north portion of the range in Utah is located in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. The northeast range terminus is Buckskin Gulch. To the", "title": "Buckskin Mountains (Arizona-Utah)" }, { "id": "575137", "score": "1.3912861", "text": "Canyon National Park by operating retail shops and visitor centers within the park, and providing educational opportunities about the natural and cultural history of the region. (image gallery)<br> Grand Canyon National Park Grand Canyon National Park, located in northwestern Arizona, is the 15th site in the United States to have been named a national park. The park's central feature is the Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado River, which is often considered one of the Wonders of the World. The park, which covers of unincorporated area in Coconino and Mohave counties, received more than six million recreational visitors in", "title": "Grand Canyon National Park" }, { "id": "10566987", "score": "1.3897765", "text": "Pine, on Arizona State Route 87, at the northeast region of the Mazatzal Wilderness, north terminus of the Mazatzal Mountains, the route traverses the contact between two important geologic units. The horizontally laid Tapeats Sandstone, (common areal extent in Grand Canyon), was deposited on Precambrian granite, the Zoroaster Granite. The time between the erosion of the lower unit and deposition of the horizontal sandstone above, is about 1 billion years-(1,000 million years), and is named the Great Unconformity. Besides its occurrence in the Grand Canyon, it is also found west, in the Las Vegas Valley, at Frenchman Mountain. The Zoroaster", "title": "Mazatzal Mountains" }, { "id": "17399631", "score": "1.3842964", "text": "The Reuters news agency described the location as simply \"the Grand Canyon\", while the Associated Press described it as a \"gorge near the Grand Canyon.\" Commentary by \"Forbes\" writer Andrew Bender said there was \"one problem\" with the walk – \"It [wasn't] at the Grand Canyon\". He did, however, say the risks were as real and the visuals as spectacular at the location. \"National Geographic\" described the location as \"the Grand Canyon\" but noted that, like previous \"Grand Canyon\" stunts, it was taking place outside the park's borders. According to the United States Geological Survey, the Grand Canyon geological area", "title": "Skywire Live" }, { "id": "1428188", "score": "1.3799739", "text": "the monument is dominated by the Paunsaugunt Plateau and the Paria River, and is adjacent to Bryce Canyon National Park. This section shows the geologic progression of the Grand Staircase. Features include the slot canyons of Bull Valley Gorge, Willis Creek, and Lick Wash which are accessed from Skutumpah Road. The center section is dominated by a single long ridge, called Kaiparowits Plateau from the west, and called Fifty-Mile Mountain when viewed from the east. Fifty-Mile Mountain stretches southeast from the town of Escalante to the Colorado River in Glen Canyon. The eastern face of the mountain is a escarpment.", "title": "Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument" }, { "id": "575193", "score": "1.3779366", "text": "the rim within the national park because of a late 1990s crash. The last aerial video footage from below the rim was filmed in 1984. However, some helicopter flights land on the Havasupai and Hualapai Indian Reservations within Grand Canyon (outside of the park boundaries). In 2007, the Hualapai Tribe opened the glass-bottomed Grand Canyon Skywalk on their property, Grand Canyon West. The Skywalk is about by road from Grand Canyon Village at the South Rim. The skywalk has attracted \"thousands of visitors a year, most from Las Vegas\". In 2016, skydiving at the Grand Canyon become possible with the", "title": "Grand Canyon" } ]

[ "Cromwellian", "Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell", "copper nose", "Oliver Cromwell's", "oliver cromwell s", "cromwell oliver", "cromwell oliver lord protector", "oliver cromwell", "Oliver Cromwell (person)", "Cromwell, Oliver (Lord Protector)", "Cromwell", "cromwell", "Cultural depictions of Oliver Cromwell", "Cromwell's", "Oliver Cromwell (Lord Protector)", "Old Noll", "cromwell s", "cromwellian", "cultural depictions of oliver cromwell", "oliver cromwell lord protector", "Oliver cromwell", "noll cromwell", "Copper Nose", "O Cromwell", "Cromwell, Oliver", "o cromwell", "oliver cromwell person", "Oliver Cromwell", "old noll", "lord protector oliver cromwell", "Noll Cromwell" ]

[ { "id": "7872184", "score": "1.5702404", "text": "and Charles II was proclaimed King. After Richard Cromwell's resignation as Lord Protector in 1659 and the subsequent collapse of the Commonwealth in 1660, Charles II was restored to the English throne. Although James was the heir presumptive, it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the Crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children. On 31 December 1660, following his brother's restoration, James was created Duke of Albany in Scotland, to go along with his English title, Duke of York. Upon his return to England, James prompted an immediate controversy by announcing his engagement to Anne", "title": "James II of England" }, { "id": "122414", "score": "1.5472662", "text": "with his army from Scotland. On 4 April 1660, in the Declaration of Breda, Charles II made known the conditions of his acceptance of the Crown of England. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on 25 April 1660. On 8 May 1660, it declared that King Charles II had reigned as the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649. Charles returned from exile on 23 May 1660. On 29 May 1660, the populace in London acclaimed him as king. His coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661. These", "title": "English Civil War" }, { "id": "7872180", "score": "1.5378729", "text": "Oxford in 1646, Parliamentary leaders ordered the Duke of York to be confined in St. James's Palace. Disguised as a woman, he escaped from the Palace in 1648 with the help of Joseph Bampfield, and crossed the North Sea to The Hague. When Charles I was executed by the rebels in 1649, monarchists proclaimed James's older brother king as Charles II of England. Charles II was recognised as king by the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of Ireland, and was crowned King of Scotland at Scone in 1651. Although he was proclaimed King in Jersey, Charles was unable to", "title": "James II of England" }, { "id": "213144", "score": "1.53727", "text": "king. The Prince of Wales, the future Charles II visited the island in 1646 and again in October 1649 following the trial and execution of his father, Charles I. In the Royal Square in St. Helier on 17 February 1649, Charles was publicly proclaimed king after his father's death (following the first public proclamation in Edinburgh on 5 February 1649). Parliamentarian forces eventually captured the island in 1651 and Elizabeth Castle seven weeks later. In recognition for all the help given to him during his exile, Charles II gave George Carteret, Bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in", "title": "History of Jersey" }, { "id": "575658", "score": "1.526111", "text": "Commonwealth of England. Charles I's son, Charles II, was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland, but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the Battle of Worcester. In 1653, Oliver Cromwell, the most prominent military and political leader in the nation, seized power and declared himself Lord Protector (effectively becoming a military dictator, but refusing the title of king). Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658, when he was succeeded by his son Richard. The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing; he soon resigned. The lack of clear leadership led", "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "William Harvey\n\nWilliam Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) He was the first known physician to describe completely, and in detail, the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and the rest of the body by the heart, though earlier writers, such as Realdo Colombo, Michael Servetus, and Jacques Dubois, had provided precursors of the theory.", "title": "William Harvey" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Oliver Cromwell\n\nOliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, first as a senior commander in the Parliamentarian army and then as a politician. A leading advocate of the execution of Charles I in January 1649, which led to the establishment of the Republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, he ruled as Lord Protector from December 1653 until his death in September 1658. Cromwell nevertheless remains a deeply controversial figure in both Britain and Ireland, due to his use of the military to first acquire, then retain political power, and the brutality of his 1649 Irish campaign. \n\nEducated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, Cromwell was elected MP for Huntingdon in 1628, but the first 40 years of his life were undistinguished and at one point he contemplated emigration to New England. He became a religious Independent in the 1630s and thereafter believed his successes were the result of Divine providence. While he generally supported tolerance for the various Protestant sects of the time, he later opposed those he considered heretical, such as Quakers and Fifth Monarchists. In 1640, Cromwell was returned as MP for Cambridge in the Short and Long Parliaments, and joined the Parliamentarian army when the First English Civil War began in August 1642. He quickly demonstrated his military abilities and in 1645 was appointed commander of the New Model Army cavalry under Sir Thomas Fairfax, playing a key role in defeating the Royalists in the First and Second English Civil Wars.\n\nFollowing the execution of Charles I and exile of his son, military victories in Ireland and against the Scots from 1649 to 1651 firmly established the Commonwealth and Cromwell's dominance of the new republican regime. In December 1653, he was named Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, a position he retained until his death in September 1658, when he was succeeded by his son Richard, whose weakness led to a power vacuum. This culminated in the 1660 Stuart Restoration, when Charles II returned to the throne, after which Cromwell's body was removed from its resting place in Westminster Abbey and displayed at Tyburn. His head was placed on a spike outside the Tower of London, where it remained for 30 years until reburied at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.\n\nCromwell has been variously described as a military dictator by Winston Churchill, and a hero of liberty by John Milton, Thomas Carlyle, and Samuel Rawson Gardiner, while the debate over his historical reputation continues. First proposed in 1856, his statue outside the Houses of Parliament was not erected until 1895, most of the funds being privately supplied by Lord Rosebery, then Prime Minister. In 2004, a group of MPs unsuccessfully proposed a motion to have it melted down.", "title": "Oliver Cromwell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jeremy Taylor\n\nJeremy Taylor (1613–1667) was a cleric in the Church of England who achieved fame as an author during the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. He is sometimes known as the \"Shakespeare of Divines\" for his poetic style of expression, and he is frequently cited as one of the greatest prose writers in the English language. He is remembered in the liturgical calendars of the Church of England and the Episcopal Church of the United States.\n\nTaylor was under the patronage of William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. He went on to become chaplain in ordinary to King Charles I as a result of Laud's sponsorship. This made him politically suspect when Laud was tried for treason and executed in January 1644/5 by the Puritan parliament during the English Civil War. After the parliamentary victory over the King, he was briefly imprisoned several times.\n\nEventually, he was allowed to live quietly in Wales, where he became the private chaplain of the Earl of Carbery. After the Restoration, he was made Bishop of Down and Connor in Ireland. He also became vice-chancellor of the University of Dublin.", "title": "Jeremy Taylor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Resettlement of the Jews in England\n\nThe resettlement of the Jews in England was an informal arrangement during the Commonwealth of England in the mid-1650s, which allowed Jews to practise their faith openly. It forms a prominent part of the history of the Jews in England. It happened directly after two events. Firstly a prominent rabbi Menasseh ben Israel came to the country from the Netherlands to make the case for Jewish resettlement, and secondly a Spanish New Christian (a supposedly converted Jew, who secretly practised his religion) merchant Antonio Robles requested that he be classified as a Jew rather than Spaniard during the war between England and Spain.\n\nHistorians have disagreed about the reasons behind the resettlement, particularly regarding Oliver Cromwell’s motives, but the move is generally seen as a part of a current of religious and intellectual thought moving towards liberty of conscience, encompassing philosemitic millenarianism and Hebraicism, as well as political and trade interests favouring Jewish presence in England. The schools of thought that led to the resettlement of the Jews in England is the most heavily studied subject of Anglo-Jewish history in the period before the eighteenth century.", "title": "Resettlement of the Jews in England" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Charles II of England\n\nCharles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651, and King of England, Scotland and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.\n\nCharles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France. After Charles I's execution at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War, the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 February 1649. But England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth, and the country was a de facto republic led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. The political crisis that followed Cromwell's death in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. After 1660, all legal documents stating a regnal year did so as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649.\n\nCharles's English parliament enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code, designed to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England. Charles acquiesced to the Clarendon Code even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of Dover, an alliance with his cousin King Louis XIV of France. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date. Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oates's revelations of a supposed Popish Plot sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, had become a Catholic. The crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories, and after the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were executed or forced into exile. Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681 and ruled alone until his death in 1685.\n\nTraditionally considered one of the most popular English kings, Charles is known as the \"Merry Monarch\", a reference to the liveliness and hedonism of his court. He acknowledged at least 12 illegitimate children by various mistresses, but left no legitimate children and was succeeded by his brother, James.", "title": "Charles II of England" }, { "id": "571742", "score": "1.5256741", "text": "falsely claimed that they had secretly married. Her son, James Crofts (afterwards Duke of Monmouth and Duke of Buccleuch), was one of Charles's many illegitimate children who became prominent in British society. Despite his son's diplomatic efforts to save him, King Charles I was beheaded in January 1649, and England became a republic. On 5 February, the Covenanter Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II \"King of Great Britain, France and Ireland\" at the Mercat Cross, Edinburgh, but refused to allow him to enter Scotland unless he accepted the imposition of Presbyterianism throughout Britain and Ireland. When negotiations with the Scots", "title": "Charles II of England" }, { "id": "795741", "score": "1.5207832", "text": "pardon by handing Lambert over to the new regime. Lambert was incarcerated and died in custody on Guernsey in 1694; Ingoldsby was indeed pardoned. On 4 April 1660, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, in which he made several promises in relation to the reclamation of the crown of England. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I on 30 January 1649. \"Constitutionally, it was as if the last nineteen years had never", "title": "Restoration (England)" }, { "id": "96309", "score": "1.5195105", "text": "abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared. The monarchy was restored to Charles's son, Charles II, in 1660. The second son of King James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, Charles was born in Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on 19 November 1600. At a Protestant ceremony in the Chapel Royal of Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh on 23 December 1600, he was baptised by David Lindsay, Bishop of Ross, and created Duke of Albany, the traditional title of the second son of the King of Scotland, with the subsidiary titles of Marquess of Ormond, Earl of Ross", "title": "Charles I of England" }, { "id": "7795898", "score": "1.518136", "text": "king, to assure the holding of 'Triennial' meetings (every three years) of Parliament, and to reduce the size of the standing army in order to save money, amongst other things. These had the effect of limiting, not increasing, Cromwell’s power. Cromwell refused the Crown, on 8 May 1657. This may have been because he feared disaffection in the Army, especially considering the proposed reduction in its size, was distressed by allegations of dynastic ambition, did not genuinely accept that a monarchy was necessary in England, or because he feared reinstating a monarchy on the basis that he believed it had", "title": "Humble Petition and Advice" }, { "id": "13335680", "score": "1.5147258", "text": "the many royal palaces. In 1657 he was formally offered the title of King, but after an “agony of mind and conscience” turned it down. Throughout 1658, Cromwell suffered illness and family tragedy, and died on the afternoon of 3 September 1658 (Old Style). His death and funeral were treated with the same respect afforded to English monarchs before him. On 20 September, his body was moved to Somerset House to lie in state, which was opened to the public on 18 October. The body had been embalmed, shrouded and sealed in a lead coffin, which in turn was placed", "title": "Oliver Cromwell's head" }, { "id": "14701759", "score": "1.5131016", "text": "May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I on 30 January 1649. it was as if the last nineteen years had never happened\". Charles returned from exile, leaving The Hague on 23 May and landing at Dover on 25 May. He entered London on 29 May, his birthday. To celebrate \"his Majesty's Return to his Parliament\", 29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known as Oak Apple Day. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661. \"The commonwealth parliamentary union was, after 1660, treated as null and", "title": "Restoration (1660)" }, { "id": "9563613", "score": "1.5128735", "text": "Governor, Sir William Berkeley (1606–1677). That same year, Charles I, King of England (1600–1649), was beheaded and Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) began his control. Since the people in the distant colonies could not believe the incredible news from England, they remained loyal to the Crown and to Charles II (1630–1685), heir to the throne. In 1650, Lee made a voyage to the Netherlands to report Virginia's loyal adherence to Charles II. It turns out that two years later, he negotiated the capitulation of Virginia to the Commonwealth of England, and was satisfied with the terms that were laid out. At this", "title": "Richard Lee I" }, { "id": "2433985", "score": "1.5104047", "text": "throne in 1660. Following the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, an attempt by James II to reintroduce Roman Catholicism—a century after its suppression by the Tudors—led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, in which he was deposed by Parliament. The Crown was then offered by Parliament to James II's Protestant daughter and son-in-law/nephew, William III and Mary II. In the Scottish case, the attractions were partly financial and partly to do with removing English trade sanctions put in place through the Alien Act 1705. The English were more anxious about the royal succession. The death of William III in", "title": "Kingdom of England" }, { "id": "96379", "score": "1.5100186", "text": "any chance of winning the war. Charles's only recourse was to return to negotiations, which were held at Newport on the Isle of Wight. On 5 December 1648, Parliament voted by 129 to 83 to continue negotiating with the king, but Oliver Cromwell and the army opposed any further talks with someone they viewed as a bloody tyrant and were already taking action to consolidate their power. Hammond was replaced as Governor of the Isle of Wight on 27 November, and placed in the custody of the army the following day. In Pride's Purge on 6 and 7 December, the", "title": "Charles I of England" }, { "id": "571746", "score": "1.4994943", "text": "eluded capture by hiding in the Royal Oak at Boscobel House. Through six weeks of narrow escapes Charles managed to flee England in disguise, landing in Normandy on 16 October, despite a reward of £1,000 on his head, risk of death for anyone caught helping him and the difficulty in disguising Charles, who, at over , was unusually tall. Under the Instrument of Government passed by Parliament, Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1653, effectively placing the British Isles under military rule. Impoverished, Charles could not obtain sufficient support to mount a serious challenge to", "title": "Charles II of England" }, { "id": "1782682", "score": "1.4992881", "text": "in October and then Elizabeth Castle surrendering in December 1651. George Carteret also had Charles II proclaimed King in Saint Helier on 17 February 1649, after the execution of his father, Charles I. Charles II never forgot this gesture. However, he had to surrender Jersey to the Commonwealth of England. He then went into exile in France, where he was imprisoned in 1657 and then exiled from there, after which he went to Venice. The warmth and kindness with which he received the refugees earned him a permanent place in the King's affections, and also the friendship of Edward Hyde,", "title": "George Carteret" }, { "id": "7872178", "score": "1.4986196", "text": "and king. James, the second surviving son of King Charles I and his wife, Henrietta Maria of France, was born at St. James's Palace in London on 14 October 1633. Later that same year, he was baptised by William Laud, the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury. He was educated by private tutors, along with his brother, the future King Charles II, and the two sons of the Duke of Buckingham, George and Francis Villiers. At the age of three, James was appointed Lord High Admiral; the position was initially honorary, but would become a substantive office after the Restoration, when James", "title": "James II of England" }, { "id": "571740", "score": "1.4977323", "text": "during the Battle of Edgehill and, at the age of fourteen, participated in the campaigns of 1645, when he was made titular commander of the English forces in the West Country. By spring 1646, his father was losing the war, and Charles left England due to fears for his safety. Setting off from Falmouth after staying at Pendennis Castle, he went first to the Isles of Scilly, then to Jersey, and finally to France, where his mother was already living in exile and his first cousin, eight-year-old Louis XIV, was king. Charles I surrendered into captivity in May 1646. In", "title": "Charles II of England" }, { "id": "177547", "score": "1.487674", "text": "with King Charles II returning to London. However, the power of the crown was less than before the Civil War. By the 18th century England rivaled the Netherlands as one of the freest countries in Europe. In 1665, London was swept by the plague, and in 1666 by the Great Fire for 5 days which destroyed about 15,000 buildings. In 1680, the Exclusion crisis consisted of attempts to prevent accession of James, heir to Charles II, because he was Catholic. After Charles II died in 1685 and his James II & VII was crowned, various factions pressed for his Protestant", "title": "History of England" }, { "id": "571745", "score": "1.4870075", "text": "Start\", but within two days the Presbyterians had caught up with and recovered him. Nevertheless, the Scots remained Charles's best hope of restoration, and he was crowned King of Scotland at Scone Abbey on 1 January 1651. With Cromwell's forces threatening Charles's position in Scotland, it was decided to mount an attack on England. With many of the Scots (including Lord Argyll and other leading Covenanters) refusing to participate, and with few English royalists joining the force as it moved south into England, the invasion ended in defeat at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, after which Charles", "title": "Charles II of England" } ]

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[ { "id": "7309129", "score": "1.6949651", "text": "voting rights to their citizens in advance of most other Western nations. In 1893, New Zealand became the first self-governing nation to extend the right to vote to women and, in 1895, the women of South Australia became the first to obtain also the right to stand for Parliament. During the 1890s Australia also saw such milestones as the invention of the secret ballot, the introduction of a minimum wage and the election of the world's first Labor Party government, prefiguring the emergence of Social Democratic governments in Europe. The old age pension was established in Australia and New Zealand", "title": "History of Western civilization" }, { "id": "8182179", "score": "1.6869607", "text": "the first female political candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing for election as a delegate to the Federal Convention on Australian Federation. Western Australia granted voting rights to women in 1899. Legally, Indigenous Australian males generally gained the right to vote during this period when Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania and South Australia gave voting rights to all male British subjects over 21 - only Queensland and Western Australia barred Aboriginal people from voting. Thus, Aboriginal men and women voted in some jurisdictions for the first Commonwealth Parliament in 1901. Early federal parliamentary reform and judicial interpretation however sought to", "title": "History of Australia (1851–1900)" }, { "id": "1722667", "score": "1.6707897", "text": "for the short-lived 18th century Corsican Republic) to grant active universal suffrage by giving women the right to vote. It did not grant universal full suffrage (the right to both vote and be a candidate, or both active and passive suffrage) until 1919. In 1902, Australia become the first country to grant full suffrage for women, i.e. the first country in the world to give women both the right to vote and to run for office. However, universal suffrage was not implemented, as aboriginals did not get the right to vote until 1962. Several European nations that had enacted universal", "title": "Universal suffrage" }, { "id": "1288609", "score": "1.6643853", "text": "Asian countries gave women the right to vote in the mid 20th century – Japan (1945), China (1947) and Indonesia (1955). In Africa, women generally got the right to vote along with men through universal suffrage – Liberia (1947), Uganda (1958) and Nigeria (1960). In many countries in the Middle East universal suffrage was acquired after World War II, although in others, such as Kuwait, suffrage is very limited. On 16 May 2005, the Parliament of Kuwait extended suffrage to women by a 35–23 vote. During the 19th century some women, such as Ernestine Rose, Paulina Wright Davis, Elizabeth Cady", "title": "Women's rights" }, { "id": "10883490", "score": "1.6618783", "text": "first half of the 20th century. New Zealand was the first country to grant women the right to vote. On the 19th of September in 1893, New Zealand became the first country that allowed women the right to participate in elections. The change in the law was a result of a petition headed by Kate Shepherd on behalf of the Women's Temperance Union. The petition was signed by 32000 women, almost one in four of New Zealand women at the time. In Europe, the last countries to enact it were Switzerland and Liechtenstein. In Switzerland, women gained the right to", "title": "Women in government" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of women's suffrage\n\nWomen's suffrage – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before universal suffrage, in which cases women and men from certain socioeconomic classes or races were still unable to vote. Some countries granted suffrage to both sexes at the same time. This timeline lists years when women's suffrage was enacted. Some countries are listed more than once, as the right was extended to more women according to age, land ownership, etc. In many cases, the first voting took place in a subsequent year.\n\nSome women in the Isle of Man (geographically part of the British Isles but not part of the United Kingdom) gained the right to vote in 1881.\n\nNew Zealand was the first self-governing country in the world in which all women had the right to vote in parliamentary elections; from 1893. However women could not stand for election to parliament until 1919, when three women stood (unsuccessfully); see 1919 in New Zealand.\n\nThe colony of South Australia allowed women to both vote and stand for election in 1894. In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage was granted during the age of liberty between 1718 and 1772. But it was not until the year 1919 that equality was achieved, where women's votes were valued the same as men's.\n\nThe Australian \"Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902\" enabled women to vote at federal elections and also permitted women to stand for election to the Australian Parliament, making the newly-federated country of Australia the first in the modern world to do so, although some states excluded indigenous Australians. \n\nIn 1906, the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which later became the Republic of Finland, was the first country in the world to give all women and all men both the right to vote and the right to run for office. \nFinland was also the first country in Europe to give women the right to vote. \nThe world's first female members of parliament were elected in Finland the following year. \n\nIn Europe, the last jurisdiction to grant women the right to vote was the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI), in 1991; AI is the smallest Swiss canton with 14,100 inhabitants in 1990. Women in Switzerland obtained the right to vote at federal level in 1971, and at local cantonal level between 1959 and 1972, except for Appenzell in 1989/1990, see Women's suffrage in Switzerland. \n\nIn Saudi Arabia women were first allowed to vote in December 2015 in the municipal elections.\n\nFor other women's rights, see timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting).", "title": "Timeline of women's suffrage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Women's suffrage in the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Universal suffrage\n\nUniversal suffrage (also called universal franchise, general suffrage, and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, race, ethnicity, or political stance, subject only to certain exceptions as in the case of children, felons, and for a time, women. In its original 19th-century usage by reformers in Britain, \"universal suffrage\" was understood to mean only universal manhood suffrage; the vote was extended to women later, during the women's suffrage movement that began in New Zealand in the 19th century.\n\nThere are variations among countries in terms of specifics of the right to vote; the minimum age is usually between 18 and 25 years (see voting age) and \"the insane, certain classes of convicted criminals, and those punished for certain electoral offenses\" sometimes lack the right to vote.<ref name=\"Brit\"/>\n\nIn the first modern democracies, governments restricted the vote to those with property and wealth, which almost always meant a minority of the male population. In some jurisdictions, other restrictions existed, such as requiring voters to practice a given religion. In all modern democracies, the number of people who could vote has increased progressively with time. The 19th century saw many movements advocating \"universal [male] suffrage\", most notably in Europe, Great Britain and North America. From there, the movement for the idea of universal suffrage which included women's suffrage spread across British colonies and beyond.\n\nIn the United States, after the principle of \"One person, one vote\" was established in the early 1960s by U.S. Supreme Court under Earl Warren, the U.S. Congress together with the Warren Court continued to protect and expand the voting rights of all Americans, especially African Americans, through the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965 and several Supreme Court rulings. In addition, the term \"suffrage\" is also associated specifically with women's suffrage in the United States; a movement to extend the franchise to women began in the mid-19th century and culminated in 1920, when the United States ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing the right of women to vote. It would be 1928 before voting rights were guaranteed to all women in the UK.", "title": "Universal suffrage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Suffrage\n\nSuffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise, is the right to vote in public, political elections and referendums (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote). In some languages, and occasionally in English, the right to vote is called active suffrage, as distinct from passive suffrage, which is the right to stand for election. The combination of active and passive suffrage is sometimes called \"full suffrage\".\n\nIn most democracies, eligible voters can vote in elections of representatives. Voting on issues by referendum may also be available. For example, in Switzerland, this is permitted at all levels of government. In the United States, some states such as California, Washington, and Wisconsin have exercised their shared sovereignty to offer citizens the opportunity to write, propose, and vote on referendums; other states and the federal government have not. Referendums in the United Kingdom are rare.\n\nSuffrage is granted to everybody mentally capable, in most countries defined by voting age, and being citizen of the country. In some countries additional restrictions exist. In the Great Britain and United States a felon may not vote. , Florida felons with court debts may not vote. In some countries being under guardianship may restrict the right to vote. Resident non-citizens can vote in some countries, which may be restricted to citizens of closely linked countries (e.g., Commonwealth citizens and European Union citizens) or to certain offices or questions. Historically the right to vote was more restricted, for example by gender, race, or wealth.", "title": "Suffrage" }, { "id": "1288607", "score": "1.6612535", "text": "the right to vote on a national level. Australia gave women the right to vote in 1902. A number of Nordic countries gave women the right to vote in the early 20th century – Finland (1906), Norway (1913), Denmark and Iceland (1915). With the end of the First World War many other countries followed – the Netherlands (1917), Austria, Azerbaijan, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Georgia, Poland and Sweden (1918), Germany and Luxembourg (1919), Turkey (1934), and the United States (1920). Late adopters in Europe were Greece in 1952, Switzerland (1971 at federal level; 1959–1991 on local issues at canton level), Portugal (1976", "title": "Women's rights" }, { "id": "1494724", "score": "1.6608785", "text": "state and federal elections. In 1902 women in the remaining four colonies also acquired the right to vote and stand in federal elections after the six Australian colonies federated to become the Commonwealth of Australia. Discriminatory restrictions against Aboriginal people, including women, voting in national elections, were not completely removed until 1962. The first European country to introduce women's suffrage was the Grand Duchy of Finland, then part of the Russian Empire, which elected the world's first women Members of Parliament in the 1907 parliamentary elections. Norway followed, granting full women's suffrage in 1913. Denmark followed in 1915, and Russian", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "1494731", "score": "1.6606514", "text": "(1718–1772). Other possible contenders for first \"country\" to grant women suffrage include the Corsican Republic (1755), the Pitcairn Islands (1838), the Isle of Man (1881), and Franceville (1889–1890), but some of these operated only briefly as independent states and others were not clearly independent. In 1756, Lydia Taft became the first legal woman voter in colonial America. This occurred under British rule in the Massachusetts Colony. In a New England town meeting in Uxbridge, Massachusetts, she voted on at least three occasions. Unmarried white women who owned property could vote in New Jersey from 1776 to 1807. In the 1792", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "5057205", "score": "1.6573056", "text": "liberty between 1718 and 1772. The Australian Commonwealth Franchise Act of 1902 enabled women to vote at federal elections and also permitted women to stand for election to the Australian Parliament, making the newly-federated country of Australia the first in the modern world to do so. In 1906, the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which became the republic of Finland, was the second country in the world to implement both the right to vote and the right to run for office. Finland was also the first country in Europe to give women the right to vote. The world's first female", "title": "Timeline of women's suffrage" }, { "id": "12646947", "score": "1.6543308", "text": "twentieth century, ending in 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granted women the right to vote across the United States. But in the preceding decades, several states had passed laws supporting women's suffrage. Women were granted the right to vote in Wyoming in 1869, before the territory had become a full state in the union. In 1889, when the Wyoming constitution was drafted in preparation for statehood, it included women's suffrage. Thus Wyoming was also the first full state to grant women the right to vote. In 1893, Colorado was the first state to amend an", "title": "Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections" }, { "id": "18305638", "score": "1.6479692", "text": "to make themselves more attractive to women so as to encourage female immigration or that they gave the vote as a reward to those women already there. Susan Anthony said that western men were more chivalrous than their eastern brethren. In 1871 Anthony and Stanton toured several western states, with special attention to the territories of Wyoming and Utah where women already had equal suffrage. Their suffragist speeches were often ridiculed or denounced by the opinion makers - the politicians, ministers, and editors. Anthony returned to the West in 1877, 1895, and 1896. By the last trip, at age 76,", "title": "Women's suffrage in states of the United States" }, { "id": "3161356", "score": "1.6447052", "text": "a condition of the transition to statehood. Utah was the second territory to allow women to vote, but the federal Edmunds–Tucker Act of 1887 repealed woman's suffrage in Utah. Colorado was the first established state to allow women to vote on the same basis as men. Some other states also extended the franchise to women before the Constitution was amended to this purpose. During the 1910s Alice Paul, assisted by Lucy Burns and many others, organized such events and organizations as the 1913 Women's Suffrage Parade, the National Woman's Party, and the Silent Sentinels. At the culmination of the suffragists'", "title": "Voting rights in the United States" }, { "id": "1494765", "score": "1.6416824", "text": "fourth woman in the world to hold the portfolio. It was only after the breakdown of the Habsburg Monarchy, that Austria would grant the general, equal, direct and secret right to vote to all citizens, regardless of sex, in 1919. Azerbaijan is known to be the first ever Muslim-majority country which enfranchised women. Universal voting rights were recognized in Azerbaijan in 1918 by the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. A revision of the constitution in October 1921 (it changed art. 47 of the Constitution of Belgium of 1831) introduced the general right to vote according to the \"one man, one vote\" principle.", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "18305651", "score": "1.6415358", "text": "21, 1886 – October 5, 1993) was the first Chinese American woman voter in the United States. She registered to vote on November 8, 1911 in California. One after another, western states granted the right of voting to their women citizens, the only opposition being presented by the liquor interests and the machine politicians. In Oregon, Abigail Scott Duniway (1834–1915) was the long-time leader, supporting the cause through speeches and her weekly newspaper \"The New Northwest,\" (1871–1887). Suffrage was won in 1912 by activists who used the new initiative processes. Montana's men voted to end the discrimination against women in", "title": "Women's suffrage in states of the United States" }, { "id": "1722676", "score": "1.6410631", "text": "New Zealand as the only free country in the world in 1893. South Australia first granted women suffrage and allowed them to stand for parliament in 1894. The autonomous Grand Principality of Finland, a decade before becoming the republic of Finland, was the first country in the world to implement full universal suffrage, by giving women full political rights, i.e. both the right to vote and to run for office, and was the second in the world and the first in Europe to give women the right to vote. The world's first female members of parliament were elected in Finland", "title": "Universal suffrage" }, { "id": "1494774", "score": "1.6404811", "text": "In 1906, it became the first country in the world to implement full universal suffrage, as women could also stand as candidates. It also elected the world's first female members of parliament the following year. The 21 April 1944 ordinance of the French Committee of National Liberation, confirmed in October 1944 by the French provisional government, extended the suffrage to French women. The first elections with female participation were the municipal elections of 29 April 1945 and the parliamentary elections of 21 October 1945. \"Indigenous Muslim\" women in French Algeria also known as Colonial Algeria, had to wait until a", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "18305646", "score": "1.6354849", "text": "became the eighth state to allow for full suffrage for women. The first territorial legislature of the Wyoming Territory granted women suffrage in 1869. On September 6, 1870, Louisa Ann Swain of Laramie, Wyoming became the first woman to cast a vote in a general election. In 1890, Wyoming under Republican control was admitted to the Union as the first state that allowed women to vote, and in fact insisted it would not accept statehood without keeping suffrage. The Mormon issue made the fight for women's suffrage in Utah unique. In 1869 the Utah Territory, controlled by members of The", "title": "Women's suffrage in states of the United States" }, { "id": "1494802", "score": "1.6338891", "text": "the right to vote a decade or more before women in such Western European countries as France, Italy, and Belgium — a mark of Atatürk's far-reaching social changes. The campaign for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland gained momentum throughout the early part of the 19th century, as women became increasingly politically active, particularly during the campaigns to reform suffrage in the United Kingdom. John Stuart Mill, elected to Parliament in 1865 and an open advocate of female suffrage (about to publish \"The Subjection of Women\"), campaigned for an amendment to the Reform Act 1832", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "6582213", "score": "1.6328359", "text": "Journal of Politics\", states with large suffrage movements and competitive political environments were more likely to extend voting rights to women; this is one reason why Western states were quicker to adopt women's suffrage than states in the East. In the late 1870s, the suffrage movement received a major boost when the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), the largest women's organization in the country, decided to campaign for suffrage and created a Franchise Department to support that effort. Frances Willard, its pro-suffrage leader, urged WCTU members to pursue the right to vote as a means of protecting their families from", "title": "Women's suffrage in the United States" }, { "id": "788631", "score": "1.6264617", "text": "of New Zealand became the first self-governing nation to extend the right to vote to all adult women. In 1894 the women of South Australia achieved the right to both vote \"and\" stand for Parliament. The autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire was the first nation to allow all women to both vote and run for parliament. Equal suffrage is sometimes confused with \"Universal suffrage\", although the meaning of the former is the removal of graded votes, wherein a voter could possess a number of votes in accordance with income, wealth or social status. Also known as", "title": "Suffrage" } ]

[ "cuticular", "Cuticles", "cuticles", "waxy cuticle", "cuticula", "Cuticle", "Cuticular", "cuticle", "Waxy cuticle", "Cuticula" ]

[ { "id": "3616441", "score": "1.4422683", "text": "\"hangnail\" referred to a corn on the foot. The word comes from Old English \"ang-\" + \"nægel\" (\"anguished nail\" or \"compressed spike\"), but the spelling and pronunciation were affected by folk etymology in the seventeenth century or earlier. Thereafter, the word came to be used for a tag of skin or torn cuticle near a fingernail or toenail. Several words in Medieval Latin were subject to folk etymology. For example, the word \"widerdonum\" meaning \"reward\" was borrowed from Old High German \"widarlōn\" \"repayment of a loan\". The \"l→d\" alteration is due to confusion with Latin \"donum\" \"gift\". Similarly, the word", "title": "Folk etymology" }, { "id": "5336423", "score": "1.4356551", "text": "Paronychia Paronychia is a nail disease that is an often-tender bacterial or fungal infection of the hand or foot where the nail and skin meet at the side or the base of a finger or toenail. The infection can start suddenly (acute paronychia) or gradually (chronic paronychia). Paronychia is commonly misapplied as a synonym for whitlow or felon. The term is from from \"para\", \"around\", \"onyx\", \"nail\" and the abstract noun suffix \"-ia\". The skin typically presents as red and hot, along with intense pain. Pus is usually present, along with gradual thickening and browning discoloration of the nail plate.", "title": "Paronychia" }, { "id": "5336427", "score": "1.410506", "text": "nail fold may be removed surgically. Paronychia Paronychia is a nail disease that is an often-tender bacterial or fungal infection of the hand or foot where the nail and skin meet at the side or the base of a finger or toenail. The infection can start suddenly (acute paronychia) or gradually (chronic paronychia). Paronychia is commonly misapplied as a synonym for whitlow or felon. The term is from from \"para\", \"around\", \"onyx\", \"nail\" and the abstract noun suffix \"-ia\". The skin typically presents as red and hot, along with intense pain. Pus is usually present, along with gradual thickening and", "title": "Paronychia" }, { "id": "4656305", "score": "1.3960896", "text": "was originally the distance from the thumbnail to the joint at the base of the thumb, or alternately, from the end of the middle finger to the second joint. An archaic usage of the term \"nail\" is as a sixteenth of a (long) hundredweight for mass, or 1 clove of 7 pound avoirdupois (3.175 kg). Explanation: Katherine and Petruchio are getting married. At the tailor shop, they examine the wedding dress, which is nearly finished. Petruchio is concerned that it has too many frills, wonders what it will cost, and suspects that he has been cheated. Katherine says she likes", "title": "Nail (unit)" }, { "id": "2402086", "score": "1.3827151", "text": "beneath the nail plate, which moves toward the finger tip with the plate. The epidermis is attached to the dermis by tiny longitudinal \"grooves\" called matrix crests (\"cristae matricis unguis\"). In old age, the nail plate becomes thinner, and these grooves become more visible. The nail sinus (\"sinus unguis\") is where the nail root is; i.e. the base of the nail underneath the skin. It originates from the actively growing tissue below, the matrix. The nail plate (\"corpus unguis\") is the hard part of the nail, made of translucent keratin protein. Several layers of dead, compacted cells cause the nail", "title": "Nail (anatomy)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nail (anatomy)\n\nA nail is a claw-like plate found at the tip of the fingers and toes on most primates. Nails correspond to the claws found in other animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called alpha-keratin, which is a polymer. Alpha-keratin is found in the hooves, claws, and horns of vertebrates.", "title": "Nail (anatomy)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eponychium\n\nIn human anatomy, the eponychium is the thickened layer of skin at the base of the fingernails and toenails. It can also be called the medial or proximal nail fold. The eponychium differs from the cuticle; the eponychium comprises live skin cells whilst the cuticle is dead skin cells. Its function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to bacteria. The vascularization pattern is similar to that of perionychium.\n\nIn hoofed animals, the eponychium is the deciduous hoof capsule in fetuses and newborn foals, and is a part of the permanent hoof in older animals.\n\nThe word \"eponychium\" comes .\n\n", "title": "Eponychium" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pedicure\n\nA pedicure is a cosmetic treatment of the feet and toenails, analogous to a manicure. \n\nPedicures include care not only for the toenails; dead skin cells are rubbed off the bottom of the feet using a rough stone (often a pumice stone). Skincare is often provided up to the knee, including granular exfoliation, moisturizing, and massage.\n\nThe word \"pedicure\" is derived from the Latin words \"pedis\", which means \"of the foot\", and \"cura\", which means \"care\".", "title": "Pedicure" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hangnail\n\nA hangnail is a tiny, torn piece of skin next to a fingernail or toenail, related to ingrown nails. The hangnail's other scientific names are: eponychium or paronychium. Hangnails are typically caused by having dry skin, or by trauma to the fingers, such as paper cuts or nail biting.", "title": "Hangnail" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cosmetics\n\nCosmetics are constituted mixtures of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources, or synthetically created ones. Cosmetics have various purposes. Those designed for personal care and skin care can be used to cleanse or protect the body or skin. Cosmetics designed to enhance or alter one's appearance (makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance one's natural features (such as the eyebrows and eyelashes), add color to a person's face, or change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, creature or object. Cosmetics can also be designed to add fragrance to the body.", "title": "Cosmetics" }, { "id": "2402087", "score": "1.3716996", "text": "to be strong but flexible. Its (transverse) shape is determined by the form of the underlying bone. In common usage, the word \"nail\" often refers to this part only. The free margin (\"margo liber\") or distal edge is the anterior margin of the nail plate corresponding to the abrasive or cutting edge of the nail. The hyponychium (informally known as the \"quick\") is the epithelium located beneath the nail plate at the junction between the free edge and the skin of the fingertip. It forms a seal that protects the nail bed. The onychodermal band is the seal between the", "title": "Nail (anatomy)" }, { "id": "2402096", "score": "1.3654677", "text": "(horizontal, not along the nail from cuticle to tip). These lines are usually a natural consequence of aging, although they may result from disease. Discoloration, thinning, thickening, brittleness, splitting, grooves, Mees' lines, small white spots, receded lunula, clubbing (convex), flatness, and spooning (concave) can indicate illness in other areas of the body, nutrient deficiencies, drug reaction or poisoning, or merely local injury. Nails can also become thickened (onychogryphosis), loosened (onycholysis), infected with fungus (onychomycosis), or degenerate (onychodystrophy). A common nail disorder is an ingrowing toenail (onychocryptosis). DNA profiling is a technique employed by forensic scientists on hair, fingernails, toenails, etc.", "title": "Nail (anatomy)" }, { "id": "12892308", "score": "1.3460938", "text": "Hapalonychia Hapalonychia, also known as egg-shell nail, is a condition in which the top of a toe or finger nail becomes soft and thin, causing it to bend or break. This condition can manifest as a result of genetic discrepancy and may also occur due to malnutrition and debility. Nails are often a representation of the internal nutritional of health. Although overall well-being is not typically determined by nail health, fissures, breaks and calcium spots are minor indications of inner health. Hapalonychia may also be attributed to myxedema, rheumatoid arthritis, anorexia, bulimia, Hansen's disease, Raynaud phenomenon, oral retinoid therapy, or", "title": "Hapalonychia" }, { "id": "10795180", "score": "1.3459897", "text": "Muehrcke's nails Muehrcke's nails or Muehrcke's lines (apparent leukonychia striata) are changes in the fingernail that may be a sign of an underlying medical condition. The term refers to a set of one or more pale transverse bands extending all the way across the nail, parallel to the lunula. In contrast to Beau's lines, they are not grooved (no 3-dimensional deformity), and in contrast to Mees' lines, the thumb is usually not involved. Muehrcke's lines are a strong indicator of hypoalbuminemia, which can result from a variety of different causes. The lines are actually in the vascular bed underneath the", "title": "Muehrcke's nails" }, { "id": "2402088", "score": "1.3392754", "text": "nail plate and the hyponychium. It is just under the free edge, in that portion of the nail where the nail bed ends and can be recognized in fair-skinned people by its glassy, greyish colour. It is not visible in some individuals while it is highly prominent on others. Together, the eponychium and the cuticle form a protective seal. The cuticle is the semi-circular layer of non-living, almost invisible dead skin cells that \"ride out on\" and cover the back of the visible nail plate while the eponychium is the fold of skin cells that produces the cuticle. They are", "title": "Nail (anatomy)" }, { "id": "7912193", "score": "1.3386878", "text": "the eye (eyelids, conjunctiva and cornea), middle of the eye and at the back of the eye (retina).\" Since 500 B.C., some researchers have believed that the physical condition of the fingernails and toenails can indicate various systemic diseases. Careful examination of the fingernails and toenails may provide clues to underlying systemic diseases , since some diseases have been found to cause disruptions in the nail growth process. The nail plate is the hard keratin cover of the nail. The nail plate is generated by the nail matrix located just under the cuticle. As the nail grows, the area closest", "title": "Systemic disease" }, { "id": "1678770", "score": "1.3351825", "text": "amputations, i.e. such as a metacarpal hand reconstruction, is to have a combined second and third toe transplantation. Third and fourth toe transplantation to the hand in replacing lost fingers is also a viable option. The Old English term for \"toe\" is \"ta\" (plural \"tan\"). This is a contraction of \"tahe\", and derives from Proto-Germanic \"taihwo\" (cognates: Old Norse \"ta\", Old Frisian \"tane\", Middle Dutch \"te\", Dutch \"teen\" (perhaps originally a plural), Old High German \"zecha\", German \"Zehe\"). Perhaps originally meaning \"fingers\" as well (many Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) languages still use one word to mean both fingers and toes), and", "title": "Toe" }, { "id": "2402085", "score": "1.334834", "text": "in this way older cells become compressed, flat, and translucent. This makes the capillaries in the nail bed below visible, resulting in a pink color. The lunula (\"small moon\") is the visible part of the matrix, the whitish crescent-shaped base of the visible nail. The lunula can best be seen in the thumb and may not be visible in the little finger. The nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate. Like all skin, it is made of two types of tissues: the deeper dermis, the living tissue which includes capillaries and glands, and the epidermis, the layer just", "title": "Nail (anatomy)" }, { "id": "3987908", "score": "1.3300631", "text": "Ingrown nail An ingrown nail (also known as onychocryptosis from (\"onyx\", \"nail\") + κρυπτός (\"kryptos\", \"hidden\") or unguis incarnatus) is a common form of nail disease. It is an often painful condition in which the nail grows so that it cuts into one or both sides of the paronychium or nail bed. The common opinion is that the nail enters inside the paronychium, but an ingrown toenail can simply be overgrown toe skin. The condition starts from a microbial inflammation of the paronychium, then a granuloma, which results in a nail buried inside of the granuloma. While ingrown nails can", "title": "Ingrown nail" }, { "id": "6655356", "score": "1.3292234", "text": "Subungual hematoma A subungual hematoma is a collection of blood (hematoma) underneath a toenail or fingernail (black toenail). It can be extremely painful for an injury of its size, although otherwise it is not a serious medical condition. Runner's toe is a common condition seen in runners caused by downward pressure or horizontal separation of nail plate from the nail bed. This repetitive traumatic injury leads to bleeding and pooling of blood underneath the nail plate. Clinically, it is characterized by reddish-black discoloration of the toe nail. The nail plate may also become thicker and more brittle as a result", "title": "Subungual hematoma" }, { "id": "11290870", "score": "1.3143995", "text": "\"isolated congenital nail clubbing\") may be associated with HPGD. Acropachy Acropachy or thyroid acropachy refers to a dermopathy associated with Graves' disease. It is characterized by soft-tissue swelling of the hands and clubbing of the fingers. Radiographic imaging of affected extremities typically demonstrates periostitis, most commonly the metacarpal bones. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be caused by stimulating auto-antibodies that are implicated in the pathophysiology of Graves' thyrotoxicosis. There is no effective treatment for acropachy. Since it is closely associated with Graves' disease, it is associated with other manifestations of Graves' disease, such as Graves'", "title": "Acropachy" }, { "id": "2402091", "score": "1.3128501", "text": "soft tissues from injuries. It also serves to enhance precise delicate movements of the distal digits through counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the finger. The nail then acts as a counter-force when the end of the finger touches an object, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of the fingertip, though the nail itself has no nerve endings. Finally, the nail functions as a tool, enabling for instance a so-called \"extended precision grip\" (e.g. pulling out a splinter in one's finger), and certain cutting or scraping actions. The growing part of the nail is under the skin at the nail's proximal end", "title": "Nail (anatomy)" }, { "id": "6399961", "score": "1.3082378", "text": "begin to form a granular layer of abnormal cells on its surface. After six months of detachment, this layer is likely to prevent the adhesion of any new nail tissue, possibly leading to permanent deformity. \"Onycholysis\" is from \"onycho-\", from Ancient Greek ὄνυξ \"ónuks\", meaning \"nail\", and Ancient Greek λύσις \"lúsis\", meaning \"a loosening\". Onycholysis Onycholysis is a common medical condition characterized by the painless detachment of the nail from the nail bed, usually starting at the tip and/or sides. On the hands, it occurs particularly on the ring finger but can occur on any of the fingernails. It may", "title": "Onycholysis" }, { "id": "6655360", "score": "1.3074379", "text": "(onycholysis) may occur. Subungual hematoma A subungual hematoma is a collection of blood (hematoma) underneath a toenail or fingernail (black toenail). It can be extremely painful for an injury of its size, although otherwise it is not a serious medical condition. Runner's toe is a common condition seen in runners caused by downward pressure or horizontal separation of nail plate from the nail bed. This repetitive traumatic injury leads to bleeding and pooling of blood underneath the nail plate. Clinically, it is characterized by reddish-black discoloration of the toe nail. The nail plate may also become thicker and more brittle", "title": "Subungual hematoma" }, { "id": "2402090", "score": "1.3069813", "text": "projecting edge of the eponychium covering the proximal strip of the lunula. The nail wall (\"vallum unguis\") is the cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and proximal end of the nail. The lateral margin (\"margo lateralis\") lies beneath the nail wall on the sides of the nail, and the nail groove or fold (\"sulcus matricis unguis\") are the cutaneous slits into which the lateral margins are embedded. The paronychium is the soft tissue border around the nail, and paronychia is an infection in this area. A healthy fingernail has the function of protecting the distal phalanx, the fingertip, and the surrounding", "title": "Nail (anatomy)" } ]

[ "Subdivisions of the Netherlands", "netheralands", "subdivisions of netherlands", "iso 3166 1 nl", "Netherlands", "nederlandia", "mainland netherlands", "netherlands european territory", "Metropolitan Netherlands", "administrative divisions of netherlands", "Olanda", "netherlands dut hol", "ISO 3166-1:NL", "Northern Netherlands", "metropolitan netherlands", "The netherlands", "Netherlands, The", "Netherlands (European territory)", "Nehterlands", "The Netheralands", "Administrative divisions of the netherlands", "neatherlands", "Nyderlandai", "Holland (country)", "European Netherlands", "olanda", "netherlands", "northern netherlands", "The Netherlands", "The netherland", "holland country", "climate of netherlands", "nehterlands", "Climate of the Netherlands", "Dutch inhabitants", "Netherlands/HistoryTalk", "Capitals of Holland", "NETHERLANDS", "pays bas", "Administrative divisions of the Netherlands", "capitals of holland", "nyderlandai", "european netherlands", "netherland", "Netherlands, (Dut/Hol)", "Mainland Netherlands", "Neatherlands", "Nederlandia", "Pays-Bas", "dutch inhabitants", "netherlands historytalk" ]

[ { "id": "4090626", "score": "1.5657697", "text": "he used the \"azure, billetty or\" with \"a lion rampant or\" of Nassau (blue shield, lion, billets). The \"Je Maintiendrai\" motto represents the Orange family since it came into the family with the princedom of Orange as \"Je Maintiendrai Châlons\". These elements are also found in the arms of king William III, who was also king of England, Scotland & Ireland (1689–1702). From the arms of the former States General of the Republic of the United Provinces he took the lion with a coronet, sword and arrows. The arrows symbolize the seven provinces that made up the Republic, the sword", "title": "Coat of arms of the Netherlands" }, { "id": "5932966", "score": "1.5395684", "text": "motto: \"which says so eloquently in three words, the past as well as the present and the future of the only French province of the confederation.\" This sentence would be cited or paraphrased several times afterwards. Various scholars have attempted to discover the source of Taché's words. The ethnologist Conrad Laforte has suggested that they might derive from the song , or possibly Victor Hugo's poem . Writer André Duval thought the answer was simpler and closer at hand: In the hall of the Parliament building in which the motto is carved above the door, are the arms of the", "title": "Je me souviens" }, { "id": "791121", "score": "1.514405", "text": "motto \"Je maintiendrai\" (\"I will maintain\"), the latter taken from the Chalons princes of Orange, who used \"Je maintiendrai Chalons\". Besides being sovereign over the principality of Orange, this is a partial listing of larger estates and titles that William the Silent and his heirs possessed, most enfeoffed to some other sovereign, either the King of France, the Habsburgs, or the States of the provinces of the Netherlands: In most of the estates in the more populous provinces of Holland and Zealand, the land itself was secondary to the profit on the commerce that flowed through it. The Dutch Royal", "title": "House of Orange-Nassau" }, { "id": "5932965", "score": "1.4955403", "text": "she likes enough to carve it on her monuments and palaces. This motto has only three words: 'Je me souviens'; but these three words, in their simple economy of expression, are worth more than the most eloquent speeches. Yes, we remember. We remember the past and its lessons, the past and its misfortunes, the past and its glories.\" In 1896, Ernest Gagnon wrote that the motto \"admirably sums up the of Champlain and Maisonneuve's Canada as a distinct province in the confederation.\" In 1919, seven years after Taché's death, the historian Pierre-Georges Roy underlined the symbolic character of the three-word", "title": "Je me souviens" }, { "id": "6715264", "score": "1.4951615", "text": "trade organization, they maintained their original arms and motto, and it is for this that the \"Mairie de Paris\" bears them still today. It was made official on November 24, 1853 by Baron Haussmann. The motto appears on the coat of arms of the City of Paris, as well as on the official livery of the Paris Fire Brigade. Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, the Latin-language motto had a surge in popularity and was used in social media as a symbol of Paris' resistance in the face of terrorism. Fluctuat nec mergitur \"Fluctuat nec mergitur\" is the motto of", "title": "Fluctuat nec mergitur" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Unity makes strength\n\n\"Unity makes strength\" (; , ; ) is a motto that has been used by various states and entities throughout history. It is used by Belgium, Bulgaria, Haiti, Malaysia and Georgia on their coats of arms and is the national motto of Belgium, Bolivia, Malaysia, Georgia and Bulgaria.\n\nThe motto was originally used by the Dutch Republic as \"eendracht maakt macht\". It was derived originally from a Greek phrase (ισχύς εν τη ενώσει literally meaning power lies in unity) attributed to Homer, dating to roughly 850 BC, that later appears similarly in the Latin phrase \"concordia res parvae crescunt\" (\"small things flourish by concord\"), used in the \"Bellum Iugurthinum\" of Roman Republican writer Sallust.\n\nThe similar moral of the Aesopic fable \"The Old Man and his Sons\" has been rendered in various related ways: \"All power is weak unless united\" (1668), \"Unity makes strength, strife wastes\" (1685), \"Strength lies in union\" (1867), \"Strength is in unity\" (1887), \"Unity is strength\" (title), \"Union gives strength\" (moral) (1894), \"Union is strength\" (1912), \"In unity is strength\" (1919); although older versions are more specific: \"Brotherly love is the greatest good in life and often lifts the humble higher\" (2nd century), \"Just as concord supplies potency in human affairs, so a quarrelsome life deprives people of their strength\" (16th century).", "title": "Unity makes strength" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of national mottos\n\nThis article lists state and national mottos for the world's nations. The mottos for some states lacking general international recognition, extinct states, non-sovereign nations, regions, and territories are listed, but their names are not bolded.\n\nA state motto is used to describe the intent or motivation of the state in a short phrase. For example, it can be included on a country's flag, coat of arms, or currency. Some countries choose not to have a national motto.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\np. 102.</ref> \n\n", "title": "List of national mottos" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of mottos\n\nThis list contains the mottos of organizations, institutions, municipalities and authorities.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of mottos" }, { "id": "4742757", "score": "1.4759814", "text": "slogan, or an advertising phrase in the form of a hendiatris. Perhaps equally well known throughout the world are Julius Caesar's \"Veni, vidi, vici\" (an example of a tricolon) and the motto of the French Republic: \"Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité\"; the phrase \"Peace, Order and Good Government\" is used as a guiding principle in the parliaments of the Commonwealth of Nations. In rhetorical teaching, such triple iterations marked the classic rhythm of Ciceronian style, typified by the triple rhetorical questions of his first Oration Against Catiline: In ancient Greece and Rome, such abstractions as liberty and justice were theologized (cf. triple", "title": "Hendiatris" }, { "id": "1657659", "score": "1.4688276", "text": "the earliest use of what would later become the motto of the United States of America. Motteux used the phrase in the sense of \"one chosen among many,\" rather than its common later connotation. (Classicists have attempted to trace possible sources for the motto, ranging from Vergil to Aristotle to Horace to Cicero to St. Augustine.) Motteux published early arguments in favor of the equality of the sexes; he re-titled the October 1693 issue of the \"Journal\" \"The Lady's Journal,\" and devoted it to articles by and about women. Peter Anthony Motteux Peter Anthony Motteux (25 February 1663 – 18", "title": "Peter Anthony Motteux" }, { "id": "17105282", "score": "1.4674034", "text": "for all, all for one\"\" (), most of the foreign regiments in service of France during the Ancien Régime had chosen \"Nec pluribus impar\", today the motto of the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment. These mottos were suppressed during the Revolution, when foreign regiments were dissolved and transformed to \"demi-brigades\". First Consul Bonaparte chose for the Grande Armée the motto \"Valeur et Discipline\" (\"Valour and Discipline\"), which remained almost until August 1914, when General Joseph Gallieni had the inscription \"Honneur et Patrie\" (\"Honour and Fatherland\") written on all emblems; the motto was already featured on the verso of the regimental colours", "title": "Honneur et Fidélité" }, { "id": "3323149", "score": "1.4573433", "text": "to express this motto was Maximilien Robespierre in his speech \"\"On the organization of the National Guard\"\" () on 5 December 1790, article XVI, and disseminated widely throughout France by the popular Societies. Credit for the motto has been given also to Antoine-François Momoro (1756–94), a Parisian printer and Hébertist organizer, though in different context of foreign invasion and Federalist revolts in 1793, it was modified to \"Unity, indivisibility of the Republic; liberty, equality, brotherhood or death\" () and suggested by a resolution of the Paris Commune (member of which Momoro was elected by his section du Théâtre-Français) on 29", "title": "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" }, { "id": "3323148", "score": "1.4572053", "text": "Liberté, égalité, fraternité Liberté, égalité, fraternité (), French for \"liberty, equality, fraternity\", is the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti, and is an example of a tripartite motto. Although it finds its origins in the French Revolution, it was then only one motto among others and was not institutionalized until the Third Republic at the end of the 19th century. Debates concerning the compatibility and order of the three terms began at the same time as the Revolution. It is also the motto of the Grand Orient de France and the Grande Loge de France. The first", "title": "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" }, { "id": "12704119", "score": "1.4549208", "text": "for those founded long after Louis XIV's death. Many of Louis' subordinates adopted emblems and mottos playing off those of the sovereign. César de Beaufort, Admiral of France, adopted a moon with motto \"Elle obéit au soleil et commande aux flots\" (\"It obeys the sun and commands the waves\"); Duc de Sully adopted a burning-mirror with motto \"Je brûle sous son regard\" (\"I burn [under its gaze / at his command])\". It is the motto of Ribét Academy, a private preparatory school in Los Angeles, and the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment of the 6th light armored brigade of the French", "title": "Nec pluribus impar" }, { "id": "5932969", "score": "1.4541421", "text": "that he belongs to a conquered people.\" In 1978, replaced the tourist-oriented motto on Quebec's vehicle registration plate. According to the historian Gaston Deschênes, this event marks the start of a new period of attempts to reinterpret the meaning of the motto in the mainstream media of Canada. On February 4, 1978, Robert Goyette signed an article entitled \"Car owners argue over motto\" in \"The Montreal Star\". This article attracted the attention of a reader, Hélène Pâquet, a granddaughter of Taché who replied on February 15 in an open letter entitled \". It reads in part: The lily and the", "title": "Je me souviens" }, { "id": "4742759", "score": "1.4501289", "text": "equivalent of the French triad listed above. The initial Carlist motto was \"God, Country, King\". The University of North Carolina's Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies maintain such tripartite mottos as well. The Philanthropic Society's motto is Virtus, Libertas, et Scientia \"Virtue, Liberty, and Knowledge\" and the Joint Senate motto is Ad Virtutem, Libertatem, Scientiamque \"Toward Virtue, Liberty, and Knowledge\". A Canadian usage is \"Peace, order and good government\", originally found in the 1867 Constitution of Canada. It has remained, to this day, an essential part of the Canadian identity. \"\"Il nous faut de l'audace, encore de l'audace, toujours de l'audace!\"\" 'We", "title": "Hendiatris" }, { "id": "2333137", "score": "1.4470638", "text": "Pontis, Du Golinot of Mauny, De Coynart, De Genibrouse of Gastelpers, Macar of the Province of Liege, Milet of Mureau, Navoir of Ponzac, De Piomelles, De Poussois, De Reymons, and De Rozerou of Mos. The city of Abbeville in France is recorded by 19th century sources (such as Chassant and Taussin, 1878) as using the motto \"Semper fidelis,\" and recent sources state that the city was accorded this motto by Charles V, by letters patent of 19 June 1369, issued at Vincennes. This would make it the earliest recorded user of the motto among cities. However both Louandre (1834, p.", "title": "Semper fidelis" }, { "id": "7390418", "score": "1.4331362", "text": "took this motto. \"Pro Aris et Focis\" is the name of a secret society in Brussels in 1789 which prepared the Brabant Revolution against the Austrian Emperor Joseph II. The leading figure was Jan-Baptist Verlooy. \"For God and country\" is the motto of the American Legion. \"Deo et Patriae\" is the motto of Regis High School (New York City), and \"Pro Deo et Patria\" is the motto of Archbishop Carroll High School in Washington, D.C.. \"\"Pro Aris et Focis\" is the motto for \"Academia San Jorge,\" a Puerto Rico PK-12 school. The motto is embedded in the school's shield and", "title": "Pro aris et focis" }, { "id": "5932967", "score": "1.4320536", "text": "Marquess of Lorne whose motto was (\"Do Not Forget\"). Consequently, Duval believed \"the motto of Quebec to be at the same time the translation of the Marquess of Lorne's motto and the answer of a French-Canadian subject of Her Majesty to the said motto.\" Research published in English before 1978 led to the same conclusions regarding the motto's origin, the number of words it has and its interpretation. A 1934 biographical notice about Taché reads: \"M. Taché is also the author of the beautiful poetic and patriotic motto which accompanies the official coat of arms of the Province of Quebec", "title": "Je me souviens" }, { "id": "14847687", "score": "1.4317207", "text": "Liberal Party in 1846. Although the motto is often used in Belgicist or unitarist circles (as a call to Flemings and Walloons, natives of Brussels and German speakers, all to maintain Belgium's unity), this is a historical misinterpretation; the motto is a unionist – not a unitarist – slogan. Its German version is \"\". Flemings sometimes parody the motto by chanting it as \"\" (\"Union makes a farce\") or \"\" (\"The onion makes the filling\"), trivialising it as a cooking recipe. Following the Bulgarian unification and after Ferdinand of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha took over the throne of", "title": "Unity makes strength" }, { "id": "10811655", "score": "1.4223099", "text": "motto of the French Republic. \"Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité\" : When our young people […] approach adult life, we shall say to them […] that real liberty cannot be exercised except under the shelter of a guiding authority, which they must respect, which they must obey […]. We shall then tell them that equality [should] set itself within the framework of a hierarchy, founded on the diversity of office and merits. […] Finally, we shall tell them that there is no way of having true brotherhood except within those natural groups, the family, the town, the homeland. The motto \"Travail, Famille,", "title": "Travail, famille, patrie" }, { "id": "2950879", "score": "1.4171371", "text": "bison head, maples leaves, a crown – early on, the St Edward's crown, after 1903, the Tudor crown – and the police's motto. The motto originally ran \"\"Maintien le Droit\"\", meaning \"to maintain the right\", but after 1915 was altered to read \"\"Maintiens le Droit\"\". Despite being a French phrase, this was a 14th-century English motto, first used in Canada by the Grand Trunk Railway Regiment, and it remains unclear why it was adopted by the mounted police. There are several explanations for the use of the buffalo head: it may have been due to Inspector James Macleod's use of", "title": "North-West Mounted Police" }, { "id": "18513818", "score": "1.4170932", "text": "Je suis Charlie \"\" (, ) is a slogan and logo created by French art director Joachim Roncin and adopted by supporters of freedom of speech and freedom of the press after the 7 January 2015 shooting in which twelve people were killed at the offices of the French satirical weekly newspaper \"Charlie Hebdo\". It identifies a speaker or supporter with those who were killed at the \"Charlie Hebdo\" shooting, and by extension, a supporter of freedom of speech and resistance to armed threats. Some journalists embraced the expression as a rallying cry for the freedom of self-expression. The slogan", "title": "Je suis Charlie" } ]

[ "convict", "ex cons", "Ex-cons", "Ex-convict", "Convict", "ex con", "convicts", "Ex-con", "ex convict", "Convicts" ]

[ { "id": "6235788", "score": "2.1037803", "text": "Abel Magwitch Abel Magwitch is a fictional character from Charles Dickens's 1861 novel, \"Great Expectations\". Charles Dickens set his story in about 1800, setting his character Abel Magwitch to meet a man called Compeyson at the Epsom Races. Compeyson, Dickens wrote, had been brought up in a boarding school and was an attractive, charming gentleman. Magwitch, at the same time, began a relationship with a mentally unstable woman named Molly, who later stood trial for murder. Jaggers, her defense attorney, convinced the jury that she was too weak to have strangled the woman. Molly was acquitted and became (unknown to", "title": "Abel Magwitch" }, { "id": "6235802", "score": "1.9562285", "text": "must have first seen the convicts who worked at unloading, and the marshes at Cooling, north-east of Chatham, off which the galley ships lay - scenes which would play a part in the story of his fictional self, Pip, and Pip's benefactor, Magwitch. Abel Magwitch Abel Magwitch is a fictional character from Charles Dickens's 1861 novel, \"Great Expectations\". Charles Dickens set his story in about 1800, setting his character Abel Magwitch to meet a man called Compeyson at the Epsom Races. Compeyson, Dickens wrote, had been brought up in a boarding school and was an attractive, charming gentleman. Magwitch, at", "title": "Abel Magwitch" }, { "id": "14936256", "score": "1.8422172", "text": "Compeyson Compeyson is the main antagonist of Charles Dickens' novel, \"Great Expectations\", whose criminal activities harmed two people, who in turn shaped much of protagonist Pip's life. He abandoned Miss Havisham at the altar, and later got Abel Magwitch arrested. After Magwitch returned to England, Compeyson died after drowning in the River Thames while fighting with Magwitch. Compeyson had a good education when he was a child. His appearance was attractive and his manners gentlemanly and smooth. As an adult, he made his living through forgery and financial schemes. One of his fellows in crime was Miss Havisham's half brother,", "title": "Compeyson" }, { "id": "6235801", "score": "1.809783", "text": "package' scene in \"Martin Chuzzlewit\" when Jonas Chuzzlewit, the murderer, is turned back as he boards ship for the Low Countries). These scenes have a detail of circumstance and a power of apprehension that suggests the feeding of fiction by an often told family story. In 1816, Charles Dickens' father, John, had been appointed to one of the principal naval dockyards in Chatham at the mouth of the River Medway in Kent, 30 miles south-east of London. With his father, accompanying him in the course of his duty into the dockyard or on sailing trips up the River Medway, Dickens", "title": "Abel Magwitch" }, { "id": "14936261", "score": "1.7016785", "text": "a steamboat paddle in the scuffle. Compeyson's appearance of gentility did not free him of prison time, but the judge and jury looked upon him more favourably solely due to his social level compared to Magwitch, a boy with no parents, brought up by chance among lower-class people, and nearly always hungry. Compeyson Compeyson is the main antagonist of Charles Dickens' novel, \"Great Expectations\", whose criminal activities harmed two people, who in turn shaped much of protagonist Pip's life. He abandoned Miss Havisham at the altar, and later got Abel Magwitch arrested. After Magwitch returned to England, Compeyson died after", "title": "Compeyson" }, { "id": "19552143", "score": "1.6865757", "text": "book were kept minimal. The only reference to him was in chapter 42, where Abel Magwitch described his past experiences: \"There was another in with Compeyson, as was called Arthur – not as being so christened but as a surname. He was in a Decline, and was a shadow to look at. Him and Compeyson had been in a bad thing with a rich lady some years afore, and they'd made a pot of money by it; but Compeyson betted and gamed, and he'd have run through the king's taxes.\" In the 2011 BBC television series of \"Great Expectations\", Arthur", "title": "Arthur Havisham" }, { "id": "6235800", "score": "1.6811433", "text": "of the respectable from the very existence of a criminal friend or relative at large - this is the fate of Mrs Rudge, the dark secret of David Copperfield's aunt, Betsy Trotwood, the strange tension of Mrs Clennam's tomb-like home in \"Little Dorrit\", the central situation of \"Great Expectations\". The other is the extraordinary vividness of foiled attempts by criminals to get away from England's shores. The dramatic police interception of the illegally returned transported convict Magwitch's attempt to get to the Continent and to liberty, is one of the prime examples of this situation. (The other is the 'Anwerks", "title": "Abel Magwitch" }, { "id": "1318974", "score": "1.6718228", "text": "Dickens's most memorable scenes, including the opening in a graveyard, where the young Pip is accosted by the escaped convict, Abel Magwitch. \"Great Expectations\" is full of extreme imagery—poverty, prison ships and chains, and fights to the death—and has a colourful cast of characters who have entered popular culture. These include the eccentric Miss Havisham, the beautiful but cold Estella, and Joe, the unsophisticated and kind blacksmith. Dickens's themes include wealth and poverty, love and rejection, and the eventual triumph of good over evil. \"Great Expectations\", which is popular both with readers and literary critics, has been translated into many", "title": "Great Expectations" }, { "id": "1815641", "score": "1.6703346", "text": "Abel Magwitch, the escaped convict who Pip helps in the opening pages of the novel, and who later turns out to be Pip's secret benefactor—the source of his \"great expectations\". Magwitch, who had been apprehended shortly after the young Pip had helped him, was thereafter sentenced to transportation for life to New South Wales in Australia. While so exiled, he earned the fortune that he later would use to help Pip. Further, it was Magwitch's desire to see the \"gentleman\" that Pip had become that motivated him to illegally return to England, which ultimately led to his arrest and death.", "title": "Penal transportation" }, { "id": "16955782", "score": "1.661068", "text": "good character, which is expressed mainly in his relationship with his friend Herbert Pocket. Two years after Pip comes of age his benefactor appears in person, and it is Abel Magwitch, the convict he met as a boy. This deflates his hope that he is meant for Estella and at first disgusts him. He knows nothing about what sort of criminal the man is. Despite his disgust and disappointment, the sense of duty that compels Pip to help the convict is a mark of his inner goodness, just as it was when Pip first met him at age seven. After", "title": "Pip (Great Expectations)" }, { "id": "1318996", "score": "1.6606516", "text": "Ostensibly for pleasure, the mini-cruise was actually a working session for Dickens to examine banks of the river in preparation for the chapter devoted to Magwitch's attempt to escape. Dickens then revised Herbert Pocket's appearance, no doubt, asserts Margaret Cardwell, to look more like his son Charley. On 11 June 1861, Dickens wrote to Macready that \"Great Expectations\" had been completed and on 15 June, asked the editor to prepare the novel for publication. Following comments by Edward Bulwer-Lytton that the ending was too sad, Dickens rewrote it prior to publication. The ending set aside by Dickens has Pip, who", "title": "Great Expectations" }, { "id": "6235791", "score": "1.6403874", "text": "is surprised by Magwitch: \"[a] fearful man, all in coarse gray, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped and shivered, and glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin.\" Magwitch tricks the seven-year-old boy into believing that he has an accomplice who is", "title": "Abel Magwitch" }, { "id": "1318982", "score": "1.6402724", "text": "Drummle and warns her about him; she replies that she has no qualms about entrapping him. A week after he turns 23 years old, Pip learns that his benefactor is the convict he encountered in the churchyard, Abel Magwitch, who had been transported to New South Wales after that escape. He has become wealthy after gaining his freedom there, but cannot return to England. However, he returns to see Pip, who was the motivation for all his success. Pip is shocked, and stops taking money from him. Subsequently, Pip and Herbert Pocket devise a plan for Magwitch to escape from", "title": "Great Expectations" }, { "id": "16178638", "score": "1.6356153", "text": "Great Expectations (2011 miniseries) Great Expectations is a three-part BBC television drama adaptation by Sarah Phelps of the Charles Dickens’s 1861 novel of the same name, starring Ray Winstone as Magwitch, Gillian Anderson as Miss Havisham, Douglas Booth as Pip, Vanessa Kirby as Estella and David Suchet as Jaggers. The adaptation was first broadcast on British television over the Christmas period in 2011. Anderson's casting as Miss Havisham drew attention to the production due to her being a mere 43 compared to other actresses who have played her. However, critical reception was generally positive. In 2012, the PBS broadcast earned", "title": "Great Expectations (2011 miniseries)" }, { "id": "6235799", "score": "1.6215601", "text": "his accounts for nine years. During this period he had embezzled nearly £6,000. Threatened with legal proceedings Charles Barrow fled abroad, eventually dying in the Isle of Man, outside English legal jurisdiction, in 1826, when Dickens was fourteen years old. Legal outlawry must have produced some cloaked, mysterious references to his absent maternal grandfather. Flight overseas for suspected felons, bankrupts and indeed any persons visited with moral or social disgrace, was a commonplace of Victorian life and fiction. But two situations are always charged with heightened atmosphere in Dickens' novels. The first is the menace that forever surrounds the lives", "title": "Abel Magwitch" }, { "id": "6235798", "score": "1.6209545", "text": "the infirmary when Pip at last tells him that his child, Estella, is alive. Pip goes on to tell him that she is a beautiful lady and that he, Pip, was in love with her. Pip has found this information out, as Wemmick told him Molly's story and he recognized her to be Estella's mother. With a last pressure on Pip's hand, Magwitch dies a good and very content man. Charles Barrow, Charles Dickens' maternal grandfather, had been the Head of the Moneys Section at the Navy Pay Office. In 1810 it was found that he had been systematically falsifying", "title": "Abel Magwitch" }, { "id": "1319020", "score": "1.6185918", "text": "Dickens' revised second ending, in the published novel, leaves his future uncertain. Julian Monayhan argues that the reader can better understand Pip's personality through analyzing his relationship with Orlick, the criminal laborer who works at Joe Gargery's forge, than by looking at his relationship with Magwitch. Following Monayhan, David Trotter notes that Orlick is Pip's shadow. Co-workers in the forge, both find themselves at Miss Havisham's, where Pip enters and joins the company, while Orlick, attending the door, stays out. Pip considers Biddy a sister; Orlick has other plans for her; Pip is connected to Magwitch, Orlick to Magwitch's nemesis,", "title": "Great Expectations" }, { "id": "1318989", "score": "1.5951095", "text": "and remunerative reading tours. His domestic life had, however, disintegrated in the late 1850s and he had separated from his wife, Catherine Dickens, and was having a secret affair with the much younger Ellen Ternan. The introduction of the 1984 Penguin English Library edition suggests that the reluctance with which Ellen Ternan became his mistress is reflected in the icy teasing of Estella in \"Great Expectations\". In his \"Book of Memoranda\", begun in 1855, Dickens wrote names for possible characters: Magwitch, Provis, Clarriker, Compey, Pumblechook, Orlick, Gargery, Wopsle, Skiffins, some of which became familiar in \"Great Expectations\". There is also", "title": "Great Expectations" }, { "id": "1319043", "score": "1.5915394", "text": "Miss Havisham's. Trotter emphasizes the importance of Magwitch's greasy banknotes. Beyond the Pip's emotional reaction the notes reveal that Dickens' views on social and economic progress have changed in the years prior to the publication of \"Great Expectations\". His novels and \"Household Words\" extensively reflect Dickens' views, and, his efforts to contribute to social progress expanded in the 1840s. To illustrate his point, he cites Humphry House who, succinctly, writes that in \"Pickwick Papers\", \"a bad smell was a bad smell\", whereas in \"Our Mutual Friend\" and \"Great Expectations\", \"it is a problem\". At the time of The Great Exhibition", "title": "Great Expectations" }, { "id": "6975672", "score": "1.5903659", "text": "Magwitch, a main character of Charles Dickens' 1861 novel \"Great Expectations\". The most famous convict novel is Marcus Clarke's \"For the Term of His Natural Life\" (1874), followed by John Boyle O'Reilly's \"Moondyne\" (1879). \"The Broad Arrow\" by Caroline Woolmer Leakey was one of the first novels to depict the convict experience, and one of the only to feature a female convict as its protagonist (Marcus Clarke drew on Leakey's book in writing \"For the Term of His Natural Life\"). Thomas Keneally explores the convict era in his novels \"Bring Larks and Heroes\" (1967) and \"The Playmaker\" (1987). Convicts feature", "title": "Convicts in Australia" } ]

[ "1982", "", "one thousand, nine hundred and eighty-two", "one thousand nine hundred and eighty two" ]

[ { "id": "12090830", "score": "1.7926279", "text": "Alfredo Astiz (known as the \"blond angel of death\") were landed and the British set up a station to monitor the activities there. Argentine forces invaded the Falkland Islands on 2 April 1982 and took Grytviken the following day, leaving 44 marines. Despite seizing Grytviken and Leith, the Argentines were not able to take the entire island and several British Antarctic Survey field camps remained in the hands of the United Kingdom throughout the length of the war. In response to the Argentine invasion, the British launched Operation Corporate (the recapture of the Falkland Islands) of which Operation Paraquet was", "title": "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute" }, { "id": "14337734", "score": "1.7810882", "text": "1938. In November 1976, Argentina landed and occupied the uninhabited islands of Southern Thule which had been in British possession since the 18th century. In the early hours of 2 April 1982, in the wake of violent anti-government riots in Buenos Aires, the military junta, which ruled Argentina, launched an invasion of the Falkland Islands. Faced with overwhelming Argentine force, Sir Rex Hunt (British Governor of the Islands) surrendered to Admiral Carlos Büsser (the Argentine amphibious force commander) at 9.15am. The next day, Argentina sent troops to capture and occupy South Georgia and the uninhabited South Sandwich Islands. Historically, Argentina", "title": "Occupation of the Falkland Islands" }, { "id": "7814709", "score": "1.7511727", "text": "Thatcher's popularity plummeted; most predictions had her losing the next election. In Argentina, an unstable military junta was in power and keen on reversing its huge economic unpopularity. On 2 April 1982, it invaded the Falkland Islands, the only invasion of a British territory since World War II. Argentina has claimed the islands since an 1830s dispute on their settlement. Thatcher sent a naval task force to recapture the Islands. The ensuing Falklands War saw the swift defeat of Argentina in only a few days of fighting, resulting in a wave of patriotic enthusiasm for Thatcher personally, at a time", "title": "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)" }, { "id": "9525814", "score": "1.7452948", "text": "countries (the other being Colombia), to support Britain (and then only indirectly) by providing a military and naval diversion. In 1978 Argentina initiated Operation \"Soberania\" in order to invade the islands around Cape Horn, but stopped the operation a few hours later for military and political reasons. The Argentine government planned to seize the disputed Beagle Channel islands after the occupation of the Falklands. Basilio Lami Dozo disclosed that Leopoldo Galtieri announced to him that \"\"[Chile] have to know that what we are doing now, because they will be the next in turn.\" Also Óscar Camilión, the last Argentine Foreign", "title": "Events leading to the Falklands War" }, { "id": "267723", "score": "1.7350345", "text": "of peace will take longer than the battles of war\". It was later disclosed that Thatcher suggested threatening Saddam with chemical weapons after the invasion of Kuwait. On 2 April 1982 the ruling military junta in Argentina ordered the invasion of the British possessions of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia, triggering the Falklands War. The subsequent crisis was \"a defining moment of her premiership\". At the suggestion of Harold Macmillan and Robert Armstrong, she set up and chaired a small War Cabinet (formally called ODSA, Overseas and Defence committee, South Atlantic) to oversee the conduct of the war, which", "title": "Margaret Thatcher" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of events in the Cold War\n\nThis is a timeline of the main events of the Cold War, a state of and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union, its allies in the Warsaw Pact and later the People's Republic of China).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Timeline of events in the Cold War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1982\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "1982" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "1980s" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alexander Haig\n\nAlexander Meigs Haig Jr. (; December 2, 1924February 20, 2010) was United States Secretary of State under President Ronald Reagan and White House Chief of Staff under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Prior to and in between these cabinet-level positions, he was a general in the United States Army, serving first as the vice chief of staff of the Army and then as Supreme Allied Commander Europe. In 1973, Haig became the youngest four-star general in the U.S. Army's history.\n\nBorn in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, Haig served in the Korean War after graduating from the United States Military Academy. In the Korean War, he served as an aide to General Alonzo Patrick Fox and General Edward Almond. After the war, he served as an aide to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. During the Vietnam War, Haig commanded a battalion and later a brigade of the 1st Infantry Division. For his service, Haig was a recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross, the Silver Star with oak leaf cluster and the Purple Heart.\n\nIn 1969 Haig became an assistant to National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger. He became vice chief of staff of the Army, the second-highest-ranking position in the Army, in 1972. After the 1973 resignation of H. R. Haldeman, Haig became President Nixon's chief of staff. Serving in the wake of the Watergate scandal, he became especially influential in the final months of Nixon's tenure; he played a role in persuading Nixon to resign in August 1974. Haig continued to serve as chief of staff for the first month of President Ford's tenure. From 1974 to 1979, Haig served as Supreme Allied Commander Europe, commanding all NATO forces in Europe. He retired from the army in 1979 and pursued a career in business.\n\nAfter Reagan won the 1980 United States presidential election, he nominated Haig to be his secretary of state. After the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan, Haig said \"I am in control here\", allegedly suggesting (erroneously since the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, when the Speaker of the House of Representatives was designated the second in the line of succession after the vice president) that he served as acting U.S. president in Reagan's and Bush's absence, later iterating that he meant that he was functionally in control of the government. During the Falklands War, Haig sought to broker peace between the United Kingdom and Argentina. He resigned from Reagan's cabinet in July 1982. After leaving office, he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican Party presidential primaries. He also served as the head of a consulting firm and hosted the television program \"World Business Review\".", "title": "Alexander Haig" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of the 20th century\n\nThis is a timeline of the 20th century.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Timeline of the 20th century" }, { "id": "529564", "score": "1.7334548", "text": "that point. Galtieri instituted limited political reforms which allowed the expression of dissent, and anti-junta demonstrations soon became common, as did agitation for a return to democracy. In April 1982, after Galtieri had been in office for four months and with his popularity low, Argentine forces invaded the lightly defended Falkland Islands, governed by the United Kingdom and subject to a long-standing Argentine territorial claim. The UK and other countries condemned the forcible annexation, while Peru and other Latin American countries supported it. (The U.S. and Chile eventually joined the countries supporting the British position.) Initially the invasion was enormously", "title": "Leopoldo Galtieri" }, { "id": "14337743", "score": "1.7310091", "text": "Six days later, on 20 June, British forces landed on the South Sandwich Islands and Southern Thule where 10 unarmed Argentines handed over their station. 649 Argentines, 255 Brits and 3 Falkland Islanders died during the war. The Argentine Administration officially continued to exist until 15 May 1985 when it was dissolved by President Raúl Alfonsín. Since then, Argentina has claimed the islands are part of Tierra del Fuego (then an Argentine National Territory) which became a fully-fledged province of Argentina in 1990. Occupation of the Falkland Islands The occupation of the Falkland Islands and of South Georgia and the", "title": "Occupation of the Falkland Islands" }, { "id": "9525806", "score": "1.7282772", "text": "conflict, Argentina was the aggressor. In general, the Soviet Union stayed aloof from the situation. Both NATO member UK and the proactively anti-Communist regime in Argentina at the time were enemies of the USSR. However, the Soviet Union did have several interests in the South Atlantic/Antarctic region. Angola had recently become independent, in a war in which the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) received support from the Soviet Union and its allies, and this was considered a highly important Cold War conflict, especially in regard to the south Atlantic. In fact, the Falklands War occurred at a", "title": "Events leading to the Falklands War" }, { "id": "6093084", "score": "1.7200189", "text": "announcing the withdrawal of HMS \"Endurance\", the Royal Navy's icebreaker ship and only permanent presence in the South Atlantic. The UK had also denied Falkland Islanders full British citizenship under the British Nationality Act 1981. In 1982, Argentina was in the midst of a devastating economic crisis and large-scale civil unrest against the repressive military junta that was governing the country. On 2 April, with Argentine Navy commander-in-chief Admiral Jorge Anaya as the main architect and supporter of the operation, a combined Argentine amphibious force invaded the Islands. Immediately, the UK severed diplomatic ties with Argentina, and began to assemble", "title": "Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute" }, { "id": "973130", "score": "1.7180759", "text": "After Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands in April 1982, Benn argued that the dispute should be settled by the United Nations and that the British Government should not send a task force to recapture the islands. The task force was sent, and following the Falklands War, they were back in British control by mid-June. In a debate in the Commons just after the Falklands were recaptured, Benn's demand for \"a full analysis of the costs in life, equipment and money in this tragic and unnecessary war\" was rejected by Margaret Thatcher, who stated that \"he would not enjoy the freedom", "title": "Tony Benn" }, { "id": "11091562", "score": "1.7093105", "text": "invasion of the Falkland Islands, starting the Falklands War, Argentine naval forces seized control of the east coast of South Georgia after overpowering a small group of Royal Marines at Grytviken on 3 April 1982. On 22 April 1982, the British task force arrived in Falklands waters and three days later British troops recaptured South Georgia. On 14 June Argentine forces formally surrendered in the Falkland Islands and on 20 June British forces retook the South Sandwich Islands (which involved accepting the surrender of the Southern Thule Garrison at the Corbeta Uruguay base). In 1985 the Dependencies became the distinct", "title": "Falkland Islands Dependencies" }, { "id": "8981709", "score": "1.7075894", "text": "and the dispute escalated with passing time. In April 1982, the disagreement became an armed conflict when Argentina invaded the Falklands and other British territories in the South Atlantic, briefly occupying them until a UK expeditionary force retook the territories in June. After the war, the United Kingdom expanded its military presence, building RAF Mount Pleasant and increasing the size of its garrison. The war also left some 117 minefields containing nearly 20,000 mines of various types, including anti-vehicle and anti-personnel mines. Due to the large number of deminer casualties, initial attempts to clear the mines ceased in 1983. Based", "title": "Falkland Islands" }, { "id": "6742075", "score": "1.7043443", "text": "of North Sea oil were discovered off the coast of Britain. Ken Livingstone became head of the Labour Party, and his \"True Labour\" movement gained power over Shirley Brown's Conservative Party in a 1995 general election. In 1996, Prime Minister Livingstone ordered the removal of all American military bases from the British Isles; by 1998, a newly isolationist United States had withdrawn completely from Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). By 1999, Prince Charles was King of the United Kingdom. The United States and Volgan Republic had a secret agreement, carving up the world into spheres of influence.", "title": "Invasion! (2000 AD)" }, { "id": "18207006", "score": "1.7038264", "text": "spoke to an Argentine tourist about the issue in the 1970s. He states that he started studying the history of the Falkland Islands in 1976 and concluded after two years of research that \"Argentina had absolute rights over the island territory\". In 1982 the Argentine military government invaded the Falklands and occupied the islands for 74 days, which led to the Falklands war between Argentina and the United Kingdom. Betts left the Falklands a few days after the Argentine surrender, with his wife and children remaining on the islands. The reasons and circumstances surrounding Betts' departure from the Falklands are", "title": "Alejandro Betts" }, { "id": "13558504", "score": "1.6936384", "text": "on the Falkland Islands in 1833 gave a context for the 1982 conflict between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the islands. The initial invasion in April 1982 was characterised by Argentina as the re-occupation of its own territory, and by the UK as an invasion of a British overseas territory. Britain launched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Argentine Air Force, and retake the islands by amphibious assault. The use of Britain's nuclear submarine force led to the sinking of the Argentinian cruiser the Belgrano and the consequent non-intervention of the Argentine navy. In the", "title": "Military history of South America" }, { "id": "9525807", "score": "1.6890225", "text": "point when the Cold War had re-escalated, with the election of Ronald Reagan in the USA in the previous year, and the Soviet war in Afghanistan in full swing. According to Hugh Bicheno: Also, the USSR maintained a number of Antarctic bases, some not far from the area of conflict, such as Bellingshausen Station in the South Shetlands, an area claimed by both Argentina and the UK. The USSR had just opened a new Antarctic base two years before — Russkaya Station — albeit on the other side of Antarctica. Warsaw Pact member Poland also operated the Henryk Arctowski base", "title": "Events leading to the Falklands War" }, { "id": "11566878", "score": "1.6885128", "text": "on the US would go through Canadian airspace. This led to the construction of a series of linked radar stations across Canada, including the Distant Early Warning Line, and Canada's entry in the North American Aerospace Defense agreement (NORAD) with the US. After the death of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, Canada hoped tensions would ease, and then Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester Pearson traveled to the Soviet Union for talks with Nikita Khrushchev in 1955, the first NATO foreign minister to do so. However, tension arose again over the Hungarian Revolution and Suez Crisis in 1956. In 1962", "title": "Canada–Soviet Union relations" }, { "id": "11753496", "score": "1.6869797", "text": "Britain was the main purchaser of Argentine beef and grain. During the Second World War, Argentina refused to go along with the American anti-German policies. Washington responded by trying to shut down Argentine exports. President Franklin Roosevelt asked Prime Minister Winston Churchill to stop buying Argentine beef and grain. Churchill refused, saying the food was urgently needed. On 2 April 1982, Argentina under President Leopoldo Galtieri launched an invasion of the Falkland Islands () and on 3 April 1982 this was followed by the Argentine invasion of South Georgia Island. This resulted in the British deploying forces to the Falkland", "title": "Argentina–United Kingdom relations" }, { "id": "12008620", "score": "1.6851437", "text": "the \"little\" Evout, Hoorn, Deceit and Barnevelt islands, then both groups of islands. Finally, on Friday 15 December 1978 Argentina's President Jorge Videla signed the order to invade on 21 December 1978 at 04:30 as the beginning of the invasion, but it was postponed to the next day because of the bad weather conditions in the landing zone. At the time of the crisis, the Argentine military was substantially larger than that of Chile; in addition, the Chilean regime was more politically isolated and had suffered deteriorating relations with its chief suppliers of arms. The Chilean military, however, had the", "title": "Operation Soberanía" }, { "id": "6093086", "score": "1.6833076", "text": "Argentine military. The United States supported mediated talks, via Secretary of State Alexander Haig, and initially took a neutral stance, although in private substantial material aid was made available to the UK from the moment of invasion. The US publicly supported the UK's position following the failure of peace talks. The British Task Force began offensive action against Argentina on 23 April 1982 and recaptured South Georgia after a short naval engagement. The operation to recover the Falkland Islands began on 1 May, and after fierce naval and air engagements an amphibious landing was made at San Carlos Bay on", "title": "Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute" } ]

[ "Marathoner", "42.195 km", "Marathonist", "wheelchair marathon", "Marathons", "marathonist", "marathon runner", "26 2", "Marathon (race)", "42.195 kilometers", "Marathon distance", "42 195 km", "marathon", "Marathoners", "marathon distance", "marathoners", "Marathon race", "Full marathon", "26.2", "marathon running", "marathon sport", "Marathon running", "Wheelchair marathon", "Marathon (sports)", "Marathon runner", "42 195 kilometers", "marathoner", "Marathon", "marathon race", "marathon sports", "Marathon (sport)", "marathons", "full marathon" ]

[ { "id": "17848134", "score": "1.5690844", "text": "4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics The 4×400 metres relay at the Summer Olympics is the longest track relay event held at the multi-sport event. The men's relay has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1912 and the women's event has been continuously held since the 1972 Olympics. It is the most prestigious 4×400 m relay race at elite level. At the 1908 Summer Olympics, a precursor to this event was held – the 1600 m medley relay. This event, with two legs of 200 m, one of 400 m, and a final leg of 800", "title": "4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics" }, { "id": "17844926", "score": "1.5657094", "text": "(IOC) later decided not to recognise these games as part of the official Olympic series. Some sports historians continue to treat the results of these games as part of the Olympic canon. At this event a men's five-mile race was held – the first time a long-distance event featured at an Olympic competition. A British runner, Henry Hawtrey, won the event. Two 1908 Olympic participants for Sweden, John Svanberg and Edward Dahl, were the minor medalists. 10,000 metres at the Olympics The 10,000 metres at the Summer Olympics is the longest track running event held at the multi-sport event. The", "title": "10,000 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": "17844921", "score": "1.5377848", "text": "10,000 metres at the Olympics The 10,000 metres at the Summer Olympics is the longest track running event held at the multi-sport event. The men's 10,000 m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1912. The women's event was added to the programme over seventy years later, at the 1988 Olympics. It is the most prestigious 10,000 m race at elite level. The competition format is a straight final between around 30 athletes, although prior to 2004 a qualifying round was held. The Olympic records for the event were both set by Ethiopians at the 2008 Beijing Olympics", "title": "10,000 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": "6981834", "score": "1.4918761", "text": "event. The international distance is equal to approximately 6.2137 miles (or, approximately 32,808.4 feet). Most of those running such races also compete in road races and cross country events. Added to the Olympic programme in 1912, athletes from Finland, nicknamed the \"Flying Finns\", dominated the event until the late 1940s. In the 1960s, African runners began to come to the fore. In 1988, the women's competition debuted in the Olympic Games. Official records are kept for outdoor 10,000 metre track events. The world record for men is held by Kenenisa Bekele of Ethiopia in 26:17.53, posted at Brussels, Belgium on", "title": "10,000 metres" }, { "id": "18053777", "score": "1.4803562", "text": "the first two editions, the women's event was extended to match the men's 20 km distance from the 2000 Sydney Olympics onwards. Women have never commonly competed internationally over 50 km, thus it has never been proposed as an Olympic event – as of 2012 it remains the only event on the Olympic athletics programme in which men compete, but women do not have an equivalent. The 50 km is also the longest distance race for an Olympic athletics event. The Olympic records in racewalking were all broken at the 2012 London Olympics. In the 20 km walk Chen Ding", "title": "Race walking at the Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Long-distance running\n\nLong-distance running, or endurance running, is a form of continuous running over distances of at least . Physiologically, it is largely aerobic in nature and requires stamina as well as mental strength.\n\nWithin endurance running comes two different types of respiration. The more prominent side that runners experience more frequently is aerobic respiration. This occurs when oxygen is present, and the body is able to utilize oxygen to help generate energy and muscle activity. On the other side, anaerobic respiration occurs when the body is deprived of oxygen, and this is common towards the final stretch of races when there is a drive to speed up to a greater intensity. Overall, both types of respiration are used by endurance runners quite often, but are very different from each other.\n\nAmong mammals, humans are well adapted for running significant distances, and particularly so among primates. The capacity for endurance running is also found in migratory ungulates and a limited number of terrestrial carnivores, such as bears, dogs, wolves and hyenas.\n\nIn modern human society, long-distance running has multiple purposes: people may engage in it for physical exercise, for recreation, as a means of travel, for economic reasons, or for cultural reasons. Long-distance running can also be used as a means to improve cardiovascular health. \n\nEndurance running is often a component of physical military training. Long-distance running as a form of tradition or ceremony is known among the Hopi and Tarahumara people, among others.\n\nIn the sport of athletics, long-distance events are defined as races covering and above. The three most common types are track running, road running and cross country running, all of which are defined by their terrain – all-weather tracks, roads and natural terrain, respectively.", "title": "Long-distance running" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Relay race\n\nA relay race is a racing competition where members of a team take turns completing parts of racecourse or performing a certain action. Relay races take the form of professional races and amateur games. Relay races are common in running, orienteering, swimming, cross-country skiing, biathlon, or ice skating (usually with a baton in the fist). In the Olympic Games, there are several types of relay races that are part of track and field. Relay race, also called Relay, a track-and-field sport consisting of a set number of stages (legs), usually four, each leg run by a different member of a team. The runner finishing one leg is usually required to pass the next runner a stick-like object known as a \"baton\" while both are running in a marked exchange zone. In most relays, team members cover equal distances: Olympic events for both men and women are the 400-metre (4 × 100-metre) and 1,600-metre (4 × 400-metre) relays. Some non-Olympic relays are held at distances of 800 m, 3,200 m, and 6,000 m. In the less frequently run medley relays, however, the athletes cover different distances in a prescribed order—as in a sprint medley of 200, 200, 400, 800 metres or a distance medley of 1,200, 400, 800, 1,600 metres.", "title": "Relay race" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Marathon\n\nThe marathon is a long-distance foot race with a distance of , usually run as a road race, but the distance can be covered on trail routes. The marathon can be completed by running or with a run/walk strategy. There are also wheelchair divisions. More than 800 marathons are held throughout the world each year, with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes, as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants.\n\nThe marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896. The distance did not become standardized until 1921. The distance is also included in the World Athletics Championships, which began in 1983. It is the only running road race included in both championship competitions (walking races on the roads are also contested in both).", "title": "Marathon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ultramarathon\n\nAn ultramarathon, also called ultra distance or ultra running, is any footrace longer than the traditional marathon length of . Various distances are raced competitively, from the shortest common ultramarathon of to over . 50k and 100k are both World Athletics record distances, but some races are among the oldest and most prestigious events, especially in North America. Around 100 miles is typically the longest course distance raced in under 24 hours, but there are also longer multi-day races of or more, sometimes raced in stages with breaks for sleep. While some ultras are road races, most take place on trails, leading to a large overlap with the sports of trail running and mountain running.", "title": "Ultramarathon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Middle-distance running\n\nMiddle-distance running events are track races longer than sprints, up to 3000 metres. The standard middle distances are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and mile run, although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle-distance event. The 1500 m came about as a result of running laps of a 400 m outdoor track or laps of a 200 m indoor track, which were commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century.", "title": "Middle-distance running" }, { "id": "17999524", "score": "1.4693751", "text": "m in the marathon. The event's popularity increased with 420 competitors, 480 volunteers and a large audience attending the event. In 1989, the swimming distance of long-distance triathlon was reduced to 3800 m, to meet the specifications of the French Triathlon Federation (FFTRI). In 1990, the route was changed for the last time with the introduction, in the bike portion, of the ascent of the Col d'Izoard. This new route of 186 km in one loop is characterized by increased difficulty: 3600 m of climbing. In 2008, despite the competition of the Olympic Games in Beijing, the event see a", "title": "Embrunman" }, { "id": "17844925", "score": "1.4691048", "text": "the only Kenyan to have won Olympic gold. It was not the first long-distance track event to feature at an Olympic competition: 5-mile (8 km) races featured at the 1906 Intercalated Games and the 1908 Summer Olympics before the metric 5000 metres and 10,000 m events were initiated. The 1906 Intercalated Games were held in Athens and at the time were officially recognised as part of the Olympic Games series, with the intention being to hold a games in Greece in two-year intervals between the internationally held Olympics. However, this plan never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee", "title": "10,000 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": "7475377", "score": "1.4556327", "text": "Olympic Association that the 1908 Olympics would include a marathon of about 25 miles or 40 kilometres. The British Olympic Council handed responsibility for organising the Marathon to the Amateur Athletic Association, but they had no experience at organising a road race of such a length. In late 1907, an offer was made by Jack Andrew honorary secretary of the Polytechnic Harriers to take over the task. This was accepted in February 1908, though already, in November 1907, a route of \"about 25 to 26 miles in distance\" had been published in the newspapers, starting at Windsor Castle and finishing", "title": "Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon" }, { "id": "17844895", "score": "1.455054", "text": "5000 metres at the Olympics The 5000 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the fifth edition of the multi-sport event. The men's 5000 m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1912. The 3000 metres was the first women's Olympic long-distance track event, making its initial appearance at the 1984 Olympics, and this distance was extended to match the men's event from 1996 onwards. It is the most prestigious 5000 m race at elite level. The competition format typically has two qualifying heats leading to a final between fifteen athletes. The Olympic records for the", "title": "5000 metres at the Olympics" }, { "id": "17845112", "score": "1.4529531", "text": "4 × 100 metres relay at the Olympics The 4×100 metres relay at the Summer Olympics is the shortest track relay event held at the multi-sport event. The men's relay has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1912 and the women's event has been continuously held since the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam. It is the most prestigious 4×100 m relay race at elite level. The competition has two parts: a first round and an eight-team final. Historically, there has been a semi-final round, but this has been eliminated as selection is now determined by time – the", "title": "4 × 100 metres relay at the Olympics" }, { "id": "12365062", "score": "1.4454827", "text": "in London's original 2005 bid for the Games and broke with the normal Olympic tradition that the race finishes inside the main Olympic Stadium. The 2012 Summer Olympics was the third to be held in London. The stated distance of the marathon at the London 1908 Summer Olympics – 26 miles and 385 yards, later converted to metric units as 42.195 kilometres – formed the basis of the standard distance adopted by International Association of Athletics Federations in 1921. The route, as confirmed in October 2010, starts on The Mall about 350 metres from the Victoria Memorial and has four", "title": "2012 Olympic Marathon Course" }, { "id": "12365081", "score": "1.4407704", "text": "standard length for a marathon, and the 1908 marathon course was originally to have been 25 miles, passing through Uxbridge, Ruislip, Harrow-on-the-Hill before ending at the White City Stadium. It was extended to 26 miles and 385 yards (42.195 km) to avoid troublesome cobbles and tram lines, because of access restrictions at Windsor Castle and to improve visibility to the spectators, including Queen Alexandra, for the finishing stretch inside the stadium. This distance subsequently became the official length of the marathon. In 1948, London hosted the first Olympic Games to be held after World War II the \"austerity games\". The", "title": "2012 Olympic Marathon Course" }, { "id": "17848139", "score": "1.4407258", "text": "remain champions. Sanya Richards-Ross is the most successful athlete in the event, having three straight wins from 2004 to 2012. Americans Steve Lewis and Jeremy Wariner are the only men to win the title twice, and Chris Brown of the Bahamas is the only man to reach the podium three times. 4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics The 4×400 metres relay at the Summer Olympics is the longest track relay event held at the multi-sport event. The men's relay has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1912 and the women's event has been continuously held since", "title": "4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics" }, { "id": "18464455", "score": "1.436892", "text": "at Zofingen, Switzerland. The Zofingen event, known as Powerman Zofingen, claims to be \"The most famous and toughest duathlon in the world\", and is the longest course over which the championships have been held. The event is also the final of the Powerman Duathlon World Series. ITU Long Distance Duathlon World Championships The ITU Long Distance Duathlon World Championships is a long-distance duathlon race, held annually since 1997, except for a break in 2009 and 2010. The championships involve a continuous run-cycle-run. The distances are typically around two to three times those of the shorter ITU Duathlon World Championships, in", "title": "ITU Long Distance Duathlon World Championships" }, { "id": "597397", "score": "1.4294987", "text": "later recognized by the race organizers as the women's winner for that year, as well as 1967 and 1968. The length of an Olympic marathon was not precisely fixed at first, but the marathon races in the first few Olympic Games were about , roughly the distance from Marathon to Athens by the longer, flatter route. The exact length depended on the route established for each venue. The International Olympic Committee agreed in 1907 that the distance for the 1908 London Olympic marathon would be about 25 miles or 40 kilometres. The organisers decided on a course of 26 miles", "title": "Marathon" }, { "id": "368656", "score": "1.427263", "text": "distance was chosen to ensure that the race finished in front of the box occupied by the British royal family. Thus the marathon had been for the first games in 1896, but was subsequently varied by up to due to local conditions such as street and stadium layout. At the six Olympic games between 1900 and 1920, the marathon was raced over six distances. At the end of the 1908 marathon the Italian runner Dorando Pietri was first to enter the stadium, but he was clearly in distress, and collapsed of exhaustion before he could complete the event. He was", "title": "Summer Olympic Games" }, { "id": "17850774", "score": "1.4262718", "text": "Steeplechase at the Olympics The steeplechase at the Summer Olympics has been held over several distances and is the longest track event with obstacles held at the multi-sport event. The men's 3000 metres steeplechase has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1920. The women's event is the most recent addition to the programme, having been added at the 2008 Olympics. It is the most prestigious steeplechase track race at elite level. The Olympic records for the event are 8:03.28 minutes for men, set by Conseslus Kipruto in 2016, and 8:58.81 minutes for women, set by Gulnara Galkina in", "title": "Steeplechase at the Olympics" }, { "id": "1542134", "score": "1.425767", "text": "was held from 1986 to 1998, with six-member teams covering the classic marathon distance. Races under are run in a day, with each runner covering one or two legs. Longer relays are run overnight, with each runner typically covering three legs. The world's longest relay race is Japan's Prince Takamatsu Cup Nishinippon Round-Kyūshū Ekiden, which begins in Nagasaki and continues for . For the 2017 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, a mixed relay race was added (4 × 2 km). Medley relay events are also occasionally held in track meets, usually consisting of teams of four runners running progressively longer", "title": "Relay race" }, { "id": "932955", "score": "1.4236765", "text": "paving outside the building. The Marathon from these London Olympics played an important part in the development of the modern marathon race. In the early years of competitive international sport, the long distance marathon race did not have a standard set distance. The distance run at the first seven Olympics from 1896 to 1920 varied between 40km and 42.75 km. The starting point of the race at the 1908 Olympics was at Windsor Castle creating a distance of 26 miles 385 yards (42.195 km) to the finishing line at White City stadium. In 1921 this was adopted as the standard", "title": "White City, London" }, { "id": "17915179", "score": "1.4231384", "text": "Olympics marked the introduction of the now standard distance of 26 miles, 385 yards (42.195 km). However, it was not until the 1924 Paris Olympics that this distance became the standard at the Olympics. The Olympic marathon proved immediately popular in the Western world and quickly spawned numerous long-running annual races, including the Boston Marathon in 1897, the Tour de Paris Marathon in 1902, the Yonkers Marathon in 1907, and the London Polytechnic Marathon in 1909. Such marathons played a key role in the expansion of the road running movement internationally over the course of the 20th century. It has", "title": "Marathons at the Olympics" } ]

[ "still photographers", "photographics", "art photography", "Photography as an art form", "Early photography", "photography history of", "Yachting photography", "yachting photography", "Photographing", "fotografy", "Photographic", "Pet photography", "photography", "Commercial Photography", "Photographics", "Photography", "Photography techniques", "photography techniques", "photographic technique", "Commercial photography", "commercial photography", "Photo picture", "Technology of Photography", "Photographic technique", "photo picture", "photographic", "photography as art form", "Fotografy", "Photography, History of", "pet photography", "photo s", "Photo's", "technology of photography", "print finishing", "Pet Photography", "Commercial photographer", "early photography", "commercial photographer", "Art Photography", "Photography business", "Print finishing", "Still photographers", "photography business", "photographing" ]

[ { "id": "721152", "score": "1.5598415", "text": "Man Ray Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in Paris. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. He produced major works in a variety of media but considered himself a painter above all. He was best known for his photography, and he was a renowned fashion and portrait photographer. Man Ray is also noted for his work with photograms, which he called \"rayographs\" in reference to himself. During his career as an", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "721170", "score": "1.5011604", "text": "Honorary Fellowship \"in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense.\" In 1999, \"ARTnews\" magazine named Man Ray one of the 25 most influential artists of the 20th century. The publication cited his groundbreaking photography, \"his explorations of film, painting, sculpture, collage, assemblage and prototypes of what would eventually be called performance art and conceptual art.\" \"ARTnews\" further stated that \"Man Ray offered artists in all media an example of a creative intelligence that, in its 'pursuit of", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "721167", "score": "1.485692", "text": "World War. He lived in Los Angeles from 1940 to 1951 where he focused his creative energy on painting. A few days after arriving in Los Angeles, Man Ray met Juliet Browner, a first-generation American of Romanian-Jewish lineage. She was a trained dancer, who studied dance with Martha Graham, and an experienced artists' model. The two married in 1946 in a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. In 1948 Man Ray had a solo exhibition at the Copley Galleries in Beverly Hills, which brought together a wide array of work and featured his newly painted canvases", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "721165", "score": "1.465877", "text": "printing press. With Lee Miller, his photographic assistant and lover, Man Ray reinvented the photographic technique of solarization. He also created a type of photogram he called \"rayographs\", which he described as \"pure dadaism\". Man Ray was in a relationship with the model Adrienne Fidelin during some time between 1936 and 1940, the two parting ways after Ray fled the Nazi occupation in France, while Adrienne chose to stay behind to care for her family. Man Ray directed a number of influential avant-garde short films, known as \"Cinéma Pur\". He directed \"Le Retour à la Raison\" (2 mins, 1923); \"Emak-Bakia\"", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "721156", "score": "1.4457504", "text": "techniques and incorporated them into her own work. Man Ray displayed artistic and mechanical abilities during childhood. His education at Brooklyn's Boys' High School from 1904 to 1909 provided him with solid grounding in drafting and other basic art techniques. While he attended school, he educated himself with frequent visits to the local art museums, where he studied the works of the Old Masters. After his graduation, Ray was offered a scholarship to study architecture but chose to pursue a career as an artist. Man Ray's parents were disappointed by their son's decision to pursue art, but they agreed to", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Manta ray\n\nManta rays are large rays belonging to the genus \"Mobula\" (formerly its own genus \"Manta\"). The larger species, \"M. birostris\", reaches in width, while the smaller, \"M. alfredi\", reaches . Both have triangular pectoral fins, horn-shaped cephalic fins and large, forward-facing mouths. They are classified among the Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives) and are placed in the family Myliobatidae (eagle rays). They have the largest brains and brain to body ratio of all fish, and can pass the mirror test.\n\nMantas are found in warm temperate, subtropical and tropical waters. Both species are pelagic; \"M. birostris\" migrates across open oceans, singly or in groups, while \"M. alfredi\" tends to be resident and coastal. They are filter feeders and eat large quantities of zooplankton, which they gather with their open mouths as they swim. However, research suggests that the majority of their diet (73%) actually comes from mesopelagic sources. Gestation lasts over a year and mantas give birth to live pups. Mantas may visit cleaning stations for the removal of parasites. Like whales, they breach for unknown reasons.\n\nBoth species are listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Anthropogenic threats include pollution, entanglement in fishing nets, and direct harvesting of their gill rakers for use in Chinese medicine. Their slow reproductive rate exacerbates these threats. They are protected in international waters by the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals, but are more vulnerable closer to shore. Areas where mantas congregate are popular with tourists. Only a few public aquariums are large enough to house them.", "title": "Manta ray" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Man Ray\n\nMan Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in Paris. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. He produced major works in a variety of media but considered himself a painter above all. He was best known for his pioneering photography, and was a renowned fashion and portrait photographer. He is also noted for his work with photograms, which he called \"rayographs\" in reference to himself.", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Field of Dreams\n\nField of Dreams is a 1989 American sports fantasy drama film written and directed by Phil Alden Robinson, based on Canadian novelist W. P. Kinsella's 1982 novel \"Shoeless Joe\". The film stars Kevin Costner as a farmer who builds a baseball field in his cornfield that attracts the ghosts of baseball legends, including Shoeless Joe Jackson (Ray Liotta) and the Chicago Black Sox. Amy Madigan, James Earl Jones, and Burt Lancaster (in his final film role) also star. It was theatrically released on May 5, 1989.\n\nThe film received generally positive reviews from critics, and was nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Original Score and Best Adapted Screenplay. In 2017, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "title": "Field of Dreams" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ray Liotta\n\nRaymond Allen Liotta (; December 18, 1954 – May 26, 2022) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Shoeless Joe Jackson in \"Field of Dreams\" (1989) and Henry Hill in Martin Scorsese's \"Goodfellas\" (1990). He was a Primetime Emmy Award winning actor and received nominations for a Golden Globe and two Screen Actors Guild Awards. \nLiotta first gained attention for his role as Ray Sinclair in the Jonathan Demme film \"Something Wild\" (1986), for which he received a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture nomination. He continued to star in films such as \"Unlawful Entry\" (1992), \"No Escape\" (1994), \"Cop Land\" (1997), \"Hannibal\" (2001), \"Blow\" (2001), \"Narc\" (2002), \"John Q\" (2002), \"Identity\" (2003), \"Killing Them Softly\" (2012), \"The Place Beyond the Pines\" (2012), \"Kill the Messenger\" (2014), \"Marriage Story\" (2019), \"Sopranos\" prequel theatrical film \"The Many Saints of Newark\" (2021), and posthumously\", Cocaine Bear\" (2023).\n\nHe was also known for his television work in \"ER\" for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2004. He starred as Frank Sinatra in the television film \"The Rat Pack\" (1998) and Lorca and Tom Mitchell in \"Texas Rising\" (2015) for which he earned Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. He starred in the drama series \"Shades of Blue\" (2016–2018) with Jennifer Lopez and had a prominent voice acting role as Tommy Vercetti in the video game \"\" (2002).", "title": "Ray Liotta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ray Bradbury\n\nRay Douglas Bradbury (; August 22, 1920June 5, 2012) was an American author and screenwriter. One of the most celebrated 20th-century American writers, he worked in a variety of modes, including fantasy, science fiction, horror, mystery, and realistic fiction.\n\nBradbury wrote many works and is widely known by the general public for his novel \"Fahrenheit 451\" (1953) and his short-story collections \"The Martian Chronicles\" (1950) and \"The Illustrated Man\" (1951).<ref name=\"NYT-20120606\" /> Most of his best known work is speculative fiction, but he also worked in other genres, such as the coming of age novel \"Dandelion Wine\" (1957) and the fictionalized memoir \"Green Shadows, White Whale\" (1992). He also wrote and consulted on screenplays and television scripts, including \"Moby Dick\" and \"It Came from Outer Space\". Many of his works were adapted into television and film productions as well as comic books.\n\n\"The New York Times\" called Bradbury \"the writer most responsible for bringing modern science fiction into the literary mainstream.\"", "title": "Ray Bradbury" }, { "id": "721155", "score": "1.445216", "text": "but their tailoring left an enduring mark on his art. Mannequins, flat irons, sewing machines, needles, pins, threads, swatches of fabric, and other items related to tailoring appear in almost every medium of his work. Art historians have noted similarities between Ray's collage and painting techniques and styles used for tailoring. Mason Klein, curator of a Man Ray exhibition at the Jewish Museum in New York, \"Alias Man Ray: The Art of Reinvention\", suggests that the artist may have been \"the first Jewish avant-garde artist.\" Man Ray was the uncle of the photographer Naomi Savage, who learned some of his", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "721171", "score": "1.4421285", "text": "pleasure and liberty', unlocked every door it came to and walked freely where it would.\" Seeking pleasure and liberty was one of Ray's guiding principles, along with others such as doing things that are socially prohibited. In March 2013, Man Ray's photograph \"Noire et Blanche\" (1926) was featured in the United States Postal Service's \"Modern Art in America\" series of stamps. Man Ray Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in Paris. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "721168", "score": "1.4334075", "text": "of the \"Shakespearean Equations\" series. Man Ray returned to Paris in 1951, and settled with Juliet into a studio at 2 bis rue Ferou near the Luxembourg Gardens in St. Germain des Pres, where he continued his creative practice across mediums. During the last quarter century of his life, he returned to a number of his iconic earlier works, recreating them in new form. He also directed the production of limited-edition replicas of several of his objects, working first with Marcel Zerbib and later Arturo Schwarz. In 1963, he published his autobiography, \"Self-Portrait\", which was republished in 1999. He died", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "721163", "score": "1.4248911", "text": "Man Ray's companion for most of the 1920s. She became the subject of some of his most famous photographic images and starred in his experimental films, \"Le Retour à la Raison\" and \"L'Étoile de mer\". In 1929, he began a love affair with the Surrealist photographer Lee Miller. Miller left him in 1932. For the next 20 years in Montparnasse, Man Ray was a distinguished photographer. Significant members of the art world, such as James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Jean Cocteau, Bridget Bate Tichenor, and Antonin Artaud, posed for his camera. Man Ray was represented in the first Surrealist exhibition with", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "721166", "score": "1.4155061", "text": "(16 mins, 1926); \"L'Étoile de Mer\" (15 mins, 1928); and \"Les Mystères du Château de Dé\" (27 mins, 1929). Man Ray also assisted Marcel Duchamp with the cinematography of his film \"Anemic Cinema\" (1926), and Ray personally manned the camera on Fernand Léger's \"Ballet Mécanique\" (1924). In René Clair's film \"Entr'acte\" (1924), Man Ray appeared in a brief scene playing chess with Duchamp. Duchamp, Man Ray, and Francis Picabia were friends and collaborators. The three were connected by their experimental, entertaining, and innovative art. Man Ray was forced to return from Paris to the United States due to the Second", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "16430215", "score": "1.4133174", "text": "very close connections with both Stieglitz and the Arensbergs and was able to work on his mammoth project entitled \"Large Glass\". The most prominent of all the American Dadaists, Man Ray was a highly capable and innovative artist in a number of different mediums. Born in Philadelphia, he is the most prominent native artist amongst the New York Dadaists. Man Ray's style can be said to be something of a merger of mediums; his paintings, sculptures, photographs, and various constructions appear to be intertwined manifestations of all of these mediums in one. One of the ways that he managed to", "title": "New York Dada" }, { "id": "721153", "score": "1.3936336", "text": "artist, Man Ray allowed few details of his early life or family background to be known to the public. He even refused to acknowledge that he ever had a name other than Man Ray. Man Ray's birth name was Emmanuel Radnitzky in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US, in 1890. He was the eldest child of Russian Jewish immigrants Max, a tailor, and Minnie Radnitzky. He had a brother, Sam, and two sisters, Dora and Essie, the youngest born in 1897 shortly after they settled in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. In early 1912, the Radnitzky family changed their surname", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "721157", "score": "1.3789792", "text": "rearrange the family's modest living quarters so that Ray's room could be his studio. The artist remained in the family home over the next four years. During this time, he worked steadily towards becoming a professional painter. Man Ray earned money as a commercial artist and was a technical illustrator at several Manhattan companies. The surviving examples of his work from this period indicate that he attempted mostly paintings and drawings in 19th-century styles. He was already an avid admirer of contemporary avant-garde art, such as the European modernists he saw at Alfred Stieglitz's \"291\" gallery and works by the", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "12983149", "score": "1.363796", "text": "Ray Zone Ray Zone (1947–2012) was an American film historian, author, artist, and pioneer in methods of converting flat images (in particular, comic books) into stereoscopic images. \"Starlog\" called him the \"King of 3-D Comics\", and Artsy Planet called him the \"3D King of Hollywood\". Zone attributed his interest in 3D to having read \"Mighty Mouse\" comic books in 3D at the age of 6, in 1953. He moved to Los Angeles in the early 1980s and began converting flat art to 3D images. He began working in comic books in 1983, and his early collaborations with Jack C. Harris", "title": "Ray Zone" }, { "id": "721164", "score": "1.356144", "text": "Jean Arp, Max Ernst, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Picasso at the Galerie Pierre in Paris in 1925. Important works from this time were a metronome with an eye, originally titled \"Object to Be Destroyed\", and the \"Violon d'Ingres,\" a stunning photograph of Kiki de Montparnasse, styled after the painter/musician Ingres. \"Violon d'Ingres\" is a popular example of how Man Ray could juxtapose disparate elements in his photography to generate meaning. In 1934, surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, known for her fur-covered teacup, posed nude for Man Ray in a well-known series of photographs depicting her standing next to a", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "3819433", "score": "1.3503313", "text": "comedy skit from a foxhole. Columbia loaned out Ray to Security Pictures (who released through United Artists) to appear in \"Men in War\" (1957), opposite Robert Ryan; it was directed by Anthony Mann, who became Ray's favourite director. Ray was given 5% of the profits which he later estimated at having earned him $70,000. Ray was reunited with Security Pictures, Ryan and Mann to star in \"God's Little Acre\" (1958), an adaptation of Erskine Caldwell's controversial novel directed by Mann, starring Robert Ryan and Tina Louise. By the seventh year of his contract with Columbia Ray was earning $750 a", "title": "Aldo Ray" }, { "id": "721154", "score": "1.3433989", "text": "to Ray. Man Ray's brother chose the surname in reaction to the ethnic discrimination and antisemitism prevalent at the time. Emmanuel, who was called \"Manny\" as a nickname, changed his first name to Man and gradually began to use Man Ray as his name. Man Ray's father worked in a garment factory and ran a small tailoring business out of the family home. He enlisted his children to assist him from an early age. Man Ray's mother enjoyed designing the family's clothes and inventing patchwork items from scraps of fabric. Man Ray wished to disassociate himself from his family background,", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "721169", "score": "1.3418934", "text": "in Paris on November 18, 1976, from a lung infection. He was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. Ray's epitaph reads \"unconcerned, but not indifferent\". When Juliet Browner died in 1991, she was interred in the same tomb. Her epitaph reads \"together again\". Juliet organized a trust for his work and donated much of his work to museums. Her plans to restore the studio as a public museum proved too expensive; such was the structure's disrepair. Most of the contents were stored at the Pompidou Center. In 1974, Man Ray received the Royal Photographic Society's Progress Medal and", "title": "Man Ray" }, { "id": "19840661", "score": "1.3399906", "text": "Juliet Man Ray Juliet Man Ray (1911 – January 17, 1991) was an American dancer and model, who became the wife and muse of the artist Man Ray. She was born Juliet Browner, the daughter of Henry Browner, who had emigrated from Romania and later graduated from the Brooklyn College of Pharmacy. She graduated from James Monroe High School and then studied dance with Martha Graham, before becoming a model. She worked as an art model, often for Abstract Expressionist painters, and at the age of 30 moved to Los Angeles, to try to start a movie career. She first", "title": "Juliet Man Ray" }, { "id": "5159079", "score": "1.3383896", "text": "Man Ray (bar) The Man Ray bar was a restaurant-bar in Paris, France. It is named after the artist Man Ray. A former cinema, the bar was once part-owned by American actors Johnny Depp, Sean Penn, John Malkovich and British musician Mick Hucknall, and was located at 34 Rue Marbeuf (near the Champs-Élysées). The club has since been renamed 'World Place', comprising the Lobster Cafe, The Lounge and The Club. This trendier cousin of the Buddha Bar, with a similar neo-Asian décor, changed its name to Mandalaray in 2005. The following are all currently released Man Ray bar compilation CDs:", "title": "Man Ray (bar)" } ]

[ "big bruvva", "Big Brother (song)", "big brother", "Big Brother (film)", "big brother film", "big brother song", "Bigbrother", "BigBrother1", "Big Brother (disambiguation)", "Big brother", "big brother disambiguation", "Big bruvva", "bigbrother1", "bigbrother", "Big Brother" ]

[ { "id": "8064878", "score": "1.753344", "text": "and reality TV has become a standard of television programming. In hindsight it nonetheless became clear that some housemates (like first season's Bart en Ruud) suffered psychological problems akin to post-traumatic stress disorder. They weren't able to bear their 15 minutes of fame. Big Brother (Dutch TV series) Big Brother is the original Dutch version of the international reality television franchise \"Big Brother\". It created the format in which contestants live in an isolated house trying to avoid being evicted by the public with the aim of a prize at the end. This Endemol production set the rules for other", "title": "Big Brother (Dutch TV series)" }, { "id": "8064868", "score": "1.7205678", "text": "called for a luxurious house with six contestants, closed for a year. The winner would receive 1,000,000 guilders. The working title was \"De Gouden Kooi\" (The Golden Cage) and the original concept was eventually realized as a reality show on Dutch television at the end of 2006. The group came up with the idea after the 1991 Biosphere 2 experiment in the Arizona desert, in which eight men and women discovered how hard it is to live together inside an airtight glass and steel geodesic dome that sought to replicate the Earth's environment. \"Big Brother\" alternated deprivation with excess. The", "title": "Big Brother (Dutch TV series)" }, { "id": "11831592", "score": "1.7168941", "text": "live show. He thought he had been treated unfairly and only agreed to leave the next day, after being allowed to make a public statement. Housemates nominate for two points (top of the box) and one point (bottom of the box) and the three or more Housemates with the most nomination points face the public vote. Big Brother (Dutch season 2) Big Brother 2000 is the second season of \"Big Brother (Netherlands)\", was again broadcast by Veronica. It lasted from 14 September till 30 December 2000 (108 days). The presenters were Beau van Erven Dorens and Esther Duller. This season", "title": "Big Brother (Dutch season 2)" }, { "id": "8064870", "score": "1.678444", "text": "from Jennifer Ringley, a Washington resident who created it in 1997 to share her activities with Webwatchers. In development, occupancy of the house was reduced to 100 days. An existing house was abandoned in favor of a prefabricated house. This made it possible to install \"camera-cross\", which allowed cameramen inside the house without being seen by the inhabitants. Originally, the idea was to produce a heavily edited weekly program, but after some experiments with the employees of the production house, the allure of slow television was discovered and the potential for a daily program was realized. George Orwell's book \"Nineteen", "title": "Big Brother (Dutch TV series)" }, { "id": "11827542", "score": "1.6729821", "text": "made it to the final and finished third. Big Brother (Dutch season 1) The first season of the Dutch version of \"Big Brother\" ran between September 16 and December 30, 1999 for a total of 106 days and was broadcast by the Dutch television channel Veronica. This season also served as the debut season of the \"Big Brother\" franchise. The specially built house was located at a factory-site in Almere and presented by Rolf Wouters and famous Dutch model Daphne Deckers. The program was an instant hit and experienced exceptionally high ratings. Viewers and stream-watchers of internet forum FOK! alike", "title": "Big Brother (Dutch season 1)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Big Brother (franchise)\n\nBig Brother is a Dutch reality competition television franchise created by John de Mol Jr., first broadcast in the Netherlands in 1999, and subsequently syndicated internationally. The show features contestants called \"housemates\" or \"HouseGuests\" who live together in a specially constructed house that is isolated from the outside world. The name is inspired by Big Brother from George Orwell's novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", and the housemates are continuously monitored during their stay in the house by live television cameras as well as personal audio microphones. Throughout the course of the competition, they are voted out (usually on a weekly basis) until only one remains and wins the cash prize.\n\n, there have been 504 seasons of \"Big Brother\" in over 62 franchise countries and regions. English-language editions of the program are often referred to by its initials \"BB\". The title of many Spanish-language editions of the program is translated as \"Gran Hermano\" (GH).", "title": "Big Brother (franchise)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Big Brother 1 (American season)\n\nBig Brother 2000 (retroactively known as Big Brother 1 following season 7) is the debut season of the American reality television series \"Big Brother\". It was based upon the Netherlands series of the same name, which gained notoriety in 1999 and 2000. The series premiered on July 5, 2000, and lasted for a total of 88 days. The season concluded after 88 days with Eddie McGee being crowned the winner, and Josh Souza the runner-up.\n\nThe premise of the series drastically differed from future installments of the series. The series revolved around ten strangers living in a house together with no communication with the outside world. They were constantly filmed during their time in the house, and were not permitted to communicate with those filming them. Every other week, each contestant, referred to as \"Houseguests\", chose two people who they wished to leave the house. The two or more people with the most votes were “marked for banishment.” The viewers then decided which of the nominees should leave (which followed the format used in other countries, unlike today, with the houseguests deciding themselves), with the selected person leaving during a live show. This process continued until only three HouseGuests remained, at which time the viewers would decide which of them would win the $500,000 grand prize.", "title": "Big Brother 1 (American season)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Reality television\n\nReality television is a genre of television programming that documents purportedly unscripted real-life situations, often starring unfamiliar people rather than professional actors. Reality television emerged as a distinct genre in the early 1990s with shows such as \"The Real World\", then achieved prominence in the early 2000s with the success of the series \"Survivor\", \"Idols\", and \"Big Brother\", all of which became global franchises. Reality television shows tend to be interspersed with \"confessionals\", short interview segments in which cast members reflect on or provide context for the events being depicted on-screen; this is most commonly seen in American reality television. Competition-based reality shows typically feature gradual elimination of participants, either by a panel of judges, by the viewership of the show, or by the contestants themselves.\n\nDocumentaries, television news, sports television, talk shows, and traditional game shows are generally not classified as reality television. Some genres of television programming that predate the reality television boom have been retroactively classified as reality television, including hidden camera shows, talent-search shows, documentary series about ordinary people, high-concept game shows, home improvement shows, and court shows featuring real-life cases and issues.\n\nReality television has faced significant criticism since its rise in popularity. Critics argue that reality television shows do not accurately reflect reality, in ways both implicit (participants being placed in artificial situations), and deceptive (misleading editing, participants being coached on behavior, storylines generated ahead of time, scenes being staged). Some shows have been accused of rigging the favorite or underdog to win. Other criticisms of reality television shows include that they are intended to humiliate or exploit participants; that they make stars out of untalented people unworthy of fame, infamous figures, or both; and that they glamorize vulgarity.", "title": "Reality television" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Big Brother (Dutch TV series)\n\nBig Brother is the Dutch version of the international reality television franchise \"Big Brother\". It created the format where contestants live in an isolated house and try to avoid being evicted by viewers to win a prize at the end. As part of the \"Big Brother\" franchise, the original Dutch version was initially aired from 1999 to 2006 for six regular seasons and two celebrity editions. Numerous international versions have also been developed following the same structure. In 2021, the cooperation season with Flanders of \"Big Brother\" is back in the Netherlands after an absence of 14 years.", "title": "Big Brother (Dutch TV series)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Big Brother (Israeli TV series)\n\nBig Brother (, Transliteration: , ) is the Israeli version of the international reality television franchise \"Big Brother\" created by producer John de Mol in 1997. The show is broadcast since 2008, following the premise of other versions of the format, the show features a group of contestants, known as \"Housemates\" who live together in a specially constructed house that is isolated from the outside world. The housemates are continuously monitored during their stay in the house by live television cameras as well as personal audio microphones. Throughout the competition, housemates are evicted from the house. The last remaining Housemate wins the competition and is awarded a cash prize.\n\nThe show was firstly produced by Keshet and aired on Channel 2 from 2008 to 2017 and ran for eight original seasons and two celebrity seasons.\n\nDuring its run on Channel 2, the show hosted by Erez Tal and Assi Azar from season 1 to season 6. After Assi Azar left the show, Erez Tal and hosted the show from season 7 to season 8.\n\nAt the end of season 7, it was learned that due to ownership changes in the television production companies, at the end of season 8, the broadcast rights of the show would be owned by \"Reshet\".\n\nAfter Channel 2 got closed and split into two new channels at the end of October 2017, it was announced that the show would be produced by Reshet and aired on Channel 13 from 2018. Until now have been aired two originals seasons and one celebrity season. A new original season has been announced and it will be begin airing on 2021.\n\nThere have been aired 11 original seasons of \"Big Brother\" () and 4 celebrity seasons of \"Big Brother VIP\" ().", "title": "Big Brother (Israeli TV series)" }, { "id": "8064867", "score": "1.6652792", "text": "Big Brother (Dutch TV series) Big Brother is the original Dutch version of the international reality television franchise \"Big Brother\". It created the format in which contestants live in an isolated house trying to avoid being evicted by the public with the aim of a prize at the end. This Endemol production set the rules for other versions of \"Big Brother\". The idea was born on Thursday, 4 September 1997 during a brainstorm session at \"John de Mol Produkties\", an independent part of Endemol. Participants were John de Mol, Patrick Scholtze, Bart Römer and his brother, Paul Römer. The idea", "title": "Big Brother (Dutch TV series)" }, { "id": "15514198", "score": "1.6620736", "text": "the lowest votes will be evicted. Big Brother (Indonesian TV series) Big Brother was an Indonesian version of the \"Big Brother\" reality television show based on the Dutch television series of the same name originally created in 1997 by John de Mol's company Endemol. The show is based on a group of strangers, known as Housemates, living together twenty-four hours a day in the \"Big Brother\" house, isolated from the outside world but under constant surveillance with no privacy for five months more. The show premiered on Sunday, April 10, 2011 on Trans TV, airing six times a week. The", "title": "Big Brother (Indonesian TV series)" }, { "id": "8064869", "score": "1.6588738", "text": "format of \"Big Brother\" was also influenced by MTV's \"The Real World\", which began in 1992 and originated the concept of putting strangers together for an extended period and recording the drama that ensued. \"The Real World\" had introduced \"confessions\" by housemates. Another pioneering reality format, the Swedish TV show \"Expedition Robinson\", (produced in many countries as \"Survivor\") which first aired in 1997, added to the \"Real World\" 's template the idea of competition, in which contestants battled were removed from the show until only one remained. The idea of introducing 24/7 streaming video was influenced by websites like Jennicam.org", "title": "Big Brother (Dutch TV series)" }, { "id": "11827536", "score": "1.6586418", "text": "Big Brother (Dutch season 1) The first season of the Dutch version of \"Big Brother\" ran between September 16 and December 30, 1999 for a total of 106 days and was broadcast by the Dutch television channel Veronica. This season also served as the debut season of the \"Big Brother\" franchise. The specially built house was located at a factory-site in Almere and presented by Rolf Wouters and famous Dutch model Daphne Deckers. The program was an instant hit and experienced exceptionally high ratings. Viewers and stream-watchers of internet forum FOK! alike were fascinated by the boredom and the group", "title": "Big Brother (Dutch season 1)" }, { "id": "8614320", "score": "1.6419599", "text": "original British series aired earlier on Dutch television. The Villa The Villa was a reality TV show, originally produced by Talent TV from 1999, and aired on Sky1 for four series until 2003. Reruns previously aired on Fox Reality until closed. Executive Produced for Sky by Jamie Robert, \"The Villa\" took four men and four women, computer-matched for compatibility, and flew them from the United Kingdom and Ireland to an exotic Spanish villa for a week of fun and activities in and around the Costa Del Sol. Cameras would follow the players around all week in \"Big Brother\" style, to", "title": "The Villa" }, { "id": "498053", "score": "1.639986", "text": "strike, showed police officers on duty apprehending criminals; it introduced the camcorder look and cinéma vérité feel of much of later reality television. The series \"Nummer 28\", which aired on Dutch television in 1991, originated the concept of putting strangers together in the same environment for an extended period of time and recording the drama that ensued. \"Nummer 28\" also pioneered many of the stylistic conventions that have since become standard in reality television shows, including a heavy use of soundtrack music and the interspersing of events on screen with after-the-fact \"confessionals\" recorded by cast members, that serve as narration.", "title": "Reality television" }, { "id": "368998", "score": "1.6308765", "text": "the children's TV-series \"Crash\" in 1984 about a boy who finds out that his room is a space ship. Early Dutch television series were \"\" (Tomorrow it will happen), broadcast from 1957 to 1959, about a group of Dutch space explorers and their adventures, \"De duivelsgrot\" (The devil's cave), broadcast from 1963 to 1964, about a scientist who finds the map of a cave that leads to the center of the earth and \"Treinreis naar de Toekomst\" (Train journey to the future) about two young children who are taken to the future by robots who try to recreate humanity, but", "title": "Science fiction on television" }, { "id": "11827538", "score": "1.630365", "text": "cameras in the bedroom. The first-ever evicted housemate was Martin, who also vied for Sabine's attention and had accused Bart of being gay. He was voted out with 30% of the vote with Bart being a close second. The first-ever voluntary exit was for young Tara, who left after only nine days because of boredom. Much maligned was Amsterdam-born intruder Mona, who took her place. In the end, Willem betrayed his friend Ruud in the nominations, and Bart became the first-ever winner of \"Big Brother\". He has won ƒ250,000. During the season the housemates were visited by artists George Baker,", "title": "Big Brother (Dutch season 1)" }, { "id": "7580732", "score": "1.62187", "text": "Big Brother (Bulgarian TV series) Big Brother is a reality show based on the \"Big Brother\" series by Endemol. The show originates from the Netherlands, where in 1999 the very first season was aired. At present, the format is spread in a number of countries around the world. A group of people (called the Housemates) live together in an isolated house. 24 hours a day their life is recorded by hidden cameras in all the rooms in the House. They do not have TV, Internet, newspapers, even watches on their wrists. The Housemates are completely isolated from the outside world.", "title": "Big Brother (Bulgarian TV series)" }, { "id": "15514193", "score": "1.6180333", "text": "Big Brother (Indonesian TV series) Big Brother was an Indonesian version of the \"Big Brother\" reality television show based on the Dutch television series of the same name originally created in 1997 by John de Mol's company Endemol. The show is based on a group of strangers, known as Housemates, living together twenty-four hours a day in the \"Big Brother\" house, isolated from the outside world but under constant surveillance with no privacy for five months more. The show premiered on Sunday, April 10, 2011 on Trans TV, airing six times a week. The Daily Show, which shows the activity", "title": "Big Brother (Indonesian TV series)" }, { "id": "7315458", "score": "1.6146743", "text": "Goede tijden, slechte tijden Goede tijden, slechte tijden (, ), also known as GTST or simply Goede tijden, is the longest-running Dutch soap opera, which began on 1 October 1990 on RTL4. The programme was the first daily soap in the Netherlands and also in Europe. The soap is produced by Joop van den Ende and to date over 5,000 episodes have been broadcast. It was inspired by the Australian soap \"The Restless Years\", although it started following its own course during the third season. GTST is broadcast Monday to Friday at 20:00. Around 1.5 million viewers watch each episode.", "title": "Goede tijden, slechte tijden" }, { "id": "11831590", "score": "1.6119704", "text": "Big Brother (Dutch season 2) Big Brother 2000 is the second season of \"Big Brother (Netherlands)\", was again broadcast by Veronica. It lasted from 14 September till 30 December 2000 (108 days). The presenters were Beau van Erven Dorens and Esther Duller. This season still had high ratings but was plagued by mediocre casting which resulted in a programme that rarely sparkled. Big Brother tried to push a romance between Georgie and Kim but it never really took off. Both Jolanda and Leo left prematurely after they had discovered that they had not impressed the public. It seemed they only", "title": "Big Brother (Dutch season 2)" }, { "id": "1579538", "score": "1.6118631", "text": "In the Netherlands, As The World Turns was very popular and aired for more than 20 years. From 1989 till its cancellation, it was the best watched Daytime Soap. In 2010 Terri Conn, Martha Byrne, Marnie Schulenburg, Trent Dawson, Grayson McCouch, Van Hansis visited The Netherlands and were special guests at the \"Farewell ATWT\" meeting. Elisabeth Hubbard even guest-starred in the Dutch soap \"Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden\" for a while, after the cancellation of ATWT. In 2006, CBS launched a reality show called \"InTurn\" on their broadband channel innertube, the winner of which would go on to receive a 13-week", "title": "As the World Turns" }, { "id": "8064872", "score": "1.6082435", "text": "women lived, ate, slept, studied and \"sunbathed naked\" under 55 cameras. Also in 2000, the production company Castaway, part-owned by Bob Geldof, sued Endemol for theft of format in a court in Amsterdam, saying the programme was a rip-off of its Survivor-show (Expedition Robinson). A lawyer listed 12 similarities to \"Survivor\". Endemol rejected the allegations, saying: \"The genre may be the same, but the programmes are completely different and they evolved separately. There are 20 or 30 game shows on TV and many different talk shows, but they are in the same genre, not the same programme.\" The logo for", "title": "Big Brother (Dutch TV series)" }, { "id": "997499", "score": "1.6059178", "text": "which aired in 1991 on Dutch television. Bunim/Murray decided upon the cheaper idea of casting a bunch of \"regular people\" to live in an apartment and taping their day-to-day lives, believing seven diverse people would have enough of a basis upon which to interact without scripts. The production converted a massive, 4000-square-foot duplex in Soho, cast seven cast members from 500 applicants, paid them $2,600 for their time on the show. The cast lived in the loft from February 16 to May 18, 1992. The series premiered three days later, on May 21, 1992. At the time of its initial", "title": "Real World (TV series)" } ]

[ "land law", "law and land", "land use rights", "Land use rights", "land rights", "Law and land", "right to land", "Law of land", "Land rights", "Land law", "Land-rights", "Right to land", "law of land", "Land and law", "land and law" ]

[ { "id": "2553811", "score": "2.084526", "text": "Eddie Mabo Eddie Mabo (\"c\". 29 June 1936 – 21 January 1992) was an Indigenous Australian man from the Torres Strait Islands known for his role in campaigning for Indigenous land rights and for his role in a landmark decision of the High Court of Australia which overturned the legal doctrine of \"terra nullius\" (\"nobody's land\") which characterised Australian law with regard to land and title. Mabo was born Eddie Koiki Sambo but he changed his surname to Mabo when he was adopted by his uncle, Benny Mabo. He was born on the island of Mer (Murray Island) in the", "title": "Eddie Mabo" }, { "id": "2553815", "score": "1.9870343", "text": "islands in the Straits[sic]. A reputation as a radical was a heavy burden in Queensland at the time. For Eddie the rejection was devastating. He could not go home. He was not only landless in the eyes of white man's law, he was an exile as well. In 1981 a land rights conference was held at James Cook University and Mabo made a speech to the audience where he explained the land inheritance system on Murray Island. The significance of this in terms of Australian common law doctrine was taken note of by one of the attendees, a lawyer, who", "title": "Eddie Mabo" }, { "id": "2553819", "score": "1.929807", "text": "their people\" and the \"work over many years to gain legal recognition for indigenous people's rights\". In 1993 \"The Australian\" newspaper commemorated his work by voting him the 1992 Australian of the Year (not to be confused with the official Australian of the Year awards issued by the Australian Government). A documentary, \"\", directed by Trevor Graham was released in 1997 (and received the AFI Award for Best Documentary). On 21 May 2008, James Cook University named its Townsville campus library the Eddie Koiki Mabo Library. Mabo Day is an official holiday in the Torres Shire, celebrated on 3 June.", "title": "Eddie Mabo" }, { "id": "2862418", "score": "1.9087", "text": "co-operate closely in the management of the strait's resources. In 1982, Eddie Mabo and four other Torres Strait Islanders from Mer (Murray Island) started legal proceedings to establish their traditional land-ownership. Because Mabo was the first-named plaintiff, it became known as the Mabo Case. In 1992, after ten years of hearings before the Queensland Supreme Court and the High Court of Australia, the latter court found that Mer people had owned their land prior to annexation by Queensland. This ruling overturned the long-established legal doctrine of \"terra nullius\" (\"no-one's land\"), which held that native title over Crown land in Australia", "title": "Torres Strait Islands" }, { "id": "2553818", "score": "1.8923372", "text": "a bronze bas-relief portrait of him. His family decided to have his body reburied on Murray Island. On the night of his re-interment, the Islanders performed their traditional ceremony for the burial of a king, a ritual not seen on the island for 80 years. In 1992, Mabo was posthumously awarded the Australian Human Rights Medal in the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Awards, together with the Reverend Dave Passi, Sam Passi (deceased), James Rice (deceased), Celuia Mapo Salee (deceased) and Barbara Hocking (deceased). The award was in recognition \"of their long and determined battle to gain justice for", "title": "Eddie Mabo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eddie Mabo\n\nEdward Koiki Mabo (\"né\" Sambo; 29 June 1936 – 21 January 1992) was an Indigenous Australian man from the Torres Strait Islands known for his role in campaigning for Indigenous land rights in Australia, in particular the landmark decision of the High Court of Australia that recognised that indigenous rights to land had continued after the British Crown acquired sovereignty and that the international law doctrine of terra nullius was not applicable to Australian domestic law. High court judges considering the case \"Mabo v Queensland (No 2)\" found in favour of Mabo, which led to the \"Native Title Act 1993\" and established native title in Australia, officially recognising the rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia.", "title": "Eddie Mabo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Indigenous Australians" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Torres Strait Islands\n\nThe Torres Strait Islands are a group of at least 274 small islands in the Torres Strait, a waterway separating far northern continental Australia's Cape York Peninsula and the island of New Guinea. They span an area of , but their total land area is .\n\nThe Islands have been inhabited by the indigenous Torres Strait Islanders. Lieutenant James Cook first claimed British sovereignty over the eastern part of Australia at Possession Island in 1770, but British administrative control only began in the Torres Strait Islands in 1862. The islands are now mostly part of Queensland, a constituent State of the Commonwealth of Australia, but are administered by the Torres Strait Regional Authority, a statutory authority of the Australian federal government. A few islands very close to the coast of mainland New Guinea belong to the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, most importantly Daru Island with the provincial capital, Daru.\n\nOnly 16 of the islands are inhabited. The Torres Strait Islands' population was recorded at 4,514 in the 2016 Australian census, with 91.8% of these identifying as Indigenous Torres Strait Island peoples. Although counted as Indigenous Australians, Torres Strait Islander peoples, being predominantly Melanesian, are ethnically and culturally different from Aboriginal Australians.", "title": "Torres Strait Islands" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Torres Strait Islanders\n\nTorres Strait Islanders () are the Indigenous Melanesian people of the Torres Strait Islands, which are part of the state of Queensland, Australia. Ethnically distinct from the Aboriginal people of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as Indigenous Australians. Today there are many more Torres Strait Islander people living in mainland Australia (nearly 28,000) than on the Islands (about 4,500).\n\nThere are five distinct peoples within broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. There are two main Indigenous language groups, Kalaw Lagaw Ya and Meriam Mir. Torres Strait Creole is also widely spoken, as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is Papuo-Austronesian and the people traditionally a seafaring nation. There is a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking and mask-making.", "title": "Torres Strait Islanders" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mabo v Queensland (No 2)\n\nMabo v Queensland (No 2) (commonly known as Mabo) is a decision of the High Court of Australia, decided on 3 June 1992. It is a landmark case, brought by Eddie Mabo against the State of Queensland. The case is notable for first recognising the pre-colonial land interests of Indigenous Australians within Australia's common law.\n\n\"Mabo\" is of great legal, historical, and political importance to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. The decision rejected the notion that Australia was terra nullius at the time of British settlement, and recognised that Indigenous rights to land existed by virtue of traditional customs and laws and these rights had never been wholly been lost upon colonisation.\n\nThe Prime Minister Paul Keating praised the decision, saying it \"establishes a fundamental truth, and lays the basis for justice\". Conversely, the decision was criticised by the government of Western Australia and various mining and pastoralist groups.\n\nNative title doctrine was eventually supplemented by statute by the Keating Government in the \"Native Title Act 1993\". This recognition enabled further litigation for Indigenous land rights in Australia.", "title": "Mabo v Queensland (No 2)" }, { "id": "275217", "score": "1.8824198", "text": "of the Northern Territory. The action which brought about the decision had been led by Eddie Mabo, David Passi and James Rice, all from the Meriam people (from the Mer islands (Murray Island as referred to by the Commonwealth) in the Torres Strait). They commenced proceedings in the High Court in 1982, in response to the Queensland Amendment Act 1982 establishing a system of making land grants on trust for Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, which the Mer Islanders refused to accept. The plaintiffs were represented by Ron Castan, Bryan Keon-Cohen and Greg McIntyre. It followed a conference at", "title": "Mabo v Queensland (No 2)" }, { "id": "5145784", "score": "1.8543235", "text": "failed to meet the criteria that he used to assess 'orthodox historians' and thus his accusations of deliberately and extensively misrepresenting, misquoting, exaggerating and fabricating evidence were flawed. Reynolds struck up a friendship with Eddie Mabo, who was then a groundsman and gardener at James Cook University. In his book \"Why Weren't We Told?\", Reynolds describes the talks they had regarding Mabo's people's rights to their lands, on Murray Island, in the Torres Strait. Reynolds writes: Eddie [...] would often talk about his village and about his own land, which he assured us would always be there when he returned", "title": "Henry Reynolds (historian)" }, { "id": "2553812", "score": "1.8370409", "text": "Torres Strait between mainland Australia and Papua New Guinea. Mabo married Bonita Neehow, an Australian South Sea Islander, in 1959. The couple had seven children and adopted three more. One daughter, Gail, is an Aboriginal artist and dancer who works with schools in New South Wales as a cultural advisor and serves as the family's designated spokesperson. Bonita Mabo died in Townsville on 26 November 2018, aged 75, just days after receiving an honorary doctorate of letters from James Cook University for her contributions to social justice and human rights. Mabo worked on pearling boats, as a cane cutter, and", "title": "Eddie Mabo" }, { "id": "2553817", "score": "1.8311179", "text": "the legal doctrine of \"terra nullius\" – which is a term applied to the attitude of the British towards land ownership on the continent of Australia. That decision, formally \"Mabo v Queensland (No 2)\", now commonly called \"Mabo\" in Australia, is recognised for its landmark status. Three years after Mabo died, that being the traditional mourning period for the people of Murray Island, a gathering was held in Townsville for a memorial service. Overnight, Mabo's gravesite was attacked by vandals who spray-painted swastikas and the word \"Abo\" (a derogatory slang term for an Aboriginal person) on his tombstone and removed", "title": "Eddie Mabo" }, { "id": "2553813", "score": "1.8240123", "text": "as a railway fettler before becoming a gardener at James Cook University in Townsville, Queensland at the age of 31. In 1973, Eddie and Bonita Mabo established the Black Community School in Townsville, where children could learn their own culture rather than white culture. The time he spent on the campus had a massive impact on his life. In 1974, he was talking with JCU historians Noel Loos and Henry Reynolds, and Loos recalls: we were having lunch one day in Reynolds' office when Koiki was just speaking about his land back on Mer, or Murray Island. Henry and I", "title": "Eddie Mabo" }, { "id": "13362673", "score": "1.8193643", "text": "People and the Australian South Sea Islander recognition was monumental and relentless.\" Bonita Mabo Ernestine Bonita Mabo (formerly Neehow) ( – 26 November 2018), was an Australian educator and activist for Aboriginal Australians, Torres Strait Islanders, and Australian South Sea Islanders. She was the widow of Eddie Mabo. Bonita Mabo was born in Halifax, Queensland, one of 10 children. She was an Australian South Sea Islander of Ni-Vanuatu descent whose ancestors were \"blackbirded\" to work in the sugar cane industry in Queensland. Her grandfather was \"blackbirded\" from Tanna in what is now Vanuatu. In 1973, Eddie and Bonita Mabo established", "title": "Bonita Mabo" }, { "id": "3116256", "score": "1.8093785", "text": "Australia in the 1980s was due to the government failing to provide basic infrastructure on the island. Murray Island's most famous resident was trade unionist Eddie Mabo, whose decision to sue the Queensland Government to secure ownership of his land, which had been removed from his ancestors by the British colonial powers using the \"terra nullius\" legal concept, ultimately led to the High Court of Australia, on appeal from the Supreme Court of the State of Queensland, issue the \"Mabo decision\" to finally recognise Mabo's rights on his land on 3 June 1992. This decision continues to have ramifications for", "title": "Murray Island, Queensland" }, { "id": "2553814", "score": "1.8064291", "text": "realised that in his mind he thought he owned that land, so we sort of glanced at each other, and then had the difficult responsibility of telling him that he didn't own that land, and that it was Crown land. Koiki was surprised, shocked and even ... he said and I remember him saying 'No way, it's not theirs, it's ours.' Later, when Mabo was a research assistant on an oral history project in the Torres Strait, Reynolds records: He got as far as Thursday Island and no further. He was refused permission to land on any of the other", "title": "Eddie Mabo" }, { "id": "15428718", "score": "1.8050832", "text": "Mabo Day Mabo Day occurs annually on 3 June. It commemorates Eddie Koiki Mabo (\"c\". 29 June 1936–21 January 1992) a Torres Strait Islander whose campaign for Indigenous land rights led to a landmark decision of the High Court of Australia that, on 3 June 1992, overturned the legal fiction of \"terra nullius\" which had characterised Australian law with regards to land and title since the voyage of James Cook in 1770. In 2010 a campaign was launched to make it a national holiday in Australia In 2002, on the tenth anniversary of the High Court decision, Mabo's widow, Bonita", "title": "Mabo Day" }, { "id": "2260459", "score": "1.8044542", "text": "lawyer, who suggested there should be a test case to claim land rights through the court system. Ten years later, five months after Eddie Mabo died, on 3 June 1992, the High Court announced its historic decision, namely overturning the legal doctrine of terra nullius – which is a term applied to the attitude of the British towards land ownership by Indigenous Australians on the continent of Australia. Public interest in the Mabo case had the side effect of throwing the media spotlight on all issues related to Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia, and most notably the Stolen", "title": "Institutional racism" }, { "id": "10689378", "score": "1.7906374", "text": "Strait Islander Eddie Mabo's part in the landmark native title decision that bears his name. The voices of Cape York activists Noel Pearson and Jean Little, and academics Marcia Langton and Mick Dodson, today loom large in national debates. Some Indigenous people who initially became famous in other spheres – for instance, poet Oodgeroo Noonuccal – have used their celebrity to draw attention to Indigenous issues. In health services, Kelvin Kong became the first Indigenous surgeon in 2006 and is an advocate of Indigenous health issues. Indigenous Australians Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia,", "title": "Indigenous Australians" }, { "id": "13362670", "score": "1.7789023", "text": "Bonita Mabo Ernestine Bonita Mabo (formerly Neehow) ( – 26 November 2018), was an Australian educator and activist for Aboriginal Australians, Torres Strait Islanders, and Australian South Sea Islanders. She was the widow of Eddie Mabo. Bonita Mabo was born in Halifax, Queensland, one of 10 children. She was an Australian South Sea Islander of Ni-Vanuatu descent whose ancestors were \"blackbirded\" to work in the sugar cane industry in Queensland. Her grandfather was \"blackbirded\" from Tanna in what is now Vanuatu. In 1973, Eddie and Bonita Mabo established the Black Community School in Townsville, where children could learn their own", "title": "Bonita Mabo" }, { "id": "1986169", "score": "1.7750038", "text": "Eddie Mabo made a speech to the audience where he explained the land inheritance system on Murray Island. The significance of this in terms of Australian common law doctrine was taken note of by one of the attendees, a lawyer, who suggested there should be a test case to claim land rights through the court system. Mabo decided to take on the Australian Government. Perth-based solicitor Greg McIntyre was at the conference and agreed to take the case; he then recruited barristers Ron Castan and Bryan Keon-Cohen. McIntyre represented Mabo during the hearings. The James Cook University Douglas campus library", "title": "Townsville" }, { "id": "2260458", "score": "1.7540877", "text": "and Queensland specifically excluded Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from the electoral rolls. The Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 excluded \"Aboriginal natives of Australia, Asia, Africa and Pacific Islands except for New Zealand\" from voting unless they were on the roll before 1901. In 1981 a land rights conference was held at James Cook University, where Eddie Mabo, a Torres Strait Islander, made a speech to the audience in which he explained the land inheritance system on Murray Island. The significance of this in terms of Australian common law doctrine was taken note of by one of the attendees, a", "title": "Institutional racism" }, { "id": "8569819", "score": "1.7513353", "text": "the Mabo decision and sanctions on the apartheid regime in South Africa, and a proponent of uranium mining. In October 1993, and again in May 1995, he delivered a speech at the national seminar of the Australian League of Rights, a far-right group for which he was believed to hold sympathies, and in by-elections in Mackellar and Warringah (safe Liberal seats on the Northern Beaches of Sydney) in 1994, he urged electors to vote for Australians Against Further Immigration (AAFI). After numerous run-ins with the Labor leadership and considerable media attention to his exploits, he was finally expelled from the", "title": "Graeme Campbell (politician)" } ]

[ "Northern Atlantic", "North Atlantic", "North Atlantic ocean", "ethiopic ocean", "Oceanvs Occidentalis", "Occidental Ocean", "The Atlantic Ocean", "South Atlantic", "North Atlantic Ocean", "oceanvs occidentalis", "Central Atlantic", "East Atlantic", "Atlantic Basic", "Atlantic ocean", "Atlantic coast", "atlantic", "northern atlantic", "Antlantic Ocean", "Atlantic Oceans", "North-East Atlantic", "Altantic ocean", "atlantic ocean", "pond", "Atlantic Basin", "South Atlantic Ocean", "atlantic basic", "atlantic coast", "south atlantic ocean", "north atlantic ocean", "sea of atlas", "North Atlantic fisheries", "east atlantic", "The pond", "occidental ocean", "north atlantic", "The Pond", "Atlantis Thalassa", "south atlantic", "across pond", "ethiopian ocean", "Sea of Atlas", "Atlantic (ocean)", "atlantic basin", "central atlantic", "north east atlantic", "north atlantic fisheries", "Ethiopian Ocean", "atlantis thalassa", "Altantic Ocean", "Atlantic Ocean", "Across the pond", "antlantic ocean", "altantic ocean", "atlantic oceans", "Atlantic", "Atlantic basin", "Ethiopic Ocean", "Atlantic basic" ]

[ { "id": "5237030", "score": "1.3245168", "text": "in Tenleytown. The lowest point is sea level, which occurs along all of the Anacostia shore and all of the Potomac shore except the uppermost mile (the Little Falls-Chain Bridge area). The sea level Tidal Basin rose eleven feet during Hurricane Isabel on September 18, 2003. The geographic center of the District of Columbia is located near 4th Street NW, L Street NW, and New York Avenue NW, not under the Capitol dome as is sometimes stated. (The Capitol does mark the intersection of the District's four administrative quadrants.) Other prominent geographical features of Washington, D.C., include Theodore Roosevelt Island,", "title": "Geography of Washington, D.C." }, { "id": "6683487", "score": "1.2901214", "text": "is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico. The State of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries. Paleo-Indians migrated", "title": "United States" }, { "id": "2856639", "score": "1.2877175", "text": "preferred, and the Soviet station has been used for this role. This has been recognised by \"Guinness World Records\" in regard to Team N2i's expedition in 2006–2007. The oceanic pole of inaccessibility () is the place in the ocean that is farthest from land. It lies in the South Pacific Ocean, from the nearest lands: Ducie Island (part of the Pitcairn Islands) in the north, Motu Nui (part of the Easter Islands) in the northeast, and Maher Island (near the larger Siple Island, off the coast of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica) in the south. Known as \"Point Nemo\", Nemo being", "title": "Pole of inaccessibility" }, { "id": "896766", "score": "1.2740126", "text": "edge and one on the eastern edge. Other terms for referring to this area include the \"Eastern Seaboard\" (\"seaboard\" being American English for coast), \"Atlantic Coast\", and \"Atlantic Seaboard\" (because the coastline lies along the Atlantic Ocean). The fourteen states that have a shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are, from north to south, the U.S. states of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. In addition, Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia border tidal arms of the Atlantic (the Delaware River and the Potomac River, respectively).", "title": "East Coast of the United States" }, { "id": "15423986", "score": "1.2699994", "text": "U.S. Dense kelp forest and a mix of cold and warm water marine species will delight the advanced diver. Numerous shipwrecks, many uncharted, also occur here. Remote surfing spots, low-tide beach hiking (beware private property including patrolled military area) and viewing of newly arrived southern sea otters are also available. Again, this is a rough, remote area with little available assistance if trouble arises. Longer range SCUBA dive operations may be available. Jalama Beach is the nearest coastal access to the north with Gaviota State Park the closest coastal access to the south. Lompoc is the nearest town and source", "title": "Point Conception State Marine Reserve" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rhode Island\n\nRhode Island (, like \"road\") is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area and the seventh-least populous, with slightly less than 1.1 million residents as of 2020, but it is the second-most densely populated after New Jersey. It takes its name from the eponymous island, though most of its land area is on the mainland. Rhode Island borders Connecticut to the west; Massachusetts to the north and east; and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound. It also shares a small maritime border with New York. Providence is its capital and most populous city.\n\nNative Americans lived around Narragansett Bay for thousands of years before English settlers began arriving in the early 17th century. Rhode Island was unique among the Thirteen British Colonies for being founded by a refugee, Roger Williams, who fled religious persecution from the Massachusetts Bay Colony to establish a haven for religious liberty. He founded Providence in 1636 on land purchased from local tribes, creating the first settlement in North America with an explicitly secular government.\n\nRhode Island was the first colony to call for a Continental Congress in 1774 and the first to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown on May 4, 1776. After the American Revolution, during which it was heavily occupied and contested, Rhode Island became the fourth state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 9, 1778. Favoring a weaker central government, it boycotted the 1787 convention that drafted the United States Constitution, which it initially refused to ratify; it was the last of the original 13 states to do so, on May 29, 1790.\n\nIt was officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations since the colonial era, but commonly became known as simply \"Rhode Island\". In November 2020 the state's voters approved an amendment to the state constitution formally dropping \"and Providence Plantations\" from its full name. Its official nickname is the \"Ocean State\", a reference to its 400 miles (640 km) of coastline and the large bays and inlets that comprise about 14% of its total area.<ref name=\"area\" />", "title": "Rhode Island" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "West Coast of the United States\n\nThe West Coast of the United States, also known as the Pacific Coast, Pacific states, and the western seaboard, is the coastline along which the Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. The term typically refers to the contiguous U.S. states of California, Oregon, and Washington, but sometimes includes Alaska and Hawaii, especially by the United States Census Bureau as a U.S. geographic division.", "title": "West Coast of the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Honolulu\n\nHonolulu (; ) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Hawaii, which is in the Pacific Ocean. It is an unincorporated county seat of the consolidated City and County of Honolulu, situated along the southeast coast of the island of Oahu, and is the westernmost and southernmost major U.S. city. Honolulu is Hawaii's main gateway to the world. It is also a major hub for business, finance, hospitality, and military defense in both the state and Oceania. The city is characterized by a mix of various Asian, Western, and Pacific cultures, reflected in its diverse demography, cuisine, and traditions.\n\n\"Honolulu\" means \"sheltered harbor\" or \"calm port\" in Hawaiian; its old name, Kou, roughly encompasses the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street, which is the heart of the present downtown district. The city's desirability as a port accounts for its historical growth and importance in the Hawaiian archipelago and the broader Pacific region. Honolulu has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845, first of the independent Hawaiian Kingdom, and after 1898 of the U.S. territory and state of Hawaii. The city gained worldwide recognition following Japan's attack on nearby Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which prompted decisive entry of the U.S. into World War II; the harbor remains a major naval base, hosting the U.S. Pacific Fleet, the world's largest naval command.\n\nAs Hawaii is the only state with no incorporated places below the county level, the U.S. Census Bureau recognizes the approximate area commonly referred to as the \"City of Honolulu\"—not to be confused with the \"City and County\"—as a census county division (CCD). As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the population of Honolulu was 350,964, while that of the urban Honolulu census-designated place (CDP) was 802,459. The Urban Honolulu Metropolitan Statistical Area had 1,016,508 residents in 2020. With over 300,000 residents, Honolulu is the most populous Oceanian city outside Australasia.\n\nHonolulu's favorable tropical climate, rich natural scenery, and extensive beaches make it a popular global destination for tourists. As of May 2021, the city receives the bulk of visitors to Hawaii, between 7,000 and 11,000 daily. This is below the 2019 passenger arrivals of 10,000 to 15,000 per day.", "title": "Honolulu" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Virginia Beach, Virginia\n\nVirginia Beach is an independent city located on the southeastern coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. The population was 459,470 at the 2020 census.\n\nVirginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels, motels, and restaurants along its oceanfront. Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship, a beach soccer tournament. It is also home to several state parks, several long-protected beach areas, military bases, a number of large corporations, Virginia Wesleyan University and Regent University, the international headquarters and site of the television broadcast studios for Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), Edgar Cayce's Association for Research and Enlightenment, and numerous historic sites. Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet, Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists, who eventually settled in Jamestown, on April 26, 1607.\n\nThe city is listed in the \"Guinness Book of Records\" as having the longest pleasure beach in the world. It is located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, which was the world's longest bridge-tunnel complex until the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge opened in 2018.", "title": "Virginia Beach, Virginia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Miami Beach, Florida\n\nMiami Beach is a coastal resort city in Miami-Dade County, Florida. It was incorporated on March 26, 1915. The municipality is located on natural and man-made barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and Biscayne Bay, the latter of which separates the Beach from the mainland city of Miami. The neighborhood of South Beach, comprising the southernmost of Miami Beach, along with Downtown Miami and the PortMiami, collectively form the commercial center of South Florida. Miami Beach's population is 82,890 according to the 2020 census. Miami Beach is the 26th largest city in Florida based on official 2019 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. It has been one of America's pre-eminent beach resorts since the early 20th century.\n\nIn 1979, Miami Beach's Art Deco Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Art Deco District is the largest collection of Art Deco architecture in the world and comprises hundreds of hotels, apartments and other structures erected between 1923 and 1943. Mediterranean, Streamline Moderne and Art Deco are all represented in the District. \n\nThe Historic District is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the East, Lenox Court on the West, 6th Street on the South and Dade Boulevard along the Collins Canal to the North. The movement to preserve the Art Deco District's architectural heritage was led by former interior designer Barbara Baer Capitman, who now has a street in the District named in her honor.\n\nMiami Beach is the city in the United States most immediately threatened by climate-driven sea-level rise and flooding. Extensive, expensive, and sometimes controversial efforts are underway to address the problem so far as possible.", "title": "Miami Beach, Florida" }, { "id": "437926", "score": "1.26998", "text": "to the south and southwest, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the \"continental\" or \"contiguous United States\", and as the \"Lower 48\". Alaska, which is not included in the term \"contiguous United States\", is at the northwestern end of North America, separated from the Lower 48 by Canada. The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia,", "title": "Geography of the United States" }, { "id": "1094017", "score": "1.269052", "text": "been razed in recent years to construct more parking lots, hotels, and condos. Ocean City has a long history of fishing, both commercial and recreational. The town bills itself as the \"White Marlin Capital of the World.\" During the summer numerous charter and private boats fish for billfish, tuna, wahoo, and other game fish. In early August, one of the largest fishing tournaments in the world, the White Marlin Open, is held. Prize money for the largest White Marlin, Blue Marlin, and Tuna can range over 1 million dollars. Ocean City is located at . According to the United States", "title": "Ocean City, Maryland" }, { "id": "910432", "score": "1.2680068", "text": "at large, the Pentagon Base Realignment and Closure commission has proposed closure of Oceana within the next decade. Virginia Beach is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (49.9%) is water. It is the largest city in Virginia by total area and third-largest city land area. The average elevation is above sea level. A major portion of the city drains to the Chesapeake Bay by way of the Lynnhaven River and its tributaries. The city is located at the southeastern corner of Virginia in", "title": "Virginia Beach, Virginia" }, { "id": "1039897", "score": "1.2615294", "text": "the buoy, and the beach areas of Truman Annex and Fort Zachary Taylor Historic State Park, also lie farther south than the buoy. The southernmost location that the public can visit is the beach at Fort Zachary Taylor park. The actual southernmost point of the contiguous United States is Ballast Key, a privately owned island just south and west of Key West. The claim \"90 Miles to Cuba\" on the monument is close to correct; Cuba at its closest point has been measured at from Key West. Several U.S. presidents have visited Key West with the first being Ulysses S.", "title": "Key West" }, { "id": "8400", "score": "1.260514", "text": "the action of the sea is directed\". Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called \"the Lower 48\". The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent", "title": "Alaska" }, { "id": "5699886", "score": "1.2602147", "text": "contiguous United States, with a longitude of (during low tide and walking out to the west side of Tskawahyah Island). Nearby Cape Flattery and Cape Blanco in southern Oregon are also very close longitudinally to being the westernmost points in the contiguous 48 states. In early 1834, a Japanese ship, the \"Hojun Maru\", made landfall at Cape Alava after a 14-month drift on the Pacific Ocean. It was supposed to bring rice to Edo, but was then carried away by a storm. At the time of arrival near Cape Alava, only three of its crew were alive (the youngest being", "title": "Cape Alava" }, { "id": "6416564", "score": "1.2496977", "text": "of five cities (Los Angeles; Washington, D.C.; Las Vegas; Kansas City; and Chicago) and three states (Texas, Utah, and Nebraska) scattered among a few rocks for the United States beyond New Jersey, which is in bolder font than the rest of the country beyond the Hudson. Washington, D.C. is depicted as a remote location near Mexico. The Pacific Ocean, slightly wider than the Hudson, separates the United States from three flattened land masses labeled China, Japan and Russia. The image depicts the world with a back turned to Europe, which is absent from the painting. The work is composed in", "title": "View of the World from 9th Avenue" }, { "id": "896775", "score": "1.2485261", "text": "near Washington, D.C., Hartsfield International Airport in Atlanta, Miami International Airport in Miami, Charlotte Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina, Tampa International Airport in Tampa and Orlando International Airport in Orlando, Florida. East Coast of the United States The East Coast of the United States, also known as the Eastern Seaboard, the Atlantic Coast, and the Atlantic Seaboard, is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean. The coastal states that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are, from north to south, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware,", "title": "East Coast of the United States" }, { "id": "3506876", "score": "1.2427332", "text": "tunnel is below sea level, in the Mojave Desert between Yuma, Arizona, and Palm Springs, California, in the United States of America. Baku, Azerbaijan is located 28 metres (92 ft) below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level. Each continent has its own continental pole of inaccessibility, defined as the place on the continent that is farthest from any ocean. Similarly, each ocean has its own oceanic pole of inaccessibility, defined as the place in the ocean that is farthest from any", "title": "Extreme points of Earth" }, { "id": "9163994", "score": "1.241542", "text": "Sydney, the capital of New South Wales. The closest urban areas are Lismore and Tweed Heads. Ocean Shores has a local bus service five times per day, linking the greater Ocean Shores community, Brunswick Heads, Mullumbimby, Byron Bay and Ballina. Ocean Shores is located between two airports, Ballina to the south, which has daily flights to Sydney and Melbourne and Gold Coast to the north, which has daily services to most major Australian cities and a few international destinations. The closest closed railway station is at Mullumbimby, a 10-minute drive south. The train service travelled down the south east coast", "title": "Ocean Shores, New South Wales" }, { "id": "10398642", "score": "1.2358664", "text": "largest tides occurs in Turnagain Arm just south of Anchorage. Tidal differences can be more than . (Many sources say Turnagain has the second-greatest tides in North America, but it has since been shown that several areas in Canada have larger tides, according to an Anchorage Daily News article dated 6/23/03.) The Aleutian Islands cross longitude 180°, so Alaska can be considered the easternmost state as well as the westernmost. Alaska and, especially, the Aleutians are one of the extreme points of the United States. The International Date Line jogs west of 180° to keep the whole state, and thus", "title": "Geography of Alaska" }, { "id": "2577365", "score": "1.2352397", "text": "of the Pleistocene increased the rate of erosion. The closest town to Capitol Reef is Torrey, about west of the visitor center on Highway 24, slightly west of its intersection with Highway 12. Torrey has a population of less than 200, with a few motels and restaurants. Highway 12, as well as a partially unpaved scenic backway named the Burr Trail, provide access from the west through the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument and the town of Boulder. The park has one developed campground that requires reservations from March to October, and two primitive free camping areas. Backcountry camping elsewhere in", "title": "Capitol Reef National Park" }, { "id": "10398639", "score": "1.2304668", "text": "and British Columbia, Canada to the east, the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean to the south, Russia (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug), Bering Sea, the Bering Strait, and Chukchi Sea to the west, and the Beaufort Sea and the Arctic Ocean to the north. Alaska is the largest state in the United States in terms of land area at , over twice (roughly 2.47 times) as large as Texas, the next largest state, and is the seventh largest country subdivision in the world. If the state's westernmost point were superimposed on San Francisco, California, its easternmost point would be in", "title": "Geography of Alaska" }, { "id": "10831146", "score": "1.2219744", "text": "for the southernmost section where the border follows the Snake River. Oregon is to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part and the 46th parallel forming the eastern part of the Oregon-Washington border. To the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. Its northern border lies mostly along the 49th parallel, and then via marine boundaries through the Strait of Georgia, Haro Strait, and Strait of Juan de Fuca, with the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. Washington is part of a region known as the Pacific Northwest, a term which always includes Washington and", "title": "Washington (state)" }, { "id": "2856642", "score": "1.2206922", "text": "to the west, and Suluk at , about to the east. However, the previous pole location disregards the Gulf of Ob as part of the oceans, and a recent study proposes two other locations as the ones farther from any ocean (within the uncertainty of coastline definition): EPIA1 and EPIA2 , located respectively at 2,510±10 km (1560±6 mi) and 2,514±7 km (1,562±4 mi) from the oceans. These points lie in a close triangle about the Dzungarian Gate, a significant historical gateway to migration between the East and West. EPIA2 is located near a settlement called \"K̂as K̂îr Su\" in a", "title": "Pole of inaccessibility" } ]

[ "cathedrale", "cathedral", "Cathedral church", "cathedral church", "Proto-cathedral", "Archcathedral", "Cathedral", "Cathedrale", "Cathedrals", "archcathedral", "كاتدرائية", "Episcopal seat", "katidra iyya", "episcopal seat", "proto cathedral", "Katidra'iyya", "cathedrals" ]

[ { "id": "11181867", "score": "1.5845063", "text": "Lincoln, London, Salisbury, Wells, and York, all of which built specifically to serve as cathedral churches. Secondly, there was a group of monastic cathedrals in which the bishop was titular abbot. These cathedrals are Canterbury, Carlisle, Durham, Ely, Norwich, Rochester, Winchester and Worcester. These monasteries were Benedictine except in the case of Carlisle, which was Augustinian. Six of these churches were built from the start as cathedrals. Carlisle and Ely are purely monastic churches, which then became the seat of a bishop during the course of construction. At the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII, all the previously monastic", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "3723416", "score": "1.5555387", "text": "style was created in England, with an emphasis on verticality, immense windows and soaring arcades. Fine timber roofs in a variety of styles, but in particular the hammerbeam, were built in many English buildings. In the 15th century the architectural focus turned away from cathedrals and monasteries in favour of parish churches, often decorated with richly carved woodwork; in turn, these churches influenced the design of new chantry chapels for existing cathedrals. Meanwhile, domestic architecture had continued to develop, with the Normans, having first occupied the older Anglo-Saxon dwellings, rapidly beginning to build larger buildings in stone and timber. The", "title": "England in the Middle Ages" }, { "id": "11181859", "score": "1.5426139", "text": "Winchester, those of St. Swithun. All these saints brought pilgrims to their churches, but among them the most renowned was Thomas Becket, the late Archbishop of Canterbury, assassinated by henchmen of King Henry II in 1170. As a place of pilgrimage Canterbury was, in the 13th century, second only to Santiago de Compostela. In the 1170s Gothic architecture was introduced from France at Canterbury and Westminster Abbey. Over the next 400 years it developed in England, sometimes in parallel with and influenced by Continental forms, but generally with great local diversity and originality. In the 16th century the Reformation brought", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "11181932", "score": "1.5414536", "text": "emphasis has been literally carved out of the original Norman interior. A former Dean, the Very Rev. Norman Sykes, wrote of it “Well might the visitor who enters … by the west door gasp with amazement.” Winchester is also famous for its carved wooden fittings of many different periods,these including two sets of mediaeval choir stalls, those in the Quire, complete with 72 misericords, being of an early date, circa 1308, and in the Lady Chapel, a later set of circa 1415, uniquely the only pre-Reformation wooden stalls to survive complete in a Lady Chapel. Built between 1084 and 1504,", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "11181865", "score": "1.5386355", "text": "major abbey churches. Some buildings left incomplete were completed at this time and the greater part of existent church furniture, fittings and stained glass dates from this period. The architects included George Gilbert Scott, John Loughborough Pearson, George Frederick Bodley, Arthur Blomfield and George Edmund Street. The 26 cathedrals described in this article are those of Bristol, Canterbury, Carlisle, Chester, Chichester, Durham, Ely, Exeter, Gloucester, Hereford, Lichfield, Lincoln, Manchester Norwich, Oxford, Peterborough, Ripon, Rochester, St. Alban's, Salisbury, Southwark, Southwell, Wells, Winchester, Worcester and York with reference also to Westminster Abbey and the ancient cathedral of London generally known as Old", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England\n\nThe medieval cathedrals of England, which date from between approximately 1040 and 1540, are a group of twenty-six buildings that constitute a major aspect of the country's artistic heritage and are among the most significant material symbols of Christianity. Though diverse in style, they are united by a common function. As cathedrals, each of these buildings serves as central church for an administrative region (or diocese) and houses the throne of a bishop (Late Latin \"ecclēsia cathedrālis\", from the Greek, καθέδρα). Each cathedral also serves as a regional centre and a focus of regional pride and affection.\n\nOnly sixteen of these buildings had been cathedrals at the time of the Reformation: eight that were served by secular canons, and eight that were monastic. A further five cathedrals are former abbey churches which were reconstituted with secular canons as cathedrals of new dioceses by Henry VIII following the dissolution of the monasteries and which comprise, together with the former monastic cathedrals, the \"Cathedrals of the New Foundation\". Two further pre-Reformation monastic churches, which had survived as ordinary parish churches for 350 years, became cathedrals in the 19th and 20th centuries, as did the three medieval collegiate churches that retained their foundations for choral worship.\n\nWhile there are characteristics of each building that are distinctly English, these cathedrals are marked by their architectural diversity, both from one to another and also within each individual building. This is much more the case than in the medieval cathedrals of Northern France, for example, where the cathedrals and large abbeys form a relatively homogenous group and the architectural development can easily be traced from building to building.\n\nOne of the points of interest of the English cathedrals is the way in which much of the history of medieval architecture can be demonstrated within a single building, which typically has important parts constructed in several different centuries with no attempt whatsoever to make the later work match or follow through on an earlier plan.", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "English Gothic architecture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Historical development of Church of England dioceses\n\nThis article traces the historical development of the dioceses and cathedrals of the Church of England. It is customary in England to name each diocese after the city where its cathedral is located. Occasionally, when the bishop's seat has been moved from one city to another, the diocese may retain both names, for example Bath and Wells. More recently, where a cathedral is in a small or little-known city, the diocesan name has been changed to include the name of a nearby larger city: thus the cathedral in Southwell now serves the diocese of Southwell and Nottingham, and Ripon Cathedral was in Ripon and Leeds from 1999 until 2014. Cathedrals, like other churches, are dedicated to a particular saint or holy object, or Christ himself, but are commonly referred to by the name of the city where they stand. A cathedral is, simply, the church where the bishop has his chair or \"cathedra\".\n\nThe forty-two dioceses of the Church of England are administrative territorial units each governed by a bishop. Forty-one dioceses cover England, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, the Isles of Scilly, and a small part of Wales. One diocese, the Diocese in Europe, is also a part of the Church of England (rather than a separate Anglican church such as the Church in Wales), and covers the whole of mainland Europe, the countries of Morocco and Turkey, and the territory of the former Soviet Union.\n\nThe structure of the dioceses within the Church of England was initially inherited from the Catholic Church as part of the English Reformation. During the Reformation, a number of new dioceses were founded. No new English or Welsh dioceses were then created until the middle of the 19th century, when dioceses were founded mainly in response to the growing population, especially in the northern industrial cities.\n\nFrom 1787, the Anglican church also erected 41 dioceses outside these isles (see § colonial dioceses); these were part of the Church of England until they were separated from the home Church in 1863. From 1801 until 1871, the dioceses of Ireland were also part of the United Church of England and Ireland. In 1920 (by the Welsh Church Act 1914), the Welsh dioceses were separated to form the Church in Wales.\n\nThe last dioceses were created in 1927. The 42 dioceses are divided between two Provinces: the Province of Canterbury (with 30 dioceses) and the Province of York (with 12 dioceses). The archbishops of Canterbury and York have pastoral oversight over the bishops within their province, along with certain other rights and responsibilities.", "title": "Historical development of Church of England dioceses" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Roman roads in Britannia\n\nRoman roads in Britannia were initially designed for military use, created by the Roman Army during the nearly four centuries (AD 43–410) that Britannia was a province of the Roman Empire. \n\nIt is estimated that about of paved trunk roads (surfaced roads running between two towns or cities) were constructed and maintained throughout the province. Most of the known network was complete by 180. The primary function of the network was to allow rapid movement of troops and military supplies, but it subsequently provided vital infrastructure for commerce, trade and the transportation of goods.\n\nA considerable number of Roman roads remained in daily use as core trunk roads for centuries after the end of Roman rule in Britain in 410. Some routes are now part of the UK's national road network. Others have been lost or are of archeological and historical interest only.\n\nAfter the Romans departed, systematic construction of paved highways in the United Kingdom did not resume until the early 18th century. The Roman road network remained the only nationally managed highway system within Britain until the establishment of the Ministry of Transport in the early 20th century.", "title": "Roman roads in Britannia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Medieval English episcopal register" }, { "id": "637528", "score": "1.5367094", "text": "churches which were also to become cathedrals at the dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century. Despite the fact that English cathedrals were built or rebuilt in many stages, substantial areas of Norman building can be seen in many of them, particularly in the nave arcades. In the case of Winchester Cathedral, the Gothic arches were literally carved out of the existent Norman piers. Other cathedrals have sections of their building which are clearly an intermediate stage between Norman and Gothic, such as the western towers of Ely Cathedral and part of the nave at Worcester Cathedral. The first", "title": "Romanesque architecture" }, { "id": "11181890", "score": "1.5342088", "text": "ends surrounded by a lower ambulatory, as is typical of Northern France. This arrangement still exists at Norwich and in part at Peterborough and also, with variation, in the Early English Gothic east end at Canterbury, but in every other case has been modified. The typical arrangement for an English Gothic east end is square, and may be an unbroken cliff-like design as at York, Lincoln, Ripon, Ely and Carlisle or may have a projecting Lady Chapel of which there is a great diversity as at Salisbury, Lichfield, Hereford, Exeter and Chichester. The ends of Norwich and Canterbury also have", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "486104", "score": "1.5266922", "text": "archways and to articulate wall surfaces, as at Barton-upon-Humber and Earls Barton. In plan, however, the churches remained essentially conservative. From, the monastic revival of the second half of the tenth century only a few documented buildings survive or have been excavated, for example: the abbeys of Glastonbury; Old Minster, Winchester; Romsey; Cholsey; and Peterborough Cathedral. The majority of churches that have been described as Anglo-Saxon fall into the period between the late 10th century and the early 12th. During this period many settlements were first provided with stone churches, but timber also continued to be used; the best wooden", "title": "Anglo-Saxons" }, { "id": "11181899", "score": "1.5258083", "text": "medieval abbey retains the proportions of the previous Saxon structure. The comprehensive reconstruction of the Saxon cathedral churches of England by the Normans represented the single largest ecclesiastical building programme of medieval Europe and when built, these were the biggest structures to have been erected in Christian Europe since the end of the Roman Empire. All the medieval cathedrals of England, with the exception of Salisbury, Lichfield and Wells have evidence of Norman architecture. Peterborough, Durham and Norwich remain for the greater part Norman buildings, while at many others there are substantial parts of the building in the Norman style,", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "11181897", "score": "1.522924", "text": "at Norwich, the still more elaborate variation at Winchester (with more than one-thousand carved bosses), the array of unique lierne vaults at Bristol, the net-like stellar vaulting of the choirs at Gloucester and York, the fan vaulting of the retro-choir at Peterborough, and the pendant vaulting of the choir at Oxford, where elaborate long stone bosses are suspended from the ceiling like lanterns. Many of the more elaborate forms are unique to England, with stellar vaulting also occurring in Spain and Germany. While in most cases a Norman church entirely replaced a Saxon one, at Ripon the cathedral uniquely retains", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "11181880", "score": "1.522613", "text": "comparison with the medieval cathedrals of other countries, seven of the twenty-five English cathedrals, Canterbury, Durham, Ely, Lincoln, St Albans, Winchester and York, exceeding 150 metres (being between ), only equalled by the cathedrals of Milan and Florence. Another nine of the cathedrals, Norwich, Peterborough, Salisbury, Worcester, Gloucester, Wells, Exeter, Chichester and Lichfield, are between long. By comparison, the largest cathedrals of Northern France, Notre Dame de Paris, Amiens, Rouen, Reims and Chartres, are all about 135–140 metres in length, as is Cologne in Germany. The longest cathedrals of Spain, including Seville, which has the largest floor area of any", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "11181898", "score": "1.5182269", "text": "its early Saxon crypt, while a similar crypt also survives below the former cathedral of Hexham. At Winchester the excavated foundations of the 10th-century cathedral – when built, the largest church in northern Europe – are marked on grass of the cathedral close. At Worcester, a new cathedral was built in the Norman style from 1084, but the crypt contains re-used stonework and columns from its two Saxon predecessor churches. Elsewhere, the abbey church of Sherborne preserves much masonry from the former Saxon cathedral, in the west front, transepts and crossing, so that the nave and crossing of present late", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "3723414", "score": "1.5035367", "text": "buildings were built imitating the older Roman styles. The Germanic immigrants constructed small rectangular buildings from wood, and occasionally grander halls. However, the conversion to Christianity in the 6th and 7th centuries reintroduced Italian and French masons, and these craftsmen built stone churches, low in height, following a narrow, rectangular plan, plastered inside and fitted with glass and colourful vestments. This Romanesque style developed throughout the period, featuring characteristic circular arches. By the 10th and 11th centuries, much larger churches and monastery buildings were being built, featuring square and circular towers after the contemporary European fashion. The palaces constructed for", "title": "England in the Middle Ages" }, { "id": "536747", "score": "1.5031302", "text": "monarchs such as King Canute and William Rufus. It was once an important pilgrimage centre and housed the shrine of Saint Swithun. The ancient Pilgrims' Way travelling to Canterbury begins at Winchester. The plan of the earlier Old Minster is laid out in the grass adjoining the cathedral. The New Minster (the original burial place of Alfred the Great and Edward the Elder) once stood beside it. The cathedral has a girls choir and a boys choir, which sing on a regular basis at the cathedral. Winchester Cathedral Close contains a number of historic buildings from the time when the", "title": "Winchester" }, { "id": "2185227", "score": "1.5025399", "text": "constructed. Generally preferring not to settle in the old Roman cities, the Anglo-Saxons built small settlements near their centres of agriculture. In the towns, there is evidence of main halls, and other forms of building of the towns people. During the 9th and 10th centuries, fortifications (burhs) were constructed around towns to defend against Viking attacks. Almost no secular work remains above ground, although the Anglian Tower in York has been controversially dated to the seventh century. Recent evidence opens up the posibility that St George's Tower, Oxford, may be a surviving part of the defenses surrounding the Anglo-Saxon burh", "title": "Anglo-Saxon architecture" }, { "id": "11181931", "score": "1.5019152", "text": "original glass, which is rare in England. The exterior has the finest Early English façade and a large central tower. Built between 1079 and 1532, Winchester Cathedral has had an unusual architectural history. The exterior, apart from the modified windows, gives the impression of a massive Norman building and indeed, it is the longest medieval church in the world. However, the west front is now Perpendicular, with its huge window filled with fragments of medieval glass. Inside, only the crypt and the transepts have retained their Norman appearance. The spectacular Perpendicular nave with its tall arcade arches and strong vertical", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "11181893", "score": "1.5004888", "text": "their location, are highly significant landmarks and landscape elements. Among these is Chichester, which can be seen for many miles across a landscape of open fields and is the only one of England’s cathedrals that is visible from the sea. The grey spire of Norwich rises serenely from its surrounding city, to be a focus of the Norwich School of landscape painters. Ely, on a small hill, dominates the rural countryside and its appearance in times of flood causes it to be known as \"The Ship of the Fens\". The three spires of Lichfield are known as \"The Ladies of", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "11181894", "score": "1.4988868", "text": "the Vale\". The “exquisite tower” of Worcester is seen best across the River Severn. Lincoln with its vast façade and three towers, the tallest being over 80 metres (270 ft), rises majestically from a steep hill above the town. Salisbury Cathedral with its “faultless spire” constitutes one of the iconic views of England, made famous by the landscape painter John Constable. In the north of England, Durham makes a “spectacular” view as it sits dramatically on its steep rocky peninsula above the River Wear, “half Church of God, half castle ‘gainst the Scots”. Because the architecture of English cathedrals is", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "11181866", "score": "1.4988767", "text": "St. Paul’s. All the medieval buildings that are now cathedrals of England were Roman Catholic in origin, as they predate the Reformation. All these buildings now serve the Church of England as a result of the change to the official religion of the country, which occurred in 1534 during the reign of Henry VIII. The cathedrals fall into three distinct groups, depending on their earlier organisational structure. Firstly, there are those that, during the Medieval period as now, were governed by a body of secular clergy or chapter, presided over by a dean. These cathedrals are Chichester, Exeter, Hereford, Lichfield,", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "11181922", "score": "1.4987875", "text": "and the Lady Chapel is apsidal with very tall windows, giving a rather French impression. Lichfield is the only one of the cathedrals to have retained three spires. Dating from 1074 to 1548, Lincoln Cathedral is one of the largest of England’s cathedrals and it has been claimed by John Ruskin that, architecturally, it is worth any two of the others put together. Edward Freeman described it as “one of the loveliest of human works.” It retains portions of the three massive arches of the Norman west front and much heavily restored sculpture around the central portal. The central tower", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" } ]

[ "2", "", "two" ]

[ { "id": "322369", "score": "1.6254106", "text": "than two years of Roosevelt's fourth term—before he withdrew from the 1952 election. Since the amendment's adoption, five presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. Both Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson, having held the presidency for one full term in addition to only 14 months of John F. Kennedy's unexpired term, was eligible for a second full term in 1968, but withdrew from", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "id": "785624", "score": "1.5854672", "text": "coming into force in 1951, the amendment has applied to six presidents who have been elected twice: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. It has also applied to two who entered office intra-term due to their predecessor's death or resignation: Lyndon B. Johnson and Gerald Ford. Johnson became president in November 1963, following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, served out the final of Kennedy's term, and was elected to a full four-year term in 1964. Four years later, he briefly ran for a second full term, but withdrew from the", "title": "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "id": "8938917", "score": "1.5821234", "text": "A total of 8 presidents served two full terms and declined a third and three presidents served one full term and refused a second. After World War II, however, an officeholder class had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Court, where tenure is for life. \"Homesteading,\" or securing a lifelong career in Congress, was made possible by reelection rates that approached 100% by the end of the 20th century. The concept of homesteading brought about a popular movement known as the \"term-limits movement\". The elections of 1990–94 saw the adoption of term limits", "title": "Term limits in the United States" }, { "id": "785625", "score": "1.573844", "text": "race during the party primaries. Had Johnson served a second full term – through January 20, 1973 – the total length of his presidency would have been ; as it happened, Johnson died two days after this date. Gerald Ford, who became president in August 1974 following the resignation of Richard Nixon, served the final of Nixon's term, and attempted to win a full four-year term in 1976, but was defeated by Jimmy Carter. Johnson was eligible to be elected to two full terms in his own right, as he had served less than two years of Kennedy's unexpired term,", "title": "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "id": "8938926", "score": "1.5720581", "text": "Roosevelt (president, 1933–1945) in 1940 was the only president to break the tradition, winning a third term in 1940 and a fourth term in 1944. This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that \"no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice\". The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent, President Harry S. Truman. However all his close advisors, pointing to his age, his failing abilities, and his poor showing in the polls, talked him", "title": "Term limits in the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Term limit\n\nA term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms an officeholder may serve in a particular elected office. When term limits are found in presidential and semi-presidential systems they act as a method of curbing the potential for monopoly, where a leader effectively becomes \"president for life\". This is intended to protect a republic from becoming a \"de facto\" dictatorship. Term limits may be applied as a lifetime limit on the number of terms an officeholder may serve, or the restrictions may be applied as a limit on the number of consecutive terms they may serve.", "title": "Term limit" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "President of the United States\n\nThe president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.\n\nThe power of the presidency has grown substantially since the first president, George Washington, took office in 1789. As the leader of the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP, the president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power.\n\nArticle II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government and vests the executive power in the president. The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law and the responsibility to appoint federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers. Based on constitutional provisions empowering the president to appoint and receive ambassadors and conclude treaties with foreign powers, and on subsequent laws enacted by Congress, the modern presidency has primary responsibility for conducting U.S. foreign policy. The role includes responsibility for directing the world's most expensive military, which has the second largest nuclear arsenal.\n\nThe president also plays a leading role in federal legislation and domestic policymaking. As part of the system of checks and balances, of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation. Since modern presidents are also typically viewed as the leaders of their political parties, major policymaking is significantly shaped by the outcome of presidential elections, with presidents taking an active role in promoting their policy priorities to members of Congress who are often electorally dependent on the president. In recent decades, presidents have also made increasing use of executive orders, agency regulations, and judicial appointments to shape domestic policy.\n\nThe president is elected indirectly through the Electoral College to a four-year term, along with the vice president. Under the Twenty-second Amendment, ratified in 1951, no person who has been elected to two presidential terms may be elected to a third. In addition, nine vice presidents have become president by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation. In all, 45 individuals have served 46 presidencies spanning 58 full four-year terms.\n\nJoe Biden is the 46th and current president of the United States, having assumed office on January 20, 2021.", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Term of office\n\nA term of office, electoral term, or parliamentary term is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a defined limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a maximum number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office.", "title": "Term of office" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms" }, { "id": "6669766", "score": "1.5669094", "text": "to a third term or for election to a second full term after serving more than two remaining years of a term of a previously elected president. The latter clause would have applied to Truman's situation in 1952 except that a grandfather clause in the amendment explicitly excluded the amendment from applying to the current president. Nevertheless, he seriously considered running for another term in 1952, and left his name on the ballot in the New Hampshire primary. However all his close advisors, pointing to his age, his failing abilities, and his poor showing in the polls, talked him out", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "id": "333296", "score": "1.5658553", "text": "to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015, but the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against reducing the age of eligibility. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. They must be nominated by one of the following: Where only one candidate is nominated, he or she is deemed elected without the need for a ballot. For this reason, where there is a consensus among political parties not to have a contest, the President may be 'elected' without the occurrence of an actual ballot. Since the establishment of the office", "title": "President of Ireland" }, { "id": "427887", "score": "1.5591403", "text": "of government limited how many presidential terms one could serve, the nation's first president, George Washington, declined to run for a third term, suggesting that two terms of four years were enough for any president. This precedent remained an unwritten rule of the presidency until broken by Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was elected to a third term as president 1940 and in 1944 to a fourth. The Twenty-fifth Amendment (1967) clarifies what happens upon the death, removal, or resignation of the President or Vice President and how the Presidency is temporarily filled if the President becomes disabled and cannot fulfill", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "id": "322368", "score": "1.558512", "text": "despite his declining physical health; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12, 1945. In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt's presidency, the Twenty-second Amendment was adopted in 1951. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than two years (24 months) of another president's four-year term. Harry S. Truman, president when this term limit came into force, was exempted from its limitations, and briefly sought a second full term—to which he would have otherwise been ineligible for election, as he had been president for more", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "id": "785623", "score": "1.5342537", "text": "did not apply (due to the grandfather clause in Section 1) to Harry S. Truman, because he was the incumbent president at the time it was proposed by Congress. Truman, who had served nearly all of Franklin D. Roosevelt's unexpired fourth term and who was elected to a full term in 1948, was thus eligible to seek re-election in 1952. However, with his job approval rating floundering at around 27%, and after a poor performance in the 1952 New Hampshire primary, Truman chose not to seek his party's nomination. He theoretically also would have been eligible in later elections. Since", "title": "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "id": "8667227", "score": "1.5293487", "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and", "title": "Legacy of George Washington" }, { "id": "335666", "score": "1.5268595", "text": "to. He was succeeded by Nicolas Sarkozy on 16 May 2007. Following a further change, the constitutional law on the modernisation of the institutions of the Fifth Republic, 2008, a President cannot serve more than two consecutive terms. François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac are the only Presidents to date who have served a full two terms (14 years for the former, 12 years for the latter). In order to be admitted as an official candidate, potential candidates must receive signed nominations (informally known as \"parrainages\", for \"sponsors\") from more than 500 elected officials, mostly mayors. These officials must be from", "title": "President of France" }, { "id": "19119621", "score": "1.5141947", "text": "the 1952 Democratic National Convention. The Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution states that an individual can not be elected to the presidency more than twice. This prohibits former Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama from being elected president again. Former president Jimmy Carter (a nonagenarian), having served a single term as president, is not constitutionally prohibited from being elected to another term in the 2020 election. The age group of what will then be people in the 18 to 45-year-old bracket is expected to represent just under 40 percent of the United States' eligible voters in 2020.", "title": "2020 United States presidential election" }, { "id": "427886", "score": "1.498168", "text": "office until the following March, with a \"lame duck\" Congress convening in the interim. By moving the beginning of the president's new term from March 4 to January 20 (and in the case of Congress, to January 3), proponents hoped to put an end to lame duck sessions, while allowing for a speedier transition for the new administration and legislators. The Twenty-second Amendment (1951) limits an elected president to two terms in office, a total of eight years. However, under some circumstances it is possible for an individual to serve more than eight years. Although nothing in the original frame", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "id": "322367", "score": "1.4980533", "text": "became tradition after Thomas Jefferson publicly embraced the principle a decade later during his second term, as did his two immediate successors, James Madison and James Monroe. In spite of the strong two-term tradition, Ulysses S. Grant sought a non-consecutive third term in 1880, as did Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 (though it would have been only his second full term). Both were unsuccessful. In 1940, after leading the nation through the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt was elected to a third term, breaking the self-imposed precedent. Four years later, with the U.S. engaged in World War II, he was re-elected again", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "id": "1758312", "score": "1.4979312", "text": "years, with no possibility of consecutive reelection. In 1949, the constitution was amended to allow the president to run for an unlimited number of six-year terms. This provision was repealed in 1957. After the 1966 military coup, the rulers shortened the presidential term to four years, but there was a period of political instability during these terms, which had led to the situation that they were never completed. Prior to the 1994 constitutional reform, the President and Vice President were required to be Roman Catholics. This stipulation was abolished in 1994. As of 2015, The President and Vice President enjoy", "title": "President of Argentina" }, { "id": "961934", "score": "1.4949048", "text": "president to two consecutive terms. However, soon after being sworn in, he had the legislature amend the constitution to allow the incumbent president—himself—to run for an unlimited number of terms. In 1960, the 84-year-old Rhee won his fourth term in office as President with 90% of the vote. His victory was assured after the main opposition candidate, Cho Byeong-ok, died shortly before the March 15 elections. Rhee wanted his protégé, Lee Ki-poong, elected as Vice President—a separate office under Korean law at that time. When Lee, who was running against Chang Myon (the ambassador to the United States during the", "title": "Syngman Rhee" }, { "id": "785631", "score": "1.4887671", "text": "November 2000 interview with \"Rolling Stone\", out-going President Bill Clinton suggested that, given longer life expectancy, perhaps the 22nd Amendment should be altered so as to limit presidents to two \"consecutive\" terms. The first efforts in Congress to repeal the 22nd Amendment were undertaken in 1956, only five years after the amendment's ratification. According to the Congressional Research Service, over the ensuing half-century (through 2008) 54 joint resolutions seeking to repeal the two-term presidential election limit were introduced (primarily in the House); none were given serious consideration. Between 1997 and 2013, José E. Serrano (D-NY) introduced nine resolutions (one per", "title": "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "id": "1488514", "score": "1.4834387", "text": "a decade later through Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, which resolved the uncertainties surrounding presidential disability. Nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term, eight due to the president's death, and one due to the president's resignation from office. Additionally, two vice presidents have temporarily assumed the powers and duties of the presidency as acting president, as authorized by Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment: George H. W. Bush did so once, on July 13, 1985, and Dick Cheney did so twice, on June 29, 2002, and on July 21, 2007. While several vice presidents have", "title": "United States presidential line of succession" }, { "id": "8938912", "score": "1.4769363", "text": "tradition was challenged by Ulysses Grant in 1880, and by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. Otherwise no major effort to avoid it took place until 1940 when Franklin Roosevelt explicitly broke it. The 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the two-term limit—although it did not apply to the incumbent Harry Truman. The fact that \"perpetuity in office\" was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th-century concept. \"Ideas are, in truth, forces\", and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support,", "title": "Term limits in the United States" } ]

[ "Chair (furniture)", "Chaired", "Dining-chair", "kubbestol", "armchair chair", "Chair", "Kubbestol", "Armchair (chair)", "Chairs", "Wooden chair", "8 hour chair", "chair leg", "chair", "Chair leg", "Four legged chair", "personal chair", "four legged chair", "wooden chair", "24 hour chair", "chair furniture", "Booster Chair", "booster chair", "chaired", "chair toss", "Chair toss", "armchair furniture", "chair seat", "dining chair", "Armchair (furniture)", "chairs", "Personal chair", "Chair seat" ]

[ { "id": "12461662", "score": "1.602808", "text": "the United States due to a design fault which allowed the chairs to be unzipped by children. Two children died from suffocation after climbing inside the chairs and inhaling the foam beads. Bean bag A bean bag (also beanbag) is a sealed bag containing dried beans, PVC pellets, expanded polystyrene, or expanded polypropylene. The bags are commonly used for throwing games, but have various other applications. Designed by Piero Gatti, Cesare Paolini and Franco Teodoro and produced by the Italian company Zanotta in 1969, beanbags have become a globally recognised piece of furniture. It is said that they noticed the", "title": "Bean bag" }, { "id": "6826536", "score": "1.5827978", "text": "take after Sacco. Amongst many, the most successful contemporary model would be Jukka Setala’s Fatboy. The product launched in 2002 brought the Finnish designer global recognition. The new form of the bean bag chair has less stitching and a more geometrical take in the means of shape. It also has (just like ALL bean bags) an EPS filling which is more durable than PVC that hardly anyone use. Bean bag chair A bean bag chair is a large fabric bag, filled with polystyrene beads (Sacco chair), dried beans, or a similar substance. The product is an example of an anatomic", "title": "Bean bag chair" }, { "id": "12461660", "score": "1.5615883", "text": "Bean bag A bean bag (also beanbag) is a sealed bag containing dried beans, PVC pellets, expanded polystyrene, or expanded polypropylene. The bags are commonly used for throwing games, but have various other applications. Designed by Piero Gatti, Cesare Paolini and Franco Teodoro and produced by the Italian company Zanotta in 1969, beanbags have become a globally recognised piece of furniture. It is said that they noticed the staff would sit on bags filled with styrofoam during their coffee and cigarette breaks. The original beanbag chair was called \"Sacco\", which was a pear-shaped leather bag filled with styrofoam beans and", "title": "Bean bag" }, { "id": "12461661", "score": "1.5591967", "text": "is still in production today. Bean bags can be made from materials including leather, suede, corduroy and fake fur. Polyester bean bags are waterproof and can be used outdoors. Giant bean bags can also be used as a cheap alternative to buying a sofa or couch. Quite a variety of bean bags are sold, including baby bean bags that are known for helping babies that suffer from colic. They are also known for helping with plagiocephaly or more commonly referred to as flat head syndrome in babies. In August 2014, Ace Bayou Corp recalled 2.2 million bean bag chairs in", "title": "Bean bag" }, { "id": "6826531", "score": "1.5534947", "text": "Bean bag chair A bean bag chair is a large fabric bag, filled with polystyrene beads (Sacco chair), dried beans, or a similar substance. The product is an example of an anatomic chair. The shape of the object is set by the user. Although designed to be a chair, due to its amorphous nature it is often confused with tuffets and ottomans. Sacco, the first artifact of that kind, was introduced in 1968 by three Italian designers: Piero Gatti, Cesare Paolini and Franco Teodoro. The object was created in the Italian Modernism movement. Being a post war era phenomenon, Italian", "title": "Bean bag chair" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bean bag\n\nA bean bag (also beanbag) is a sealed bag containing dried beans, PVC pellets, expanded polystyrene, or expanded polypropylene. The bags are commonly used for throwing games, but they have various other applications.", "title": "Bean bag" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cornhole\n\nCornhole (also known regionally as sack toss, or bags) is a lawn game popular in North America in which players or teams take turns throwing fabric bean bags at a raised, angled board with a hole in its far end. The goal of the game is to score points by either landing a bag on the board (one point) or putting a bag through the hole (three points).", "title": "Cornhole" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of furniture types\n\nThis is a list of furniture types. Furniture includes objects such as tables, chairs, beds, desks, dressers, and cupboards. These objects are usually kept in a house or other building to make it suitable or comfortable for living or working in.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of furniture types" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Couch\n\nA couch, also known as a sofa, settee, or chesterfield, is a cushioned item of furniture for seating multiple people (although it is not uncommon for a single person to use a couch alone). It is commonly found in the form of a bench with upholstered armrests and is often fitted with springs and tailored cushion and pillows. Although a couch is used primarily for seating, it may be used for sleeping. In homes, couches are normally put in the family room, living room, den, or lounge. They are sometimes also found in non-residential settings such as hotels, lobbies of commercial offices, waiting rooms, and bars. Couches can also vary in size, color, and design.", "title": "Couch" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Soylent Green\n\nSoylent Green is a 1973 American ecological dystopian thriller film directed by Richard Fleischer, and starring Charlton Heston, Leigh Taylor-Young, and Edward G. Robinson in his final film role. It is loosely based on the 1966 science fiction novel \"Make Room! Make Room!\" by Harry Harrison, with a plot that combines elements of science fiction and a police procedural. The story follows a murder investigation in a dystopian future of dying oceans and year-round humidity caused by the greenhouse effect, with the resulting pollution, depleted resources, poverty, and overpopulation. In 1973, it won the Nebula Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film.", "title": "Soylent Green" }, { "id": "6826535", "score": "1.4242142", "text": "Sacco picked up that flaw and with the use of leather for exterior and right placed stitching. It is worth mentioning that the use of leather was not coincidental as at that time the textile was an Italian national pride product. The target user of the chair was the lax, hippie community and their non-conformist household. \"In an era characterized by the hippie culture, apartment sharing and student demonstrations, the thirty-something designers created a nonpoltrona (non-chair) and thus launched an attack on good bourgeois taste.\" Other designers have followed the ‘shapeless’ chair design, creating a range of inspired products that", "title": "Bean bag chair" }, { "id": "1664138", "score": "1.4087688", "text": "shotgun rounds for bean bags. In 2013, in Park Forest, Illinois, an autopsy showed that a 95-year-old man had died from hemoperitoneum as a result of being shot by police with a bean bag gun. Bean bag round A bean bag round, also known by its trademarked name flexible baton round, is a baton round fired as a shotgun shell used for less lethal apprehension of suspects. The bean bag round consists of a small fabric \"pillow\" filled with #9 lead shot weighing about . It is fired from a normal 12-gauge shotgun. When fired, the bag is expelled at", "title": "Bean bag round" }, { "id": "1664134", "score": "1.3963748", "text": "Bean bag round A bean bag round, also known by its trademarked name flexible baton round, is a baton round fired as a shotgun shell used for less lethal apprehension of suspects. The bean bag round consists of a small fabric \"pillow\" filled with #9 lead shot weighing about . It is fired from a normal 12-gauge shotgun. When fired, the bag is expelled at around ; it spreads out in flight and distributes its impact over about of the target. It is designed to deliver a blow that will cause minimum long-term trauma and no penetration but will result", "title": "Bean bag round" }, { "id": "4905168", "score": "1.3435268", "text": "can be recycled or upcycled for many uses including in clothing. However, this long-time symbol of coffee trade is starting to be replaced by huge polypropylene or polyethylene bags, increasingly used for coffee exports - especially from Brazil. Coffee bag A Coffee bag is a large bag used for coffee storage and transport. Traditionally it is made of jute and has a content of 60 kilograms (130 pounds), this type of bag originated in Brazil and became a worldwide standard. It also became a measurement unit to this day, for example FAO's statistics on coffee production are expressed in 60-kg", "title": "Coffee bag" }, { "id": "17157565", "score": "1.3135829", "text": "leaking bean-bag chair to Italy with them and when Ted refuses to relent they claim to have changed their minds and send him out to buy them a couple of fanny packs. When he gets back, he finds Marshall and Lily about to leave the bean-bag in the Triangle and begs them to keep it, sitting down in it and refusing to move even if it means missing the meeting. He admits the chair means a lot to him as it was the first piece of furniture they bought after moving into the apartment. When he admits his worry that", "title": "Something Old" }, { "id": "4905167", "score": "1.3025603", "text": "Coffee bag A Coffee bag is a large bag used for coffee storage and transport. Traditionally it is made of jute and has a content of 60 kilograms (130 pounds), this type of bag originated in Brazil and became a worldwide standard. It also became a measurement unit to this day, for example FAO's statistics on coffee production are expressed in 60-kg bags. Jute fibers are treated with mineral oil (used to be whale oil) to improve Spinnability, which raised questions about coffee contamination from these hydrocarbons, but further studies showed it to be infinitesimal. Once used, these decorative bags", "title": "Coffee bag" }, { "id": "5727296", "score": "1.2971399", "text": "his diary, \"Sir Colin Campbell's baggage &c. extended for eighteen miles, when he came down from Lucknow\". The numerous items specifically made for travel include a variety of types of bed from four poster or tent beds to chairs that would extend for sleeping; large dining tables, dining chairs, easy chairs, sofas and couches, chests of drawers, book cabinets, washstands, wardrobes, shelves, desks, mirrors, lanterns and candlesticks, canteens of silver, cooking equipment, toiletry equipment and thunderboxes were all made to be portable. By the mid-19th century the demand for campaign furniture encouraged many makers to be inventive in their design", "title": "Campaign furniture" }, { "id": "15363218", "score": "1.2931343", "text": "bean is roasted, it is either packaged immediately for sale, or ground and then packaged for sale. Packages used are typically either an airtight plastic container or vacuum-sealed wrapping, or a folded-over bag with a pressure relief valve. Each type of package has its own advantages. The airtight containers allow maximum freshness of the bean and prolong its shelf life, whilst the valve allows excess carbon dioxide, and other gases to escape. The carbon dioxide, as much as 10 L/kg of coffee for dark-roasted coffee, is not released because it is harmful to the flavour—quite the contrary, it protects the", "title": "Coffee bean storage" }, { "id": "2495138", "score": "1.2838953", "text": "membership. Within-category substitutes are goods that are members of the same taxonomic category, goods sharing common attributes (e.g., chocolate, chairs, station wagons, etc.). Cross-category substitutes are goods that are members of different taxonomic categories but can satisfy the same goal. A person who cannot have the chocolate that she desires, for example, might instead buy ice cream to satisfy her goal to have a dessert. Goods that are completely substitutable with each other are called perfect substitutes. They may be characterized as goods having a linear utility function or a constant marginal rate of substitution. Writeable compact disks from different", "title": "Substitute good" }, { "id": "6826534", "score": "1.2820971", "text": "only Italian design of that time, but also : “the human and creative element in modern industrial design as well as its practical, economic and social benefits.”(Raizman 285) Piero Gatti, Cesare Paolini and Franco Teodoro, inspired by their designer predecessors, came up in 1968 with the design of Sacco the ‘shapeless chair’. Although it was not the first design of an amorphous chair in Italian history, Sacco was the first successful product created in partnership with Zanotta. The predecessor of the product had a major design flaw of not being able to sustain its form and therefore never reached production.", "title": "Bean bag chair" }, { "id": "3508909", "score": "1.2683917", "text": "company's products such as the Maine Hunting Shoe, L.L.Bean Boot, Boat and Totes, dog beds, leather goods and backpacks. In 2000, L.L.Bean formed a contract with the Japanese automaker Subaru, making L.L.Bean the official outfitter of Subaru, spawning an L.L.Bean edition Subaru Outback and Subaru Forester for the US market. The L.L.Bean trim levels were top-spec versions, with all available options included as standard equipment. This relationship with Subaru ended June 28, 2008. In 2010, L.L.Bean created a contemporary sub-brand called L.L.Bean Signature. The Signature line is a modern interpretation of L.L.Bean's previous products with modern fits. Along with a", "title": "L.L.Bean" }, { "id": "3854371", "score": "1.2616746", "text": "away the top coat to show the wood or base coats, known as \"distressing\" the finish of the furniture. Furniture pieces that are not genuine antiques are usually selected for their resemblance to older furniture styles, and may be reproduction furniture with a distressed finish. Elaborate furniture appliques depicting flower swags and garlands, cherubs, and other motifs may be added. Fabrics tend to be cottons and linens, with linen being particularly popular, inspired by old French linens. Pure whites, as well as ecrus and worn or bleached out pastel colors are favorites. Fabric is often stained with tea to give", "title": "Shabby chic" }, { "id": "8470116", "score": "1.2584555", "text": "Coffee substitute Coffee substitutes are non-coffee products, usually without caffeine, that are used to imitate coffee. Coffee substitutes can be used for medical, economic and religious reasons, or simply because coffee is not readily available. Roasted grain beverages are common substitutes for coffee. In World War II, acorns were used to make coffee, as were roasted chicory and grain. During the American Civil War coffee was also scarce in the South: Coffee substitutes are sometimes used in preparing foods served to children or to people who avoid caffeine, or in the belief that they are healthier than coffee. For religious", "title": "Coffee substitute" }, { "id": "6826532", "score": "1.2572863", "text": "modernism’s design was highly inspired with new available technology. Post war technology allowed an increase in the processes of production, by introducing new materials such as polystyrene. The idea of mass-produced goods made within an inexpensive price range appealed to consumers. It therefore created the need for a revolution in the creative and manufacturing process. ‘The designer was an integral member of a process that included marketing as well as engineering’ (Raizman 284). The inspiration left by Corradino D’Ascano’s Vespa design for the Piaggio Corporation in 1946, added value to the essence of the designer. With successful designs, brands could", "title": "Bean bag chair" }, { "id": "9808882", "score": "1.2561305", "text": "a variety of colors, the most common being \"beach\" (a combination of 4 panels colored red, yellow, blue and green), white, and other combinations of colors that are easily visible. Beanbags are preferred by many jugglers because beanbags don't bounce or roll when dropped, are caught the most easily, and have reasonable pricing and availability. Beanbags are generally found in sizes ranging from 2.5\"-3\" in diameter, with weights of 90-130g. Smaller beanbags with less filling in them are sometimes used by numbers jugglers, who require a smaller and lighter ball so they can throw and catch many balls using the", "title": "Juggling ball" } ]

[ "Dieu et Mon Droit", "Dieu Et Mon Droit", "God and my right", "god and my right", "Dieu et mon droit", "DIEU ET MON DROIT", "dieu et mon droit", "Dieut et mon droict", "dieut et mon droict", "Dieu et mon Droit" ]

[ { "id": "366971", "score": "1.9789802", "text": "audits and documents to be captured by Richard. At the Battle of Gisors (sometimes called ) in 1198, Richard took \"—\"God and my Right\"—as his motto (still used by the British monarchy today), echoing his earlier boast to Emperor Henry that his rank acknowledged no superior but God. In March 1199, Richard was in Limousin suppressing a revolt by Viscount Aimar V of Limoges. Although it was Lent, he \"devastated the Viscount's land with fire and sword\". He besieged the puny, virtually unarmed castle of . Some chroniclers claimed that this was because a local peasant had uncovered a treasure", "title": "Richard I of England" }, { "id": "2320956", "score": "1.9513247", "text": "used as the motto of English monarchs, and later by British monarchs outside Scotland, since being adopted by Henry V. It was first used as a battle cry by King Richard I in 1198 at the Battle of Gisors, when he defeated the forces of Philip II of France and after he made it his motto. The belief in medieval Europe was not that victory automatically went to the side with the better army but that, as with personal trial by combat, to the side that God viewed with favour. Hence Richard wrote after his victory \"It is not us", "title": "Dieu et mon droit" }, { "id": "6978760", "score": "1.7938942", "text": "king of France, as we have heard say, had to drink of the river\" Richard reported to the Bishop of Durham; with the French king struggling for his life, his troops managed to pull him out of the water. The impregnable fortress of Gisors remained in French hands, nevertheless. The battle was followed by another temporary truce, made at Vernon. Allegedly, before Gisors, Richard coined as countersign the parole of the day to tell friend from foe, \"Dieu et mon droit\", a denial of his fealty to the King of France. By this motto, Richard attested that he owed his", "title": "Battle of Gisors" }, { "id": "2058999", "score": "1.7707477", "text": "the intervening period. \"Veritas temporis filia\" (\"truth is the daughter of time\") was the motto of Mary I (1553–1558), \"Semper Eadem\" (\"always the same\") was used by Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and Anne (1702–1714), James I (1603–1625) sometimes used \"Beati pacifici\" (\"blessed are the peacemakers\"), while William III (1689–1702) used the motto of the House of Orange: \"Je maintiendrai\" (\"I will maintain\"). The Royal Banner of England is the English banner of arms and so has always borne the Royal Arms of England—the personal arms of England's reigning monarch. When displayed in war or battle, this banner signalled that the sovereign", "title": "Royal Arms of England" }, { "id": "365917", "score": "1.7460496", "text": "Ireland\"). Informally, he may have been known as \"Dickon\", according to a sixteenth-century legend of a note, warning of treachery, that was sent to the Duke of Norfolk on the eve of Bosworth: As Duke of Gloucester, Richard used the Royal Arms of England quartered with the Royal Arms of France, differenced by a label argent of three points ermine, on each point a canton gules, supported by a blue boar. As sovereign, he used the arms of the kingdom undifferenced, supported by a white boar and a lion. His motto was \"Loyaulte me lie\", \"Loyalty binds me\"; and his", "title": "Richard III of England" }, { "id": "366981", "score": "1.7286505", "text": "instance of the appearance of this blazon, which later became established as the Royal arms of England. It is likely, therefore, that Richard introduced this heraldic design. In his earlier Great Seal of 1189, he had used either one \"lion rampant\" or two \"lions rampants combatants\", which arms he may have adopted from his father. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a \"lion statant\" (now \"statant-guardant\"). The coat of three lions continues to represent England on several coins of the pound sterling, forms the basis of several emblems of English national sports teams (such as", "title": "Richard I of England" }, { "id": "10251433", "score": "1.7284448", "text": "y pense\" (\"Shamed be he who thinks evil of it\"). \"Dieu et mon droit\" was first used by Richard I in 1198 and adopted as the royal motto of England in the time of Henry VI. The motto appears below the shield of the Royal Coat of Arms. The literature of the Anglo-Norman period forms the reference point for subsequent literature in the Norman language, especially in the 19th century Norman literary revival and even into the 20th century in the case of André Dupont's \"Épopée cotentine\". The languages and literature of the Channel Islands are sometimes referred to as", "title": "Anglo-Norman language" }, { "id": "2058997", "score": "1.7226973", "text": "III\". The red dragon, a symbol of the Tudor dynasty, was added upon the accession of Henry VII, and used by Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. After the Union of the Crowns, the supporters of the arms of the British monarch became—and have remained—the Lion and the Unicorn, representing England and Scotland respectively. Edward III founded the Order of the Garter in about 1348. Since then, the full achievement of the Royal Arms has included a representation of the Garter, encircling the shield. This is a blue circlet with gold buckle and edging, bearing the order's Old French motto \"Honi", "title": "Royal Arms of England" }, { "id": "366982", "score": "1.7023108", "text": "the England national football team, and the team's \"Three Lions\" anthem), and endures as one of the most recognisable national symbols of England. Around the middle of the 13th century, various legends developed that, after Richard's capture, his minstrel travelled Europe from castle to castle, loudly singing a song known only to the two of them (they had composed it together). Eventually, he came to the place where Richard was being held, and Richard heard the song and answered with the appropriate refrain, thus revealing where the king was incarcerated. The story was the basis of 's opera \"\" and", "title": "Richard I of England" }, { "id": "15508681", "score": "1.6894674", "text": "timing of the case is of importance, coming just one year before the very height of the \"Age of Chivalry\", symbolised by the founding by King Edward III of the Order of the Garter (1348), accompanied by a lavish tournament (which was heraldry's greatest showcase) at Windsor Castle. A transcript of the original mediaeval French charter follows: Translation: “We Henry, Earl of Lancaster, Derby and Leicester, seneschal of England; William de Clinton, Earl of Huntingdon; Reginald de Cobham; Walter Lord de Manny; William Lovel; Steven de Cosinton; commissioned by the lord king of England and of France to hear, try", "title": "Warbelton v Gorges" }, { "id": "6978758", "score": "1.6842816", "text": "Battle of Gisors The Battle of Gisors (September 27, 1198) was a skirmish fought in Courcelles-lès-Gisors, Oise, Picardy, part of the ongoing fighting between Richard I of England and Philip Augustus of France that lasted from 1194 to Richard's death in April 1199. The earlier conflict restarted after the truce between the two kings expired (just long enough to see the harvest in, according to the chronicler Roger of Hoveden). Both kings invaded and pillaged the other's territory, causing great suffering to the local population by having their captives' eyes put out. Richard advanced through French territory by capturing several", "title": "Battle of Gisors" }, { "id": "6978761", "score": "1.6831319", "text": "kingdom—and Normandy, Aquitaine and Anjou—to God and his right alone. Battle of Gisors The Battle of Gisors (September 27, 1198) was a skirmish fought in Courcelles-lès-Gisors, Oise, Picardy, part of the ongoing fighting between Richard I of England and Philip Augustus of France that lasted from 1194 to Richard's death in April 1199. The earlier conflict restarted after the truce between the two kings expired (just long enough to see the harvest in, according to the chronicler Roger of Hoveden). Both kings invaded and pillaged the other's territory, causing great suffering to the local population by having their captives' eyes", "title": "Battle of Gisors" }, { "id": "2058996", "score": "1.6794341", "text": "Edward IV that their use became consistent. Supporters fell under the regulation of the Kings of Arms in the Tudor period. The heralds of that time also prochronistically created supporters for earlier monarchs, and although these attributed supporters were never used by the monarchs concerned, they were later used to signify them on public buildings or monuments completed after their deaths, for instance at St. George's Chapel, in Windsor Castle. The boar adopted by Richard III prompted William Collingbourne's quip \"The Rat, the Cat, and Lovell the Dog, Rule all England under the Hog\", and William Shakespeare's derision in \"Richard", "title": "Royal Arms of England" }, { "id": "747933", "score": "1.6755791", "text": "Worcester, whose bishopric historically encompassed Gloucester. This coat is the older of the two, though it is usually termed the \"Commonwealth coat\", as it was not officially granted to the city until 1652, during the Commonwealth period. The crest and supporters (lions bearing broadswords and trowels) were also adopted at this time, along with the motto \"Fides Invicta Triumphat\" (\"unconquered faith triumphs\", in reference to the royalist siege withstood by the city in 1643). The second coat, termed the \"Tudor coat\", was granted in 1538. It features the roses of York and Lancaster, the boar's head of Richard III, a", "title": "Gloucester" }, { "id": "2320957", "score": "1.6636891", "text": "who have done it but God and our right through us\". So after his victories on the crusades \"Richard was speaking what he believed to be the truth when he told the Holy Roman Emperor: ''\". Alternatively, the Royal Arms may depict a monarch's personal motto. For example, Elizabeth I and Queen Anne's often displayed \"Semper Eadem\"; Latin for \"Always the same\", and James I's depicted \"Beati Pacifici\", Latin for \"Blessed are the peacemakers\". \"Dieu et mon droit\" has been adopted along with the rest of the royal coat of arms by \"The Times\" as part of its masthead. In", "title": "Dieu et mon droit" }, { "id": "365839", "score": "1.6586368", "text": "600 men-at-arms to them at Doncaster. He may have led the vanguard at the Battle of Barnet, in his first command, on 14 April 1471, where he outflanked the Duke of Exeter's wing, although the degree to which his command was fundamental may have been exaggerated. That his personal household sustained losses indicates he was in the thick of the fighting. A contemporary source is clear about his holding the vanguard for Edward at Tewkesbury, deployed against the Lancastrian vanguard under the Duke of Somerset on 4 May 1471, and his role two days later, as Constable of England, sitting", "title": "Richard III of England" }, { "id": "2058998", "score": "1.6555922", "text": "soit qui mal y pense\" (\"Shame be to him who thinks evil of it\") in gold capital letters. A motto, placed on a scroll below the Royal Arms of England, seems to have first been adopted by Henry IV in the early 15th century. His motto was \"Souverayne\" (\"sovereign\"). His son, Henry V adopted the motto \"Dieu et mon droit\" (\"God and my right\"). While this motto has been exclusively used since the accession of George I in 1714, and continues to form part of the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom, other mottoes were used by certain monarchs in", "title": "Royal Arms of England" }, { "id": "12375348", "score": "1.6487169", "text": "William Shakespeare. In 1198, King Richard the Lionheart introduced the coat of arms of England, depicting three lions. The three lions form the basis of several emblems of English national sports teams, such as the England national football team, and the English national cricket team (though in blue rather than gold). The English oak and the Tudor rose are also English symbols; a modernised version of the rose is used by the England national rugby union team. England has no official anthem; however, the United Kingdom's \"God Save the Queen\" is commonly used. Other songs are sometimes used, including \"Land", "title": "Culture of England" }, { "id": "20984586", "score": "1.6485891", "text": "\"Scrope v Grosvenor\" (1390), in which two different men claimed the right to bear \"azure, a bend or\". The continued proliferation of arms, and the number of disputes arising from different men assuming the same arms, led Henry V to issue a proclamation in 1419, forbidding all those who had not borne arms at the Battle of Agincourt from assuming arms, except by inheritance or a grant from the crown. In 1484, during the reign of Richard III, the various heralds employed by the crown were incorporated into the College of Arms, through which all new grants of arms would", "title": "History of heraldry" }, { "id": "4208064", "score": "1.6425707", "text": "benediction and also reaches towards the pennant held by an angel, and significantly placed between them. This pennant is the symbol of Richard's kingship and of the Kingdom of England as a whole. It bears the Cross of St. George, the symbol of England, and surmounting the staff is an orb on which is a tiny map of England, or Ireland, where Richard was campaigning in 1394–95. The probable sense is that the pennant has just been presented by Richard. The liveried angels, iconographically very unusual, are a strangely precise anticipation of the lines from Shakespeare's \"Richard II\" of two", "title": "Wilton Diptych" } ]

[ "sir alex ferguson stand", "aeroflot stadium", "theater of dreams", "united road", "United Road", "manchester united museum", "Old Trafford", "Old Trafford (football)", "Sir Alex Ferguson Stand", "old trafford football ground", "Manchester United Museum", "old trafford football stadium", "Old Trafford Football Stadium", "The Sir Alex Ferguson Stand", "old trafford", "old trafford football", "Old Trafford (football ground)", "Theatre of dreams", "Aeroflot Stadium", "Old Trafford Stadium", "old trafford stadium", "Theater of Dreams", "theatre of dreams" ]

[ { "id": "10677243", "score": "1.7515414", "text": "in 1856, the ground is on Talbot Road, Stretford. A test match venue since 1884, the 155-year-old ground is one of the most famous in world cricket, only The Oval in London can claim to have hosted an England test match earlier and the ground has hosted three World Cup semi-finals. The ground has seen many Ashes moments, including the 1902 Ashes test where Australia won by 3 runs (the closest test match winning margin and one which stood for nearly a century until 1993), \"Jim Laker Test\" in July 1956 where the England spinner took 19 wickets, Shane Warne's", "title": "Sport in Manchester" }, { "id": "9735849", "score": "1.6978099", "text": "London, is internationally regarded as the \"home of cricket\". The following other stadiums also have Test match status The Oval (South London), Old Trafford (Manchester), Trent Bridge (Nottingham), Headingley (Leeds), Edgbaston (Birmingham) and Riverside (Durham). On 24 November 2006 the Rose Bowl, Southampton was awarded provisional test venue status by the England and Wales Cricket Board, with the prospect of the ground hosting its first Test match in 2010. The England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) is the governing body of cricket in England and Wales. It was created on 1 January 1997 combining the roles of the Test and", "title": "Cricket in England" }, { "id": "3138139", "score": "1.6947148", "text": "Atherton and Alec Stewart played their hundredth Tests, against the West Indies. In the Third Test of the 2005 Ashes series the match ended in a nailbiting draw, with 10,000 fans shut out of the ground on the final day as tickets were sold out. England went on to win the series regaining the Ashes for the first time in over 20 years. The cricket ground is near the Old Trafford football stadium (a five-minute walk away down Warwick Road and Sir Matt Busby Way), in the borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester, approximately two miles south west of Manchester", "title": "Old Trafford Cricket Ground" }, { "id": "842077", "score": "1.6827505", "text": "football stadium of the same name, regularly hosts test matches. Possibly the most famous took place in 1956, when Jim Laker took a record nineteen wickets in the fourth test against Australia. Cheshire County Cricket Club are a minor counties club who sometimes play in the south of the county. The Kirkmanshulme Lane stadium in Belle Vue is the home to top-flight speedway team the Belle Vue Aces and regular greyhound racing. Professional ice hockey returned to the area in early 2007 with the opening of a purpose-designed rink in Altrincham, the Altrincham Ice Dome, to host the Manchester Phoenix.", "title": "Greater Manchester" }, { "id": "1358", "score": "1.6659632", "text": "In England and Wales, the grounds used are: Old Trafford in Manchester (1884), The Oval in Kennington, South London (1884); Lord's in St John's Wood, North London (1884); Trent Bridge at West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire (1899), Headingley in Leeds (1899); Edgbaston in Birmingham (1902); Sophia Gardens in Cardiff, Wales (2009); and the Riverside Ground in Chester-le-Street, County Durham (2013). One Test was also held at Bramall Lane in Sheffield in 1902. Traditionally the final Test of the series is played at the Oval. Sophia Gardens and the Riverside were excluded as Test grounds between the years of 2020 and 2024 and", "title": "The Ashes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Old Trafford Cricket Ground\n\nOld Trafford is a cricket ground in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. It opened in 1857 as the home of Manchester Cricket Club and has been the home of Lancashire County Cricket Club since 1864. From 2013 onwards it has been known as Emirates Old Trafford due to a sponsorship deal with the Emirates airline.\n\nOld Trafford is England's second oldest Test venue after The Oval and hosted the first Ashes Test in England in 1884. The venue has hosted the Cricket World Cup five times (1975, 1979, 1983, 1999 and 2019). Old Trafford holds the record for both most World Cup matches hosted (17) and most semi-finals hosted (5). In 1956, the first 10-wicket haul in a single innings was achieved by England bowler Jim Laker who achieved bowling figures of 19 wickets for 90 runs—a bowling record which is unmatched in Test and first-class cricket. In 1990, a 17 year old Sachin Tendulkar scored 119 not out against England, which was the first of his 100 international centuries. In the 1993 Ashes Test at Old Trafford, leg-spinner Shane Warne bowled Mike Gatting with the \"Ball of the Century\". In 2020 the ground was used as one of two biosecure venues, alongside the Ageas Bowl, for the tours involving West Indies and Pakistan which were regulated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\nAfter Old Trafford lost test status in 2009, extensive redevelopment of the ground to increase capacity and modernise facilities saw the restoration of the pavilion and creation of The Point, a £12 million stand overlooking the pitch.", "title": "Old Trafford Cricket Ground" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of international men's cricket grounds in England and Wales ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Test cricket grounds\n\nOne hundred and twenty-one grounds have hosted Test cricket since the first officially recognised Test match between Australia and England in Melbourne in March 1877. The grounds are listed in the order in which they were first used as a venue for Test cricket. The list excludes World Series Cricket and South African rebel tours venues.\n\nOn 8 July 2009, Sophia Gardens in Cardiff became the 100th Test venue. The Ekana Cricket Stadium in India became the 121st<ref name=\"GroundNumber\"/> and most recent Test venue when it staged a match between Afghanistan and West Indies in November 2019.", "title": "List of Test cricket grounds" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lord's\n\nLord's Cricket Ground, commonly known as Lord's, is a cricket venue in St John's Wood, London. Named after its founder, Thomas Lord, it is owned by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and is the home of Middlesex County Cricket Club, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), the European Cricket Council (ECC) and, until August 2005, the International Cricket Council (ICC). Lord's is widely referred to as the \"Home of Cricket\" and is home to the world's oldest sporting museum.\n\nLord's today is not on its original site; it is the third of three grounds that Lord established between 1787 and 1814. His first ground, now referred to as Lord's Old Ground, was where Dorset Square now stands. His second ground, Lord's Middle Ground, was used from 1811 to 1813 before being abandoned to make way for the construction through its outfield of the Regent's Canal. The present Lord's ground is about north-west of the site of the Middle Ground. The ground can hold 31,100 spectators, the capacity having increased between 2017 and 2022 as part of MCC's ongoing redevelopment plans.", "title": "Lord's" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Oval\n\nThe Oval, currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Kia Oval, is an international cricket ground in Kennington, located in the borough of Lambeth, in south London. The Oval has been the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club since it was opened in 1845. It was the first ground in England to host international Test cricket in September 1880. The final Test match of the English season is traditionally played there.\n\nIn addition to cricket, The Oval has hosted a number of other historically significant sporting events. In 1870, it staged England's first international football match, versus Scotland. It hosted the first FA Cup final in 1872, as well as those between 1874 and 1892. In 1876, it held both the England v. Wales and England v. Scotland rugby international matches and, in 1877, rugby's first varsity match. It also hosted the final of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy.", "title": "The Oval" }, { "id": "3920759", "score": "1.6414828", "text": "but became the home of Lancashire County Cricket Club in 1864 upon that club's formation. The ground is on Talbot Road, Stretford, where it has been since 1856. Similar to its counterpart, one end of the Old Trafford cricket ground is called the Stretford End. It has been a test venue since 1884 and has hosted three World Cup semi-finals. After the 2005 Ashes Test, when more than 20,000 fans had to be turned away, the decision was made to increase the ground's capacity from 20,000 to 25,000. Initial plans included building a new stadium on the site of Trafford", "title": "Stretford" }, { "id": "3138154", "score": "1.6133883", "text": "north and west of the ground. The ground is served by the adjacent Old Trafford tram stop on the Manchester Metrolink's Altrincham Line. Old Trafford Cricket Ground Old Trafford, known for sponsorship reasons as Emirates Old Trafford, is a cricket ground in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. It opened in 1857 as the home of Manchester Cricket Club and has been the home of Lancashire County Cricket Club since 1864. Old Trafford is England's second oldest Test venue and hosted the first Ashes Test in England, in July 1884, and two Cricket World Cup semi-finals. In 1956, the first 10-wicket", "title": "Old Trafford Cricket Ground" }, { "id": "3138130", "score": "1.6124799", "text": "Old Trafford Cricket Ground Old Trafford, known for sponsorship reasons as Emirates Old Trafford, is a cricket ground in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. It opened in 1857 as the home of Manchester Cricket Club and has been the home of Lancashire County Cricket Club since 1864. Old Trafford is England's second oldest Test venue and hosted the first Ashes Test in England, in July 1884, and two Cricket World Cup semi-finals. In 1956, the first 10-wicket haul in a single innings was achieved by England bowler Jim Laker who achieved bowling figures of 19 wickets for 90 runs—a bowling", "title": "Old Trafford Cricket Ground" }, { "id": "8602514", "score": "1.6107209", "text": "their cricket on land adjacent to the Manchester Botanical Garden and leased from the Trafford family. In 1856, Sir Humphrey de Trafford identified this land as being an ideal location for the planned Manchester Art and Treasures Exhibition. Sir Humphrey was a member of the Executive Committee planning the exhibition who offered Manchester Cricket Club £500 in compensation for the remainder of their lease. The club, however, insisted on a figure of £1,000 and agreed to vacate the site ahead of the 1857 season, moving to the inferior location (as it was further from transport links and only accessible via", "title": "Manchester Cricket Club" }, { "id": "636906", "score": "1.5708432", "text": "of Lumley Castle, is now one of the most picturesque cricket venues in the UK. This venue now regularly hosts international cricket; its first \"Ashes\" Test Match between England and Australia was in August 2013. With 320 runs and 15 wickets on the last day of the match, the venue provided \"the most high-octane day of a thrilling Test match\", and England took an unassailable 3-0 lead against the Australians in the five-match Ashes Test series. Athletics is a sport of rising popularity since the olympic and international success of Northeast athletes Brendan Foster in the 1970s and Steve Cram", "title": "North East England" }, { "id": "3138131", "score": "1.5700811", "text": "record which is unmatched in Test and first-class cricket. In the 1993 Ashes Test at Old Trafford, leg-spinner Shane Warne bowled Mike Gatting with the \"\"Ball of the Century\"\". Extensive redevelopment of the ground to increase capacity and modernise facilities began in 2009 in an effort to safeguard international cricket at the venue. The pitch at Old Trafford has historically been the quickest in England, but will take spin later in the game. It is located about from Old Trafford football stadium. The site was first used as a cricket ground in 1857, when the Manchester Cricket Club moved onto", "title": "Old Trafford Cricket Ground" }, { "id": "3319274", "score": "1.567983", "text": "season by overseas players Kyle Jarvis and Ashwell Prince. They finished seventh in 2016 and then improved to finish second in 2017, though they were a long way behind the runaway winners Essex. The team struggled in 2018 and were relegated. Since its formation Lancashire has played its home matches at Old Trafford, located in Stretford, to the west of Manchester city centre. Old Trafford is one of the largest cricket venues in the United Kingdom, and has played host to international matches since 1884. In recent years, the club has considered moving to a new ground, with sites in", "title": "Lancashire County Cricket Club" }, { "id": "3138151", "score": "1.5608407", "text": "It is expected to be completed by July 2017. The ground is used heavily throughout the summer as the base of Lancashire County Cricket Club, with other home games being played at Stanley Park, Blackpool, Birkdale in Southport and at Aigburth in Liverpool. Until 2008, Old Trafford commonly hosted a Test match each year; none were hosted in 2009, 2011 or 2012 due to sub-standard facilities, although following redevelopment, Old Trafford hosted an Ashes Test in 2013, and further Tests in 2014 and 2016. One Day Internationals and/or International Twenty20s continue to be hosted every year. In Tests, the highest", "title": "Old Trafford Cricket Ground" }, { "id": "3138140", "score": "1.5556719", "text": "city centre. Its capacity is 22,000 for Test matches, for which temporary stands are erected, and 15,000 for other matches. Since 1884, it has hosted 74 Tests, the third-highest number in England, behind Lord's and The Oval. The two ends of the ground are the James Anderson End to the north and the Brian Statham End to the south, renamed in honour of the former Lancashire and England player. A section of Warwick Road to the east is also called Brian Statham Way. Immediately abutting the ground to the south-east is the Old Trafford tram stop. Old Trafford has a", "title": "Old Trafford Cricket Ground" }, { "id": "10677244", "score": "1.5534258", "text": "\"Ball of the Century\" against Mike Gatting and more recently the tense 2005 Ashes Test at Old Trafford when more than 20,000 fans had to be turned away due to tickets being sold out. Redevelopment plans have existed since the early 2000s (decade) as the cricket ground was in need of renovation, and even a move away to Sportcity nearby Manchester City F.C.'s City of Manchester Stadium was touted as a serious possibility. Nearly £25m is expected to be invested in the redevelopments at Old Trafford. Similar to its counterpart, one end of the Old Trafford cricket ground is called", "title": "Sport in Manchester" }, { "id": "3138141", "score": "1.5430852", "text": "reputation for unpredictable weather. Old Trafford is the only ground in England where a Test match has been abandoned without a ball being bowled—and this has happened here twice in 1890 and 1938, though before five-day test matches were introduced. Before Cardiff hosted its first Test match in July 2009, Old Trafford was reputedly the wettest Test ground in the country; Manchester is situated to the west of the Pennines and faces prevailing winds and weather fronts from the Atlantic. These prevailing conditions have encouraged Lancashire to keep the ground as well-drained as possible, most recently through the acquisition of", "title": "Old Trafford Cricket Ground" }, { "id": "3319237", "score": "1.5418198", "text": "oldest and most famous rivalries. In 1857, the Manchester club moved to Old Trafford, which has been the home of Lancashire cricket ever since. On Tuesday, 12 January 1864, Manchester Cricket Club organised a meeting at the Queen's Hotel in Manchester for the purpose of forming a club to represent the county. Thirteen local clubs were represented: Broughton, Longsight, Manchester and Western from the Manchester area; Huyton, Liverpool and Northern from Merseyside; Accrington, Ashton, Blackburn, Oldham, Whalley and Wigan from other towns. Lancashire County Cricket Club was founded with the object of, it was said, \"spreading a thorough knowledge and", "title": "Lancashire County Cricket Club" }, { "id": "8602515", "score": "1.525558", "text": "a long rough track) that subsequently became Old Trafford Cricket Ground, the home of Lancashire cricket ever since. Lancashire County Cricket Club was formally constituted on 12 January 1864 at a meeting of thirteen Lancashire cricket clubs in Manchester. In 1865, the new club joined the County Championship and played its initial important match against Middlesex at Old Trafford on 20, 21 and 22 July. The Manchester club was superseded by the county club and ceased to have important match status in its own right. The following is a list of matches played by Manchester, sometimes styled Lancashire: Manchester Cricket", "title": "Manchester Cricket Club" }, { "id": "842097", "score": "1.5103114", "text": "been voted \"International Venue of the Year\", and for several years was the most popular venue in the world. The sports grounds in the county also host large pop concerts. A new flexible, large-scale cultural, arts, and exhibition space named The Factory is to be built on the former site of Granada Studios in central Manchester. It is named with reference to Factory Records, a Manchester-based independent record label, founded in 1978 by Tony Wilson and Alan Erasmus. Factory Records — which featured acts such as Joy Division, New Order, and the Happy Mondays — and The Haçienda, served as", "title": "Greater Manchester" }, { "id": "10677228", "score": "1.509367", "text": "2003 UEFA Champions League Final, the 2008 UEFA Cup Final, 1893, 1911, 1915 and 1970 FA Cup Finals and 1977, 1978 and 1984 Football League Cup Final. Lancashire County Cricket Club, formed in 1865 to replace Manchester Cricket Club, also play at Old Trafford. Manchester has competed twice to host the Olympic Games, being beaten into fourth place by Atlanta in 1996 and coming third to Sydney in 2000. Manchester hosted the 2002 Commonwealth Games with many sporting facilities being built for them, including the City of Manchester Stadium, the Manchester Velodrome, the National Squash Centre and the Manchester Aquatics", "title": "Sport in Manchester" } ]

[ "book of fifty drawings", "A Book of Fifty Drawings" ]

[ { "id": "12529059", "score": "1.8177493", "text": "works by Aubrey Beardsley, Max Beerbohm, Aleister Crowley, Ernest Dowson, Arthur Symons and Oscar Wilde and lesser known figures such as Vincent O'Sullivan and Nigel Tourneur. With Symons and Beardsley, he founded \"The Savoy\", a periodical which ran to eight issues in 1896. In partnership with Harry Sidney Nichols, he published a series of pornographic books under the imprint of the \"Erotika Biblion Society\": He was notorious for posting a slogan at his bookshop in Bond Street reading \"Smut is cheap today\". When Beardsley converted to Catholicism he asked Smithers to “destroy all copies of \"Lysistrata\" and bad drawings...by all", "title": "Leonard Smithers" }, { "id": "12529060", "score": "1.7249957", "text": "that is holy \"all\" obscene drawings.\" Smithers ignored Beardsley’s wishes, and continued to sell reproductions as well as forgeries of Beardsley's work. After the trials of Oscar Wilde in 1895, Smithers was one of the few publishers prepared to handle \"decadent\" literature, such as Wilde's \"The Ballad of Reading Gaol\" in 1898, and \"The Savoy\". He went bankrupt in 1900, and died in 1907 from drink and drugs. His naked body was found in a house in Parson's Green on his 46th birthday, surrounded by empty bottles of Dr J. Collis Browne's Chlorodyne. He was buried in an unmarked grave,", "title": "Leonard Smithers" }, { "id": "1721231", "score": "1.7170086", "text": "Smithers and close friend Herbert Charles Pollitt, to \"destroy all copies of \"Lysistrata\" and bad drawings… by all that is holy \"all\" obscene drawings.\" Both men ignored Beardsley's wishes, and Smithers actually continued to sell reproductions as well as forgeries of Beardsley's work. In 1897 deteriorating health prompted his move to the French Riviera, where he died a year later on 16 March 1898 of tuberculosis at the Cosmopolitan Hotel in Menton, France, attended by his mother and sister. He was just 25 years old. Following a Requiem Mass in Menton Cathedral the following day, his remains were interred in", "title": "Aubrey Beardsley" }, { "id": "13895783", "score": "1.7058282", "text": "who flourished between 1850 and 1900. His collection comprises 2,500 first and other editions, including many signed and association copies, manuscripts, letters, works on paper, and ephemera. The materials in his collection, particularly those relating to Aubrey Beardsley, Max Beerbohm, Oscar Wilde, and other writers and artists of the 1890s, have provided the basis for numerous publications and exhibitions. Samuels Lasner is senior research fellow at the Library of the University of Delaware, which now houses the larger portion of his collection. Samuels Lasner is the author of \"The Bookplates of Aubrey Beardsley\" (Rivendale Press, 2008), \"A Bibliography of Enoch", "title": "Mark Samuels Lasner" }, { "id": "1721228", "score": "1.7009797", "text": "era and his influence was enormous, clearly visible in the work of the French Symbolists, the Poster art Movement of the 1890s and the work of many later-period Art Nouveau artists such as Pape and Clarke. Some alleged works of Beardsley's were published in a book titled \"Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley, Selected From the Collection of Mr. H. S. Nicols\". These were later discovered to be forgeries, distinguishable by their almost pornographic erotic elements, rather than Beardsley's somewhat more subtle use of sexuality. Beardsley's work continued to cause controversy in Britain long after his death. During an exhibition of", "title": "Aubrey Beardsley" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "The Ballad of Reading Gaol" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Aubrey Beardsley\n\nAubrey Vincent Beardsley (21 August 187216 March 1898) was an English illustrator and author. His black ink drawings were influenced by Japanese woodcuts, and depicted the grotesque, the decadent, and the erotic. He was a leading figure in the aesthetic movement which also included Oscar Wilde and James McNeill Whistler. Beardsley's contribution to the development of the Art Nouveau and poster styles was significant despite his early death from tuberculosis. He is one of the important Modern Style figures.", "title": "Aubrey Beardsley" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arthur Symons\n\nArthur William Symons (28 February 186522 January 1945) was a British poet, critic and magazine editor.", "title": "Arthur Symons" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vincent O'Sullivan (American writer)\n\nVincent O'Sullivan (November 28, 1868 – July 18, 1940) was an American-born short story writer, poet and critic.", "title": "Vincent O'Sullivan (American writer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Herbert Charles Pollitt\n\nHerbert Charles Pollitt (July 20, 1871 – 1942), also known as Jerome Pollitt, was a patron of the arts and on-stage female impersonator who performed as Diane de Rougy (a homage to Liane de Pougy). He became notorious as an Cambridge undergraduate due to his taste for Decadent art and literature, and was immortalised as the eponymous hero of an E.F. Benson novel (\"The Babe B.A.\") in 1896. He became a very close friend of the artist Aubrey Beardsley, and had a brief but significant relationship with the occultist Aleister Crowley. Following his time at Cambridge, Pollitt moved to London and saw service in the First World War as a lance-corporal. He died in 1942.", "title": "Herbert Charles Pollitt" }, { "id": "1721230", "score": "1.6874459", "text": "morning coat and patent leather pumps. Although Beardsley was associated with the homosexual clique that included Oscar Wilde and other English aesthetes, the details of his sexuality remain in question. He was generally regarded as asexual. Speculation about his sexuality includes rumours of an incestuous relationship with his elder sister, Mabel, who may have become pregnant by her brother and miscarried. During his entire career, Beardsley had recurrent attacks of tuberculosis. He suffered frequent lung haemorrhages and was often unable to work or leave his home. Beardsley converted to Roman Catholicism in March 1897, and subsequently begged his publisher, Leonard", "title": "Aubrey Beardsley" }, { "id": "1721225", "score": "1.6838995", "text": "which became progressively more graceful, sometimes accompanied by \"A.B.\" in block capitals. He co-founded \"The Yellow Book\" with American writer Henry Harland, and for the first four editions he served as Art Editor and produced the cover designs and many illustrations for the magazine. He was also closely aligned with Aestheticism, the British counterpart of Decadence and Symbolism. Most of his images are done in ink and feature large dark areas contrasted with large blank ones, and areas of fine detail contrasted with areas with none at all. Beardsley was the most controversial artist of the Art Nouveau era, renowned", "title": "Aubrey Beardsley" }, { "id": "1721220", "score": "1.6766673", "text": "Aubrey Beardsley Aubrey Vincent Beardsley (21 August 187216 March 1898) was an English illustrator and author. His drawings in black ink, influenced by the style of Japanese woodcuts, emphasized the grotesque, the decadent, and the erotic. He was a leading figure in the Aesthetic movement which also included Oscar Wilde and James A. McNeill Whistler. Beardsley's contribution to the development of the Art Nouveau and poster styles was significant, despite the brevity of his career before his early death from tuberculosis. Beardsley was born in Brighton, England, on 21 August 1872, and christened on 24 October 1872. His father, Vincent", "title": "Aubrey Beardsley" }, { "id": "1721223", "score": "1.6440635", "text": "Sussex Grammar School, where he would spend the next four years. His first poems, drawings, and cartoons appeared in print in \"Past and Present\", the school's magazine. In 1888 he obtained a post in an architect's office, and afterwards one in the Guardian Life and Fire Insurance Company. In 1891, under the advice of Sir Edward Burne-Jones and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, he took up art as a profession. In 1892 he attended the classes at the Westminster School of Art, then under Professor Fred Brown. In 1892, Beardsley travelled to Paris, where he discovered the poster art of Henri", "title": "Aubrey Beardsley" }, { "id": "1721232", "score": "1.6375213", "text": "the adjacent cemetery. In the 1982 BBC \"Playhouse\" drama \"Aubrey\", written by John Selwyn Gilbert, Beardsley was portrayed by actor John Dicks. The drama concerned Beardsley's life from the time of Oscar Wilde's arrest in April 1895, which resulted in Beardsley losing his position at \"The Yellow Book\", to his death from tuberculosis in 1898. Beardsley is also featured on the cover of The Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\". A BBC documentary, \"Beardsley and his Work\" was made in 1982. Aubrey Beardsley Aubrey Vincent Beardsley (21 August 187216 March 1898) was an English illustrator and author. His drawings", "title": "Aubrey Beardsley" }, { "id": "13895784", "score": "1.6235719", "text": "Soames\" (Rivendale Press, 1999), \"The Yellow Book: A Checklist and Index\" (Eighteen Nineties Society, 1998), \"A Selective Checklist of the Published Work of Aubrey Beardsley\" (Thomas G. Boss Fine Books, 1995), and \"William Allingham: A Bibliographical Study\" (Holmes Publishing Co., 1993); he has co-authored books such as \"England in the 1880s: Old Guard and Avant-Garde\" (University of Virginia Press, 1989) and \"England in the 1890s: Literary Publishing at the Bodley Head\" (Georgetown University Press, 1990). His articles and notes have appeared in \"The Book Collector\", \"Browning Institute Studies\", \"Notes and Queries\", and other journals. He has organized or co-curated exhibitions", "title": "Mark Samuels Lasner" }, { "id": "1773933", "score": "1.5736957", "text": "short stories, essays, book illustrations, portraits, and reproductions of paintings. Aubrey Beardsley was its first art editor, and he has been credited with the idea of the yellow cover, with its association with illicit French fiction of the period. He obtained works by such artists as Charles Conder, William Rothenstein, John Singer Sargent, Walter Sickert, and Philip Wilson Steer. The literary content was no less distinguished; authors who contributed were: Max Beerbohm, Arnold Bennett, \"Baron Corvo\", Ernest Dowson, George Gissing, Sir Edmund Gosse, Henry James, Richard Le Gallienne, Charlotte Mew, Arthur Symons, H. G. Wells, William Butler Yeats and Frank", "title": "The Yellow Book" }, { "id": "12529058", "score": "1.5654233", "text": "Leonard Smithers Leonard Charles Smithers (19 December 1861 – 19 December 1907) was a London publisher associated with the Decadent movement. Born in Sheffield, Smithers worked as a solicitor, qualifying in 1884, and became friendly with the explorer and orientalist Sir Richard Francis Burton. He published Burton's translation of the \"Book of One Thousand and One Nights\" in 1885. He collaborated with Burton in a translation from the Latin of the Carmina of Caius Valerius Catullus and Priapeia, a collection of erotic poems by various writers. He also published a limited edition of the \"Satyricon\" of Petronius Arbiter. Smithers published", "title": "Leonard Smithers" }, { "id": "15016020", "score": "1.5630755", "text": "The book is better known for its frontispiece by Aubrey Beardsley, which does not depict any described scene in the book, than it is for its actual text. The story begins with two gentlemen dining in a restaurant in the Strand, carefully keeping track of their finances as they order each item. It's revealed that the two men met recently, as they were staying in the same hotel; they both have been fleeing from something (later revealed to be their respective brides) and using aliases in London—in fact they chose the identical alias of J. Smith at the hotel, which", "title": "A Full and True Account of the Wonderful Mission of Earl Lavender" }, { "id": "1721229", "score": "1.5623493", "text": "Beardsley's prints held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London in 1966, a private gallery in London was raided by the police for exhibiting copies of the same prints on display at the museum, and the owner charged under obscenity laws. Beardsley was a public as well as private eccentric. He said, \"I have one aim—the grotesque. If I am not grotesque I am nothing.\" Wilde said he had \"a face like a silver hatchet, and grass green hair.\" Beardsley was meticulous about his attire: dove-grey suits, hats, ties, yellow gloves. He would appear at his publisher's in a", "title": "Aubrey Beardsley" }, { "id": "13956420", "score": "1.559011", "text": "Productions before moving to BBC Music and Arts in 1978 as a Producer; he produced and directed TV programmes and films about \"Les noces\" (with Leonard Bernstein and The Royal Ballet), Sir Frederick Ashton, Evelyn Waugh and Aubrey Beardsley (1982). His documentary \"Beardsley and his Work\" appeared on television in the United Kingdom in the same week as his drama \"Aubrey\", a BBC 'Playhouse' drama in which Beardsley was portrayed by actor John Dicks. The drama followed Beardsley's life from Oscar Wilde's arrest in April 1895, which resulted in Beardsley losing his position at \"The Yellow Book\", to his death", "title": "John Selwyn Gilbert" }, { "id": "9673620", "score": "1.551995", "text": "Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter, and published by Frederick Warne & Co. in December 1922. The book is a compilation of traditional nursery rhymes such as \"Goosey Goosey Gander\", \"This Little Piggy\" and \"Three Blind Mice\". It was Potter's second book of rhymes published by Warne. Merchandise generated from the tale includes Beswick Pottery porcelain figurines and Schmid music boxes. Beatrix Potter's career as a children's author and illustrator was launched in 1900 when she revised a tale written in 1893 about a humanized rabbit, fashioned a", "title": "Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes" }, { "id": "1721226", "score": "1.5452744", "text": "for his dark and perverse images and grotesque erotica, which were the main themes of his later work. His illustrations were in black and white, against a white background. Some of his drawings, inspired by Japanese shunga artwork, featured enormous genitalia. His most famous erotic illustrations concerned themes of history and mythology; these include his illustrations for a privately printed edition of Aristophanes' \"Lysistrata\", and his drawings for Oscar Wilde's play \"Salome\", which eventually premiered in Paris in 1896. Other major illustration projects included an 1896 edition of \"The Rape of the Lock\" by Alexander Pope. He also produced extensive", "title": "Aubrey Beardsley" }, { "id": "1721227", "score": "1.5355792", "text": "illustrations for books and magazines (e.g. for a deluxe edition of Sir Thomas Malory's \"Le Morte d'Arthur\") and worked for magazines such as \"The Studio\" and \"The Savoy\", of which he was a co-founder. As a co-founder of The Savoy, Beardsley was able to pursue his writing as well as illustration, and a number of his writings, including \"Under the Hill\" (a story based on the Tannhäuser legend) and “The Ballad of a Barber” appeared in the magazine. Beardsley was a caricaturist and did some political cartoons, mirroring Wilde's irreverent wit in art. Beardsley's work reflected the decadence of his", "title": "Aubrey Beardsley" }, { "id": "13318448", "score": "1.5300602", "text": "in Holland Street, Kensington without realising that the shop (then a dry cleaners) on the ground floor could not be used for residential purposes. He decided to open a bookshop. The Academy Bookshop began as a general bookshop. His first publications were finely bound limited editions of other publishers’ books but he soon decided that he would prefer to make his own and began in 1967 with a large format paperback of Aubrey Beardsley’s prints, an ideal title to attract the customers of Biba, who had recently opened her shop just round the corner in Kensington Church Street. The Beardsley", "title": "Andreas Papadakis" } ]

[ "Blue (Colour)", "Blueishness", "Slate Blue (color)", "0 0 255", "Bluer", "blae", "Dark Blue (color)", "blueishly", "Bluishness", "Blue in human culture", "Bluishly", "pale blue", "bluer", "Blue (color)", "Pale Blue", "blueishness", "dark blue color", "slate blue color", "Blueishly", "bluish", "police car blue", "blue", "(0, 0, 255)", "Orphan blue", "Caspian blue", "caspian blue", "Rgb(0, 0, 255)", "blue color", "list of terms associated with color blue", "Bluest", "Blueness", "List of terms associated with the color blue", "Blue", "Police car blue", "Light-blue", "blue in human culture", "rgb 0 0 255", "blue colour", "Blae", "bluest", "blueness", "bluishly", "Blue (colour)", "Bluish", "bluishness", "orphan blue", "light blue" ]

[ { "id": "552032", "score": "1.7162611", "text": "Lapis lazuli Lapis lazuli (), or lapis for short, is a deep blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color. As early as the 7th millennium BC, lapis lazuli was mined in the Sar-i Sang mines, in Shortugai, and in other mines in Badakhshan province in northeast Afghanistan. Lapis was highly valued by the Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1900 BC). Lapis beads have been found at Neolithic burials in Mehrgarh, the Caucasus, and even as far from Afghanistan as Mauritania. It was used in the funeral mask of Tutankhamun (1341–1323 BC).", "title": "Lapis lazuli" }, { "id": "20867532", "score": "1.7027247", "text": "lapis lazuli is displayed at left. \"Lapis Lazuli\" is a color that is a representation of the most common color of lapis lazuli. The traditional color called royal blue is a dark shade of azure. Shades of azure Azure ( ) is a variation of blue that is often described as the color of the sky on a clear day. On the , \"azure\" (hexadecimal #007FFF) is defined as the color at 210 degrees, i.e., the hue halfway between blue and cyan. In the RGB color model, used to create all the colors on a television or computer screen, azure", "title": "Shades of azure" }, { "id": "552035", "score": "1.6539108", "text": "lazuli is lazurite (25% to 40%), a feldspathoid silicate mineral with the formula (Na,Ca)(AlSiO)(S,SO,Cl). Most lapis lazuli also contains calcite (white), sodalite (blue), and pyrite (metallic yellow). Some samples of lapis lazuli contain augite; diopside; enstatite; mica; hauynite; hornblende, nosean, and sulfur-rich löllingite \"geyerite\". Lapis lazuli usually occurs in crystalline marble as a result of contact metamorphism. The intense blue color is due to the presence of the trisulfur () radical anion in the crystal. An electronic excitation of one electron from the highest doubly filled molecular orbital (No. 24) into the lowest singly occupied orbital (No. 25) results in", "title": "Lapis lazuli" }, { "id": "6979163", "score": "1.6496235", "text": "It was often found in association with another copper carbonate, malachite from which green bice was prepared... Probably because they were both blue, blue bice was sometimes misinterpreted to mean lapis lazuli.\" Herman Boerhaave believed it rather to rank among semi-metals, and supposed it was composed of both metal and earth. He added that it only differs from \"lazuli\" in degree of maturity, and that both of them seem to contain arsenic. It has been found in Tirol, Hungary, and Transylvania, and used both in mosaic work, to make the blue color azure, and as a treatment of melancholia. The", "title": "Lapis armenus" }, { "id": "1377760", "score": "1.6122507", "text": "with purple, lilac, red, pink, green, and yellow being the colours most often used. Earlier manuscripts tend toward more narrow palettes: the Book of Durrow, for example, uses only four colours. As is usual with Insular work, there was no use of gold or silver leaf in the manuscript. The pigments for the illustrations, which included red and yellow ochre, green copper pigment (sometimes called \"verdigris\"), indigo, and possibly lapis lazuli, would have been imported from the Mediterranean region and, in the case of the lapis lazuli, from northeast Afghanistan. Though the presence of lapis lazuli has long been considered", "title": "Book of Kells" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lapis lazuli\n\nLapis lazuli (; ), or lapis for short, is a deep-blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color.\n\nAs early as the 7th millennium BC, lapis lazuli was mined in the Sar-i Sang mines, in Shortugai, and in other mines in Badakhshan province in northeast Afghanistan.\n\nLapis lazuli artifacts, dated to 7570 BC, have been found at Bhirrana, which is the oldest site of Indus Valley civilisation. Lapis was highly valued by the Indus Valley Civilisation (7570–1900 BC). Lapis beads have been found at Neolithic burials in Mehrgarh, the Caucasus, and as far away as Mauritania. It was used in the funeral mask of Tutankhamun (1341–1323 BC).\n\nBy the end of the Middle Ages, lapis lazuli began to be exported to Europe, where it was ground into powder and made into ultramarine, the finest and most expensive of all blue pigments. Ultramarine was used by some of the most important artists of the Renaissance and Baroque, including Masaccio, Perugino, Titian and Vermeer, and was often reserved for the clothing of the central figures of their paintings, especially the Virgin Mary. Ultramarine has also been found in dental tartar of medieval nuns and scribes.", "title": "Lapis lazuli" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Azure (color)\n\nAzure ( , ) is the color between cyan and blue on the spectrum of visible light. It is often described as the color of the sky on a clear day.\n\nOn the , \"azure\" (hexadecimal #0080FF) is defined as the color at 210 degrees, i.e., the hue halfway between blue and cyan. In the RGB color model, used to create all the colors on a television or computer screen, azure is created by adding a 50% of green light to a 100% of blue light. \n\nIn the X11 color system, which became a model for early web colors, azure is depicted as a pale cyan or white cyan.", "title": "Azure (color)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Blue\n\nBlue is one of the three primary colours in the RYB colour model (traditional colour theory), as well as in the RGB (additive) colour model. It lies between violet and cyan on the spectrum of visible light. The eye perceives blue when observing light with a dominant wavelength between approximately 450 and 495 nanometres. Most blues contain a slight mixture of other colours; azure contains some green, while ultramarine contains some violet. The clear daytime sky and the deep sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering. An optical effect called Tyndall effect explains blue eyes. Distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called aerial perspective.\n\nBlue has been an important colour in art and decoration since ancient times. The semi-precious stone lapis lazuli was used in ancient Egypt for jewellery and ornament and later, in the Renaissance, to make the pigment ultramarine, the most expensive of all pigments. In the eighth century Chinese artists used cobalt blue to colour fine blue and white porcelain. In the Middle Ages, European artists used it in the windows of cathedrals. Europeans wore clothing coloured with the vegetable dye woad until it was replaced by the finer indigo from America. In the 19th century, synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced organic dyes and mineral pigments. Dark blue became a common colour for military uniforms and later, in the late 20th century, for business suits. Because blue has commonly been associated with harmony, it was chosen as the colour of the flags of the United Nations and the European Union.\nSurveys in the US and Europe show that blue is the colour most commonly associated with harmony, faithfulness, confidence, distance, infinity, the imagination, cold, and occasionally with sadness. In US and European public opinion polls it is the most popular colour, chosen by almost half of both men and women as their favourite colour. The same surveys also showed that blue was the colour most associated with the masculine, just ahead of black, and was also the colour most associated with intelligence, knowledge, calm, and concentration.", "title": "Blue" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ultramarine\n\nUltramarine is a deep blue color pigment which was originally made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder. The name comes from the Latin \"ultramarinus\", literally 'beyond the sea', because the pigment was imported into Europe from mines in Afghanistan by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries.\n\nUltramarine was the finest and most expensive blue used by Renaissance painters. It was often used for the robes of the Virgin Mary and symbolized holiness and humility. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic ultramarine was invented in 1826.", "title": "Ultramarine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Persian blue\n\nPersian blue comes in three major tones: Persian blue proper: a bright medium blue; medium Persian blue (a medium slightly grayish blue that is slightly indigoish); and a kind of dark blue which is referred to as Persian indigo, dark Persian blue, or regimental, that is much closer to the web color indigo.\n\nOther colors associated with Persia include Persian pink, Persian rose, Persian red, Persian orange and Persian green.", "title": "Persian blue" }, { "id": "552043", "score": "1.601402", "text": "they saw the God of Israel, and there was under his feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire stone..\" (KJV). The term used in the Latin Vulgate Bible in this citation is \"lapidus sapphiri,\" the term for lapis lazuli. Modern translations of the Bible, such as the New Living Translation Second Edition, refer to lapis lazuli in most instances instead of sapphire. Lapis lazuli Lapis lazuli (), or lapis for short, is a deep blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color. As early as the 7th", "title": "Lapis lazuli" }, { "id": "552033", "score": "1.5643175", "text": "At the end of the Middle Ages, lapis lazuli began to be exported to Europe, where it was ground into powder and made into ultramarine, the finest and most expensive of all blue pigments. It was used by some of the most important artists of the Renaissance and Baroque, including Masaccio, Perugino, Titian and Vermeer, and was often reserved for the clothing of the central figures of their paintings, especially the Virgin Mary. Today, mines in northeast Afghanistan are still the major source of lapis lazuli. Important amounts are also produced from mines west of Lake Baikal in Russia, and", "title": "Lapis lazuli" }, { "id": "4068490", "score": "1.5618564", "text": "Lazuli bunting The lazuli bunting (\"Passerina amoena\") is a North American songbird named for the gemstone lapis lazuli. The male is easily recognized by its bright blue head and back (lighter than the closely related indigo bunting), its conspicuous white wingbars, and its light rusty breast and white belly. The color pattern may suggest the eastern and western bluebirds, but the smaller size (13–14 cm or 5–5.5 inches long), wingbars, and short and conical bunting bill quickly distinguish it. The female is brown, grayer above and warmer underneath, told from the female indigo bunting by two thin and pale wingbars", "title": "Lazuli bunting" }, { "id": "552038", "score": "1.5563968", "text": "in Angola; Argentina; Burma; Pakistan; Canada; Italy, India; and in the United States in California and Colorado. Lapis takes an excellent polish and can be made into jewelry, carvings, boxes, mosaics, ornaments, small statues, and vases. During the Renaissance, Lapis was ground and processed to make the pigment ultramarine for use in frescoes and oil painting. Its usage as a pigment in oil paint largely ended in the early 19th century when a chemically identical synthetic variety became available. Lapis lazuli is commercially synthesized or simulated by the Gilson process, which is used to make artificial ultramarine and hydrous zinc", "title": "Lapis lazuli" }, { "id": "552030", "score": "1.5395521", "text": "in the lapis lazuli district of Badakhshan, Afghanistan. It has been used as a pigment in painting and cloth dyeing since at least the sixth or seventh century CE. It is also mined at Lake Baikal in Siberia; Mount Vesuvius; Burma; Canada; and the United States. The name is from the Persian \"lazward\" for blue. Lazurite and hauyne seem to have the same structure and both are sulfate-dominant minerals. Lazurite is a pigment (so opalescent) and has a bright blue streak (especially as a component of the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli). Many hauynes have a white/ pale blue streak and", "title": "Lazurite" }, { "id": "14328103", "score": "1.5211493", "text": "role in cult practices and the term “lapis-like” is a commonly occurring metaphor for unusual wealth and it regularly an attribute of gods and heroes. It is commonly found associated with gold. This opaque semi-precious stone has restricted geological origins. There is no textual evidence which provides a clear reference to the source of Sumerian lapis lazuli although documents list Aratta, Dilmun, and Meluḫḫa in Iran. These also name mountains such as Mt. Dapara, Mt. Bikni (modern Kuh-i Alvand in western Iran) and Bahtar Mountain or Sogdia. It is almost universally acknowledged that the lapis lazuli from Mesopotamia originated in", "title": "Imports to Ur" }, { "id": "3512748", "score": "1.5133948", "text": "pale cyan or white cyan. The color azure ultimately takes its name from the intense blue mineral lapis lazuli. ' is the Latin word for \"stone\" and ' is the genitive form of the Medieval Latin \"\", which is taken from the Arabic \"lāzaward\", itself from the Persian \"lāžaward\", which is the name of the stone in Persian and also of a place where lapis lazuli was mined. The name of the stone came to be associated with its color. The French ', the Italian ', the Polish ', Romanian ' and ', the Portuguese and Spanish ', Hungarian \"\",", "title": "Azure (color)" }, { "id": "552039", "score": "1.512394", "text": "phosphates. It may also be substituted by spinel or sodalite, or by dyed jasper or howlite. Lapis lazuli has been mined in Afghanistan and exported to the Mediterranean world and South Asia since the Neolithic age. Lapis lazuli beads have been found at Mehrgarh, a neolithic site near Quetta in Pakistan, on the ancient trade route between Afghanistan and the Indus Valley, dating to the 7th millennium BC. Quantities of these beads have also been found at 4th millennium BC settlements in Northern Mesopotamia, and at the Bronze Age site of Shahr-e Sukhteh in southeast Iran (3rd millennium BC). A", "title": "Lapis lazuli" }, { "id": "552041", "score": "1.5086286", "text": "Louvre, uses lapis lazuli inlays for the irises of the eyes. In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was a favorite stone for amulets and ornaments such as scarabs. Lapis jewelry has been found at excavations of the Predynastic Egyptian site Naqada (3300–3100 BC). At Karnak, the relief carvings of Thutmose III (1479-1429 BC) show fragments and barrel-shaped pieces of lapis lazuli being delivered to him as tribute. Powdered lapis was used as eyeshadow by Cleopatra. Jewellery made of lapis lazuli has also been found at Mycenae attesting to relations between the Myceneans and the developed civilizations of Egypt and the East.", "title": "Lapis lazuli" }, { "id": "6979162", "score": "1.5044172", "text": "Lapis armenus Lapis armenus, also known as Armenian stone or lapis stellatus, in natural history, is a variety of precious stone, resembling lapis lazuli, except that it is softer, and instead of veins of pyrite, is intermixed with green. \"The Armenian stone\" is so nearly identical to \"lapis lazuli\" that it has often not been distinguished from it; \"Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary\" for instance treats the two terms as synonyms. British History Online defines \"lapis armenus\" as \"Armenian stone, or azurite, a naturally occurring basic copper carbonate, originally from Armenia, but later from Germany, from which blue bice was prepared.", "title": "Lapis armenus" }, { "id": "552040", "score": "1.5041058", "text": "dagger with a lapis handle, a bowl inlaid with lapis, and amulets, beads, and inlays representing eyebrows and beards, were found in the Royal Tombs of the Sumerian city-state of Ur from the 3rd Millennium BC. Lapis was also used in ancient Mesopotamia by the Akkadians, Assyrians, and Babylonians for seals and jewelry. In the Mesopotamian poem the Epic of Gilgamesh (17th-18th Century BC), one of the oldest known works of literature, lapis lazuli is mentioned several times. The Statue of Ebih-Il, a 3rd millennium BC statue found in the ancient city-state of Mari in modern-day Syria, now in the", "title": "Lapis lazuli" }, { "id": "552036", "score": "1.4957721", "text": "a very intense absorption line at λ ~617 nm. Lapis lazuli is found in limestone in the Kokcha River valley of Badakhshan province in northeastern Afghanistan, where the Sar-e-Sang mine deposits have been worked for more than 6,000 years. Afghanistan was the source of lapis for the ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, as well as the later Greeks and Romans. Ancient Egyptians obtained this material through trade from Afghanistan with the Aryans. During the height of the Indus Valley Civilisation about 2000 BC, the Harappan colony now known as Shortugai was established near the lapis mines. According to the Sorbonne's", "title": "Lapis lazuli" }, { "id": "552042", "score": "1.4891561", "text": "In late classical times and as late as the Middle Ages, lapis lazuli was often called sapphire (\"sapphirus\" in Latin, \"sappir\" in Hebrew), though it had little to do with the stone today known as the blue corundum variety sapphire. In his book on stones, the Greek scientist Theophrastus described \"the sapphirus, which is speckled with gold,\" a description which matches lapis lazuli. There are many references to sapphires in the Old Testament, but most scholars agree that, since sapphire was not known before the Roman Empire, they most likely are references to lapis lazuli. For instance, Exodus 24:10: \"And", "title": "Lapis lazuli" }, { "id": "790224", "score": "1.4884281", "text": "others were imported from the Mediterranean, and rare pigments such as lapis lazuli would have come from the Himalayas. Gold is used in only a couple of small details. The medium used to bind the colours was primarily egg white, with fish glue perhaps used in a few places. Backhouse emphasizes that \"all Eadfrith's colours are applied with great skill and accuracy, but ... we have no means of knowing exactly what implements he used\". Professor Brown added that Eadfrith \" knew about lapis lazuli [a semi-precious stone with a blue tint] from the Himalayas but could not get hold", "title": "Lindisfarne Gospels" }, { "id": "552034", "score": "1.4841738", "text": "in the Andes mountains in Chile. Smaller quantities are mined in Italy, Mongolia, the United States, and Canada. ' is the Latin word for \"stone\" and ' is the genitive form of the Medieval Latin \"\", which is taken from the Arabic \"lājaward\", itself from the Persian \"lājevard\", which is the name of the stone in Persian and also of a place where lapis lazuli was mined. \"Lazulum\" is etymologically related to the color blue and used as a root for the word for blue in several languages, including Spanish and Portuguese \"azul\". The most important mineral component of lapis", "title": "Lapis lazuli" } ]

[ "Rhine Estuary", "rhine river", "Rhinen", "rhine", "Rhine (river)", "rhine estuary", "River Rhine", "rhine mouth", "Rhine river", "Rayn", "Rhine River", "alpenrhein river", "upper rhine river plains", "Rhein (river)", "Rhine basin", "Rhinewater", "Rhine", "Rhein River", "rhinen", "Length of the Rhine", "length of rhine", "Upper Rhine River Plains", "rhinewater", "river rhein", "river rhine pollution november 1986", "river rhine", "Rhine mouth", "Alpenrhein River", "River Rhine Pollution: November 1986", "rhine basin", "The Rhine", "rayn", "rijn", "rhein river", "River Rhein", "Rijn" ]

[ { "id": "349945", "score": "1.5147125", "text": "flows through the largest conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr region. One of the most important cities in this region is Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe (Duisport). The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural. In Wesel, 30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route, the Wesel-Datteln Canal, which runs parallel to the Lippe. Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in Germany, crosses the river. Near Krefeld, the river crosses the Uerdingen line, the line which separates the areas where Low German and High", "title": "Rhine" }, { "id": "495172", "score": "1.5063512", "text": "where still being part of the Mittelrhein wine region. It changes into the Lower Rhine near Bad Godesberg and leaves North Rhine-Westphalia near Emmerich at a width of 730 metres. Almost immediately after entering the Netherlands, the Rhine splits into many branches. The Pader, which flows entirely within the city of Paderborn, is considered Germany's shortest river. For many, North Rhine-Westphalia is synonymous with industrial areas and urban agglomerations. However, the largest part of the state is used for agriculture (almost 52%) and forests (25%). The state consists of five government regions (\"Regierungsbezirke\"), divided into 31 districts (\"Kreise\") and 23", "title": "North Rhine–Westphalia" }, { "id": "1281446", "score": "1.5034804", "text": "Vosges. Further downstream, in Germany, the Moselle valley forms the division between the Eifel and Hunsrück mountain regions. The average flow rate of the Moselle at its mouth is 328 m³/s, making it the second largest tributary of the Rhine by volume after the Aare (560 m³/s) and bigger than the Main and Neckar. The section of the Moselle from the Franco-German-Luxembourg tripoint to its confluence with the Saar near Konz shortly before Trier is in Germany known (geographically incorrectly) as the Upper Moselle. The section from Trier to Pünderich is the Middle Moselle, the section between Pünderich and its", "title": "Moselle" }, { "id": "1763267", "score": "1.4942172", "text": "Bad Münstereifel, Euskirchen, Bergheim, Bedburg and Grevenbroich. Erft The Erft () is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It flows through the foothills of the Eifel, and joins the Lower Rhine (left tributary). Its origin is near Nettersheim, and its mouth in Neuss-Grimlinghausen south of the . The river is long, which is significantly shorter than it was originally. Due to the open-pit mining of lignite in the \"Hambacher Loch\", the flow of the river had to be changed. The Erft gave its name to the town of Erftstadt, through which it flows, as well as to the Rhein-Erft district.", "title": "Erft" }, { "id": "16025794", "score": "1.4854976", "text": "Eifgenbach Eifgenbach is a -long river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Its source is near Wermelskirchen, appr. south of Wuppertal. It runs in south-westerly direction, and its mouth into the river Dhünn is near Odenthal, appr. north-east of Cologne. 460 acres of the river basin of the Eifgenbach and its tributaries have been declared nature reserve in order to protect its bio-diversity. About below the mouth into the Dhünn lies the Altenberger Dom, a monastery church built from 1255 on by Adolf IV, Count of Berg in Gothic style. Today the church belongs to the German state of North Rhine-Westfalia and", "title": "Eifgenbach" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rhine\n\nThe Rhine is one of the major European rivers. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps. It forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German borders. After that the Rhine defines much of the Franco-German border, after which it flows in a mostly northerly direction through the German Rhineland. Finally in Germany the Rhine turns into a predominantly westerly direction and flows into the Netherlands where it eventually empties into the North Sea. It drains an area of 9,973 sq km and its name derives from the Celtic \"Rēnos\". There are also two German states named after the river, North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate.\n\nIt is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about , with an average discharge of about .\n\nThe Rhine and the Danube comprised much of the Roman Empire's northern inland boundary, and the Rhine has been a vital navigable waterway bringing trade and goods deep inland since those days.\nThe various castles and defenses built along it attest to its prominence as a waterway in the Holy Roman Empire.\nAmong the largest and most important cities on the Rhine are Cologne, Rotterdam, Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Strasbourg, Nijmegen, and Basel.", "title": "Rhine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Cologne" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Aachen\n\nAachen ( ; ; Aachen dialect: \"Oche\" ; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle;) is, with around 249,000 inhabitants, the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, and the 28th-largest city of Germany.\n\nIt is the westernmost city in Germany, and borders Belgium and the Netherlands to the west, the triborder area. It is located between Maastricht (NL) and Liège (BE) in the west, and Bonn and Cologne in the east. The Wurm River flows through the city, and together with Mönchengladbach, Aachen is the only larger German city in the drainage basin of the Meuse. Aachen is the seat of the City Region Aachen ().\n\nAachen developed from a Roman settlement and (bath complex), subsequently becoming the preferred medieval Imperial residence of Emperor Charlemagne of the Frankish Empire, and, from 936 to 1531, the place where 31 Holy Roman Emperors were crowned Kings of the Germans.\n\nOne of Germany's leading institutes of higher education in technology, the RWTH Aachen University (), is located in the city. Its university hospital Uniklinikum Aachen is Europe's largest single-building hospital. Aachen's industries include science, engineering and information technology. In 2009, Aachen was ranked eighth among cities in Germany for innovation.\n\nThe regional dialect spoken in the city is a Central Franconian, Ripuarian variant with strong Limburgish influences from the dialects in the neighbouring Netherlands. As a Rhenish city, Aachen is one of the main centres of carnival celebrations in Germany, along with Cologne, Mainz and Düsseldorf. The culinary specialty for which the city is best known is Aachener Printen, a type of gingerbread.", "title": "Aachen" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cologne District, Mason County, West Virginia\n\nCologne Magisterial District is one of ten magisterial districts in Mason County, West Virginia, United States. The district was originally established as a civil township in 1863, and converted into a magisterial district in 1872. In 2020, Cologne District was home to 1,413 people.<ref name=\"2020 Census\"/>", "title": "Cologne District, Mason County, West Virginia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "North Rhine-Westphalia\n\nNorth Rhine-Westphalia (, ; ; ; ), commonly shortened to NRW (), is a state (\"Land\") in Western Germany. With more than 18 million inhabitants, it is the most populous state of Germany. Apart from the city-states, it is also the most densely populated state in Germany. Covering an area of , it is the fourth-largest German state by size.\n\nNorth Rhine-Westphalia features 30 of the 81 German municipalities with over 100,000 inhabitants, including Cologne (over 1 million), the state capital Düsseldorf, Dortmund and Essen (all about 600,000 inhabitants) and other cities predominantly located in the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area, the largest urban area in Germany and the fourth-largest on the European continent. The location of the Rhine-Ruhr at the heart of the European Blue Banana makes it well connected to other major European cities and metropolitan areas like the Randstad, the Flemish Diamond and the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Region.\n\nNorth Rhine-Westphalia was established in 1946 after World War II from the Prussian provinces of Westphalia and the northern part of Rhine Province (North Rhine), and the Free State of Lippe by the British military administration in Allied-occupied Germany and became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. The city of Bonn served as the federal capital until the reunification of Germany in 1990 and as the seat of government until 1999.\n\nCulturally, North Rhine-Westphalia is not a uniform area; there are significant differences, especially in traditional customs, between the Rhineland region on the one hand and the regions of Westphalia and Lippe on the other. As of 2019, the state has the largest economy among German states by GDP but is below the national average in GDP per capita.", "title": "North Rhine-Westphalia" }, { "id": "13746118", "score": "1.4849358", "text": "to the Richtplatz (old Thing site for the Electorate of Cologne; 762.6 m; near the Hoppernkopf, 805 m). The walking trail then runs over the Langenberg (843.2 m), the highest point in North Rhine-Westphalia, and through the Neuer Hagen nature reserve, whereby it runs past the source of the Hoppecke (785 m) up the Clemensberg (839.2 m) and past the Hillekopf (804.9 m) to the northeast. The route then continues on to the Küstelberg (666.1 m; which is the source of the river Orke) to the \"Wagenschmier\" quarry (645 m), then past the source of the Ruhr (666.5 m) on", "title": "Rothaarsteig" }, { "id": "11793903", "score": "1.480041", "text": "formed a peat layer up to 270 metres thick. From the pressure of earth layers lying over it, the peat was compressed into lignite (brown coal). The predecessor rivers of today's Rhine dug a broad river bed through the rock. These Rhine forerunners brought debris from the Alps, the Eifel, the Hunsrück, and the Westerwald. Where the water flowed slowly (in the shallow water zones), clay was left behind; where it flowed fast, sand and gravel settled. The shores of the North Sea in those days occasionally reached up to where the cities of Aachen, Erkelenz, and Mönchengladbach are today.", "title": "Cologne Lowland" }, { "id": "1555532", "score": "1.4784105", "text": "Xanten, Haltern, Oberaden, Holsterhausen, Anreppen and Beckinghausen. Today, the river appears as a two-tier water course: Upstream, eastward of the city of Hamm, the catchment is more rural. Downstream of Hamm settlements and industrial impacts characterize the situation. Though the Lippe was partly navigable from 1820 on it was not sufficient for the transport of industrial goods. Historically, the preconditions for a change of the landscape started with the construction of the Cologne-Minden trunk line in the 1840s that connected the river Rhine settlements like Cologne with harbours and trade at the river Weser and so with the Lippe town", "title": "Lippe (river)" }, { "id": "349944", "score": "1.475497", "text": "the North German Plain and turns into the Lower Rhine. The Lower Rhine falls from 50 m to 12 m. The main tributaries on this stretch are the Ruhr and the Lippe. Like the Upper Rhine, the Lower Rhine used to meander until engineering created a solid river bed. Because the levees are some distance from the river, at high tide the Lower Rhine has more room for widening than the Upper Rhine. The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia. Its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized, in particular the agglomerations Cologne, Düsseldorf and Ruhr area. Here the Rhine", "title": "Rhine" }, { "id": "2379233", "score": "1.4683341", "text": "to Runkel. Riverboats also operate on a small section north of the dam in Gießen. The Lahn is a -long, right (or eastern) tributary of the Rhine in Germany. Its course passes through the federal states of North Rhine-Westphalia (23.0 km), Hesse (165.6 km), and Rhineland-Palatinate (57.0 km). The Lahn originates at the Lahnhof, a locality of Nenkersdorf, which is a constituent community of Netphen in southeastern North Rhine-Westphalia, near the border with Hesse. The source area is situated along the Eisenstraße scenic highway and the Rothaarsteig hiking trail. The river arises in the southeastern Rothaargebirge in the Ederkopf-Lahnkopf-Rücken ridge-line", "title": "Lahn" }, { "id": "20494705", "score": "1.467563", "text": "Ersfeld), Friesbach, Maulsbach, Hirzbach and Krumbach. From the hamlet of Dasbach to its mouth the Mehrbach flows through the Rhine-Westerwald Nature Park. Mehrbach The Mehrbach is a river, 23-kilometres long, and a tributary of the Wied. Its \"Fließgewässerkennziffer\" is 27164, its catchment has an area of 65.868 km². The Mehrbach rises in the north of the Westerwald, north of Werkhausen, in the vicinity of the border between Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia, and flows in a southerly direction. On its way to the Wied it initially crosses the territories of Werkhausen, Hasselbach and Forstmehren. It then forms the boundary between the", "title": "Mehrbach" }, { "id": "15693993", "score": "1.4672518", "text": "and Ludwigshafen, it flows into the Upper Rhine from the left. The main tributaries of the left Rehbach are Mußbach, which flows into the Rehbach between Haßloch and the Mußbach district of Neustadt, and the Steinbach, which flows into the Rehbach above Schifferstadt. The strongest right tributary is the Ranschgraben. Like the Rehbach itself, this is a dsitributary of the Speyerbach. It splits off from Speyerbach just north of Speyerdorf and flows into Rehbach East of Limburgerhof-Rehhütte, after crossing below Rehbach a few hundred meters before at Limburgerhof-Kohlhof. In the Middle Ages, the water of the Rehbach was already diverted", "title": "Rehbach (Palatinate)" }, { "id": "1281449", "score": "1.4612795", "text": "The largest tributary relative to the Moselle at its confluence is the Moselotte, which is about 40% greater by volumetric flow and thus represents the main branch of the Moselle system. At its mouth, the Mosell delivers 328 m³/s of water into the Rhine after flowing for 544 km. From the left: Madon, Terrouin, Esch, Rupt de Mad, Orne, Fensch, Gander, Syre, Sauer, Kyll, Salm, Lieser, Alf, Endert, Brohlbach, Elz. From the right: Moselotte, Vologne, Meurthe, Seille, Saar, Olewiger Bach, Avelsbach, Ruwer, Feller Bach, Dhron, Ahringsbach, Kautenbach, Lützbach, Flaumbach, Altlayer Bach, Baybach, Ehrbach. Towns along the Moselle are: From Trier", "title": "Moselle" }, { "id": "3793423", "score": "1.4595041", "text": "and Rhine river basins: the Aabach flows to the north and drains into the Rhine via the Afte, Alme and Lippe, while the small rivers that rise on the southern side of the ridge drain into the Weser through the Hoppecke and Diemel. Aabach (Afte) The Aabach is a long river in Germany, a left tributary of the river Afte. It rises near the village Madfeld, part of the town Brilon, in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia near the border with Hesse. From there it flows north between mountains up to high through a forested landscape, partly in the natural park Diemelsee.", "title": "Aabach (Afte)" }, { "id": "2379266", "score": "1.4591115", "text": "river (l = left; r = right) and length in kilometers, are listed in downstream order as follows: Lahn The Lahn is a -long, right (or eastern) tributary of the Rhine in Germany. Its course passes through the federal states of North Rhine-Westphalia (23.0 km), Hesse (165.6 km), and Rhineland-Palatinate (57.0 km). It has its source in the Rothaargebirge, the highest part of the Sauerland. It meets the Rhine at Lahnstein, near Koblenz. Important cities along the Lahn include Marburg, Gießen, Wetzlar, Limburg an der Lahn, Weilburg and Bad Ems. Tributaries to the Lahn include the Ohm, Dill, the Weil", "title": "Lahn" }, { "id": "16025795", "score": "1.4492662", "text": "is used both by the Protestants and Catholics as shared church. Eifgenbach Eifgenbach is a -long river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Its source is near Wermelskirchen, appr. south of Wuppertal. It runs in south-westerly direction, and its mouth into the river Dhünn is near Odenthal, appr. north-east of Cologne. 460 acres of the river basin of the Eifgenbach and its tributaries have been declared nature reserve in order to protect its bio-diversity. About below the mouth into the Dhünn lies the Altenberger Dom, a monastery church built from 1255 on by Adolf IV, Count of Berg in Gothic style. Today", "title": "Eifgenbach" }, { "id": "1763266", "score": "1.447758", "text": "Erft The Erft () is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It flows through the foothills of the Eifel, and joins the Lower Rhine (left tributary). Its origin is near Nettersheim, and its mouth in Neuss-Grimlinghausen south of the . The river is long, which is significantly shorter than it was originally. Due to the open-pit mining of lignite in the \"Hambacher Loch\", the flow of the river had to be changed. The Erft gave its name to the town of Erftstadt, through which it flows, as well as to the Rhein-Erft district. It also flows through the towns of", "title": "Erft" }, { "id": "7015110", "score": "1.4473352", "text": "branch of the Rhine, which flows past Arnhem; splits off the IJssel which flows into the IJsselmeer and then splits into the Lek and the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede. The Lek flows into the Merwede. The Kromme Rijn continues past Utrecht, becomes the Leidse Rijn, then Oude Rijn and flows into the North Sea at Katwijk. There are other minor branches such as the Vecht, Hollandse IJssel and the Noord. The German term \"Niederrhein\" refers both to the German section of the Lower Rhine as well as to parts of the surrounding Lower Rhine region. Lower Rhine The", "title": "Lower Rhine" }, { "id": "15933009", "score": "1.4465079", "text": "And, the German word for “stream” is “bach”, a common suffix for German rivers. The Elbbach arises in the Rhineland-Palatinate part of the Westerwald, a few miles northwest of Westerburg, from the convergence of several streams north of Ailertchen. From there, it flows south to Kaden, east past Guckheim, through Willmenrod and then to Langendernbach in Hesse. Continuing south, the Elbbach reaches Elbtal (named after the river) and then Hadamar. Then this river flows further south at Staffel, which is a district of Limburg an der Lahn. On average, this river supplies about four cubic meters per second (4 m³/s)", "title": "Elbbach" }, { "id": "5302237", "score": "1.4433346", "text": "Aachen. North of Aachen (between Kerkrade and Herzogenrath) the river landmarks the border with the Netherlands for roughly. 10 km. It flows into the Rur near Heinsberg. Other towns alongst the river Wurm are Würselen, Übach-Palenberg and Geilenkirchen. The name \"Wurm\" is thought to originate from the German word \"warm\" (same meaning in English), as the headwater brooks were fed from the hotsprings in Aachen. Wurm The Wurm (German; ) is a river in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in western Germany. It rises in the Eifel mountains and flows for 57 kilometres before discharging into the Rur. The Wurm", "title": "Wurm" } ]

[ "US Presidential election (4-yearly), and the congress to change China's leadership (10-yearly)", "us presidential election 4 yearly and congress to change china s leadership 10 yearly" ]

[ { "id": "15629290", "score": "1.5919521", "text": "his personal opinions and feelings at that point in time and not to be taken as definite predictions. One of these opinions was that \"100-foot tidal waves\" would turn Kingaroy into beachfront property. His feeling at the time was that global Earth changes would occur between 2011 and 2013, and that billions of people would die. Miller describes some of these events as similar to events in the movie \"2012\". Miller stated in 2011: \"There's the movie \"2012\" right? Everyone I suggest you see it, everyone. A lot of the events portrayed in the movie are kind of similar to", "title": "Divine Truth" }, { "id": "13034392", "score": "1.5075345", "text": "a handful of special series on doomsday that included analysis of 2012 theories, such as \"Decoding the Past\" (2005–2007), \"2012, End of Days\" (2006), \"Last Days on Earth\" (2006), \"Seven Signs of the Apocalypse\" (2009), and \"Nostradamus 2012\" (2008). The Discovery Channel also aired \"2012 Apocalypse\" in 2009, suggesting that massive solar storms, magnetic pole reversal, earthquakes, supervolcanoes, and other drastic natural events could occur in 2012. In 2012, the National Geographic Channel launched a show called \"Doomsday Preppers\", a documentary series about survivalists preparing for various cataclysms, including the 2012 doomsday. Hundreds of books were published on the topic.", "title": "2012 phenomenon" }, { "id": "13034360", "score": "1.4952998", "text": "graph purports to show great periods of novelty corresponding with major shifts in humanity's biological and sociocultural evolution. He believed that the events of any given time are resonantly related to the events of other times, and chose the atomic bombing of Hiroshima as the basis for calculating his end date of November 2012. When he later discovered this date's proximity to the end of the 13th b'ak'tun of the Maya calendar, he revised his hypothesis so that the two dates matched. The 1975 first edition of \"The Invisible Landscape\" referred to 2012 (but no specific day during the year)", "title": "2012 phenomenon" }, { "id": "13034391", "score": "1.4853718", "text": "TV stars Heidi Montag and Spencer Pratt revealed that they had spent most of their $10 million of accumulated earnings by 2010 because they believed the world would end in 2012. The 2012 phenomenon was discussed or referenced in several media. Several TV documentaries, as well as some contemporary fictional references to the year 2012, referred to 21 December as the day of a cataclysmic event. The UFO conspiracy TV series \"The X-Files\" cited 22 December 2012 as the date for an alien colonization of the Earth and mentioned the Mayan calendar \"stopping\" on this date. The History Channel aired", "title": "2012 phenomenon" }, { "id": "13034325", "score": "1.4847062", "text": "2012 phenomenon Various astronomical alignments and numerological formulae were proposed as pertaining to this date. A New Age interpretation held that the date marked the start of a period during which Earth and its inhabitants would undergo a positive physical or spiritual transformation, and that 21 December 2012 would mark the beginning of a new era. Others suggested that the date marked the end of the world or a similar catastrophe. Scenarios suggested for the end of the world included the arrival of the next solar maximum, an interaction between Earth and the black hole at the center of the", "title": "2012 phenomenon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Look at Life (film series)\n\nLook at Life was a regular British series of short documentary films of which over 500 were produced between 1959 and 1969 by the Special Features Division of the Rank Organisation for screening in their Odeon and Gaumont cinemas. The films always preceded the main feature film that was being shown in the cinema that week. It replaced the circuit's newsreel, \"Universal News\", which had become increasingly irrelevant in the face of more immediate news media, particularly on television with the launch of ITN on the Independent Television service, which began broadcasting in parts of the United Kingdom in 1955.", "title": "Look at Life (film series)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Prime time\n\nPrime time or the peak time is the block of broadcast programming taking place during the middle of the evening for a television show. It is mostly targeted towards adults (and sometimes families). It is used by the major television networks to broadcast their season's nightly programming. The term \"prime time\" is often defined in terms of a fixed time period—for example (in the United States), from 8:00p.m. to 11:00p.m. (Eastern and Pacific Time) or 7:00p.m. to 10:00p.m. (Central and Mountain Time). In India and some Middle Eastern countries, prime time consists of the programmes that are aired on TV between 8:00p.m. and 10:00p.m. local time.", "title": "Prime time" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "John Wick\n\nJohn Wick is an American action thriller media franchise created by Derek Kolstad and centering around John Wick, a former hitman who is forced back into the criminal underworld he had abandoned.\n\nThe franchise began with the release of \"John Wick\" in 2014, followed by two sequels, \"\" in 2017 and \"\" in 2019. The three films were considered critical and commercial successes, with a collective gross of more than $587 million worldwide. A fourth installment, \"\", is in post-production and has a release date of March 24, 2023. Two spin-offs are in development for a 2023 release: the limited series \"The Continental\", and film \"Ballerina\", while a fifth main installment, originally intended to be shot back-to-back with the fourth film, is also in development. ", "title": "John Wick" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Sónar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Game (British TV series)\n\nThe Game is a British Cold War spy thriller television serial set in London in 1972. The six-part series was created by Toby Whithouse, written by Whithouse, Sarah Dollard and Debbie O'Malley, and first broadcast on BBC America in 2014.\n\nWhithouse confirmed via Twitter in July 2015 that there would not be a second series.", "title": "The Game (British TV series)" }, { "id": "13034381", "score": "1.4635589", "text": "to customers. Bookings for wedding ceremonies on 21 December 2012 were saturated in several cities. On 14 December 2012, a man in Henan province attacked and wounded twenty-three children with a knife. Authorities suspected the man had been \"influenced\" by the prediction of the upcoming apocalypse. Academics in China attributed the widespread belief in the 2012 doomsday in their country to a lack of scientific literacy and a mistrust of the government-controlled media. On 6 December 2012, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard delivered a hoax speech for the radio station triple J in which she declared \"My dear remaining fellow", "title": "2012 phenomenon" }, { "id": "15819388", "score": "1.45856", "text": "calendar and the 2012 phenomenon in that he sees the crucial date for change as 28 October 2011—not 21 December 2012—which he postulates will see the culmination of a series of nine waves of increasing frequency which have influenced, and continue to influence, the development and evolution of both the physical universe and human consciousness. His ideas represent a revival of theories of unilineal evolution. Calleman disagrees that 2012 represents the point of an alignment between the Earth's solstice and the galactic centre which he says would be a purely local phenomenon unique to the Earth and which in any", "title": "Carl Johan Calleman" }, { "id": "13034346", "score": "1.4454081", "text": "possession of superior knowledge.\" In 1975, the ending of b'ak'tun 13 became the subject of speculation by several New Age authors, who asserted it would correspond with a global \"transformation of consciousness\". In \"Mexico Mystique: The Coming Sixth Age of Consciousness\", Frank Waters tied Coe's original date of 24 December 2011 to astrology and the prophecies of the Hopi, while both José Argüelles (in \"The Transformative Vision\") and Terence McKenna (in \"The Invisible Landscape\") discussed the significance of the year 2012 without mentioning a specific day. In 1983, with the publication of Robert J. Sharer's revised table of date correlations", "title": "2012 phenomenon" }, { "id": "3454743", "score": "1.4353364", "text": "The 2012 doomsday prediction was a contemporary cultural meme proposing that cataclysmic and apocalyptic events would occur on December 21, 2012. This idea has been disseminated by numerous books, Internet sites and by TV documentaries with increasing frequency since the late 1990s. This date is derived from the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar which completes 12 baktuns or 1 Great cycle equaling 5,125 years on December 21 or 23, 2012. There is also a movie called \"2012\" made in 2009 inspired from this theory. The prediction given by the Mayans about what would happen at the end of this Great Cycle", "title": "Apocalypticism" }, { "id": "2802034", "score": "1.4275959", "text": "president in the 1990s, (\"unsure which term, 1992 or 1996\") before a Polar Shift, which was to happen \"in the last months of the century\" would eradicate most human life on Earth, and greatly alter existing coastlines. The Guides predicted in her 1999 book \"The World To Come\" that the walk-in president would not come until 2008 at the earliest, and therefore the Shift would be delayed until 2010-2012 at least. The potential catastrophe of the shift was also reduced by human free will. Except for Florida and the coast of California, the Guides reported, most of America will survive,", "title": "Ruth Montgomery" }, { "id": "489047", "score": "1.420598", "text": "all died, as did former leaders Fidel Castro, Nelson Mandela, Margaret Thatcher, Helmut Kohl and George H. W. Bush. Major natural disasters include the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the Nepal earthquake of 2015, and the devastating hurricanes Harvey, Maria, Haiyan (Yolanda) and Sandy. Other major international events this decade include the Northern Iraq offensive and the Paris attacks of November 2015. The 2010s brought the continuation of US military involvement, both in direct combat and through foreign bases, in many parts of the world, including Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, the Sahara, the Horn of Africa, the", "title": "2010s" }, { "id": "12994736", "score": "1.4163916", "text": "by comments made by Gordon Brown during a speech, admitting essentially that Great Britain is already in recession mode. Following the trend, the US stock markets also fell sharply on opening and ended with the Dow Industrial Index down 312 points. Friday and Saturday (October 24 and 25) the 7th Asia-Europe Meeting was held in Beijing with the European Union meeting Asian states in an attempt to discuss a common approach ahead of the Emergency International Meeting that is scheduled to take place in Washington on November 15. No specific recommendations to solve the crisis were developed. On Sunday, October", "title": "Global financial crisis in October 2008" }, { "id": "13034380", "score": "1.4154999", "text": "in a press conference, Russian President Vladimir Putin said, \"In about 4.5 billion years.\" In December 2012, Vatican astronomer Rev. José Funes wrote in the Vatican newspaper \"L'Osservatore Romano\" that apocalyptic theories around 2012 were \"not even worth discussing\". In China, up to one thousand members of the Christian cult Almighty God were arrested after claiming that the end of b'ak'tun 13 marked the end of the world, and that it was time to overthrow Communism. Shoppers were reported to be hoarding supplies of candles in anticipation of coming darkness, while online retailer Taobao sold tickets to board Noah's Ark", "title": "2012 phenomenon" }, { "id": "20535682", "score": "1.3904719", "text": "it forward to September 23. On September 21, an Orange County, California television station accidentally displayed his prediction in an emergency alert, and broadcasting officials stated that the false alert was caused by a glitch from a test by the Emergency Alert System. On September 21, he claimed in a Glenn Beck interview to have seen Nibiru from his house and that other people would see the sign as well. Meade then changed his mind and stated that Nibiru would not collide with Earth on September 23. As September 23 passed, however, Meade again revised the apocalypse to October, making", "title": "David Meade (author)" }, { "id": "469592", "score": "1.3897715", "text": "of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way supernova. These events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle, and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science. 16th century The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582). The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of the West occurred. During the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored the", "title": "16th century" }, { "id": "12301696", "score": "1.3875489", "text": "Project of which nearly 4,000 distinct events were plotted. Only a month after the Haiti earthquake, the 2010 earthquake in Chile prompted Patrick Meier to launch Ushahidi-Chile within hours of the initial quake. The Chile site is co-managed with the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University in the United States, supported by Chilean Americans. On 20 April 2010 BP’s offshore Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded killing eleven workers and precipitating the largest accidental offshore oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. On 3 May the Louisiana Bucket Brigade (LABB) publicly released the Oil Spill Crisis Map,", "title": "Ushahidi" }, { "id": "13034347", "score": "1.3868395", "text": "in the 4th edition of Morley's \"The Ancient Maya,\" each became convinced that 21 December 2012 had significant meaning. By 1987, the year in which he organized the Harmonic Convergence event, Arguelles was using the date 21 December 2012 in \"The Mayan Factor: Path Beyond Technology\". He claimed that on 13 August 3113 BC the Earth began a passage through a \"galactic synchronization beam\" that emanated from the center of our galaxy, that it would pass through this beam during a period of 5200 \"tuns\" (Maya cycles of 360 days each), and that this beam would result in \"total synchronization\"", "title": "2012 phenomenon" }, { "id": "17877594", "score": "1.3855608", "text": "York, Lops Angeles, Brazil and more. The World This Week The World This Week (TWTW), is a weekly current events and news show anchored by Ya'akov Eilon. The show broadcasts in Hebrew to an Israeli audience via Keshet's Channel 2 every Thursday from 22:50-23:20, as well as in English for an international audience via i24news channel every Sunday. The show collects, interprets and summarizes main global events that took place during the week from unique and creative angles. Every week the show exhibits specialist guests who provide meaningful insight on international affairs. the show also activates correspondents around the globe", "title": "The World This Week" }, { "id": "17201709", "score": "1.3850993", "text": "performance in The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour and were accused in hooliganism, would be convicted and get real jail time. In December 2012, Bogdanov predicted that the end of the world will not be on 21 December, but on the night of 14 to 15 February 2013 during which a small meteorite would fall to Earth. Although the end of the world did not happen, the meteorite really did fall in Chelyabinsk the night of 14 to 15 February. He also predicted the future of Prince George of Cambridge the newborn heir and son of Prince William and Kate", "title": "Pavsekakiy Bogdanov" }, { "id": "20535677", "score": "1.3838518", "text": "that North Korea becoming a superpower in March 2018 and that Nibiru would destroy the Earth in spring. Meade announced that the apocalypse would begin in March 2018, but he didn't predict the exact date. After March 2018 passed, he moved the apocalypse to April 23, 2018, in which he also predicted the Sun, Moon, Jupiter, and Virgo will signal the rapture, and that Nibiru would destroy the Earth that day. However, before that date he said that reports that he predicted the end on 23 April were \"fake news\", but that the rapture—but not the end of the world—would", "title": "David Meade (author)" } ]

[ "patriarch constantine", "constantine of rome", "constantinus", "Constantinus", "byzantine constantine", "Patriarch Constantine", "Constantine (no surname)", "Constantine (disambiguation)", "Byzantine Constantine", "Constantine", "constantine no surname", "constantine disambiguation", "constantine", "Constantine of Rome" ]

[ { "id": "10202120", "score": "1.6950883", "text": "Wars. According to Acts of Apostles 11, a city in the southern of Turkey, Antioch (now Antakya) is the birthplace of the first Christian community. In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople, became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This empire, which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most of the", "title": "Turkey" }, { "id": "4770191", "score": "1.6781044", "text": "and was the last Emperor to rule both East and West. After Theodosius's death in 395, the Empire was permanently divided into East and West by his 17-year-old and 10-year-old sons, Arcadius and Honorius, respectively. By the time the Visigoths under their king Alaric entered Italy and sacked Rome in 410 – the first time a foreign army had set foot in Rome since 390 BC, some 800 years earlier – Rome had ceased to be capital of the Empire either in East or West (the capital in the East was Nicomedia from 286 to 330, and Constantinople from 330", "title": "Roman Emperors during the Fall of the Western Empire" }, { "id": "6652910", "score": "1.6698122", "text": "Niger against Emperor Septimius Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity. Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. Two months later, he laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named \"Nova Roma\"; most called it Constantinople, a name that persisted", "title": "Istanbul" }, { "id": "7971174", "score": "1.6695609", "text": "of the empire, the term \"Byzantium\" was used only for the city, not for the empire that it ruled. The city was called \"Augusta Antonina\" () for a brief period in the 3rd century AD. The Roman Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211) conferred the name in honor of his son Antoninus, the later Emperor Caracalla. Before the Roman emperor Constantine the Great made the city the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire on May 11, 330, he undertook a major construction project, essentially rebuilding the city on a monumental scale, partly modeled after Rome. Names of this period included \"the", "title": "Names of Istanbul" }, { "id": "68662", "score": "1.6616678", "text": "after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or, at the latest, the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235. Byzantium took on the name of \"Kōnstantinoupolis\" (\"city of Constantine\", \"Constantinople\") after its refoundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium in 330 and designated his new capital officially as \"Nova Roma\" () 'New Rome'. During this time, the city was also called 'Second Rome', 'Eastern Rome', and \"Roma Constantinopolitana\". As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population,", "title": "Constantinople" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Constantinople" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Byzantine Empire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mehmed II\n\nMehmed II (; , ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (; ), was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by John Hunyadi after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce Peace of Szeged. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire.\n\nAfter the conquest Mehmed claimed the title Caesar of the Roman Empire (), based on the fact that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the surviving Eastern Roman Empire since its consecration in 330 AD by Emperor Constantine I. The claim was only recognized by the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Nonetheless, Mehmed II viewed the Ottoman state as a continuation of the Roman Empire for the remainder of his life, seeing himself as \"continuing\" the Empire rather than \"replacing\" it.\n\nMehmed continued his conquests in Anatolia with its reunification and in Southeast Europe as far west as Bosnia. At home he made many political and social reforms, encouraged the arts and sciences, and by the end of his reign, his rebuilding program had changed Constantinople into a thriving imperial capital. He is considered a hero in modern-day Turkey and parts of the wider Muslim world. Among other things, Istanbul's Fatih district, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge and Fatih Mosque are named after him.", "title": "Mehmed II" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fall of Constantinople\n\nThe Fall of Constantinople, also known as the Conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city fell on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. The city's collapse is usually agreed on as marking the end of the Middle Ages. \n\nThe attacking Ottoman Army, which significantly outnumbered Constantinople's defenders, was commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II (later nicknamed \"the Conqueror\"), while the Byzantine army was led by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. After conquering the city, Mehmed II made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital, replacing Adrianople.\n\nThe conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire was a watershed of the Late Middle Ages, marking the effective end of the last remains of the Roman Empire, a state which began in roughly 27 BC and had lasted nearly 1500 years. Among many modern historians, the Fall of Constantinople is considered the end of the medieval period.<ref name=\"ealoipolis\" /><ref name=\"GpAG8\" /> The city's fall also stood as a turning point in military history. Since ancient times, cities and castles had depended upon ramparts and walls to repel invaders. The Walls of Constantinople, especially the Theodosian Walls, were some of the most advanced defensive systems in the world at the time. These fortifications were overcome with the use of gunpowder, specifically in the form of large cannons and bombards, heralding a change in siege warfare.<ref name=\"econfallmill\" />", "title": "Fall of Constantinople" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Roman emperor" }, { "id": "1715496", "score": "1.6605396", "text": "to style themselves as Emperor of the Romans (later βασιλεύς Ῥωμαίων in Greek), but are often referred to in modern scholarship as Byzantine emperors. Constantine XI Palaiologos was the last Roman emperor in Constantinople, dying in the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453. The \"Byzantine\" emperors from Heraclius in 629 and onwards adopted the title of \"basileus\" (), which had originally meant \"king\" in Greek but became a title reserved solely for the Roman emperor and the ruler of the Sasanian Empire. Other kings were then referred to as \"rēgas\". In addition to their pontifical office, some emperors", "title": "Roman emperor" }, { "id": "1715537", "score": "1.6560849", "text": "of the Romans\"). They had also ceased to use Latin as the language of state after Emperor Heraclius (d. 641 AD). Historians have customarily treated the state of these later Eastern emperors under the name \"Byzantine Empire\". It is important to note, however, that the adjective \"Byzantine\", although historically used by Eastern Roman authors in a metonymic sense, was never an official term. Constantine XI Palaiologos was the last reigning Roman emperor. A member of the Palaiologos dynasty, he ruled the remnant of the Eastern Roman Empire from 1449 until his death in 1453 defending its capital Constantinople. He was", "title": "Roman emperor" }, { "id": "14841721", "score": "1.6542119", "text": "accelerated under Roman rule, and by the early centuries AD the local Anatolian languages and cultures had become extinct, being largely replaced by ancient Greek language and culture. In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This, which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most", "title": "History of Turkey" }, { "id": "164763", "score": "1.6534024", "text": "who moved the imperial capital in 324 from Nicomedia to Byzantium, which re-founded as Constantinople, or Nova Roma (\"New Rome\"). The city of Rome itself had not served as the capital since the reign of Diocletian. Some date the beginnings of the Empire to the reign of Theodosius I (379–395) and Christianity's official supplanting of the pagan Roman religion, or following his death in 395, when the empire was split into two parts, with capitals in Rome and Constantinople. Others place it yet later in 476, when Romulus Augustulus, traditionally considered the last western Emperor, was deposed, thus leaving sole", "title": "History of Europe" }, { "id": "1715498", "score": "1.6496711", "text": "ended in 1922. A Byzantine group of claimant Roman emperors existed in the Empire of Trebizond until its conquest by the Ottomans in 1461, though they had used a modified title since 1282. Eastern emperors in Constantinople had been recognized and accepted as Roman emperors both in the East, which they ruled, and by the Papacy and Germanic kingdoms of the West until the deposition of Constantine VI and accession of Irene of Athens as Empress regnant in 797. Objecting to a woman ruling the Roman Empire in her own right and issues with the eastern clergy, the Papacy would", "title": "Roman emperor" }, { "id": "9663522", "score": "1.6452084", "text": "temporarily renamed as \"Augusta Antonina\" by the emperor, in honor of his son. The location of Byzantium attracted Constantine the Great in 324 after a prophetic dream was said to have identified the location of the city; but the true reason behind this prophecy was probably Constantine's final victory over Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) on the Bosphorus, on 18 September 324, which ended the civil war between the Roman Co-Emperors, and brought an end to the final vestiges of the Tetrarchy system, during which Nicomedia (present-day İzmit, 100 km east of Istanbul) was the most senior Roman", "title": "History of Istanbul" }, { "id": "12636609", "score": "1.6444411", "text": "crusade provoked war between the Ottomans and Trebizond in the summer of 1461. After a monthlong siege, David surrendered the city of Trebizond on August 14, 1461. With the fall of Trebizond, the last remnant of the Roman Empire was extinguished. The nephew of the last Emperor, Constantine XI, Andreas Palaeologos had inherited the title of Roman Emperor. He lived in the Morea (Peloponnese) until its fall in 1460, then escaped to Rome where he lived under the protection of the Papal States for the remainder of his life. He styled himself \"Imperator Constantinopolitanus\" (\"Emperor of Constantinople\"), and sold his", "title": "History of the Byzantine Empire" }, { "id": "129432", "score": "1.6436602", "text": "as New Rome in AD 330. (The city is more commonly called Constantinople and is today named Istanbul). Although the empire was again subdivided and a co-emperor sent to Italy at the end of the fourth century, the office became unitary again only 95 years later at the request of the Roman Senate and following the death of Julius Nepos, last Western Emperor. This change was a recognition of the reality that little remained of Imperial authority in the areas that had been the Western Empire, with even Rome and Italy itself now ruled by the essentially autonomous Odoacer. These", "title": "Emperor" }, { "id": "1715535", "score": "1.6375334", "text": "the Roman Empire to its citizens and neighboring countries. The line of Roman emperors in the Eastern Roman Empire continued unbroken at Constantinople until the capture of Constantinople in 1204 by the Fourth Crusade. In the wake of this action, four lines of Emperors emerged, each claiming to be the legal successor: the Empire of Thessalonica, evolving from the Despotate of Epirus, which was reduced to impotence when its founder Theodore Komnenos Doukas was defeated, captured and blinded by the Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Asen III; the Latin Empire, which came to an end when the Empire of Nicaea recovered Constantinople", "title": "Roman emperor" }, { "id": "5788074", "score": "1.6347625", "text": "Pope to search for help elsewhere. The man who answered his call was Pepin II of Aquitaine, whom he had named \"Patrician\", a title that caused a serious conflict. In 772, Rome ceased commemorating the emperor that first ruled from Constantinople, and in 800 Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor by the Pope himself, officially rejecting the Eastern Roman Empire as true Romans. According to the Frankish interpretation of events, the papacy appropriately \"transferred Roman imperial authority from the Greeks to the Germans, in the name of His Greatness, Charles\". From then on, a war of names about the New Rome", "title": "Names of the Greeks" }, { "id": "13226016", "score": "1.6343112", "text": "AD, while some place it at the sack of Constantinople by the crusaders in 1204. After the fall of Constantinople, Thomas Palaiologos, brother of the last Eastern Roman Emperor, Constantine XI, was elected emperor and tried to organize the remaining forces. His rule came to an end after the fall of the last major Byzantine city, Corinth. He then moved to Italy and continued to be recognized as Eastern emperor by the Christian powers. His son Andreas Palaiologos continued claims on the Byzantine throne until he sold the title to Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile before his death", "title": "Legacy of the Roman Empire" }, { "id": "10623246", "score": "1.6319666", "text": "April 2, 1453, with Ottoman cannon firing from April 6. The defenders were few, but the mighty walls allowed them to withstand the siege for some time. Finally however, on May 29, the Ottomans achieved a breach, and the city fell. Constantine XI charged at the oncoming Ottoman army; the last Roman Emperor died fighting, and since his body was never recognized, is assumed to have been buried in a mass grave. Constantine's rule is hard to assess due to the shortness of his reign. As a Despot, he had shown ability, but the fall of the Empire to the", "title": "Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty" }, { "id": "2848116", "score": "1.6303675", "text": "in the empire was fully recognised to have completely shifted to the eastern Mediterranean. Rome lost the Senate to Constantinople and lost its status and gravitas as imperial capital. The bishop of Byzantium was under the authority of the metropolitan of Heraclea when in 330 Roman Emperor Constantine I moved his residence to this town, which, rebuilt on a larger scale, became known as Constantinople. Thereafter, the bishop's connection with the imperial court meant that he was able to free himself from ecclesiastical dependency on Heraclea and in little more than half a century to obtain recognition of next-after-Rome ranking", "title": "East–West Schism" }, { "id": "8694002", "score": "1.6298909", "text": "and the Sassanid Dynasty rose. Constantinople, situated on the Bosporus Straits at the mouth of the Black Sea, became a capital of the Roman Empire in 330 AD after Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor, refounded the city of Byzantium. Although the city was called Constantinople until its fall, the Eastern Roman Empire became known by the classical name of Byzantium, and often the city was called by its old name as well. The city's status as residence of the Eastern Roman Emperor made it into the premier city in all of the Eastern Roman colonies in the Balkans,", "title": "Middle Eastern empires" }, { "id": "17017151", "score": "1.6250939", "text": "doctrinal conference, the Council of Chalcedon (451), and is recognized as a saint. When Marcian died, he left no heirs, and the throne passed to a soldier, Leo I (457–474), founder of the Leonid dynasty. As the eastern empire became progressively separated from the now crumbling west, so did its traditions and forms of administration, taking on the influences of the Hellenistic culture that preceded the Roman invasion of Anatolia. Leo was the first emperor to introduce legislation in Greek rather than Latin, and the first to be crowned by the Christian Patriarch of Constantinople. He attempted to be more", "title": "Byzantine Anatolia" } ]

[ "Mambo", "Mambo!", "Mambo (disambiguation)", "mambo disambiguation", "mambo" ]

[ { "id": "2273677", "score": "1.6941903", "text": "States matched the peak of the first wave of interest in Latin music outside the Hispanic and Latino communities during the 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. He also performed in films in the United States and Europe, as well as in Mexican cinema (Rumberas film), always with his trademark goatee and turtle-neck sweaters and vests. With the end of the 1950s, his popularity waned, and the years gave way to new rhythms, such as rock and roll and then pop music. His association with RCA Victor ended in the mid 1960s, and afterward his recorded output was mainly limited to", "title": "Pérez Prado" }, { "id": "2273680", "score": "1.6672403", "text": "a stroke in Mexico City on September 14, 1989, aged 72. During his lifetime, notable musicians worked in his orchestra, including: \"Patricia\" was later featured in Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom was featured in series six episode 4 of the British TV series May to December His mambo records and the joyous dancing they caused, are described in a later chapter of Jack Kerouac's seminal novel, \"On the Road\" (1957). His songs \"Caballo Negro\", \"Lupita\", and \"Mambo no.8\" featured in the film \"Santa Sangre\" (1989) by Alejandro Jodorowsky. His recording of \"Cherry Pink (and Apple Blossom White)\" featured in the", "title": "Pérez Prado" }, { "id": "2273672", "score": "1.6640812", "text": "Pérez Prado Dámaso Pérez Prado (; December 11, 1916 – September 14, 1989) was a Cuban bandleader, organist, pianist and composer who also made brief appearances in films. He is often referred to as the \"King of the Mambo\". He became known and professionally billed as Pérez Prado, his paternal and maternal surnames respectively. Pérez Prado became a naturalized citizen of Mexico in 1980. His orchestra was the most popular in mambo. His son, Pérez Prado, Jr., continues to direct the Pérez Prado Orchestra in Mexico City to this day. Pérez was born in Matanzas, Cuba on December 11, 1916;", "title": "Pérez Prado" }, { "id": "1810452", "score": "1.6616693", "text": "at the beginning of the 1940s and began to work at night clubs and orchestras, such as Paulina Alvarez's and Casino de La Playa. In 1949 he traveled to Mexico looking for job opportunities and achieved great success with a new style, to which he assigns a name that had been already utilized by Antonio Arcaño, the \"Mambo.\" Perez Prado's style differed from the previous \"Mambo\" concept. The new style possessed a greater influence from the North-American Jazz band music, and an expanded instrumentation consisting of four or five trumpets, four of five saxophones, double bass, drum set, maracas, cowbell,", "title": "Music of Cuba" }, { "id": "273296", "score": "1.6507092", "text": "clubs and orchestras, such as Paulina Alvarez's and Casino de La Playa. In 1949 he traveled to Mexico looking for job opportunities and achieved great success with a new style, to which he assigned a name that had been already used by Antonio Arcaño, the \"mambo\". Perez Prado's style differed from the previous mambo concept. The new style possessed a greater influence from North-American jazz, and an expanded instrumentation consisting of four to five trumpets, four to five saxophones, double bass, drums, maracas, cowbell, congas and bongoes. This new mambo included a catchy counterpoint between the trumpets and the saxophones", "title": "Mambo (music)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mambo (music)\n\nMambo is a genre of Cuban dance music pioneered by the charanga Arcaño y sus Maravillas in the late 1930s and later popularized in the big band style by Pérez Prado. It originated as a syncopated form of the danzón, known as danzón-mambo, with a final, improvised section, which incorporated the \"guajeos\" typical of son cubano (also known as \"montunos\"). These \"guajeos\" became the essence of the genre when it was played by big bands, which did not perform the traditional sections of the danzón and instead leaned towards swing and jazz. By the late 1940s and early 1950s, mambo had become a \"dance craze\" in the United States as its associated dance took over the East Coast thanks to Pérez Prado, Tito Puente, Tito Rodríguez and others. In the mid-1950s, a slower ballroom style, also derived from the danzón, cha-cha-cha, replaced mambo as the most popular dance genre in North America. Nonetheless, mambo continued to enjoy some degree of popularity into the 1960s and new derivative styles appeared, such as dengue; by the 1970s it had been largely incorporated into salsa.", "title": "Mambo (music)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mambo No. 5\n\n\"Mambo No. 5\" is an instrumental mambo and jazz dance song originally composed and recorded by Cuban musician Dámaso Pérez Prado in 1949 and released the next year.\n\nGerman singer Lou Bega sampled the original for a new song released under the same name on Bega's 1999 debut album, \"A Little Bit of Mambo\".", "title": "Mambo No. 5" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mambo (dance)\n\nMambo is a Latin dance of Cuba which was developed in the 1940s when the music genre of the same name became popular throughout Latin America. The original ballroom dance which emerged in Cuba and Mexico was related to the danzón, albeit faster and less rigid. In the United States, it replaced rhumba as the most fashionable Latin dance. Later on, with the advent of salsa and its more sophisticated dance, a new type of mambo dance including breaking steps was popularized in New York. This form received the name of \"salsa on 2\", \"mambo on 2\" or \"modern mambo\".", "title": "Mambo (dance)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Benny Moré" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Music of Cuba\n\nThe music of Cuba, including its instruments, performance, and dance, comprises a large set of unique traditions influenced mostly by west African and European (especially Spanish) music. Due to the syncretic nature of most of its genres, Cuban music is often considered one of the richest and most influential regional music in the world. For instance, the son cubano merges an adapted Spanish guitar (tres), melody, harmony, and lyrical traditions with Afro-Cuban percussion and rhythms. Almost nothing remains of the original native traditions, since the native population was exterminated in the 16th century.\n\nSince the 19th-century Cuban music has been hugely popular and influential throughout the world. It has been perhaps the most popular form of regional music since the introduction of recording technology. Cuban music has contributed to the development of a wide variety of genres and musical styles around the globe, most notably in Latin America, the Caribbean, West Africa, and Europe. Examples include rhumba, Afro-Cuban jazz, salsa, soukous, many West African re-adaptations of Afro-Cuban music (Orchestra Baobab, Africando), Spanish fusion genres (notably with flamenco), and a wide variety of genres in Latin America.", "title": "Music of Cuba" }, { "id": "2273673", "score": "1.6490351", "text": "his mother Sara Prado was a school teacher, his father Pablo Pérez a journalist at \"El Heraldo de Cuba.\" He studied classical piano in his early childhood, and later played organ and piano in local clubs. For a time, he was pianist and arranger for the Sonora Matancera, Cuba's best-known musical group at the time. He also worked with casino orchestras in Havana for most of the 1940s. He was nicknamed \"El Cara de Foca\" (\"Seal Face\") by his peers at the time. In 1949, Perez moved to Mexico to form his own band and signed a recording contract with", "title": "Pérez Prado" }, { "id": "2273675", "score": "1.6376851", "text": "began recording US releases for RCA Victor. Pérez is the composer of such famous pieces as \"Mambo No. 5\" (later a UK chart-topper for both Lou Bega in 1999 and animated character Bob the Builder in 2001) and \"Mambo No. 8\". At the height of the mambo movement in 1955, Pérez hit the American charts at number one with a cha-cha-chá version of \"Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White\" (composed by French composer Louiguy). This arrangement, featuring trumpeter Billy Regis, held the spot for 10 consecutive weeks, sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The song", "title": "Pérez Prado" }, { "id": "2273683", "score": "1.6315869", "text": "length. Pérez Prado's song \"La Chunga\" has been used as the theme music for several versions of \"The Spud Goodman Show\". Pérez recorded for RCA Victor from 1949 to 1965. RCA Victor LPs: Pérez Prado Dámaso Pérez Prado (; December 11, 1916 – September 14, 1989) was a Cuban bandleader, organist, pianist and composer who also made brief appearances in films. He is often referred to as the \"King of the Mambo\". He became known and professionally billed as Pérez Prado, his paternal and maternal surnames respectively. Pérez Prado became a naturalized citizen of Mexico in 1980. His orchestra was", "title": "Pérez Prado" }, { "id": "273297", "score": "1.6307342", "text": "that induced the body to move along with the rhythm, stimulated at the end of each musical phrase by a characteristic deep throat sound expression. Because his music was aimed at an audience that lived primarily outside Cuba, Pérez Prado used a large number of international influences, especially North-American, in his arrangements. This is evident in his arrangements of songs such as \"Mambo Rock\", \"Patricia\" and \"Tequila\", where he uses a triple meter U.S. \"swing\" rhythm fused with elements from Cuban rumba and son. Pérez Prado's repertoire included numerous international pieces such as \"Cerezo Rosa\", \"María Bonita\", \"Tea For Two\",", "title": "Mambo (music)" }, { "id": "2273682", "score": "1.6170859", "text": "The soundtrack to the 1997 action thriller \"Mean Guns\" heavily features the music of Prado, as it is the favorite choice of Ice T's character in the film. The soundtrack to the 1999 movie \"Office Space\" featured two of his performances, \"Mambo No. 8\" and \"The Peanut Vendor.\" In 1999, Prado was posthumously inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame. The soundtrack to the 2004 movie \"Diarios de Motocicleta\" featured Perez's \"Qué rico el mambo\", more commonly known as \"Mambo Jambo\". Avant-garde musician Nurse With Wound recorded a tribute, \"Funeral Music for Perez Prado\", exceeding 30 minutes in", "title": "Pérez Prado" }, { "id": "2273674", "score": "1.6162038", "text": "the Mexican division of RCA Victor. He quickly specialized in mambos, an upbeat adaptation of the Cuban danzón. Perez's mambos stood out among the competition, with their fiery brass riffs and strong saxophone counterpoints, and most of all, Pérez's trademark grunts (he actually says \"\"¡Dilo!\" (\"Say it!\") in many of the perceived grunts). In 1950 arranger Sonny Burke heard \"Qué rico el mambo\" while on vacation in Mexico and recorded it back in the United States as \"Mambo Jambo\". The single was a hit, which led Pérez to launch a US tour. His appearances in 1951 were sell-outs and he", "title": "Pérez Prado" }, { "id": "2273678", "score": "1.5912955", "text": "smaller labels with limited distribution and recycled Latin-style anthologies. In the early 1970s Pérez permanently returned to his apartment off Mexico City's grand Paseo de la Reforma to live with his wife and two children, son Dámaso Pérez Salinas (known as Pérez Prado, Jr.) and daughter María Engracia. His career in Latin America was still strong. He toured and continued to record material released in Mexico, South America, and Japan. He was revered as one of the reigning giants of the music industry and was a regular performer on Mexican television. In Japan, a live concert recording of his 1973", "title": "Pérez Prado" }, { "id": "16236336", "score": "1.5714676", "text": "I'll play double octaves in both hands.\" In the late 1940s Dámaso Pérez Prado popularized the mambo, a genre which had been by that time, evolving for a decade. Pérez Prado moved to Mexico City in 1948 and started his own band, where he composed and recorded his most famous mambos. While in Mexico, Pérez Prado earned the title \"El Rey del Mambo\" ('King of the Mambo'), and he appeared in several Mexican films. Pérez Prado's recordings were meant for the Latin American and U.S. Latino markets, but some of his most celebrated mambos, such as \"Mambo No. 5\" quickly", "title": "Guajeo" }, { "id": "2273679", "score": "1.5590553", "text": "tour was released on LP in an early 4-channel format known as Quadraphonic. In 1981 Pérez was featured in a musical revue entitled \"Sun\", which enjoyed a long run in the Mexican capital. In 1983 his brother Pantaleón Pérez Prado, a musician who was also known professionally as Pérez Prado, died, and the press erroneously reported Dámaso's death. His last United States appearance was in Hollywood on September 12, 1987, when he played to a packed house. This was also the year of his last recording. Persistent ill health plagued him for the next two years, and he died of", "title": "Pérez Prado" }, { "id": "2273676", "score": "1.5366786", "text": "also went to number one in the UK and in Germany. Perez had first recorded this title for the movie \"Underwater!\" in 1954, where Jane Russell can be seen dancing to \"Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White\". In 1958 one of Perez's own compositions, \"Patricia\", became the last record to ascend to No. 1 on the Jockeys and Top 100 charts, both of which gave way the following week to the then newly introduced \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The song also went to number one in Germany, and in the UK it reached number eight. His popularity in the United", "title": "Pérez Prado" }, { "id": "16236357", "score": "1.5288837", "text": "listening a lot to Perez Prado's mambo records, and absorbing and experimenting with it all. He was especially enamored with Cuban music. Michael Campbell states: \"Rhythm and blues influenced by Afro-Cuban music first surfaced in New Orleans. Professor Longhair's influence was ... far reaching. Longhair's style was known locally as \"rumba-boogie\". Alexander Stewart states that Longhair was a key figure bridging the worlds of boogie woogie and the new style of rhythm and blues.\" In his composition \"Misery,\" Longhair plays a habanera-like figure in his left hand. The deft use of triplets in the right hand is a characteristic of", "title": "Guajeo" }, { "id": "1810444", "score": "1.5251307", "text": "number of hits, and sold more 78s than any other Latin music of the day. He took over the role of pianist/arranger for the Orquesta \"Casino de la Playa\" in 1944, and immediately began introducing new elements into its sound. The orchestra began to sound more Afrocuban, and at the same time Prado took influences from Stravinsky, Stan Kenton and elsewhere. By the time he left the orchestra in 1946 he had put together the elements of his big band mambo.: \"Above all, we must point out the work of Perez Prado as an arranger, or better yet, composer and", "title": "Music of Cuba" }, { "id": "2172607", "score": "1.5068233", "text": "the latter variety, there are the pinkillu, tarka, and quena (qina) flutes. See Peruvian dances Manuelcha Prado (born 10 June 1955) is a guitarist, singer, composer, compiler and troubadour of Andean music. He is also known for many people as \"The \"Saqra\" of the Guitar\". Jaime Guardia (born 10 February 1933) is a Peruvian singer and charango player. He has performed and recorded as a solo act and with the group Lira Paucina. Raul Romero's recordings of saxophone and clarinet ensembles from the Mantaro Valley have proved extremely influential. One important space for Peruvian contemporary classical music is Circomper, the", "title": "Music of Peru" }, { "id": "5705910", "score": "1.4981935", "text": "Patricia (Perez Prado song) \"Patricia\" is a popular song with music by Pérez Prado and lyrics by Bob Marcus, published in 1958. The song is best known in an instrumental version by Prado's orchestra that became the last record to ascend to No.1 on the \"Billboard\" Jockeys and Top 100 charts, both of which gave way the next week to the then newly-introduced \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The song was also No. 1 on the R&B Best Sellers for two weeks. Prado's 1958 recording became a gold record. \"Billboard\" ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1958. Prado's \"Patricia\"", "title": "Patricia (Perez Prado song)" }, { "id": "16184222", "score": "1.4812958", "text": "but he was ambitious to become a musician. So, without neglecting his duties as a student, I knew introduced to the show, and for the year 1950, the then famous Avileño trio, he recorded his song “I do not know what I feel here”, and almost simultaneously, Damaso Perez Prado the ‘King of Mambo’, presented this subject, renamed “Beer”. When Perez Prado met Luis Demetrio he believed in his vocal skills and invited him to join the chorus of his orchestra, which was the main attraction of the popular Teatro Margo. By 1954, at the height of Cha-Cha-Cha, Luis Demetrio", "title": "Luis Demetrio" } ]

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[ { "id": "7552454", "score": "2.051268", "text": "Charlene Robinson Charlene Edna \"Lenny\" Robinson (also Mitchell) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\" played by Kylie Minogue. Charlene was introduced to the show along with several new characters, as part of a revamp by Network Ten to increase ratings. Minogue auditioned for the role in 1985, shortly after finishing her high school exams. She attended the audition dressed as the character and casting director Jan Russ cast her in the role. Minogue was initially contracted for a week, but this was later extended through to mid-1988. She made her first screen appearance during the episode", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "7552455", "score": "1.9315822", "text": "broadcast on 17 April 1986. Charlene was portrayed as a feisty, quick tempered and outspoken tomboy. She had a difficult relationship with her mother and did not like being patronised. Minogue thought viewers liked the character as she was an average Australian teenager. Reinforcing her tomboyish image, Charlene trained as a mechanic and she often wore khaki overalls and baggy sweatshirts. Her relationship with Scott Robinson (Jason Donovan) was central to many of her storylines. They became a popular couple with viewers and the relationship helped boost ratings for \"Neighbours\". Despite breaking up several times during their first 12 months", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "223449", "score": "1.9085367", "text": "Kylie Minogue Kylie Ann Minogue, (; born 28 May 1968) also known simply as Kylie, is an Australian-British singer and actress. She achieved recognition starring in the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", where she played tomboy mechanic Charlene Robinson. Appearing in the series for two years, Minogue's character married Scott Robinson (Jason Donovan) in an episode viewed by nearly 20 million people in the United Kingdom, making it one of the most watched Australian TV episodes ever. Since then, Minogue has been a recording artist and has achieved commercial success and critical acclaim in the entertainment industry. Minogue has been recognised", "title": "Kylie Minogue" }, { "id": "4195517", "score": "1.8985462", "text": "Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell are fictional characters and a supercouple from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\". Scott was portrayed latterly by Jason Donovan, and Charlene was portrayed by Kylie Minogue. Scott meets Charlene in 1986 when he mistakes her for an intruder at his neighbour Madge Ramsay's house. It turns out that Charlene is Madge's daughter, who has just arrived from Queensland and the two have not seen each other in several years. After an initial rocky start, the two fall in love, and even though they face the respective opposition of their two", "title": "Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell" }, { "id": "7552475", "score": "1.8856983", "text": "soon as he could get a job transfer. All of the cast gathered in the street, while Charlene said goodbye to her brother, mother and friends. She then got into her green Mini and drove out of Ramsay Street. In November 2004, Minogue was invited to film a cameo appearance for the show's 20th anniversary the following year. A report then emerged that Minogue was willing to film an appearance as Charlene while she was on tour in the UK, but the producers had refused the offer. However, in a statement from production company Grundy Television, the producers said that", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Charlene Robinson\n\nCharlene Robinson (also Mitchell) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\" played by Kylie Minogue. Charlene was introduced to the show along with several new characters, as part of a revamp by Network Ten to increase ratings. Minogue auditioned for the role in 1985, shortly after finishing her high school exams. She attended the audition dressed as the character and casting director Jan Russ cast her in the role. Minogue was initially contracted for a week, but this was later extended through to mid-1988. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 17 April 1986.\n\nCharlene was portrayed as a feisty, quick-tempered and outspoken tomboy. She had a difficult relationship with her mother and did not like being patronised. Minogue thought viewers liked the character as she was an average Australian teenager. Reinforcing her tomboyish image, Charlene trained as a mechanic and she often wore khaki overalls and baggy sweatshirts. Her relationship with Scott Robinson (Jason Donovan) was central to many of her storylines. They became a popular couple with viewers and the relationship helped boost ratings for \"Neighbours\". Despite breaking up several times during their first 12 months together, the couple stayed together and their relationship eventually culminated in a wedding during \"Episode 523\", which was first broadcast on 1 July 1987.\n\nDuring her time as Charlene, Minogue also started singing and released two successful pop singles during 1987 followed by her debut album the following year. In mid-1988, Minogue decided to leave \"Neighbours\" to concentrate on her music career. She filmed her final scenes in June 1988 and Charlene made her final screen appearance on 26 July. Minogue won four Logie Awards for her portrayal of Charlene, including the Gold Logie, becoming the youngest person to do so. Critical reaction to the character has been positive. \"Soap Opera\" author Dorothy Hobson said Charlene broke stereotypes when it came to careers for women in the 1980s. In 2022, Minogue agreed to return to the role, alongside Donovan, as part of \"Neighbours\"' .", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Kylie Minogue" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell\n\nScott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell are fictional characters and a supercouple from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\". Scott was portrayed by Jason Donovan, and Charlene was portrayed by Kylie Minogue.", "title": "Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Kylie Minogue" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Scott Robinson (Neighbours)" }, { "id": "7552458", "score": "1.8854852", "text": "failing to find further work. After finishing her school exams in 1985, Minogue then auditioned for the role of Charlene. She attended the audition dressed as the character and won the role. Of hiring Minogue, \"Neighbours\" casting director Jan Russ commented \"Kylie had done a couple of things before I saw her, but she was only 18 and as shy as a mouse. She really hadn't evolved into anything at that stage, but the camera loved her and I knew I had my Charlene.\" Minogue initially signed up to play Charlene for one week, this was then extended to 13", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "7552457", "score": "1.8552492", "text": "so. Critical reaction to the character has been positive. \"Soap Opera\" author Dorothy Hobson said Charlene broke stereotypes when it came to careers for women in the 1980s. After the Seven Network dropped \"Neighbours\" in 1985, rival channel Network Ten picked the series up. It initially attracted low ratings and Ten began working hard to publicise the series. They revamped the show and added several new cast members. Kylie Minogue had had a fairly successful career as a child actress, having appeared in various television dramas, including \"Skyways\" and \"The Henderson Kids\", but she was considering giving up acting after", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "7552484", "score": "1.8109195", "text": "Art Gallery by Grundy Television in 1989. It has since gone on display in the Powerhouse Museum and travelled to the UK. In 2013, \"The Daily Telegraph\" included Scott and Charlene in their list of the \"20 best TV couples\". They called them \"a supercouple\" and \"a bit of a Romeo and Juliet\" pairing. Charlene Robinson Charlene Edna \"Lenny\" Robinson (also Mitchell) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\" played by Kylie Minogue. Charlene was introduced to the show along with several new characters, as part of a revamp by Network Ten to increase ratings. Minogue auditioned", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "17519591", "score": "1.8097332", "text": "(Lance Wilkinson) and Joy Chambers (Rosemary Daniels). Not all the actors asked agreed to return. Natalie Imbruglia (Beth Brennan), Guy Pearce (Mike Young), Radha Mitchell (Catherine O'Brien), Jason Donovan (Scott Robinson) and Kylie Minogue (Charlene Mitchell) were some of the notable actors who did not or turned down invitations to appear. Minogue stated that she was willing to film a cameo appearance as Charlene while she was on tour in the UK, but the producers turned down her offer. However, the production company Grundy Television issued a statement in which they claimed that the producers approached Minogue's management company in", "title": "Friends for Twenty Years" }, { "id": "7552456", "score": "1.8010724", "text": "together, the couple stayed together and their relationship eventually culminated in a wedding during \"Episode 523\", which was first broadcast on 1 July 1987. During her time as Charlene, Minogue also started singing and released two successful pop singles during 1987 followed by her debut album the following year. In mid-1988, Minogue decided to leave \"Neighbours\" to concentrate on her music career. She filmed her final scenes in June 1988 and Charlene made her final screen appearance on 26 July. Minogue won four Logie Awards for her portrayal of Charlene, including the Gold Logie, becoming the youngest person to do", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "7552461", "score": "1.7995212", "text": "that Charlene's feisty side helped endear her to viewers. In keeping with her tomboyish nature, Charlene trained as a mechanic after leaving school and got an apprenticeship with Rob Lewis (Ernie Bourne). The character's style often consisted of khaki overalls, baggy sweatshirts and her hair set in a perm. A reporter for the \"Daily Mail\" said this look helped to launch Minogue \"into the public eye\" as Charlene. Minogue thought people liked Charlene because she was portrayed as an average Australian teenager, experiencing a difficult relationship with her mother. She continued, \"She is a bit of a rebel and they", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "18442554", "score": "1.7963846", "text": "Imogen Willis (Ariel Kaplan) and been manipulated by Dakota Davies (Sheree Murphy). Daniel's personality also changed, as he became more ruthless and career driven. The character has received mixed reviews from critics. Daniel is the son of iconic \"Neighbours\" couple Charlene (Kylie Minogue) and Scott Robinson (Jason Donovan), who departed the show in 1988 and 1989 respectively. He was created as an off-screen character in 1992. He was occasionally mentioned in episodes since then, but never appeared on-screen. Daniel's arrival was first teased by executive producer Jason Herbison in November 2013, who said a new family member for Paul Robinson", "title": "Daniel Robinson (Neighbours)" }, { "id": "7552462", "score": "1.788517", "text": "probably relate to that, and while she has her problems she will always come out on top.\" Minogue shared some similarities with her character, but thought Charlene was far more outspoken and tomboyish than she was. Minogue liked that Charlene often said what she thought, but joked that if she were in trouble and tried to punch someone like Charlene did, she would probably get \"flattened\". Minogue also said Charlene was sensitive, but she was unlikely to show it and would \"rather die than be caught crying.\" Charlene's first scenes were with Scott Robinson (played by Jason Donovan). He thought", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "4195519", "score": "1.7712631", "text": "rocky start. Kylie Minogue later went on to have a hugely successful singing career after leaving the show in 1988. Jason Donovan followed suit the following year in 1989. In the storyline, more than twenty years after their wedding, Scott and Charlene are still together. They have two children, Daniel (born 1992) and Madison (born 1995), and live in Brisbane. Daniel's name was a sort of unification of family names, having his maternal great-grandfather Dan Ramsay's name combined with the surname Robinson. In 1989, British musicians The KLF released their humorous dance single \"Kylie Said to Jason\", which also refers", "title": "Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell" }, { "id": "7552483", "score": "1.7546904", "text": "efforts to promote the cause of denim dungarees while working as a mechanic, and as a crucial member of the most successful set of teens that Ramsay Street has seen. In October 2006, Minogue and Donovan, as Charlene and Scott, were included on a postage stamp issued by the Australia Post to celebrate 50 years of television. The Holy Trinity Church experienced an increase in interest after Scott and Charlene's wedding aired. Backpackers visit the nave where the couple were wed, while some viewers have held their own weddings there. Charlene's wedding dress was donated to the Tasmanian Museum and", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "7552476", "score": "1.753919", "text": "they \"made every effort to accommodate Minogue\", including filming the cameo anywhere in the world, but that their offer was turned down. In May 2010, Minogue pondered a return to \"Neighbours\" during an interview published in \"The Sun\". Minogue commented on how fun it would be to appear as Charlene again, after years of saying no, and added \"I've decided how it would work. Charlene would screech up the drive in her souped-up Mini which she's been working on all the time\". In 2014, Scott and Charlene's son, Daniel Robinson (Tim Phillipps), was introduced to \"Neighbours\". While Phillipps has yet", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "7552478", "score": "1.7483664", "text": "and the UK in March 2015. For her portrayal of Charlene, Minogue won Most Popular Actress at the 1987 Logie Awards. She had also been nominated for Most Popular New Talent, but lost to her co-star Donovan. The following year, Minogue became the youngest person, at nineteen, to be awarded the Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television. She also won the Most Popular Personality On Victorian Television and Most Popular Actress Logie awards. In 1989, she earned another nomination for the Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television. Reception for the character has", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "7552474", "score": "1.7467797", "text": "Lucky\", before returning home to continue with \"Neighbours\". The press speculated that she would soon have to make a decision between acting and singing. Shortly after, Minogue chose to concentrate on her burgeoning music career and decided to leave \"Neighbours\" after two and a half years. She filmed her final scenes in June 1988. Charlene's exit storyline saw her move to Brisbane, after her grandfather, Dan Ramsay (Syd Conabere), bought her and Scott a house there. Scott was initially unable to go with his wife, so she said goodbye to him, on the understanding that he would join her as", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "7552479", "score": "1.7431389", "text": "been positive. The BBC's official \"Neighbours\" website stated that Charlene most memorable moments were \"her wedding to Scott and punching Scott in the face during their first meeting.\" \"The Independent\" said Minogue's \"elfin prettiness\" won Charlene a huge following in Australia and Britain. During a \"TV Week\" feature on Minogue, a columnist said she \"brought to life one of the most loved and memorable characters of Australian TV.\" Colleen Last from MSN TV branded Charlene \"iconic\" and \"beloved\". During a column on the \"Top five ex-\"Neighbours\" stars\", \"The Daily Telegraph's\" Robin Wilks placed Minogue at number one, commenting that \"Kylie", "title": "Charlene Robinson" }, { "id": "7530147", "score": "1.7330112", "text": "Donovan's promotional appearance at the Westfield Parramatta shopping centre caused a stampede among 4000 people. In October 2006, Australia Post brought out five stamps celebrating fifty years of television. Network Ten's stamp featured both Minogue and Donovan as Charlene and Scott. According to Andrew Mercado in his book \" Super Aussie Soaps\", Scott's romance with Charlene became hugely popular with \"Neighbours\" viewers in both the United Kingdom and Australia, helping the show to gain high ratings after an initial rocky start. Ruth Deller of television website Lowculture gave Scott a 3.5 out of 5 for his contribution to \"Neighbours\", during", "title": "Scott Robinson (Neighbours)" } ]

[ "ironside", "Ironsides", "ironside disambiguation", "Ironside (disambiguation)", "ironsides", "Ironside" ]

[ { "id": "2666383", "score": "1.9299898", "text": "Ironside (cavalry) The Ironsides were troopers in the Parliamentarian cavalry formed by English political leader Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century, during the English Civil War. The name came from \"Old Ironsides\", one of Cromwell's nicknames. Cromwell first mustered a troop of cavalry (then referred to as \"horse\") at Huntingdon in Huntingdonshire, on 29 August 1642, early in the Civil War. John Desborough was quartermaster. The troop was late in being organised, and arrived too late to participate in the Battle of Edgehill, the first pitched battle of the war. Cromwell however did witness the defeat of the Parliamentarian horse", "title": "Ironside (cavalry)" }, { "id": "2666384", "score": "1.8927801", "text": "at the battle and wrote to fellow Parliamentarian leader John Hampden, Your troopers are most of them old decayed servingmen and tapsters; and their [\"the Royalists'\"] troopers are gentlemen's sons, younger sons and persons of quality; do you think that the spirits of such base and mean fellows [\"as ours\"] will ever be able to encounter gentlemen that have honour and courage and resolution in them? It is evident that Cromwell's answer to his own question lay in religious conviction. Early in 1643, he was given a commission as colonel and expanded his troop into a full regiment in the", "title": "Ironside (cavalry)" }, { "id": "1531759", "score": "1.783222", "text": "who arrived too late in the day to take part in the battle, later wrote disparagingly to John Hampden, \"\"Your troopers are most of them old decayed servingmen and tapsters; and their \"[the Royalists]\" troopers are gentlemen's sons, younger sons and persons of quality...\"\" Not only were the Parliamentarian cavalry not so naturally accustomed to mounted action, but they were drilled in the Dutch tactic of firing pistols and carbines from the saddle, whereas under Rupert, the Royalist cavalry would charge sword in hand, relying on shock and weight. The Parliamentarian foot soldiers however, were better equipped than their Royalist", "title": "Battle of Edgehill" }, { "id": "2666390", "score": "1.7527537", "text": "Whalley's regiments, under Major Christopher Bethel and Major John Desborough, mounted a remarkable charge at the Battle of Langport, where they galloped up a narrow lane and attacked the Royalist Army of Lord Goring in front, putting the entire army to flight. Although the phrase \"Ironside\" suggests heavily armoured men, Cromwell's troops were equipped in the common cavalry style of the day, termed the harquebusier, with armour limited to back- and breastplate and \"pot\" helmet. It does seem that they presented a uniform appearance which contrasted with that of the Cavalier horse, which became increasingly individual during the war through", "title": "Ironside (cavalry)" }, { "id": "306415", "score": "1.7402501", "text": "the King. Cromwell and his troop then rode to, but arrived too late to take part in, the indecisive Battle of Edgehill on 23 October 1642. The troop was recruited to be a full regiment in the winter of 1642 and 1643, making up part of the Eastern Association under the Earl of Manchester. Cromwell gained experience in a number of successful actions in East Anglia in 1643, notably at the Battle of Gainsborough on 28 July. He was subsequently appointed governor of Ely and a colonel in the Eastern Association. By the time of the Battle of Marston Moor", "title": "Oliver Cromwell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ironside (cavalry)\n\nThe Ironsides were troopers in the Parliamentarian cavalry formed by English political leader Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century, during the English Civil War. The name came from \"Old Ironsides\", one of Cromwell's nicknames.", "title": "Ironside (cavalry)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Oliver Cromwell\n\nOliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, first as a senior commander in the Parliamentarian army and then as a politician. A leading advocate of the execution of Charles I in January 1649, which led to the establishment of the Republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, he ruled as Lord Protector from December 1653 until his death in September 1658. Cromwell nevertheless remains a deeply controversial figure in both Britain and Ireland, due to his use of the military to first acquire, then retain political power, and the brutality of his 1649 Irish campaign. \n\nEducated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, Cromwell was elected MP for Huntingdon in 1628, but the first 40 years of his life were undistinguished and at one point he contemplated emigration to New England. He became a religious Independent in the 1630s and thereafter believed his successes were the result of Divine providence. While he generally supported tolerance for the various Protestant sects of the time, he later opposed those he considered heretical, such as Quakers and Fifth Monarchists. In 1640, Cromwell was returned as MP for Cambridge in the Short and Long Parliaments, and joined the Parliamentarian army when the First English Civil War began in August 1642. He quickly demonstrated his military abilities and in 1645 was appointed commander of the New Model Army cavalry under Sir Thomas Fairfax, playing a key role in defeating the Royalists in the First and Second English Civil Wars.\n\nFollowing the execution of Charles I and exile of his son, military victories in Ireland and against the Scots from 1649 to 1651 firmly established the Commonwealth and Cromwell's dominance of the new republican regime. In December 1653, he was named Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, a position he retained until his death in September 1658, when he was succeeded by his son Richard, whose weakness led to a power vacuum. This culminated in the 1660 Stuart Restoration, when Charles II returned to the throne, after which Cromwell's body was removed from its resting place in Westminster Abbey and displayed at Tyburn. His head was placed on a spike outside the Tower of London, where it remained for 30 years until reburied at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.\n\nCromwell has been variously described as a military dictator by Winston Churchill, and a hero of liberty by John Milton, Thomas Carlyle, and Samuel Rawson Gardiner, while the debate over his historical reputation continues. First proposed in 1856, his statue outside the Houses of Parliament was not erected until 1895, most of the funds being privately supplied by Lord Rosebery, then Prime Minister. In 2004, a group of MPs unsuccessfully proposed a motion to have it melted down.", "title": "Oliver Cromwell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New Model Army\n\nThe New Model Army was a standing army formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians during the First English Civil War, then disbanded after the Stuart Restoration in 1660. It differed from other armies employed in the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms in that members were liable for service anywhere in the country, rather than being limited to a single area or garrison. To establish a professional officer corps, the army's leaders were prohibited from having seats in either the House of Lords or House of Commons. This was to encourage their separation from the political or religious factions among the Parliamentarians.\n\nThe New Model Army was raised partly from among veteran soldiers who already had deeply held Puritan religious beliefs, and partly from conscripts who brought with them many commonly held beliefs about religion or society. Many of its common soldiers therefore held dissenting or radical views unique among English armies. Although the Army's senior officers did not share many of their soldiers' political opinions, their independence from Parliament led to the Army's willingness to contribute to both Parliament's authority and to overthrow the Crown, and to establish a Commonwealth of England from 1649 to 1660, which included a period of direct military rule. Ultimately, the Army's generals (particularly Oliver Cromwell) could rely on both the Army's internal discipline and its religious zeal and innate support for the \"Good Old Cause\" to maintain an essentially dictatorial rule.", "title": "New Model Army" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "English Civil War\n\nThe English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians (\"Roundheads\") and Royalists led by Charles I (\"Cavaliers\"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom. It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The wars also involved the Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates. The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.\n\nUnlike other civil wars in England, which were mainly fought over who should rule, these conflicts were also concerned with how the three Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland should be governed. The outcome was threefold: the trial of and execution of Charles I (1649); the exile of his son, Charles II (1651); and the replacement of English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England. From 1653 the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland unified the British Isles under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell (1653–1658), and briefly his son Richard (1658–1659). \n\nIn England, the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship was ended, and in Ireland, the victors consolidated the established Protestant Ascendancy. Constitutionally, the outcome of the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, though the idea of Parliamentary sovereignty was legally established only as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688.", "title": "English Civil War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Battle of Edgehill\n\nThe Battle of Edgehill (or Edge Hill) was a pitched battle of the First English Civil War. It was fought near Edge Hill and Kineton in southern Warwickshire on Sunday, 23 October 1642.\n\nAll attempts at constitutional compromise between King Charles and Parliament broke down early in 1642. Both the King and Parliament raised large armies to gain their way by force of arms. In October, at his temporary base near Shrewsbury, the King decided to march to London in order to force a decisive confrontation with Parliament's main army, commanded by the Earl of Essex.\n\nLate on 22 October, both armies unexpectedly found the enemy to be close by. The next day, the Royalist army descended from Edge Hill to force battle. After the Parliamentarian artillery opened a cannonade, the Royalists attacked. Both armies consisted mostly of inexperienced and sometimes ill-equipped troops. Many men from both sides fled or fell out to loot enemy baggage, and neither army was able to gain a decisive advantage.\n\nAfter the battle, the King resumed his march on London, but was not strong enough to overcome the defending militia before Essex's army could reinforce them. The inconclusive result of the Battle of Edgehill prevented either faction from gaining a quick victory in the war, which eventually lasted four years.", "title": "Battle of Edgehill" }, { "id": "2666389", "score": "1.7332747", "text": "Goring and Astley, but was beaten back and had to be relieved by Cromwell's fellow commander, Sir William Balfour, and his London horse. Cromwell's double regiment was later split into two regiments (Sir Thomas Fairfax's and Edward Whalley's), which became the nucleus of the New Model Army's cavalry. Shortly before the Battle of Naseby, Cromwell was reappointed Lieutenant General of Horse in the army, and later became its commander. \"Ironsides\" seems to have become the term for all cavalry in the army, regardless of their origin. Two \"divisions\" i.e. half-regiments of three troops each, one from each of Fairfax's and", "title": "Ironside (cavalry)" }, { "id": "306422", "score": "1.7220986", "text": "in three ranks and pressing forward, relying on impact rather than firepower. His strengths were an instinctive ability to lead and train his men, and his moral authority. In a war fought mostly by amateurs, these strengths were significant and are likely to have contributed to the discipline of his cavalry. Cromwell introduced close-order cavalry formations, with troopers riding knee to knee; this was an innovation in England at the time, and was a major factor in his success. He kept his troops close together following skirmishes where they had gained superiority, rather than allowing them to chase opponents off", "title": "Oliver Cromwell" }, { "id": "122337", "score": "1.7168529", "text": "cavalry would charge at full speed into the opponent's infantry firing their pistols just before impact. However, with Oliver Cromwell and the introduction of the more disciplined New Model Army, a group of disciplined pikemen would stand their ground in the face of charging cavalry and could have a devastating effect. While the Parliamentarian cavalry were slower than the cavaliers, they were also better disciplined. The Royalists had a tendency to chase down individual targets after the initial charge leaving their forces scattered and tired. Cromwell's cavalry, on the other hand, was trained to operate as a single unit, which", "title": "English Civil War" }, { "id": "122374", "score": "1.7125459", "text": "Cotswolds, a strategy which placed his army between the Royalists and London. With the size of both armies now in the tens of thousands, and only Worcestershire between them, it was inevitable that cavalry reconnaissance units would sooner or later meet. This happened in the first major skirmish of the Civil War, when a cavalry troop of about 1,000 Royalists commanded by Prince Rupert, a German nephew of the King and one of the outstanding cavalry commanders of the war, defeated a Parliamentary cavalry detachment under the command of Colonel John Brown in the Battle of Powick Bridge, at a", "title": "English Civil War" }, { "id": "2666385", "score": "1.7121019", "text": "newly formed Army of the Eastern Association, under the command of Lord Grey of Warke and then the Earl of Manchester. By 11 September that year, he referred to them in a letter to his cousin Oliver St. John as a \"lovely company\". A champion of the \"godly\", Cromwell became notorious for appointing men of comparatively humble origins but stoutly-held Puritan beliefs as officers, who would then attract men of similar background and leanings to the regiment. He wrote to the Earl of Manchester, who disagreed with this policy, I had rather have a plain russet-coated captain that knows what", "title": "Ironside (cavalry)" }, { "id": "2666387", "score": "1.7076924", "text": "of no less than 14 troops. (A regiment normally had only 6 troops). Cromwell by this time was Lieutenant General of the Horse in the Parliamentarian Army of the Eastern Association, and the regiment would be routinely commanded by its lieutenant colonel, Cromwell's cousin Edward Whalley. The regiment played a major part in the victory over the Royalists at the Battle of Marston Moor, where the discipline of Cromwell's wing of horse was decisive. Where a victorious wing of Royalist cavalry scattered in search of plunder, Cromwell's men rallied after defeating their immediate opponents, and then swept the disordered Royalist", "title": "Ironside (cavalry)" }, { "id": "775545", "score": "1.70262", "text": "attempted to seize a rabbit warren to the west of the cornfields from where they might enfilade the Parliamentarian position, but they were driven off and the Parliamentarian left wing of horse occupied the ground. The wing was under the command of Manchester's Lieutenant General, Oliver Cromwell. The first two lines consisted of over 3,000 cavalry from the Eastern Association, including Cromwell's own double-strength regiment of ironsides. They were deployed in eleven divisions of three or four troops of cavalry each, with 600 \"commanded\" musketeers deployed as platoons between them. The use of musketeers to disrupt attacking cavalry or dragoons", "title": "Battle of Marston Moor" }, { "id": "306399", "score": "1.7017887", "text": "troop to being one of the principal commanders of the New Model Army, playing an important role under General Sir Thomas Fairfax in the defeat of the Royalist (\"Cavalier\") 11th forces. Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles I's death warrant in 1649, and he dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England as a member of the Rump Parliament (1649–1653). He was selected to take command of the English campaign in Ireland in 1649–1650. Cromwell's forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country, bringing to an end the Irish Confederate Wars. During this period,", "title": "Oliver Cromwell" }, { "id": "2666386", "score": "1.7012844", "text": "he fights for and loves what he knows, than that which you call a gentleman and is nothing else. I honour a gentleman that is so indeed. On 28 July 1643, the regiment took part in the Battle of Gainsborough, where Royalist cavalry were defeated. One of the troop captains, James Berry, is stated to have killed the Royalist commander, Sir Charles Cavendish, a relation of the Marquess of Newcastle (Commander-in-Chief of the Royalist forces in the North). The regiment's troops in 1643 were: By April, 1644, after two years of war, Cromwell's unit had grown into a \"double\" regiment", "title": "Ironside (cavalry)" }, { "id": "9528539", "score": "1.6942557", "text": "of the war. Haselrig was a prominent leader of Parliament's opposition to King Charles, and when the quarrel broke into open warfare he formed this unit, outfitting it with his own money. The unit received its name because, unusually for the time, they were cuirassiers, wearing extensive armour that covered most of their body (except for the lower legs) making them appear somewhat like lobsters. Only two cuirassier regiments were raised during the English Civil War, the other being the Lifeguard of the Earl of Essex, however, individual cavalrymen within other regiments also served in complete armour. Full armour had", "title": "London lobsters" }, { "id": "122336", "score": "1.6896935", "text": "Mixed in among the musketeers were pikemen carrying pikes that were between and long, whose primary purpose was to protect the musketeers from cavalry charges. Positioned on each side of the infantry were the cavalry, with a right-wing led by the lieutenant-general, and a left-wing by the commissary general; the main goal of the cavalry was to rout the opponent's cavalry and then turn and overpower their infantry. The Royalist cavaliers' skill and speed on horseback led to many early victories. Prince Rupert, the leader of the king's cavalry, learned a tactic while fighting in the Dutch army where the", "title": "English Civil War" }, { "id": "3897957", "score": "1.6739793", "text": "eastern counties, demonstrated its superiority in the field, in a skirmish near Grantham. In the irregular fighting in Lincolnshire, during June and July (which was on the whole unfavourable to the Parliament), as previously in pacifying the Eastern Association itself, these Puritan troopers distinguished themselves by long and rapid marches that may bear comparison with almost any in the history of the mounted arm. When Cromwell's second opportunity came at Gainsborough on 28 July, the \"Lincolneer\" horse who were under his orders were fired by the example of Cromwell's own regiment. Cromwell, directing the whole with skill, and above all", "title": "First English Civil War" }, { "id": "9528538", "score": "1.6710645", "text": "London lobsters The London lobsters, Haselrig's Lobsters or just \"Lobsters\" were the name given to the cavalry unit raised and led by Sir Arthur Haselrig, a Parliamentarian who fought in the English Civil War. The unit derived its name from the regiment being one of very few units raised as cuirassiers, equipped in suits of plate armour reaching from the head to the knee. The regiment had a somewhat chequered career in combat, but was credited with being one of very few Parliamentarian cavalry units able to stand up to the mounted charge of the Cavaliers in the early years", "title": "London lobsters" }, { "id": "5808281", "score": "1.6668689", "text": "largely adopted the direct charge with the sword. The Royalists, under Prince Rupert's direction, began the Civil War using the Swedish three ranks-deep formation but the Parliamentarians retained a six-deep formation until late 1643 or early 1644. A cavalry unit drawn up in a shallow formation would outflank a similar sized unit arrayed in a deep formation, a considerable tactical advantage. The Swedes and Royalist cavaliers usually charged at speed, the English Parliamentarian Ironsides charged at a slower pace, troopers keeping together knee-to-knee, in order to retain their formation. In England many harquebusiers did not employ a carbine, as is", "title": "Harquebusier" }, { "id": "1529270", "score": "1.6659837", "text": "Lords, but came into force on 3 April 1645, about the same time as the New Model Army first took the field. Although Oliver Cromwell (who was the Member of Parliament for Cambridge) handed over his command of the Army's cavalry when the Ordinance was enacted, Fairfax requested his services when another officer (Colonel Bartholomew Vermuyden) wished to emigrate. Cromwell was commissioned Colonel of Vermuyden's former regiment of horse, and was appointed Lieutenant General of the Horse in June. Cromwell and his son-in-law Henry Ireton (the New Model Army's Commissary General, or second in command of the cavalry) were two", "title": "New Model Army" } ]

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[ { "id": "4477049", "score": "1.9059314", "text": "England went on to beat both Mexico and France in the group stage. They then beat Argentina 1-0 in the quarter finals and Portugal 2-1 in the semi-finals, both matches being played at Wembley. The final was played at Wembley on Wednesday 30 July 1966. England wore red because they had lost the toss of a coin to determine which team would have to wear their away colours. Haller scored for Germany in the 13th minute, with Hurst equalising in the 19th. Peters scored for England in the 78th minute, but Weber made it level just before the end of", "title": "Wembley Park" }, { "id": "7913730", "score": "1.9047024", "text": "has become a celebrated part of English popular culture, indelibly linked with the game in the minds of the English public. The 1966 final's influence on the culture surrounding the England team would not end there, however. Despite playing on their home soil, England wore their away kit of red shirts, white shorts and red socks, and since then England fans have had a special affinity for their team's away kit, with retro 1966 shirts selling well in recent years. The game is often held as having been the height of English sporting achievement, but it also created some less", "title": "England–Germany football rivalry" }, { "id": "16607473", "score": "1.8975503", "text": "match, both Belgium and England wore their away colours of yellow and red, respectively, even though both teams were permitted to wear their respective home colours of red and white in their group stage match. Three teams have won the World Cup final in their away colours – in 1958 (Brazil), 1966 (England), and 2010 (Spain); though England was the home team for the 1966 tournament. Host teams typically wear home colours for the duration of the tournament, for instance Germany played every game at the 2006 FIFA World Cup in its home white colours while the away colours (changed", "title": "Away colours" }, { "id": "9002405", "score": "1.8560843", "text": "cup winning team were paraded at half time at Loftus Road to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the win. In the 2002–03 Second Division play-off final QPR wore an all-white strip in reference to their Football League Cup victory. As of 2015, QPR's victory in the 1967 Football League Cup remains the only major trophy the club has won. 1967 Football League Cup Final The 1967 Football League Cup Final was an association football match between Queens Park Rangers (QPR) and West Bromwich Albion on 4 March 1967 at Wembley Stadium, London. It was the final match of the 1966–67", "title": "1967 Football League Cup Final" }, { "id": "16607472", "score": "1.8506433", "text": "Alf Ramsey. England reverted to red shirts against West Germany. Before the 2014 World Cup FIFA decreed that Spain's all-red home kit and all-black away kit were not sufficient as they were both considered dark tones, and forced the team to produce an all-white third kit. Croatia were allowed to wear red-and-white checked shirts, instead of blue, against Brazil, only after Croatia appealed FIFA's original decision. England were not allowed to wear red away shirts, and instead were made to wear white against Uruguay, due to an apparent clash with officials' uniforms. In the 2018 FIFA World Cup third place", "title": "Away colours" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "England national football team\n\nThe England national football team has represented England in international football since the first international match in 1872. It is controlled by The Football Association (FA), the governing body for football in England, which is affiliated with UEFA and comes under the global jurisdiction of world football's governing body FIFA. England competes in the three major international tournaments contested by European nations: the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA European Championship, and the UEFA Nations League.\n\nEngland is the joint oldest national team in football having played in the world's first international football match in 1872, against Scotland. England's home ground is Wembley Stadium, London, and its training headquarters is St George's Park, Burton upon Trent. The team's manager is Gareth Southgate.\n\nEngland won the 1966 World Cup Final (a tournament it also hosted), making it one of eight nations to have won the World Cup. They have qualified for the World Cup 16 times, with their best other performances being fourth place in both 1990 and 2018. England has never won the European Championship, with their best performance to date being runners-up in 2020. As a constituent country of the United Kingdom, England is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and so does not compete at the Olympic Games. England is currently the only team to have won the World Cup at senior level, but not their major continental title, and the only non-sovereign entity to have won the World Cup.", "title": "England national football team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Away colours\n\nAway colours (aka. Road colors) are a choice of coloured clothing used in team sports. They are required to be worn by one team during a game between teams that would otherwise wear the same colours as each other, or similar colours. This change prevents confusion for officials, players, and spectators. In most sports, it is the visiting or road team that must change. Second-choice kits are commonly known as away kits or change kits in British English and as away uniforms in American English.\n\nIn many sports leagues and competitions, a team wears its away kit only when its primary kit would clash with the colours of the home team, while other sports leagues and competitions may mandate that away teams must always wear an alternative kit regardless of a potential colour clash. The latter is common in North American sports, where \"colour vs. colour\" games (e.g., blue jerseys vs. red jerseys) are a rarity, having been discouraged in the era of black-and-white television. Almost all road uniforms are white in gridiron football (including in the Canadian Football League, the National Football League and NCAA football) and the National Hockey League, while in baseball, visitors typically wear grey. In the National Basketball Association, the Woman's National Basketball Association, and the NCAA basketball, home uniforms are white or yellow, and visiting teams wear the darker colour. \n\nHome teams in some leagues and competitions may also have the option to wear away colours at certain home games, and the away team then has to wear the opposite (if applicable). At some clubs, the away kit has become more popular than the home version. Replica home and away kits are usually available for fans to buy. Some teams also have produced third-choice kits, or even old-fashioned throwback uniforms.\n\nIn many sports, the colour contrast is only required for the upper body garment, and thus a team's home and away kit may both have the same coloured pants or shorts. It has traditionally been the opposite in Australian rules football where the home team wears dark shorts and the away team wears white shorts.", "title": "Away colours" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1966 FIFA World Cup final\n\nThe 1966 FIFA World Cup final was a football match played at Wembley Stadium in London on 30 July 1966 to determine the winner of the 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth FIFA World Cup. The match was contested by England and West Germany, with England winning 4–2 after extra time to claim the Jules Rimet Trophy. It was the first – and to date only – occasion that England has hosted or won the World Cup.\n\nThe match is remembered for England's only World Cup and first major international title, Geoff Hurst's hat-trick – the first scored in a FIFA World Cup final – and the controversial third goal awarded to England by referee Gottfried Dienst and linesman Tofiq Bahramov. The England team became known as the \"wingless wonders\", on account of their then-unconventional narrow attacking formation, described at the time as a 4–4–2.\n\nIn addition to an attendance of 96,924 at the stadium, the British television audience peaked at 32.3 million viewers, making it the United Kingdom's most-watched television event ever.", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup final" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Germany men's national football team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "West Ham United F.C.\n\nWest Ham United Football Club is an English professional football club that plays its home matches in Stratford, East London. The club competes in the Premier League, the top tier of English football. The club plays at the London Stadium, having moved from their former home, the Boleyn Ground, in 2016.\n\nThe club was founded in 1895 as Thames Ironworks and reformed in 1900 as West Ham United. They moved to the Boleyn Ground in 1904, which remained their home ground for more than a century. The team initially competed in the Southern League and Western League before joining the Football League in 1919. They were promoted to the top flight in 1923, when they were also losing finalists in the first FA Cup Final held at Wembley. In 1940, the club won the inaugural Football League War Cup.\n\nWest Ham have been winners of the FA Cup three times (1964, 1975 and 1980) and runners-up twice (1923 and 2006). The club have reached two major European finals, winning the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1965 and finishing runners-up in the same competition in 1976. West Ham also won the Intertoto Cup in 1999. They are one of eight clubs never to have fallen below the second tier of English football, spending 63 of 95 league seasons in the top flight, up to and including the 2020–21 season. The club's highest league position to date came in 1985–86, when they achieved third place in the then First Division.\n\nThree West Ham players were members of the 1966 World Cup final-winning England team: captain Bobby Moore and goalscorers Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Millwall, and the fixture has gained notoriety for frequent incidents of football hooliganism. West Ham adopted their claret and sky blue colour scheme in the early 1900s, with the most common iteration of a claret shirt and sky blue sleeves first emerging in 1904.", "title": "West Ham United F.C." }, { "id": "7913742", "score": "1.8470432", "text": "first time in a competitive fixture, when they met in the semi-finals. Like the 1966 World Cup, the tournament was being held in England, and the semi-final was played at Wembley Stadium. England's fans and team were confident, particularly after wins in the group stage over Scotland (2–0) and the Netherlands (4–1) and their first ever penalty shoot-out victory, over Spain, in the quarter-finals. So vivid were the memories of 1966 for England fans that a media clamour ensued for England to wear red jerseys, instead of the unfamiliar-looking grey away kit that had been launched earlier that year (as", "title": "England–Germany football rivalry" }, { "id": "124848", "score": "1.8367573", "text": "the World Cup in 1986 England had a third kit of pale blue, imitating that worn in Mexico sixteen years before and England retained pale blue third kits until 1992, but they were rarely used. Umbro first agreed to manufacture the kit in 1954 and since then has supplied most of the kits, the exceptions being from 1959–1965 with Bukta and 1974–1984 with Admiral. Nike purchased Umbro in 2008 and took over as kit supplier in 2013 following their sale of the Umbro brand. The motif of the England national football team has three lions \"passant guardant\", the emblem of", "title": "England national football team" }, { "id": "469922", "score": "1.8179526", "text": "1966 FIFA World Cup Final The 1966 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth football World Cup. The match was played by England and West Germany on 30 July 1966 at Wembley Stadium in London, and had an attendance of 96,924. The British television audience peaked at 32.3 million viewers, making it the most watched television event ever in the United Kingdom. England won 4–2 after extra time to win the Jules Rimet Trophy. The England team became known as the \"wingless wonders\", on account of their then-unconventional narrow attacking formation,", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup Final" }, { "id": "16607471", "score": "1.8104334", "text": "choice of orange and yellow, respectively; and the match between Netherlands and Spain in the 2014 FIFA World Cup where they wore dark blue and white (Spain's third choice, as their second choice was black) rather than their home colours of orange and red, respectively. FIFA’s regulations for the 2014 World Cup \"mandate that teams need to have two very distinguishable shirts — where one is a lighter colour and the other is a darker one\". In 1970 England and Czechoslovakia were allowed to play in sky blue and white, respectively, which caused confusion for black-and-white viewers and England manager", "title": "Away colours" }, { "id": "9602485", "score": "1.8027894", "text": "strips, West Brom wearing white shirts and shorts with red socks, and Everton wearing gold shirts and blue shorts. This was also the first FA Cup Final in which a substitute was used, when West Brom's Dennis Clarke came on for an injured John Kaye. The referee was Leo Callaghan from Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales. Both clubs were members of the First Division, Everton having finished fifth during the 1967–68 league season and West Bromwich Albion eighth. Everton were victorious in both league matches between the two sides, winning 2–1 at Goodison Park and 6–2 at The Hawthorns. The", "title": "1968 FA Cup Final" }, { "id": "12971095", "score": "1.8014784", "text": "against Paraguay. Although neither team began the tournaments as favourites, England's form had been improving throughout the World Cup and Argentina were buoyed by the skill of Maradona. Argentina beat Uruguay 10 in the round of 16 wearing blue cotton shirts that coach Carlos Bilardo believed would prove too uncomfortable in the searing Mexico City heat. Bilardo asked Argentina's kit manufacturer to come up with lighter blue shirts for the quarter-final, an impossible request given the short deadline. With three days to go before the match, he sent out Ruben Moschella, a member of his coaching staff, to scour the", "title": "Argentina v England (1986 FIFA World Cup)" }, { "id": "8128882", "score": "1.7966027", "text": "over France in their final group game. Roger Hunt scores both of England's goals. 23 July 1966: England beat Argentina 1–0 in the World Cup quarter-final thanks to a goal by Geoff Hurst. 26 July 1966: England reach the World Cup final by beating Portugal 2–1 in the semi-final. Bobby Charlton scores both of England's goals. 30 July 1966: England win the World Cup with a 4–2 win over West Germany in extra time. Geoff Hurst scores a hat-trick, with Martin Peters scoring the other goal. !style=\"width:15em\"|Competition!!style=\"width:15em\"|Winner!!style=\"width:15em\"|Runner-up Liverpool, FA Cup winners the previous season and league champions in 1964, won", "title": "1965–66 in English football" }, { "id": "469928", "score": "1.794546", "text": "Wars and One World Cup\" chant. The players and staff of England's winning squad who did not get medals in 1966 received them on 10 June 2009 after a ceremony at 10 Downing Street in London. Initially, only the 11 players on the pitch at the end of the match received medals, but FIFA later awarded medals to every non-playing squad and staff member from every World Cup-winning country from 1930 to 1974. 1966 FIFA World Cup Final The 1966 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth football World Cup. The", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup Final" }, { "id": "469923", "score": "1.7937306", "text": "described at the time as a 4–4–2. The match is remembered for England's only World Cup trophy, Geoff Hurst's hat-trick – the first, and to date, only one ever scored in a FIFA World Cup Final – and the controversial third goal awarded to England by referee Gottfried Dienst and linesman Tofiq Bahramov. Both teams were strong throughout the tournament. Each won two and drew one of their three matches in the group stages. England did not concede a goal until their semi-final against Portugal. One of the enduring images of the celebrations in Wembley immediately after the game was", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup Final" }, { "id": "8667678", "score": "1.7931433", "text": "the 1960s, after England had won the World Cup against West Germany. It was created by England fans to reflect on England's historic achievements. In 2006, Market traders in Leicester, Leicestershire, were banned from selling T-shirts with \"Two World Wars, 1 World Cup\" on them by Leicester City Council amid fears that the shirts \"could cause offence\". Before the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office attempted to dissuade England fans from singing \"Two World Wars and One World Cup\" while in Germany. England players David Beckham, Wayne Rooney and Frank Lampard also took part in videos filmed", "title": "Two World Wars and One World Cup" }, { "id": "9522604", "score": "1.7902745", "text": "1962 FIFA World Cup. Ramsey confidently predicted that at the next tournament, England would win the trophy, and they did just that. The 1966 World Cup saw England win the World Cup in a controversial 4–2 victory over West Germany. The three goals scored by Geoff Hurst within 120 minutes, of which some are controversial, are the only hat trick to be achieved in a World Cup final to date. Bobby Moore was the captain on that day, whilst Munich air crash survivor Bobby Charlton also played. Moore's West Ham colleagues Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters scored that day. The", "title": "History of football in England" }, { "id": "12040802", "score": "1.7895439", "text": "the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup. England were drawn in a group with Romania, former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia. Each of the matches only saw one goal, with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia, and losing to Brazil. The quarter-final saw a repeat of the 1966 final, with England playing West Germany. England were hampered by the fact that first-choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill, and Peter Bonetti played instead. England led 2–0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters, but", "title": "England at the FIFA World Cup" }, { "id": "124847", "score": "1.7824954", "text": "Euro 1996 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011, when a navy blue away kit was introduced. The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches, when a new edition has been released to promote it. England have occasionally had a third kit. At the 1970 World Cup England wore a third kit with pale blue shirts, shorts and socks against Czechoslovakia. They had a kit similar to Brazil's, with yellow shirts, yellow socks and blue shorts which they wore in the summer of 1973. For", "title": "England national football team" }, { "id": "6490694", "score": "1.7772176", "text": "1953, a competition was held by the newspaper \"Correio da Manhã\" to design a new outfit, with the rule being that it must incorporate the colours of the national flag. Eventually, the competition was won by Aldyr Garcia Schlee, a newspaper illustrator, who came up with the design of a yellow shirt with a green trim, blue shorts and white socks that was first used in March 1954 against Chile, and has been used ever since. When Brazil first won the World Cup in 1958, they wore their away kit as the new colours clashed with those of hosts Sweden.", "title": "Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)" }, { "id": "9379767", "score": "1.7719893", "text": "1966 final, West Germany. However, before the match, disaster struck the team when goalkeeper Gordon Banks was stricken with food-poisoning- his late replacement was the talented, but internationally inexperienced Peter Bonetti, who had not played a competitive match for over a month. England coasted into a 2–0 lead just after half-time with goals from Mullery and Peters, but the Germans fought back to 2–2 through Franz Beckenbauer and Uwe Seeler, both goals having a touch of fortune about them. Geoff Hurst had a legitimate goal disallowed, and with eleven minutes remaining in extra time, Gerd Müller scored the winner. Some", "title": "History of the England national football team" } ]

[ "shady pines", "miles webber", "A Midwinter Night's Dream (The Golden Girls episode)", "golden girls", "The golden girls", "Golden girls", "The Golden Girls", "midwinter night s dream golden girls episode", "Golden Girls", "Miles Webber", "Shady Pines" ]

[ { "id": "16320454", "score": "1.7900081", "text": "and Klaveno, Cedeño and Hamilton returned. Academy Award–nominee June Squibb also was cast as Susan Lucci's character's mother, Velma, in two episodes of the second season. Also was added the African-American Family - the Millers, Tiffany Hines as Didi, Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Lucinda, Reggie Austin as Reggie, and Willie C. Carpenter as Kenneth Miller. Brown and Cullen returned as a series regular in season three, with season two guest star Gilles Marini and newcomers Cristián de la Fuente and Nathan Owens added to the main cast. Newcomer Gail Flemming Julie Claire is one of Evelyn's friends. Gail Fleming is", "title": "Devious Maids" }, { "id": "8303860", "score": "1.7201012", "text": "Petrocelli Petrocelli is an American legal drama which ran for two seasons on NBC from September 11, 1974 to March 31, 1976. Tony Petrocelli was an Italian-American Harvard-educated lawyer who grew up in South Boston and gave up the big money and frenetic pace of major-metropolitan life to practice in a sleepy city in Arizona called San Remo (filmed in Tucson, Arizona). He and his wife Maggie lived in a house trailer in the country while waiting for their new home to be built (it was never completed over the course of the series). Tony drove a beat-up old pickup", "title": "Petrocelli" }, { "id": "15956678", "score": "1.7013326", "text": "fourth season by the latter and Alessio Inturri. The series is the stepping stone into the world of fiction for the successful couple Manuela Arcuri Gabriel Garko and has hosted several renowned actors, including: Virna Lisi, Giancarlo Giannini, Paul Sorvino, Ángela Molina, Vincent Spano, Eric Roberts, Giuliana De Sio, Ben Gazzara, Ray Lovelock, Alessandra Martines, Lina Sastri, Burt Young, Barbara De Rossi, and Bo Derek. Mascalucia, Sicily 1956: Ersilia Fortebracci is a dreamer and progressive woman, who dreams of a different life away from Sicily where she lives. When her father in law dies, she convinces her husband Pasquale to", "title": "L'onore e il rispetto" }, { "id": "18908147", "score": "1.7000508", "text": "mind for her children. Antonio, called Tonio (Gabriel Garko), the eldest son of the womanizing Fortebracci and normal with the study, makes friends with bullies Michael Rapture called for his job \"Micky the candle\" (Renato Marotta), and Richard Zito, said the his job \"the singer Ricky\" (Cristiano Pasca), while the brother of Tonio, Saints (Giuseppe Zeno), more shy and more studious, he jumps on the books to get the diploma. Both are fascinated by Olga (Serena Autieri), the blonde and haughty neighbor who works as a mannequin in a shop in the center, which, however, seems to prefer the Saints.", "title": "L'Onore e il Rispetto (season 1)" }, { "id": "8303864", "score": "1.6955353", "text": "Howard was later cast as Donna Culver Krebbs in Katzman's prime-time soap opera \"Dallas\". A 90-minute TV-movie aired as a pilot on March 16, 1974. Visual Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 on December 16, 2016. Book: \"Petrocelli: San Remo Justice: An Episode Guide and Much More,\" by Sandra Grabman, published 2018 by BearManor Media. . Petrocelli Petrocelli is an American legal drama which ran for two seasons on NBC from September 11, 1974 to March 31, 1976. Tony Petrocelli was an Italian-American Harvard-educated lawyer who grew up in South Boston and gave up the big", "title": "Petrocelli" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Golden Girls\n\nThe Golden Girls is an American sitcom created by Susan Harris that aired on NBC from September 14, 1985, to May 9, 1992, with a total of 180 half-hour episodes, spanning seven seasons. With an ensemble cast starring Bea Arthur, Betty White, Rue McClanahan, and Estelle Getty, the show is about four older women who share a home in Miami, Florida. It was produced by Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions, in association with Touchstone Television. Paul Junger Witt, Tony Thomas, and Harris served as the original executive producers.\n\n\"The Golden Girls\" received critical acclaim throughout most of its run, and won several awards, including the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series twice. It also won three Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy. Each of the four stars received an Emmy Award, making it one of only four sitcoms in the award's history to achieve this. The series also ranked among the Nielsen ratings' top ten for six of its seven seasons. In 2013, \"TV Guide\" ranked \"The Golden Girls\" number 54 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time. In 2014, the Writers Guild of America placed the sitcom at number 69 in their list of the \"101 Best Written TV Series of All Time\". Terry Tang of the Associated Press reported that the series continues to attract new fans in the 21st century and characterized it as an example of a sitcom that has aged well.", "title": "The Golden Girls" }, { "id": "13763795", "score": "1.6906302", "text": "Galen Gering as Owen, Gina's brother, Michelle N. Carter as Michele, Lesli Kay as Tracy, Michael Sabatino, Chappell's husband, as Alan, and Robert Newman as an old boyfriend of Gina's. Other cast members include Shawn Christian, Eric Martsolf and Molly Burnett from \"Days of Our Lives\". Gregory Zarian joined the cast in Season 5 as Detective Nick Pfander. The first three seasons were released for free, and are viewable, on the video sharing website YouTube. The fourth season is available on the show's website, and requires a paid subscription. DVDs of past seasons of the show are also available for", "title": "Venice: The Series" }, { "id": "7386563", "score": "1.6738071", "text": "shop patron named \"Gino\" in the season one episode \"The Legend of Tennessee Moltisanti\". He later secured a recurring role as the nephew of Richie Aprile, Vito Spatafore, in the season two episode \"The Happy Wanderer\". Along with Dan Grimaldi playing identical twins Patsy and Phillip \"Philly Spoons\" Parisi and Saundra Santiago playing identical twins Jeannie and Joannie Cusamano, it was one of the three times that the show used a single actor for separate roles. Prior to the start of Season 6, Gannascoli was promoted to series regular. He brought the idea of making his character gay from a", "title": "Joseph R. Gannascoli" }, { "id": "6252645", "score": "1.671588", "text": "Dorothy Zbornak Dorothy Zbornak (née Petrillo) is a fictional character from the TV series \"The Golden Girls\", portrayed by Beatrice Arthur for seven years and 180 episodes. Dorothy was the strong, smart, sarcastic, sometimes intimidating, and arguably most grounded of the four women in the house. Though tough, she is normally friendly, polite and does genuinely care for the other girls. In the 1000th issue of \"Entertainment Weekly\", Dorothy Zbornak was selected as the Grandma for \"The Perfect TV Family.\" Dorothy Petrillo was born in New York City, and was the daughter of Italian immigrants Sophia and Salvadore Petrillo. Dorothy", "title": "Dorothy Zbornak" }, { "id": "1709605", "score": "1.6702011", "text": "of the \"101 Best Written TV Series of All Time\". The show had an ensemble cast. It revolves around four older single women (three widows and one divorcée) sharing a house in Miami, Florida. The owner of the house is a widow named Blanche Devereaux (McClanahan), who was joined by fellow widow Rose Nylund (White) and divorcée Dorothy Zbornak (Arthur), after they both responded to an ad on the bulletin board of a local grocery store a year before the start of the series. In the pilot episode, the three were joined by Dorothy's 80-year-old mother, Sophia Petrillo (Getty), after", "title": "The Golden Girls" }, { "id": "9862030", "score": "1.6621449", "text": "RAI. Directed by Giuliana Berlinguer from a teleplay by Margherita Cattaneo, \"Circuito chiuso\" aired March 7, 1969. The series of black-and-white telemovies stars Tino Buazzelli (Nero Wolfe), Paolo Ferrari (Archie Goodwin), Pupo De Luca (Fritz Brenner), Renzo Palmer (Inspector Cramer), and Mario Righetti (Orrie Cather). Other members of the cast of \"Circuito chiuso\" include Mario Pisu (Otis Jarrell), Marzia Ubaldi (Trella Jarrell), Romina Power (Lois Jarrell), Umberto D'Orsi (Roger Foote), Pier Luigi Zollo (Wyman Jarrell), Barbara Valmorin (Nora Kent), Luciano Tacconi (Corey Brigham), Laura Tavanti (Susan Jarrell) and Germano Longo (Jim Eber). Alessandro Sermoneta and Chiara Laudani adapted \"If Death", "title": "If Death Ever Slept" }, { "id": "8205498", "score": "1.6612453", "text": "and Kristoffer Tabori as Dr. Judith Bergstrom and Dr. Max Carson, doctors at Cook County Hospital; Craig T. Nelson, Vincent Baggetta and Molly Cheek as attorneys Kenneth A. Dutton, Lou Pellegrino and Megan Powers. Dutton was a prosecutor and Pellegrino was a defense attorney; Powers was a lawyer both men were interested in; and Dennis Franz, Richard Lawson and Daniel Hugh Kelly appeared as police officers Joe Gilland, O.Z. Tate and Frank Wajorski, respectively. Gilland was a beat cop, while Tate and Wajorski were detectives. Intermixed within, especially during the opening title sequence, was plenty of Chicago scenery, including the", "title": "Chicago Story" }, { "id": "11526199", "score": "1.6580062", "text": "third \"Taken\" film was released 16 December 2014. In September 2015, NBC ordered a prequel series depicting a younger Bryan Mills with Clive Standen portraying Mills, Gaius Charles, Monique Gabriela Curnen, James Landry Hebert, Michael Irby, Jose Pablo Cantillo, Jennifer Marsala and Simu Liu are cast as John, Vlasik, Casey, Scott, Dave, Riley and Faaron, members of OPCON. Brooklyn Sudano is cast as Asha, an attractive, well-educated young student from an upper-middle-class family who is furthering her education when she first meets Bryan and Jennifer Beals is cast as Christina Hart, the Special Deputy Director of National Intelligence who has", "title": "Taken (film)" }, { "id": "5812873", "score": "1.6543702", "text": "part for two seasons before his character was written out, replaced by Detective Stanley Kowalski (Callum Keith Rennie), due to filming commitments. He returned for the series finale in 1999 where Vecchio and Kowalski's ex-wife got together. He then appeared in the 1996 season 3 episode of \"Touched By An Angel\" entitled \"Into The Light\" playing a dying man in need of a heart transplant. Later he took the role of Giorgio Clericuzio in the 1997 mini-series of Mario Puzo's \"The Last Don\". He has appeared in episodes of various TV shows, including \"\", \"Midnight Caller\", \"Judging Amy\", \"Nash Bridges\",", "title": "David Marciano" }, { "id": "3412823", "score": "1.6540127", "text": "program include: Her sister, Angela (Nancy Walker for 2 episodes in Season 2); her brother, Angelo, and her father (both roles were played by Bill Dana); her daughter, Gloria; her husband, Sal (in flashbacks and in dream sequences); and Sophia's own mother (Bea Arthur in a dual role who also didn't have a Sicilian accent), who also appeared exclusively in flashbacks; and even Dorothy at a younger age (played by Lynnie Greene). It is unclear whether Sophia moved to the United States alone or with her family, as her sister and mother had both eventually lived in New York as", "title": "Sophia Petrillo" }, { "id": "8393215", "score": "1.6479756", "text": "Bachman, Rodrigo Baggio, 坂野嘉彦 Yoshihiko Banno, Greg Bartholomew, Richard Rodney Bennett, Jean-Patrick Besingrand, Helga Beier, John Bilotta, Gordon Francis Blaney, Jr., Allan Blank, Ed Bland, Philippe Bodin, David Bohn, Scott Brickman, Julius Bucsis, Canary Burton, Oliver Cameron, Wendy Mae Chambers, Young-Shin Choi, William Coble, Andy Cohen, Steve Cohen, 大胡恵 Kei Daigo, Douglas DaSilva, Andrew Davis, Malcolm Dedman, David Del Tredici, Nick Didkovsky, Dominic Dousa, Alan Elkins, Elisenda Fabrégas, David Fetherolf, Dagmar Feyen, Donal Fox, Jim Fox, Michael Frazier, Daron Hagen, Gilbert Galindo, Lyudmilla German, Adam Giese, Nicolas Gilbert, Jacob Goodman, 合屋正虎 Masatora Goya, David Heuser, Jennifer Higdon, 平山 智 Tomo", "title": "Thomas Piercy" }, { "id": "17287613", "score": "1.6466882", "text": "appointed Captain Raymond Holt (Andre Braugher). The detectives include Jake Peralta (Andy Samberg), who frequently tops the squad in collars despite his relaxed, carefree attitude, much to the annoyance of his more stern and by-the-book partner, Amy Santiago (Melissa Fumero). The hard-working but nebbish Charles Boyle (Joe Lo Truglio) is partnered with the stoic and sometimes aggressive Rosa Diaz (Stephanie Beatriz). Detectives Michael Hitchcock (Dirk Blocker) and Norm Scully (Joel McKinnon Miller), are older and often incompetent, although not without their usefulness. The detectives report to Sergeant Terry Jeffords (Terry Crews), a gentle giant and devoted family man who is", "title": "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" }, { "id": "3412814", "score": "1.6455355", "text": "she annulled her arranged first marriage to Guido Spirelli when she was 14. She has no accent left to show that she grew up speaking the Sicilian language. Instead, she sports a Brooklyn accent with a fast speaking pace, which often contributed to the humor in her one-liners. Sophia then married Salvadore \"Sal\" Petrillo (played by Sid Melton in flashback), and had three children with him: Dorothy, a divorced substitute teacher; Phil (an unseen character), a cross-dresser with a wife named Angela, a welder, and several children in a trailer park in Newark, New Jersey who later died of a", "title": "Sophia Petrillo" }, { "id": "7907538", "score": "1.6441487", "text": "the country. During the Cuban Revolution, deported American gambler and racketeer Renzo Capetto (Anthony Carbone) comes up with a get-rich-quick scheme and uses his yacht to help a group of loyalists headed by General Tostada (Edmundo Rivera Alvarez) escape with Cuba's national treasury, which they plan to use to stage a counterrevolution. American secret agent XK150, using the alias Sparks Moran (Edward Wain or Robert Towne), has infiltrated the gang which consists of Capeto's brazenly felonious blond girlfriend Mary-Belle Monahan (Betsy Jones-Moreland); her deceptively clean-cut younger brother Happy Jack (Robert Bean); and a gullible, good-natured, and homicidal oaf named Pete", "title": "Creature from the Haunted Sea" }, { "id": "15956702", "score": "1.6437504", "text": "In this series will stage two new families: the Giordano family, composed of Maria Pia Jordan (Lina Sastri) and Dante Giordano (Massimo Venturiello), whose founder is willing to do anything to take the place of Fortebracci in the dome mafia, that will come to kidnap Antonia (Beatrice Galati), the daughter of Tonio; the other family are the Willow, who live in the Sicilian and whose founder is Fania (Barbara De Rossi), an ugly woman and illiterate. The Willow are ready to do anything to ally with Giordano and kill Tonio. Also we will meet Ettore De Nicola (Valerio Morigi), who", "title": "L'onore e il rispetto" }, { "id": "19083543", "score": "1.643656", "text": "Cristina D'Avena, Evaristo Beccalossi, Claudia Mori, Vittorio Sgarbi, Lamberto Sposini, Alessandro Gassmann, Diego Abbattantuono, Enrico Mentana, Leo Gullotta, Anita Ekberg, Brigitte Nielsen, Moana Pozzi, Faye Dunaway, Gigi Sabani, Valeria Marini, Katia Ricciarelli, Lina Wertmuller, Fiorella Pierobon, Roberto Vecchioni, Ottaviano Del Turco, Sergio Vastano, Maurizio Fondriest, Raimondo Vianello, Sandra Mondaini, Carol Alt, George Weah, Anna Falchi, Santi Licheri, Maria Grazia Cucinotta, Alain Delon, Emilio Fede, Gene Gnocchi, Alessandro Checchi Paone, Carlo Verdone, Mara Venier, Bud Spencer, Fabrizio Ravanelli, Elenoire Casalegno, Raz Degan, Wendy Windham, Raoul Bova, Gianluigi Buffon, Marco Liorni, Eddie Irvine, Claudio Bisio, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Fabio Cannavaro, Ellen Hidding,", "title": "Scherzi a parte" } ]

[ "Swizerland", "Schweiz", "Switzerland", "Der Schweiz", "Swiss Confederation", "svizra", "iso 3166 1 ch", "Svizra", "confœderatio helvetica", "schweitz", "ISO 3166-1:CH", "swissland", "confederazione svizzera", "Switzerland information", "schweiz", "svizzera", "die schweiz", "Switzeland", "swiss confederation", "switz", "Swizterland", "Confederazione Svizzera", "land of swiss", "switserland", "suisse", "der schweiz", "Confederatio Helvetica", "Confederaziun Svizra", "Die Schweiz", "Swissland", "confoederatio helvetica", "Switserland", "švýcarsko", "svissland", "Land of the Switzers", "etymology of switzerland", "confederation helvetica", "Suisse", "Swiss confederation", "Confederation Helvetica", "Svissland", "Confédération Suisse", "confederation suisse", "suiza", "Confederation Suisse", "environmental integrity group", "Swiss", "Confédération suisse", "schweizerische eidgenossenschaft", "swizterland", "swizerland", "confederation helvetia", "Schwitzerland", "confederation of helvatia", "swiss confederated states", "confederatio helvetica", "Schweitz", "switzeland", "Confoederatio Helvetica", "switzer land", "switzerland information", "Etymology of Switzerland", "Confederation suisse", "SwissEnergy", "Swiss Confederated States", "Suiza", "switzerland", "Switz", "Confederation of Helvatia", "Land of the Swiss", "SWITZERLAND", "Svizzera", "schwitzerland", "swissenergy", "Confœderatio Helvetica", "confederaziun svizra", "confédération suisse", "swiss", "Environmental Integrity Group", "Confederaziun svizra", "Switzer land", "Confederation Helvetia", "land of switzers", "Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft", "Švýcarsko" ]

[ { "id": "180402", "score": "1.4063232", "text": "House of Habsburg The House of Habsburg (; ; traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called the House of Austria, was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs from 1438 until their extinction in the male line in 1740. The house also produced emperors and kings of the Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of England (\"Jure uxoris\" King), Kingdom of Germany, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Croatia, Kingdom of Illyria, Second Mexican Empire, Kingdom of Ireland (\"Jure uxoris\" King), Kingdom of Portugal, and Kingdom", "title": "House of Habsburg" }, { "id": "10460408", "score": "1.3896567", "text": "Harodingians The Harodingian dynasty ( or ) was a prominent Lombard noble family which provided Italy with two kings in the middle of the seventh century (636–653). The Harodingians started out owning one small \"fara\" near Brescia. Then Rothari, son of Nanding, became Duke of Brescia and raised the fortunes of his family to great heights. In 636, he was elected to the Lombard throne. Through his marriage to Gundiperga, widow of Arioald and daughter of Authari and Theodelinda, he attained legitimacy and a connection to the ancient and illustrious Lething and Agilolfing families. Indeed, Gundiperga had been given the", "title": "Harodingians" }, { "id": "5701485", "score": "1.3889025", "text": "Ferdinand I of Bulgaria. The Portuguese line was founded by Prince Ferdinand's eldest son, Ferdinand the younger, who married Queen Maria II of the House of Braganza and became king himself. It was overthrown in the Revolution of 1910, after which it became extinct in 1932 upon the death of Manuel II. Duarte Nuno of Braganza and his successors were descendants of the banished Miguelist line. The Belgian line was founded by Leopold, youngest son of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Because of the First World War, the family name was changed in 1920 to \"van België\", \"de Belgique\" or \"von", "title": "House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" }, { "id": "20538589", "score": "1.3883349", "text": "principal Hapsburg hereditary lands with the exception of Silesia. Confirmation followed in 1630, with clarification that the office might be inherited, always passing to the eldest male heir. In 1636 he took the opportunity to ask the emperor to extend his role to include imperial and government correspondence. The idea ran into opposition from the Thurn und Taxis dynasty who protested that such an extension of von Paar's postal duties would have interfered with their own privileges regarding the \"Reichs-General-Postmeisteramt\" (\"loosely: \"imperial postmaster generalship\"\") and the emperor was obliged to issue a decree clarifying the allocations between the two lucrative", "title": "Johann Christoph von Paar" }, { "id": "6420907", "score": "1.383498", "text": "Schierer family was appointed purveyors to the Court of Hapsburg and ennobled for their services by the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II, in Prague in 1592 and confirmed in 1663 by Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. Forced by the 30 years war (1618-1648) the knighted converted Protestant branches of the Schierer family extended to Sweden and to Denmark having their Baronial status confirmed. The converted Roman Catholic branches of the family remained in the Kingdom of Bohemia and Lower Austria, Litschau and Vienna. The latter branche was confirmed as Knights and raised to Freiherrlich, Barony of the Holy Roman Empire.", "title": "Scherer" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Habsburg monarchy\n\nThe Habsburg monarchy (, ), also known as the Danubian monarchy (, ), or Habsburg Empire (, ), was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg, especially the dynasty's Austrian branch.\n\nThe history of the Habsburg monarchy can be traced back to the election of Rudolf I as King of Germany in 1273<ref name=\"Lott-Pavlac 2019\"/> and his acquisition of the Duchy of Austria for the Habsburg in 1282. In 1482, Maximilian I acquired the Netherlands through marriage. Both realms passed to his grandson and successor, Charles V, who also inherited the Spanish throne and its colonial possessions, and thus came to rule the Habsburg empire at its greatest territorial extent. The abdication of Charles V in 1556 led to a division within the dynasty between his son Philip II of Spain and his brother Ferdinand I, who had served as his lieutenant and the elected king of Hungary and Bohemia. The Spanish branch (which held all of Iberia, the Netherlands, Burgundy, and lands in Italy) became extinct in 1700. The Austrian branch (which ruled the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Bohemia and various other lands) was itself split into different branches in 1564 but reunited 101 years later.\n\nThe Habsburg monarchy was a personal union of crowns, with no uniform laws or shared institutions other than the Habsburg court itself; the territorial possessions of the monarchy were thus united only by virtue of a common monarch. The Habsburg realms were unified in 1804 with the formation of the Austrian Empire and later split in two with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The monarchy began to fracture in the face of inevitable defeat during the final years of World War I and ultimately disbanded with the proclamation of the Republic of German-Austria and the First Hungarian Republic in late 1918.\n\nIn historiography, the terms \"Austria\" or \"Austrians\" are frequently used as shorthand for the Habsburg monarchy since the 18th century. From 1438 to 1806, the rulers of the House of Habsburg almost continuously reigned as Holy Roman Emperors. However, the realms of the Holy Roman Empire were mostly self-governing and are thus not considered to have been part of the Habsburg monarchy. Hence, the Habsburg monarchy (of the Austrian branch) is often called \"Austria\" by metonymy. Around 1700, the Latin term \"monarchia austriaca\" came into use as a term of convenience. Within the empire alone, the vast possessions included the original hereditary lands, the \"Erblande\", from before 1526; the lands of the Bohemian crown; the formerly Spanish Netherlands from 1714 until 1794; and some fiefs in Imperial Italy. Outside the empire, they encompassed all the lands of the crown of Hungary as well as conquests made at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. The dynastic capital was Vienna, except from 1583 to 1611, when it was in Prague.<ref name=HHus/>", "title": "Habsburg monarchy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "House of Habsburg\n\nThe House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in English and also known as the House of Austria is one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history. \n\nThe house takes its name from Habsburg Castle, a fortress built in the 1020s in present-day Switzerland by Radbot of Klettgau, who named his fortress Habsburg. His grandson Otto II was the first to take the fortress name as his own, adding \"Count of Habsburg\" to his title. In 1273, Count Radbot's seventh-generation descendant Rudolph of Habsburg was elected King of the Romans. Taking advantage of the extinction of the Babenbergs and of his victory over Ottokar II of Bohemia at the battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, he appointed his sons as Dukes of Austria and moved the family's power base to Vienna, where the Habsburg dynasty gained the name of \"House of Austria\" and ruled until 1918.\n\nThe throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs from 1440 until their extinction in the male line in 1740 and, after the death of Francis I, from 1765 until its dissolution in 1806. The house also produced kings of Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia, Spain, Portugal and Galicia-Lodomeria, with their respective colonies; rulers of several principalities in the Low Countries and Italy; and in the 19th century, emperors of Austria and of Austria-Hungary as well as one emperor of Mexico. The family split several times into parallel branches, most consequentially in the mid-16th century between its Spanish and Austrian branches following the abdication of Charles V. Although they ruled distinct territories, the different branches nevertheless maintained close relations and frequently intermarried. \n\nMembers of the Habsburg family oversee the Austrian branch of the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Imperial and Royal Order of Saint George. The current head of the family is Karl von Habsburg.", "title": "House of Habsburg" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "House of Bourbon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Habsburg Spain\n\nHabsburg Spain is a contemporary historiographical term referring to the huge extent of territories (including modern-day Spain, a piece of south-east France, eventually Portugal, and many other lands outside of the Iberian Peninsula) ruled between the 16th and 18th centuries (1516–1713) by kings from the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg (also associated with its role in the history of Central and Eastern Europe). Habsburg Spain was a composite monarchy and a personal union. The Habsburg Hispanic Monarchs (chiefly Charles I and Philip II) reached the zenith of their influence and power ruling the Spanish Empire. They controlled territories over the five continents, including the Americas, the East Indies, the Low Countries, Belgium, Luxembourg, and territories now in Italy, France and Germany in Europe, the Portuguese Empire from 1580 to 1640, and various other territories such as small enclaves like Ceuta and Oran in North Africa. This period of Spanish history has also been referred to as the \"Age of Expansion\".\n\nWith the Habsburgs, Spain was one of the greatest political and military powers in Europe and the world for much of the 16th and 17th centuries. During the Habsburg's period, Spain ushered in the Spanish Golden Age of arts and literature producing some of the world's most outstanding writers and painters and influential intellectuals, including Teresa of Ávila, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Miguel de Cervantes, Francisco de Quevedo, Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Domingo de Soto, Francisco Suárez and Francisco de Vitoria.\n\nSpain or \"the Spains\", referring to Spanish territories across different continents in this period, initially covered the entire Iberian peninsula, including the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, the Principality of Catalonia, Castile, León, Navarre and, from 1580, Portugal.\n\nThe marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469 resulted in the union of the two main crowns, Castile and Aragon, which eventually led to the de facto unification of Spain, after the culmination of the \"Reconquista\" with the conquest of Granada in 1492 and of Navarre in 1512–1529. Isabella and Ferdinand were bestowed the title of \"Catholic King and Queen\" by Pope Alexander VI in 1494, and the term \"Monarchia Catholica\" (Catholic Monarchy, Modern Spanish: \"Monarquía Católica\") remained in use for the monarchy under the Spanish Habsburgs. The Habsburg period is formative of the notion of \"Spain\" in the sense that was institutionalized in the 18th century.\n\nSpain as a unified state came into being \"de jure\" after the Nueva Planta decrees of 1707 that succeeded the multiple crowns of its former realms. After the death in 1700 of Spain's last Habsburg king Charles II, the resulting War of the Spanish Succession led to the ascension of Philip V of the Bourbon dynasty and began a new centralizing state formation.", "title": "Habsburg Spain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Austrian Empire\n\nThe Austrian Empire (, modern spelling , ) was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, it was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom. Along with Prussia, it was one of the two major powers of the German Confederation. Geographically, it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the First French Empire ().\n\nThe empire was proclaimed by Francis II in 1804 in response to Napoleon's declaration of the First French Empire, unifying all Habsburg possessions under one central government. It remained part of the Holy Roman Empire until the latter's dissolution in 1806. It continued fighting against Napoleon throughout the Napoleonic Wars, except for a period between 1809 and 1813, when Austria was first allied with Napoleon during the invasion of Russia and later neutral during the first few weeks of the Sixth Coalition War. Austria emerged victorious in the war, and became a leading member of the German Confederation along with Prussia after the Congress of Vienna.\n\nThe Kingdom of Hungary—as Regnum Independens—was administered by its own institutions separately from the rest of the empire. After Austria was defeated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was adopted, joining the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria to form Austria-Hungary.", "title": "Austrian Empire" }, { "id": "180409", "score": "1.376492", "text": "the castle's name, located in what is now the Swiss canton of Aargau, are uncertain. There is disagreement on whether the name is derived from the High German \"Habichtsburg\" (hawk castle), or from the Middle High German word \"hab/hap\" meaning \"ford\", as there is a river with a ford nearby. The first documented use of the name by the dynasty itself has been traced to the year 1108. The Habsburg Castle was the family seat in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. The Habsburgs expanded their influence through arranged marriages and by gaining political privileges, especially countship rights in Zürichgau,", "title": "House of Habsburg" }, { "id": "4141673", "score": "1.3739163", "text": "Crowninshield family The Crowninshield family is an American family that has been prominent in seafaring, political and military leadership, and the literary world. The founder of the American family emigrated from what is now Germany in the late 17th century. The family is one of several known collectively as Boston Brahmins. Johann Caspar Richter was an Old Saxon landowner and shipper-trader originally from the south of Denmark. He moved to the German village of Kronenschieldt (sometimes spelled Cronenschieldt), near Leipzig, during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and married Maria Hahn, from Annaburg in Saxony-Anhalt. The family adopted the village's name", "title": "Crowninshield family" }, { "id": "8557680", "score": "1.3706894", "text": "wedding. There were no children born from this marriage. In Ebersdorf on 13 June 1777, Francis married Countess Augusta Reuss-Lobenstein-Ebersdorf. They had ten children, seven of whom survived to adulthood: His male-line descendants established ruling houses in Belgium, United Kingdom, Portugal and Bulgaria, while retaining the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha until 1918. His son Leopold ruled as Leopold I of the Belgians. A grandson reigned \"jure uxoris\" as King Ferdinand II of Portugal while a great-grandson named Ferdinand became the first modern king of Bulgaria. One of his granddaughters was Empress Carlota of Mexico, while another became Queen Victoria", "title": "Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" }, { "id": "1270779", "score": "1.3555391", "text": "of the dutiful royal servant was difficult, leading Marlborough to complain – \"The King's coldness to me still continues\". In the late 17th and early 18th century, the single most important theme in European politics was the rivalry between the Hapsburg rulers of Austria and Spain and Bourbon France. In 1665, Charles II became the last male Hapsburg King of Spain; the unfortunate victim of Hapsburg inbreeding, his parents being uncle and niece, he was 'short, lame, epileptic, senile and completely bald before 35, always on the verge of death but repeatedly baffling Christendom by continuing to live.' Spain was", "title": "John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough" }, { "id": "2935660", "score": "1.3528069", "text": "The senior (Ernestine) branch of the House of Wettin lost the electorship to the Albertine line in 1547, but retained its holdings in Thuringia, dividing the area into a number of smaller states. One of the resulting Ernestine houses, known as Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld until 1826 and as Saxe-Coburg and Gotha after that, went on to contribute kings of Belgium (from 1831) and Bulgaria (1908–1946), as well as furnishing husbands to queens regnant of Portugal (Prince Ferdinand) and the United Kingdom (Prince Albert). As such, the British and Portuguese thrones became possessions of persons who belonged to the House of Wettin. From", "title": "House of Wettin" }, { "id": "9568131", "score": "1.3479431", "text": "and president of the Royal College of General Practitioners. As far as influential families go, the Freuds (present in the UK today via Emma and Matthew) can trace their roots back to Germany and have the Freud Museum named in honour of family patriarch Sigmund. John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever, founded the Astor dynasty in England. The Battenberg family's roots go back to Prince Louis of Battenberg who became a British subject, and whose immediate descendants were his youngest son Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, and his grandson Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and husband", "title": "Germans in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "12314552", "score": "1.3471075", "text": "to the ancestors of some European royal and noble houses. From Captain \"Georg Christoph von Görschen\" (1707–1748) there was the development of three main lines; a line in the area around Auligk/Groitzsch and Fürstenwalde still exists to this day, while a second line originating on the German-Dutch border near Aachen, and a third line in the Neuruppin area were also recorded. From the second line originated a number of family members in especially important administrative posts. After the middle of the 19th century some of them settled down in London and were successful business people there. As Protestants, many of", "title": "Görschen family" }, { "id": "2935649", "score": "1.3462343", "text": "House of Wettin The House of Wettin () is a dynasty of German counts, dukes, prince-electors and kings that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The dynasty is one of the oldest in Europe, and its origins can be traced back to the town of Wettin, Saxony-Anhalt. The Wettins gradually rose to power within the Holy Roman Empire. Members of the family became the rulers of several medieval states, starting with the Saxon Eastern March in 1030. Other states they gained were Meissen in 1089, Thuringia in 1263, and Saxony in 1423. These", "title": "House of Wettin" }, { "id": "5701486", "score": "1.3447073", "text": "Belgien\" (\"of Belgium\") in the country's three official languages (Dutch, French and German). This family name is used on the identity cards and in all official documents. The armorial bearings of Saxony were removed from the Belgian royal coat of arms (see here). The branch of the family that ruled in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland also discarded their Coburg and Saxon titles and changed their name. Britain's King George V adopted the family name of Windsor, after the Royal Family's place of residence. The British line was founded by King Edward VII, eldest son of Queen", "title": "House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" }, { "id": "8278084", "score": "1.3411996", "text": "grandmother of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, Ferdinand II of Portugal, Leopold II of Belgium, and Empress Carlota of Mexico, among others. Heinrich LXXII met Lola Montez in London in the middle of 1843 and gave her a loose invitation to visit him in Ebersdorf. Her visit was not a success and she was quickly moved on again. Erdmuthe Dorothea, Countess von Reuss-Ebersdorf (1700–1757) married Nicolaus Ludwig, Imperial Count von Zinzendorf (1700–1760) Renewer of the Moravian Church in 1722. Her family became very involved in the Moravian Church and a Moravian Settlement was started", "title": "Saalburg-Ebersdorf" }, { "id": "2935663", "score": "1.340342", "text": "arms, see: Coat of arms of Saxony or in French: House of Wettin The House of Wettin () is a dynasty of German counts, dukes, prince-electors and kings that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The dynasty is one of the oldest in Europe, and its origins can be traced back to the town of Wettin, Saxony-Anhalt. The Wettins gradually rose to power within the Holy Roman Empire. Members of the family became the rulers of several medieval states, starting with the Saxon Eastern March in 1030. Other states they gained were Meissen", "title": "House of Wettin" }, { "id": "2935656", "score": "1.339823", "text": "Goethe there. It was only in the 19th century that one of the many Ernestine branches, the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, regained importance through marriages as the \"stud of Europe\", by ascending the thrones of Belgium (in 1831), Portugal (1853–1910), Bulgaria (1908–1946) and the United Kingdom (in 1901). The Albertine Wettins maintained most of the territorial integrity of Saxony, preserving it as a significant power in the region, and used small appanage fiefs for their cadet branches, few of which survived for significant lengths of time. The Ernestine Wettins, on the other hand, repeatedly subdivided their territory, creating an", "title": "House of Wettin" }, { "id": "2930087", "score": "1.3396838", "text": "when the Kaiserliche Marine started to challenge the Royal Navy, but particularly around 1912 and during World War I. Anti-German sentiment was so intense that the British Royal Family was advised by the government to change its name (which was of German origin), resulting in the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha becoming the House of Windsor. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany was a grandson of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and the nephew of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. During the 18th and 19th centuries, German-Americans were the most visible non-Anglophone group in the United States. Pennsylvania was the", "title": "Organised persecution of ethnic Germans" }, { "id": "7225638", "score": "1.3379142", "text": "of Great Britain and Frederick William I of Prussia (through the Electress Sophia of Hanover), Charles I of England, George III of the United Kingdom, George V of the United Kingdom, Charles X Gustav of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Olav V of Norway, and George I of Greece. Many European royals have been found to be of this mtDNA Haplogroup, in addition to Haplogroup H (mtDNA). Haplogroup T (mtDNA) Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated around 25,100 years ago in the Near East. Mitochondrial", "title": "Haplogroup T (mtDNA)" }, { "id": "743133", "score": "1.3377109", "text": "House of Oldenburg had been the Danish royal family since 1448; between 1536–1814 it also ruled Norway when it was part of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway. The house was originally from northern Germany, where the Glucksburg (Lyksborg) branch held their small fief. The family had permanent links with Norway beginning from the late Middle Ages. Several of his paternal ancestors had been kings of independent Norway (Haakon V of Norway, Christian I of Norway, Frederick I, Christian III, Frederick II, Christian IV, as well as Frederick III of Norway who integrated Norway into the Oldenburg state with Denmark, Schleswig and", "title": "Haakon VII of Norway" } ]

[ "Oche", "oche" ]

[ { "id": "8746040", "score": "1.6860565", "text": "line. On the other hand, the ABDA (American Baseball Darts Association) sets the distance at from the \"front\" of the board. This is from the centre of the cork to the throw line. The darts are made of wooden barrels, fletched with turkey feather flights glued in place. A metal tip assembly is bored into the end of the wooden section. The exposed (visible) end of the tip assembly is either tempered steel or brass. The other end of the tip assembly (the section inserted inside the wood barrel) had a lead weight attached. Placing this heavier end of the", "title": "American Darts" }, { "id": "2401424", "score": "1.6487669", "text": "man. Distance - the oche (line behind which the thrower must stand) should be 7 ft 9¼ inches (2.37 m) from the face of the board. If the face projects outward from the wall, due to the thickness of the board and/or a cabinet in which it is mounted, the oche must be moved back appropriately to maintain the required distance. The regulations came about due to the United Kingdom and the rest of the world playing at different lengths, with 7 ft 9¼ inches (2.37 m) being the compromised length. The standard dartboard is divided into 20 numbered sections,", "title": "Darts" }, { "id": "3319124", "score": "1.6300414", "text": "Oche The oche , also the throw line or toe line, in the game of darts is the line behind which the throwing player must stand. For steel tipped darts, it is generally from the face of the dartboard, measured horizontally. This is the recognized world standard as set by the World Darts Federation and is used in most areas. The diagonal distance from the bull's eye to the oche, , may also be used (.0354in. short). In soft tipped darts, the horizontal distance is 8 feet (2.4384m), as set by the National Dart Association. This was the original distance", "title": "Oche" }, { "id": "2401428", "score": "1.6148258", "text": "the left of the bullseye at σ = 100. Where σ may refer to the standard deviation for a specific population: List of darts players. There are many games that can be played on a dartboard, but the term \"darts\" generally refers to a game in which one player at a time throws three darts per visit to the board. The throwing player must stand so that no portion of his/her feet extends past the leading edge of the oche, but may stand on any other portion and/or lean forward over it if desired. The most common objective is to", "title": "Darts" }, { "id": "3319125", "score": "1.5885173", "text": "first standardized by the British Darts Organisation for all darts. The throwing player must stand so that no portion of either foot extends past the edge of the oche closest to the dartboard. One or both feet may touch any other portion, and the player may lean forward over the oche if desired. The origin of the term is unknown, though it probably came into use in the 1920s. It was originally spelled \"hockey\", only becoming \"oche\" in the late 1970s. There is a popular (but false) theory that there was a brewery called \"S. Hockey and Sons\" in the", "title": "Oche" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Oche\n\nThe oche , also the throw line or toe line, in the game of darts is the line behind which the throwing player must stand. For steel tipped darts, it is generally from the face of the dartboard, measured horizontally. This is the recognized world standard as set by the World Darts Federation and is used in most areas. The diagonal distance from the bull's eye to the oche, , may also be used. In soft tipped darts, the horizontal distance is 8 feet (2.4384m), as set by the American National Dart Association. This was the original distance first standardized by the British Darts Organisation for all darts.\n\nThe throwing player must stand so that no portion of either foot extends past the edge of the oche closest to the dartboard. One or both feet may touch any other portion, and the player may lean forward over the oche if desired.", "title": "Oche" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Darts\n\nDarts or dart-throwing is a competitive sport in which two or more players bare-handedly throw small sharp-pointed missiles known as darts at a round target known as a dartboard.\n\nPoints can be scored by hitting specific marked areas of the board, though unlike in sports such as archery, these areas are distributed all across the board and do not follow a principle of points increasing towards the centre of the board. Though a number of similar games using various boards and rules exist, the term \"darts\" usually now refers to a standardised game involving a specific board design and set of rules.\n\nDarts is both a professional shooting sport and a traditional pub game. Darts is commonly played in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, and recreationally enjoyed around the world.", "title": "Darts" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Glossary of darts\n\nThis is a glossary of terminology used in the game of darts. Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article, they appear in italics.\n\n", "title": "Glossary of darts" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "American darts\n\nAmerican darts is a regional variant of the game (most U.S. dart players play the traditional \"English\" style darts). This style of dart board is most often found in eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and parts of New York state. American darts originated in eastern Pennsylvania in the early 20th century; this style of darts was first played in both the Philadelphia area and the coal regions of northeastern Pennsylvania.", "title": "American darts" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Softball\n\nSoftball is a game similar to baseball played with a larger ball on a smaller field. Softball is played competitively at club levels, the college level, and the professional level. The game was first created in 1887 in Chicago by George Hancock.\n\nThere are two rule sets for softball generally: \"slow pitch softball\" and \"fastpitch\". Slow pitch softball is commonly played recreationally, while women's fastpitch softball is a Summer Olympic sport and is played professionally. \n\nDepending on the variety being played and the age and gender of the players, the particulars of field and equipment vary. While distances between bases of 60 feet are standard across varieties, the pitcher's plate ranges from 35 to 43 feet away from home plate, and the home run fence can be 220 to 300 feet away from home plate. The ball itself is typically 11 or 12 inches (28 or 30 cm) in circumference, also depending on specifics of the competition.\n\nSoftball rules vary somewhat from those of baseball. The game moves at a faster pace than traditional baseball due to the field being smaller and the bases and the fielders being closer to home plate. Softball is pitched underhand from flat ground, with fastpitch using a windmill arm motion, while baseball is pitched overhand from a small hill called a mound, which changes the flight of the pitch. Additionally, the entire infield of a softball diamond is dirt, without grass around the pitcher's plate.", "title": "Softball" }, { "id": "6417344", "score": "1.5470265", "text": "is the same as a pitch in baseball. Darts may be thrown overhanded, underhanded or both depending on league rules. Players throw darts towards the playing field from the pitcher's line at a distance of 25 feet. Where the dart lands on the board determines the outcome of each pitch. The batter continues to throw darts, or bat, until they are safe or out, just like in baseball. A batter is considered safe if his or her dart lands on first, second, or third base or by any combination of plays that put him safely \"on base.\" A run is", "title": "Dartball" }, { "id": "2401441", "score": "1.5327325", "text": "5 points. The winner is 'the last man standing'. Lawn darts (also called Jarts or yard darts) is a lawn game based on darts. The game play and objective are similar to both horseshoes and darts. The darts are similar to the ancient Roman plumbata. Moving Target is a darts game for two or more players in which each round, one player serves as the \"setter\" to set the target, and each other player is a \"scorer\" and tries to score points. The role of \"setter\" rotates from player to player each round. The first player to reach 21 points", "title": "Darts" }, { "id": "11185595", "score": "1.5089252", "text": "comprise sets, a certain amount of which must be gained to win the match. After aiming where they want to throw with the right analog stick, the player uses the left analog stick on the DualShock 2 or keyboard to pull back their dart and increase the power behind the throw. In 'Amateur' mode the power can be seen with a red bar that fills a power meter; in 'Professional' mode this aid is not present and the power can be seen via the movement of the character's arm. Once the desired amount of power is reached, pushing forward on", "title": "PDC World Championship Darts" }, { "id": "436040", "score": "1.5046918", "text": "\"straight up\" (the force stands directly in front of the thrower – useful against long throwers), or \"sidearm/backhand\" if one wishes their opponents to throw a particular throw. Another, more advanced marking technique is called the \"triangle mark\". This involves shuffling and drop stepping to take away throwing angles in an order that usually goes: 1) take away shown throw \"inside\" 2) shuffle to take away 1st pivot \"around\" 3) drop step and shuffle to take away 2nd pivot 4) recover. The simplest defensive strategy is the man-to-man defense (also known as \"one-to-one\" or \"person-to-person\"), where each defender guards a", "title": "Ultimate (sport)" }, { "id": "6417342", "score": "1.5021579", "text": "leagues use Apex #2 tournament darts. Most boards consist of a four-base diamond: first, second, third, and home plate. Additional areas are marked as strike, out, ball, error, sacrifice, double play, triple play and hit-by-pitch. The home run tends to be in the very center of the board. The diamond is surrounded by a six-inch foul line border. The entire playing field is 42 inches squared including foul territory. Some boards are more complex and consist of out, single, ball, strike, double play, triple play, stolen base, runner off first, runner off base, sacrifice, balk, home run, and walk space(s)", "title": "Dartball" }, { "id": "8253239", "score": "1.4970205", "text": "the nearest to the stake compared to the others. Washer pitching (also referred to as washers, washer toss, huachas, washoes and Texas horseshoes) involves players in teams tossing washers toward a hole or box. Many variations of the game exist, and it has been described as similar to horseshoes. Lawn darts involves throwing large darts at targets that are placed on the ground. Lawn darts have been subjected to product recalls at times, due to children dying from head wounds from the darts or otherwise becoming injured by them. In the United States in 1988, the Consumer Product Safety Commission", "title": "Lawn game" }, { "id": "2794135", "score": "1.4960139", "text": "furnished with a modified blunt tip design as a safety measure. Lawn darts Lawn darts (also known as Javelin darts, jarts or yard darts) is a lawn game for two players or teams. A lawn dart set usually includes four large darts and two targets. The game play and objective are similar to both horseshoes and darts. The darts are similar to the ancient Roman \"plumbata\". They are typically 12 inches (30 cm) long with a weighted metal or plastic tip on one end and three plastic fins on a rod at the other end. The darts are intended to", "title": "Lawn darts" }, { "id": "10560835", "score": "1.495453", "text": "of throwing first. In recent years, more and more new tournaments have decided against using sets as the scoring method - preferring to use the matchplay format of best of x legs (such as in the UK Open and Grand Slam of Darts). Currently the following tournaments use sets as their scoring system. Set (darts) A set in darts consists of a sequence of legs (games) played, ending when the count of legs won meets certain criteria. Throwing first is considered an advantage in a leg, so players alternate who throws first in each leg during the set. Generally, a", "title": "Set (darts)" }, { "id": "2794127", "score": "1.4882419", "text": "end hits first and sticks into the ground. The target is typically a plastic ring, and landing anywhere within the ring scores a point. After many injuries and deaths caused by lawn darts, they have been banned by the United States and Canada. There are a number of variations of lawn darts, including Traditional and Handly Cup Style. Either variation can be played one-on-one or in teams of two. In the team version the players stand with one member from each team at each end (when throwing, they should be sure to stand well back when the other side is", "title": "Lawn darts" }, { "id": "2794126", "score": "1.4852033", "text": "Lawn darts Lawn darts (also known as Javelin darts, jarts or yard darts) is a lawn game for two players or teams. A lawn dart set usually includes four large darts and two targets. The game play and objective are similar to both horseshoes and darts. The darts are similar to the ancient Roman \"plumbata\". They are typically 12 inches (30 cm) long with a weighted metal or plastic tip on one end and three plastic fins on a rod at the other end. The darts are intended to be tossed underhand toward a horizontal ground target, where the weighted", "title": "Lawn darts" }, { "id": "1980132", "score": "1.4843776", "text": "and the back, with a curved hood of leather or netting stretched up from the rear like a pram, approximately a metre over the of the table. Behind the area where the skittles are laid out in a diamond is a lower surface or trough. The table playing surface stands about 1 metre high and the thrower about 3 metres from the front of the table when in a pub around Leicester or Rugby, or about 3.3 metres when playing in Northamptonshire or Buckinghamshire. The player throws oblate \"cheeses\" rather than spherical balls, similar to those used in the game", "title": "Skittles (sport)" }, { "id": "11069452", "score": "1.483752", "text": "can be seen via the movement of the character's arm. A new difficulty added is 'Master' mode where extra precision is required. Once the desired amount of power is reached, pushing forward on the analogue stick will throw the dart. Any deviation to the left or right while throwing the dart will also affect the dart's flight. The game also takes into account real-life darts physics, such as under- or over-stacking of darts, flights falling out, and bounce-outs. The former can be used to tactical advantage. These were not present in the first game. There are numerous modes of play", "title": "PDC World Championship Darts 2008" }, { "id": "436045", "score": "1.4811987", "text": "known as \"crashing the cup\". The \"wall\" sometimes referred to as the \"1-3-3\" involves four players in the close defense. One player is the marker, also called the \"rabbit\", \"chaser\" or \"puke\" because they often have to run quickly between multiple handlers spread out across the field. The other three defenders form a horizontal \"wall\" or line across the field in front of the handler to stop throws to short in-cuts and prevent forward progress. The players in the second group of a zone defense, called \"mids\" and \"deeps\", position themselves further out to stop throws that escape the cup", "title": "Ultimate (sport)" }, { "id": "11069451", "score": "1.4806508", "text": "leg. Varying amounts of legs comprise sets, a certain amount of which must be gained to win the match. An alternative format is matchplay, where certain amounts of legs must be gained to win the match. After aiming where they want to throw with the left analogue stick, the player uses the right analogue stick on the DualShock 2 or keyboard to pull back their dart and increase the power behind the throw. In 'Amateur' mode the power can be seen with a blue that fills a power meter; in 'Professional' mode this aid is not present and the power", "title": "PDC World Championship Darts 2008" }, { "id": "636982", "score": "1.4710269", "text": "The out line runs along the top of the front wall, descending along the side walls to the back wall. There are no other markings on the side or back walls. Shots struck above or touching the out line, on any wall, are out. The bottom line of the front wall marks the top of the 'tin', a half metre-high metal area which if struck means that the ball is out. In this way the tin can be seen as analogous to the net in other racket sports such as tennis. The middle line of the front wall is the", "title": "Squash (sport)" } ]

[ "drew carey", "Drew allison carey", "brooks parkenridge", "Brooks Parkenridge", "Drew Carrey", "Drew carey", "drew allison carey", "drew carrey", "Drew Carey" ]

[ { "id": "14299908", "score": "1.8718133", "text": "every episode of the US series of \"Whose Line?\", with Stiles having missed two recordings due to illness. The original host of the U.S. show was Drew Carey, who appeared in every episode of seasons 1–8. Carey notably took more of an active role in the show than his predecessor Clive Anderson, as following the announcement of the \"winner\" of each show, Carey would perform a game with the other performers. After the CW revival in 2013, Aisha Tyler took over as host, as Carey was the host of \"The Price is Right\", which ran at the same time as", "title": "Whose Line Is It Anyway? (U.S. TV series)" }, { "id": "14299899", "score": "1.8622329", "text": "\"Enlightened\". In 2007, Mochrie was host of a five-episode run of \"Are You Smarter Than a Canadian 5th Grader?\" on Global TV in Canada. Carey, Stiles, Brady, and Esten were all later employed by American television network CBS; Carey succeeded Bob Barker as the host of the long-running game show \"The Price Is Right\" (after a short stint as host of another game show, \"Power of 10\"). In addition, Sherwood and Davis served as guest announcers for the 2010-11 season of \"The Price Is Right\", after the departure of Rich Fields, who was eventually replaced by George Gray. Stiles appeared", "title": "Whose Line Is It Anyway? (U.S. TV series)" }, { "id": "12323714", "score": "1.7942868", "text": "23, 2008 and aired twice weekly during the late summer and early fall. Each game featured contestants predicting how a cross-section of Americans responded to questions covering a wide variety of topics in polls conducted by CBS. After taping the pilot episode for \"Power of 10\", Carey was contacted by CBS about replacing Bob Barker—who had earlier announced his own retirement—as host of \"The Price Is Right\". After initially turning down the offer, Carey announced on \"Late Show with David Letterman\" that he would succeed Barker as host of the program beginning in the fall of 2007. His first episode", "title": "Drew Carey" }, { "id": "475781", "score": "1.7568698", "text": "Is Right\" episode directed by DiPirro, who replaced Eskander as the director on the daytime show in January 2009. This episode in particular aired on the E! network on January 27, 2002 as it featured interviews with former long-running host Bob Barker along with his former \"Barker's Beauties\" Dian Parkinson and Janice Pennington. Additionally, it also includes brand new interviews with the show's other past models like Chantel Dubay, Kathleen Bradley, Holly Hallstrom, Cindy Margolis, Gina Lee Nolin and Nikki Ziering. Hosted by Lisa Joyner, this aired on the TV Guide Channel (now Pop) on August 21, 2006 where it", "title": "The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)" }, { "id": "5241701", "score": "1.7267956", "text": "Chuck Woolery, Marco Antonio Regil, Alan Thicke, Drew Lachey, Jerry Springer, Joey Fatone, and current television announcer George Gray. Newton, Summers, Regil, Davidson, and Hamilton were contenders to replace Bob Barker, a job that ultimately went to Drew Carey. Davidson was also the host of a short-lived syndicated spinoff of the show known as \"The New Price Is Right\", which ran for four months in 1994. Regil, who is bilingual, hosted the Mexican version of the show (\"Atinale al Precio\"), which has aired at various times since 1997, including the current Warman-style UK Showcase format that debuted in April 2010.", "title": "The Price Is Right Live!" }, { "id": "14299882", "score": "1.7226503", "text": "Whose Line Is It Anyway? (U.S. TV series) Whose Line Is It Anyway? (often known as simply Whose Line?) is an improvisational comedy television show, an adaptation of the British show of the same name. It aired on ABC and ABC Family from August 5, 1998 to December 15, 2007, hosted by Drew Carey. A revival of the show, hosted by Aisha Tyler, began airing on The CW on July 16, 2013. The series features Ryan Stiles, Colin Mochrie, and Wayne Brady as its regular performers with the fourth seat occupied by a guest panelist. The show consists of a", "title": "Whose Line Is It Anyway? (U.S. TV series)" }, { "id": "7948635", "score": "1.7051237", "text": "who was a regular substitute for Monty Hall on \"Deal\", was selected to host both versions of the reincarnated show; however, he hosted only the syndicated version as CBS insisted that Bob Barker, then still hosting \"Truth or Consequences\", host the daytime show. While the syndicated version lasted only until 1980 (Barker replaced James on the syndicated version in 1977), the daytime version has been on the air five days per week since 1972, with Drew Carey replacing Barker in 2007. Two more syndicated versions aired during the 1985–86 and 1994-95 seasons (with the latter show being known as \"The", "title": "The Price Is Right (1956 U.S. game show)" }, { "id": "10250066", "score": "1.6972039", "text": "in the United States at the time, Fox's \"American Idol\". However, on January 24, 2008, it was reported that CBS removed the show from the schedule after four episodes due to low ratings, with a possible return in the summer. This summer run never materialized, and by April 30, the show had been canceled in favor of \"The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular\", also hosted by Carey. \"Power of 10\" was not included in CBS's 2008–09 schedule on May 13, 2008, confirming its cancellation. GSN picked up the rights to \"Power of 10\" episodes in March 2011. The episodes began", "title": "Power of 10 (U.S. game show)" }, { "id": "14299903", "score": "1.6845937", "text": "of the players included Colin Mochrie, Wayne Brady, Greg Proops, Jonathan Mangum, and Nicole Parker. However, on July 30, after only six episodes had aired, ABC pulled the remaining episodes after its host Fred Willard was arrested on a lewd-conduct charge at the Tiki Theater, an adult movie theater in Hollywood, California. In February 2013, Ryan Stiles revealed in an interview that he would be returning to Los Angeles in April for a new season of \"Whose Line\", hosted by Aisha Tyler and featuring the original cast of the U.S. version. Colin Mochrie would later confirm the revival. \"Whose Line", "title": "Whose Line Is It Anyway? (U.S. TV series)" }, { "id": "475732", "score": "1.6845937", "text": "of his wife Dorothy Jo, Barker signed off each broadcast, informing viewers with the public service message, \"Help control the pet population: have your pets spayed or neutered.\" Carey continued the tradition upon becoming the new host. On October 31, 2006, Barker announced that he would retire from the show at the end of season 35. In March 2007, CBS and FremantleMedia began a search for the next host of the show. Carey, who was hosting \"Power of 10\" at the time, was chosen and, in a July 23, 2007, interview on \"Late Show with David Letterman\", made the announcement.", "title": "The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)" }, { "id": "14299886", "score": "1.6703081", "text": "\"Whose Line Is It Anyway?\" features four performers, two of whom, Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles, were featured prominently in the UK original. Another performer who made frequent, recurring appearances was Wayne Brady. During his tenure as host, Drew Carey also took part, though only in one game, after one of the performers was declared the \"winner\" and allowed to take his place at his desk in the studio; host Aisha Tyler did not take part in games when the show was revived, but has occasionally joined in for a quick scene during the Scenes from a Hat game. Alongside", "title": "Whose Line Is It Anyway? (U.S. TV series)" }, { "id": "7743925", "score": "1.6654257", "text": "again on the same channel from 8 May 2006 until 12 January 2007, this time hosted by Joe Pasquale. Two one-off specials aired as part of ITV's \"Gameshow Marathon\" in September 2005 and April 2007. On 30 December 2017, it was revived for a one-off pilot hosted by Alan Carr on Channel 4. In 9 June 2017, Carr was announced as the new host. Leslie Crowther hosted the original UK version, having beaten Joe Brown to the role of host after both recorded pilot episodes. It was also notable for being produced by William G. Stewart (of later \"Fifteen to", "title": "The Price Is Right (UK game show)" }, { "id": "7908120", "score": "1.664309", "text": "The New Price Is Right (1994 game show) The New Price Is Right is a syndicated edition of the American game show \"The Price Is Right\" which aired from September 12, 1994 to January 27, 1995. Doug Davidson, who also appears on the CBS soap opera \"The Young and the Restless\", hosted with Burton Richardson as the announcer. The prize models were Julie Lynn Cialini, Ferrari Farris and Lisa Stahl. Kathy Greco, then associate producer of the CBS version of \"The Price Is Right\", served as this edition's producer while Jay Wolpert served as associate. The show was produced by", "title": "The New Price Is Right (1994 game show)" }, { "id": "475780", "score": "1.6614852", "text": "consecutive nights, May 23–25, 2016. On May 31, 2006, \"The Price Is Right\" was featured on the series \"Gameshow Marathon,\" one of seven classic game shows hosted by talk show host and actress Ricki Lake. This version combined aspects of the Barker and Davidson versions with the celebrity contestants playing three pricing games, followed by a Showcase Showdown where the \"two\" contestants with the highest scores moved on to the Showcase. The winner of the Showcase also earned a spot in Finalists' Row. This version was announced by Fields and taped in Studio 46. It also marked the first \"Price", "title": "The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)" }, { "id": "475784", "score": "1.6569569", "text": "Manuela Arbeláez, Amber Lancaster, Gwendolyn Osborne-Smith, Rachel Reynolds, and former Miss America Shanna Moakler. The three finalists appeared on the CBS daytime talk show \"The Talk\". Online voting determined the winner, and James O'Halloran became the newest cast member. He began appearing with the episode which aired December 15, 2014. As of November 2009, the show had given away approximately $250 million in cash and prizes. Furs have not been offered as prizes since Barker's tenure as host (although wool and leather are now permitted). Several Barker-imposed prohibitions have been lifted since his departure, such as offering products made of", "title": "The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)" }, { "id": "5296187", "score": "1.6542866", "text": "of his travel money to hire a taxi to take him to the offices of various agents around Hollywood. He eventually signed with Abrams, Rubaloff, & Lawrence and was tapped as a host on E! Entertainment Television in 1995. He hosted Hasbro Studios' popular \"Family Game Night\" and the syndicated \"Monopoly Millionaires' Club\". Newton has also hosted such productions including GSN's \"Hollywood Showdown\", \"Made in the USA\", \"World's Wildest Game Shows\", and \"Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck\". The Host With The Most® currently tours North America as host of \"The Price Is Right Live!\", an interactive theatrical production of", "title": "Todd Newton" }, { "id": "475711", "score": "1.653627", "text": "The Price Is Right (U.S. game show) The Price Is Right is an American television game show created by Bob Stewart, Mark Goodson and Bill Todman. The show revolves around contestants competing by identifying accurate pricing of merchandise to win cash and prizes. Contestants are selected from the studio audience when the announcer states the show's famous catchphrase, \"Come on down!\" The program premiered on September 4, 1972, on CBS. Bob Barker was the series' longest-running host from its 1972 debut until his retirement in June 2007, when Drew Carey took over. Barker was accompanied by a series of announcers,", "title": "The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)" }, { "id": "3795497", "score": "1.6496427", "text": "\"Beat the Odds\", produced in Los Angeles by Bill Carruthers. Afterward, he went on to host the local weekday program \"Dialing for Dollars\" for two and one-half years. In 1963, Gilbert was selected by Mark Goodson to replace Don Pardo as the announcer and audience host for the original Bill Cullen-hosted version of \"The Price Is Right\" when it moved from NBC to ABC. He hosted the show for the absent Bill Cullen on June 19, 1964. Gilbert also served as the announcer and audience host for Dinah Shore's syndicated daily talk show, which ran from 1974 until 1980. When", "title": "Johnny Gilbert" }, { "id": "475744", "score": "1.6496127", "text": "stated. Previous producers have included Jay Wolpert, Barbara Hunter and Phil Wayne Rossi (Wayne's son). Michael Dimich assumed the director's chair in June 2011. Marc Breslow, Paul Alter, Bart Eskander and Rich DiPirro each served long stints previously as director. Former associate directors Andrew Felsher and Fred Witten, as well as technical director Glenn Koch, have directed episodes strictly on a fill-in basis. Sandler began directing episodes in 2012, and became the official director in 2013. Aside from Barker, the show's production staff remained intact after Carey became host. FremantleMedia executive Syd Vinnedge was named the program's new executive producer,", "title": "The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)" }, { "id": "15145847", "score": "1.6458418", "text": "The Price Is Right (Philippine game show) There are two versions of The Price Is Right in the Philippines, aired on two networks. The first version aired every Sunday on ABC (now The 5 Network) and was hosted by Dawn Zulueta, with voice over provided off screen by Mark Mangaliman from 2001 to 2003. The second version, hosted by Kris Aquino on ABS-CBN, premiered on February 14, 2011. Voice over is provided by \"Rich,\" composed of the identically-named \"The Amazing Race Asia 4\" winners Richard Hardin and Richard Herrera ; at one point, due to a prior commitment by the", "title": "The Price Is Right (Philippine game show)" } ]

[ "Herningestrate", "Old North Road", "herningestrate", "stoke newington high street", "ermine street", "Ermine Street", "old north road", "Stoke Newington High Street" ]

[ { "id": "1531915", "score": "1.7832477", "text": "many later centuries the Great North Road between Nottinghamshire and West Yorkshire. Ermine Street Ermine Street is the name of a major Roman road in England that ran from London (\"Londinium\") to Lincoln (\"Lindum Colonia\") and York (\"Eboracum\"). The Old English name was \"Earninga Straete\" (1012), named after a tribe called the \"Earningas\", who inhabited a district later known as \"Armingford Hundred\", around Arrington, Cambridgeshire and Royston, Hertfordshire. \"Armingford\", and \"Arrington\" share the same Old English origin. The original Celtic and Roman names for the route remain unknown. It is also known as the Old North Road from London to", "title": "Ermine Street" }, { "id": "2732070", "score": "1.739605", "text": "section of Watling Street was begun in the years following the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD, it may have been known to the Romano-Britons as the \"Via Claudia\" in honour of Emperor Claudius (r.41-54 AD) who led the military campaign. The only Anglo-Saxon name which might be etymologically linked to an original Roman name is the Fosse Way between Exeter and Lincoln. \"Fosse\" may derive from \"fossa\", the Latin word for \"ditch\". But this is likely to be attributable to a popular, rather than official, Roman name for the route. Generally the Roman roads in Britain have names", "title": "Roman roads in Britannia" }, { "id": "4514285", "score": "1.7204478", "text": "the entirety of Dere Street is sometimes referenced as \"Watling Street\". It should not, however, be confused with the traditional route between Canterbury and Wroxeter in the south nor with the Carlisle route to its west. As far as Hadrian's Wall Dere Street roughly corresponds to the Antonine Itinerary's 1st British route, which however began further south than York and ended at the Wall: As the text implies, the road served to allow the legion garrisoned in York quick access to the eastern borderlands and, later, the eastern posts on Hadrian's Wall. The Itinerary's 2nd and 5th British routes—which split", "title": "Dere Street" }, { "id": "1531914", "score": "1.7174604", "text": "York was the shorter, but was not passable over the Humber Estuary during adverse weather conditions. Thus an alternative route was established (see also Roman roads in Britain). This 'alternative' route is detailed in the Antonine Itinerary and linked York (Eboracum), Castleford (Lagecium), Doncaster (Danum), Littleborough (Agelocum) and Lincoln (Lindum). Beginning at the modern Lincolnshire Showground the portion of this route in Lincolnshire is known as Till Bridge Lane, the modern A1500. The route in the Doncaster area, and again north of Castleford, is known as the Roman Ridge or Roman Rigg. A large section of this road formed for", "title": "Ermine Street" }, { "id": "1661380", "score": "1.6903903", "text": "at London. The Romans enabled the road to cross the marshy terrain without subsidence by laying down substrates of one to three layers of oak logs. This route, now known as Watling Street, then passed through the town from the bridgehead in a straight line to reconnect with its northern extension towards Viroconium (Wroxeter) and the legionary base at Deva Victrix (Chester). The Great Road ran northeast across Old Ford to Camulodunum (Colchester) and thence northeast along Pye Road to Venta Icenorum (Caistor St Edmund). Ermine Street ran north from the city to Lindum (Lincoln) and Eboracum (York). The Devil's", "title": "Londinium" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Roman roads in Britannia\n\nRoman roads in Britannia were initially designed for military use, created by the Roman Army during the nearly four centuries (AD 43–410) that Britannia was a province of the Roman Empire. \n\nIt is estimated that about of paved trunk roads (surfaced roads running between two towns or cities) were constructed and maintained throughout the province. Most of the known network was complete by 180. The primary function of the network was to allow rapid movement of troops and military supplies, but it subsequently provided vital infrastructure for commerce, trade and the transportation of goods.\n\nA considerable number of Roman roads remained in daily use as core trunk roads for centuries after the end of Roman rule in Britain in 410. Some routes are now part of the UK's national road network. Others have been lost or are of archeological and historical interest only.\n\nAfter the Romans departed, systematic construction of paved highways in the United Kingdom did not resume until the early 18th century. The Roman road network remained the only nationally managed highway system within Britain until the establishment of the Ministry of Transport in the early 20th century.", "title": "Roman roads in Britannia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "London Wall\n\nThe London Wall was a defensive wall first built by the Romans around the strategically important port town of Londinium in AD 200, and is now the name of a modern street in the City of London. It has origins as an initial mound wall and ditch from AD 100 and an initial fort, now called Cripplegate fort after the city gate (Cripplegate) that was positioned within its northern wall later on, built in 120-150 where it was then expanded upon by Roman builders into a city-wide defence. Over time, as Roman influence waned through the departure of the Roman army in 410, their withdrawal led to its disrepair, as political power on the island of Great Britain dispersed through the Heptarchy (seven kingdoms) period of Anglo-Saxon England. From the conquest of William the Conqueror,<ref name=\":2\" /> successive medieval restorations and repairs to its use have been undertaken. This wall largely defined the boundaries of the City of London until the later Middle Ages, when population rises and the development of towns around the city blurred the perimeter.<ref name=\":1\" />\n\nEvents such as the Wars of the Roses also played a part in the wall's development. This can be seen upon fragments of wall in the distinctive bricks used to increase its height through the diaper pattern bricks characteristic of the Tudor period and added crenellated battlements. Throughout its existence, the wall has served multiple purposes such as fortification, controlling the population, and acting as a ceremonial boundary for the city.\n\nFrom the 18th century onward, the expansion of the City of London saw large parts of the wall demolished, including its city gates, to improve traffic flow; or incorporated into new or existing buildings. Over time, parts of the wall have been lost through this development, although archeological and conservation efforts from the Second World War onward have helped to preserve sections of the city wall as scheduled monuments.\n\nLike most other city walls around England, and unlike rare examples such as York, the London Wall largely no longer exists, most of its foundations and/or surviving structures having been either buried underground or removed. Its existence, though, can still be seen through a number of uncovered and/ or preserved structures, records (see interactive map), and within modern urban architecture like the present road which echoes the perimeter of the northern section of the London Wall. ", "title": "London Wall" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hadrian's Wall\n\nHadrian's Wall (), also known as the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or \"Vallum Hadriani\" in Latin, is a former defensive fortification of the Roman province of Britannia, begun in AD 122 in the reign of the Emperor Hadrian. Running from Wallsend on the River Tyne in the east to Bowness-on-Solway in the west of what is now northern England, it was a stone wall with large ditches in front of it and behind it that crossed the whole width of the island. Soldiers were garrisoned along the line of the wall in large forts, smaller milecastles and intervening turrets.\n\nA significant portion of the wall still stands and can be followed on foot along the adjoining Hadrian's Wall Path. The largest Roman archaeological feature in Britain, it runs a total of in northern England. Regarded as a British cultural icon, Hadrian's Wall is one of Britain's major ancient tourist attractions. It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. The turf-built Antonine Wall in what is now central Scotland, which briefly superseded Hadrian's Wall before being abandoned, was declared a World Heritage Site in 2008.\n\nHadrian's Wall marked the boundary between Roman Britannia and unconquered Caledonia to the north. The wall lies entirely within England and has never officially formed the Anglo-Scottish border since Roman times, though it is often loosely or colloquially described as being such.", "title": "Hadrian's Wall" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Londinium\n\nLondinium, also known as Roman London, was the capital of Roman Britain during most of the period of Roman rule. It was originally a settlement established on the current site of the City of London around AD 47–50. It sat at a key crossing point over the River Thames which turned the city into a road nexus and major port, serving as a major commercial centre in Roman Britain until its abandonment during the 5th century.\n\nFollowing the foundation of the town in the mid-1st century, early Londinium occupied the relatively small area of , roughly half the area of the modern City of London and equivalent to the size of present-day Hyde Park. In the year 60 or 61, the rebellion of the Iceni under Boudica compelled the Roman forces to abandon the settlement, which was then razed. Following the defeat of Boudica by the Roman governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus a military installation was established and the city was rebuilt. It had probably largely recovered within about a decade. During the later decades of the 1st century, Londinium expanded rapidly, becoming Britannia's largest city, and it was provided with large public buildings such as a forum and amphitheatre. By the turn of the century, Londinium had grown to perhaps 30,000 or 60,000 people, almost certainly replacing Camulodunum (Colchester) as the provincial capital, and by the mid-2nd century Londinium was at its height. Its forum-basilica was one of the largest structures north of the Alps when the Emperor Hadrian visited Londinium in 122. Excavations have discovered evidence of a major fire that destroyed much of the city shortly thereafter, but the city was again rebuilt. By the second half of the 2nd century, Londinium appears to have shrunk in both size and population.\n\nAlthough Londinium remained important for the rest of the Roman period, no further expansion resulted. Londinium supported a smaller but stable settlement population as archaeologists have found that much of the city after this date was covered in dark earth—the by-product of urban household waste, manure, ceramic tile, and non-farm debris of settlement occupation, which accumulated relatively undisturbed for centuries. Some time between 190 and 225, the Romans built a defensive wall around the landward side of the city. The London Wall survived for another 1,600 years and broadly defined the perimeter of the old City of London.", "title": "Londinium" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Roman Britain" }, { "id": "2732051", "score": "1.6867404", "text": "bases at Colchester, Lincoln (\"Lindum\"), Wroxeter (\"Viroconium\"), Gloucester and Exeter. The Fosse Way, from Exeter to Lincoln, was also built at this time to connect these bases with each other, marking the effective boundary of the early Roman province. During the Flavian period (69–96 AD), the roads to Lincoln, Wroxeter and Gloucester were extended (by 80) to the new (and definitive) legionary bases at York, Chester and Caerleon respectively. By 96 further extensions from York to Corbridge, and from Chester to Carlisle and Caernarfon (\"Segontium\"), were completed as Roman rule was extended over Wales (\"Cambria\") and northern England (\"Brigantia\"). Stanegate,", "title": "Roman roads in Britannia" }, { "id": "1706672", "score": "1.6799073", "text": "documented northern routes are the roads created by the Romans during the period from AD 43 to AD 410, which consisted of several \"itinera\" (plural of \"iter\") recorded in the Antonine Itinerary. A combination of these were used by the Anglo-Saxons as the route from London to York, and together became known as Ermine Street. Ermine Street later became known as the Old North Road. Part of this route in London is followed by the current A10. By the 12th century, because of flooding and damage by traffic, an alternative route out of London was found through Muswell Hill, and", "title": "A1 road (Great Britain)" }, { "id": "1531907", "score": "1.6699078", "text": "Ermine Street Ermine Street is the name of a major Roman road in England that ran from London (\"Londinium\") to Lincoln (\"Lindum Colonia\") and York (\"Eboracum\"). The Old English name was \"Earninga Straete\" (1012), named after a tribe called the \"Earningas\", who inhabited a district later known as \"Armingford Hundred\", around Arrington, Cambridgeshire and Royston, Hertfordshire. \"Armingford\", and \"Arrington\" share the same Old English origin. The original Celtic and Roman names for the route remain unknown. It is also known as the Old North Road from London to where it joins the A1 Great North Road near Godmanchester. Ermine Street", "title": "Ermine Street" }, { "id": "4514283", "score": "1.66096", "text": "Dere Street Dere Street or Deere Street is a modern designation of a Roman road which ran north from Eboracum (York), crossing the Stanegate at Corbridge (Hadrian's Wall was crossed at the Portgate, just to the north) and continuing beyond into what is now Scotland, later at least as far as the Antonine Wall. Portions of its route are still followed by modern roads, including the A1 (south of the River Tees) and the A68 north of Corbridge. The Roman name for the route is lost. Its English name corresponds with the post-Roman Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Deira, through which the", "title": "Dere Street" }, { "id": "4911378", "score": "1.6515743", "text": "had withdrawn from Britain and their roads wore out, people began to wander from the Roman road lines where they could find a more secure footing by taking another line. The Roman equivalent of the A1 was built to a very high standard, during the early years of Roman rule in Britain. The English successors of the Romans in Britain, called this road Ermine Street from their word for \"soldier\", compare the German personal name, Herman. The twenty kilometre length of Ermine Street, at roughly the centre of which, the line of the A151 lies, passed over chalky till (boulder", "title": "A151 road" }, { "id": "2732069", "score": "1.6478798", "text": "one of four former Roman roads named as public rights of way under the Laws of Edward the Confessor in the early 11th century.). However the Romans may have given each section of Saxon \"Watling Street\" entirely different names as the route was built sequentially over several decades in relation to the territory taken by the Romans as they subjugated Britain. Official road names were usually taken from the Emperor in whose reign they were completed, e.g. the Via Traiana from Rome to Brindisi in southern Italy was named after the Emperor Trajan (r.98-117 AD). As the Dover to London", "title": "Roman roads in Britannia" }, { "id": "10220601", "score": "1.6407123", "text": "via the Department for Transport. The A1 is the latest in a series of routes north from London to York and beyond, and was formed in 1921 by the Ministry of Transport as part of the Great Britain road numbering scheme. The earliest documented northern routes out of London are the roads created by the Romans during the period 43 to 410 AD, which consisted of a variety of \"Iters\" on the Antonine Itinerary, a combination of which were used by the Anglo-Saxons as the route from London to York, and which became known as Ermine Street. Ermine Street later", "title": "A1 in London" }, { "id": "18600262", "score": "1.6334474", "text": "a lower height. The London portion of the road was rediscovered during Christopher Wren's rebuilding of St Mary-le-Bow church in 1671–73, following the Great Fire. Modern excavations date its construction to the winter from AD 47 to 48. Around London, it was wide and paved with gravel. It was repeatedly redone, including at least twice before the sack of London by Boudica's troops in 60 or 61. The road ran straight from the bridgehead on the Thames to what would become Newgate on the London Wall before passing over Ludgate Hill and the Fleet, separating into the Devil's Highway and", "title": "Devil's Highway (Roman Britain)" }, { "id": "1534572", "score": "1.6313213", "text": "(High Cross) and Bannaventa (Norton); it is listed as taking 24 Roman miles rather than 17. The more direct route north from Londinium (London) to Eboracum (York) was Ermine Street. The stations between Eboracum and Cataractonium (Catterick) were shared with Dere Street, which then branched off to the northeast. Durocobrivis (Dunstable) was the site of the path's intersection with the Icknield Way. The Maiden Way ran from Bravoniacum (Kirkby Thore) to the lead and silver mines at Epiacum (Whitley Castle) and on to Hadrian's Wall. By the time of the Saxon invasions, the Roman bridge across the Thames had presumably", "title": "Watling Street" }, { "id": "1661379", "score": "1.6303071", "text": "Welsh or Old English names, as their original Roman names have been entirely lost due to the lack of written and inscribed sources. (It was customary elsewhere to name roads after the emperor during whose principate they were completed, but the number and vicinity of routes completed during the time of Claudius would seem to have made this impractical in Britain's case.) The road from the Kentish ports of Rutupiae (Richborough), Dubris (Dover), and Lemanis (Lympne) via Durovernum (Canterbury) seems to have first crossed the Thames at a natural ford near Westminster before being diverted north to the new bridge", "title": "Londinium" }, { "id": "12258681", "score": "1.6295489", "text": "to find their way into the construction of Jarrow Priory. The wall fascinated John Speed, who published a set of maps of England and Wales by county at the start of the 17th century. He described it as \"the Picts Wall\" (or \"Pictes\"; he uses both spellings). \"A map of Newecastle\" (sic), drawn in 1610 by William Matthew, described it as \"Severus' Wall\", mistakenly giving it the name ascribed by Bede to the Antonine Wall. The maps for Cumberland and Northumberland not only show the wall as a major feature, but are ornamented with drawings of Roman finds, together with,", "title": "Hadrian's Wall" }, { "id": "5883930", "score": "1.6236004", "text": "King Street (Roman road) King Street is the name of a modern road on the line of a Roman road. It runs on a straight course in eastern England, between the City of Peterborough and South Kesteven in Lincolnshire. This English name has long been applied to the part which is still in use and which lies between Ailsworth Heath, in the south and Kate's Bridge, in the north. The old road continued to Bourne thence north-westwards to join Ermine Street south of Ancaster. This part of Ermine Street is called High Dike. In the south, King Street joined Ermine", "title": "King Street (Roman road)" }, { "id": "1320770", "score": "1.6218932", "text": "1751–1752, a new Military Road was built by General George Wade in the wake of the Jacobite rising of 1745. Stanegate The Stanegate, or \"stone road\" (Old Norse), was an important Roman road built in what is now northern England. It linked two forts that guarded important river crossings; Corstopitum (Corbridge) on the Tyne in the east, and situated on Dere Street, and Luguvalium (Carlisle) on the Eden in the west. The Stanegate ran through the natural gap formed by the valleys of the Tyne and Irthing. It predated Hadrian's Wall by several decades; the Wall would later follow a", "title": "Stanegate" }, { "id": "9812048", "score": "1.6170639", "text": "which bears a plaque commemorating its building by Emperor Hadrian. At the Eastern end an earth-walled settlement. The Roman Road does not have a popular name, but a straight line road route from Staines to London Wall can clearly be traced on modern maps via the A30, A315, A402 and Oxford Street. It passes through modern Hounslow, Brentford, Kensington and Holborn, interrupted only by a stretch of the District line between Gunnersbury and Turnham Green. An early Saxon route from The Strand out of the City via Charing Cross in northern Westminster supplemented this and became a rival road from", "title": "Staines Bridge" }, { "id": "6690418", "score": "1.6168575", "text": "section of Ermine Street, the Roman Rigg or Roman Ridge. Further north the Great North Road crossed the Roman Dere Street near Boroughbridge from where it continued via Dishforth and Topcliffe to Northallerton and then through Darlington, Durham and Newcastle, on to Edinburgh. A road forked to the left at the bridge in Boroughbridge to follow Dere Street, and Scotch Corner to Penrith and on to Glasgow. Part of this route was the original A1, with a local road from Scotch Corner via Barton to Darlington making the link back to the old Great North Road. In the first era", "title": "Great North Road (Great Britain)" } ]

[ "child killing their mother", "Daughter who kills her mother", "Act of killing one's mother", "son killed his mother", "to kill one s mother", "Son kills his mother", "act of killing one s own mother", "To kill your mother", "Child killing her mother", "Daughter who killed her mother", "killing your mother", "To kill your own mother", "to kill your own mother", "child killed his mother", "Child who killed their mother", "Child who kills his mother", "daughter killing her mother", "daughter who killed her mother", "Son who kills his mother", "child who kills her mother", "matricide", "Child killed their mother", "child kills their mother", "child who kills their mother", "Child kills his mother", "killing your own mother", "Killing your mother", "Child killing his mother", "son kills his mother", "child who killed their mother", "child killing his mother", "to kill your mother", "Daughter kills her mother", "killing one s mother", "child kills her mother", "son who kills his mother", "killing one s own mother", "Son killed his mother", "son who killed his mother", "Child killed his mother", "daughter killed her mother", "Act of killing your own mother", "son killing his mother", "daughter kills her mother", "Son who killed his mother", "daughter who kills her mother", "Child who kills their mother", "To kill one's mother", "Child killed her mother", "child killing her mother", "Act of killing your mother", "Child who killed her mother", "Child who killed his mother", "child who kills his mother", "Child killing their mother", "act of killing your own mother", "to kill one s own mother", "To kill one's own mother", "child killed their mother", "Act of killing one's own mother", "Daughter killing her mother", "Daughter killed her mother", "Matricide", "Child kills her mother", "Killing one's own mother", "act of killing your mother", "child who killed her mother", "child who killed his mother", "Child who kills her mother", "Killing one's mother", "Killing your own mother", "child killed her mother", "Child kills their mother", "child kills his mother", "act of killing one s mother", "Son killing his mother" ]

[ { "id": "2193567", "score": "1.5696118", "text": "Filicide Filicide is the deliberate act of a parent killing their own child. The word \"filicide\" derives from the Latin words \"filius\" meaning \"son\" or \"filia\" meaning daughter, and the suffix \"-cide\" meaning to kill, murder, or cause death. \"Filicide\" may refer both to the parent who killed his or her child, as well as to the criminal act that the parent committed. A 1999 United States Department of Justice study concluded that between 1976 and 1997 in the United States, mothers were responsible for a higher share of children killed during infancy, while fathers were more likely to have", "title": "Filicide" }, { "id": "19561725", "score": "1.5687923", "text": "of men by other men, during intoxication. The second category could be called \"failed collective suicide\" as it involved a mother poisoning her children and then attempting to poison herself, but failing in the latter. The third category is the \"crime of passion\", where a man kills his wife out of jealousy when she expresses the desire to leave him. The \"jealousy\" is said to be the uncontrollable feeling that drives the person to commit the murder, and the reason for this uncontrollable feeling is the actions of the victim. The victim is hence blamed by the perpetrator, who often", "title": "Historical murders and executions in Stockholm" }, { "id": "14328556", "score": "1.5615941", "text": "mother who kills her child during or immediately after childbirth due to distress, fear of infamy or under the influence of a debilitation, bewilderment or perplexity caused by giving birth and is punished with imprisonment for up to four years. Euthanasia is defined as killing somebody on their definite request and is punished with imprisonment for up to three years. While attempting suicide is not considered criminal in Danish law, assisting somebody in committing suicide is punishable by imprisonment for up to three years. Besides deliberate killing, Danish law contains two offences regarding unintentional killing of someone. Negligent homicide (uagtsomt", "title": "Murder (Danish law)" }, { "id": "10104935", "score": "1.5359286", "text": "Mothers of Murdered Offspring Mothers of Murdered Offspring (MoMO) is a victims' rights organization in Charlotte, N.C. It was founded in March 1993 by Dee Sumpter and Judy Williams after the death of their daughter and god-daughter, Shawna Denise Hawk, on February 19, 1993. Mothers of Murdered Offspring was conceived in 1993 as a support group for survivors, at a time when Mecklenburg County had the highest record year for homicides: a total of 129. They were instrumental in bringing serial killer Henry Louis Wallace to justice and of his eventual conviction as well as consoling the 11 murdered victims'", "title": "Mothers of Murdered Offspring" }, { "id": "10500348", "score": "1.5183703", "text": "prosecution of the offender\" (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2008). Laci Peterson, murdered in 2002, is one of the more high-profile homicides. Currently in the North Carolina Senate, a bill called the SB 353 Unborn Victims of Violence Act is being considered for legislation that would create a separate criminal offense for the death of a fetus when the mother is murdered. The North Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence does not support this law for numerous reasons including failure to see violence against the mother as the cause of the fetal death. The Coalition does, however, support the position of", "title": "Murder of pregnant women" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of types of killing\n\nIn the English language, terms for types of killing often end in the suffix \"-cide\".\n", "title": "List of types of killing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Parricide\n\nParricide refers to the deliberate killing of one’s own father and mother, spouse (husband or wife), children, and/or close relative. However, the term is sometimes used more generally to refer to the intentional killing of a near relative. It is an umbrella term that can be used to refer to acts of matricide and patricide.\n\nMatricide refers to the deliberate killing of one’s own mother. Patricide refers to the deliberate killing of one’s own father. The term parricide is also used to refer to many familicides (i.e. family annihilations wherein at least one parent is murdered along with other family members).\n\nSocieties consider parricide a serious crime and parricide offenders are subject to criminal prosecution under the homicide laws which are established in places (i.e. countries, states, etc.) in which parricides occur. According to the law, in most countries, an adult who is convicted of parricide faces a long-term prison sentence, a life sentence, or even capital punishment. Youthful parricide offenders who are younger than the age of majority (e.g. 18 year olds in the United States) may be prosecuted under less stringent laws which are designed to take their special needs and development into account but these laws are usually waived and as a result, most youthful parricide offenders are transferred into the Adult Judicial System.\n\nParricide offenders are typically divided into two categories, 1) youthful parricide offenders (i.e. ages 8–24) and 2) adult parricide offenders (i.e. ages 25 and older) because the motivations and situations surrounding parricide events change as a child matures.", "title": "Parricide" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Matricide\n\nMatricide is the act of killing one's own mother.\n\n\n", "title": "Matricide" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Filicide\n\nFilicide is the deliberate act of a parent killing their own child. The word \"filicide\" is derived from the Latin words and ('son' and 'daughter') and the suffix \"-cide\", meaning to kill, murder, or cause death. The word can refer both to the crime and to the perpetrator of the crime.", "title": "Filicide" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Patricide\n\nPatricide is (i) the act of killing one's own father, or (ii) a person who kills their own father or stepfather. The word \"patricide\" derives from the Greek word \"pater\" (father) and the Latin suffix \"-cida\" (cutter or killer). Patricide is a sub-form of parricide, which is defined as an act of killing a close relative. In many cultures and religions patricide was considered one of the worst sins. For example, according to Marcus Tullius Cicero, in the Roman Republic it was the only crime for which the civilian could be sentenced to death.", "title": "Patricide" }, { "id": "206756", "score": "1.5130172", "text": "of infanticide as one which would otherwise amount to murder (by his/her mother) if the victim was older than 12 months and the mother was not suffering from an imbalance of mind due to the effects of childbirth or lactation. Where a mother who has killed such an infant has been charged with murder rather than infanticide s.1(3) of the Act confirms that a jury has the power to find alternative verdicts of Manslaughter in English law or guilty but insane. Article 200 of the Penal Code of Romania stipulates that the killing of a newborn during the first 24", "title": "Infanticide" }, { "id": "865881", "score": "1.5115583", "text": "and her son Ptolemy X. In modern cultures, matricide (the killing of one's mother) and filicide (the killing of one's son or daughter) have been studied but remain poorly understood. Psychosis and schizophrenia are common causes of both, and young, indigent mothers with a history of domestic abuse are slightly more likely to commit filicide. Mothers are more likely to commit filicide than fathers when the child is 8 years old or younger. Matricide is most frequently committed by adult sons. In the United States in 2012, there were 130 matricides (0.4 per million people) and 383 filicides (1.2 per", "title": "Mother" }, { "id": "14328648", "score": "1.5113802", "text": "influence of the effects of giving birth and it is a lex specialis to article 111. It is the intentional killing of the baby by its mother. It is classified as a misdemeanour and punishable by a term of imprisonment not exceeding three years or a fine. Homicide through negligence (\"Fahrlässige Tötung\", \"Homicide par négligence\", or \"Omicido colposo\") occurs when a person's unintentional behaviour causes the death of another person due to a negligent act or due to the person having neglected to act that a reasonable person could have expected of him. It is a misdemeanour and punishable by", "title": "Murder (Swiss law)" }, { "id": "7986830", "score": "1.5020092", "text": "The Cruel Mother \"The Cruel Mother\" (a.k.a. \"The Greenwood Side\" or \"Greenwood Sidey\") (Child 20, Roud 9) is a murder ballad originating in England that has since become popular throughout the wider English-speaking world. According to Roud and Bishop A woman gives birth to one or two illegitimate children (usually sons) in the woods, kills them, and buries them. On her return trip home, she sees a child, or children, playing, and says that if they were hers, she would dress them in various fine garments and otherwise take care of them. The children tell her that when they were", "title": "The Cruel Mother" }, { "id": "6949341", "score": "1.4938546", "text": "medical context. It was held a trespass to the person that the hospital terminated the pregnancy involuntarily due to the mother being diagnosed with severe pre-eclampsia. The court held that an unborn child's need for medical assistance does not prevail over the mother's autonomy and she is entitled to refuse consent to treatment, whether her own life or that of her unborn child depends on it (see a discussion in Omission (criminal law)). It also can be contrasted against the United States Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004. Under this law, the intent to cause harm (\"mens rea\") from", "title": "Murder in English law" }, { "id": "11192268", "score": "1.4909275", "text": "right of a father to kill his own children was protected. It was not until the 4th century that the Roman state, influenced by Christianity, began to regard filicide as a crime. Still, mothers who killed their infants or newborns received lesser sentences under both the laws of the church and the state. The church consistently dealt more leniently with those mothers whose children died by \"overlying,\" an accidental death by smothering when a sleeping parent rolled over on the infant. The opinions of the church in these deaths may reflect an awareness of one of society's first attempts to", "title": "Neonaticide" }, { "id": "272261", "score": "1.4893312", "text": "their children of up to one year of age. The United States does not have such a law, but mentally ill mothers may plead not guilty by reason of insanity.\" In the law of the Republic of Ireland, infanticide was made a separate crime from murder in 1949, applicable for the mother of a baby under one year old where \"the balance of her mind was disturbed by reason of her not having fully recovered from the effect of giving birth to the child or by reason of the effect of lactation consequent upon the birth of the child\". Since", "title": "Murder" }, { "id": "14328547", "score": "1.4851084", "text": "the accused committed the murder in the context of one of the criteria listed for first degree murder (under s. 231(5)), then the jury must be satisfied the accused was a \"substantial cause\" of the victim's death and had planned the act befor performing it (pre-meditated) before finding the accused guilty of first degree murder. Manslaughter is any culpable homicide which is \"not\" murder or infanticide. Infanticide is the killing of a newly-born child by its mother where the mother's mind was disturbed as a result of giving birth or of consequent lactation. Murder occurs In Canada, murder is classified", "title": "Murder (Canadian law)" }, { "id": "4054707", "score": "1.4825683", "text": "of killing her infant than the mandatory life sentence or death sentence applying to murder at the time. In recent years, it has become very rare for a mother who kills her infant child to receive a custodial sentence, except in very exceptional circumstances. In a report the terms of which were agreed on 1 November 2006, the Law Commission recognised the difficulties facing the court when a defendant is in denial and unwilling to submit to psychiatric examination, as she perceives the purpose of such examination as an attempt to prove her guilt. In such cases, the mother is", "title": "Infanticide Act" }, { "id": "206702", "score": "1.4816594", "text": "was still common in the nineteenth century. One of a pair of twins was always sacrificed. The Svans killed newborn females by filling their mouths with hot ashes. Infanticide (as a crime) gained both popular and bureaucratic significance in Victorian Britain. By the mid 19th century, in the context of criminal lunacy and the insanity defence, killing one's own child(ren) attracted ferocious debate, as the role of women in society was defined by motherhood, and it was thought that any woman who murdered her own child was by definition insane and could not be held responsible for her actions. Several", "title": "Infanticide" }, { "id": "17230529", "score": "1.4807103", "text": "the murder of one's own \"father\", (i.e., patricide), was simply morally \"unthinkable\". According to Cloud and other modern scholars of Roman classical antiquity, a fundamental shift in the punishment of murderers may have occurred towards the end of the 3rd century BCE, possibly spurred on by \"specific\" incidents like that of Lucius Hostius' murder of his father, and, more \"generally\", occasioned by the concomitant brutalization of society in the wake of the protracted wars with Hannibal. Previously, murderers would have been handed over to the family of the victim to exact their vengeance, whereas from the 2nd century BCE and", "title": "Poena cullei" }, { "id": "14328647", "score": "1.4764144", "text": "who intentionally and for an immoral motive incites or assists a person to commit suicide (\"Verleitung und Beihilfe mum Selbstmord\", \"Incitation et assistance au suicide\", \"Istigazione e aiuto al suicido\"). The victim's attempt must not necessarily be successful in order for article 115 to be invoked. It is a lex specialis to article 111. It is classified as a felony and punishable by a term of imprisonment not exceeding five years or a fine. Infanticide (\"Kindestötung\", \"Infanticide\", or \"Infanticidio\"), in Swiss law, can only be committed by the mother of the victim either during birth or whilst still under the", "title": "Murder (Swiss law)" }, { "id": "272262", "score": "1.4732184", "text": "independence, death sentences for murder in such cases had always been commuted; the new act was intended \"to eliminate all the terrible ritual of the black cap and the solemn words of the judge pronouncing sentence of death in those cases ... where it is clear to the Court and to everybody, except perhaps the unfortunate accused, that the sentence will never be carried out.\" In Russia, murder of a newborn child by the mother has been separate crime since 1996. For a killing to be considered murder in nine out of fifty states in the US, there normally needs", "title": "Murder" }, { "id": "1487182", "score": "1.4714556", "text": "B.C.E. permitted the murder of daughters and their lovers who committed adultery at the hands of their fathers and also permitted the murder of the adulterous wife's lover at the hand of her husband. Killing due to adultery traditionally fell under the provocation defense. In 1707, English Lord Chief Justice John Holt described the act of a man having sexual relations with another man's wife as \"the highest invasion of property\" and claimed, in regard to the aggrieved husband, that \"a man cannot receive a higher provocation\". Although provocation in English law was abolished on 4 October 2010 by section", "title": "Crime of passion" }, { "id": "2653116", "score": "1.4702528", "text": "found on the dark web advertising their services. Honor killing is a type of murder when a person kills a member of his or her family for tarnishing the family image. Usually the victim is a woman who has violated sexual norms, such as refusing an arranged marriage or having relationships with unapproved, unrelated men. It is often a proxy murder, in which the order to kill is given out by the head of the family, usually the father, instructing a brother to kill his sister. In some very rare cases, hit men have been hired to perform the honor", "title": "Proxy murder" } ]

[ "The brain and spinal cord", "brain and spinal cord" ]

[ { "id": "3085101", "score": "1.7878051", "text": "loan translation of Arabic (umm al-dimāgh al-ṣafīcah), literally \"thick mother of the brain\", matrix of the brain, and is also referred to by the term \"pachymeninx\" (plural \"pachymeninges\"). The dura has been described as \"tough\" and \"leather-like\". Dura mater Dura mater, or dura, is a thick membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three layers of membrane called the meninges that protect the central nervous system. The other two meningeal layers are the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal", "title": "Dura mater" }, { "id": "3085092", "score": "1.6905096", "text": "Dura mater Dura mater, or dura, is a thick membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three layers of membrane called the meninges that protect the central nervous system. The other two meningeal layers are the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is derived from neural crest cells. The dura mater has several functions and layers. The dura mater is a membrane that envelops the arachnoid mater. It", "title": "Dura mater" }, { "id": "3085093", "score": "1.5332797", "text": "surrounds and supports the dural sinuses (also called dural venous sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses) and carries blood from the brain toward the heart. The dura mater has two layers, or \"lamellae\": The superficial layer (also called the periosteal layer), which serves as the skull's inner periosteum, called the endocranium; and a deep layer called the meningeal layer; the actual dura mater. When it covers the spinal cord it is known as the \"dural sac\" or thecal sac. The dura separates into two layers at \"dural reflections\" (also known as \"dural folds\"), places where the inner dural layer is", "title": "Dura mater" }, { "id": "5762469", "score": "1.4998765", "text": "Durabis Durabis (Latin for \"you will last\") is a brand name for a clear polymer coating developed by the TDK Corporation. The need for a protective polymer arose because the data layer on Blu-ray discs is much closer to the surface of the disc than in other disc formats, such as HD DVD. One of its principal applications at first was for scratch resistance in Blu-ray and other optical discs. It is claimed to be tough enough to resist screwdriver damage and make scratched optical discs (CDs and DVDs) a thing of the past. To meet Blu-ray's specifications, TDK's coating", "title": "Durabis" }, { "id": "2410000", "score": "1.4688404", "text": "sac that envelops the arachnoid mater and surrounds and supports the large dural sinuses carrying blood from the brain toward the heart. The dura has four areas of infolding: The middle element of the meninges is the arachnoid mater, so named because of its spider web-like appearance. It cushions the central nervous system. This thin, transparent membrane is composed of fibrous tissue and, like the pia mater, is covered by flat cells also thought to be impermeable to fluid. The shape of the arachnoid does not follow the convolutions of the surface of the brain and so looks like a", "title": "Meninges" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Meninges\n\nIn anatomy, the meninges (, \"singular:\" meninx ( or ), ) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. In mammals, the meninges are the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is located in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges is to protect the central nervous system.", "title": "Meninges" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dura mater\n\nIn neuroanatomy, dura mater is a thick membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three layers of membrane called the meninges that protect the central nervous system. The other two meningeal layers are the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. It envelops the arachnoid mater, which is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is derived primarily from the neural crest cell population, with postnatal contributions of the paraxial mesoderm.", "title": "Dura mater" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Spinal cord\n\nThe spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone). The backbone encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and then enters the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it ends. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. It is around long in adult men and around long in adult women. The diameter of the spinal cord ranges from in the cervical and lumbar regions to in the thoracic area.\n\nThe spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes. It is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits known as central pattern generators. These circuits are responsible for controlling motor instructions for rhythmic movements such as walking.", "title": "Spinal cord" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pia mater\n\nPia mater ( or ), often referred to as simply the pia, is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. \"Pia mater\" is medieval Latin meaning \"tender mother\". The pia mater allows blood vessels to pass through and nourish the brain. The perivascular space between blood vessels and pia mater is proposed to be part of a pseudolymphatic system for the brain (glymphatic system). When the pia mater becomes irritated and inflamed the result is meningitis.", "title": "Pia mater" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fontanelle\n\nA fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising soft membranous gaps (sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria of a fetus or an infant. Fontanelles allow for stretching and deformation of the neurocranium both during birth and later as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow. Premature complete ossification of the sutures is called craniosynostosis.\n\nAfter infancy, the anterior fontanelle is known as the bregma.", "title": "Fontanelle" }, { "id": "3085098", "score": "1.4612464", "text": "procedures, such as removal of a brain tumour, or treatment of trigeminal neuralgia via a microvascular decompression require that an incision is made to the dura mater. To achieve a watertight repair and avoid potential post-operative complications the dura is typically closed with sutures. In the event that there is a dural deficiency, a dural substitute may be used to replace this membrane. Small gaps in the dura can be covered with a surgical sealant film. In 2011, researchers discovered a connective tissue bridge from the rectus capitis posterior major to the cervical dura mater. Various clinical manifestations may be", "title": "Dura mater" }, { "id": "17364879", "score": "1.4382523", "text": "Dua's layer Dua's layer, according to a 2013 paper by Harminder Singh Dua's group at the University of Nottingham, is a layer of the cornea that had not been detected previously. It is hypothetically thick, the fourth caudal layer, and located between the corneal stroma and Descemet's membrane. Despite its thinness, the layer is very strong and impervious to air. It is strong enough to withstand up to 2 bars (200 kPa) of pressure. While some scientists welcomed the announcement, other scientists cautioned that time was needed for other researchers to confirm the discovery and its significance. Others have met", "title": "Dua's layer" }, { "id": "6314612", "score": "1.436449", "text": "adjacent to the periodontal ligament (PDL), called the lamina dura when viewed on radiographs. It is this part which is attached to the cementum of the roots by the periodontal ligament. It is uniformly radiopaque (or lighter). Integrity of the lamina dura is important when studying radiographs for pathological lesions. The alveolar process has a supporting bone, both of which have the same components: fibers, cells, intercellular substances, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics. The alveolar process is the lining of the tooth socket or alveolus (plural, alveoli). Although the alveolar process is composed of compact bone, it may be called", "title": "Alveolar process" }, { "id": "5582210", "score": "1.4050406", "text": "dura. The dura is opened to expose the cerebellum. The cerebellum is allowed to fall out of the way exposing the side of the brainstem. Using a microscope and micro-instruments, the arachnoid membrane is dissected allowing visualization of the 8th, 7th and finally the trigeminal nerve. The offending loop of blood vessel is then mobilized. Frequently a groove or indentation is seen in the nerve where the offending vessel was in contact with the nerve. Less often the nerve is thin and pale. Once the vessel is mobilized a sponge like material is placed between the nerve and the offending", "title": "Microvascular decompression" }, { "id": "12964540", "score": "1.3970528", "text": "bodies are found in the ventral (or anterior) gray horns of the spinal cord. The spinal cord (and brain) are protected by three layers of tissue or membranes called meninges, that surround the canal . The dura mater is the outermost layer, and it forms a tough protective coating. Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is a space called the epidural space. The epidural space is filled with adipose tissue, and it contains a network of blood vessels. The arachnoid mater, the middle protective layer, is named for its open, spiderweb-like appearance. The space between", "title": "Spinal cord" }, { "id": "3199449", "score": "1.3917898", "text": "Periosteum The periosteum is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of all long bones. The periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. It is divided into an outer \"fibrous layer\" and inner \"cambium layer\" (or \"osteogenic layer\"). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture the progenitor", "title": "Periosteum" }, { "id": "12598734", "score": "1.3857019", "text": "the tiny spicules of bone crisscrossing the cancellous bone that make it look spongy. These trabeculae separate the cancellous bone into tiny compartments which contain the blood producing marrow. Lamina dura Lamina dura is compact bone that lies adjacent to the periodontal ligament, in the tooth socket. The lamina dura surrounds the tooth socket and provides the attachment surface with which the Sharpey's fibers of the periodontal ligament perforate. On an x-ray a lamina dura will appear as a radiopaque line surrounding the tooth root. An intact lamina dura is seen as a sign of healthy periodontium. Lamina dura, along", "title": "Lamina dura" }, { "id": "12598733", "score": "1.3828328", "text": "Lamina dura Lamina dura is compact bone that lies adjacent to the periodontal ligament, in the tooth socket. The lamina dura surrounds the tooth socket and provides the attachment surface with which the Sharpey's fibers of the periodontal ligament perforate. On an x-ray a lamina dura will appear as a radiopaque line surrounding the tooth root. An intact lamina dura is seen as a sign of healthy periodontium. Lamina dura, along with the periodontal ligament, plays an important role in bone remodeling and thus in orthodontic tooth movement. Under the lamina dura is the less bright cancellous bone. Trabeculae are", "title": "Lamina dura" }, { "id": "2855629", "score": "1.3806659", "text": "durometer of a wheel is how hard the urethane is. A softer wheel will be ultimately slower than a harder wheel on smooth surface. When the road surface gets rougher a softer wheel provides a smoother, faster ride. The fastest duro for the normal road is around 80a. Softer wheels have more grip than harder wheels on any surface. The contact patch of a wheel is the width of the section of the wheel that makes contact with the road. Generally, the wider the wheel, the more traction it will have. Wheels can be anywhere from in width, but most", "title": "Longboard (skateboard)" }, { "id": "5762471", "score": "1.3715925", "text": "the present protective layer represents \"the first generation\" of the coating and that the company has been refining the technology to better suit Blu-ray Discs. Although it might seem possible to adapt the polymer to other uses in LCD, CRT, and plasma screens, TDK plans to target the DVD market for now, because scratches are so common on DVDs that in the rental market, they may only last about 12 to 13 rentals on average. Durabis Durabis (Latin for \"you will last\") is a brand name for a clear polymer coating developed by the TDK Corporation. The need for a", "title": "Durabis" }, { "id": "1675337", "score": "1.3664153", "text": "of the ring, where it provides greater strength. The stiff laminae can withstand compressive forces. The fibrous intervertebral disc contains the \"nucleus pulposus\" and this helps to distribute pressure evenly across the disc. This prevents the development of stress concentrations which could cause damage to the underlying vertebrae or to their endplates. The nucleus pulposus contains loose fibers suspended in a mucoprotein gel. The nucleus of the disc acts as a shock absorber, absorbing the impact of the body's activities and keeping the two vertebrae separated. It is the remnant of the notochord. There is one disc between each pair", "title": "Intervertebral disc" }, { "id": "1957828", "score": "1.3654933", "text": "protective membranes of the tough dura mater, the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the skull and spine provides further protection and also buoyancy, and is found in the subarachnoid space between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The CSF that is produced in the ventricular system is also necessary for chemical stability, and the provision of nutrients needed by the brain. The CSF helps to protect the brain from jolts and knocks to the head and also provides buoyancy and support to the brain against gravity. (Since the brain and CSF are similar", "title": "Ventricular system" }, { "id": "4428627", "score": "1.3641462", "text": "together are collectively referred to as the basement membrane. The basal lamina layer can further be divided into two layers. The clear layer closer to the epithelium is called the lamina lucida, while the dense layer closer to the connective tissue is called the lamina densa. The electron-dense lamina densa membrane is about 30–70 nanometers thick, and consists of an underlying network of reticular collagen IV fibrils which average 30 nanometers in diameter and 0.1–2 micrometers in thickness. In addition to collagen, this supportive matrix contains intrinsic macromolecular components. The lamina densa, whose collagen IV fibers are coated with the", "title": "Basement membrane" }, { "id": "450429", "score": "1.361005", "text": "environment for cilia beating posteriorally and superiorly. The mucociliary clearance keeps the vocal folds essentially moist and lubricated. The epidermis layer is secured to the deeper connective tissue by basement membrane. Due to the primarily amorphous fibrous and nonfibrous proteins in the lamina propria, the basement membrane applies strong anchoring filaments like collagen Ⅳ and Ⅶ to secure the hemidesmosome of basal cell to the lamina propria. These attachments are strong enough to sustain beating and stretch, to which VFs are subjected. The population density of some of the anchoring fibers in the basement membrane, such as collagen Ⅶ, is", "title": "Vocal cords" }, { "id": "13564007", "score": "1.3598895", "text": "Barrier membrane A barrier membrane is a device used in oral surgery and periodontal surgery to prevent epithelium, which regenerates relatively quickly, from growing into an area in which another, more slowly growing tissue type, such as bone, is desired. Such a method of preventing epithelial migration into a specific area is known as guided tissue regeneration (GTR). The first membranes developed were nonresorbable and required a second surgery for membrane removal some weeks later. The need for a second surgical procedure hindered the utilization of the original barrier membranes, which led to the development of resorbable membranes; research indicates", "title": "Barrier membrane" } ]

[ "alan mathison turing obe frs", "Alan M. Turing", "Alan Mathison Turing", "A. M. Turing", "alan m turing", "alan mathison turing", "turing", "m turing", "Allan Turing", "Turing", "turing m", "allan turing", "Christopher Morcom", "allen touring", "alan turing", "A. Turing", "Alan Turning", "alan turning", "Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS", "Turing, A.M.", "christopher morcom", "Allen Touring", "Alan Turing", "Alan turing" ]

[ { "id": "126687", "score": "1.9942068", "text": "be viewed as asking for an algorithm to decide whether a given statement is provable from the axioms using the rules of logic. In 1936, Alonzo Church and Alan Turing published independent papers showing that a general solution to the \" is impossible, assuming that the intuitive notion of \"effectively calculable\" is captured by the functions computable by a Turing machine (or equivalently, by those expressible in the lambda calculus). This assumption is now known as the Church–Turing thesis. The origin of the \" goes back to Gottfried Leibniz, who in the seventeenth century, after having constructed a successful mechanical", "title": "Entscheidungsproblem" }, { "id": "12759", "score": "1.9773642", "text": "Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem\" (1936). In this paper, Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-based formal language with the formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as Turing machines. The \"Entscheidungsproblem\" (decision problem) was originally posed by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1928. Turing proved that his \"universal computing machine\" would be capable of performing any conceivable mathematical computation if it were representable as an algorithm. He went on to prove that there was no solution to the \"decision problem\" by first showing that the halting", "title": "Alan Turing" }, { "id": "268370", "score": "1.955961", "text": "of Mathematics and Gödel's theorem inspired Alan Turing to embark on his pioneering work on the \"Entscheidungsproblem\" (decision problem) using a hypothetical computing machine. In spring 1936, Newman was presented by Turing with a draft of \"On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem\". He realised the paper's importance and helped ensure swift publication. Newman subsequently arranged for Turing to visit Princeton where Alonzo Church was working on the same problem but using his Lambda calculus. During this period, Newman started to share Turing's dream of building a stored-program computing machine. During this time at Cambridge, he developed close", "title": "Max Newman" }, { "id": "126689", "score": "1.922775", "text": "was prepared by Paul Bernays. As late as 1930, Hilbert believed that there would be no such thing as an unsolvable problem. Before the question could be answered, the notion of \"algorithm\" had to be formally defined. This was done by Alonzo Church in 1936 with the concept of \"effective calculability\" based on his λ calculus and by Alan Turing in the same year with his concept of Turing machines. Turing immediately recognized that these are equivalent models of computation. The negative answer to the ' was then given by Alonzo Church in 1935–36 and independently shortly thereafter by Alan", "title": "Entscheidungsproblem" }, { "id": "702165", "score": "1.8589904", "text": "the face of logic in the twentieth century\". Alonzo Church and Alan Turing proposed formal models of computability, giving independent negative solutions to Hilbert's \"Entscheidungsproblem\" in 1936 and 1937, respectively. The \"Entscheidungsproblem\" asked for a procedure that, given any formal mathematical statement, would algorithmically determine whether the statement is true. Church and Turing proved there is no such procedure; Turing's paper introduced the halting problem as a key example of a mathematical problem without an algorithmic solution. Church's system for computation developed into the modern λ-calculus, while the Turing machine became a standard model for a general-purpose computing device. It", "title": "History of logic" }, { "id": "126690", "score": "1.8565855", "text": "Turing in 1936. Church proved that there is no computable function which decides for two given λ-calculus expressions whether they are equivalent or not. He relied heavily on earlier work by Stephen Kleene. Turing reduced the question of the existence of a 'general method' which decides whether any given Turing Machine halts or not (the halting problem) to the question of the existence of an 'algorithm' or 'general method' able to solve the '. If 'Algorithm' is understood as being equivalent to a Turing Machine, and with the answer to the latter question negative (in general), the question about the", "title": "Entscheidungsproblem" }, { "id": "126691", "score": "1.8522309", "text": "existence of an Algorithm for the \" also must be negative (in general). In his 1936 paper, Turing says: \"\"Corresponding to each computing machine 'it' we construct a formula 'Un(it)' and we show that, if there is a general method for determining whether 'Un(it)' is provable, then there is a general method for determining whether 'it' ever prints 0\"\". The work of both Church and Turing was heavily influenced by Kurt Gödel's earlier work on his incompleteness theorem, especially by the method of assigning numbers (a Gödel numbering) to logical formulas in order to reduce logic to arithmetic. The \"\"", "title": "Entscheidungsproblem" }, { "id": "2671644", "score": "1.8514056", "text": "pixel and vertex shaders can be accelerated on general purpose processors with just-in-time compilation techniques. This is one use of self-modifying code that has remained popular. The mathematician Alan Turing, who had been alerted to a problem of mathematical logic by the lectures of Max Newman at the University of Cambridge, wrote a paper in 1936 entitled \"On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem\", which was published in the \"Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society\". In it he described a hypothetical machine he called a \"universal computing machine,\" now known as the \"Universal Turing machine\". The hypothetical machine", "title": "Von Neumann architecture" }, { "id": "126688", "score": "1.8393757", "text": "calculating machine, dreamt of building a machine that could manipulate symbols in order to determine the truth values of mathematical statements. He realized that the first step would have to be a clean formal language, and much of his subsequent work was directed towards that goal. In 1928, David Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann posed the question in the form outlined above. In continuation of his \"program\", Hilbert posed three questions at an international conference in 1928, the third of which became known as \"Hilbert's \".\" In 1929, Moses Schönfinkel published one paper on special cases of the decision problem that", "title": "Entscheidungsproblem" }, { "id": "82994", "score": "1.8279245", "text": "one which could be carried out by a machine. The development ... leads to ... an identification of computability with effective calculability. [ is the footnote quoted above.] One of the important problems for logicians in the 1930s was David Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem, which asked whether there was a mechanical procedure for separating mathematical truths from mathematical falsehoods. This quest required that the notion of \"algorithm\" or \"effective calculability\" be pinned down, at least well enough for the quest to begin. But from the very outset Alonzo Church's attempts began with a debate that continues to this day. Was the notion", "title": "Church–Turing thesis" }, { "id": "416713", "score": "1.8076143", "text": "Turing independently demonstrated that Hilbert's \"Entscheidungsproblem\" (decision problem) was unsolvable, thus identifying the computational core of the incompleteness theorem. This work, along with Gödel's work on general recursive functions, established that there are sets of simple instructions, which, when put together, are able to produce any computation. The work of Gödel showed that the notion of computation is essentially unique. In 1941 Konrad Zuse completed the Z3 (computer), the first working Turing-complete machine; this was the first digital computer in the modern sense. Computability theory characterizes problems as having, or not having, computational solutions. The first result of computability theory", "title": "Turing completeness" }, { "id": "10836097", "score": "1.7994561", "text": "methods of solvability.\" This contentious stance finds grumpy expression in Alan Turing 1939, and it will reappear with Gödel, Gandy, and Sieg. A. M. Turing's paper \"On Computable Numbers, With an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem\" was delivered to the London Mathematical Society in November 1936. Again the reader must bear in mind a caution: as used by Turing, the word \"computer\" is a human being, and the action of a \"computer\" he calls \"computing\"; for example, he states \"Computing is normally done by writing certain symbols on paper\" (p. 135). \"But\" he uses the word \"computation\" in the context of", "title": "History of the Church–Turing thesis" }, { "id": "176865", "score": "1.7957735", "text": "no solution to the \"Entscheidungsproblem\" by first showing that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable: in general, it is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a given Turing machine will ever halt. He also introduced the notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a Universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provably capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine to be programmable. Von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of", "title": "History of computing hardware" }, { "id": "1364940", "score": "1.7829838", "text": "algorithm is a computable function. Although initially skeptical, by 1946 Gödel argued in favor of this thesis: With a definition of effective calculation came the first proofs that there are problems in mathematics that cannot be effectively decided. Church (1936a, 1936b) and Turing (1936), inspired by techniques used by Gödel (1931) to prove his incompleteness theorems, independently demonstrated that the Entscheidungsproblem is not effectively decidable. This result showed that there is no algorithmic procedure that can correctly decide whether arbitrary mathematical propositions are true or false. Many problems in mathematics have been shown to be undecidable after these initial examples", "title": "Computability theory" }, { "id": "412127", "score": "1.7758758", "text": "named by Kleene (1952) Turing's Thesis. But what Turing \"did prove\" with his computational-machine model appears in his paper \"On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem\" (1937): Turing's example (his second proof): If one is to ask for a general procedure to tell us: \"Does this machine ever print 0\", the question is \"undecidable\". In 1937, while at Princeton working on his PhD thesis, Turing built a digital (Boolean-logic) multiplier from scratch, making his own electromechanical relays (Hodges p. 138). \"Alan's task was to embody the logical design of a Turing machine in a network of relay-operated switches", "title": "Turing machine" }, { "id": "27981", "score": "1.7676353", "text": "who on the one hand gave two independent but equivalent definitions of computability, and on the other gave concrete examples for undecidable questions. Shortly after World War II, the first general purpose computers became available. In 1954, Martin Davis programmed Presburger's algorithm for a JOHNNIAC vacuum tube computer at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. According to Davis, \"Its great triumph was to prove that the sum of two even numbers is even\". More ambitious was the Logic Theory Machine in 1956, a deduction system for the propositional logic of the \"Principia Mathematica\", developed by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon", "title": "Automated theorem proving" }, { "id": "10836085", "score": "1.7509451", "text": "problems introduced the Entscheidungsproblem (the \"decision problem\"). In his 2nd problem he asked for a proof that \"arithmetic\" is \"consistent\". Kurt Gödel would prove in 1931 that, within what he called \"P\" (nowadays called Peano Arithmetic), \"there exist undecidable sentences [propositions]\". Because of this, \"the consistency of P is unprovable in P, provided P is consistent\". While Gödel’s proof would display the tools necessary for Alonzo Church and Alan Turing to resolve the Entscheidungsproblem, he himself would not answer it. It is within Hilbert's 10th problem where the question of an \"Entscheidungsproblem\" actually appears. The heart of matter was the", "title": "History of the Church–Turing thesis" }, { "id": "412122", "score": "1.7488453", "text": "this notion of \"Entscheidungsproblem\" had developed a bit, and H. Behmann stated that By the 1928 international congress of mathematicians, Hilbert \"made his questions quite precise. First, was mathematics \"complete\" ... Second, was mathematics \"consistent\" ... And thirdly, was mathematics \"decidable\"?\" (Hodges p. 91, Hawking p. 1121). The first two questions were answered in 1930 by Kurt Gödel at the very same meeting where Hilbert delivered his retirement speech (much to the chagrin of Hilbert); the third—the Entscheidungsproblem—had to wait until the mid-1930s. The problem was that an answer first required a precise definition of \"\"definite general applicable prescription\"\", which", "title": "Turing machine" }, { "id": "412123", "score": "1.7355866", "text": "Princeton professor Alonzo Church would come to call \"effective calculability\", and in 1928 no such definition existed. But over the next 6–7 years Emil Post developed his definition of a worker moving from room to room writing and erasing marks per a list of instructions (Post 1936), as did Church and his two students Stephen Kleene and J. B. Rosser by use of Church's lambda-calculus and Gödel's recursion theory (1934). Church's paper (published 15 April 1936) showed that the Entscheidungsproblem was indeed \"undecidable\" and beat Turing to the punch by almost a year (Turing's paper submitted 28 May 1936, published", "title": "Turing machine" }, { "id": "17720113", "score": "1.7340028", "text": "Computer Science, Clausing discovered two original prints of the most important publication of Alan Turing, which had been missing since 1945. In this case, the work \"On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem\" from 1936, which Scholz had requested, and a postcard from Turing. Based on the work by Turing and conversations with Scholz, Clausing stated \"[it was] the world's first seminar on computer science.\" The second work, which was a Mind (journal) article, dates from 1950 and is a treatise on the development of artificial intelligence, Turing provided them with a handwritten comment. \"This is probably my", "title": "Heinrich Scholz" } ]

[ "Ire", "ire disambiguation", "Ire (disambiguation)", "IRE", "ire", "IRE (disambiguation)" ]

[ { "id": "7823734", "score": "1.81731", "text": "on the basis it could cause \"constitutional and political repercussions\" and that \"the change could be unwelcome.\" Since 1922, nine Irish definitive stamp series have been released. Besides different designs, there were changes involving the watermark and eventually doing away with watermarked paper, changes in currency were also reflected on the stamps: decimalisation in 1971, and Euro changeover in 2002. The first twelve stamps, the low values up to 1 shilling, were issued during 1922–1923, while the three high values, 2/6, 5/- and 10/-, did not appear until 8 September 1937. Designs included: \"Sword of Light\", \"Map of Ireland\", \"Celtic", "title": "Postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "10962676", "score": "1.7940588", "text": "Definitive postage stamps of Ireland Definitive postage stamps of Ireland are the regular series of definitive postage stamps issued by the Irish Free State between 1922 and 1937 and by Republic of Ireland since 1937. Nine distinctly different series of designs have been released; additionally the watermark was changed for two issues and the currency was changed on three occasions while the designs remained the same. The first twelve stamps, the low-values up to 1 shilling, were issued during 1922–23 whilst the three high-values, 2/6, 5/- and 10/- did not appear until 8 September 1937. They were printed by typography", "title": "Definitive postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "10962701", "score": "1.7830179", "text": "turned through 180 degrees so those panes could be stitched on the left of the booklet. Notes Sources Definitive postage stamps of Ireland Definitive postage stamps of Ireland are the regular series of definitive postage stamps issued by the Irish Free State between 1922 and 1937 and by Republic of Ireland since 1937. Nine distinctly different series of designs have been released; additionally the watermark was changed for two issues and the currency was changed on three occasions while the designs remained the same. The first twelve stamps, the low-values up to 1 shilling, were issued during 1922–23 whilst the", "title": "Definitive postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "7823731", "score": "1.7781699", "text": "hÉireann\" and the numeral date \"1922\" arranged in five lines of seriffed text. The unoverprinted stamps remained valid for postage in Ireland until 31 March 1922. The Irish Free State (\"Saorstát Éireann\") overprints debuted on 11 December 1922. This is a three-line overprint using a sans-serif typeface and was done by Thom, Harrison and the Government Printers. The last overprinted stamps were the Waterlow & Sons re-engraved King George V 2/6, 5/- and 10/- values that appeared in 1934 and were overprinted in 1937 for use in Ireland. On stamps, the name of the state has always been written in", "title": "Postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "7823733", "score": "1.7529297", "text": "changed by the Act. Fianna Fáil defeated the outgoing government in the 1951 election and abandoned the use of the description, reverting to the name on stamps and elsewhere. Originally, \"Éire\" was written in Gaelic type; from 1952 to 1979, many stamps had the name of the state in Roman type, usually in all caps, and often written \"EIRE\" rather than \"ÉIRE\", omitting the \"síneadh fada\" accent over the initial 'E'. In 1981 the Department of Posts and Telegraphs recommended the inclusion of the word \"Ireland\" along with \"Éire\" on stamps but the Department of the Taoiseach vetoed the idea", "title": "Postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Éire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Irish passport\n\nAn Irish passport () is the passport issued to citizens of Ireland. An Irish passport enables the bearer to travel internationally and serves as evidence of Irish nationality and citizenship of the European Union. It also facilitates the access to consular assistance from both Irish embassies and any embassy from other European Union member states while abroad.\n\nIrish passports are issued by the Passport Office, a division of the Department of Foreign Affairs. All Irish passports have been biometric since 2006. In 2015, the Irish government introduced the Passport Card, which enables Irish citizens who already possess a passport to travel throughout the European Economic Area (EEA) and Switzerland. An Irish Passport Card is intended for travel and identification purposes and functions similarly to an EEA national identity card.\n\nBoth Irish passports and Irish passport cards allow Irish citizens to travel, live, and work without restriction in any country within the EEA, Switzerland and the Common Travel Area. Irish citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 185 countries and territories; the international access available to Irish citizens ranks fifth in the world according to the Visa Restrictions Index.\n\n, Irish citizens are the only nationality in the world with the automatic right to live and work in both the European Union and the United Kingdom.", "title": "Irish passport" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Éamon de Valera" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dominion\n\nA Dominion was one of several self-governing nations of the British Empire. With the evolution of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations, there are no longer any dominions. The former dominions are now all independent states.\n\n\"Dominion status\" was first accorded to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, and the Irish Free State at the 1926 Imperial Conference through the Balfour Declaration of 1926, recognising Great Britain and the Dominions as \"autonomous within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations\". Their full legislative independence was subsequently confirmed in the 1931 Statute of Westminster. Later India, Pakistan, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) also became dominions, for short periods of time.\n\nWith the dissolution of the British Empire after World War II and the formation of the Commonwealth of Nations, it was decided that the term \"Commonwealth country\" should formally replace dominion for official Commonwealth usage.\n\nAfter this, the term dominion without its legal dimension stayed in use for thirty more years for Commonwealth countries which had the crown as head of state, before gradually, particularly after 1953, being replaced by the term realm, as equal realms of the crown of the Commonwealth.", "title": "Dominion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Irish nationality law\n\nIrish nationality law details the conditions by which a person is a national of the Republic of Ireland. The primary law governing these regulations is the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act, 1956, which came into force on 17 July 1956. Regulations apply to the entire island of Ireland, including the Republic of Ireland itself and Northern Ireland, a constituent part of the United Kingdom.\n\nIreland is a member state of the European Union (EU) and all Irish nationals are EU citizens. They have automatic and permanent permission to live and work in any EU or European Free Trade Association (EFTA) country and may vote in elections to the European Parliament.\n\nAll persons born in the Republic before 1 January 2005 were automatically citizens by birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in the country since that date receive Irish citizenship at birth if at least one of their parents is an Irish citizen (or entitled to be one), a British citizen, or a long-term resident on the island of Ireland. Persons born in Northern Ireland are usually entitled to (but not automatically granted) Irish citizenship largely under the same terms. Foreign nationals may become Irish citizens by naturalisation after meeting a minimum residence requirement (usually five years).\n\nIreland as a whole was previously part of the United Kingdom and local residents were British subjects. Although most of Ireland gained independence in 1922 and Irish citizens no longer hold British nationality, they continue to have favoured status when residing in the United Kingdom; they are considered to have automatic and permanent permission to live in the UK and are eligible to vote, stand for public office, and serve in non-reserved government positions.", "title": "Irish nationality law" }, { "id": "9851087", "score": "1.7422695", "text": "of the shared design it appears identical to the first 2d value definitive stamp issued on 6 December 1922 with the \"Map of Ireland\" except for the imperforate vertical edges. It uses the first Irish watermark that was a stylised design of the two overlapping letters 's' and 'e' making an 'se' watermark representing the name of the country \"Saorstát Éireann\" (Irish Free State). It was first recognised in 1937 but not acknowledged by the philatelic catalogues until the Scott stamp catalogue listed it in 1952. Over the years 20 copies have been identified in mint condition, but the quantity", "title": "1935 Irish 2d coil stamp" }, { "id": "7823725", "score": "1.739398", "text": "no legal standing for mail in Ireland. Four values, 1c, 3c, 24c (deep-green), and 24c (mauve-purple) were produced in New York by the Irish veterans of the US Civil War and are known as the 1865–67 Fenian issue. The 1893 colonial design are unofficial essays and are classed as bogus. Between 1907 and 1916, Sinn Féin, one of the nationalist organisations of the time, issued propaganda labels symbolising Irish nationhood. Their use as stamps was forbidden by Post Office regulations. The first design was a Celtic Cross, similar to one later adopted for two definitive stamps of 1923, and the", "title": "Postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "7823747", "score": "1.7266767", "text": "March 1978. A new design, printed by photogravure, and appeared on 20 June 1980 in ten values: 1p, 2p, 4p, 6p, 8p, 18p, 20p, 24p, 30p and 50p made up the fifth issue. The sheet format was two panes of 100 divided by a gutter margin. The sixth issue consisted of ten newly designed labels by \"Q Design\" and lithographically printed by ISSP on non-watermarked paper on 6 October 1988. The values were: 1p, 2p, 3p, 4p, 5p, 17p, 20p, 24p, 30p, 50p and £1. No Euro currency postage dues have been produced. Stamp booklets were first put on sale", "title": "Postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "7823732", "score": "1.7146676", "text": "Irish and rarely also written in English. The overprints were stamped first \"Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann\" (\"Provisional Government of Ireland\") and later \"Saorstát Éireann\" (\"Irish Free State\"). Subsequent stamps nearly all used the name \"Éire\" (\"Ireland\"), even though this was not the name of the state until the 1937 Constitution took effect. The exceptions were issued in 1949 and 1950, and used \"POBLAĊT NA hÉIREANN\" or \"Poblacht na h-Éireann\" (\"Republic of Ireland\"). This phrase is the official \"description\" of the state specified in the Republic of Ireland Act, which came into force in April 1949; the state's \"name\" was not", "title": "Postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "7823745", "score": "1.7098787", "text": "colour from 1971 until 1980; it changed from a watermarked to a non-watermark paper in 1978. Additionally, the 1, 5 and 8 pence values are seen in two different colours depending on the issue, while the d, 1d, 2d and 6d are seen with both watermark varieties. Except for the sixth issue, which has the word Éire in the design, there is no explicit country identity on any of the others. The first four series use only Irish words. The first issue consisted of four values released on 20 February 1925; d, 1d, 2d and 6d. Typographed by the Government", "title": "Postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "7823721", "score": "1.706893", "text": "organisations in 1984, An Post took over the responsibility for all Irish postal services including the issuing of postage stamps. To identify postage stamps used in Ireland between 1840 and 1922, it is necessary to identify the postmark cancelling the stamp as being from an Irish town. Stamps used during this period are referred to as \"Great Britain used in Ireland\". From 1840 to 1844, the Penny Black, and other stamps issued, were obliterated with the Maltese Cross cancellation. There was no text or numeral to help identify any of these cancels as Irish, but some Maltese Crosses are uniquely", "title": "Postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "17020148", "score": "1.7045276", "text": "Irish. Some remained in use after decimalization in 1971, with the last stamps being issued in the 1980s. Another design featuring the harp, but smaller than the regular key types was also used for Customs Entry Duty, Customs Late Fee and Old Age Pensions between 1924 and the 1960s. Ireland also issued embossed adhesives in the 1920s, and continued to use impressed duty stamps for a number of decades after independence. A postage stamp was also overprinted for use as a Passport stamp in around 1930. Apart from these, stamps with specific designs were also used for Animal Slaughter fees,", "title": "Revenue stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "10962677", "score": "1.6932595", "text": "by the Government Printers, Dublin on SE watermarked paper. The designs were: \"Sword of Light\" (4 values), \"Map of Ireland\" (3 values), \"Celtic Cross\" (2 values), \"Arms of the Provinces\" (3 values) and \"St. Patrick\" (3 high values). A small number of coils with either the horizontal or vertical edges imperf (straight) were issued between 1933 and 1935 including the rare coil in 1935. Starting in 1940 these stamps were replaced by similar ones but printed on \"gaelic e\" watermarked paper. Two new values 8d (\"Sword of Light\") and 11d (\"Celtic Cross\") were introduced in 1949. In 1967/8 the 3d", "title": "Definitive postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "7823728", "score": "1.6868662", "text": "Cork, destroying most of the labels. The Postmaster General of the Irish Free State issued an invitation to firms in Dublin and London on 1 February 1922 for the submission of designs for a permanent definitive stamp issue, and by March several designs had been submitted. The following companies and printers provided essays: Dollard Printing House Ltd., Hely Ltd., Perkins Bacon & Co., and O'Loughlin, Murphy & Boland. In 1922, as an interim measure before the first specially designed definitives were ready, a series of contemporary stamps of King George V were overprinted. The unoverprinted stamps were issued and in", "title": "Postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "4834594", "score": "1.6769373", "text": "and ceased to be legal tender on 1 August 1969. As the Irish pound was pegged to the British pound until 1979, the Irish farthing had the same dimensions and weight as the British version. The reverse design featuring a woodcock was by English artist Percy Metcalfe. The obverse featured the Irish harp. From 1928 through 1937 the date was split either side of the harp with the name \"Saorstát Éireann\" circling around. From 1938 through 1966 the inscription changed to \"Éire\" on the left of the harp and the date on the right. Ireland is one of only four", "title": "Farthing (Irish coin)" }, { "id": "10962678", "score": "1.6716273", "text": "(\"Celtic Cross\") and 5d (\"Sword of Light\") changed to being printed in photogravure using a slightly smaller image. Two coil stamps, with imperf vertical edges were also issued. In 1944 the 1/2d and 1s issues were replaced by the corresponding values of the set printed to commemorate the tercentenary of the death of Michael O' Cleirigh. Watermarked paper Known after its German designer, Heinrich Gerl who won the 1966 international design competition, this was the first new design of Irish definitives in 31 years for the high-values and 46 years for the low-values. Sixteen stamps debuted between 1968–1969 on four", "title": "Definitive postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "7823736", "score": "1.6688471", "text": "Peter Wildbur. It contained twenty-eight stamps, with values ranging from 1p to £5. Stamps based on Irish cultural heritage followed between 1990 and 1995. Irish birds feature in the 1997 series that span the conversion of currency from the Irish pound, through dual currency to the introduction of the Euro. These were the first definitives where all values were printed in full colour. On 9 September 2004 new stamps, featuring flowers native to the woodlands and hedgerows of Ireland, become available. These were replaced in September 2010 by a seventh series featuring animals and marine life using photographic images. For", "title": "Postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "7823723", "score": "1.6629672", "text": "England and Wales used an oval shape and Scotland used a rectangular form. Between 1922 and 1983 \"Oifig an Phoist\", the Irish Post Office, a section of the Department of Posts and Telegraphs (P&T), issued all postage stamps in the 26 counties of Ireland. During this time they employed some of the following companies to overprint or print the stamps: Dollard, Thom, Irish Government Printers, Waterlow and Sons (London), De La Rue and Co., Bradbury Wilkinson and Co., Ltd., (London), Harrison and Sons Ltd., (London) and Irish Security Stamp Printing Ltd. Since 1984, \"An Post\" has issued all Irish postage", "title": "Postage stamps of Ireland" }, { "id": "536486", "score": "1.6550301", "text": "its new national coinage in 1928, marked \"Saorstát Éireann\" and a national series of banknotes. British coinage remained acceptable in the Free State at an equal rate. In 1937, when the Free State was superseded by Ireland (\"Éire\"), the pound became known as the \"Irish pound\" and the coins were marked \"Éire\". According to one report, in 1924, shortly after the Irish Free State's establishment, the new dominion had the \"lowest birth-rate in the world\". The report noted that amongst countries for which statistics were available (Ceylon, Chile, Japan, Spain, South Africa, Netherlands, Canada, Germany, Australia, United States, Britain, New", "title": "Irish Free State" }, { "id": "7823744", "score": "1.6524265", "text": "remaining the same until 1980, though the colour and watermarks have changed. The Irish word \"pingin\", for penny, is used in both £.s.d and decimal currency, but because it has the same meaning in each, the value on the label does not indicate whether the label was issued before or after decimalisation. Hence, identifying the issue of a label requires further information: if collectors knows the date of use, the existence of a watermark and if so which type, and the specific colour, identification will be easier. For example, the 3d value was blue between 1940 and 1969, and stone", "title": "Postage stamps of Ireland" } ]

[ "captain and alternate captain", "Captain and alternate captain" ]

[ { "id": "2904861", "score": "1.6394659", "text": "approved by the NHL when play resumed for the 2005–06 season following the previous lockout. The ECHL, the only other developmental league in the Professional Hockey Players Association along with the AHL, also approved the rule for 2005–06. The \"referee's crease\" is a semicircle in radius in front of the scorekeepers bench. Under USA Hockey rule 601(d)(5), any player entering or remaining in the referee's crease while the referee is reporting to or consulting with any game official may be assessed a misconduct penalty. The USA Hockey casebook specifically states that the imposition of such a penalty would be unusual,", "title": "Ice hockey rink" }, { "id": "2904862", "score": "1.5830569", "text": "and the player would typically first be asked to leave the referee's crease before the imposition of the penalty. The NHL has a similar rule, also calling for a misconduct penalty. Traditionally, captains and alternate captains are the only players allowed to approach the referee's crease. The blue lines divide the rink into three zones. The central zone is called the \"neutral zone\" or simply \"centre ice\". The generic term for the outer zones is \"end zones\", but they are more commonly referred to by terms relative to each team. The end zone in which a team is trying to", "title": "Ice hockey rink" }, { "id": "197686", "score": "1.5356407", "text": "the goal crease, a goaltender intentionally displacing his own goal posts during a breakaway to avoid a goal, a defender intentionally displacing his own goal posts when there is less than two minutes to play in regulation time or at any point during overtime, or a player or coach intentionally throwing a stick or other object at the puck or the puck carrier and the throwing action disrupts a shot or pass play. Officials also stop play for puck movement violations, such as using one's hands to pass the puck in the offensive end, but no players are penalized for", "title": "Ice hockey" }, { "id": "11030814", "score": "1.5222185", "text": "from Germany) and Franz Baader, on the eve of the game 8. Alan Eagleson, a key organizer from Canada of the Series had threatened to depart from Moscow, where the game was being played. He had reached an agreement with the Canadian team about the possible departure. However, an agreement was reached, with Kompalla and Baťa being the referees for Game 8. Baader is considered a rather infamous referee; he is considered having made many poor calls in Game 6. In fact, many sources consider Baader one of \"the pair they (Canadian team) hated most\", and a \"horrendous official\". Franz", "title": "Franz Baader (ice hockey)" }, { "id": "2542838", "score": "1.5138379", "text": "the rule after the fact. It remains especially controversial in Buffalo, where fans and former players continue to maintain that the play should have been ruled \"no goal\". The NHL formally abolished the crease rule prior to the next season, allowing players to score from within the crease freely as long as they did not interfere with the goaltender. As a member of the Stars in their Stanley Cup winning season, Hull wore sweater #22, as his customary #16 was worn by Pat Verbeek. Hull would switch back to #16 the following season when Verbeek left the team as a", "title": "Brett Hull" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Penalty (ice hockey)\n\nA penalty in ice hockey is a punishment for an infringement of the rules. Most penalties are enforced by sending the offending player to a penalty box for a set number of minutes. During the penalty the player may not participate in play. Penalties are called and enforced by the referee, or in some cases, the linesman. The offending team may not replace the player on the ice (although there are some exceptions, such as fighting), leaving them short-handed as opposed to full strength. When the opposing team is said to be on a \"power play\", they will have one more player on the ice than the short-handed team. The short-handed team is said to be \"on the penalty kill\" until the penalty expires and the penalized player returns to play. While standards vary somewhat between leagues, most leagues recognize several common varieties of penalties, as well as common infractions.\n\nThe statistic used to track penalties is called \"penalty minutes\" and abbreviated to \"PIM\" (spoken as single word \"pims\"). PIM is an acronym for \"penalties in minutes\", though the full term is rarely used today. It represents the total assessed length of penalties each player or team has accrued.", "title": "Penalty (ice hockey)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Captain (ice hockey)\n\nIn ice hockey, the captain is the player designated by a team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when the captain is on the ice. At most levels of play each team must designate one captain and a number of alternate captains (usually two or three) who speak to the officials when the captain is on the bench. Captains wear a \"C\" on their sweaters, while alternate captains wear an \"A\".\n\nOfficially captains have no other responsibility or authority, although they may, depending on the league or individual team, have various informal duties, such as participation in pre-game ceremonies or other events outside the game. As with most team sports that designate captains, the captain is usually a well-respected player and a \"de facto\" team leader.", "title": "Captain (ice hockey)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Official (ice hockey)\n\nIn ice hockey, an official is a person who has some responsibility for enforcing the rules and maintaining the order of the game. There are two categories of officials, on-ice officials, who are the referees and linesmen that enforce the rules during gameplay, and off-ice officials, who have an administrative role rather than an enforcement role.", "title": "Official (ice hockey)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ice hockey rink\n\nAn ice hockey rink is an ice rink that is specifically designed for ice hockey, a competitive team sport. Alternatively it is used for other sports such as broomball, ringette, rinkball, and rink bandy. It is a rectangle with rounded corners and surrounded by walls approximately high called the \"boards\".", "title": "Ice hockey rink" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Penalty shot (ice hockey)\n\nIn ice hockey, a penalty shot is a type of penalty awarded when a team loses a clear scoring opportunity on a breakaway because of a foul committed by an opposing player. A player from the non-offending team is given an attempt to score a goal without opposition from any defending players except the goaltender. This is the same type of shot used in a shootout to decide games in some leagues.", "title": "Penalty shot (ice hockey)" }, { "id": "2497190", "score": "1.5078049", "text": "Hull scored a controversial Cup-winning goal with his foot in the goal crease. The goal was not reviewed immediately, so officials did not notice Hull's foot in the crease until minutes later. After video reviews showed Hull's position, the goal was still upheld, leaving the Sabres infuriated. Hašek commented, \"Maybe [the video goal judge] was in the bathroom. Maybe he was sleeping. Maybe he doesn't know the rule.\" The following season, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman announced that video replays would no longer be used to judge if players are in the crease or not, and that it would be a", "title": "Dominik Hašek" }, { "id": "6167237", "score": "1.4994602", "text": "to disallow a goal by the Pittsburgh Penguins that would have tied the game against the Washington Capitals. Dean Morton Dean Morton (born February 27, 1968) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman, currently a National Hockey League referee. He played in one NHL game for the Detroit Red Wings during the 1989–90 NHL season and is one of only four players to score a goal in their only NHL game, along with Brad Fast, Samuel Henley, and Rolly Huard. He received media attention on HBO's \"24/7\" Winter Classic special when a post-game dressing room scene showed him being", "title": "Dean Morton" }, { "id": "8921713", "score": "1.4972", "text": "only allowed one goal, Maine's offense could not find its rhythm after the disallowed goal and they lost 1–0. That offseason, the NCAA reviewed the rule it followed to call off Maine's goal. They decided to adjust the rule to emulate the NHL's policy on this type of play, that is, only making a \"man-in-the-crease\" call if the player whose skate crosses the crease actually affects the outcome of the play or the goalie's ability to make the save. In the summer of 2008, Assistant Coach Guy Perron and Volunteer Assistant Coach Grant Standbrook both stepped aside from the program.", "title": "Maine Black Bears men's ice hockey" }, { "id": "11030813", "score": "1.4936858", "text": "Franz Baader (ice hockey) Franz Baader was a German referee and linesman. He is a member of the German Ice Hockey Hall of Fame. He was the referee during Game 6 of the 1972 Summit Series, played between Canada and the Soviet Union. During the same Series, Baader was embroiled in some controversy, because of the choice of officials for Game 8. The original referees chosen were the Swedish referee Ove Dahlberg and Czechoslovakian referee Rudolf Baťa. However, Dahlberg had fallen ill with a suspected case of food poisoning. The Soviet Union decided to switch the referees Josef Kompalla (also", "title": "Franz Baader (ice hockey)" }, { "id": "2904857", "score": "1.486876", "text": "the puck to score. According to NHL and IIHF rules, the entire puck must cross the entire goal line in order to be counted as a goal. Under NHL rules, the opening of the goal is wide by tall, and the footprint of the goal is deep. The crease is a special area of the ice designed to allow the goaltender to perform without interference. It is the only large area of the ice painted light blue to establish its presence. In most leagues, goals are disallowed if an attacking player enters the goal crease with a stick, skate, or", "title": "Ice hockey rink" }, { "id": "2904562", "score": "1.4760556", "text": "Martin Brodeur. Normally, the goaltender plays in or near the goal crease the entire game. However, teams may legally \"pull the goalie\" by substituting in a normal skater and taking the goaltender off the ice. A team temporarily playing with no goaltender is said to be playing with an \"empty net\". This gives the team an extra attacker, but at significant risk—if the opposing team gains control of the puck, they may easily score a goal. However, shooters that attempt to score on an empty net from the opposite side of the red line face getting called for icing the", "title": "Goaltender" }, { "id": "2904568", "score": "1.4749177", "text": "of the Arizona Sundogs scored a goal against Corpus Christi on March 16, 2007. Danny Battochio is the most recent vs the Tulsa Oilers on December 31, 2011. Bibliography Notes Goaltender In ice hockey, the goaltender is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team's net, thus preventing the opposing team from scoring. The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the \"goal crease\" (often referred to simply as \" the crease\" or \"the net\"). Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut", "title": "Goaltender" }, { "id": "20833363", "score": "1.4689363", "text": "remove from a game. Also for player safety, he supported making face masks mandatory on hockey helmets, and a reduction in physical aggression on the ice. Nadin was one of the supervisors of officials at 1976 Canada Cup. He has also served as a referee supervisor for Ontario University Athletics, and from 1992 to 1996, was a referee supervisor for the National Hockey League. In 1976, Nadin joined the IIHF rules and referee committee, and was a referee supervisor at each Winter Olympic Games from 1976 until 2012. He travelled worldwide to assist, and evaluate officiating crews at IIHF events.", "title": "Bob Nadin" }, { "id": "879432", "score": "1.4667469", "text": "thus preventing the opposing team from scoring. The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the \"goal crease\" (often referred to simply as \" the crease\" or \"the net\"). Because of the power of shots, the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact. Only one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any one time. In International rules football, a hybrid game between Australian rules football (which does not have a goalkeeper) and Gaelic football, the goalkeeper's main task is to prevent a", "title": "Goalkeeper" }, { "id": "3002679", "score": "1.4665892", "text": "goal) as long as their team is not in possession of the ball for as long as three seconds. Players that are on attack are allowed to run through the crease, but only in collegiate games; high school players are not allowed through the goalie crease. Only the defensive player who is directly marking the ball carrier within a stick’s length may remain in the crease while defending. This rule evolved the game to a point where the defense had more equality in play with both the attackers, and compared to the men's game. In 2015, for the 2016 season,", "title": "Women's lacrosse" }, { "id": "51021", "score": "1.462658", "text": "be performed while the ball is in play. However, if the substitute enters the ice before his teammate has left it, this will result in a five-minute ban. A team can bring at the most four substitutes to the game and one of these is likely to be an extra goalkeeper. A game is officiated by a referee, the authority and enforcer of the rules, whose decisions are final. The referee may have one or two assistant referees. A secretary outside of the field often takes care of the match protocol. The basic equipment players are required to wear includes", "title": "Bandy" }, { "id": "20833364", "score": "1.4547484", "text": "He was responsible for writing, updating, and interpreting rules. Nadin said that, \"the president of the ice hockey federation refers to me as the pope of the rules\". He also conducted referee seminars in over 40 countries, and implemented regulations on ice hockey goaltending equipment at IIHF events. He was part of the committee which selected referees for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, and the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. He also supervised officials at the 2011 Asian Winter Games, the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics, the 2013 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship – Division I, the 2013 IIHF World", "title": "Bob Nadin" }, { "id": "197665", "score": "1.4521557", "text": "stands in a, usually blue, semi-circle called the \"crease\" in the defensive zone keeping pucks from going in. Substitutions are permitted at any time during the game, although during a stoppage of play the home team is permitted the final change. When players are substituted during play, it is called changing \"on the fly\". A new NHL rule added in the 2005–06 season prevents a team from changing their line after they \"ice\" the puck. The boards surrounding the ice help keep the puck in play and they can also be used as tools to play the puck. Players are", "title": "Ice hockey" }, { "id": "2902205", "score": "1.451072", "text": "draw. The rule was amended in June 1951, whereby if the goaltender touched the puck, the infraction was nullified. For the 1990–91 season, the league amended it to nullify the infraction if the puck passed through or touched the goal crease when the goaltender had been removed for an extra attacker. The rule was later amended by the NHL to nullify icing if the goaltender moved towards the puck as it approached the goal line. The 1970s-era World Hockey Association never adopted the NHL rule of allowing shorthanded teams to ice the puck. In 2009, USA Hockey considered eliminating the", "title": "Icing (ice hockey)" }, { "id": "12057532", "score": "1.4494331", "text": "lead, but the Jackets would end up tying the game, and winning it in overtime. Marc Joannette Marc Joannette (born November 3, 1968) is a National Hockey League referee, who wears uniform number 25. As of the end of the 2007–08 NHL season, he has officiated 470 regular season and 28 playoff games. His first game was on October 1, 1999. He officiated on April 6, 2007 when Martin Brodeur broke Bernie Parent's single season wins record with his 48th win of the season. He was selected to officiate the 2008 and 2009 Stanley Cup Finals. He was selected to", "title": "Marc Joannette" } ]

[ "Cytherocentric orbit", "second planet", "Venus (planet)", "Venus the planet", "Sol 2", "venerian year", "venus", "structure of venus", "sun c", "sol 2", "venus planet", "Venus", "Venerian year", "Structure of Venus", "venus astronomy", "The planet Venus", "Venis", "Kleinchen", "Second planet", "Metal Star", "astronomy venus", "Astronomy Venus", "Sol c", "2nd planet", "cytherocentric orbit", "Studies of Venus", "Sol II", "Sol-2", "Venus (Planet)", "sol ii", "kleinchen", "Venus (astronomy)", "sol c", "aitorma", "venis", "Aitorma", "studies of venus", "Planet Venus", "metal star", "Sun c", "planet venus" ]

[ { "id": "1446917", "score": "1.6004467", "text": "the universe there is a planet exactly like Earth in virtually all aspects, which we refer to as \"Twin Earth\". (We should also suppose that the relevant surroundings are exactly the same as for Earth; it revolves around a star that appears to be exactly like our sun, and so on). On Twin Earth, there is a Twin equivalent of every person and thing here on Earth. The one difference between the two planets is that there is no water on Twin Earth. In its place there is a liquid that is superficially identical, but is chemically different, being composed", "title": "Twin Earth thought experiment" }, { "id": "449533", "score": "1.5914862", "text": "the Solar System, meaning that it is a rocky body like Earth. It is similar to Earth in size and mass, and is often described as Earth's \"sister\" or \"twin\". The diameter of Venus is —only less than Earth's—and its mass is 81.5% of Earth's. Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense atmosphere is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being nitrogen. The Venusian surface was a subject of speculation until some of its secrets were revealed by planetary science in the 20th century. Venera landers in 1975 and 1982", "title": "Venus" }, { "id": "17170548", "score": "1.586795", "text": "Sister Planet \"Sister Planet\" is a science fiction short story by Poul Anderson. It was first published in \"Satellite Science Fiction\" in 1959 and has been anthologised many times. It was included in The Golden Age of Science Fiction (anthology). in the near future, Earth society is breaking down, with wars, violence and over-population the norm. On the other hand, a colony has been established on Venus, an ocean world with no land masses and no human-breathable atmosphere. A small trade and research base exists, which trades various items of goods with the aquatic population. They are air-breathing and known", "title": "Sister Planet" }, { "id": "14432144", "score": "1.5675758", "text": "be terrestrial in nature and be capable of retaining an Earth-like atmosphere. The list includes planets within the range of 0.8–1.9 Earth masses, below which are generally classed as sub-Earth and above classed as super-Earth. In addition, only planets known to fall within the range of 0.5–2.0 Earth radius (between half and twice the radius of the Earth) are included. In contrast, the Earth Similarity Index uses both mass and radius as criteria. According to the size criteria, the closest planetary mass objects by known radius or mass are: This comparison indicates that size alone is a poor measure, particularly", "title": "Earth analog" }, { "id": "449529", "score": "1.5558414", "text": "visible to the naked eye in broad daylight. Orbiting within Earth's orbit, Venus is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun; its maximum angular distance from the Sun (elongation) is 47.8°. Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth's \"sister planet\" because of their similar size, mass, proximity to the Sun, and bulk composition. It is radically different from Earth in other respects. It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96% carbon dioxide. The atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is 92 times that of Earth,", "title": "Venus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Venus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Earth analog\n\nAn Earth analog, also called an Earth analogue, Earth twin, or second Earth, is a planet or moon with environmental conditions similar to those found on Earth. The term Earth-like planet is also used, but this term may refer to any terrestrial planet.\n\nThe possibility is of particular interest to astrobiologists and astronomers under reasoning that the more similar a planet is to Earth, the more likely it is to be capable of sustaining complex extraterrestrial life. As such, it has long been speculated and the subject expressed in science, philosophy, science fiction and popular culture. Advocates of space colonization and space and survival have long sought an Earth analog for settlement. In the far future, humans might artificially produce an Earth analog by terraforming. \n\nBefore the scientific search for and study of extrasolar planets, the possibility was argued through philosophy and science fiction. Philosophers have suggested that the size of the universe is such that a near-identical planet must exist somewhere. The mediocrity principle suggests that planets like Earth should be common in the Universe, while the Rare Earth hypothesis suggests that they are extremely rare. The thousands of exoplanetary star systems discovered so far are profoundly different from the Solar System, supporting the Rare Earth Hypothesis. \n\nOn November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on \"Kepler\" space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarf stars within the Milky Way Galaxy. The nearest such planet could be expected to be within 12 light-years of the Earth, statistically.\n\nScientific findings since the 1990s have greatly influenced the scope of the fields of astrobiology, models of planetary habitability and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI).", "title": "Earth analog" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mars\n\nMars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere (less than 1% that of Earth's), and has a crust primarily composed of elements similar to Earth's crust, as well as a core made of iron and nickel. Mars has surface features such as impact craters, valleys, dunes and polar ice caps. It has two small and irregularly shaped moons, Phobos and Deimos.\n\nSome of the most notable surface features on Mars include Olympus Mons, the largest volcano and highest known mountain in the Solar System and Valles Marineris, one of the largest canyons in the Solar System. The Borealis basin in the Northern Hemisphere covers approximately 40% of the planet and may be a large impact feature. Both of Mars's polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water. In the distant past, Mars was likely wetter, and thus possibly more suited for life. It is not known whether life has ever existed on Mars.\n\nMars has been explored by several uncrewed spacecraft, beginning with \"Mariner 4\" in 1965. NASA's \"Viking 1\" lander transmitted the first images from the Martian surface in 1976. Two countries have successfully deployed rovers on Mars, the United States first doing so with \"Sojourner\" in 1997 and China with \"Zhurong\" in 2021. There are also planned future missions to Mars, such as a NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return set to happen in 2026, and the \"Rosalind Franklin\" rover mission, which was intended to launch in 2018 but was delayed to 2024 at the earliest, with a more likely launch date at 2028.\n\nMars can be viewed from Earth with the naked eye, as can its reddish coloring. This appearance, due to the iron oxide prevalent on its surface, has led to Mars often being called the Red Planet.<ref name=\"nasa_hematite\"/> It is among the brightest objects in Earth's sky, with an apparent magnitude that reaches −2.94, comparable to that of Jupiter and surpassed only by Venus, the Moon and the Sun.<ref name=\"Mallama_and_Hilton\"/> Historically, Mars has been observed since ancient times, and over the millennia has been featured in culture and the arts in ways that have reflected humanity's growing knowledge of it.", "title": "Mars" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Double planet\n\nIn astronomy, a double planet (also binary planet) is a binary satellite system where both objects are planets, or planetary-mass objects, that share an orbital axis external to both planetary bodies. \n\nAlthough up to a third of the star systems in the Milky Way are binary, double planets are expected to be much rarer given the typical planet to satellite mass ratio is around 1:10000, they are influenced heavily by the gravitational pull of the parent star and according to the Giant-impact hypothesis and are gravitationally stable only under particular circumstances.\n\nBinary asteroids with components of roughly equal mass are sometimes referred to as double minor planets. These include binary asteroids 69230 Hermes and 90 Antiope and binary Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) 79360 Sila–Nunam and .\n\nAt its 2006 General Assembly, the International Astronomical Union considered a proposal that Pluto and Charon be reclassified as a double planet, but the proposal was abandoned in favor of the current IAU definition of planet. In promotional materials advertising the SMART-1 mission, the European Space Agency referred to the Earth–Moon system as a double planet.", "title": "Double planet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Circumstellar habitable zone" }, { "id": "14432156", "score": "1.5523138", "text": "Due to proximity and similarity in size, Mars, and to a lesser extent Venus, have been cited as the most likely candidates for terraforming. Earth analog An Earth analog (also referred to as an Earth analogue, Earth twin, or Earth-like planet, though this latter term may refer to any terrestrial planet) is a planet or moon with environmental conditions similar to those found on Earth. The possibility is of particular interest to astrobiologists and astronomers under reasoning that the more similar a planet is to Earth, the more likely it is to be capable of sustaining complex extraterrestrial life. As", "title": "Earth analog" }, { "id": "14432137", "score": "1.5364072", "text": "may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away. Scientific findings since the 1990s have greatly influenced the scope of the fields of astrobiology, models of planetary habitability and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). NASA and the SETI Institute have proposed categorising the increasing number of planets found using a measure called the Earth Similarity Index (ESI) based on mass, radius and temperature. According to this measure, as of 23 July 2015, the confirmed planet currently thought to be most similar to Earth on mass, radius and temperature is Kepler-438b. Scientists estimate that there", "title": "Earth analog" }, { "id": "14398325", "score": "1.5200458", "text": "greenhouse planet Venus, a planet often referred to as \"Earth's twin\", and compares it to the vulcan geology of the Deccan Plateau. An example of Earth's interconnectivity with the solar system reveals that Jupiter's gravitational effect could potentially send an asteroid through the Asteroid Belt on a collision course with Earth, as evidenced by Meteor Crater. The same gravitational force is also shown to give the Jovian moon Io geological life (given the absence of meteor impact evidence there) as paralleled by the volcanism of Erta Ale in Ethiopia. All in all, with the universal laws of physics at play", "title": "Wonders of the Solar System" }, { "id": "3915129", "score": "1.5173965", "text": "A truly Earth-like planet, an Earth analog or \"Earth twin\", would need to meet many conditions beyond size and mass; such properties are not observable using current technology. A solar analog (or \"solar twin\") is a star that resembles the Sun. To date no solar twin with an exact match as that of the Sun has been found, however, there are some stars that are nearly identical to the Sun, and are such considered solar twins. An exact solar twin would be a G2V star with a 5,778 K temperature, be 4.6 billion years old, with the correct metallicity and", "title": "Circumstellar habitable zone" }, { "id": "16129472", "score": "1.5008669", "text": "but are less successful measuring radius. Planets observed via a number of different methods therefore can be most accurately compared to Earth. The index can be calculated for objects other than planets, including natural satellites, dwarf planets and asteroids. The lower average density and temperature of these objects give them lower index values. Only Titan (a moon of Saturn) is known to hold on to a significant atmosphere despite an overall lower size and density. While Io (a moon of Jupiter) has a low average temperature, surface temperature on the moon varies wildly due to geologic activity. Earth Similarity Index", "title": "Earth Similarity Index" }, { "id": "1823959", "score": "1.4766262", "text": "Inferior and superior planets In the Solar System, a planet is said to be inferior or interior with respect to another planet if its orbit lies inside the other planet's orbit around the Sun. In this situation, the latter planet is said to be superior to the former. In the reference frame of the Earth, in which the terms were originally used, the inferior planets are Mercury and Venus, while the superior planets are Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Dwarf planets like Ceres or Pluto and most asteroids are 'superior' in the sense that they almost all orbit outside", "title": "Inferior and superior planets" }, { "id": "14432148", "score": "1.4638481", "text": "the orbit and rotation (or tidal locking) of the planet, each of which introduces further variables. Below is a comparison of the confirmed planets with the closest known temperatures to Earth. Another criteria of an Earth analog is that it should orbit a solar analog, that is, a star much like our Sun, similar photometrically or in terms of spectral type. It follows that the composition of a planet around a solar twin with similar metallicity might have a similar composition to Earth. Also, this would help eliminate stellar extremes and variability that may be applicable to other types of", "title": "Earth analog" }, { "id": "15302763", "score": "1.456574", "text": "more massive than the Earth, and has a radius that is three and a half times larger than that of Earth's. It is, however, far hotter than Earth is. Its low density, comparable to that of Saturn, suggests that Kepler-11d has a large hydrogen–helium atmosphere. Kepler-11d was announced with its five sister planets on February 2, 2011 after extensive follow-up studies. As with all exoplanets, Kepler-11d is named first for its host star, Kepler-11. Because Kepler-11d was announced at the same time as the five other planets in the system, their names are sorted by their distances from the host", "title": "Kepler-11d" }, { "id": "14432140", "score": "1.4399717", "text": "as having similarities to Earth and many speculated about Venusian civilization. These beliefs were dispelled in the 1960s as the first space probes gathered more accurate scientific data on the planet and found that Venus is a very hot world with the surface temperature around under an acidic atmosphere 92 times thicker the Earth's. From 2004, Cassini–Huygens began to reveal Saturn's moon Titan to be one of the most Earth-like worlds outside of the habitable zone. Though having a dramatically different chemical makeup, discoveries such as the confirmation of Titanian lakes, rivers and fluvial processes in 2007, advanced comparisons to", "title": "Earth analog" }, { "id": "17170549", "score": "1.4374034", "text": "to the humans as cetoids. One is known to them as Oscar. Although Oscar and others exchange the goods for firegems, which are highly valued on Earth. no real attempt has been made to establish how intelligent the cetoids are. The source of the firegems is also unknown. Two of the researchers, Dykstra and Cheng-tung, have been investigating the geology of Venus. The conclude that the planet is in many ways similar to Earth, and could be terraformed and made eventually inhabitable by humans. An oxygen atmosphere could be created and land masses formed. However, the native population would be", "title": "Sister Planet" }, { "id": "18038653", "score": "1.4342644", "text": "too closely packed during their formation to disrupt planetary disk development, but were not so far apart as to prevent the seeding of Earth with radioactive elements produced by a nearby supernova. The discovery of a first solar sibling by searching for specific rare elements may make it easier to identify other siblings in the future. However, HD 162826 is probably the nearest solar sibling, because others would have been identified first if they had been closer to the Sun. It had not been expected that even one sibling would be found at this relatively short distance; the study that", "title": "HD 162826" }, { "id": "6758637", "score": "1.4268124", "text": "to be the best way to ensure the survival of humans as a species. Other reasons for colonizing space include economic interests, long-term scientific research best carried out by humans as opposed to robotic probes, and sheer curiosity. Venus is the second largest terrestrial planet and Earth's closest neighbor, which makes it a potential target. Venus has certain similarities to Earth which, if not for the hostile conditions, might make colonization easier in many respects in comparison with other possible destinations. These similarities, and its proximity, have led Venus to be called Earth's \"sister planet\". At present it has not", "title": "Colonization of Venus" }, { "id": "14432134", "score": "1.4234867", "text": "Earth analog An Earth analog (also referred to as an Earth analogue, Earth twin, or Earth-like planet, though this latter term may refer to any terrestrial planet) is a planet or moon with environmental conditions similar to those found on Earth. The possibility is of particular interest to astrobiologists and astronomers under reasoning that the more similar a planet is to Earth, the more likely it is to be capable of sustaining complex extraterrestrial life. As such, it has long been speculated and the subject expressed in science, philosophy, science fiction and popular culture. Advocates of space colonization have long", "title": "Earth analog" }, { "id": "17583545", "score": "1.4223597", "text": "and unless there are significant tidal forces when orbiting close to the parent star, sub-Earths also have short periods of geologic activity. Sub-Earth A sub-Earth is a planet \"substantially less massive\" than Earth and Venus. In the Solar System, this category includes Mercury and Mars. Sub-Earth exoplanets are among the most difficult type to detect because their small sizes and masses produce the weakest signal. Despite the difficulty, one of the first exoplanets found was a sub-Earth around a millisecond pulsar PSR B1257+12. The smallest known is WD 1145+017 b with a size of 0.15 Earth radii, or somewhat smaller", "title": "Sub-Earth" }, { "id": "1823960", "score": "1.4211895", "text": "the orbit of Earth. These terms were originally used in the geocentric cosmology of Claudius Ptolemy to differentiate as inferior those planets (Mercury and Venus) whose epicycle remained co-linear with the Earth and Sun, and as superior those planets (Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) that did not. In the 16th century, the terms were modified by Copernicus, who rejected Ptolemy's geocentric model, to distinguish a planet's orbit's size in relation to the Earth's. When Earth is stated or assumed to be the reference point: The terms are sometimes used more generally; for example, Earth is an inferior planet relative to Mars.", "title": "Inferior and superior planets" } ]

[ "aluminocrete", "bauxite", "Aluminum ore", "boxite", "alcrete", "bauxite ore", "Aluminocrete", "Bauxite ore", "Bauxite", "aluminum ore", "Alcrete", "Boxite" ]

[ { "id": "10557", "score": "1.5238652", "text": "of the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry. IUPAC official publications use the \"\" spelling as primary but list both where appropriate. Aluminium production is highly energy-consuming, and so the producers tend to locate smelters in places where electric power is both plentiful and inexpensive. As of 2012, the world's largest smelters of aluminium are located in China, Russia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and South Africa. In 2016, China was the top producer of aluminium with a world share of fifty-five percent; the next largest producing countries were Russia, Canada, India, and the United Arab Emirates. According to the International Resource", "title": "Aluminium" }, { "id": "45746", "score": "1.5110936", "text": "karst bauxite ores (carbonate bauxites): In the case of Jamaica, recent analysis of the soils showed elevated levels of cadmium, suggesting that the bauxite originates from recent Miocene ash deposits from episodes of significant volcanism in Central America. Australia is the largest producer of bauxite, followed by China. In 2017, China was the top producer of aluminium with almost half of the world's production, followed by Russia, Canada, and India. Although aluminium demand is rapidly increasing, known reserves of its bauxite ore are sufficient to meet the worldwide demands for aluminium for many centuries. Increased aluminium recycling, which has the", "title": "Bauxite" }, { "id": "1294731", "score": "1.4941359", "text": "including garnets, turquoises and beryls, but the main source is the ore bauxite. The world's leading countries in the extraction of aluminium are Ghana, Surinam, Russia and Indonesia, followed by Australia, Guinea and Brazil. Gallium is a relatively rare element in the Earth's crust and is not found in as many minerals as its lighter homologues. Its abundance on the Earth is a mere 0.0018% (18 ppm). Its production is very low compared to other elements, but has increased greatly over the years as extraction methods have improved. Gallium can be found as a trace in a variety of ores,", "title": "Boron group" }, { "id": "16434844", "score": "1.4850146", "text": "KK). Comalco later purchased Showa Denko's share in April 1986. It is one of the 20 largest aluminium smelters in the world and, according to Rio Tinto Alcan, it provides NZ$3.65 billion worth of economic benefit to the New Zealand economy. It produces the world's highest purity primary (i.e. directly refined made from alumina ore) aluminium. The ore is mostly imported from Australia, while the finished product mostly goes to Japan. The smelter currently consists of 3 lines of P69 technology cells, with 208 cells each (i.e. 624 total), and one line of 48 CD200 technology cells. In 2011 the", "title": "New Zealand Aluminium Smelters" }, { "id": "10542", "score": "1.4845779", "text": "the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea. It is possible that these deposits resulted from bacterial reduction of tetrahydroxoaluminate Al(OH). Although aluminium is a common and widespread element, not all aluminium minerals are economically viable sources of the metal. Almost all metallic aluminium is produced from the ore bauxite (AlO(OH)). Bauxite occurs as a weathering product of low iron and silica bedrock in tropical climatic conditions. In 2017, most bauxite was mined in Australia, China, Guinea, and India. The history of aluminium has been shaped by usage of alum. The first written record of alum, made by Greek", "title": "Aluminium" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bauxite\n\nBauxite is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. It is the world's main source of aluminium and gallium. Bauxite consists mostly of the aluminium minerals gibbsite (Al(OH)), boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)) and diaspore (α-AlO(OH)), mixed with the two iron oxides goethite (FeO(OH)) and haematite (FeO), the aluminium clay mineral kaolinite (AlSiO(OH)) and small amounts of anatase (TiO) and ilmenite (FeTiO or FeO.TiO).\nBauxite appears dull in luster and is reddish-brown, white, or tan.\n\nIn 1821, the French geologist Pierre Berthier discovered bauxite near the village of Les Baux in Provence, southern France.<ref>P. Berthier (1821) \"Analyse de l'alumine hydratée des Beaux, département des Bouches-du-Rhóne\" (Analysis of hydrated alumina from Les Beaux, department of the Mouths-of-the-Rhone), \"Annales des mines\", 1st series, 6 : 531-534. Notes:", "title": "Bauxite" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Aluminium\n\nAluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. It has a great affinity towards oxygen, and forms a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air. Aluminium visually resembles silver, both in its color and in its great ability to reflect light. It is soft, non-magnetic and ductile. It has one stable isotope, Al; this isotope is very common, making aluminium the twelfth most common element in the Universe. The radioactivity of Al is used in radiodating.\n\nChemically, aluminium is a post-transition metal in the boron group; as is common for the group, aluminium forms compounds primarily in the +3 oxidation state. The aluminium cation Al is small and highly charged; as such, it is polarizing, and bonds aluminium forms tend towards covalency. The strong affinity towards oxygen leads to aluminium's common association with oxygen in nature in the form of oxides; for this reason, aluminium is found on Earth primarily in rocks in the crust, where it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon, rather than in the mantle, and virtually never as the free metal.\n\nThe discovery of aluminium was announced in 1825 by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted. The first industrial production of aluminium was initiated by French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in 1856. Aluminium became much more available to the public with the Hall–Héroult process developed independently by French engineer Paul Héroult and American engineer Charles Martin Hall in 1886, and the mass production of aluminium led to its extensive use in industry and everyday life. In World Wars I and II, aluminium was a crucial strategic resource for aviation. In 1954, aluminium became the most produced non-ferrous metal, surpassing copper. In the 21st century, most aluminium was consumed in transportation, engineering, construction, and packaging in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan.\n\nDespite its prevalence in the environment, no living organism is known to use aluminium salts metabolically, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of the abundance of these salts, the potential for a biological role for them is of interest, and studies continue.", "title": "Aluminium" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Iron ore\n\nIron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in color from dark grey, bright yellow, or deep purple to rusty red. The iron is usually found in the form of magnetite (, 72.4% Fe), hematite (, 69.9% Fe), goethite (, 62.9% Fe), limonite (, 55% Fe) or siderite (, 48.2% Fe).\n\nOres containing very high quantities of hematite or magnetite (greater than about 60% iron) are known as \"natural ore\" or \"direct shipping ore\", meaning they can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces. Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron, which is one of the main raw materials to make steel—98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel. In 2011 the \"Financial Times\" quoted Christopher LaFemina, mining analyst at Barclays Capital, saying that iron ore is \"more integral to the global economy than any other commodity, except perhaps oil\".<ref name=\"Iron ore pricing\"/>", "title": "Iron ore" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Laterite\n\nLaterite is both a soil and a rock type rich in iron and aluminium and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high iron oxide content. They develop by intensive and prolonged weathering of the underlying parent rock, usually when there are conditions of high temperatures and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods. Tropical weathering (laterization) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils. The majority of the land area containing laterites is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.\n\nLaterite has commonly been referred to as a soil type as well as being a rock type. This and further variation in the modes of conceptualizing about laterite (e.g. also as a complete weathering profile or theory about weathering) has led to calls for the term to be abandoned altogether. At least a few researchers specializing in regolith development have considered that hopeless confusion has evolved around the name. Material that looks highly similar to the Indian laterite occurs abundantly worldwide.\n\nHistorically, laterite was cut into brick-like shapes and used in monument-building. After 1000 CE, construction at Angkor Wat and other southeast Asian sites changed to rectangular temple enclosures made of laterite, brick, and stone. Since the mid-1970s, some trial sections of bituminous-surfaced, low-volume roads have used laterite in place of stone as a base course. Thick laterite layers are porous and slightly permeable, so the layers can function as aquifers in rural areas. Locally available laterites have been used in an acid solution, followed by precipitation to remove phosphorus and heavy metals at sewage-treatment facilities.\n\nLaterites are a source of aluminum ore; the ore exists largely in clay minerals and the hydroxides, gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore, which resembles the composition of bauxite. In Northern Ireland they once provided a major source of iron and aluminum ores. Laterite ores also were the early major source of nickel.", "title": "Laterite" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lithium\n\nLithium (from ) is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the least dense metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and must be stored in vacuum, inert atmosphere, or inert liquid such as purified kerosene or mineral oil. When cut, it exhibits a metallic luster, but moist air corrodes it quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. It never occurs freely in nature, but only in (usually ionic) compounds, such as pegmatitic minerals, which were once the main source of lithium. Due to its solubility as an ion, it is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines. Lithium metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.\n\nThe nucleus of the lithium atom verges on instability, since the two stable lithium isotopes found in nature have among the lowest binding energies per nucleon of all stable nuclides. Because of its relative nuclear instability, lithium is less common in the solar system than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements even though its nuclei are very light: it is an exception to the trend that heavier nuclei are less common. For related reasons, lithium has important uses in nuclear physics. The transmutation of lithium atoms to helium in 1932 was the first fully man-made nuclear reaction, and lithium deuteride serves as a fusion fuel in staged thermonuclear weapons.\n\nLithium and its compounds have several industrial applications, including heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lithium grease lubricants, flux additives for iron, steel and aluminium production, lithium metal batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. These uses consume more than three-quarters of lithium production.\n\nLithium is present in biological systems in trace amounts; its functions are uncertain. Lithium salts have proven to be useful as a mood stabilizer and antidepressant in the treatment of mental illness such as bipolar disorder.", "title": "Lithium" }, { "id": "10578", "score": "1.4834678", "text": "(not avgas), and laboratory cultures can degrade aluminium. However, these life forms do not directly attack or consume the aluminium; rather, the metal is corroded by microbe waste products. Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of", "title": "Aluminium" }, { "id": "10801187", "score": "1.4792099", "text": "Portland aluminium smelter The Portland aluminium smelter is located at Portland, Victoria, Australia. The smelter has a production capacity of 345,000 tonnes of aluminium per year The smelter is a joint venture owned by Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals, 55% (owned by Alcoa 60% and Alumina Limited 40%), CITIC 22.5% and Marubeni 22.5%. Alcoa manages the smelter operations. The smelter was commissioned between 1986 and 1988. It consists of two potlines of Alcoa A817 reduction cells, operating at a line current of over 310kA. Portland is the only smelter using this technology. Alumina is delivered bi-weekly from Western Australia via", "title": "Portland aluminium smelter" }, { "id": "18938977", "score": "1.4785223", "text": "The leader in US production was Alcoa. Also operating multiple primary plants was Century Aluminum. Primary Aluminum Smelters in the US Secondary production is the recycling of metallic aluminum derived from scrap. Secondary production can be from either new scrap (from aluminum manufacturing), or from old scrap (post-consumer scrap such as recycled aluminum cans). The principal raw materials for aluminum production are bauxite (for primary production) and scrap (for secondary production). Primary aluminum production consumes a great deal of electricity, which makes up about a third of the cost. Making a ton of primary aluminum consumes at least 12,500 kW-hr,", "title": "Aluminum industry in the United States" }, { "id": "9625365", "score": "1.4743037", "text": "smelts alumina to produce aluminium ingots at its smelter at Tema. Locally, a major Ghanaian customer of VALCO is Aluworks. While one motivation for establishing the plant was the local availability of bauxite, the major raw material of alumina, VALCO imported alumina to produce aluminum. The smelter has a capacity of 200,000 metric tons per year of ingots but was shut down between 2007 and 2011. In early 2011, it began reoperating at about 20% of its capacity, producing 3,000 tons per month, mostly for local consumption, with plans to activate a second potline to bring monthly production up to", "title": "Volta Aluminum Company" }, { "id": "10565", "score": "1.4632118", "text": "used non-ferrous metal. The global production of aluminium in 2016 was 58.8 million metric tons. It exceeded that of any other metal except iron (1,231 million metric tons). Aluminium is almost always alloyed, which markedly improves its mechanical properties, especially when tempered. For example, the common aluminium foils and beverage cans are alloys of 92% to 99% aluminium. The main alloying agents are copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and silicon (e.g., duralumin) with the levels of other metals in a few percent by weight. The major uses for aluminium metal are in: The great majority (about 90%) of aluminium oxide is", "title": "Aluminium" }, { "id": "10541", "score": "1.4556304", "text": "2.38% aluminium by mass. Because of its strong affinity for oxygen, aluminium is almost never found in the elemental state; instead it is found in oxides or silicates. Feldspars, the most common group of minerals in the Earth's crust, are aluminosilicates. Aluminium also occurs in the minerals beryl, cryolite, garnet, spinel, and turquoise. Impurities in AlO, such as chromium and iron, yield the gemstones ruby and sapphire, respectively. Native aluminium metal can only be found as a minor phase in low oxygen fugacity environments, such as the interiors of certain volcanoes. Native aluminium has been reported in cold seeps in", "title": "Aluminium" }, { "id": "10521", "score": "1.4536858", "text": "Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different", "title": "Aluminium" }, { "id": "20582101", "score": "1.4482706", "text": "Water and Electricity Authority (40%), and Rio Tinto Alcan (20%). Tony Kinsman was appointed CEO of Sohar Aluminium in September 2004. Sohar Aluminium Sohar Aluminium Company is the first Aluminium smelter in the Sultanate of Oman. Established in 2004, it is under the ownership of Oman Oil Company, Abu Dhabi National Energy Company PJSC – TAQA and Rio Tinto, a leading aluminium mining and production company. The company’s annual production of primary aluminium is 375,000 tonnes per annum and it has a port facility for receiving and exporting aluminium and can support vessels with a capacity of at least 75,000", "title": "Sohar Aluminium" }, { "id": "10551", "score": "1.4430391", "text": "and alumina prices. The BRIC countries' combined share grew in the first decade of the 21st century from 32.6% to 56.5% in primary production and 21.4% to 47.8% in primary consumption. China is accumulating an especially large share of world's production thanks to abundance of resources, cheap energy, and governmental stimuli; it also increased its consumption share from 2% in 1972 to 40% in 2010. In the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, most aluminium was consumed in transportation, engineering, construction, and packaging. Aluminium is named after alumina, or aluminium oxide in modern nomenclature. The word \"alumina\" comes from \"alum\",", "title": "Aluminium" }, { "id": "19363036", "score": "1.4399858", "text": "it would run the Mount Holly smelter at half capacity. Aluminium industry in the United States Century Aluminum Century Aluminum Company () is a US-based producer of primary aluminium, with aluminum plants in the US and Iceland. It the second-largest producer of primary aluminium in the United States, after Alcoa. Since 1996, since the company went public in an IPO by its parent Glencore, the company has been a publicly held corporation listed on the NASDAQ. The headquarters is at One South Wacker in Chicago. Century Aluminum began in 1995 as the aluminium-producing subsidiary of the Swiss-based Glencore International. Century", "title": "Century Aluminum" }, { "id": "10675002", "score": "1.4393339", "text": "has a process for converting spent linings into aluminium fluoride for reuse and synthetic sand usable for building purposes and inert waste. Aluminium smelting is highly energy intensive, and in some countries is only economical if there are inexpensive sources of electricity. In some countries, smelters are given exemptions to energy policy like renewable energy targets. Aluminium smelting Aluminium smelting is the process of extracting aluminium from its oxide, alumina, generally by the Hall-Héroult process. Alumina is extracted from the ore bauxite by means of the Bayer process at an alumina refinery. This is an electrolytic process, so an aluminium", "title": "Aluminium smelting" }, { "id": "1294730", "score": "1.4349965", "text": "of all boron extraction in the world. The United States is second, most of its yield coming from the state of California. Aluminium, in contrast to boron, is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element. It composes about 8.2% (82,000 ppm) of the Earth, surpassed only by oxygen and silicon. It is like boron, however, in that it is uncommon in nature as a free element. This is due to aluminium’s tendency to attract oxygen atoms, forming several aluminium oxides. Aluminium is now known to occur in nearly as many minerals as boron,", "title": "Boron group" }, { "id": "10801191", "score": "1.4340168", "text": "smelter lost power for 6 hours due to fault on the Victorian transmission network. Portland aluminium smelter The Portland aluminium smelter is located at Portland, Victoria, Australia. The smelter has a production capacity of 345,000 tonnes of aluminium per year The smelter is a joint venture owned by Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals, 55% (owned by Alcoa 60% and Alumina Limited 40%), CITIC 22.5% and Marubeni 22.5%. Alcoa manages the smelter operations. The smelter was commissioned between 1986 and 1988. It consists of two potlines of Alcoa A817 reduction cells, operating at a line current of over 310kA. Portland is", "title": "Portland aluminium smelter" }, { "id": "1604301", "score": "1.4336098", "text": "fresh mineral waters. \"Aluminium\" (symbol Al) or \"aluminum\" (American English) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements and a post-transition metal. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low", "title": "Period 3 element" }, { "id": "20429371", "score": "1.432677", "text": "in 1856 by Deville and partners. Deville's smelter moved that year to La Glacière and then Nanterre, and in 1857 to Salindres. For the factory in Nanterre, an output of 2 kilograms of aluminium per day was recorded; purity of the produced aluminium was 98%. In 1860, Deville sold his aluminium interests to Henri Merle, a founder of Compagnie d'Alais et de la Camargue; this company will dominate the aluminium market in France decades later. The factory in Salindres used bauxite as the primary aluminium ore; some chemists, including Deville, sought to use cryolite, but with little success. British engineer", "title": "History of aluminium" } ]

[ "အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည", "Aung San Sui Kyi", "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi", "Daw Suu", "aung sun suu kyi", "Aung Sun Su Kyi", "aung sang suu kyi", "aung sun su kyi", "Assk", "Ang San Su Chee", "Aang san suu kyii", "suu kyi", "assk", "aung san suu kyi", "Daw Aung San Suu Ky", "Ang San So Kii", "Aung San Su Ki", "Daw Suu Kyi", "aung suu kyi", "Aung Sang Suu Kyi", "ang san su chee", "aung san su ki", "Aung San Su Kyi", "daw suu kyi", "daw aung san suu kyi", "daw suu", "aung san sui kyi", "aung san suu ki", "Suu Kyi", "daw aung san suu ky", "Aung Sun Suu Kyi", "ang san so kii", "ASSK", "aung san su kyi", "aang san suu kyii", "Aung San Suu Kyi", "Aung Suu Kyi", "Aung san suu kyi", "အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်", "Aung San Suu Ki" ]

[ { "id": "9390496", "score": "1.6041548", "text": "being involved in a criminal organisation. The charge sheet includes murder, extortion, and involvement in the disappearance of up to 100 immigrants. After 18 months of pretrial detention, the maximum allowed, Michaloliakos was released from jail and placed under house arrest. On 29 July 2015 his house arrest was lifted but he is prohibited from leaving the Attica region. In April 2015, the trial of Michaloliakos and 68 other defendants began at the high-security Korydallos prison in Athens, but was adjourned a number of times for technical reasons and to find a more suitable setting. He is the husband of", "title": "Nikolaos Michaloliakos" }, { "id": "13226287", "score": "1.5863218", "text": "impermissibly shifted the burden of proof from the prosecution to the defense. Alexander was released on bail on November 27, 2013 and required to stay under house arrest. Alexander pleaded guilty to all three counts on November 24, 2014. As part of a negotiated plea agreement, Alexander will serve a three-year minimum mandatory sentence on two of the counts. Judge James Daniel will sentence Alexander on the third count on January 27, 2015. On January 28, 2015, Marissa was released from prison and will be serving the remainder of her 2-year sentence under house arrest. In 2009, Ronald Thompson, a", "title": "Angela Corey" }, { "id": "14626155", "score": "1.5628786", "text": "A on a test he had not taken. He was convicted of two lesser charges and sentenced to five years' imprisonment with all but two suspended, and five years' probation. This was subsequently amended to 18 months' house arrest. While on house arrest Hill began watching internet pornography religiously. During the 18 months he became more of a recluse, applied for and received numerous credit cards, and purchased large amounts of online pornography, with no intention of ever paying the creditor's bills. When his sentence was over he could not get work due to his charge and bad credit, which", "title": "Stephen Clancy Hill" }, { "id": "20844666", "score": "1.5609183", "text": "human rights defender who has been imprisoned since January 2017. According to his wife, he has not been permitted family visitations despite multiple requests. Le Dinh Luong was sentenced to 20 years prison and 5 years house arrest on 16 August 2018 in a trial which lasted five hours. He was only able to meet with his lawyer in late July 2018, after being held incommunicado for a year. The international community was quick to react following the verdict. Phil Robertson, Deputy Asia Director of Human Rights Watch said it was \"absolutely outrageous\" and that \"speaking out and peacefully demonstrating", "title": "Lê Đình Lượng" }, { "id": "8140636", "score": "1.5533007", "text": "his release date to house arrest was announced for 21 August 2015. This release was based on good behaviour and the fact that he was not considered a danger to the community. Pistorius was expected to remain under house arrest and correctional supervision, and was expected to perform community service as part of his continuing sentence. Regardless of his release from prison, Pistorius could not return to official athletic competition until the whole five years of his sentence was complete. On 19 August 2015, his release was unexpectedly blocked by South Africa's Justice Minister Michael Masutha. According to Masutha, the", "title": "Oscar Pistorius" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Aung San Suu Kyi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "National League for Democracy\n\nThe National League for Democracy (, ; abbr. NLD; Burmese abbr. ဒီချုပ်) is a liberal democratic political party in Myanmar (Burma). It became the country's ruling party after a landslide victory in the 2015 general election but was overthrown in a military coup d'état in early 2021 following another landslide election victory in 2020.\n\nFounded on 27 September 1988, it has become one of the most influential parties in Myanmar's pro-democracy movement. Aung San Suu Kyi, the former State Counsellor of Myanmar, serves as its chairperson. The party won a substantial parliamentary majority in the 1990 Myanmar general election. However, the ruling military junta refused to recognise the result. On 6 May 2010, the party was declared illegal and ordered to be disbanded by the junta after refusing to register for the elections slated for November 2010. In November 2011, the NLD announced its intention to register as a political party to contend future elections, and Myanmar's Union Election Commission approved their application for registration on 13 December 2011.\n\nIn the 2012 by-elections, the NLD contested 44 of the 45 available seats, winning 43, with its only loss being in one seat to the SNDP. Party leader Aung San Suu Kyi won the seat of Kawhmu. In the 2015 general election, the NLD won a supermajority in both houses of the Assembly, paving the way for the country's first non-military president in 54 years. The NLD is an observer party of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats.\n\nOn 21 May 2021, the junta's Union Election Committee announced plans to permanently dissolve the NLD, though the junta later reversed this decision, with spokesman Zaw Min Tun saying that the NLD will decide whether to stand in the 2023 general election.", "title": "National League for Democracy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "House arrest\n\nIn justice and law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or, in modern times, electronic monitoring) is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to their residence. Travel is usually restricted, if allowed at all. House arrest is an alternative to being in a prison while awaiting trial or after sentencing.\n\nWhile house arrest can be applied to criminal cases when prison does not seem an appropriate measure, the term is often applied to the use of house confinement as a measure of repression by authoritarian governments against political dissidents. In these cases, the person under house arrest often does not have access to any means of communication with people outside of the home; if electronic communication is allowed, conversations may be monitored.", "title": "House arrest" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of kidnappings\n\nThe following is a list of kidnappings summarizing the events of each individual case, including instances of celebrity abductions, claimed hoaxes, suspected kidnappings, extradition abductions, and mass kidnappings.", "title": "List of kidnappings" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of professional sportspeople convicted of crimes\n\nThis list includes sports-people who have been convicted of serious crimes (such as felonies in the United States). It comprises both professionals and those amateurs who have competed at the highest levels.", "title": "List of professional sportspeople convicted of crimes" }, { "id": "8229312", "score": "1.5520172", "text": "for the excessive enforcement of the one-child policy. As a result of this lawsuit, Chen was placed under house arrest from September 2005 to March 2006, with a formal arrest in June 2006. On 24 August 2006, Chen was sentenced to four years and three months for \"damaging property and organising a mob to disturb traffic.\" He was released from prison in 2010 after serving his full sentence, but remained under house arrest or \"soft detention\" at his home in Dongshigu Village. Chen and his wife were reportedly beaten shortly after a human rights group released a video of their", "title": "Chen Guangcheng" }, { "id": "3844901", "score": "1.5437063", "text": "Young, was still being held in the island's jail, all the others having been granted home detention status. It was reported on 23 April 2009 that Brian Young had been released on house arrest having served just over two years of his original sentence of six and a half years. It is purported that the now empty jail will be turned into a guest house. Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004 On 30 September 2004, seven men living on Pitcairn Island went on trial facing 55 charges relating to sexual offences. The accused represented a third of the island's male", "title": "Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004" }, { "id": "16234763", "score": "1.5411444", "text": "released from prison on November 29, 2016, and moved into a halfway house with five drug dealers close to downtown Dallas, Texas. On April 27, 2017, Brown was arrested and held on unknown charges for four days. After he was released, he gave an interview to \"Democracy Now!\" while under house arrest, despite pressure from the government not to speak to the media. Brown has expressed a desire to move to Iceland or Germany when possible, telling \"Truthout\" in an interview, \" I can't stay in the US because I can't get work done if I'm always subject to these", "title": "Barrett Brown" }, { "id": "8284916", "score": "1.5398269", "text": "to them. He was imprisoned in Villa Devoto in 2004 and 2005. He was later allowed to continue the sentence under house arrest due to his advanced age (over 70 years old at the time). Although Etchecolatz's lawyers claimed he had a terminal illness, after police found a firearm in his home in 2006 in violation of the terms of house arrest, he was transferred to the Marcos Paz prison. In 2003 Congress repealed the 1986 \"Pardon Laws\" (Ley de Punto Final), and re-opened investigation and prosecution of crimes committed during the Dirty War. Human rights activists said that potentially", "title": "Miguel Etchecolatz" }, { "id": "1729205", "score": "1.5244865", "text": "1962. At the Treason Trial (1956–1961), he was eventually sentenced to six years, but was released on bail pending his appeal. He went underground in 1963, resulting in his wife being the first woman arrested under the General Laws Amendment Act of 1963 (or \"90-day clause\"). He was caught at Rivonia on 11 July, along with 16 others. At the conclusion of the Rivonia Trial (1963–1964), he was sentenced to life imprisonment on 12 June 1964. With other senior ANC figures, he served the majority of his sentence on Robben Island. In October 1989, he was released after 26 years", "title": "Walter Sisulu" }, { "id": "30887", "score": "1.5236495", "text": "San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest for a total of 15 years over a 21-year period, on numerous occasions, since she began her political career, during which time she was prevented from meeting her party supporters and international visitors. In an interview, she said that while under house arrest she spent her time reading philosophy, politics and biographies that her husband had sent her. She also passed the time playing the piano, and was occasionally allowed visits from foreign diplomats as well as from her personal physician. Although under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi was granted permission", "title": "Aung San Suu Kyi" }, { "id": "7405447", "score": "1.5222893", "text": "Youth Congress and was a Youth Delegate to the World Youth Festival (in Hungary). In 1964, charged with sabotage and other charges, he was sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. He served his 14 year sentence to the day and returned home to further restrictions and house arrest orders on the 28 February 1978. The imposition of punishment by the courts did not satisfy police officers. They imposed further restrictions on his release, while Archie Gumede employed him on his release. Today many peace-time activists have surfaced, but George through the organisations he worked in challenged the might of the", "title": "George Naicker" }, { "id": "18536492", "score": "1.5221647", "text": "has been transferred to house arrest. He returned home to his family on 1 November 2013 after 172 days in detention. The Skopje Court of Appeal confirmed the sentence for Kezarovski on 16 January 2015 and reduced it to two years. Considering the jail time and house arrest he had served, he was still to serve three and a half months. On 16 January the police took him from his home by police and put back in prison. Kezarovski was temporarily released on 20 January for health issues, and joined about 2,000 supporters demonstrating outside the appeals court to demand", "title": "Tomislav Kezarovski" }, { "id": "7754648", "score": "1.5218627", "text": "This is a rare honour for a living convicted criminal. It was reported in the \"Geelong Advertiser\" on 23 June 2009 that De Stefano would serve out the remainder of his sentence in home detention. De Stefano will be released from prison and tagged electronically on 13 July, six months earlier than the minimum term of seven years he was sentenced to. The Adult Parole Board deemed De Stefano to be a 'suitable candidate' in a hearing held during the third week of June 2009. The Parole Board disclosed that De Stefano, who was bankrupted whilst in jail, would not", "title": "Frank De Stefano" }, { "id": "18306194", "score": "1.5213906", "text": "a 10-year sentence, stating Ortega-Hernandez was suffering from depression and stress. Prosecutors had asked for the maximum sentence of 27½ years. He is serving his sentence at Federal Correctional Institution, Beaumont, with a release date of November 28, 2033. 2011 White House shooting The 2011 White House shooting occurred on November 11, 2011, when Oscar Ramiro Ortega-Hernandez, an unemployed 21-year-old man, fired a semi-automatic rifle at the White House, the official residence of the U.S. President in Washington, D.C. At least seven bullets hit the second floor. Neither the president nor First Lady Michelle Obama were home at the time,", "title": "2011 White House shooting" }, { "id": "19498413", "score": "1.5211818", "text": "and religions in the house during 1988 uprisings. She remained under house arrest for almost 15 of the 21 years from 1989 to 2010 in the house. On 22 September 2007, although still under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi made a brief public appearance at the gate of the house to accept the blessings of Buddhist monks during the Saffron revolution. On 2 May 2008, after the Cyclone Nargis, the roof of the house was damaged and Aung San Suu Kyi lived in virtual darkness after losing electricity. She used candles at night as she was not provided any", "title": "54 University Avenue" }, { "id": "10412809", "score": "1.5194757", "text": "over to the Police on July 19th 2013. He was immediately incarcerated at the Jilava Penitentiary to serve a 20 years sentence. He is currently awaiting other pending trials and civil suits. Omar Hayssam Omar Hayssam (, born January 3, 1963) is a Syrian-born Romanian financier who was sentenced \"in absentia\" to 20 years in prison after a Romanian court found him guilty of masterminding the kidnapping of three Romanian journalists in Iraq in 2005. Hayssam arrived in Bucharest as a student at the beginning of the 1980s, graduating from the Railroads, Roads and Bridges Faculty of the Bucharest Constructions", "title": "Omar Hayssam" }, { "id": "5719053", "score": "1.519291", "text": "offender and failing to disclose information on the 21 July plot. The jury was undecided on another charge of assisting an offender. She was jailed for 10 years. In 2010 it was reported that Muluemebet was \"on a list of those who have been freed from prison or are close to being released\" as she was eligible for release in the two prior years. An article in the Daily Mail 29 September 2011 infers that she has been released. It was reported in September 2011 that she was among a group of seven fighting deportation on human rights grounds. She", "title": "Muluemebet Girma" }, { "id": "10571899", "score": "1.5164566", "text": "Armato and Farid Ouassou. He was then imprisoned in a location which has been kept secret for \"security reasons.\" On June 25, 2008, the cour d'assises of the Alpes-Maritimes department sentenced him to 15 years in prison with no chance of early release for a series of armed robberies and assaults against police officers while he evaded custody. On April 8, 2011, the cour d'assises of Bouches-du-Rhône sentenced him to an additional five years of prison for his 2007 escape. His three accomplices were sentenced to nine, seven and six years. Some other prisoners judged complicit in the escape were", "title": "Pascal Payet" }, { "id": "20987554", "score": "1.5162971", "text": "in 2009, where he was re-arrested for additional charges. Medrano Rodríguez was arrested on 28 March 2002 in Matamoros. He was sentenced to 44 years in prison on 12 May 2006. He was released after 2012. Vázquez Mireles was arrested in Veracruz on 1 April 2003. As of 2013, he was in prison without a conviction after a court annulled his 12-year sentence. González Pizaña was arrested on October 2004. He was given a sixteen year conviction in 2014, but was released later that year after his conviction was reduced to time he had already served. De la Cruz Reyna", "title": "1999 Matamoros standoff" } ]

[ "Extraordinary renditions", "snatch team", "extraordinary renditions", "Outsourcing torture", "Mystery flight", "erroneous rendition", "cia torture flights", "Torture flights", "Extraordinary Rendition", "Proxy detention", "outsourcing torture", "mystery flights", "Extraordinary rendition by the United States", "irregular rendition", "extraordinary rendition", "CIA torture flights", "Erroneous rendition", "Snatch team", "extraordinary rendition by united states", "Mystery flights", "Irregular rendition", "Extraordinary rendition", "torture flights", "proxy detention", "mystery flight" ]

[ { "id": "9015385", "score": "1.6947325", "text": "transferred suspected terrorists to countries known to employ torture, whether they meant to enable torture or not. It has been claimed, though, that torture has been employed with the knowledge or acquiescence of U.S. agencies (a transfer of anyone to anywhere for the purpose of torture is a violation of U.S. law), although Condoleezza Rice (then the United States Secretary of State) stated that: the United States has not transported anyone, and will not transport anyone, to a country when we believe he will be tortured. Where appropriate, the United States seeks assurances that transferred persons will not be tortured.", "title": "Torture and the United States" }, { "id": "3410293", "score": "1.6534386", "text": "anywhere for the purpose of torture is a violation of US law. Nonetheless, Condoleezza Rice (then the United States Secretary of State) stated that:the United States has not transported anyone and will not transport anyone, to a country when we believe he will be tortured. Where appropriate, the United States seeks assurances that transferred persons will not be tortured. This US programme also prompted several official investigations in Europe into alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states, including those related with the so-called War on Terrorism. A June 2006 report from the Council of", "title": "Criticism of the War on Terror" }, { "id": "3839280", "score": "1.611927", "text": "suspects as being arrested, blindfolded, shackled, and sedated, or otherwise kidnapped, and transported by private jet or other means to the destination country. The reports also say that the rendering countries have provided interrogators with lists of questions. On 4 October 2001, a secret arrangement was made in Brussels by all members of NATO. Lord George Robertson, British defense secretary and later NATO's secretary-general, would later explain NATO members agreed to provide \"blanket overflight clearances for the United States and other allies' aircraft for military flights related to operations against terrorism.\" On 23 October 2006, the \"New Yorker\" reported that", "title": "Extraordinary rendition" }, { "id": "2532995", "score": "1.5534301", "text": "that \"policymakers needed to get control of the military\". The British were concerned that the flights over Lebanon were authorised by the Lebanese Ministry of Defence rather than the entire cabinet, and that the intelligence so gained could lead to the UK being complicit in the unlawful torture of detainees. After warnings that these issues \"could jeopardize future use of British territory\", John Rood, a senior Bush administration official, and Mariot Leslie, the Foreign Office's director general for defence and intelligence, became involved. Leslie said that the U.S. was not actually expected to check on detained terrorists, but that future", "title": "RAF Akrotiri" }, { "id": "13779017", "score": "1.5515205", "text": "three carriers – American Airlines, United Airlines and Air Canada. NBC News reported disagreement between the United States and the United Kingdom over when to make the arrests. According to NBC News, a senior British official contended that an attack was not imminent, noting that the suspects had not yet purchased airline tickets and some did not even have passports; he had urged that the investigation continue to collect more evidence. The same source also told NBC News that the United States had threatened to use extraordinary rendition upon suspected ringleader Rashid Rauf in Pakistan, or to pressure the Pakistan", "title": "2006 transatlantic aircraft plot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "For other uses, see Extraordinary Rendition." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "CIA black sites\n\nCIA black sites refer to the black sites that are controlled by the CIA and used by the U.S. government in its War on Terror to detain enemy combatants.\n\nUS President George W. Bush acknowledged the existence of secret prisons operated by the CIA during a speech on September 6, 2006. A claim that the black sites existed was made by \"The Washington Post\" in November 2005 and before this by human rights NGOs.\n\nA European Union (EU) report adopted on February 14, 2007, by a majority of the European Parliament (382 MEPs voting in favor, 256 against and 74 abstaining) stated the CIA operated 1,245 flights and that it was not possible to contradict evidence or suggestions that secret detention centers where prisoners have been tortured were operated in Poland and Romania. After denying the fact for years, Poland confirmed in 2014 that it has hosted black sites.", "title": "CIA black sites" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Guantanamo Bay detention camp\n\nThe Guantanamo Bay detention camp () is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo, GTMO, and Gitmo (), on the coast of Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Of the roughly 780 people detained there since January 2002 when the military prison first opened after the September 11 attacks, 735 have been transferred elsewhere, 35 remain there, and 9 have died while in custody.\n\nThe camp was established by U.S. President George W. Bush's administration in 2002 during the War on Terror following the September 11, 2001 attacks. Indefinite detention without trial led the operations of this camp to be considered a major breach of human rights by Amnesty International, and a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth amendments of the United States Constitution by the Center for Constitutional Rights.\n\nBush's successor, U.S. President Barack Obama, promised that he would close the camp, but met strong bipartisan opposition from the U.S. Congress, which passed laws to prohibit detainees from Guantanamo being imprisoned in the U.S. During President Obama's administration, the number of inmates was reduced from about 245 to 41.\n\nIn January 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order to keep the detention camp open indefinitely. In early February 2021, the administration of U.S. President Joe Biden declared his intention to shut down the facility before he leaves office, though critics have noted that the Biden administration has taken few to no steps in the direction of closure. Instead, he authorized several million dollars of expansions in early 2022, for future purposes seemingly unrelated to the few dozen remaining prisoners held over from the center's peak-usage days, most of whom remain uncharged with any crime as of September 2022.\n\nIn July 2021, under the Biden administration, an additional detainee was released. In December 2021, \"The New York Times\" reported the Pentagon is building a second facility courtroom, in which the public will not be allowed to view the proceedings inside the courtroom. Instead, journalists wishing to view the trials will be permitted to watch via a delayed video in a separate building after the trial has already taken place.<ref name=\"ReferenceA\"/> The \"Times\" article further stated that the new design will permit simultaneous tribunals to occur on the premises \"starting in mid-2023.\"", "title": "Guantanamo Bay detention camp" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Human rights violations by the CIA\n\nThis article deals with the activities of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the federal government of the United States that are violations of human rights.", "title": "Human rights violations by the CIA" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Miranda warning\n\nIn the United States, the Miranda\" warning is a type of notification customarily given by police to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial interrogation) advising them of their right to silence and, in effect, protection from self-incrimination; that is, their right to refuse to answer questions or provide information to law enforcement or other officials. These rights are often referred to as Miranda\" rights. The purpose of such notification is to preserve the admissibility of their statements made during custodial interrogation in later criminal proceedings. The idea came from law professor Yale Kamisar, who subsequently was dubbed \"the father of \"Miranda\".\"\n\nThe language used in a \"Miranda\" warning was derived from the 1966 U.S. Supreme Court case \"Miranda v. Arizona\". The specific language used in the warning varies between jurisdictions, but the warning is deemed adequate as long as the defendant's rights are properly disclosed such that any waiver of those rights by the defendant is knowing, voluntary, and intelligent. For example, the warning may be phrased as follows:\n\nThe \"Miranda\" warning is part of a preventive criminal procedure rule that law enforcement are required to administer to protect an individual who is in custody and subject to direct questioning or its functional equivalent from a violation of their Fifth Amendment right against compelled self-incrimination. In \"Miranda v. Arizona\", the Supreme Court held that the admission of an elicited incriminating statement by a suspect not informed of these rights violates the Fifth Amendment and the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, through the incorporation of these rights into state law. Thus, if law enforcement officials decline to offer a \"Miranda\" warning to an individual in their custody, they may interrogate that person and act upon the knowledge gained, but may not ordinarily use that person's statements as evidence against them in a criminal trial.", "title": "Miranda warning" }, { "id": "7760756", "score": "1.5497887", "text": "that airplane cockpits be reinforced to prevent terrorists gaining control of planes, and assigned sky marshals to flights. Further, the Aviation and Transportation Security Act made the federal government, rather than airports, responsible for airport security. The law created the Transportation Security Administration to inspect passengers and luggage, causing long delays and concern over passenger privacy. After suspected abuses of the USA Patriot Act were brought to light in June 2013 with articles about collection of American call records by the NSA and the PRISM program (see 2013 mass surveillance disclosures), Representative Jim Sensenbrenner, Republican of Wisconsin, who introduced the", "title": "September 11 attacks" }, { "id": "8728044", "score": "1.5453243", "text": "70 passengers and blew up the plane. Younis appeared on television as a spokesman for the hijackers. The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 created a new section in the U.S. Criminal Code for Hostage Taking and The Omnibus Diplomatic Security And Antiterrorism Act of 1986 established a new extraterritorial statute pertaining to terrorist acts conducted abroad against U.S. citizens and interests. Upon approval by the host country, the FBI has the legal authority to deploy FBI personnel to conduct extraterritorial investigations in the host country where the criminal act has been committed, enabling the United States to prosecute terrorists", "title": "Fawaz Younis" }, { "id": "5953809", "score": "1.541506", "text": "system throughout the United Kingdom, and would include the cooperation of the British Transport Police, as in relation to the transport network. It would also probably include the cooperation of SO18 (aviation and airport policing) and SCD10 - Surveillance (covert policing). Operation Trammel is an operation run by SO13 designed to identify criminals linked with terrorist organisations by the use of 'key indicators'. This would include credit card related fraud and forged documents used to fund terrorism. This policy would not have such a high-profile role, as the results would not be as evident to the press, it would merely", "title": "Anti-terrorist policies of the Metropolitan police" }, { "id": "11366019", "score": "1.5392846", "text": "position is, Extraordinary rendition and irregular rendition are terms used to describe the kidnapping and extrajudicial transfer of a person from one state to another, and the term torture by proxy is used by some critics to describe situations in which the U.S. has purportedly transferred suspected terrorists to countries known to employ harsh interrogation techniques that may rise to the level of torture. It has been alleged that torture has been employed with the knowledge or acquiescence of the United States, although United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice stated in an April 2006 radio interview that the United", "title": "World Policy Council" }, { "id": "11232140", "score": "1.5380375", "text": "Known Shipper Program In response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) implemented new rules to ensure the safety of domestic and international air travel in the United States. The rules of this program are administered by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), who is responsible for the oversight of all transportation security, including truck, rail and ocean, as well as air. While the specifics of the security program are restricted, the multi-layered program effectively eliminates the anonymous shipment of all documents, parcels, counter-to-counter packages", "title": "Known Shipper Program" }, { "id": "17825657", "score": "1.5334365", "text": "US services have been directly responsible for the illegal seizure, removal, abduction and detention of terrorist suspects on the territory of member states\". The Chairman of the committee, Carlos Coelho, claimed that the CIA's extraordinary renditions in Europe was carried out \"with the knowledge and support of European national governments\". In 2007, the final report of the committee was released, which revealed the existence of secret detention facilities in Europe. According to the report, over one thousand CIA-operated flights used European airspace from 2001 to 2005. The report also included the following details: The committee's final report was approved by", "title": "Temporary Committee on the alleged use of European countries by the CIA for the transport and illegal detention of prisoners" }, { "id": "11232142", "score": "1.5332893", "text": "limited. Collectively, this program is known within the industry as the Known Shipper Program. Known Shipper Program In response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) implemented new rules to ensure the safety of domestic and international air travel in the United States. The rules of this program are administered by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), who is responsible for the oversight of all transportation security, including truck, rail and ocean, as well as air. While the specifics of the security program are restricted,", "title": "Known Shipper Program" }, { "id": "3839277", "score": "1.5325179", "text": "the United States, in particular the CIA, has been accused of rendering hundreds of people suspected by the government of being terrorists—or of aiding and abetting terrorist organizations—to third-party states such as Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Uzbekistan. Such \"ghost detainees\" are kept outside judicial oversight, often without ever entering US territory, and may or may not ultimately be transferred to the custody of the United States. According to the former CIA case officer Bob Baer, \"If you want a serious interrogation, you send a prisoner to Jordan. If you want them to be tortured, you send them to Syria. If", "title": "Extraordinary rendition" }, { "id": "6374343", "score": "1.526972", "text": "in Poland and Romania before continuing on to Morocco, and finally Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Such flight patterns might corroborate the claims of government officials that prisoners are grouped into different classes being deposited in different locations. Malinowski's comments prompted quick denials by both Polish and Romanian government officials as well as sparking the concern of the International Committee of the Red Cross (\"ICRC\"), who called for access to all foreign terrorism suspects held by the United States. The accusation that several EU members may have allowed the United States to hold, imprison or torture detainees on their soil has", "title": "Black site" }, { "id": "4141616", "score": "1.5246813", "text": "discuss the nature of their interest in aviation. Both planes have been involved in rendition cases documented by the \"Tribune\", other media and EU investigators,\" states the Chicago Tribune on page 14. N379P was a tailnumber assigned to a Gulfstream V executive jet. The aircraft has been reported in several press sources as a U.S. Department of Defense prisoner transport, also known as \"Guantánamo Bay Express\". The craft has been reported to being used to transport suspected terrorists to undisclosed locations for either extraordinary rendition or into the CIA prison system. It has been the subject of criminal complaints and", "title": "Rendition aircraft" }, { "id": "3839261", "score": "1.5201154", "text": "been abducted, taken to a CIA black site in Poland, and tortured. By 2004, critics alleged that torture was used against subjects with the knowledge or acquiescence of the United States (a transfer of anyone to anywhere for the purpose of torture is a violation of US law). In addition, some former detainees claimed to have been transferred to other countries for interrogation under torture, such as the Australian citizen Mamdouh Habib. In December 2005 Condoleezza Rice (then the United States Secretary of State) stated that: -- The United States has not transported anyone, and will not transport anyone, to", "title": "Extraordinary rendition" }, { "id": "3839272", "score": "1.5196424", "text": "administration, writer Jane Mayer noted, In 1995, American agents proposed the rendition program to Egypt, making clear that it had the resources to track, capture, and transport terrorist suspects globally—including access to a small fleet of aircraft. Egypt embraced the idea ... 'What was clever was that some of the senior people in Al Qaeda were Egyptian,' Scheuer said. 'It served American purposes to get these people arrested, and Egyptian purposes to get these people back, where they could be interrogated.' Technically, U.S. law requires the CIA to seek 'assurances' from foreign governments that rendered suspects won't be tortured. Scheuer", "title": "Extraordinary rendition" }, { "id": "2787608", "score": "1.5180022", "text": "individual prisoners who are considered particularly dangerous or notorious, as well as individuals in the witness protection program. According to the Boeing Jetliner Databook, JPATS operates three Boeing 737s. JPATS also operates an additional Saab 2000 turboprop.<ref name=\"http://registry.faa.gov\">http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=92225</ref> JPATS aircraft use the ICAO designator DOJ with the callsign JUSTICE. Immediately after the September 11, 2001 attacks, when the Federal Aviation Administration grounded all civilian air service, JPATS was the only civilian passenger-carrying air service allowed to continue flying in U.S. airspace. Prior to the existence of JPATS, the transport of federal inmates over long distances was complicated. The process required", "title": "Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System" }, { "id": "14125577", "score": "1.5155996", "text": "process could choose to undergo a pat-down search or be searched with hand-held detectors. Under new rules prompted by the incident, airline passengers traveling to the U.S. from 14 nations would undergo extra screening: Afghanistan, Algeria, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. The inclusion of non-Muslim Cuba on the list was criticized. Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said that the UK would take \"whatever action was necessary\". The day after the attack, British police searched a family-owned flat where Abdulmutallab had lived while in London. Dutch counter-terrorism agency NCTb", "title": "Northwest Airlines Flight 253" }, { "id": "8526304", "score": "1.5128756", "text": "Affairs employees and their families regarding potential terrorist attacks in host countries they are posted to. It has been alleged that Ireland facilitated the CIA's extraordinary rendition program of terrorism suspects in the aftermath of 9/11, including the secret detention and interrogation of suspects. It is claimed that Irish airports Casement Aerodrome (military) and Shannon International Airport (civilian) – used by the US military as stopover hubs – have been used by the CIA for rendition operations, with support from the Irish government. Military Intelligence and the Garda Special Detective Unit's Middle Eastern Desk are tasked with monitoring potential jihadists", "title": "Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)" } ]

[ "h alba", "Scotlander", "Scottland", "Scot Land", "communications in scotland", "Autonomous Province of Scotland", "Maps of scotland", "East coast of Scotland", "maps of scotland", "scotland s", "Scotlanders", "Auld Country", "The Scottish Nation", "Scottish nation", "North Great Britain", "Scottish Nation", "scottland", "autonomous province of scotland", "H-Alba", "auld country", "scotland uk", "North of Great Britain", "scotlander", "east coast of scotland", "scottish nation", "Communications in Scotland", "scotchland", "north of great britain", "Scotchland", "SCOTLAND", "scotlanders", "Scotland", "north great britain", "Scotland's", "scotland", "northern great britain", "scotia minor", "Scotia minor", "Northern Great Britain", "scot land", "Scotland, UK" ]

[ { "id": "15347795", "score": "1.7955998", "text": "Alba \"Alba\" () is the Scottish Gaelic name () for Scotland. It is cognate with the Irish term ' (gen. ', dat. ') and the Manx term ', the two other Goidelic Insular Celtic languages, as well as contemporary words used in Cornish (') and Welsh ('), both of which are Brythonic Insular Celtic languages. (The third surviving Brythonic language, Breton, instead uses \"\", meaning 'country of the Scots'.) In the past these terms were names for Great Britain as a whole, related to the Brythonic name Albion. The term first appears in classical texts as ' or ' (in", "title": "Alba" }, { "id": "15347800", "score": "1.6675327", "text": "use a bilingual logo with the Gaelic name '. However, the Gaelic version from the outset had always been '. The Scottish Parliament, likewise, uses the Gaelic name \". A new welcome sign on the historic A7 route into Scotland was erected in 2009, with the text \". Phrases such as \"\" may be used as a catch-phrase or rallying cry. It was used in the movie \"Braveheart\" as William Wallace encouraged the troops at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. Alba \"Alba\" () is the Scottish Gaelic name () for Scotland. It is cognate with the Irish term ' (gen.", "title": "Alba" }, { "id": "7024186", "score": "1.6266136", "text": "Picts. It is very likely therefore that the Picts did so themselves; or if they did not originally, they came to do so. In which case the Pictish for Pictland would have been either the same as their word for Britain, or an obsolete term. Alba was exactly this kind of word in Old Irish. It is therefore plausible that \"Alba\" is simply a Gaelic translation. The name change is first registered at the very beginning of the tenth century, not long before Constantine II is alleged to have Scotticised the \"Pictish\" Church, and at the height of Viking raids.", "title": "Origins of the Kingdom of Alba" }, { "id": "14916421", "score": "1.5610322", "text": "Alba (shinty team) Alba is a shinty team selected to represent Scotland and Scots Gaelic which plays annually in a composite rules international series with Míchael Breathnach CLG who represent the Irish Language. The prerequisite for playing in this team is that a player can speak Scots Gaelic. Gaelic was the traditional language of shinty, hence its Gaelic names camanachd and iomain. Many of the rules of the game were originally written in Gaelic but due to the decline of the Gaelic language, there are now few areas where Gaelic and shinty are both strong outwith the Isle of Skye.", "title": "Alba (shinty team)" }, { "id": "15347796", "score": "1.5459964", "text": "Ptolemy's writings in Greek), and later as ' in Latin documents. Historically, the term refers to Britain as a whole and is ultimately based on the Indo-European root for \"white\". It later came to be used by Gaelic speakers in the form of ' (dative ', genitive ', now obsolete) as the name given to the former kingdom of the Picts which when first used in this sense (around the time of king Causantín mac Áeda (Constantine II, 943–952)) had expanded. The region Breadalbane (\"\", the upper part of \"Alba\") takes its name from it as well. The Pictish, and", "title": "Alba" }, { "id": "11784252", "score": "1.5323746", "text": "Occitan lyric poetry. Alba (given name) Alba is a \"unisex\" given name of Latin origin meaning \"white\" . In Spanish and Italian the name means sunrise or \"dawn\". In Spanish and Italian speaking countries it is considered to be a female name. It can also be used as a Spanish surname, as in the actress Jessica Alba, or a title, as in the Spanish Dukedom of Alba. It may also be considered a feminine version of Albert or Albinus or of names beginning with the Germanic Alf. Alba is also the Scottish Gaelic name for Scotland and the alba is", "title": "Alba (given name)" }, { "id": "7024183", "score": "1.5048299", "text": "Fergus reads: This inscription is from the Dupplin Cross, and was found in the heart of southern Pictland, near Forteviot. It dates from the late 8th or early ninth century. If the name in question really were the Pictish \"Urguist\", then it is odd that a contemporary Pictish description gave the Gaelic form, form beginning with the unmistakably Goidelic \"F\". It is thus likely that several of the later Pictish Kings spoke Gaelic as their first language. The St Andrews historian Alex Woolf has recently put forward a case for relocating the Kingdom of Fortriu north of the \"Mounth\" (the", "title": "Origins of the Kingdom of Alba" }, { "id": "6857997", "score": "1.4990071", "text": "There is no precise Gaelic equivalent for the English terminology \"Kingdom of Alba\", as the Gaelic term \"Rìoghachd na h-Alba\" means 'Kingdom of Scotland'. English speaking scholars adapted the Gaelic name for Scotland to apply to a particular political period in Scottish history during the High Middle Ages. Little is known about the structure of the Scottish royal court in the period before the coming of the Normans to Scotland, before the reign of David I. A little more is known about the court of the later 12th and 13th centuries. In the words of Geoffrey Barrow, this court \"was", "title": "Kingdom of Alba" }, { "id": "15381502", "score": "1.4967601", "text": "Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba (; \"Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland\") is the national advisory partnership for Gaelic place names in Scotland. Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba are based at Sabhal Mòr Ostaig on Skye. Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba began as the Gaelic Names Liaison Committee, established in 2000 by the Ordnance Survey to improve consistency in Gaelic names on their mapping products. The committee expanded to become the Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba partnership in 2006. Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba research and agree on place names, using local knowledge, historical sources and the principles of the Gaelic Orthographic Conventions. These names are used by local", "title": "Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba" }, { "id": "20136349", "score": "1.490371", "text": "certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, and Pictish identity was forgotten. By the 10th century, Gaelic had become the dominant language throughout northern and western Scotland, the Gaelo-Pictic Kingdom of Alba. Its spread to southern Scotland was less even and less complete. Place name analysis suggests dense usage of Gaelic in Galloway and adjoining areas to the north and west, as well as in West Lothian and parts of western Midlothian. Less dense usage is suggested for north Ayrshire, Renfrewshire, the Clyde Valley and eastern Dumfriesshire. This latter region", "title": "History of Scottish Gaelic" }, { "id": "11187690", "score": "1.4891987", "text": "proportion of the Scottish population speak to a greater or lesser degree. The Scots- and Irish-Gaelic name for Scotland, Alba, derives from the same Celtic root as the name Albion, which properly designates the entire island of Great Britain but, by implication as used by foreigners, sometimes the country of England, Scotland's southern neighbour which covers the largest portion of the island of Britain. The term arguably derives from an early Indo-European word meaning 'white', generally held to refer to the cliffs of white chalk around the English town of Dover, ironically located at the furthest end of Great Britain", "title": "Etymology of Scotland" }, { "id": "11784251", "score": "1.4885683", "text": "Alba (given name) Alba is a \"unisex\" given name of Latin origin meaning \"white\" . In Spanish and Italian the name means sunrise or \"dawn\". In Spanish and Italian speaking countries it is considered to be a female name. It can also be used as a Spanish surname, as in the actress Jessica Alba, or a title, as in the Spanish Dukedom of Alba. It may also be considered a feminine version of Albert or Albinus or of names beginning with the Germanic Alf. Alba is also the Scottish Gaelic name for Scotland and the alba is a subgenre of", "title": "Alba (given name)" }, { "id": "7024173", "score": "1.4849892", "text": "The traditional origin legends in Scotland were influenced by the \"Historia Regum Britanniae\", the \"Lebor Gabála Érenn\" and the \"Historia Brittonum\". Ultimately, such conceptualizations can be derived from Virgil's \"Aeneid\" and the Bible, but were just as much an organic and original product of the medieval Scots themselves. In the \"Life of St Cathróe of Metz\", the hagiographer recounts the mythological origin of the saint's people, the Gaels. The hagiographer recounts that they landed in the vicinity of Cruachan Feli - called the \"Mountain of Ireland\". He recounts that the Gaels conquered Ireland after a series of battles with the", "title": "Origins of the Kingdom of Alba" }, { "id": "15347799", "score": "1.477769", "text": "and the BBC. A new version of Runrig's song \"Alba\" (originally on their album, \"The Cutter and the Clan\") was featured on the channel's launch. In the mid-1990s, the Celtic League started a campaign to have the word \"Alba\" on the Scottish football and rugby tops. Since 2005, the SFA have supported the use of Scottish Gaelic by adding \"Alba\" on the back of the official team strip. However, the SRU is still being lobbied to have \"Alba\" added to the national rugby union strip. In 2007, the then Scottish Executive re-branded itself as \"The Scottish Government\" and started to", "title": "Alba" }, { "id": "7024187", "score": "1.460685", "text": "Later records, especially the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba and other documents in the Poppleton Manuscript, tell us that the Picts were simply conquered and annihilated by king Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín). This is the traditional explanation, and the one repeated by many historians. The only thing which is certain is that before 900, the \"Cruithentuath\" (Gaelic for Pictland), and perhaps Fortriu, became Gaelic-speaking Alba. Origins of the Kingdom of Alba The origins of the Kingdom of Alba pertain to the origins of the Kingdom of Alba, or the Gaelic Kingdom of Scotland, either as a mythological event", "title": "Origins of the Kingdom of Alba" }, { "id": "15347798", "score": "1.4570447", "text": "this used for the Kingdom of Scotland, but rather for the notional Duchy of Albany. It is from the latter that Albany, the capital of the US state of New York, and Albany, Western Australia take their names. It also appears in the anglicised literary form of \"Albyn\", as in Byron's \"Childe Harold\": Belgian Michel Roger Lafosse, who claims the Scottish throne, has styled himself as \"HRH Prince Michael James Alexander Stewart, 7th Count of Albany\" since 1978. BBC Alba, a television channel broadcasting mainly in Scottish Gaelic, was launched in September 2008 as a joint venture between MG Alba", "title": "Alba" }, { "id": "7024174", "score": "1.4521363", "text": "Picts (here \"Pictanes\"). They followed up their conquest of Ireland by invading Britain, conquering Iona before conquering the cities of \"Rigmonath\" (=\"Cennrigmonaid\"; i.e. St Andrews) and \"Bellathor\" (=\"Cinnbelathoir\"; an unidentified Scoto-Pictish palace). Afterwards, their commander - a Spartan called \"Nel\" (=Niall) - named the land and people after his Egyptian wife Scota. The tale is astonishingly important, because it dates to about 980, an extremely early date, and has Scottish sources. Indeed, the saint himself is Scottish, born of royalty. According to the \"Life\", he was educated in Armagh, before returning to Scotland and entering the service of King Constantine", "title": "Origins of the Kingdom of Alba" }, { "id": "13202546", "score": "1.4502103", "text": "to themselves as \"Albannaich\" in their own tongue and their realm as the Kingdom of Alba (founded as a successor state to Pictland and Dál Riata). Germanic groups tended to refer to the Gael as \"\"Scottas\"\" and so when Anglo-Saxon influence grew at court with Duncan II, the Latin \"Rex Scottorum\" began to be used and the realm was known as Scotland; this process and cultural shift was put into full effect under David I, who let the Normans come to power and furthered the Lowland-Highland divide. Lowland Germanics in Scotland spoke a language called \"Inglis\", which they started to", "title": "Gaels" }, { "id": "1788936", "score": "1.4498336", "text": "840s, which brought to power the House of Alpin and the creation of the Kingdom of Alba. Historical sources, as well as place name evidence, indicate the ways in which the Pictish language in the north and Cumbric languages in the south were overlaid and replaced by Gaelic, Old English and later Norse. The Kingdom of Alba was overwhelmingly an oral society dominated by Gaelic culture. Our fuller sources for Ireland of the same period suggest that there would have been filidh, who acted as poets, musicians and historians, often attached to the court of a lord or king, and", "title": "Scottish literature" }, { "id": "4657555", "score": "1.437475", "text": "has however connected it with one of the early names of Ireland, \"Fodla\", which is taken to mean (land of the) \"going down\" (of the Sun), in contrast to Alba which means (land of the) \"rising\" (of the Sun). This is consistent with one of the ancient emblems of Scotland consisting of a rising sun crossing the horizon, a symbol laden with much significance. Albion (Ancient Greek: Ἀλβίων) is the oldest known name of the island of Great Britain. Today, it is still sometimes used poetically to refer to the island. The name for Scotland in the Celtic languages is", "title": "Albania (placename)" } ]

[ "", "one thousand, nine hundred and seventy-three", "one thousand nine hundred and seventy three", "1973" ]

[ { "id": "8441111", "score": "1.7800001", "text": "and early 1990s, a number of competing programmes were introduced, including Channel 4's \"driven\", ITV's \"Pulling Power\", Granada's \"Vroom Vroom\" and BBC World's \"India's Wheels\". Some of the presenters on \"Driven\" would go on to present \"Top Gear\". The show's opening theme music from the very first programme in 1977 was the Allman Brothers Band instrumental \"Jessica\" from the album \"Brothers and Sisters\" (1973), although remixed versions were used after 1999. For much of the series' lifespan, Elton John's instrumental \"Out of the Blue\" from the album \"Blue Moves\" (1976) played over the closing credits. The opening and closing titles", "title": "Top Gear (1977 TV series)" }, { "id": "8441112", "score": "1.6143545", "text": "music were suggested to executive producer Derek Smith by his son Graham, who had the two albums at home. He played the tracks to his father and was asked to write down the details, so they could be sourced from the record library in the BBC. Tiff Needell was the longest serving presenter, for fourteen years. He would later present \"Fifth Gear\", while Jeremy Clarkson and Andy Wilman would launch the 2002 reboot. Each year, \"Top Gear\" announced its Car of the Year. Winners have included: Note: The BMW Z3 M Coupé was voted \"Driver's Car of the Year\", and", "title": "Top Gear (1977 TV series)" }, { "id": "4825203", "score": "1.6109695", "text": "retaining the emphasis on new music. In 1971, the programme merged with the \"Sounds of the Seventies\" strand, broadcast on FM. It was still introduced by Peel, and moved from its weekend slot to two evenings a week. It ended when the BBC, facing a serious financial crisis, was forced to make cutbacks in the Radio One schedules; most of the evening programmes of \"progressive music\" were scrapped. The final \"Top Gear\" show was broadcast on 25 September 1975; it was composed mostly of sessions by artists who had become famous after appearing on \"Top Gear\", ranging from T.Rex, Pink", "title": "Top Gear (radio show)" }, { "id": "18653421", "score": "1.6091458", "text": "on the programme. From the twelfth series, feature-length specials were created for the show, each visiting a different part of the world for a road trip using second-hand cars, with a number produced to be aired as a Christmas special. Despite growing popularity, an interview made with the \"Radio Times\" by Wilman revealed that future programmes would have less time devoted to big challenges, stating the following: \"We've looked back at the last two or three runs and noticed that a programme can get swallowed up by one monster film – a bit like one of those Yes albums from", "title": "Top Gear (2002 TV series)" }, { "id": "4809439", "score": "1.6063092", "text": "obtaining the sound that he wanted. For most of the programme's 50-year run since 1960, the theme tune has only been modified by converting it to stereo. Since 31 May 2010, a new version has replaced the original arrangement coinciding with the programme's shift to HDTV with new opening titles. The new version has been criticised by many viewers as lacking the atmospheric quality of the original. The commercial break 'motif' to the 'End of Part 1' card was also replaced by a newer, less substantial version. The new version of the theme also differs by being less strident than", "title": "Eric Spear" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Top Gear (1977 TV series)\n\nTop Gear was a British motoring magazine programme created by the BBC and aired on BBC Two between 22 April 1977 and 17 December 2001. The programme focused on a range of motoring topics, the most common being car reviews, road safety and consumer advice. Originally presented by Angela Rippon and Tom Coyne, the show saw a range of different presenters and reporters front the programme's half-hourly slots, including Noel Edmonds, Jeremy Clarkson, Tiff Needell, William Woollard and Quentin Willson. The programme proved popular during the late 80s and early 90s, and launched a number of spin-offs, including its own magazine entitled \"Top Gear Magazine\".\n\nBy 1999, viewing figures in \"Top Gear\" had declined after the departure of notable presenters, leading to the BBC cancelling the programme in 2001. While a number of presenters and production staff moved over to Channel 5 to produce a new motoring programme, Clarkson and fellow presenter Andy Wilman convinced the BBC to revive the programme under a revamped format, relaunching it a year later in October 2002.", "title": "Top Gear (1977 TV series)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Top Gear (2002 TV series)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Top of the Pops\n\nTop of the Pops (TOTP) is a British music chart television programme, made by the BBC and originally broadcast weekly between 1January 1964 and 30 July 2006. The programme was the world's longest-running weekly music show. For most of its history, it was broadcast on Thursday evenings on BBC One. Each show consisted of performances of some of the week's best-selling popular music records, usually excluding any tracks moving down the chart, including a rundown of that week's singles chart. This was originally the Top 20, though this varied throughout the show's history. The Top 30 was used from 1969, and the Top 40 from 1984. \nDusty Springfield's \"I Only Want to Be with You\" was the first song featured on \"TOTP\", while the Rolling Stones were the first band to perform, with \"I Wanna Be Your Man\". Snow Patrol were the last act to play live on the weekly show when they performed their single \"Chasing Cars\". Special editions were broadcast on Christmas Day (and usually, until 1984, a second edition a few days after Christmas), featuring some of the best-selling singles of the year and the Christmas number one. Although the weekly show was cancelled in 2006, the Christmas special continued annually. End-of-year round-up editions have also been broadcast on BBC1 on or around New Year's Eve, albeit largely featuring the same acts and tracks as the Christmas Day shows. In a change of format, the festive specials did not return in 2022 and were replaced by an end-of-year review show on BBC Two. It also survives as \"Top of the Pops 2\", which began in 1994 and features vintage performances from the \"Top of the Pops\" archives. Though \"TOTP2\" ceased producing new episodes since 2017, repeats of older episodes are still shown.\n\nThe Official Charts Company states that \"performing on the show was considered an honour, and it pulled in just about every major player\". The show has seen seminal performances over its history. The March 1971 appearance of T. Rex frontman Marc Bolan wearing glitter and satins as he performed \"Hot Love\" is often seen as the inception of glam rock, and David Bowie's performance of \"Starman\" inspired future musicians. In the 1990s, the show's format was sold to several foreign broadcasters in the form of a franchise package, and at one point various versions of the show were shown in more than 120 countries.", "title": "Top of the Pops" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jessica (instrumental)\n\n\"Jessica\" is an instrumental piece by American rock band the Allman Brothers Band, released in December 1973 as the second single from the group's fourth studio album, \"Brothers and Sisters\" (1973). Written by guitarist Dickey Betts, the song is a tribute to Gypsy jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt, in that it was designed to be played using only two fingers on the left hand.\n\nBetts wrote the majority of \"Jessica\" at the band's farm in Juliette, Georgia. He named it after his daughter, Jessica Betts, who was an infant when it was released. She had bounced along to the song's rhythm, and Betts attempted to capture her attitude with its melody. He invited fellow guitarist Les Dudek over to collaborate on it, and Dudek performed the bridge. The arrangement was crafted prior to recording, which took place at Capricorn Sound Studios in Macon, Georgia.\n\nIssued as a single following the immensely successful \"Ramblin' Man\", \"Jessica\" did not receive the same level of chart success. Despite this, it became a standard in rotations for classic rock radio stations in the following decades. Reviews have been widely positive. Many critics at the time called it a highlight of the album, and a 2006 \"Wall Street Journal\" article deemed it \"a true national heirloom\". It was used as the theme for the 1977 British TV series \"Top Gear\", as well as its current iteration relaunched in 2002.", "title": "Jessica (instrumental)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fifth Gear\n\nFifth Gear is a British motoring television magazine series on Discovery+. It is a continuation of the \"Fifth Gear\" format originally broadcast on Channel 5 from 2002 to 2011, afterwards moving to Discovery Channel in 2012, and then in 2015 to History. Since its return in 2018, it has been broadcast on free-to-air channel Quest. The show is currently presented by Vicki Butler-Henderson, Rory Reid, Karun Chandhok and Jason Plato with Grace Webb and engineer Jimmy de Ville also involved in reports. Its former presenters include Jonny Smith, former racing driver Tiff Needell and Car SOS host Tim Shaw. It was relaunched as an electric cars format in 2021 as Fifth Gear Recharged.\n\n\"Fifth Gear\" was first broadcast on 8 April 2002 as 5th Gear, and as a continuation of the original incarnation of the BBC show \"Top Gear\", which was cancelled in 2001. \"Top Gear\" was relaunched later that year; Channel 5 originally wanted to carry on using the \"Top Gear\" name, but the BBC refused as it still operated the \"Top Gear\" magazine. Several of \"Top Gear's\" ex-presenters, including Quentin Willson, Tiff Needell, and Vicki Butler-Henderson, were hired by Channel 5 to present the series. The show's name was restyled as \"Fifth Gear\" in 2005. Needell announced the show's second cancellation on 24 May 2016. On 14 June 2018, Needell announced on his official Twitter account that he had been doing some filming work for a new series of Fifth Gear which aired in September 2018 on Quest, but by 2019 had left the show to join Lovecars.com and their ITV4 programme \"On the Road\".\n\nRepeats of \"Fifth Gear\" also started being broadcast on UKTV channel Dave in April 2008 and later on Discovery Turbo, with early episodes of the show being streamed '24/7' via the British feed of Pluto TV in 2019.", "title": "Fifth Gear" }, { "id": "2346903", "score": "1.5924888", "text": "used from 1987 on the original ITV run (as it continued to be produced by Central). The original theme in C major was an upbeat pop track incorporating piano, strings, drum machine and various other 1980s synthesized sounds reminiscent of the day - the four-note opening motif of Beethoven's 5th Symphony is mixed into the theme at the precise moment the composer's head appears on a flipping hexagon. The BBC version in 1997 used a much different piece of music written by Henry Marsh and Paul Boross than previous, ditching the signature theme of the ITV and Sky series. It", "title": "Blockbusters (UK game show)" }, { "id": "18653459", "score": "1.5833299", "text": "the run of the series, several compilations of driving songs have been released. These releases, all double albums, were inspired by similar releases that were made available during the series' original run in the 1990s. Two exclusive compilations have been released – Australian Anthems, a compilation released in celebration of an Australian version of the series being commissioned, and Seriously Rock & Roll: NZ Edition, released in very limited quantities in the UK, which features a range of music from famous New Zealand artists. A number of DVDs have also been released, covering various specials, and series compilations. In August", "title": "Top Gear (2002 TV series)" }, { "id": "10176724", "score": "1.5670781", "text": "#5 in other charts. The original television theme was arranged and conducted by Norrie Paramor with his orchestra. A later, much more syncopated arrangement of the theme replaced the original on a later television series which was also written and conducted by Norrie Paramor. It was soon adopted by fans of the First Division football club Everton, who are based in Liverpool near where the programme supposedly took place. The theme tune is still played as the team come out onto the pitch at the beginning of all their home matches and has become synonymous with the club. They also", "title": "Theme from Z-Cars" }, { "id": "10483991", "score": "1.5666239", "text": "on the programme in 1979 to demonstrate how modern pop music was created using multi-track recording techniques. The end result was liked enough by both the viewers and programme producers to be retained as the permanent theme, and Oldfield additionally recorded a new version of the programme's closing music, which runs for just 20 seconds and has never been commercially released. The released version of the theme is actually a further re-recording, which incorporates many subtle changes compared to the TV version, in addition to eliminating the opening snare drum roll, extending the piece to a more suitable duration for", "title": "Blue Peter (instrumental)" }, { "id": "11080152", "score": "1.5664924", "text": "1975 the TV version moved to 4.10–4.35pm on Sundays, then from 3.55–4.20, with the last final on 9 August 1975. One of the producers of the TV version was Bill Wright, who would later devise \"Mastermind\" in the early 1970s. The tune \"Marching Strings\" (composition credited to \"Marshall Ross\", a pseudonym of Ray Martin) was the theme for many years, though for the last few series, Emerson, Lake & Palmer's recording of Aaron Copland's \"Fanfare for the Common Man\" was used. Earlier, Debussy's \"Golliwog's Cakewalk\", from his \"Children's Corner\" suite, had introduced the radio series. Producers have included: The series", "title": "Top of the Form (quiz show)" }, { "id": "4825201", "score": "1.5617049", "text": "and high-speed travel, but also the use of \"gear\" to describe fashionable Carnaby Street clothes and the 1960s Liverpool term \"fab gear\", popularised by the Beatles as an expression of approval. The programme comprised a mixture of records and live sessions, was introduced by Brian Matthew, and featured many popular guests such as Jimi Hendrix, Free, The Beatles, Cream, The Who, Pink Floyd, Dusty Springfield, Led Zeppelin, The Kinks and Manfred Mann. The programme was first broadcast on 16 July 1964, produced by Bernie Andrews. The name, Top Gear, had been chosen after a national competition. The winning entry had", "title": "Top Gear (radio show)" }, { "id": "9898423", "score": "1.5612699", "text": "Top Gear of the Pops Top Gear of the Pops was a one-off special programme that aired for BBC Two on 16 March 2007, as part of Red Nose Day 2007. The episode combined the elements of \"Top Gear\", with that of BBC music chart show \"Top of the Pops\", the latter of which was cancelled by the BBC in 2006. In the episode, presenters Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May hosted their own version of the chart show in their studio at Dunsfold, including discussions about music-related news topics, and performed as a band for the final number", "title": "Top Gear of the Pops" }, { "id": "16699555", "score": "1.5568144", "text": "reporter role alongside Lee McKenzie. ITV's F1 coverage used four different themes throughout its lifespan, each lasting three years. The first theme was a special, untitled, track performed by Jamiroquai which lasted from 1997-1999. This theme was commissioned in February 1997 and cost £100,000 to compose. Neil Duncanson, who worked for Chryaslis Sport and was ITV-F1's producer, was a friend of frontman Jay Kay, who is a fan of Formula One. In 2000, Jamiroquai's theme was replaced by \"Blackbeat\" by Apollo 440 which lasted until 2002, replaced the following year by a remixed version of \"You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet\"", "title": "Formula One coverage on ITV" }, { "id": "18653405", "score": "1.5543904", "text": "Top Gear (2002 TV series) Top Gear is a British motoring magazine, factual television series, conceived by Jeremy Clarkson and Andy Wilman, launched on 20 October 2002, and broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two. The programme is a relaunched version of the original 1977 show of the same name, which looks at various motor vehicles, primarily cars. While the original format focused mainly on review of cars, the 2002 version expanded on this with motoring-based challenges, special races, timed laps of notable cars, and celebrity timed laps on a course specially-designed for the relaunched programme, with its format", "title": "Top Gear (2002 TV series)" }, { "id": "8441095", "score": "1.5538642", "text": "to viewers in the Midlands region only. \"Top Gear\" and its title were conceived by executive producer Derek Smith. The programme covered motoring related issues, such as new car road tests, fuel economy, safety, the police, speeding, insurance, second hand cars and holiday touring. The first programme was broadcast on 22 April 1977, on BBC 1 Midlands at 10:15pm. It was presented by Angela Rippon and Tom Coyne, who was front man of the local evening news programme, Midlands Today. In the first edition, Angela Rippon drove from Shepherd's Bush in London, to the Pebble Mill studios in Birmingham, reporting", "title": "Top Gear (1977 TV series)" }, { "id": "4825202", "score": "1.5493481", "text": "been submitted by a young woman called Susan Warne, who attended the first recording and was interviewed on the programme. The guests on that first show included The Beatles, Mark Wynter and Dusty Springfield. It was revived, and evolved into a \"progressive\" music show, in the early years of BBC Radio 1 (from 1967 into the 1970s), with the same format of records and specially recorded sessions. It was hosted variously by Tommy Vance, Pete Drummond and, most notably, John Peel, who, with the help of sympathetic producers Bernie Andrews and John Walters, turned it into an award-winning show, while", "title": "Top Gear (radio show)" }, { "id": "18653422", "score": "1.5489361", "text": "the 1970s where side one is just one track – so we're trying to calm down the prog-rock side. We'll inevitably still have big films, because it's the only way you can enjoy the three of them cocking about together, but they'll be shorter overall, and alongside we'll be inserting two- or three-minute punk songs.\" The success of the programme soon led to a live-version format being created called \"Top Gear Live\"; produced by a former producer of the program, Rowland French, the touring show aimed to attempt to \"bring the TV show format to life... featuring breath-taking stunts, amazing", "title": "Top Gear (2002 TV series)" }, { "id": "5753145", "score": "1.544285", "text": "light music tradition. The album, provisionally titled \"Early One Morning: British Light Music and Broadcasting Classics\", was expected to include \"Country Gardens\" and \"Lillibullero\" (the BBC World Service theme), as well as the re-recorded \"UK Theme\" and \"Sailing By\". This appears not to have come to fruition. However, the theme is available in another recording on Naxos Records' \"British Light Miniatures\" performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Paul Murphy. Radio 4 UK Theme The BBC Radio 4 UK Theme is an orchestral arrangement of traditional British and Irish airs compiled by Fritz Spiegl and arranged by Manfred Arlan.", "title": "Radio 4 UK Theme" }, { "id": "9760695", "score": "1.542356", "text": "has been re-released on CD (EMI 7234 4 98171 2 8). Alan Hawkshaw was the pianist on the original sessions with Cliff Adams, for the advertisements. A medley of three separate arrangements of the theme, based on the authentic scores as used in the commercials from 1968 to 2010, is commercially available, performed by London Music Works, on the album \"Great British TV Themes\" (SILCD 1357). The entire campaign of television advertisements ranked at number 11 on ITV's \"Best Ads Ever\" list in 2005. The specific \"Avalanche\" advert ranked at number 48 in Channel 4's list of the \"100 Greatest", "title": "Milk Tray" }, { "id": "101157", "score": "1.5419734", "text": "tenth series. The \"Doctor Who\" theme music was one of the first electronic music signature tunes for television, and after more than a half century remains one of the most easily recognised. The original theme was composed by Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, with assistance from Dick Mills and was released as a single on Decca F 11837 in 1964. The various parts were built up using musique concrète techniques, by creating tape loops of an individually struck piano string and individual test oscillators and filters. The Derbyshire arrangement served, with minor edits,", "title": "Doctor Who" } ]

[ "The golden state", "Calfornia", "Taxifornia", "kalifòni", "charlie alpha", "california chronic", "California, United States America", "kalifoni", "california united states of america", "City (California)", "California, US", "us ca", "Christianity in California", "kalifornija", "california united states", "State of California, United States", "Kalifornía", "Califronia", "California's", "California, United States of America", "California (province)", "Thirty-First State", "califronia", "CA (state)", "California(U.S. state)", "christianity in california", "califnornia", "kalifornía", "Califórnia", "California, United States", "city california", "Kalifoni", "California Chronic", "california u s state", "calif", "thirty first state", "Kalifornija", "California (state)", "california united states america", "califórnia", "Californny", "ca state", "California (State)", "CA state", "california usa", "State of California", "Thirty-first State", "State of california", "California’s", "californny", "Calif.", "Californiay", "state of california", "US-CA", "california", "CA, US", "calfornia", "California, USA", "california u s", "ca us", "taxifornia", "California, united states of america", "California State", "Charlie Alpha", "The State of California", "california state", "31st state", "california province", "California, U.S.A.", "California", "California (U.S. state)", "California, usa", "Kalifòni", "californiay", "Califnornia", "california us", "31st State", "golden state", "state of california united states", "california s" ]

[ { "id": "3111034", "score": "1.6616893", "text": "more likely. A specimen of this species, located in the White Mountains of California was measured by Tom Harlan, a researcher with the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, to be years old. The identity of the specimen is being kept secret by Harlan. This is the oldest known non-clonal tree in the world. The previously oldest named specimen of this species, \"Methuselah\", is also located in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest of the White Mountains. Methuselah is years old, as measured by annual ring count on a small core taken with an increment borer. Its exact location is also kept secret.", "title": "Pinus longaeva" }, { "id": "17623540", "score": "1.6447608", "text": "Paleoclimatology Program and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology. The Data Bank includes raw ring width or wood density measurements, and site chronologies. Reconstructed climate parameters, including North American Drought, are also available for some areas. Over 2000 sites on six continents are included. The oldest known tree is a Great Basin bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, growing in the White Mountains of eastern California. The tree was cored by Edmund Schulman in the late 1950s, but was never dated. Recently Tom Harlan completed the dating of the old core sample. The tree is still alive and is 5062 years old as", "title": "Tree measurement" }, { "id": "12367866", "score": "1.6249859", "text": "volume is believed to be a giant sequoia (\"Sequoiadendron giganteum\") known as the General Sherman Tree in the Sequoia National Park in Tulare County, California. Only the trunk is used in the calculation and the volume is estimated to be . The oldest living tree with a verified age is also in California. It is a Great Basin bristlecone pine (\"Pinus longaeva\") growing in the White Mountains. It has been dated by drilling a core sample and counting the annual rings. It is estimated to currently be years old. A little farther south, at Santa Maria del Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico,", "title": "Tree" }, { "id": "516722", "score": "1.5988303", "text": "The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine, \"Pinus longaeva\". One individual of this species, dubbed \"Methuselah\", is one of the world's oldest living organisms at around 4,600 years old. This tree can be found in the White Mountains of California. An older tree, now cut down, was dated at 4,900 years old. It was discovered in a grove beneath Wheeler Peak and it is now known as \"Prometheus\" after the Greek immortal. The bark of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. The branches are produced in regular \"pseudo whorls\", actually a very", "title": "Pine" }, { "id": "7967791", "score": "1.582553", "text": "Methuselah (tree) Methuselah is a -year-old Great Basin bristlecone pine (\"Pinus longaeva\") tree growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California. For many years it was thought to be the world's oldest known living non-clonal organism, until it was superseded in 2012 by the discovery of another bristlecone pine in the same area with an age of years (germination in 3050 BC). Methuselah is located between above sea level in the \"Methuselah Grove\" in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest within the Inyo National Forest. Its exact location has not been publicly disclosed. Methuselah was 4,789 years", "title": "Methuselah (tree)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of oldest trees\n\nThis is a list of the oldest-known trees, as reported in reliable sources. Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary. In addition, tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented \"tree-ring\" (dendrochronological) count core samples, and from estimates. For these reasons, this article presents three lists of \"oldest trees,\" each using varying criteria.\n\nThere are three tables of trees, which are listed by age and species. The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined, either through counting or cross-referencing tree rings or through radiocarbon dating. Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages, but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away. For some old trees, so much of the center is missing that their age cannot be directly determined. Instead, estimates are made based on the tree's size and presumed growth rate. The second table includes trees with these estimated ages. The last table lists clonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old.\n\nThe current record-holders for individual, non-clonal trees are the Great Basin bristlecone pine trees from California and Nevada, in the United States. Through tree-ring cross-referencing, they have been shown to be almost five millennia old.\n\nA clonal colony can survive for much longer than an individual tree. A colony of 48,000 quaking aspen trees (nicknamed Pando), covering in the Fishlake National Forest of Utah, is considered one of the oldest and largest organisms in the world. Recent estimates set the colony's age at several thousand (up to 14,000) years, although tree ring samples date individual stems at rarely more than 130 years. A colony of Huon pine trees covering on Mount Read (Tasmania) is estimated to be around 10,000 years old, as determined by DNA samples taken from pollen collected from the sediment of a nearby lake. Individual trees in this group date to no more than 4,000 years old, as determined by tree ring samples.", "title": "List of oldest trees" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of longest-living organisms\n\nThis is a list of the longest-living biological organisms: the individual(s) (or in some instances, clones) of a species with the longest natural maximum lifespans. For a given species, such a designation may include:\n\n\nThe definition of \"longest-living\" used in this article considers only the observed or estimated length of an individual organism's natural lifespan – that is, the duration of time between its birth or conception, or the earliest emergence of its identity as an individual organism, and its death – and does not consider other conceivable interpretations of \"longest-living\", such as the length of time between the earliest appearance of a species in the fossil record and the present (the historical \"age\" of the species as a whole), the time between a species' first speciation and its extinction (the phylogenetic \"lifespan\" of the species), or the range of possible lifespans of a species' individuals. This list includes long-lived organisms that are currently still alive as well as those that are dead.\n\nDetermining the length of an organism's natural lifespan is complicated by many problems of definition and interpretation, as well as by practical difficulties in reliably measuring age, particularly for extremely old organisms and for those that reproduce by asexual cloning. In many cases the ages listed below are estimates based on observed present-day growth rates, which may differ significantly from the growth rates experienced thousands of years ago. Identifying the longest-living organisms also depends on defining what constitutes an \"individual\" organism, which can be problematic, since many asexual organisms and clonal colonies defy one or both of the traditional colloquial definitions of individuality (having a distinct genotype and having an independent, physically separate body). Additionally, some organisms maintain the capability to reproduce through very long periods of metabolic dormancy, during which they may not be considered \"alive\" by certain definitions but nonetheless can resume normal metabolism afterward; it is unclear whether the dormant periods should be counted as part of the organism's lifespan.", "title": "List of longest-living organisms" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Methuselah (tree)\n\nMethuselah is a -year-old Great Basin bristlecone pine (\"Pinus longaeva\") tree growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California. It is recognized as the non-clonal tree with the greatest confirmed age in the world. The tree's name refers to the biblical patriarch Methuselah, who ostensibly lived to 969 years of age, thus becoming synonymous with longevity or old age in many European languages including English.", "title": "Methuselah (tree)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of superlative trees\n\nThe world's superlative trees can be ranked by any factor. Records have been kept for trees with superlative height, trunk diameter or girth, canopy coverage, airspace volume, wood volume, estimated mass, and age.", "title": "List of superlative trees" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pinus longaeva\n\nPinus longaeva (commonly referred to as the Great Basin bristlecone pine, intermountain bristlecone pine, or western bristlecone pine) is a long-living species of bristlecone pine tree found in the higher mountains of California, Nevada, and Utah. Methuselah is a bristlecone pine that is years old and has been credited as the oldest known living non-clonal organism on Earth. To protect it, the exact location of this tree is kept secret. In 1987, the bristlecone pine was designated one of Nevada's state trees.", "title": "Pinus longaeva" }, { "id": "7001091", "score": "1.5731621", "text": "bristlecone pine in California's White Mountains was measured by Tom Harlan to be 5062 years old, making it the oldest known tree in North America and the oldest known individual tree in the world. Whether Prometheus should have been considered the oldest organism ever known depends on the definition of \"oldest\" and \"organism\". Certain sprouting (clonal) organisms, such as creosote bush or aspen, may have older individuals if the entire clonal organism is considered. By that standard, the oldest living organism is a grove of quaking aspens in Utah known as Pando, at perhaps as much as 80,000 years old.", "title": "Prometheus (tree)" }, { "id": "7967793", "score": "1.5589318", "text": "clonal colony organisms, such as the 80,000-year-old Quaking Aspen (\"Populus tremuloides\") colony named \"Pando\" in the Fish Lake National Forest in south-central Utah; the 11,700-year- old Creosote bush (\"Larrea tridentata\") colony, named \"King Clone\", in the Mojave Desert near the Lucerne Valley in California; and the 9,500-year-old Norway spruce (\"Picea abies\") colony named \"Old Tjikko\" in Sweden. Methuselah (tree) Methuselah is a -year-old Great Basin bristlecone pine (\"Pinus longaeva\") tree growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California. For many years it was thought to be the world's oldest known living non-clonal organism, until it was", "title": "Methuselah (tree)" }, { "id": "7967792", "score": "1.5497605", "text": "old when sampled (likely in 1957) by Edmund Schulman and Tom Harlan, with an estimated germination date of 2833 BC. Methuselah was for many years considered the world's oldest living tree, until 2012 when an older bristlecone pine was discovered and later announced in 2013. Another bristlecone specimen, WPN-114, nicknamed \"Prometheus\", was more than 4,844 years old when cut down in 1964, with an estimated germination date of 2880 BC. A dendrochronology, based on these trees and other bristlecone pine samples, extends back to about 9000 BC, albeit with a single gap of about 500 years. Other, longer-lived discoveries are", "title": "Methuselah (tree)" }, { "id": "1772348", "score": "1.5479381", "text": "may question whether or not they may die of old age). A giant sequoia, General Sherman is alive and well in its third millennium. A Great Basin Bristlecone Pine called Methuselah is 4,848 years old (as of 2017) and the Bristlecone Pine called Prometheus was a little older still, at least 4,844 years (and possibly as old as 5,000 years), when it was cut down in 1964. The oldest known plant (possibly oldest living thing) is a clonal Quaking Aspen (\"Populus tremuloides\") tree colony in the Fishlake National Forest in Utah called Pando at about 80,000 years. Lichen, a symbiotic", "title": "Maximum life span" }, { "id": "5154443", "score": "1.5250999", "text": "usually six, cotyledons each. The tallest known specimen, near Williamsburg, Virginia, is 44.11 m (145 ft) tall, and the stoutest known, in the Cat Island National Wildlife Refuge near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, has a diameter at breast height of 521 cm (17 ft). The oldest known living specimen, in Bladen County, North Carolina, is over 1,620 years old, rendering it one of the oldest living plants in North America. Although there are specimens estimated to be nearly 2,000 years old at Sky Lake in Humphreys County, Mississippi, precisely determining their age is difficult because the cores of older trees have", "title": "Taxodium distichum" }, { "id": "2198991", "score": "1.5223367", "text": "Utah juniper. These upper and lower conifer zones are often separated by a zone of mountain mahogany brush. Various subspecies of sagebrush (\"Artemisia tridentata\") extend from surrounding valleys to the lower alpine zone. A bristlecone pine in the southern part of the range is the oldest known living tree in the world, at 5063 years old. Pine nuts from piñon pine stands were harvested as a winter staple food by Paiute Indians whose descendants still live in adjacent valleys. The White Mountains also have small remnant groves of lodgepole pine, Jeffrey pine, ponderosa pine, Sierra juniper and aspen including an", "title": "White Mountains (California)" }, { "id": "1701500", "score": "1.5065682", "text": "strip of living tissue connects the roots to a handful of live branches. Even though the trees' needles may age, they still remain functional in regulating water and by their ability to photosynthesize. Bristlecone pines are known for attaining great ages. A specimen of \"Pinus longaeva\" located in the White Mountains of California is years old—the oldest known individual tree in the world—according to measurements by Tom Harlan. The identity of the specimen is being kept secret by Harlan. Another well-known bristlecone pine in the White Mountains is Methuselah which is years old. The specific location of Methuselah is also", "title": "Bristlecone pine" }, { "id": "3111035", "score": "1.496232", "text": "Among the White Mountain specimens, the oldest trees are found on north-facing slopes, with an average of 2,000 years, as compared to the 1,000 year average on the southern slopes. The climate and the durability of their wood can preserve them long after death, with dead trees as old as 7,000 years persisting next to live ones. Pinus longaeva Pinus longaeva (commonly referred to as the Great Basin bristlecone pine, intermountain bristlecone pine, or western bristlecone pine) is a long-living species of bristlecone pine tree found in the higher mountains of California, Nevada, and Utah. One member of this species,", "title": "Pinus longaeva" }, { "id": "11617477", "score": "1.4951226", "text": "forgotten forever. In Canada, where research was for obvious reasons concentrated in the western provinces with its old forests, Ontario has documented CMTs in 2001. In the Nagagamisis Provincial Park most trees found were between 80 and 110 years old, some probably more than 400. On Hanson Island alone, David Garrick documented 1.800 CMTs. The Kwakwaka'wakw of the region could stop the destruction of their archive. Garrick also found trees in the Great Bear Rainforest on the territory of the Gitga'at First Nation. They are supposed to be logged for a street in the area of Langford. In February 2008", "title": "Culturally modified tree" }, { "id": "13414109", "score": "1.4813578", "text": "longaeva\" growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California, aged years. This record was superseded in 2012 by another Great Basin bristlecone pine located in the same region as Methuselah, and was estimated to be 5062 years old. The tree was sampled by Edmund Schulman and dated by Tom Harlan. Among bacteria, individual organisms are vulnerable and can easily die, but on the level of the colony, bacteria can live indefinitely. The two daughter bacteria resulting from cell division of a parent bacterium can be regarded as unique individuals or as members of a biologically “immortal”", "title": "Negligible senescence" }, { "id": "8740921", "score": "1.478594", "text": "indicates that he sectioned the tree as much from the question of whether the oldest bristlecones were necessarily confined to California's White Mountains (as some dendrochronologists had been claiming) as from its usefulness in regard to studies of the Little Ice Age. The incident led to a tighter restriction on the felling of old trees, the eventual creation of Great Basin National Park (now overseen by the National Park Service), and the decision to hide the exact location of Methuselah, the tree believed to be the oldest at that time. Currey personally took part in lobbying efforts to get Congress", "title": "Donald Rusk Currey" }, { "id": "11930143", "score": "1.4769986", "text": "Old Tjikko Old Tjikko is a -year-old Norway Spruce, located on Fulufjället Mountain of Dalarna province in Sweden. Old Tjikko originally gained fame as the \"world's oldest tree.\" Old Tjikko is, however, a clonal tree that has regenerated new trunks, branches and roots over millennia rather than an individual tree of great age. Old Tjikko is recognized as the oldest living \"Picea abies\" and the third oldest known clonal tree. The age of the tree was determined by carbon dating of genetically matched plant material collected from under the tree, as dendrochronology would cause damage. The trunk itself is estimated", "title": "Old Tjikko" }, { "id": "6561158", "score": "1.4764628", "text": "Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest The Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest is a protected area high in the White Mountains in Inyo County in eastern California. The Great Basin bristlecone pine (\"Pinus longaeva\") trees grow between 9,800 and 11,000 feet (3,000–3,400 m) above sea level, in xeric alpine conditions, protected within the Inyo National Forest. Limber pine (Pinus flexilis) also grow in the forest. The Methuselah Grove in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest is the location of the \"Methuselah\", a Great Basin bristlecone pine that is years old. For many years, it was considered the world's oldest known living non-clonal organism, until", "title": "Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest" }, { "id": "2633274", "score": "1.4742126", "text": "York was dated to 458 years old in the late 1980s and trees in Michigan and Wisconsin were dated to approximately 500 years old. The eastern white pine has the distinction of being the tallest tree in eastern North America. In natural pre-colonial stands it is reported to have grown as tall as . There is no means of accurately documenting the height of trees from these times, but eastern white pine may have reached this height on rare occasions. Even greater heights have been reported in popular, but unverifiable, accounts such as Robert Pike's \"Tall Trees, Tough Men\". Total", "title": "Pinus strobus" }, { "id": "10349596", "score": "1.4723303", "text": "Gilboa Fossil Forest Gilboa Fossil Forest, New York, United States, is cited as home to the Earth's oldest forest. Located near the Gilboa Dam in Schoharie County, New York, the region is home to tree trunks from the Devonian Period, which occurred roughly 380 million years ago. The fossils, some of the only survivors of their type in the world, are remnants of the Earth's earliest forests. This location has been of great interest to paleobotanists since the 1920s when New York City began a water project and excavation for a dam. The project turned up large upright tree stumps", "title": "Gilboa Fossil Forest" } ]

[ "Assassinated", "Political assassination", "targeted assassinations", "Selective assassination", "assassinat", "asassin", "assassinate", "assasinated", "political assassination", "Extrajudicial Executions and Assassinations", "assination", "Assassin (movie)", "Political murder", "Assassinating", "Assassini", "Assassin", "assassini", "Assasin", "assassin", "Assasinations", "Political assasination", "Selective Assassination", "assassin movie", "Assassinate", "Asassination", "asassination", "extrajudicial executions and assassinations", "assasination", "Hiredgun", "political assasination", "extrajudicial executions and assasinations", "Targeted assassinations", "Assassan", "Extrajudicial Executions and Assasinations", "Assasinated", "sicarios", "Professional assassin", "Assassinations", "assassinated", "assassination", "professional assassin", "Asassin", "assassinating", "assasinations", "Assasination", "Assination", "Assassinat", "assassan", "assassinations", "Assassination", "Sicarios", "selective assassination", "political murder", "hiredgun", "assasin" ]

[ { "id": "11229662", "score": "1.7262521", "text": "the walls of his stomach, slowly poisoning his blood. On the morning of September 13, McKinley took a turn for the worse, and at 2:15 a.m. on September 14, President McKinley died. Theodore Roosevelt had rushed back and took the oath of office as president in Buffalo. Czolgosz, put on trial for murder nine days after McKinley's death, was found guilty, sentenced to death on September 26, and executed by electric chair on October 29, 1901. Gould reports, \"The nation experienced a wave of genuine grief at the news of McKinley's passing.\" The stock market, faced with sudden uncertainty, suffered", "title": "Presidency of William McKinley" }, { "id": "463113", "score": "1.6971197", "text": "him. At 2:15 a.m. on September 14, President McKinley died. Theodore Roosevelt had rushed back to Buffalo and took the oath of office as president. Czolgosz, put on trial for murder nine days after McKinley's death, was found guilty, sentenced to death on September 26, and executed by electric chair on October 29, 1901. According to Gould, \"The nation experienced a wave of genuine grief at the news of McKinley's passing.\" The stock market, faced with sudden uncertainty, suffered a steep decline—almost unnoticed in the mourning. The nation focused its attention on the casket that made its way by train,", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "id": "11144761", "score": "1.6893353", "text": "on Saturday, September 14, 1901, President McKinley died. At the time of McKinley's death, Roosevelt was on his return journey to Buffalo, racing over the mountain roads by carriage to the nearest railroad station, where a special train was waiting. When he reached that station at dawn, he learned of McKinley's death. An autopsy was performed later on the morning of McKinley's death; Mann led a team of 14 physicians. They found the bullet had passed through the stomach, then through the transverse colon, and vanished through the peritoneum after penetrating a corner of the left kidney. There was also", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "id": "11144709", "score": "1.6790292", "text": "Assassination of William McKinley On September 6, 1901, William McKinley, the 25th President of the United States, was shot on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York. He was shaking hands with the public when Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, shot him twice in the abdomen. McKinley died eight days later on September 14 of gangrene caused by the gunshot wounds. He was the third American president to have been assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A. Garfield in 1881. McKinley had been elected for a second term in 1900. He", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "id": "11144712", "score": "1.6633322", "text": "protecting the President. In September 1901, William McKinley was at the height of his power as president. Elected in 1896, during the serious economic depression resulting from the Panic of 1893, he had defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan. McKinley led the nation both to a return to prosperity and to victory in the Spanish–American War in 1898, taking possession of such Spanish colonies as Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Re-elected handily in a rematch against Bryan in 1900, according to historical writer Eric Rauchway, \"it looked as if the McKinley Administration would continue peaceably unbroken for another four", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Assassination of William McKinley\n\nWilliam McKinley, the 25th president of the United States, was shot on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York, on September 6, 1901, six months into his second term. He was shaking hands with the public when anarchist Leon Czolgosz shot him twice in the abdomen. McKinley died on September 14 of gangrene caused by the wounds. He was the third American president to be assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A. Garfield in 1881.\n\nMcKinley enjoyed meeting the public and was reluctant to accept the security available to his office. Secretary to the President George B. Cortelyou feared that an assassination attempt would take place during a visit to the Temple of Music and took it off the schedule twice, but McKinley restored it each time.\n\nCzolgosz had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893 and turned to anarchism, a political philosophy adhered to by recent assassins of foreign leaders. He regarded McKinley as a symbol of oppression and was convinced that it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him. He was unable to get near the president during an earlier visit, but he shot him twice as McKinley reached to shake his hand in the reception line at the temple. One bullet grazed McKinley; the other entered his abdomen and was never found.\n\nMcKinley initially appeared to be recovering, but he took a turn for the worse on September 13 as his wounds became gangrenous, and he died early the next morning; he was succeeded by his vice president, Theodore Roosevelt. Czolgosz was sentenced to death in the electric chair, and Congress passed legislation to officially charge the Secret Service with the responsibility for protecting the president.", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Leon Czolgosz\n\nLeon Frank Czolgosz ( , ; May 5, 1873 – October 29, 1901) was an American laborer and anarchist who assassinated President William McKinley on September 6, 1901, in Buffalo, New York. The president died on September 14 after his wound became infected. Caught in the act, Czolgosz was quickly tried, convicted, and executed by the State of New York seven weeks later on October 29, 1901.\n\nWhile some American anarchists described his action as inevitable, motivated by what they saw as the country's brutal social conditions, others condemned Czolgosz for hindering the movement's goals by damaging its public perception.", "title": "Leon Czolgosz" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of presidents of the United States who died in office\n\nSince the office was established in 1789, 45 persons have served as president of the United States. Of these, eight have died in office: four were assassinated, and four died of natural causes. In each of these instances, the vice president has succeeded to the presidency. This practice is presently governed by Section One of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1967, which declares that, \"the Vice President shall become President\" if the president is removed from office, dies, or resigns. The initial authorization for this practice was provided by of the Constitution, which states that:\n\nThe first incumbent U.S. president to die was William Henry Harrison, on April 4, 1841, only one month after Inauguration Day. He died from complications of what at the time was believed to be pneumonia. The second American president to die in office, Zachary Taylor, died on July 9, 1850, from acute gastroenteritis. Abraham Lincoln (who had just begun his second term in office) was the first U.S. president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on the night of April 14, 1865, and died the following morning. Sixteen years later, on July 2, 1881, James A. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, surviving for over two months before dying on September 19, 1881.\n\nRe-elected to a second term in November 1900, William McKinley died eight days after being shot by Leon Czolgosz on September 6, 1901. On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt (who had just begun his fourth term in office) collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage. The most recent U.S. president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.", "title": "List of presidents of the United States who died in office" }, { "id": "463014", "score": "1.6449866", "text": "William McKinley William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination six months into his second term. McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish–American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry and kept the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of free silver (effectively, expansionary monetary policy). McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War and the only one to have started the war as an enlisted soldier, beginning as a private in the", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "id": "14497910", "score": "1.6345481", "text": "James S. and Mary Rose McKinley, both died in South Bend, Indiana, on August 20, 1847. McKinley Sr. was a Whig and later a Republican party member, and an \"ardent advocate\" for a protective tariff. McKinley kept a Bible, the works of Dante Alighieri, and Shakespeare with him consistently and used what little time of leisure was allocated from his work to read. He died in Canton, Ohio, on November 24, 1892. He was the father of the 25th President of the United States, William McKinley (born in 1843, when the family lived in Niles), along with 8 other children:", "title": "William McKinley Sr." }, { "id": "413815", "score": "1.6326684", "text": "far.\" On September 6 1901, President McKinley was attending the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz. Roosevelt was vacationing in Vermont, and traveled to Buffalo to visit McKinley in the hospital. It appeared that McKinley would recover, so Roosevelt resumed his vacation in the Adirondacks. When McKinley's condition worsened, Roosevelt again traveled to Buffalo. McKinley died on September 14, and Roosevelt was informed while he was in North Creek; he continued on to Buffalo and was sworn in as the nation's 26th president at the Ansley Wilcox House. Roosevelt's accession to the presidency", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "id": "463018", "score": "1.629338", "text": "gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System, which began with the Progressive Era. McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election in a campaign focused on imperialism, protectionism and free silver. His legacy was suddenly cut short when he was shot on September 6, 1901 by Leon Czolgosz, a second-generation Polish-American with anarchist leanings. McKinley died eight days later and was succeeded by his Vice President Theodore Roosevelt. As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment, McKinley's presidency is generally considered above average, though his highly positive public perception was soon overshadowed by Roosevelt. William McKinley Jr.", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "id": "11144764", "score": "1.6261175", "text": "frame and lack of exercise. Modern scholars generally believe that McKinley died of pancreatic necrosis, a condition that is difficult to treat today and would have been completely impossible for the doctors of his time. Czolgosz went on trial for the murder of McKinley in state court in Buffalo on September 23, 1901, nine days after the president died. Prosecution testimony took two days and consisted principally of the doctors who treated McKinley and various eyewitnesses to the shooting. Defense attorney Loran L. Lewis and his co-counsel called no witnesses, which Lewis in his closing argument attributed to Czolgosz's refusal", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "id": "11144758", "score": "1.6208847", "text": "following morning they allowed him toast, coffee, and chicken broth. His subsequent pain was diagnosed as indigestion; he was given purgatives and most doctors left after their evening consultation. In the early morning of September 13, McKinley suffered a collapse. Urgent word to return to Buffalo was sent to Vice President Roosevelt, from the nearest telegraph or telephone in the Adirondack wilderness; a park ranger was sent to find him. Specialists were summoned; although at first some doctors hoped that McKinley might survive with a weakened heart, by afternoon they knew the case was hopeless. As yet unknown to the", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "id": "219375", "score": "1.6135082", "text": "principally Japanese but including 2,000 Americans, relieved the legations and sacked Peking, China was made to pay a huge indemnity but there was no cession of land. McKinley's vice president, Garret Hobart, had died in November 1899. Under the laws then in force, this made Hay next in line to the presidency should anything happen to McKinley. There was a presidential election in 1900, and McKinley was unanimously renominated at the Republican National Convention that year. He allowed the convention to make its own choice of running mate, and it selected Roosevelt, by then Governor of New York. Senator Hanna", "title": "John Hay" }, { "id": "11229579", "score": "1.6002514", "text": "Presidency of William McKinley The presidency of William McKinley began on March 4, 1897, when William McKinley was inaugurated and ended with his death on September 14, 1901. He is best known for leading the nation to victory in the Spanish–American War, taking ownership of Hawaii, purchasing the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico, restoring prosperity, and promoting pluralism among all groups. It includes the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition, and the Gold Standard Act of 1900 that rejected free silver inflationary proposals. Rapid economic growth and a decline in labor conflict also marked", "title": "Presidency of William McKinley" }, { "id": "14651738", "score": "1.5999389", "text": "Jennings Bryan for the Presidency (1897–1901). McKinley was assassinated early in his second term while attending the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo in 1901. Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States. He served as president from September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated, and Roosevelt became president at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any US President in history at that time. Roosevelt was a hero of the Spanish–American War and the Battle of San Juan Hill for which", "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps" }, { "id": "463116", "score": "1.5976583", "text": "was thought too weak to attend the services in Washington or Canton, although she listened at the door to the service for her husband in her house on North Market Street. She remained in Canton for the remainder of her life, setting up a shrine in her house, and often visiting the receiving vault, until her death at age 59 on May 26, 1907. She died only months before the completion of the large marble monument to her husband in Canton, which was dedicated by President Roosevelt on September 30, 1907. William and Ida McKinley are interred there with their", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "id": "13352446", "score": "1.5931072", "text": "of State John Hay announcing McKinley's death at 2:15 that morning. In the White House he served as assistant secretary to the President from 1901 to 1903, and then succeeded George B. Cortelyou as Secretary to the President in 1903 where he stayed by the President's side for the rest of Roosevelt's time in office. Loeb was a very intimate aide to Roosevelt and was one of the era's most powerful figures. As Roosevelt's principal advisor he participated in shaping policy and solving political problems. Acting as the President's public alter-ego, he unofficially became the nation's first presidential press secretary,", "title": "William Loeb Jr." }, { "id": "463125", "score": "1.593102", "text": "over McKinley's actions to continue indefinitely without resolution, and notes that however one judges McKinley's actions in American expansion, one of his motivations was to change the lives of Filipinos and Cubans for the better. Morgan alludes to the rise of interest in McKinley as part of the debate over the more assertive American foreign policy of recent decades: Books Articles Online Official Speeches Media coverage Other William McKinley William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination six months into his second term.", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "id": "6190794", "score": "1.5922686", "text": "McKinley died on December 7, 1926, aged 70. William B. McKinley William Brown McKinley (September 5, 1856December 7, 1926) was a United States Representative and United States Senator from the State of Illinois. He was a member of the Republican Party. He was born near Petersburg, Illinois. After graduating from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, McKinley became a drug clerk in Springfield. He returned to Champaign to become a banker. In 1902, he was elected a trustee of the university. McKinley ran for U.S. House of Representatives in 1905, winning his first of four consecutive terms. In 1913, he", "title": "William B. McKinley" }, { "id": "11144769", "score": "1.5857829", "text": "not be seen again in Washington ... [After McKinley's death,] old men came to the [White House] on errands of state and politics, but their primacy was disputed by the young men crowding forward. The nation felt another leadership, nervous, aggressive, and strong. Under command of a bold young captain, America set sail on the stormy voyage of the twentieth century. Books Other sources Assassination of William McKinley On September 6, 1901, William McKinley, the 25th President of the United States, was shot on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York. He", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "id": "11229664", "score": "1.5800934", "text": "relatives paid their final respects. It was then transported to the receiving vault at West Lawn Cemetery in Canton, to await the construction of the memorial to McKinley that was already being planned. McKinley, his wife, and their daughters are interred in the McKinley National Memorial, which was dedicated by President Roosevelt on September 30, 1907. McKinley's biographer, H. Wayne Morgan remarks that McKinley died the most beloved president in history. However, the young, enthusiastic Roosevelt quickly captured public attention after his predecessor's death. The new president made little effort to secure the trade reciprocity McKinley had intended to negotiate", "title": "Presidency of William McKinley" } ]

[ "strenght", "Strengths", "high strength", "strength", "Party strengths", "High strength", "party strengths", "strengths", "Strength (disambiguation)", "Strength (physics)", "Strenght", "strength disambiguation", "strength album", "strength physics", "Strength (album)", "Strength" ]

[ { "id": "174106", "score": "1.556093", "text": "good enough. In Roman works of art and in Renaissance and post-Renaissance art, Hercules can be identified by his attributes, the lion skin and the gnarled club (his favorite weapon); in mosaic he is shown tanned bronze, a virile aspect. Hercules was among the earliest figures on ancient Roman coinage, and has been the main motif of many collector coins and medals since. One example is the 20 euro Baroque Silver coin issued on September 11, 2002. The obverse side of the coin shows the Grand Staircase in the town palace of Prince Eugene of Savoy in Vienna, currently the", "title": "Hercules" }, { "id": "174109", "score": "1.5480233", "text": "about Hercules. Hercules Hercules () is a Roman hero and god. He was the equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, who was the son of Zeus (Roman equivalent Jupiter) and the mortal Alcmene. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures. The Romans adapted the Greek hero's iconography and myths for their literature and art under the name \"Hercules\". In later Western art and literature and in popular culture, \"Hercules\" is more commonly used than \"Heracles\" as the name of the hero. Hercules was a multifaceted figure with contradictory characteristics, which enabled", "title": "Hercules" }, { "id": "174097", "score": "1.5292082", "text": "Hercules Hercules () is a Roman hero and god. He was the equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, who was the son of Zeus (Roman equivalent Jupiter) and the mortal Alcmene. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures. The Romans adapted the Greek hero's iconography and myths for their literature and art under the name \"Hercules\". In later Western art and literature and in popular culture, \"Hercules\" is more commonly used than \"Heracles\" as the name of the hero. Hercules was a multifaceted figure with contradictory characteristics, which enabled later artists", "title": "Hercules" }, { "id": "16552292", "score": "1.527858", "text": "mythic Italic shepherd called \"Recaranus\" or \"Garanus\", famous for his strength. This hero dedicated the Ara Maxima which became associated with the earliest Roman cult of Hercules. Hercules in ancient Rome In ancient Roman religion and myth, Hercules was venerated as a divinized hero and incorporated into the legends of Rome's founding. The Romans adapted Greek myths and the iconography of Heracles into their own literature and art, but the hero developed distinctly Roman characteristics. Some Greek sources as early as the 6th and 5th century BC gave Heracles Roman connections during his famous labors. Dionysius of Halicarnassus places Hercules", "title": "Hercules in ancient Rome" }, { "id": "7703989", "score": "1.5154492", "text": "genuine feat). His superstrong legs allow him to run at speeds of over 100 mph, and leap over a hundred feet into the air. He can withstand blows from Thor, and possesses a complete resistance to high caliber bullets. Hercules is highly skilled in archery, boxing, Greco-Roman wrestling and claims to have invented the martial art Pankration. In combat he occasionally wields a golden-looking adamantine mace - stated and shown to be equal in durability to Thor's own mystical hammer Mjolnir (though it is not enchanted with additional abilities as Mjolnir is) - forged by the Greek god Hephaestus. As", "title": "Hercules (Marvel Comics)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Achilles' heel\n\nAn Achilles' heel (or Achilles heel) is a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.", "title": "Achilles' heel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Heracles\n\nHeracles ( ; ), born Alcaeus (, \"Alkaios\") or Alcides (, \"Alkeidēs\"), was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, and the foster son of Amphitryon. He was a great-grandson and half-brother (as they are both sired by the god Zeus) of Perseus, and similarly a half-brother of Dionysus. He was the greatest of the Greek heroes, the ancestor of royal clans who claimed to be Heracleidae (), and a champion of the Olympian order against chthonic monsters. In Rome and the modern West, he is known as Hercules, with whom the later Roman emperors, in particular Commodus and Maximian, often identified themselves. The Romans adopted the Greek version of his life and works essentially unchanged, but added anecdotal detail of their own, some of it linking the hero with the geography of the Central Mediterranean. Details of his cult were adapted to Rome as well.", "title": "Heracles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Amazons\n\nIn Greek mythology, the Amazons (Ancient Greek: Ἀμαζόνες \"Amazónes\", singular Ἀμαζών \"Amazōn\", via Latin \"Amāzon, -ŏnis\") are portrayed in a number of ancient epic poems and legends, such as the Labours of Hercules, the \"Argonautica\" and the \"Iliad\". They were a group of female warriors and hunters, who surpassed all men in physical agility and strength, in archery, riding skills, and the arts of combat. Their society was closed for men and they only raised their daughters and returned their sons to their fathers, with whom they would only socialize briefly in order to reproduce.\n\nCourageous and fiercely independent, the Amazons, commanded by their queen, regularly undertook extensive military expeditions into the far corners of the world, from Scythia to Thrace, Asia Minor and the Aegean Islands, reaching as far as Arabia and Egypt. Besides military raids, the Amazons are also associated with the foundation of temples and the establishment of numerous ancient cities like Ephesos, Cyme, Smyrna, Sinope, Myrina, Magnesia, Pygela, etc.\n\nThe texts of the original myths envisioned the homeland of the Amazons at the periphery of the then known world. Various claims to the exact place ranged from provinces in Asia Minor (Lycia, Caria etc.) to the steppes around the Black Sea, or even Libya. However, authors most frequently referred to Pontus in northern Anatolia, on the southern shores of the Black Sea, as the independent Amazon kingdom where the Amazon queen resided at her capital Themiscyra, on the banks of the Thermodon river.\n\nPalaephatus, who himself might have been a fictional character, attempted to rationalize the Greek myths in his work \"On Unbelievable Tales\". He suspected that the Amazons were probably men who were mistaken for women by their enemies because they wore clothing that reached their feet, tied up their hair in headbands, and shaved their beards. Probably the first in a long line of skeptics, he rejected any real basis for them, reasoning that because they did not exist during his time, most probably they did nοt exist in the past either.\n\nDecades of archaeological discoveries of burial sites of female warriors, including royalty, in the Eurasian Steppes suggest that the horse cultures of the Scythian, Sarmatian and Hittite peoples likely inspired the Amazon myth. In 2019, a grave with multiple generations of female Scythian warriors, armed and in golden headdresses, was found near Russia's Voronezh.", "title": "Amazons" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Miraculous births\n\nStories of miraculous births often include conceptions by miraculous circumstances and features such as intervention by a deity, supernatural elements, astronomical signs, hardship or, in the case of some mythologies, complex plots related to creation.", "title": "Miraculous births" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys\n\nHercules: The Legendary Journeys is an American television series filmed in New Zealand, based on the tales of the classical Greek culture hero Heracles (Hercules was his Roman analogue). Starring Kevin Sorbo as Hercules and Michael Hurst as Iolaus, it was produced from January 16, 1995, to November 22, 1999. It ran for six seasons, producing action figures and other memorabilia as it became one of the highest-rated syndicated television shows in the world at that time. It has aired on Once Channel, Sky1, five/5, Heroes & Icons, and Horror.\n\nIt was preceded by several TV movies with the same major characters in 1994 as part of Universal Media Studios's Action Pack in order of appearance: \"Hercules and the Amazon Women\", \"Hercules and the Lost Kingdom\", \"Hercules and the Circle of Fire\", \"Hercules in the Underworld\", and \"Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur\", the last of which served mostly as a \"clip show\" of the previous movies as a lead up to the series. The show was cancelled midway through filming of the sixth season, and only a total of eight episodes were produced after Sorbo initially declined to renew a three-year extension contract to continue his role as Hercules.", "title": "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys" }, { "id": "174105", "score": "1.5117321", "text": "adventures, and death of the hero under his Roman name Hercules. Conti begins his lengthy chapter on Hercules with an overview description that continues the moralizing impulse of the Middle Ages: Hercules, who subdued and destroyed monsters, bandits, and criminals, was justly famous and renowned for his great courage. His great and glorious reputation was worldwide, and so firmly entrenched that he'll always be remembered. In fact the ancients honored him with his own temples, altars, ceremonies, and priests. But it was his wisdom and great soul that earned those honors; noble blood, physical strength, and political power just aren't", "title": "Hercules" }, { "id": "7703990", "score": "1.505306", "text": "an Olympian, he is resistant to all earthly diseases, possesses a healing factor, immortality, and also has some immunity to magic. However, his strength can be taken by significant Olympian magic, such as that of Zeus. Hercules sacrificed his godly powers to save humanity in the wake of the Chaos War, and was completely powerless. Despite this, he retained his exceptional physical condition compared to a normal human, incredible skills in archery and hand-to-hand combat and access to magical weapons and items that help in battle. At the start of the 2015 \"Hercules\" series, his powers made an unexplained return.", "title": "Hercules (Marvel Comics)" }, { "id": "7703988", "score": "1.4936659", "text": "the Earth while Thor and Lightning recharge it. Herc, Thor and Wonder Man travel to Asgard to celebrate their victory. Hercules possesses the typical powers of an Olympian god, including superhuman strength, durability, speed, reflexes, stamina and endurance. He is the strongest of the Olympians, being capable of feats such as lifting and hurling a giant sequoia tree, smashing rocks to powder, sealing an entire cliff around an opponent with his bare hands, knocking out a yellow-crested Titan, and dragging the island of Manhattan (though this was later retconned to be merely a boast he had made, and not a", "title": "Hercules (Marvel Comics)" }, { "id": "174103", "score": "1.489094", "text": "to overcome earthly desires and vices, or the earth itself as a consumer of bodies. In medieval mythography, Hercules was one of the heroes seen as a strong role model who demonstrated both valor and wisdom, while the monsters he battles were regarded as moral obstacles. One glossator noted that when Hercules became a constellation, he showed that strength was necessary to gain entrance to Heaven. Medieval mythography was written almost entirely in Latin, and original Greek texts were little used as sources for Hercules' myths. In 1600, the citizens of Avignon bestowed on Henry of Navarre (the future King", "title": "Hercules" }, { "id": "174098", "score": "1.4806864", "text": "and writers to pick and choose how to represent him. This article provides an introduction to representations of Hercules in the later tradition. Hercules is known for his many adventures, which took him to the far reaches of the Greco-Roman world. One cycle of these adventures became canonical as the \"Twelve Labours\", but the list has variations. One traditional order of the labours is found in the \"Bibliotheca\" as follows: Hercules had a greater number of \"deeds on the side\" \"(parerga)\" that have been popular subjects for art, including: The Latin name \"Hercules\" was borrowed through Etruscan, where it is", "title": "Hercules" }, { "id": "16552284", "score": "1.4781196", "text": "Hercules in ancient Rome In ancient Roman religion and myth, Hercules was venerated as a divinized hero and incorporated into the legends of Rome's founding. The Romans adapted Greek myths and the iconography of Heracles into their own literature and art, but the hero developed distinctly Roman characteristics. Some Greek sources as early as the 6th and 5th century BC gave Heracles Roman connections during his famous labors. Dionysius of Halicarnassus places Hercules among divine figures honored at Rome \"whose souls after they had left their mortal bodies are said to have ascended to Heaven and to have obtained the", "title": "Hercules in ancient Rome" }, { "id": "19137787", "score": "1.4655321", "text": "hero, Herakles (whose myths were adopted in Rome under the name Hercules), eventually having a bust depicting him as the hero created near the end of his reign. Here, the Roman Emperor has taken on the guise of the mythological hero, Hercules. He has been given the attributes of the hero: the lion skin placed over his head, the club placed in his right hand, and the golden apples of Hesperides in his left. Each of these objects has been placed as a reminder of the hero's accomplishments, as well as also allowing the Emperor to associate and refer to", "title": "Commodus as Hercules" }, { "id": "2714325", "score": "1.4504982", "text": "a colossal version 8.5 m high produced by Johann Jacob Anthoni, 1713–1717, has become a symbol for the city. André Le Nôtre placed a full-size gilded version against the skyline at the far end of the main vista at Vaux-le-Vicomte. That at Versailles is a copy by Jean Cornu, 1684–1686. In Scotland a rare copy in lead, of the first half of the eighteenth century, is sited incongruously in the central Highlands, overlooking the recently restored Hercules Garden in the grounds of Blair Castle. Wealthy collectors were able to afford one of the numerous bronze replicas created in sizes for", "title": "Farnese Hercules" }, { "id": "2714317", "score": "1.4490393", "text": "where the statue was recovered in 1546, and is now in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Naples. The heroically-scaled \"Hercules\" is one of the most famous sculptures of antiquity, and has fixed the image of the mythic hero in the European imagination. The \"Farnese Hercules\" is a massive marble statue, following a lost original cast in bronze through a method called lost wax casting. It depicts a muscular, yet weary, Hercules leaning on his club, which has the skin of the Nemean lion draped over it. In myths about Heracles, killing the lion was his first task. He has just", "title": "Farnese Hercules" }, { "id": "7703938", "score": "1.4409736", "text": "guest-starred in \"Tales To Astonish\" #79 (May 1966), and his deadlocked battle with the Hulk, as told by Lee, Kirby, and Bill Everett, has come to be regarded as a classic. The tale parallels Hercules and the Hulk's titanic strength, short temper, and simple-mindedness, while contrasting their lot in life: Hercules being a beloved hero and pampered celebrity, while the Hulk is a hated and feared fugitive. The character teamed up with the \"Avengers\" in issue #38 (March 1967), but was not yet an official member; he was merely a guest of the Avengers during his banishment from Olympus. In", "title": "Hercules (Marvel Comics)" }, { "id": "14109432", "score": "1.4379959", "text": "to murder his wife Megara and their children during a visit to King Eurystheus. Throughout the film, it is not clearly established that Hercules is truly the son of Zeus and many are skeptical of the claim as well as of the stories of Hercules' famous Twelve Labors. Despite this, Hercules displays unusual strength and nigh-unmatched skill in combat. Hercules is frequently haunted by the memory of the deaths of his wife and children by his hand, as well as visions of Cerberus. After finishing a recent mission and saving his nephew on the Macedonian Coast in Northern Greece in", "title": "Hercules (2014 film)" }, { "id": "871289", "score": "1.4366775", "text": "and \"more diligent\" seem to suggest that they were considered more harmonious in proportions (\"numeri\") and at the same time more convincing in realism: \"diligentia\" connoted \"attentive care to fine points\", a quality that, in moderation, was characteristic of the best works of art, according to critics in Antiquity. His most famous works according to Pliny's \"Natural History\" (34.57-59) were a heifer, a dog (\"canem\", Cerberus?), a Perseus, a satyr— Marsyas— admiring the flute and Minerva (Athena), a Hercules, which was taken to the shrine dedicated by Pompey the Great at the Circus Maximus, \"Discobolus\" (the discus thrower), and an", "title": "Myron" }, { "id": "9510366", "score": "1.4317132", "text": "Hercules in popular culture Hercules (Greek Heracles) is a mythological hero known for his strength and far-ranging adventures. He is one of the most commonly portrayed figures from classical mythology in the popular culture of the 20th and 21st centuries. For earlier cultural depictions, see Hercules. A series of nineteen Italian Hercules movies of the \"Sword and sandal\" film genre were made in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The first and most successful of these was \"Hercules\", starring Steve Reeves. Other actors who played Hercules in these films were Gordon Scott, Kirk Morris, Mickey Hargitay, Mark Forest, Alan Steel,", "title": "Hercules in popular culture" }, { "id": "8596747", "score": "1.4279276", "text": "which evens the odds. After Bloody Mary is murdered by the New God killer, Hercules is freed from her spell and immediately saves his sister from being kidnapped by the fleeing Furies. After being questioned by Wonder Woman, Hercules tells her he was freed by Zeus and sought his closest relative—Cassandra—for help. He explains that Zeus freed him to help stop \"the Great Disaster,\" which Hercules does not know much about. However, there were two conditions for his release: he must always wear his gauntlets to remind him of his punishment (similar to the punishment the gods placed on the", "title": "Hercules (DC Comics)" }, { "id": "9510368", "score": "1.426831", "text": "in their original Italian versions. Hercules in popular culture Hercules (Greek Heracles) is a mythological hero known for his strength and far-ranging adventures. He is one of the most commonly portrayed figures from classical mythology in the popular culture of the 20th and 21st centuries. For earlier cultural depictions, see Hercules. A series of nineteen Italian Hercules movies of the \"Sword and sandal\" film genre were made in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The first and most successful of these was \"Hercules\", starring Steve Reeves. Other actors who played Hercules in these films were Gordon Scott, Kirk Morris, Mickey", "title": "Hercules in popular culture" } ]

[ "The 500", "indianapolis 505", "International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race", "International 500-Mile Sweepstakes", "Indianopolis 500", "indy500", "Greatest spectecle in racin", "Indy 500", "500", "The Indy 500", "Carb Day", "Greatest Spectacle In Racing", "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race", "carb day", "greatest spectacle in racing", "Indianapolis 500 Mile Race", "indy 500", "Greatest Spectacle in Racing", "international 500 mile sweepstakes", "Indianapolis 500", "The Greatest Spectacle In Racing", "Indy 505", "The Indianapolis 500", "indianapolis 500", "Indianapolis 505", "greatest spectecle in racing", "The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race", "indianapolis 500 mile race", "The greatest spectecle in racing", "international 500 mile sweepstakes race", "Indy500", "indianopolis 500", "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing", "indy 505", "greatest spectecle in racin" ]

[ { "id": "3335727", "score": "1.785064", "text": "Dan Wheldon Daniel Clive Wheldon (22 June 1978 – 16 October 2011) was a British racing driver. He won the IndyCar Series championship in 2005 and the Indianapolis 500 in 2005 and 2011. Wheldon died from severe head injuries shortly after a collision during the IZOD IndyCar World Championship in Las Vegas, Nevada, on 16 October 2011, at the age of 33. Daniel Clive Wheldon was born in Emberton, near Olney, Buckinghamshire, England, on 22 June 1978. He took up karting at the age of four with funding from his father. He progressed through the junior ranks of motor racing", "title": "Dan Wheldon" }, { "id": "3335730", "score": "1.7673903", "text": "record for most victories in one season (under IRL sanction), previously held by Sam Hornish Jr. with five. His win at Indy was the first for an Englishman since Graham Hill's victory in 1966. In November 2005, it was announced that he would be driving for Chip Ganassi Racing in the IndyCar Series in 2006. Shortly after his first test with Ganassi, in February 2006, he won the 24 Hours of Daytona endurance sports car race with Ganassi teammates Scott Dixon and Casey Mears. He began the 2006 season by beating Hélio Castroneves by 0.0147 seconds in the Toyota Indy", "title": "Dan Wheldon" }, { "id": "3335733", "score": "1.7305714", "text": "the opening race at Homestead, dominating the event from the pole. He won again at Kansas. The season is most notable for his run in with Danica Patrick after a racing incident at Milwaukee left with a skirmish. He said of Danica, being 'feisty'. On 22 June 2008 (his 30th birthday), Wheldon took his 15th career victory in the IndyCar Series after winning the Iowa Corn Indy 250 over Hideki Mutoh and Marco Andretti. He donated his winnings to help the victims of the recent tornadoes and flooding which had occurred in Iowa. Wheldon was released from his drive at", "title": "Dan Wheldon" }, { "id": "3707548", "score": "1.7147146", "text": "injury. Returning to the event age 50 in 2004, Hooper competed ably despite a torn pectoral muscle, finishing fourth against rivals at least 15 years younger than himself. Even now he still won the kayaking and came second in golf, almost making the final, beaten only in the end by an agonising uphill bike race. Though Brian Hooper continued to compete in (and dominate) Superstars events until he retired in 1984, he stopped competing in the UK national contest after 1983, and he was succeeded as national champion in 1984 by athlete Garry Cook. The 1983 championship was also notable", "title": "Superstars" }, { "id": "3335751", "score": "1.7001399", "text": "the 2011 IndyCar Championships and now works for Fox Sports, and motorsport publicist Brent Brush placed a Dan Wheldon Memorial plaque outside Turn 2 near the point Wheldon was killed. The Dan Wheldon International Driver Trophy was awarded to the best performing international driver over the race weekend of the Australian V8 Supercars Gold Coast 600. The trophy was named after Wheldon following his death, which took place one week prior to the 2011 event in which he was scheduled to race in with the Holden Racing Team. The international drivers' trophy had been unnamed when debuted in 2010. The", "title": "Dan Wheldon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dan Wheldon\n\nDaniel Clive Wheldon (22 June 1978 – 16 October 2011) was a British motor racing driver who won the 2005 IndyCar Series Drivers' Championship for Andretti Green Racing (AGR). He won the Indianapolis 500 in 2005 and 2011, and was co-winner of the 2006 24 Hours of Daytona with Chip Ganassi Racing (CGR).\n\nWheldon began competitive karting at the age of eight and achieved early success, before progressing to open-wheel car racing in the U.S. F2000 National Championship, the Toyota Atlantic Championship and Indy Lights. He began driving in IndyCar with Panther Racing in 2002. The following year, Wheldon moved to AGR, finishing as runner-up in the 2004 championship. He won the drivers' title in 2005 with the record for most victories (including that year's Indianapolis 500) during a season. In the 2006 season, he moved to CGR, tying Sam Hornish Jr. in points but finishing second because of count-back on the number of victories taken by both drivers. During the 2007 and 2008 seasons, Wheldon's form lowered but he won four additional races to place fourth overall in both years.\n\nHe returned to Panther Racing for the 2009 and 2010 seasons, failing to win a race but taking a further four podium results during this period. Wheldon left the team at the conclusion of the season. He drove part-time for Bryan Herta Autosport and later Sam Schmidt Motorsports in the 2011 season. He won his second Indianapolis 500 in May of that year. At the season-ending IZOD IndyCar World Championship at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, Wheldon was killed in a collision with a fence post alongside the circuit on the race's eleventh lap. He was 33 years old and the first driver to die in IndyCar competition since Paul Dana in 2006.", "title": "Dan Wheldon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2005 Indianapolis 500\n\nThe 89th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday, May 29, 2005. It was the premier event of the 2005 IndyCar Series season and the tenth Indy 500 sanctioned by the Indy Racing League. Dan Wheldon won the race, his first of two Indy victories (2005 and 2011). Wheldon became the first British-born winner since Graham Hill in 1966. It was the second consecutive Indy victory for Honda, and the first victory for the Dallara chassis since 2002. It was also the long-awaited first Indianapolis 500 victory for car owner Michael Andretti of Andretti-Green Racing. After many years of failing to win the race as a driver (\"Andretti Curse\"), Andretti finally achieved victory at Indianapolis as an owner. As of 2022, it is the first of his five Indy victories as an owner.\n\nRookie Danica Patrick, who qualified and finished 4th, became the first female driver in Indy history to lead laps during the race. Patrick led three times for a total of 19 laps and won the Rookie of the Year award. Considerable media hype and attention was focused on the race and on Patrick in particular during the month, giving birth to the term \"Danica Mania.\" Her 4th place starting position broke the record set by Lyn St. James (6th in 1994) and her 4th place finishing position broke the record set by Janet Guthrie (9th in 1978).\n\nThe increased attention going into the race helped register a 6.5 Nielsen rating, the highest since 1996. Also making headlines during the month of May was the return of 1999 winner Kenny Bräck. After suffering a horrendous crash at Texas in October 2003, Bräck sat out the 2004 season, recovering from serious injuries. Bräck, in what would be his final IndyCar race, drove in substitution for Buddy Rice. Rice, the 2004 winner suffered a concussion in a practice crash on May 11, and was forced to sit out the event. Bräck was the overall fastest qualifier during time trials but dropped out of the race near the halfway point due to mechanical problems.", "title": "2005 Indianapolis 500" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Danica Patrick\n\nDanica Sue Patrick (; born March 25, 1982) is an American former professional racing driver. She is the most successful woman in the history of American open-wheel car racing—her victory in the 2008 Indy Japan 300 is the only win by a woman in an IndyCar Series race.\n\nBorn to a working-class family in Beloit, Wisconsin, Patrick began karting at the age of ten and achieved early success by winning her class in the World Karting Association Grand National Championship three times in the mid-1990s. She dropped out of high school with her parents' permission in 1998, and moved to the United Kingdom to further her career. Patrick competed in Formula Vauxhall and Formula Ford before returning to the United States in 2001 due to a lack of funding. In 2002, she competed in five Barber Dodge Pro Series races for Rahal Letterman Racing. Patrick later raced in the Toyota Atlantic Series for the next two years. Her best effort was third in the championship standings for the 2004 season where she became the first woman to win a pole position in the series.\n\nShe first drove in the IndyCar Series with Rahal Letterman Racing in 2005 and took three pole positions, equaling Tomas Scheckter's record of poles in a rookie season. She was named the Rookie of the Year for both the 2005 Indianapolis 500 and the 2005 IndyCar Series. She improved over the next two years with Rahal Letterman Racing in 2006 and later Andretti Green Racing in 2007. In 2008, Patrick followed up her Japan victory to place sixth overall in the drivers' standings. She improved on this to secure fifth the following season, which saw her finish a career-high third at the Indianapolis 500, the best performance by any woman at the race. Patrick's overall form declined during 2010, but she still managed two-second-places at oval tracks before leaving IndyCar after the 2011 season to focus on stock car racing full-time.\n\nPatrick began racing stock cars in 2010 in the NASCAR Nationwide Series (now Xfinity Series) with her best result coming in the form of a fourth-place finish at Las Vegas Motor Speedway in 2011. She placed a career-high tenth in the 2012 season standings and was the second woman to clinch a pole position in the Nationwide Series after Shawna Robinson in 1994. Patrick started in the Sprint Cup Series (now NASCAR Cup Series) in 2012. She became the first woman to win a Cup Series pole position by setting the fastest qualifying lap for the 2013 Daytona 500, finishing eighth. Patrick bested Janet Guthrie's record for the most top-ten finishes by a woman in the Sprint Cup Series in 2015. She stopped racing full-time after the 2017 season, but competed at the 2018 Daytona 500 and the 2018 Indianapolis 500 before officially retiring.", "title": "Danica Patrick" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championship\n\nThe 2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championship was the scheduled final race of the 2011 IZOD IndyCar series. It was to be run at Las Vegas Motor Speedway in Las Vegas, Nevada USA on October 16, 2011, and was scheduled for 200 laps around the facility's 1.544 mile oval. \n\nThe race, however, was red-flagged on the twelfth lap after a massive crash triggered by contact between Wade Cunningham and James Hinchcliffe. Driver Dan Wheldon died as a result of the crash, which led to IndyCar officials cancelling the remaining 188 laps of the event. The incident is widely considered to be the worst crash in modern motorsports history; aside from Wheldon's death, several other drivers were taken to the hospital with injuries and many of the vehicles involved had either flipped over or caught fire. Open wheel racing has not returned to the circuit since the incident.", "title": "2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Will Power\n\nWilliam \"Will\" Steven Power (born 1 March 1981) is an Australian motorsports driver who currently competes in the IndyCar Series, driving for Team Penske. He is the 2014 and 2022 IndyCar Series champion and the 2018 Indianapolis 500 champion. Power is currently fifth all-time in wins with 41 and first all-time in poles earned in IndyCar history with 68.", "title": "Will Power" }, { "id": "3813495", "score": "1.6933649", "text": "and finishing second in the second race landed Bourdais the inaugural Dan Wheldon Memorial Trophy, awarded to the international driver who scored the most points over the Gold Coast weekend. Wheldon had been set to contest the event but lost his life in the 2011 IndyCar season finale just a week earlier. Winning the V8 Supercar race meant that he is the only driver to have won a race at the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit in both Champcar/Indycar, as well as V8 Supercar. He has also participated in the Bathurst 1000 once, finishing ninth with Lee Holdsworth in 2015. In", "title": "Sébastien Bourdais" }, { "id": "3335746", "score": "1.6903764", "text": "2006 race. The Wheldon Memorial Pro-Am consists of one pro and three amateur drivers in a one-hour, 40 minute race. The inaugural race, which like fund-raising golf tournaments where \"mulligans\" can be purchased, has teams \"buying back\" laps to the Wheldon Fund during the race, ended with a controversial finish where Marino Franchitti, Scott Borchetta, Mark Borchetta (the two of Big Machine Records), and Clive Wheldon (Dan's father) were declared co-winners with a team of Taylor Kiel, Blair Julian, Adam Rovazzini, and pro Ed Carpenter. The current four-driver format consists of a race for each of the three amateur drivers,", "title": "Dan Wheldon" }, { "id": "3335731", "score": "1.6757338", "text": "300 at Homestead-Miami Speedway; a sombre race due to the earlier death of Paul Dana in a practice session. Wheldon retired from the Honda Grand Prix due to contact with Sam Hornish Jr. during a caution period. At the end of the season, Wheldon and Hornish were tied for the lead with each driver having 475 points. In the event of a tie, the driver with the most wins for that particular season is declared the champion. Hornish had four wins for the 2006 season to Wheldon's two; therefore Hornish was declared the 2006 IndyCar champion. During the 2006 season,", "title": "Dan Wheldon" }, { "id": "3335729", "score": "1.6757104", "text": "and Indy Lights. In 2002, Wheldon moved up to the IRL IndyCar Series for two events with Panther Racing as teammate to Sam Hornish Jr. Wheldon joined Andretti Green Racing the following year, taking the spot of Michael Andretti following his retirement, and collected league Rookie of the Year honours. In 2004, he won his first IRL race at Twin Ring Motegi in Japan; ultimately finishing as runner-up to teammate Tony Kanaan in the championship with three wins. He won the Indianapolis 500, and the IndyCar Series championship, in the 2005 season. His six victories in 2005 also broke the", "title": "Dan Wheldon" }, { "id": "15949836", "score": "1.675245", "text": "50) he participated in the UK Championship again, and performed well finishing a very creditable fourth in his heat, winning the kayaking event, and finishing runner-up in the golf. During the 2004 event he was at least 15 years older than all of the other competitors, competed with a torn pectoral muscle and was included in the event as a replacement at only seven day's notice! Hooper also regularly competed in the Superteams version of the contest, representing \"the Athletes\", who were undefeated from 1979 to 1984. In 1979 he famously struggled to get on a balance beam during the", "title": "Brian Hooper" }, { "id": "5271795", "score": "1.6603185", "text": "trophy can be lifted from its base if desired. Prior to 1988, winners received an upright model of the trophy mounted on a walnut plaque. Since then, some pre-1988 winners have been presented with the newer Baby Borg version. In 2011, race winner Dan Wheldon was fatally injured before he received his Baby Borg. His widow Susie accepted the trophy in his honor. While the perpetual trophy is not given the winner, it has on occasion, traveled to various locations to honor the winner. Most recently in 2017, the trophy traveled to Japan accompanying Takuma Sato on a victory tour", "title": "Borg-Warner Trophy" }, { "id": "3335728", "score": "1.6556171", "text": "during his school years. Attending Bedford School until he completed his GCSEs at age 16, he frequently took time off to race. During his early career in open wheel racing, he developed a rivalry with Jenson Button before ultimately leaving the United Kingdom to race in the United States. The reasoning behind the move was that the level of investment needed to fund his racing career in the UK was beyond his family's resources. Moving to the United States in 1999, he spent several years in lower open-wheeled circuits, such as the US F2000 National Championship, the Toyota Atlantic Championship,", "title": "Dan Wheldon" }, { "id": "5416990", "score": "1.6470256", "text": "earlier. However, with the vocal Manchester crowd behind him Hoy was not to be denied victory and he completed the win 2–0, the first British man to win the sprint title in 52 years since Reg Harris. Hoy became the first British Olympian for 100 years to claim three golds at one games at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. This came when he won the men's keirin, the men's team sprint and also the men's individual sprint. Hoy did not race at the first major event of the 2009/10 season, the World Cup Classics Event in Manchester on 4", "title": "Chris Hoy" }, { "id": "12903335", "score": "1.6383383", "text": "at which a Special Team Award was presented to Great Britain men's 4 x 400 m relay team. In the 1980s, Steve Davis finished in the top three on five occasions, including one win in 1988. In 1991, angler Bob Nudd received the most votes following a campaign in the \"Angling Times\". However, the BBC deemed this to be against the rules and \"discarded all the ballots cast on forms printed in the \"Angling Times\"\", allowing athlete Liz McColgan to win the award. The following year racing driver Nigel Mansell became the second person to win the main award twice,", "title": "BBC Sports Personality of the Year" }, { "id": "3652044", "score": "1.6350102", "text": "after a few laps. They lost a lap to their rivals, but with 30 to go Wiggins attacked, and they regained the lost lap, moving into second place. They lost points in the final sprint, moving them down to third, taking the bronze medal with 12 points, behind Switzerland on 15 and Australia on 22. Wiggins became the first British athlete in 40 years to win three medals at one Games, the last being Mary Rand at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo. On 31 December 2004 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)", "title": "Bradley Wiggins" }, { "id": "3439306", "score": "1.6327822", "text": "Lumpur. Both the 2004 British and World events were won by England's Kevin Ashman. Having won the 2005 MSN Search sponsored World Quizzing Championships on 2 July Kevin Ashman went on to retain his British title later that year. Kevin Ashman made it a hat-trick of British Championships in 2005. In a field of 41 competitors Ashman won by 21 points from Mark Bytheway and Pat Gibson in joint second position. A full report on the event is available here The absence of the previous winners and runners up for the last two years (Kevin Ashman and Mark Bytheway) left", "title": "British Quizzing Championships" }, { "id": "3335753", "score": "1.6318284", "text": "that Ignite was not looking to build just another racing game, so the opportunity to influence \"Simraceway\"'s physics directly was pretty appealing\", Wheldon commented. It later emerged that Wheldon would also be playing a role in the company's performance driving centre at Infineon Raceway. Dan Wheldon Daniel Clive Wheldon (22 June 1978 – 16 October 2011) was a British racing driver. He won the IndyCar Series championship in 2005 and the Indianapolis 500 in 2005 and 2011. Wheldon died from severe head injuries shortly after a collision during the IZOD IndyCar World Championship in Las Vegas, Nevada, on 16 October", "title": "Dan Wheldon" }, { "id": "3335745", "score": "1.6229755", "text": "Button. All money earned by this charity race was donated to a charity chosen by Wheldon's family. Former IndyCar driver Mark Dismore's New Castle Motorsports Park, which organises the Robo-Pong 200 endurance karting event that Wheldon won in 2005, named the race trophy the Dan Wheldon Cup in 2012, and the Wheldon family added a Wheldon Memorial Pro-Am event in 2013 to the event. That race establishes the Sue Wheldon Fund in the Alzheimer's Association. The race is held after the INDYCAR season ends, and features INDYCAR stars, although a NASCAR-themed team of Paul Harraka and Ricky Rudd won the", "title": "Dan Wheldon" }, { "id": "9697457", "score": "1.6195955", "text": "by winning his fifth title in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney If one includes the 1906 Intercalated Games, he competed at six Olympic Games. It would only be in 1976 when another athlete, fencer Bill Hoskyns, would compete at six Games for Great Britain. He ran the Imperial Hotel in Weston-super-Mare, England for many years, and was still swimming 400 m a day at age seventy-eight. In 1967, he was inducted in the International Swimming Hall of Fame. He was the second water polo player (after American Wallace O'Connor) and the third Briton (after coach Matthew Mann and English", "title": "Paul Radmilovic" }, { "id": "3335741", "score": "1.617164", "text": "airborne; the second impact with the fence post was fatal. Wheldon's funeral was held on 22 October 2011 in St. Petersburg, Florida. Fellow drivers Dario Franchitti, Scott Dixon, and Tony Kanaan attended it and served as pall-bearers along with Wheldon's brothers. A day later, IndyCar held a public memorial service for Wheldon at Conseco Fieldhouse in Indianapolis. Wheldon was the fifth Indianapolis 500 winner to die in a racing accident the same year as winning the race, and the first repeat winner to do so. Preceding him were Gaston Chevrolet (1920), Joe Boyer (1924), Ray Keech (1929), and George Robson", "title": "Dan Wheldon" } ]

[ "little night music by stephen sondheim", "A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim" ]

[ { "id": "1334638", "score": "1.7232313", "text": "the 1963 film of the same name about a team of paranormal experts who look into strange occurrences in an ill-fated mansion. The horror feature received generally poor reviews but found a significant worldwide audience. In a scathing review, the critic Mick LaSalle wrote that \"Zeta-Jones seems less an actress and more a pretty face, and not an interesting one at that\". After taking the supporting part of star John Cusack's romantic interest in the comedy-drama \"High Fidelity\" (2000), Zeta-Jones starred in Steven Soderbergh's \"Traffic\" (2000). In the ensemble thriller on drug abuse starring Michael Douglas and Benicio del Toro,", "title": "Catherine Zeta-Jones" }, { "id": "1334669", "score": "1.7176683", "text": "on their advertising. In 2003, the celebrity biographer Cliff Goodwin wrote an unauthorised biography of the actress, entitled \"Catherine Zeta Jones: The Biography\", but the publication was indefinitely postponed when she issued a legal notice prohibiting its release. Zeta-Jones' films that have earned the most at the box office, , include: For her role in \"Chicago\" (2002), Zeta-Jones was awarded the Academy Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, and BAFTA awards for Best Supporting Actress. She has received two Golden Globe Award nominations: Best Supporting Actress for \"Traffic\" (2000) and Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical for \"Chicago\" (2002). She", "title": "Catherine Zeta-Jones" }, { "id": "1334637", "score": "1.6717173", "text": "Breakthrough Performance. Zeta-Jones' first release of 1999 was the heist film \"Entrapment\", in which she starred opposite Sean Connery as a seductive insurance agent on the lookout for an art thief. Despite a negative critical reception, the film was a commercial success; Janet Maslin of \"The New York Times\" thought that the film provided Zeta-Jones a platform to \"show off her slithery skills\", and Desson Howe of \"The Washington Post\" called on viewers to appreciate the sex appeal she brought to the role. Later that year, Zeta-Jones appeared alongside Liam Neeson and Lili Taylor in \"The Haunting\", a remake of", "title": "Catherine Zeta-Jones" }, { "id": "11628398", "score": "1.6707752", "text": "The former featured two of the characters watching one of the film's trailers on the Internet on a YouTube-esque website, and there were subtle setting alterations performed for the latter, including movie posters on the walls of various public places. On April 4, 2008, it was reported that Nicole Kidman had replaced Catherine Zeta-Jones in the role of Claudia Jenssen, who turned down the role when director Marshall refused to expand the role for the film. The film was Kidman's first big-screen musical since \"Moulin Rouge!\" After Catherine Zeta-Jones's departure, Anne Hathaway was auditioned for the role, but was turned", "title": "Nine (2009 live-action film)" }, { "id": "1334670", "score": "1.6660577", "text": "was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) by the Monarchy of the United Kingdom in 2010 for her film and charity work. Catherine Zeta-Jones Catherine Zeta-Jones (; born 25 September 1969) is a Welsh actress. Born and raised in Swansea, Zeta-Jones aspired to be an actress from a young age. As a child, she played roles in the West End productions of the musicals \"Annie\" and \"Bugsy Malone\". She studied musical theatre at the Arts Educational Schools, London, and made her stage breakthrough with a leading role in a 1987 production of \"42nd Street\". Her screen", "title": "Catherine Zeta-Jones" }, { "id": "1334649", "score": "1.6650479", "text": "to financial troubles of its distributor, The Film Development, the film failed to release theatrically in America. Zeta-Jones returned to stage in 2009 with a revival of the musical \"A Little Night Music\", which marked her Broadway debut. Set in Sweden during the early twentieth century, the musical follows the relationship between three people (Zeta-Jones, Angela Lansbury and Alexander Hanson) during the course of an evening. She played Desirée Armfeldt, an ageing actress, and was particularly drawn to the complexities of the play, saying, \"There's no jazzy hands, no high kicks, no fishnet stockings, ... It's not one of those", "title": "Catherine Zeta-Jones" }, { "id": "1334621", "score": "1.6640638", "text": "Catherine Zeta-Jones Catherine Zeta-Jones (; born 25 September 1969) is a Welsh actress. Born and raised in Swansea, Zeta-Jones aspired to be an actress from a young age. As a child, she played roles in the West End productions of the musicals \"Annie\" and \"Bugsy Malone\". She studied musical theatre at the Arts Educational Schools, London, and made her stage breakthrough with a leading role in a 1987 production of \"42nd Street\". Her screen debut came in the unsuccessful French-Italian film \"1001 Nights\" (1990), and she went on to find greater success as a regular in the British television series", "title": "Catherine Zeta-Jones" }, { "id": "257593", "score": "1.6583651", "text": "Josephson. She later directed the Bergman-composed movie \"Faithless\" (2000). \"Faithless\" garnered nominations for both the Palme d'Or and Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival. During 2006 Ullmann announced that she had been forced to end her longtime wish of making a film based on \"A Doll's House\". According to her statement, the Norwegian Film Fund was preventing her and writer Kjetil Bjørnstad from pursuing the project. Australian actress Cate Blanchett and British actress Kate Winslet had been cast intended in the main roles of the movie. She later directed Blanchett in the play \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", by Tennessee", "title": "Liv Ullmann" }, { "id": "1675674", "score": "1.6537113", "text": "\"Isn't She Great\" and \"Drowning Mona\". In Andrew Bergman's \"Isn't She Great\", a highly fictionalized account of the life and career of author Jacqueline Susann, she played alongside Nathan Lane and Stockard Channing, portraying Susann with her early struggles as an aspiring actress relentlessly hungry for fame, her relationship with press agent Irving Mansfield, her success as the author of \"Valley of the Dolls\", and her battle with and subsequent death from breast cancer. The dramedy garnered largely negative reviews by critics, who dismissed it as \"bland material [that] produces entirely forgettable comic performances.\" For her performance in the film,", "title": "Bette Midler" }, { "id": "1334641", "score": "1.6438735", "text": "The following year, Zeta-Jones starred alongside Renée Zellweger as the murderous nightclub singer Velma Kelly in \"Chicago\" (2002), a film adaptation of the Broadway musical of the same name from the director Rob Marshall. She based her character's look and mannerisms on the actress Louise Brooks, and as the script did not provide a backstory to Kelly, she worked to convey her character's \"flamboyance\" and \"desperation\" through \"little looks and nuances\". The film and her performance received critical acclaim. William Arnold of the \"Seattle Post-Intelligencer\" felt that the actress made \"a wonderfully statuesque and bitchy saloon goddess\", and David Edelstein", "title": "Catherine Zeta-Jones" }, { "id": "1334667", "score": "1.6375351", "text": "in 2010, described Zeta-Jones as \"the ultimate self-made success\" who \"constantly made bold decisions, and scrubbed up very nicely into a luscious star who radiates a classic […] brand of big-screen glamour.\" Guy Adams of \"The Independent\" considers her personality to be \"self-effacing and energetic\" but takes note of her \"steely core\" in her off-screen persona. Zeta-Jones' success in her early Hollywood films \"The Mask of Zorro\" (1998) and \"Entrapment\" (1999) relied predominantly on her sex appeal, but she was later appreciated for her versatility. Zeta-Jones' career graph and marriage to Douglas have been a subject of satire. A 2006", "title": "Catherine Zeta-Jones" }, { "id": "1558262", "score": "1.631835", "text": "the Norwegian National Opera and Ballet in autumn 2017 under the direction of Marit Moum Aune. The play has been adapted for the screen a number of times, from the silent film era onwards, in several languages. The BBC screened a television production of the play in 1962, with Ingrid Bergman, Michael Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, and Trevor Howard, while the Corporation's \"Play of the Month\" in 1972 featured Janet Suzman and Ian McKellen in the two main leads. A version shown on Britain's commercial ITV network in 1980 featured Diana Rigg in the title role. Glenda Jackson was nominated for", "title": "Hedda Gabler" }, { "id": "6224298", "score": "1.631618", "text": "recorded and filmed in 1979 and 1980 for both video and audio discs. The recording won a Grammy in 1983. Her career at Bayreuth Festival is as below: Later in her career (from 1980 onwards), she undertook the title role of \"Elektra\" as well as Isolde (in \"Tristan und Isolde\"), the Dyer's Wife (in \"Die Frau ohne Schatten\"), Turandot and Minnie (in \"La fanciulla del West\"). While best known for her work in the Wagner-Strauss-Puccini repertoire, her versatility enabled her to take on other roles, such as Poppea (in \"L'incoronazione di Poppea\"), Hanna Glawari (in \"The Merry Widow\") and Norma.", "title": "Gwyneth Jones (soprano)" }, { "id": "1334629", "score": "1.6302463", "text": "role of Peggy Sawyera chorus girl who becomes a star. The producer was impressed by her acting ability and allowed her to play the role for the next two years. Her next stage appearance was with the English National Opera at the London Coliseum in 1989 where she played Mae Jones in Kurt Weill's \"Street Scene\". In 1990, Zeta-Jones made her film debut in the director Philippe de Broca's film \"1001 Nights\". An adaptation of the Persian fable \"One Thousand and One Nights\", the French-Italian production recounts the tale from the perspective of Scheherazade (Zeta-Jones), one of the brides of", "title": "Catherine Zeta-Jones" }, { "id": "874680", "score": "1.6298928", "text": "Prejudice\", a 2005 adaptation of the novel by Jane Austen, starring Keira Knightley and Donald Sutherland. Wright persuaded Dench to join the cast as Lady Catherine de Bourgh by writing her a letter that read: \"I love it when you play a bitch. Please come and be a bitch for me.\" Dench had only one week available to shoot her scenes, forcing Wright to make them his first days of filming. With both a worldwide gross of over US$121 million and several Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations, the film became a critical and commercial success. Dench, in her role", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "1334634", "score": "1.6297083", "text": "read about me. So I decided to move away and start again.\" She believed that the anonymity she faced in America helped her get roles on merit and not due to her public image. She earned the part of Sala, the hench-woman to the villainous Drax (Treat Williams) in the superhero film \"The Phantom\" (1996), starring Billy Zane in the titular role. A reviewer for \"Variety\" considered Zeta-Jones to be a standout in her part, but the film received a negative critical reception and earned little at the box office. The CBS television miniseries \"Titanic\" (1996), however, was better received.", "title": "Catherine Zeta-Jones" }, { "id": "1294532", "score": "1.6292943", "text": "Glynis Johns Glynis Johns (born 5 October 1923) is a retired Welsh stage, television and film actress, dancer, pianist, and singer. Born in Pretoria, South Africa while her parents were on tour, she is best known for creating the role of Desiree Armfeldt in \"A Little Night Music\" on Broadway, for which she won a Tony Award, and for playing Winifred Banks in Walt Disney's musical motion picture box office smash \"Mary Poppins.\" In both roles, she sang songs written specifically for her, including \"Send in the Clowns\", composed by Stephen Sondheim, and \"Sister Suffragette\", written by the Sherman Brothers.", "title": "Glynis Johns" }, { "id": "2465191", "score": "1.6267004", "text": "rehearsal process when the actress Judi Dench had to withdraw due to a torn Achilles tendon. Paige's performance of the song \"Memory\" from \"Cats\", with which she had a Top 10 hit, is her signature piece. The single reached number 5 in the UK charts and has since been recorded by a further 160 artists. She reprised the role of Grizabella for the video release of \"Cats\" in 1998, one of only two performers in the film from the original London cast; the other was Susan Jane Tanner as Jellylorum. Paige's website claims that the video soon became the bestselling", "title": "Elaine Paige" }, { "id": "874653", "score": "1.6242225", "text": "films until \"Spectre\" (2015). A seven-time Oscar nominee, Dench won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Queen Elizabeth I in \"Shakespeare in Love\", and has received nominations for her roles in \"Mrs Brown\" (1997), \"Chocolat\" (2000), \"Iris\" (2001), \"Mrs Henderson Presents\" (2005), \"Notes on a Scandal\" (2006), and \"Philomena\" (2013). She has also received many other accolades for her acting in theatre, film, and television; her other competitive awards include six British Academy Film Awards, four BAFTA TV Awards, seven Olivier Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and a Tony Award.", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "13786310", "score": "1.6226826", "text": "Welcoming Committee, while opera singer Rebecca Sjöwall plays a Hollywood actress. Structurally, the album is not a collection of stand-alone songs, but a 64-minute piece of music composed of 24 plot-driven subsections. The music references the band's own discography at various points, evoking echoes of their earlier records – \"sly winks to fans, each with their favourite era of Sparks in mind\". The BBC review stated that the album was \"steeped in the same arch humour and orchestral sweep that guided the likes of 2006's \"Hello Young Lovers\" and last year's \"Exotic Creatures of The Deep\"\", blending \"jaunty songs and", "title": "The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman" } ]

[ "culloden disambiguation", "Culloden", "culloden", "Culloden (disambiguation)" ]

[ { "id": "684468", "score": "1.9658346", "text": "Battle of Culloden The Battle of Culloden (; ) was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745. On 16 April 1746, the Jacobite forces of Charles Edward Stuart were decisively defeated by Hanoverian forces commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. Queen Anne, the last monarch of the House of Stuart, died in 1714, with no living children. Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover, who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother,", "title": "Battle of Culloden" }, { "id": "1266549", "score": "1.9602389", "text": "fire once, and then bayonet the man to the right, thereby catching the enemy under their lifted sword arm. On 8 April 1746, he set out from Aberdeen for Inverness, and, on 16 April, he fought the decisive Battle of Culloden, in which the Stuart forces were completely destroyed. Cumberland ordered his troops to show no quarter against any remaining Jacobite rebels (French Army personnel, including those who were British-or Irish-born, were treated as legitimate combatants). His troops traversed the battlefield and stabbed any of the rebel soldiers who were still alive. When Cumberland learned that a wounded soldier lying", "title": "Prince William, Duke of Cumberland" }, { "id": "1266548", "score": "1.9571787", "text": "The defeat of his replacement as commander, Henry Hawley, roused the fears of the English people in January 1746, when, under a hail of pistol fire, \"eighty dragoons fell dead upon the spot\" at Falkirk Muir. Arriving in Edinburgh on 30 January 1746, he at once proceeded in search of Charles. He made a detour to Aberdeen, where he spent some time training the well-equipped forces now under his command for the next stage of the conflict in which they were about to engage. He trained his troops to hold their fire until the enemy came within effective firing range,", "title": "Prince William, Duke of Cumberland" }, { "id": "678925", "score": "1.9286222", "text": "English and French support and rumours that large government forces were being amassed. The Jacobites marched north once more, winning the Battle of Falkirk Muir, but were later pursued by King George II's son, the Duke of Cumberland, who caught up with them at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746. Ignoring the advice of one of his generals, Lord George Murray, Charles chose to fight on flat, open, marshy ground where his forces would be exposed to superior government firepower. Charles commanded his army from a position behind his lines, where he could not see what was happening.", "title": "Charles Edward Stuart" }, { "id": "3108041", "score": "1.9114916", "text": "4 September, where the Jacobite army was joined by two prominent Highland nobles, the 3rd Duke of Perth and Lord George Murray, who was appointed Lieutenant General. On 11 September, Prince Charles's army resumed its advance south. The regiment of dragoons opposing them retreated in disorder to Edinburgh. Brigadier Thomas Fowke had recently arrived at Edinburgh to take charge of the cavalry and some reinforcements. He decided that the two regiments of dragoons he took over were in no state to face the Jacobite army and ordered a further retreat, which was marked by unnecessary panics and alarms. This also", "title": "Battle of Prestonpans" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "George II of Great Britain\n\nGeorge II (George Augustus; ; 30 October / 9 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death in 1760.\n\nBorn and brought up in northern Germany, George is the most recent British monarch born outside Great Britain. The Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 positioned his grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, and her Protestant descendants to inherit the British throne. After the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father, the Elector of Hanover, became George I of Great Britain. In the first years of his father's reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians until they rejoined the governing party in 1720.\n\nAs king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had more direct control over government policy. He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son, Frederick, who supported the parliamentary opposition. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle. In 1745 supporters of the Catholic claimant to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart (\"The Old Pretender\"), led by James's son Charles Edward Stuart (\"The Young Pretender\" or \"Bonnie Prince Charlie\"), attempted and failed to depose George in the last of the Jacobite rebellions. Frederick died suddenly in 1751, nine years before his father; George was succeeded by Frederick's eldest son, George III.\n\nFor two centuries after George II's death, history tended to view him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper, and boorishness. Since then, reassessment of his legacy has led scholars to conclude that he exercised more influence in foreign policy and military appointments than previously thought.", "title": "George II of Great Britain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "War of the Austrian Succession\n\nThe War of the Austrian Succession () was a European conflict that took place between 1740 and 1748. Fought primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic and Mediterranean, related conflicts included King George's War in North America, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War and the First and Second Silesian Wars. \n\nIts pretext was the right of Maria Theresa to succeed her father Emperor Charles VI as ruler of the Habsburg monarchy. France, Prussia and Bavaria saw it as an opportunity to challenge Habsburg power, while Maria Theresa was backed by Britain, the Dutch Republic and Hanover, collectively known as the Pragmatic Allies. As the conflict widened, it drew in other participants, among them Spain, Sardinia, Saxony, Sweden and Russia.\n\nPrussia occupied Silesia in 1740 and repulsed Austrian efforts to regain it, although Austria and Sardinia defeated Spanish attempts to regain their territories in Northern Italy. By early 1748, France had conquered most of the Austrian Netherlands but a British naval blockade was crippling their trade and the state was close to bankruptcy. The stalemate led to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) which confirmed Maria Theresa in her titles but failed to resolve underlying tensions between the signatories, many of whom were unhappy with the terms. France achieved minimal gains for vast expenditure, while the Spanish failed to recover Menorca or Gibraltar, ceded to Britain in 1713. \n\nThe clearest winner was Prussia, which acquired Silesia from Austria, an outcome that undermined the long-standing Anglo-Austrian Alliance, since Maria Theresa deeply resented Britain's insistence she cede Silesia to make peace and whose main objective became regaining it. The war also demonstrated the vulnerability of Hanover, then held in personal union with the British Crown, while many British politicians felt they had received little benefit from the enormous subsidies paid to Austria. The result was the realignment known as the Diplomatic Revolution, in which Austria and France ended the French–Habsburg rivalry which had dominated European affairs for centuries, while Prussia allied with Great Britain. These changes set the scene for the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in 1756.", "title": "War of the Austrian Succession" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough\n\nGeneral John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, 1st Prince of Mindelheim, 1st Count of Nellenburg, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, (26 May 1650 – 16 June 1722 O.S.) was an English soldier and statesman whose career spanned the reigns of five monarchs. From a gentry family, he served first as a page at the court of the House of Stuart under James, Duke of York, through the 1670s and early 1680s, earning military and political advancement through his courage and diplomatic skill.\n\nChurchill's role in defeating the Monmouth Rebellion in 1685 helped secure James on the throne, but he was a key player in the military conspiracy that led to James being deposed during the Glorious Revolution. Rewarded by William III with the title Earl of Marlborough, persistent charges of Jacobitism led to his fall from office and temporary imprisonment in the Tower of London. William recognised his abilities by appointing him as his deputy in Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) before the War of the Spanish Succession in 1701, but not until the accession of Queen Anne in 1702 did he secure his fame and fortune.\n\nMarriage to Sarah Jennings and her relationship with Anne ensured Marlborough's rise, first to the captain-generalcy of British forces, then to a dukedom. As de facto leader of Allied forces in the Low Countries, his victories at Blenheim (1704), Ramillies (1706), Oudenarde (1708), and Malplaquet (1709) ensured his place in history as one of Europe's great generals.\n\nHis wife's stormy relationship with the Queen, and her subsequent dismissal from court, was central to his own fall. Incurring Anne's disfavour, and caught between Tory and Whig factions, Marlborough was forced from office and went into self-imposed exile. He returned to favour with the accession of George I to the British throne in 1714, but a stroke in 1716 ended his active career.\n\nMarlborough's leadership of the Allied armies fighting Louis XIV from 1701 to 1710 consolidated Britain's emergence as a front-rank power, while his ability to maintain unity in the fractious coalition demonstrated his diplomatic skills. He is often remembered by military historians as much for his organisational and logistic skills as his tactical abilities. However, he was also instrumental in moving away from the siege warfare that dominated the Nine Years' War, arguing one battle was worth ten sieges.", "title": "John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Battle of Fontenoy\n\nThe Battle of Fontenoy was a major engagement of the War of the Austrian Succession, fought on 11 May 1745 near Tournai in modern Belgium. A French army of 50,000 under Marshal Saxe defeated a Pragmatic Army of roughly the same size, led by the Duke of Cumberland. \n\nAt the beginning of 1745, the French were struggling to finance the war but held the initiative in the Austrian Netherlands, which offered the best opportunity for a decisive victory. In late April 1745, Saxe besieged Tournai, whose position on the upper Scheldt made it a vital link in the North European trading network, and thus meant the Allies would have to fight for it. Leaving 22,000 men in front of Tournai, Saxe placed his main force about away in the villages of Antoing, Vezon and Fontenoy, along a naturally strong feature strengthened with defensive works. \n\nAfter a number of unsuccessful flank assaults, the Allies made a frontal attack on the French centre with an infantry column of 15,000 men, before French cavalry charges and counterattacks inflicted heavy casualties, and forced them to withdraw toward Brussels. Tournai fell shortly afterwards, then Ghent, Oudenarde, Bruges, and Dendermonde, followed by Ostend and Nieuwpoort when British troops were withdrawn in October to deal with the Jacobite rising of 1745. This left France in control of much of the Austrian Netherlands, cementing Saxe's reputation as one of the most talented generals of the era and restoring French battlefield superiority in Europe. \n\nHowever, by December 1745, Louis XV's Finance Minister warned him France faced bankruptcy, leading to peace talks in May 1746 at the Congress of Breda. Despite victories at Rocoux in 1746, Lauffeld in 1747, and Maastricht in 1748, the cost of the war and the British naval blockade meant the French economic position continued to deteriorate. As a result, their gains in the Austrian Netherlands were returned after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in November 1748.", "title": "Battle of Fontenoy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1740s\n\nThe 1740s decade ran from January 1, 1740, to December 31, 1749. Many events during this decade sparked an impetus for the Age of Reason. Military and technological advances brought one of the first instances of a truly global war to take place here, when Maria Theresa of Austria’s struggle to succeed the various crowns of her father King Charles VI led to a war involving nearly all European states in the War of the Austrian Succession, eventually spilling over to North America with the War of Jenkins’ Ear (which went on to involve many of the West’s first ferocious maritime battles). Capitalism grew robust following the fallout of the South Sea bubble two decades and the subsequent reign of Sir Robert Walpole, whose rule ended in the earlier half of this decade. \n", "title": "1740s" }, { "id": "6714236", "score": "1.9083357", "text": "of government forces both to his rear and flank commanded in part by the Duke of Cumberland, as well as the negative attitude of Charles. At the Clifton Moor Skirmish, Murray turned and fought, enabling the army to reach Carlisle without loss of stores or war material, allowing them to advance to Stirling by 3 January 1746, where Charles laid siege to Stirling Castle with the aid of reinforcements from Perth. However, Murray (who had counseled against this move) was kept busy with a battle near Falkirk, where he defeated General Hawley. Sickness and desertion were beginning to take their", "title": "Lord George Murray (general)" }, { "id": "678924", "score": "1.9069957", "text": "by the artist Allan Ramsay, which survives in the collection of the Earl of Wemyss at Gosford House. On 21 September 1745, he defeated the only government army in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans. The government army was led by General Sir John Cope, and their disastrous defence against the Jacobites is immortalised in the song \"Johnnie Cope.\" By November, Charles was marching south at the head of approximately 6,000 men. Having taken Carlisle, his army progressed as far as Swarkestone Bridge in Derbyshire. Here, despite Charles' objections, his council decided to return to Scotland, given the lack of", "title": "Charles Edward Stuart" }, { "id": "1266546", "score": "1.9030263", "text": "unable to prevent the fall of Ghent, Bruges and Ostend. As the leading British general of the day, he was chosen to put a decisive stop to Prince Charles Edward Stuart, a direct descendant of James VII of Scotland and II of England (James VII/II was the last Stuart king on the male line), in the Jacobite rising of 1745. His appointment was popular, and caused morale to soar amongst the public and troops loyal to King George. Recalled from Flanders, Cumberland proceeded with preparations for quelling the Stuart (Jacobite) uprising. The Jacobite army had advanced southwards into England, hoping", "title": "Prince William, Duke of Cumberland" }, { "id": "568895", "score": "1.900822", "text": "1745, the Old Pretender's son, Charles Edward Stuart, popularly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie or the Young Pretender, landed in Scotland, where support for his cause was highest. George, who was summering in Hanover, returned to London at the end of August. The Jacobites defeated British forces in September at the Battle of Prestonpans, and then moved south into England. The Jacobites failed to gain further support, and the French reneged on a promise of help. Losing morale, the Jacobites retreated back into Scotland. On 16/27 April 1746, Charles faced George's military-minded son Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, in the", "title": "George II of Great Britain" }, { "id": "13927147", "score": "1.892772", "text": "and Sullivan, largely responsible for selecting it, but defeat was a combination of many factors. In addition to superior numbers and equipment, Cumberland's troops had been drilled in countering the Highland charge, which relied on speed and ferocity to break the enemy lines. When successful, it resulted in quick victories like Prestonpans and Falkirk. but if it failed, they could not hold their ground. The Battle of Culloden on 16 April, often cited as the last pitched battle on British soil, lasted less than an hour and ended in a decisive government victory. Exhausted by a night march carried out", "title": "Jacobite rising of 1745" }, { "id": "9121163", "score": "1.8827392", "text": "Clifton Moor Skirmish The Clifton Moor Skirmish took place on Wednesday 18 December 1745 (29 December Gregorian) during the Jacobite rising of 1745. It was fought between Jacobite rebels and forces of the British-Hanoverian Government. Since the commander of the government forces, the Duke of Cumberland, was aware of the Jacobite presence in Derby, the Jacobite leader Prince Charles Edward Stuart decided to retreat north back towards Scotland. He began his retreat from Derby on 6 December 1745. This is sometimes claimed to be the last battle on English soil, but there are numerous other claimants, such as the Battle", "title": "Clifton Moor Skirmish" }, { "id": "13152961", "score": "1.8741512", "text": "and Hanoverian troops began to return from the continent. Charles' position in Scotland began to deteriorate as the Whig supporters rallied and regained control of Edinburgh. After an unsuccessful attempt on Stirling, he retreated north towards Inverness. He was pursued by the Duke of Cumberland and gave battle with an exhausted army at Culloden on 16 April 1746, where the Jacobite cause was crushed. Charles hid in Scotland with the aid of Highlanders until September 1746, when he escaped back to France. There were bloody reprisals against his supporters and foreign powers abandoned the Jacobite cause, with the court in", "title": "Scotland in the early modern period" }, { "id": "9589496", "score": "1.8703489", "text": "of Falkirk in January 1746, and travelled north to Fort William where the government garrison still held out. He abandoned the siege in April, and rejoined the Prince's army outside Inverness in time for the Battle of Culloden, the result of which effectively ended the Jacobite risings. To the dismay of Lord George Murray, Prince Charles Stuart insisted on engaging battle with the Duke of Cumberland's pursuing army on open moorland at Culloden, intending to fight a rearguard action. This decision has been considered by some historians as playing into the hands of the British forces. Others maintain it was", "title": "Donald Cameron of Lochiel" }, { "id": "684485", "score": "1.869386", "text": "Prince Frederick of Hesse, took up position to the south to cut off any path of retreat for the Jacobites. The weather had improved to such an extent by 8 April that Cumberland again resumed the campaign. The government army reached Cullen on 11 April, where it was joined by six battalions and two cavalry regiments. Days later, the government army approached the River Spey, which was guarded by a Jacobite force of 2,000, made up of the Jacobite cavalry, the Lowland regiments and over half of the army's French regulars. The Jacobites quickly turned and fled, first towards Elgin", "title": "Battle of Culloden" }, { "id": "13927146", "score": "1.8670969", "text": "winter and on 1 February, the siege was abandoned and the Jacobites retreated to Inverness. Cumberland's army advanced along the coast, allowing it to be resupplied by sea, and entered Aberdeen on 27 February; both sides halted operations until the weather improved. Several French shipments were received during the winter but the Royal Navy's blockade led to shortages of both money and food and when Cumberland left Aberdeen on 8 April, Charles and his officers agreed giving battle was their best option. The traditional view is that the ground was poorly-chosen; this originates in post-war disputes between supporters of Murray", "title": "Jacobite rising of 1745" }, { "id": "176268", "score": "1.8587964", "text": "two English armies closed in and Hanoverian troops began to return from the continent. Charles' position in Scotland began to deteriorate as the Whig supporters rallied and regained control of Edinburgh. After an unsuccessful attempt on Stirling, he retreated north towards Inverness. He was pursued by the Duke of Cumberland and gave battle with an exhausted army at Culloden on 16 April 1746, where the Jacobite cause was crushed. Charles hid in Scotland with the aid of Highlanders until September 1746, when he escaped back to France. There were bloody reprisals against his supporters and foreign powers abandoned the Jacobite", "title": "History of Scotland" }, { "id": "2173524", "score": "1.8526394", "text": "she haed anither sing\". But it was saved by the Duke of Perth – a friend and supporter of Prince Charles. In February 1746 the Jacobite army was quartered in and around the town with Prince Charles Edward Stuart holding his final war council in the old \"Drummond Arms Inn\" in James Square – located behind the present abandoned hotel building in Hill Street. He also had his horse shod at the blacksmith's in King Street. Later in the month he reviewed his troops in front of Ferntower House, on what is today the Crieff Golf Course. In the 19th", "title": "Crieff" }, { "id": "6850676", "score": "1.849126", "text": "a regard to a Scotchman\". Their first action against the French came on 11 May 1745 at the Battle of Fontenoy. A British army under Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland faced the forces of Maurice, comte de Saxe and was defeated, but the \"Highland furies\" (as one Frenchman called them) saved it from disaster by their gallantry. Allowed \"their own way of fighting\" by the young Commander-in-Chief, each time they received the French fire Sir Robert ordered his men to \"clap to the ground\" (while he himself, because of his corpulence, stood alone with the colours behind him), and", "title": "Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet" }, { "id": "1266553", "score": "1.8479309", "text": "Rocoux. In 1747, Cumberland returned to the Continent and he again opposed the still-victorious Marshal Saxe and received a heavy defeat at the Battle of Lauffeld, or Val, near Maastricht, on 2 July 1747. This and the fall of Bergen-op-Zoom compelled the two sides to the negotiating table and in 1748 the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle was concluded and Cumberland returned home. Cumberland's unpopularity, which had steadily increased since Culloden, interfered greatly with his success in politics, and when the death of the Prince of Wales brought the latter's son, a minor, next in succession to the throne, the Duke was", "title": "Prince William, Duke of Cumberland" }, { "id": "684512", "score": "1.8462002", "text": "home or attempting to escape abroad. Some ranking Jacobites made their way to , where Charles Edward Stuart had first landed at the outset of the campaign in 1745. Here on 30 April they were met by the two French frigates – the \"Mars\" and \"Bellone\". Two days later the French warships were spotted and attacked by the smaller Royal Navy sloops – the \"Greyhound\", \"Baltimore\", and \"Terror\". The result was the last real battle in the campaign. During the six hours in which the ferocious sea-battle raged the Jacobites recovered cargo on the beach which had been landed by", "title": "Battle of Culloden" } ]

[ "evaporate brine to produce salt", "Evaporate brine to produce salt" ]

[ { "id": "171418", "score": "1.5444949", "text": "well is often referred to as the \"first\" commercial oil well, although that title is also claimed for wells in Azerbaijan, Ontario, West Virginia, and Poland, among others. However, before the Drake well, oil-producing wells in the United States were wells that were drilled for salt brine, and produced oil and gas only as accidental byproducts. An intended drinking water well at Oil Springs, Ontario found oil in 1858, a year before the Drake well, but it had not been drilled for oil. Historians have noted that the importance of the Drake well was not in being the first well", "title": "History of the petroleum industry in the United States" }, { "id": "16984674", "score": "1.5444036", "text": "First Oil Well in Oklahoma The First Oil Well in Oklahoma was drilled in 1885 in Atoka County, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory, though it was not completed until 1888. The First Oil Well in Oklahoma (also known as Old Faucett Well) is a historic oil well site near the present Wapanucka, Johnston County, Oklahoma. It was drilled by Dr. H.W. Faucett, who started work in 1885 on Choctaw land for the Choctaw Oil and Refining Company, but the well was not completed until 1888. A small amount of oil and gas was produced, but not in commercially usable quantity. The", "title": "First Oil Well in Oklahoma" }, { "id": "1618888", "score": "1.543823", "text": "from it at one time.\" Ignacy Łukasiewicz, a Polish pharmacist and petroleum industry pioneer built one of the world's first modern oil wells in 1854 in Polish village Bóbrka, Krosno County who in 1856 built one of the world's first oil refineries. In North America, the first commercial oil well entered operation in Oil Springs, Ontario in 1858, while the first offshore oil well was drilled in 1896 at the Summerland Oil Field on the California Coast. The earliest oil wells in modern times were drilled percussively, by repeatedly raising and dropping a cable tool into the earth. In the", "title": "Oil well" }, { "id": "18324838", "score": "1.5419674", "text": "Wirt County. Oil from the California area was being collected and used as a commercial lubricant as early as the 1820s. The first oil well at California was sunk in 1859 by Charles Shattuck and T. T. Jones, at about the same time as the well sunk by Edwin Drake near Titusville, Pennsylvania, often referred to as the first commercial oil well. This has led to some dispute as to which well was the earlier; Drake began drilling some months earlier, but did not discover oil until August 28. After the Civil War, the development of more productive oil fields", "title": "California, West Virginia" }, { "id": "16984676", "score": "1.5396626", "text": "John Ross, attempted to drill a deep water well for the salt works he owned in the Cherokee Nation. Instead, the well hit an oil formation. She reported that production was estimated at ten barrels a day for nearly a year. Production stopped when gas pressure in the formation dropped too low to continue the flow. According to the NRHP submission, Dr. H. W. Faucett, a resident of New York, was one of the first businessmen to recognize the potential of oil as a fuel in Indian Territory. He wrote the following letter to Rev. Allen Wright, Governor of the", "title": "First Oil Well in Oklahoma" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of the petroleum industry\n\nWhile the local use of oil goes back many centuries, the modern petroleum industry along with its outputs and modern applications are of a recent origin. Petroleum's status as a key component of politics, society, and technology has its roots in the coal and kerosene industry of the late 19th century. One of the earliest instances of this is the refining of paraffin from crude oil. Abraham Gesner, developed a process to refine a liquid fuel (which he would later call kerosene) from coal, bitumen and oil shale, it burned more cleanly and was cheaper than whale oil. James Young in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage when he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a thicker oil suitable for lubricating machinery. The world's first refineries and modern oil wells were established in the mid-19th century. While petroleum industries developed in several countries during the nineteenth century, the two giants were the United States and the Russian Empire, specifically that part of it that today forms the territory of independent Azerbaijan. Together, these two countries produced 97% of the world's oil over the course of the nineteenth century \n\nThe use of the internal combustion engine for automobiles and trucks in the turn of the 20th century was a critical factor in the explosive growth of the industry in the United States, Europe, Middle East and later the rest of the world. When diesel fuel replaced steam engines in warships, control of oil supplies became a factor in military strategy—and played a key role in World War II. After the dominance of coal waned in the mid-1950s, oil received significant media coverage and its importance on modern economies increased greatly, being a major factor in several energy crises.\n\nThe concern of oil being run out has brought new developments to light such as commercial-scale fracking and the increasing usage of cleaner energy. In the 20th century issues of air pollution led to government regulation. In the early 21st century environmental issues regarding global warming from oil and gas (in addition to coal) makes the industry politically controversial.", "title": "History of the petroleum industry" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Oil well\n\nAn oil well is a drillhole boring in Earth that is designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface. Usually some natural gas is released as associated petroleum gas along with the oil. A well that is designed to produce only gas may be termed a gas well. Wells are created by drilling down into an oil or gas reserve that is then mounted with an extraction device such as a pumpjack which allows extraction from the reserve. Creating the wells can be an expensive process, costing at least hundreds of thousands of dollars, and costing much more when in hard to reach areas, e.g., when creating offshore oil platforms. The process of modern drilling for wells first started in the 19th century, but was made more efficient with advances to oil drilling rigs during the 20th century.\n\nWells are frequently sold or exchanged between different oil and gas companies as an asset – in large part because during falls in price of oil and gas, a well may be unproductive, but if prices rise, even low production wells may be economically valuable. Moreover new methods, such as hydraulic fracturing (a process of injecting gas or liquid to force more oil or natural gas production) have made some wells viable. However, peak oil and climate policy to fossil fuels has made fewer and fewer of these wells and expensive techniques viable.\n\nHowever, the large number of neglected or poorly maintained wellheads is a large environmental issue: they may leak methane emissions or other toxic emissions into local air, water or soil systems. This pollution often becomes worse when wells are abandoned or orphaned – where wells no longer are economically viable, and no longer are maintained by a company. A 2020 estimate by Reuters suggested that there were at least 29 million abandoned wells internationally, creating a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change.", "title": "Oil well" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Petroleum\n\nPetroleum, also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations. The name \"petroleum\" covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that consist of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both prolonged heat and pressure.\n\nPetroleum is primarily recovered by oil drilling. Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisation. Recent developments in technologies have also led to exploitation of other unconventional reserves such as oil sands and oil shale. \n\nOnce extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by distillation, into innumerable products for direct use or use in manufacturing. Products include fuels such as gasoline (petrol), diesel, kerosene and jet fuel; asphalt and lubricants; chemical reagents used to make plastics; solvents, textiles, refrigerants, paint, synthetic rubber, fertilizers, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and thousands of others. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a vast variety of materials essential for modern life, and it is estimated that the world consumes about each day. Petroleum production can be extremely profitable and was critical to global economic development in the 20th century, with some countries, so called \"oil states\", gaining significant economic and international power because of their control of oil production.\n\nPetroleum exploitation and use has had significant negative environmental and social consequences. Extraction, refining and burning of petroleum fuels all release large quantities of greenhouse gases, so petroleum is one of the major contributors to climate change. Other negative environmental effects include oil spills, and air and water pollution. Some of these effects have direct and indirect health consequences for humans. Oil has also been a source of conflict, leading to both state-led-wars and other conflicts. Production of petroleum is speculated to reach peak oil before 2035 as global economies lower dependencies on petroleum as part of climate change mitigation and a transition towards renewable energy and electrification.", "title": "Petroleum" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Oil platform\n\nAn oil platform (or oil rig, offshore platform, oil production platform, and similar terms) is a large structure with facilities to extract and process petroleum and natural gas that lie in rock formations beneath the seabed. Many oil platforms will also have facilities to accommodate the workers, although it is also common to have a separate accommodation platform bridge linked to the production platform. Most commonly, oil platforms engage in activities on the continental shelf, though they can also be used in lakes, inshore waters, and inland seas. Depending on the circumstances, the platform may be fixed to the ocean floor, consist of an artificial island, or float. In some arrangements the main facility may have storage facilities for the processed oil. Remote subsea wells may also be connected to a platform by flow lines and by umbilical connections. These sub-sea facilities may include of one or more subsea wells or manifold centres for multiple wells.\n\nOffshore drilling presents environmental challenges, both from the produced hydrocarbons and the materials used during the drilling operation. Controversies include the ongoing US offshore drilling debate.\n\nThere are many different types of facilities from which offshore drilling operations take place. These include bottom-founded drilling rigs (jackup barges and swamp barges), combined drilling and production facilities, either bottom-founded or floating platforms, and deepwater mobile offshore drilling units (MODU), including semi-submersibles and drillships. These are capable of operating in water depths up to . In shallower waters, the mobile units are anchored to the seabed. However, in deeper water (more than ), the semisubmersibles or drillships are maintained at the required drilling location using dynamic positioning.", "title": "Oil platform" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Offshore drilling\n\nOffshore drilling is a mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed. It is typically carried out in order to explore for and subsequently extract petroleum that lies in rock formations beneath the seabed. Most commonly, the term is used to describe drilling activities on the continental shelf, though the term can also be applied to drilling in lakes, inshore waters and inland seas.\n\nOffshore drilling presents environmental challenges, both offshore and onshore from the produced hydrocarbons and the materials used during the drilling operation. Controversies include the ongoing US offshore drilling debate.\n\nThere are many different types of facilities from which offshore drilling operations take place. These include bottom founded drilling rigs (jackup barges and swamp barges), combined drilling and production facilities either bottom founded or floating platforms, and deepwater mobile offshore drilling units (MODU) including semi-submersibles or drillships. These are capable of operating in water depths up to . In shallower waters the mobile units are anchored to the seabed, however in water deeper than the semi-submersibles and drillships are maintained at the required drilling location using dynamic positioning.", "title": "Offshore drilling" }, { "id": "1418846", "score": "1.5394917", "text": "in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. The oldest offshore well recorded in Infield's offshore database is the Bibi Eibat well which came on stream in 1923 in Azerbaijan. Landfill was used to raise shallow portions of the Caspian Sea. In the early 1930s, the Texas Company developed the first mobile steel barges for drilling in the brackish coastal areas of the gulf. In 1937, Pure Oil Company (now Chevron Corporation) and its partner Superior Oil Company (now part of ExxonMobil Corporation) used a fixed platform to develop a field in of water, one mile (1.6 km) offshore of Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana. In", "title": "Oil platform" }, { "id": "14036898", "score": "1.5325816", "text": "as the native Chumash peoples used tar from this spot and other similar seeps as sealant for their tomols, the watercraft with which they skilfully navigated the Santa Barbara Channel. Sometime before 1894, enterprising petroleum prospectors recognized the likelihood that economically viable deposits of oil and gas were the source for these seeps, and began digging. The first finds of petroleum were extremely heavy oil – API gravity of 7, so essentially asphalt – but undeterred, they continued searching for more marketable oil. The earliest known oil well in the vicinity of Summerland dates from 1886, and was drilled on", "title": "Summerland Oil Field" }, { "id": "2349880", "score": "1.5155959", "text": "the United States. The first oil well in North America was dug in Ontario in 1848 using picks and shovels, the year before the first oil well in the United States was drilled in Pennsylvania. By 1870 Canada had 100 oil refineries in operation and was exporting oil to Europe. However, the oil fields of Ontario were shallow and small, and oil production started to decline around 1900, at the same time as the automobile started to become popular. In contrast, oil production in the United States grew rapidly after huge discoveries were made in Texas, Oklahoma, California and elsewhere.", "title": "National Energy Program" }, { "id": "16984675", "score": "1.5136012", "text": "well was abandoned after Faucett fell ill and died later in 1888. The first commercially productive well in Indian Territory was the Nellie Johnstone No. 1 well near Bartlesville, Oklahoma (then in the Cherokee Nation), drilled in 1897. The well was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1972. The capped well casing is the well's only remnant. The presence of oil in Indian Territory had been observed for many years, usually as natural seepage from the ground. Oklahoma Historian Muriel H. Wright described an incident in 1859, in which Lewis Ross, the brother of Cherokee Chief", "title": "First Oil Well in Oklahoma" }, { "id": "2272130", "score": "1.5116756", "text": "drilling brine wells. The salt domes also held natural gas, which some wells produced and which was used for evaporation of the brine. Chinese well drilling technology was introduced to Europe in 1828. Although there were many efforts in the mid-19th century to drill for oil Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, is considered the first \"modern oil well\". Drake's well touched off a major boom in oil production in the United States. Drake learned of cable tool drilling from Chinese laborers in the U. S. The first primary product was kerosene for lamps and heaters. Similar developments around", "title": "Second Industrial Revolution" }, { "id": "9857232", "score": "1.5110531", "text": "of what constituted the first commercial oil well is a difficult one to answer. Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, discussed more fully below, is popularly considered the first modern well. Drake's well is probably singled out because it was drilled, not dug; because it used a steam engine; because there was a company associated with it; and because it touched off a major boom. However, the first well ever drilled anywhere in the world, which produced oil, was drilled in 1857 to a depth of 280 feet by the American Merrimac Company in La Brea (Spanish for “Pitch”)", "title": "History of the petroleum industry" }, { "id": "171420", "score": "1.5053856", "text": "continued to be the leading oil-producing region in the United States through 1904. The first commercial oil well in New York was drilled in 1865. New York's (and Northwestern Pennsylvania) crude oil is very high in paraffin. The principal product of the oil in the 19th century was kerosene, which quickly replaced whale oil for illuminating purposes in the United States. Originally dealing in whale oil which was widely used for illumination, Charles Pratt (1830–1891) of Massachusetts was an early pioneer of the natural oil industry in the United States. He was founder of Astral Oil Works in the Greenpoint", "title": "History of the petroleum industry in the United States" }, { "id": "14831520", "score": "1.5046933", "text": "oil began to flow, starting out at 90 to . The Hoy sand was the first successful sand of the Garber-Covington oil field, and the first well to be drilled with the advice of a geologist. From 1916 to 1940 the well utilized primary production, adding secondary methods of gas injection (1941 to 1948) and waterflooding (since 1948). At the time of nomination, the Hoy well was producing , and had been in operation for 69 years. R. E. Hoy No. 1 Oil Well The R.E. Hoy No. 1 Oil Well was constructed by the Sinclair Oil & Refining Corporation", "title": "R. E. Hoy No. 1 Oil Well" }, { "id": "14273951", "score": "1.5026261", "text": "in Fort Worth, struck oil while drilling for water in 1902. He was quoted as having said, \"I wanted water, and they got me oil. I tell you I was mad, mad clean through. We needed water for ourselves and for our cattle to drink.\" Despite the earlier negative associations with oil among many ranchers and farmers, demand for kerosene and other petroleum derivatives drove oil prospecting in Texas after the American Civil War at known oil-producing springs and accidental finds while drilling for water. One of the first significant wells in Texas was developed near the town of Oil", "title": "Texas oil boom" }, { "id": "312523", "score": "1.5020535", "text": "raw state, without refining, was first discovered, extracted, and used in China in the first century BCE. In addition, the Chinese were the first to use petroleum as fuel as early as the fourth century BCE. By 347 AD, oil was produced from bamboo-drilled wells in China. Early British explorers to Myanmar documented a flourishing oil extraction industry based in Yenangyaung that, in 1795, had hundreds of hand-dug wells under production. Pechelbronn (Pitch fountain) is said to be the first European site where petroleum has been explored and used. The still active Erdpechquelle, a spring where petroleum appears mixed with", "title": "Petroleum" }, { "id": "15923725", "score": "1.5011432", "text": "field during the first decades of the 20th century was fuel oil, and it was also sprayed onto the young city's dirt roads to settle the dust. Tar seeps have been known in the area from prehistoric times, and the Native American population of the Los Angeles basin used the tar for waterproofing and other purposes. The Spanish settlers used it for their lamps, as a sealant for roofs, and as grease for wagon wheels. The earliest known well on the field, called the \"Dryden Well\", was a relatively shallow hole hand-dug near the intersection of 3rd Street and Coronado", "title": "Los Angeles City Oil Field" }, { "id": "361980", "score": "1.4998946", "text": "Spindletop, oil was primarily used for lighting and as a lubricant. Because of the quantity of oil discovered, it suddenly became economically feasible to burn petroleum as a fuel for mass consumption. The frenzy of oil exploration and the economic development it generated in the state became known as the Texas oil boom. The United States soon became the world's leading oil producer. There has been oil around Texas for a long time. Native Americans thought drinking oil would cure digestive problems. In 1543, Spanish explorers used oil to waterproof their boots. There had long been suspicions that oil might", "title": "Spindletop" }, { "id": "4283527", "score": "1.498977", "text": "made the first successful use of a drilling rig at Titusville, Pennsylvania. Production from this single well soon exceeded the entire cumulative oil output which had taken place in Europe since the 1650s. The principal product of the oil was kerosene. Another related product was natural gas. Kerosene and natural gas soon replaced whale oil in North America for illuminating purposes. In New England, whaling reached its peak in 1857, then gradually began a period of decline, partially due to Scandinavian competition. The situation was aggravated considerably by the American Civil War, as whaling vessels and crews were diverted to", "title": "Abbie G. Rogers" }, { "id": "312530", "score": "1.4975507", "text": "a year before Drake's Pennsylvania operation and could be argued to be the first commercial oil well in North America. The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an oil boom which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area. Advances in drilling continued into 1862 when local driller Shaw reached a depth of 62 metres using the spring-pole drilling method. On January 16, 1862, after an explosion of natural gas Canada's first oil gusher came into production, shooting into the air at a recorded rate of 3,000 barrels per day. By the end of the 19th century the Russian", "title": "Petroleum" }, { "id": "12595753", "score": "1.4974704", "text": "1860s, the Pennsylvania oil fields became a major supplier of oil, and a center of innovation after Edwin Drake struck oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania. The first oil well in the United States was dug here in 1859, initially yielding around ten barrels per day. Within two years, the Titusville field was providing . The invention of oil refining led to the availability of kerosene as lamp oil, which has a smokeless combustion in contrast with the until then highly used whale oil. The lamp oil became known as \"Pennsylvania Kerosine\". Due to overfishing, whale oil became rare and expensive. By", "title": "History of the oil tanker" } ]

[ "Strauss junior", "J. Strauss II", "Johann Strauß the Younger", "Johann Strauß II", "strauss waltzes", "strauss jnr", "johan strauss", "johann strauss jr", "Johann Strauss", "Johann Strauss, II", "Strauss jnr", "Johann Sebastian Strauss", "johann strauss", "Johann Strauss, Jr.", "Strauss jr", "Johann Strauss Jnr.", "Johann Strauß II.", "j strauss ii", "johann sebastian strauss", "Johann Strauss II", "johan strauss ii", "Strauss Waltzes", "johann straus ii", "Johann Strauss, the Younger", "Johann Strauss Junior", "Johann strauss ii", "Johann Strauß (son)", "Johann Strauss, Jr", "Johan straus ii", "Strauss II", "Johann straus", "ballets by johann strauss ii", "strauss younger", "Johann Strauss (son)", "Johann Straus II", "johann strauss younger", "johan straus ii", "Ballets by Johann Strauss II", "Johann strauss", "Johann Strauss The Younger", "johann strauß ii", "Johann Baptist Strauss Jr.", "Johann Strauß", "Strauss the younger", "strauss junior", "The Waltz King", "Johann Strauss Jnr", "waltz king", "strauss ii", "johann strauß younger", "Johann Strauss, the Son", "Johann Strauss II.", "Johann, the Younger Strauss", "Johann Strauss the Younger", "johann strauss ii", "johann strauss jnr", "johann strauß", "Johann Strauss Jr.", "johann straus", "strauss jr", "johann strauss son", "johann strauß son", "johann younger strauss", "Waltz King", "Johann Strauss, Jnr", "johann baptist strauss jr", "Johan strauss ii", "Johan Strauss", "johann strauss junior", "Johann Strauss Jr" ]

[ { "id": "6802120", "score": "1.6190071", "text": "Wayne King Wayne King (February 16, 1901 – July 16, 1985) was an American musician, songwriter, singer and orchestra leader with a long association with both NBC And CBS. He was sometimes referred to as the Waltz King because much of his most popular music involved waltzes; \"The Waltz You Saved for Me\" was his standard set closing song in live performance and on numerous radio broadcasts at the height of his career. Born Harold Wayne King in Savanna, Illinois, King was an impressive athlete in high school, and briefly played professional football with the Canton Bulldogs. He also attended", "title": "Wayne King" }, { "id": "9280828", "score": "1.5508358", "text": "Gustavus Waltz Gustavus Waltz (fl. 1732-1759) was a German bass opera singer who collaborated with Handel which began in 1732. Like Handel himself, Waltz was a naturalized Englishman, originally German, and worked for Handel as a cook. Charles Burney reports Handel as saying that \"he (Gluck) knows no more of contrapunto, as my cook, Waltz.\" This statement is very likely true but misunderstood. Waltz was an excellent singer who performed in many of Handel's works. He was a choral singer as well as a soloist, as well as an excellent contrapuntist.. Waltz created roles in Arianna in Creta, Ariodante, Alcina,", "title": "Gustavus Waltz" }, { "id": "18545909", "score": "1.5446813", "text": "Jean-Chrysostome Brauneis II Jean-Chrysostome Brauneis II, sometimes referred to as John-Chrysostome Brauneis II, (26 January 1814, Quebec City - 11 August 1871, Montreal) was a Canadian composer, organist, and music educator. A multifaceted musician, Brauneis instructed students in many musical subjects, including composition, conducting, guitar, harp, organ, piano, violin, voice, and theory. Considered Canada's first native musician to be trained in Europe, he was a highly influential teacher and figure in the classical music scene in 19th century Montreal. His most well known composition, \"The Royal Welcome Waltzes\" (1869), is still performed in concert and was recorded on disc by", "title": "Jean-Chrysostome Brauneis II" }, { "id": "16000693", "score": "1.5415109", "text": "bandleader and composer, was known as the “Boston King” because of his association with the Boston waltz, a dance popular in Sweden in the early 1900s. In 1911 Svenning published a collection of verse entitled \"Skärgårdssånger\" (Archipelago songs). David Hellström was a Swedish composer from the province of Bohuslän. He was born September 23, 1883 in Strömstad and died there on April 7, 1965 at the age of eighty-one. As a young man he enlisted in the Royal Bohuslän Regiment, where he studied music and played the French horn. He returned to civilian life after attaining the rank of sergeant", "title": "Göran Svenning and David Hellström" }, { "id": "17333045", "score": "1.5248301", "text": "degenerate music. In late 1932 he left Germany, traveling via London to the United States. Billed as the \"Radio Waltz King\", he became a fixture of the NBC Red Network, with star billing on the \"Carnation Condensed Milk\" program and frequent guest appearances on other shows. After the Second World War he purchased a ranch and retired from show business. He bequeathed his personal collection of violins to the Indiana University School of Music. He died in Chicago at the age of seventy-five. After his death, his widow Anna established a scholarship in his name for one male and one", "title": "Marek Weber" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Honorific nicknames in popular music\n\nWhen describing popular music artists, honorific nicknames are used, most often in the media or by fans, to indicate the significance of an artist, and are often religious, familial, or (most frequently) royal and aristocratic titles, used metaphorically. Honorific nicknames were used in classical music in Europe even in the early nineteenth century, with figures such as Mozart being called \"The father of modern music\" and Bach \"The father of modern piano music\". They were also particularly prominent in African-American culture in the post-Civil War era, perhaps as a means of conferring status that had been negated by slavery, and as a result entered early jazz and blues music, including figures such as Duke Ellington and Count Basie.\n\nIn U.S. culture, despite its republican constitution and ideology, honorific nicknames have been used to describe leading figures in various areas of activity, such as industry, commerce, sports, and the media; \"father\" or \"mother\" have been used for innovators, and royal titles such as \"king\" and \"queen\" for dominant figures in a field. In the 1930s and 1940s, as jazz and swing music were gaining popularity, it was the more commercially successful white artists Paul Whiteman and Benny Goodman who became known as \"the King of Jazz\" and \"the King of Swing\" respectively, despite there being more highly regarded contemporary African-American artists.\n\nThese patterns of naming were transferred to rock and roll when it emerged in the 1950s. There was a series of attempts to find (and a number of claimants to be) the \"King of Rock 'n' Roll\", a title that became most associated with Elvis Presley. This has been characterized as part of a process of the appropriation of credit for innovation of the then new music by a white establishment. Different honorifics have been taken or given for other leading figures in the genre, such as \"the Architect of Rock and Roll\", by Little Richard from the 1990s, but this term, like many, is also used for other important figures, in this case including pioneer electric guitarist Les Paul.\n\nSimilar honorific nicknames have been given in other genres, including Aretha Franklin, who was literally crowned \"Queen of Soul\" by disk jockey Pervis Spann on stage in 1968. Michael Jackson and Madonna have been closely associated with the terms \"King and Queen of Pop\" since the 1980s. Some nicknames have been strongly promulgated and contested by various artists and occasionally disowned or played down by their subjects. Some notable honorific nicknames are in general usage and commonly identified with particular individuals.", "title": "Honorific nicknames in popular music" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Romantic composers\n\nThe Romantic era of Western Classical music spanned the 19th century to the early 20th century, encompassing a variety of musical styles and techniques. Part of the broader Romanticism movement of Europe, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert are often seen as the dominant transitional figures composers from the preceding Classical era. Many composers began to channel nationalistic themes, such as Mikhail Glinka, The Five and Belyayev circle in Russia; Frédéric Chopin in Poland; Carl Maria von Weber and Heinrich Marschner in Germany; Edvard Grieg in Norway; Jean Sibelius in Finland; Giuseppe Verdi in Italy; Carl Nielsen in Denmark; Isaac Albéniz in Spain; Ralph Vaughan Williams and Edward Elgar in England; Mykola Lysenko in Ukraine; and Bedřich Smetana and Antonín Dvořák in what is now the Czech Republic.\n\nA European-wide debate took place, particularly in Germany, on what the ideal course of music was, following Beethoven's death. The New German School—primarily Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner—promoted progressive ideas, in opposition to more conservative composers such as Felix Mendelssohn and Robert Schumann.\n\nNote that this list is purely chronological, and also includes a substantial number of composers, especially those born after 1860, whose works cannot be conveniently classified as \"Romantic\".", "title": "List of Romantic composers" }, { "id": "9280829", "score": "1.4930925", "text": "and Atalanta. He sang in the chorus for the last time in a 1754 performance of (\"The Messiah\" Foundling Hospital). Gustavus Waltz Gustavus Waltz (fl. 1732-1759) was a German bass opera singer who collaborated with Handel which began in 1732. Like Handel himself, Waltz was a naturalized Englishman, originally German, and worked for Handel as a cook. Charles Burney reports Handel as saying that \"he (Gluck) knows no more of contrapunto, as my cook, Waltz.\" This statement is very likely true but misunderstood. Waltz was an excellent singer who performed in many of Handel's works. He was a choral singer", "title": "Gustavus Waltz" }, { "id": "15354080", "score": "1.4880078", "text": "In October 1874 Waldteufel played at an event that was attended by the then Prince of Wales, future King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. The Prince was enthralled by Waldteufel's \"Manolo\" waltz, and was prepared to make Waldteufel's music known in Britain. A long-term contract with the London-based editor Hopwood & Crew followed. Part of the company belonged to Charles Coote, director of the Coote & Tinney's Band, the first dance orchestra in London. Through these means, Waldteufel's music was played at Buckingham Palace in front of Queen Victoria. Waldteufel dominated the music scene in London and became world-famous.", "title": "Émile Waldteufel" }, { "id": "11766926", "score": "1.4812059", "text": "the time the Orchestra first toured Europe, there emerged a renewed interest in waltz music. The revival began in the Netherlands and was ignited by their recording of the \"Second Waltz\" from Shostakovich's \"Suite for Variety Orchestra\". As a result, Rieu became known as the modern \"Waltz King\", a title originally bestowed upon Johann Strauss II. Rieu and his orchestra have performed throughout Europe, in North America, Japan, and Australia. Winning a number of awards including two World Music Awards, their recordings have gone gold and platinum in many countries, including 8-times Platinum in the Netherlands. Rieu records both DVD", "title": "Johann Strauss Orchestra" }, { "id": "1208098", "score": "1.480387", "text": "to ingratiate himself in the eyes of the new monarch, who ascended to the Austrian throne after the 1848 revolution. Strauss Jr. eventually attained greater fame than his father and became one of the most popular waltz composers of the era, extensively touring Austria, Poland and Germany with his orchestra. He applied for the \"KK Hofballmusikdirektor\" (Music Director of the Royal Court Balls) position, which he finally attained in 1863, after being denied several times before for his frequent brushes with the local authorities. In 1853, due to constant mental and physical demands, Strauss suffered a nervous breakdown. He took", "title": "Johann Strauss II" }, { "id": "1508824", "score": "1.4758848", "text": "Waltz\", which was completed in 12 minutes. His character was rough but genuine. As the \"National Post\" noted: In 1999, after completing a 38-city tour, Connors received the National Achievement Award at the annual SOCAN Awards held in Toronto. In 2009, Connors was the recipient of the prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award at the annual SOCAN Awards in Toronto. Connors' habit of stomping the heel of his left boot to keep rhythm earned him the nickname \"that stompin' guy\", or \"Stomper\". It wasn't until Canada's 100th birthday, July 1, 1967, that the name \"Stompin\" Tom Connors was first used, when Boyd", "title": "Stompin' Tom Connors" }, { "id": "3541575", "score": "1.4755803", "text": "1810 in Württemberg. Blair suggested that this Waltz could be the same Waltz who later came to be regarded as the legendary Dutchman, and that he Americanized the spelling of his family name. Note that tombstone pictured shows birth year as 1808. Waltz relocated to Arizona in the 1860s, and stayed in the territory for most of the rest of his life. He pursued mining and prospecting, but seems to have had little luck with either. An alternate view which better fits the lost mine legend is that he periodically appeared with large amounts of gold, \"The Sterling Legend\" by", "title": "Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine" }, { "id": "6801178", "score": "1.4646931", "text": "Bruce Moody was also a popular bluegrass musician and toured with him from 1962–1969. Moody was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2011. Clyde Moody Clyde Moody (September 19, 1915 – April 7, 1989), also known as the \"Hillbilly Waltz King\" and sometimes as \"The Genial Gentleman of Country Music\" was one of the great founders of American Bluegrass music. Born in Cherokee, North Carolina, Moody got his start in the late 1930s in the string band J. E. Mainer's Mountaineers. In September 1940 he joined Bill Monroe's Blue Grass Boys on the Grand Ole Opry.", "title": "Clyde Moody" }, { "id": "8666356", "score": "1.4627336", "text": "Honey\", died in Bolton, Lancashire in 1811 aged 90. He was reported to have been \"justly entitled the King of Beggars\", having been on the road for 70 years. He was reported to have been the son of a schoolmaster, and well educated, but to have taken to the road by choice, and maintained a wandering life until he became bedridden. The \"King of the Gypsies\" died in 1824 Stamford, Lincolnshire. Louis Boswell was buried at Eastwood church, Southend-on-Sea in 1835. In the Burial Register he is described as a \"Traveller aged 42\" – \"This man known as the King", "title": "King of the Gypsies" }, { "id": "2865668", "score": "1.4609083", "text": "bandleader took the name \"King Porter\". Nat King Cole's nickname is partly inspired by the nursery rhyme \"Old King Cole\" and partly inspired by his impressive jazz piano technique. There was a popular big band, led by Blue Barron, a stage name. Blue Barron once billed himself as competing for the title of \"King of the Mickey Mouse Bands\". Pianist Albert Ammons was referred to both as the \"King of Boogie Woogie\" and the \"Rhythm King\" in the 1930s and 1940s. Mamie Smith was billed as the \"Queen of the Blues\"; Bessie Smith outdid her with the billing \"Empress of", "title": "Jazz royalty" }, { "id": "1208108", "score": "1.4544356", "text": "members and their world-renowned craft of composing Viennese waltzes are also briefly documented in several television adaptations, such as \"The Strauss Family\" (1972), \"The Strauss Dynasty\" (1991) and \"Strauss, the King of 3/4 Time\" (1995). Many other films used his works and melodies, and several films have been based upon the life of the musician, the most famous of which is called \"The Great Waltz\" (1938), redone in 1972. Alfred Hitchcock made a low-budget biographical film of Strauss in 1934 called \"Waltzes from Vienna\". After a trip to Vienna, Walt Disney was inspired to create four feature films. One of", "title": "Johann Strauss II" }, { "id": "28580", "score": "1.4507802", "text": "Marguerite Duras. Anton Diabelli Anton (or Antonio) Diabelli (6 September 17817 April 1858) was an Austrian music publisher, editor and composer. Best known in his time as a publisher, he is most familiar today as the composer of the waltz on which Ludwig van Beethoven wrote his set of thirty-three \"Diabelli Variations\". Diabelli was born in Mattsee near Salzburg, then in the Archbishopric of Salzburg. A musical child, he sang in the boys' choir at Salzburg Cathedral where he is believed to have taken music lessons with Michael Haydn. By the age of 19 Diabelli had already composed several important", "title": "Anton Diabelli" }, { "id": "6652554", "score": "1.447386", "text": "Pee Wee King Julius Frank Anthony Kuczynski (February 18, 1914 – March 7, 2000), known professionally as Pee Wee King, was an American country music songwriter and recording artist best known for co-writing \"Tennessee Waltz\". King was born in Abrams, Wisconsin to a Polish American family and lived in Abrams during his youth. He learned to play the accordion from his father, who was a professional polka musician. In the 1930s, he toured and made cowboy movies with Gene Autry. King joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1937. In 1946, while the bandleader of the Golden West Cowboys, King, together", "title": "Pee Wee King" }, { "id": "5491894", "score": "1.439399", "text": "and provided him with an international touch. The principal paper of the city mentioned him as the king of waltz. His juvenile dream was coming true. In 1919 he traveled to New York, joined orchestras that played at cinema theaters, and put together aggregations that included up to 80 members and, soon he had another satisfaction, he was chosen in a contest to join the Philharmonic Orchestra of New York. For two years he only devoted to playing classical music. He returned to his country to conduct the orchestra of the Palads Cinema theater and to compose and arrange music", "title": "Jacob Gade" }, { "id": "13134431", "score": "1.4359621", "text": "The Great Waltz (1972 film) The Great Waltz is a 1972 American biographical musical film directed by Andrew L. Stone, and starring Horst Buchholz, Mary Costa, and Nigel Patrick, and follows 40 years in the life of composer Johann Strauss (the Younger, known as the \"Waltz King\") and his family. It is based on the musical \"The Great Waltz\", and was Stone's final film. M-G-M released a previous film adaptation in 1938, which is about a different phase of the younger Strauss's life. The film earned $1,650,000 in North American rentals in 1973. In 1840s Vienna, Johann Strauss I (Nigel", "title": "The Great Waltz (1972 film)" }, { "id": "19447414", "score": "1.4356034", "text": "over for the second part. This proved a great success, and for a time Musard was given the title \"Strauss of the Quadrille\" and Strauss called \"the Musard of the Waltz.\" 1837 also saw a rumor take root that Musard had died, and a general outpouring of grief ensued. His popularity was eclipsed for a time in the late 1830s by his friend Louis-Antoine Jullien, who tried to out-Musard Musard by using such devices as artillery where Musard merely used a pistol. However, Musard was restored to Parisian prominence upon Jullien's sudden departure from Paris on account of Jullien's great", "title": "Philippe Musard" } ]

[ "forms disambiguation", "Forms (disambiguation)", "forms", "form disambiguation", "Form (disambiguation)", "form", "Form", "Forms" ]

[ { "id": "10670591", "score": "1.3801525", "text": "grass), shrubs and herbs. It breeds from September to February, and the female litters one or two offspring. Being a leporid, the hare's offspring is called a leveret, or leverets (plural). The young leave the nest at three years of age. In 1996, it was rated as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. Scottish zoologist Andrew Smith first described the Smith's red rock hare in the year 1834. It was originally described in the genus \"Lepus\", and was formerly included in Natal red rock hare (\"P. crassicaudatus\"). In Swahili, its name is \"sungura", "title": "Smith's red rock hare" }, { "id": "12274862", "score": "1.3491411", "text": "Hare Hatch Hare Hatch is a village in Berkshire, England, and part of the civil parish of Ruscombe. According to the Post Office the majority of the population at the 2011 Census was included in the civil parish of Wargrave. The settlement lies near to the A4 road, and is located approximately north-east of Reading. It is close to Twyford, and also lies approximately west of Maidenhead. The area is perhaps best known for its three garden centres, two of which are situated directly across the A4 from each other. The largest of the three garden centres, Hare Hatch Sheeplands,", "title": "Hare Hatch" }, { "id": "15722271", "score": "1.3431649", "text": "Davallia solida var. pyxidata Davallia solida\" var. \"pyxidata known as the hare's foot fern, is a variety of fern that occurs in eastern Australia and is usually seen as a lithophyte or epiphyte in or near rainforest areas. However, it may also be seen in a few locations west of the Great Dividing Range. Listed as vulnerable in Victoria, occurring in the Grampians. Most often seen growing from cracks in rocks. But it can also be seen growing in \"baskets\" formed by other epiphyteic ferns such as those in the genera \"Platycerium\" and \"Asplenium\". The name \"hare's foot\" comes from", "title": "Davallia solida var. pyxidata" }, { "id": "4093180", "score": "1.3281802", "text": "of prey that are active in every season. Hare's Ear The Hare's Ear is a traditional artificial fly imitating an aquatic insect larva (nymph) used in fly fishing. The Hare's Ear nymph is a fly fishing lure that is fished below the surface. It is thus a \"wet fly\" or \"nymph\". It is an older pattern that imitates a variety of aquatic life, including scuds, sow bugs, mayfly nymphs, and caddis larvae. Soft hair and stiff bristles from a hare are wound around the shank of the hook and fastened with gold wire that suggests ribs. Sometimes a gold bead", "title": "Hare's Ear" }, { "id": "2134387", "score": "1.316257", "text": "spring, when they can be seen in broad daylight chasing one another around in fields. During this spring frenzy, they sometimes strike one another with their paws (\"boxing\"). This is usually not competition between males, but a female hitting a male, either to show she is not yet ready to mate or as a test of his determination. The female nests in a depression on the surface of the ground rather than in a burrow, and the young are active as soon as they are born. Litters may consist of three or four young and a female can bear three", "title": "European hare" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hare\n\nHares and jackrabbits are mammals belonging to the genus Lepus. They are herbivores, and live solitarily or in pairs. They nest in slight depressions called forms, and their young are able to fend for themselves shortly after birth. The genus includes the largest lagomorphs. Most are fast runners with long, powerful hind legs, and large ears to dissipate body heat. Hare species are native to Africa, Eurasia and North America. A hare less than one year old is called a \"leveret\". A group of hares is called a \"husk\", a \"down\" or a \"drove\".\n\nMembers of the \"Lepus\" genus are considered true hares, distinguishing them from rabbits which make up the rest of the Leporidae family. However, there are five leporid species with \"hare\" in their common names which are not considered true hares: the hispid hare (\"Caprolagus hispidus\"), and four species known as red rock hares (comprising \"Pronolagus\"). Conversely, several \"Lepus\" species are called \"jackrabbits\", but classed as hares rather than rabbits. The pet known as the Belgian hare is a domesticated European rabbit which has been selectively bred to resemble a hare.", "title": "Hare" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rabbit\n\nRabbits, also known as bunnies or bunny rabbits, are small mammals in the family Leporidae (which also contains the hares) of the order Lagomorpha (which also contains the pikas). \"Oryctolagus cuniculus\" includes the European rabbit species and its descendants, the world's 305 breeds of domestic rabbit. \"Sylvilagus\" includes 13 wild rabbit species, among them the seven types of cottontail. The European rabbit, which has been introduced on every continent except Antarctica, is familiar throughout the world as a wild prey animal and as a domesticated form of livestock and pet. With its widespread effect on ecologies and cultures, the rabbit is, in many areas of the world, a part of daily life—as food, clothing, a companion, and a source of artistic inspiration.\n\nAlthough once considered rodents, lagomorphs like rabbits have been discovered to have diverged separately and earlier than their rodent cousins and have a number of traits rodents lack, like two extra incisors.", "title": "Rabbit" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arctic hare\n\nThe Arctic hare (Lepus arcticus) is a species of hare highly adapted to living in the Arctic tundra and other icy biomes. The Arctic hare survives with shortened ears and limbs, a small nose, fat that makes up close to 20% of its body, and a thick coat of fur. It usually digs holes in the ground or under the snow to keep warm and to sleep. Arctic hares look like rabbits but have shorter ears, are taller when standing, and, unlike rabbits, can thrive in extreme cold. They can travel together with many other hares, sometimes huddling with dozens or more, but are usually found alone, sometimes taking more than one partner. The Arctic hare can run up to .", "title": "Arctic hare" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "European hare\n\nThe European hare (Lepus europaeus), also known as the brown hare, is a species of hare native to Europe and parts of Asia. It is among the largest hare species and is adapted to temperate, open country. Hares are herbivorous and feed mainly on grasses and herbs, supplementing these with twigs, buds, bark and field crops, particularly in winter. Their natural predators include large birds of prey, canids and felids. They rely on high-speed endurance running to escape predation, having long, powerful limbs and large nostrils.\n\nGenerally nocturnal and shy in nature, hares change their behaviour in the spring, when they can be seen in broad daylight chasing one another around in fields. During this spring frenzy, they sometimes strike one another with their paws (\"boxing\"). This is usually not competition between males, but a female hitting a male, either to show she is not yet ready to mate or to test his determination. The female nests in a depression on the surface of the ground rather than in a burrow and the young are active as soon as they are born. Litters may consist of three or four young and a female can bear three litters a year, with hares living for up to twelve years. The breeding season lasts from January to August.\n\nThe European hare is listed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature because it has a wide range and is moderately abundant. However, populations have been declining in mainland Europe since the 1960s, at least partly due to changes in farming practices. The hare has been hunted across Europe for centuries, with more than five million being shot each year; in Britain, it has traditionally been hunted by beagling and hare coursing, but these field sports are now illegal. The hare has been a traditional symbol of fertility and reproduction in some cultures and its courtship behaviour in the spring inspired the English idiom \"mad as a March hare\".", "title": "European hare" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lagomorpha\n\nThe lagomorphs are the members of the taxonomic order Lagomorpha, of which there are two living families: the Leporidae (hares and rabbits) and the Ochotonidae (pikas). The name of the order is derived from the Ancient Greek \"lagos\" (λαγώς, \"hare\") + \"morphē\" (μορφή, \"form\"). \nThere are 110 recent species of lagomorph of which 109 are extant, including 34 species of pika, 42 species of rabbit, and 33 species of hare.", "title": "Lagomorpha" }, { "id": "5242258", "score": "1.3023441", "text": "generally, especially domestic ones. More recently, the term \"kit\" or \"kitten\" has been used to refer to a young rabbit. A young hare is called a \"leveret\"; this term is sometimes informally applied to a young rabbit as well. A group of rabbits is known as a \"colony\" or a \"nest\". The study of rabbit genetics is of interest to fanciers, the fiber & fur industry, medical researchers, and the meat industry. Among rabbit fanciers, the genetics of rabbit health and diversity are paramount. The fiber & fur industry focuses on the genetics of coat color and hair properties. In", "title": "Domestic rabbit" }, { "id": "12274864", "score": "1.2985611", "text": "of May 2017. On 27 April 1927 seven Reading FC fans were killed when their bus crashed in Hare Hatch on the way home from a match against Chelsea. Hare Hatch Hare Hatch is a village in Berkshire, England, and part of the civil parish of Ruscombe. According to the Post Office the majority of the population at the 2011 Census was included in the civil parish of Wargrave. The settlement lies near to the A4 road, and is located approximately north-east of Reading. It is close to Twyford, and also lies approximately west of Maidenhead. The area is perhaps", "title": "Hare Hatch" }, { "id": "10670598", "score": "1.2865924", "text": "out of vegetable debris lined with its fur. The nest is about wide, deep, and deep. The female has a gestation period of about one month, and litters one or two children, each weighing . The young are altricial at birth, and leave the nest at three years of age, when they weigh about . Although observed to be secluded, the Smith's red rock hare associate closely with dassies. Since 1996, the Smith's red rock hare was rated as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. This is because it is commonly found in", "title": "Smith's red rock hare" }, { "id": "7513264", "score": "1.282418", "text": "of the Three Hares appearing on 'roof bosses' (carved wooden knobs) on the ceilings in medieval churches in Devon, (particularly Dartmoor). There is a good example of a roof boss of the Three hares at Widecombe-in-the-Moor, Another exemplary roof boss can be found in the town of Tavistock, in Dartmoor, on the edge of the moor. Tinners' Rabbits is the name of a dance of many forms involving use of sticks and rotation of three, six or nine dancers. In 1999, the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape was added to the UK government's tentative list for submission to the", "title": "Mining in Cornwall and Devon" }, { "id": "584900", "score": "1.2813263", "text": "hare (\"Caprolagus hispidus\"), and four species known as red rock hares (comprising \"Pronolagus\"). Conversely, Jackrabbits are hares, rather than rabbits. A hare less than one year old is called a leveret. A group of hares is called a \"drove\". Hares are swift animals: The European hare (\"Lepus europaeus\") can run up to . The five species of jackrabbits found in central and western North America are able to run at , and can leap up to 3 m (10 ft) at a time. Normally a shy animal, the European brown hare changes its behavior in spring, when they can be", "title": "Hare" }, { "id": "1995894", "score": "1.2788415", "text": "Gyrfalcon carry hares to their nests, cutting them in half first; gyrfalcons use hare bones and feet in the structure of their nests on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. Peregrine falcons (\"Falco peregrinus\") also prey on Arctic hares in the southern end of the hares' range. The Snowy owls mainly targets young hare; the French common name of the species derives from Anglo-Saxon \"harfang\" (\"hare-catcher\"). Four groups of parasites have been known to use Arctic hares as a host: protozoans (\"Eimeria exigua\", \"E. magna\", \"E. perforans\", and \"E. sculpta\"); nematodes (including \"Filaria\" and \"Oxyuris ambigua\"); lice (including \"Haemodipsus lyriocephalus\" and \"H. setoni\")", "title": "Arctic hare" }, { "id": "19533088", "score": "1.2699441", "text": "right of asylum is guaranteed by Zeus but the eagle, being the bird of Zeus, arrogantly disregards this and tears the hare to pieces. In revenge, the beetle climbs to the eagle’s nest and rolls out its eggs, following it up the higher it builds. Finally the eagle lays its eggs in the lap of Zeus but the beetle flies about the god’s head, or in some versions rolls a ball of dung onto him, causing the god to leap up and let the eggs fall to the ground. There are alternative accounts in which the episode of the hare", "title": "The Eagle and the Beetle" }, { "id": "584899", "score": "1.2681494", "text": "Hare Hares and jackrabbits are leporids belonging to the genus \"Lepus\". Hares are classified in the same family as rabbits. They are similar in size and form to rabbits and have similar herbivorous diets, but generally have longer ears and live solitarily or in pairs. Also unlike rabbits, their young are able to fend for themselves shortly after birth (precocial) rather than emerging blind and helpless (altricial). Most are fast runners. Hare species are native to Africa, Eurasia, North America, and the Japanese archipelago. Five leporid species with \"hare\" in their common names are not considered true hares: the hispid", "title": "Hare" }, { "id": "1651414", "score": "1.2645624", "text": "a bank, a cliff, a human-built wall or dam, or on the ground. A pair starts by making a platform of sticks held together with mud, then builds walls and a domed roof. A mud-plastered entrance wide in the bottom leads through a tunnel up to long to a nesting chamber big enough for the parents and young. Nests have been recorded to take between 10 and 14 weeks to build, and one researcher estimated that they would require around 8000 sticks or bunches of grass to complete. Nesting material may still be added by the pair after the nest", "title": "Hamerkop" }, { "id": "584915", "score": "1.2632549", "text": "the Silk Road to China, via western and eastern Europe and the Middle East. Before its appearance in China, it was possibly first depicted in the Middle East before being reimported centuries later. Its use is associated with Christian, Jewish, Islamic and Buddhist sites stretching back to about 600 CE. The hare has given rise to local place names, as they can often be observed in favoured localities. An example in Scotland is 'Murchland', 'murchen' being a Scots word for a hare. Hare Hares and jackrabbits are leporids belonging to the genus \"Lepus\". Hares are classified in the same family", "title": "Hare" }, { "id": "1902412", "score": "1.2597301", "text": "March Hare The March Hare (called Haigha in \"Through the Looking-Glass\") is a character most famous for appearing in the tea party scene in Lewis Carroll's \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\". The main character, Alice, hypothesizes, \"Mad as a March hare\" is a common British English phrase, both now and in Carroll's time, and appears in John Heywood's collection of proverbs published in 1546. It is reported in \"The Annotated Alice\" by Martin Gardner that this proverb is based on popular belief about hares' behaviour at the beginning of the long breeding season, which lasts from February to September in Britain.", "title": "March Hare" }, { "id": "878335", "score": "1.2597234", "text": "sources describe the hare as sacred to Andraste. This idea seems to be extrapolated from the passage in Dio Cassius in which Boudica releases a hare from her gown: The hare's release is described as a technique of divination, with an augury drawn from the direction in which it runs. This appears to be similar to the Roman methods of divination which ascribe meaning to the directions from which birds fly, with the left side being unfavorable (\"sinistra\") and the right side favorable. Andraste Andraste, also known as Andrasta, was, according to the Roman historian Dio Cassius, an Icenic war", "title": "Andraste" }, { "id": "584911", "score": "1.2576318", "text": "a broken-hearted maiden who cannot rest and who haunts her unfaithful lover. Many cultures, including the Chinese, Japanese, and Mexican, see a hare in the pattern of dark patches in the moon (see Moon rabbit). The constellation Lepus is also taken to represent a hare. The hare was once regarded as an animal sacred to Aphrodite and Eros because of its high libido. Live hares were often presented as a gift of love. Now the hare is commonly associated with the Anglo-Saxon goddess Ēostre, and therefore pagan symbols like the Easter Bunny have been appropriated into the Christian tradition. However,", "title": "Hare" }, { "id": "6886757", "score": "1.2563665", "text": "above the Torah ark, the place where the holy scriptures repose. They appear on headstones in Sataniv (Сатанів), Khmelnytsky Oblast, western Ukraine. The logo presents a problem in topology. It is a strange loop rendered as a puzzle. Jurgis Baltrusaitis's 1955 \"Le Moyen-Âge fantastique. Antiquités et exotismes dans l'art gothique\" includes a 1576 Dutch engraving with the puzzle given in Dutch and French around the image. It notes: \"These are the oldest known dated examples of the Three Rabbits as a puzzle.\" One commentator believes its being a puzzle is likely reason for the image's popularity. One recent philosophical book", "title": "Three hares" }, { "id": "898553", "score": "1.2561911", "text": "Nest A nest is a structure built by certain animals to hold eggs, offspring, and, occasionally, the animal itself. Although nests are most closely associated with birds, members of all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates construct nests. They may be composed of organic material such as twigs, grass, and leaves, or may be a simple depression in the ground, or a hole in a rock, tree, or building. Human-made materials, such as string, plastic, cloth, or paper, may also be used. Nests can be found in all types of habitat. Nest building is driven by a biological urge known", "title": "Nest" } ]

[ "Stew beef", "tarid", "stew beef", "Jon Stewart", "Jon Stuart Leibowitz", "Jon stewert", "Tracey Stewart", "Tarid", "jon daily", "Jon Stewart filmography", "jonathan stuart leibowitz", "John Leibowitz", "Jon stewart", "tracey stewart", "jon stewart", "Jon Steward", "Jon Daily", "jon stewart filmography", "Jon Stewert", "jonathan stuart liebowitz", "Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz", "Jonathan Liebowitz", "Jonathan Stuart Liebowitz", "john leibowitz", "jon steward", "jon stuart leibowitz", "jonathan liebowitz", "jon stewert" ]

[ { "id": "12912567", "score": "1.656604", "text": "was produced by Bill Mechanic and Adam Shankman and directed by Hamish Hamilton. Actors Alec Baldwin and Steve Martin hosted the show. Martin hosted for the third time; he first presided over the 73rd ceremony held in 2001 and last hosted the 75th ceremony held in 2003. Meanwhile, this was Baldwin's first Oscars hosting stint. This was also the first telecast to have multiple hosts since the 59th ceremony held in 1987. On June 24, 2009, Academy president Sid Ganis announced at a press conference that, in an attempt to revitalize interest surrounding the awards, the 2010 ceremony would feature", "title": "82nd Academy Awards" }, { "id": "4907036", "score": "1.6367409", "text": "order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. As a result of the negative reception of David Letterman's stint as host from the preceding year's ceremony, veteran film and television director Gil Cates declined to helm the upcoming festivities. In November 1995, AMPAS recruited music producer and Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award recipient Quincy Jones as producer of the 1996 ceremony. Jones immediately selected actress and comedian Whoopi Goldberg to host the ceremony. In an interview with \"Los Angeles Times\" writer Susan King, Jones explained the decision to hire Goldberg saying, \"She has all the qualifications to move on a", "title": "68th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "14293028", "score": "1.6264703", "text": "Academy then-president Tom Sherak approached television producer Lorne Michaels for producing duties with actor and comedian Jimmy Fallon as host. However, the telecast's broadcaster ABC objected to these selections, and both men declined afterward. With newly elected Academy president Hawk Koch assuming leadership duties, the Academy hired Neil Meron and Craig Zadan in August 2012 to produce the ceremony. Two months later, the Academy announced that actor, director, animator, singer, and comedian Seth MacFarlane would host the telecast. MacFarlane expressed that it was truly an honor and a thrill to be asked to host Academy Awards commenting, \"It's truly an", "title": "85th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "20800889", "score": "1.5971615", "text": "the last two ceremonies, producers Michael De Luca and Jennifer Todd declined to helm the Oscar production. They were replaced by Donna Gigliotti and Glenn Weiss as producers. On December 4, 2018, it was announced that Kevin Hart would host the ceremony. Hart expressed that it was truly an honor and a thrill to be asked to host the Academy Awards, commenting, \"For years I have been asked if I would ever host the Oscars and my answer was always the same... I said that it would be the opportunity of a lifetime for me as a comedian and that", "title": "91st Academy Awards" }, { "id": "7299187", "score": "1.5952668", "text": "numbers. Because of the declining viewership of recent Academy Awards ceremonies, producer Gil Cates declined to helm the upcoming festivities. The Academy sought ideas to revamp the show while renewing interest with the nominated films. In September 2006, the Academy selected producer Laura Ziskin to oversee production of the telecast for a second time. Nearly three months later, actress and comedian Ellen DeGeneres, who had previously emceed three Primetime Emmy Award ceremonies between 2001 and 2005, was chosen as host of the 2007 ceremony. In an article published in the \"Los Angeles Times\", Ziskin explained the decision to hire DeGeneres", "title": "79th Academy Awards" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "78th Academy Awards\n\nThe 78th Academy Awards presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 5, 2006, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid a clash with the 2006 Winter Olympics. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz. Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time. Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California held on February 18, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams.\n\n\"Crash\" won three awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included \"Brokeback Mountain\", \"King Kong\", and \"Memoirs of a Geisha\" with three awards and \"Capote\", \"\", \"The Constant Gardener\", \"Hustle & Flow\", \"March of the Penguins\", \"\", \"\", \"Six Shooter\", \"Syriana\", \"Tsotsi\", \"Walk the Line\", and \"\" with one. The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States.", "title": "78th Academy Awards" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "79th Academy Awards\n\nThe 79th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2006 and took place February 25, 2007, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Laura Ziskin and directed by Louis J. Horvitz. Actress Ellen DeGeneres hosted for the first time. Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California held on February 10, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Maggie Gyllenhaal.\n\n\"The Departed\" won four awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included \"Pan's Labyrinth\" with three awards, \"Dreamgirls\", \"An Inconvenient Truth\", and \"Little Miss Sunshine\" with two, and \"Babel\", \"The Blood of Yingzhou District\", \"The Danish Poet\", \"Happy Feet\", \"The Last King of Scotland\", \"Letters from Iwo Jima\", \"The Lives of Others\", \"Marie Antoinette\", \"\", \"The Queen\", and \"West Bank Story\" with one. The telecast garnered nearly 40 million viewers in the United States.", "title": "79th Academy Awards" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "80th Academy Awards\n\nThe 80th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2007. The award ceremony took place on February 24, 2008, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz. Comedian Jon Stewart hosted the show for the second time, having previously presided over the 78th ceremony held in 2006. On February 9, at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jessica Alba.\n\n\"No Country for Old Men\" won four awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included \"The Bourne Ultimatum\" with three awards, \"La Vie en Rose\" and \"There Will Be Blood\" with two, and \"Atonement\", \"The Counterfeiters\", \"\", \"Freeheld\", \"The Golden Compass\", \"Juno\", \"Michael Clayton\", \"Le Mozart des Pickpockets\", \"Once\", \"Peter & the Wolf\", \"Ratatouille\", \"\", and \"Taxi to the Dark Side\" with one. The telecast garnered 31 million viewers, making it the least watched Oscar broadcast since 1974, when Nielsen began keeping records of viewership.", "title": "80th Academy Awards" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2006 Academy Awards\n\n2006 Academy Awards may refer to:\n\n", "title": "2006 Academy Awards" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2nd Africa Movie Academy Awards\n\nThe 2nd Africa Movie Academy Awards ceremony was held on April 29, 2006 at the Gloryland Cultural Center in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, to honor the best African films of 2005. The ceremony was broadcast live on Nigerian national television. Numerous celebrities and top Nigerian politicians attended the event, including Goodluck Jonathan (former Governor of Bayelsa State) and various Nollywood actresses and actors. Special guest was South African Grammy Award-winning artist Miriam Makeba who performed at the ceremony. Nigerian veteran actor and playwright Hubert Ogunde received a posthumous award.", "title": "2nd Africa Movie Academy Awards" }, { "id": "19313453", "score": "1.5938298", "text": "ceremony. Kimmel expressed that it was truly an honor and a thrill to be asked to host Academy Awards, commenting \"Mike and Jennifer have an excellent plan and their enthusiasm is infectious. I am honored to have been chosen to host the 89th and final Oscars.\" Due to his hosting duties, ABC did not broadcast a special episode of \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\" following the ceremony, as in past years. Instead, ABC aired \"Live from Hollywood: The After Party\", co-hosted by Anthony Anderson, and Lara Spencer of \"Good Morning America\". The stage set was designed by Derek McLane. At the time", "title": "89th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "7301521", "score": "1.5888083", "text": "production of the awards gala. However, in an article published in \"The New York Times\", it was stated that 2005 host Chris Rock would not return to host the show. According to a statement released by his publicist, \"He didn't want to do it in perpetuity, He'd like to do it again down the road.\" Furthermore, many media outlets speculated that several AMPAS members felt uncomfortable with Rock's disparaging comments about Colin Farrell, Jude Law, and Tobey Maguire. Initially, Cates sought actor and veteran Oscar host Billy Crystal to host the ceremony again. However, Crystal declined the offer citing his", "title": "78th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "3072973", "score": "1.5868151", "text": "was selected as host of the 2002 ceremony. In an article in the \"Los Angeles Times\", Ziskin justified her choice of Goldberg commenting that she has \"great warmth, with humor, humanity and social conscience, all qualities that I feel are essential for this year's show. I look forward to collaborating with Whoopi to put on a meaningful and entertaining evening.\" Furthermore, the September 11 attacks affected the telecast and its surrounding events. Despite speculation and suggestions that the festivities be postponed or canceled, AMPAS President Pierson wrote in a \"Variety\" column refusing to take such action stating that it would", "title": "74th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "7299182", "score": "1.5799253", "text": "79th Academy Awards The 79th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2006 and took place February 25, 2007, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Laura Ziskin and directed by Louis J. Horvitz. Actress Ellen DeGeneres hosted for the first time. Two weeks", "title": "79th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "3078744", "score": "1.5765848", "text": "71st Academy Awards The 71st Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best of 1998 in film and took place on March 21, 1999, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz. Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the third time. She first hosted the 66th", "title": "71st Academy Awards" }, { "id": "4907038", "score": "1.5760617", "text": "role of presenter of the segment and award after Nicholson declined those respective duties. Several other people and elements were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Jeff Margolis served as director for the program. Actress and talk show host Oprah Winfrey interviewed several nominees and other attendees during a seven-minute red carpet arrival segment shown at the beginning of the telecast. Musician and saxophonist Tom Scott served as musical director for the ceremony. Choreographer Jamie King supervised the performances of the Best Song nominees and two dance numbers. Babe, the pig from the eponymous film, and Miss Piggy", "title": "68th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "18036922", "score": "1.5756254", "text": "was always in such awe of some of the greats who hosted the show. To be asked to follow in the footsteps of Johnny Carson, Billy Crystal, Ellen DeGeneres, and everyone else who had the great fortune of hosting is a bucket list dream come true.\" Shortly after his selection, several reports were released indicating that DeGeneres and other comedians such as 2005 ceremony host Chris Rock and actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus declined the offer to host the program, and Harris was a last-minute choice as emcee. Nevertheless, both Meron and Zadan denied such allegations and insisted that Harris was their", "title": "87th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "9646548", "score": "1.5753994", "text": "as host of the 2008 ceremony. \"Jon was a terrific host for the 78th Awards,\" Cates said about Stewart in a press release. \"He is smart, quick, funny, loves movies and is a great guy. What else could one ask for?\" Furthermore, the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike affected the telecast and its surrounding events. Over a month after the labor dispute began, the striking Writers Guild of America (WGA) denied a waiver requested by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in connection with film clips and excerpts from previous award ceremonies to be shown at the", "title": "80th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "2439478", "score": "1.5720897", "text": "Globe Awards and the Academy Awards) and allows for ABC to have a well-rated awards show during November sweeps. For the 2008 awards, Jimmy Kimmel hosted for the fourth consecutive year. In 2009–2012, there was no host for the first time in history. Instead, the AMAs followed the Grammys' lead in having various celebrities give introductions. However, rapper Pitbull hosted the 2013 ceremony and 2014 ceremony. Jennifer Lopez hosted the 2015 show. Gigi Hadid and Jay Pharoah hosted the 2016 show. Tracee Ellis Ross hosted the show in 2017 and 2018. Between 2012 and 2014, as part of a marketing", "title": "American Music Awards" }, { "id": "14293029", "score": "1.5694705", "text": "overwhelming privilege to be asked to host the Oscars. My thoughts upon hearing the news were, one, I will do my utmost to live up to the high standards set forth by my predecessors; and two, I hope they don’t find out I hosted the Charlie Sheen Roast.\" In an unusual break from previous years, producers Meron and Zadan announced that the on-air telecast of the ceremony would be simply referred to as \"The Oscars\" instead of \"The 85th Annual Academy Awards\". As evident by the numerous musical numbers featured throughout the telecast, the ceremony was billed as a salute", "title": "85th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "4652881", "score": "1.5679758", "text": "last year's ceremony, actress and comedian Whoopi Goldberg announced that she would not host the ceremony for a second consecutive year saying, \"I've had a great time, but I've done it.\" She added that her role in the upcoming movie \"Bogus\" would jeopardize her busy schedule. In addition, her Comic Relief co-host and veteran Oscar emcee Billy Crystal also declined to host the show citing his commitment to his film \"Forget Paris\" which he directed, written, starred, and produced. Producer Gil Cates hired actor, comedian, and \"Late Show\" host David Letterman as host of the 1995 ceremony. Cates explained his", "title": "67th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "20091242", "score": "1.5649891", "text": "Comedian Jimmy Kimmel hosted for the second consecutive year, making him the first person to host back-to-back ceremonies since Billy Crystal in 1997 and 1998. In related events, the Academy held its 9th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 11, 2017. On February 10, 2018, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Scientific and Technical Awards were presented by host actor Sir Patrick Stewart. \"The Shape of Water\" won a leading four awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Guillermo del Toro.", "title": "90th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "7299198", "score": "1.5645261", "text": "Foster briefly eulogized casting director and Oscar winner Randy Stone who died nearly two weeks before the ceremony. 79th Academy Awards The 79th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2006 and took place February 25, 2007, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by", "title": "79th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "14441844", "score": "1.5625097", "text": "than a month earlier with fellow \"Saturday Night Live\" alumnus Amy Poehler, told \"Huffington Post\" columnist Mike Ryan that she would reject any offer to host an Oscar telecast commenting, \"I just feel like that gig is so hard. Especially for, like, a woman – the amount of months that would be spent trying on dresses alone – no way.\" Shortly after the election of AMPAS president Cheryl Boone Isaacs in August 2013, Meron and Zadan announced that comedian and talk show host Ellen DeGeneres would host the 2014 ceremony. They explained their decision to bring back DeGeneres as host", "title": "86th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "8437450", "score": "1.5608709", "text": "that night, making him the only host in Oscar history to have won an award during the same ceremony. Winners are listed first and highlighted with boldface These films had multiple nominations: The following films received multiple awards. 31st Academy Awards The 31st Academy Awards ceremony was held on April 6, 1959, to honor the best films of 1958. The show's producer, Jerry Wald, started cutting numbers from the show to make sure it ran on time. He cut too much material and the ceremony ended 20 minutes early, leaving Jerry Lewis to attempt to fill in the time. Eventually,", "title": "31st Academy Awards" } ]

[ "ade edmonson", "ade edmondson", "adrian edmundson", "ade edmundson", "adrian 22ade 22 edmondson", "Adrian %22Ade%22 Edmondson", "Adrian Edmondson", "Ade Edmundson", "Adrian Edmundson", "Ade Edmondson", "Ade Edmonson", "Adrian Edmonson", "adrian edmondson", "adrian edmonson" ]

[ { "id": "1530170", "score": "2.0888658", "text": "\"Comedy Connections\", Ben Elton described Rick's character as the \"try-hard wanna-be Leftie\" typically found on university campuses. Portrayed by Adrian Edmondson Vyvyan, often referred to as \"Vyv\", is a psychopathic, sociopathic, sadistic, misanthropic punk medical student. He has spiked red hair and four metal stars seemingly embedded into his forehead. He wears a denim waistcoat over a black T-shirt, a black studded belt across his denim jeans and bovver boots. In the episode \"Interesting\", he drinks a pint of blue liquid which makes his hair fall out and the number 666 is visible on the side of his head. He", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "1530174", "score": "1.8483347", "text": "his own head. He eats just about anything from televisions and dead rats to caviar and cornflakes with ketchup. Regardless of his violent and mostly simple-minded nature, Vyvyan seems to be the smartest of the group (though Neil does better in exams than him), and he has on a couple of occasions demonstrated his talent as a medical student. In the episode \"Flood\", he develops a potion to transform a person into an \"axe-wielding homicidal maniac\", claiming that \"it's basically a cure... for \"not\" being an axe-wielding homicidal maniac... the potential market's enormous!\". On occasion, he has made several eloquent", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "1530191", "score": "1.8338543", "text": "the mother figure, Mike as the father figure and Vyvyan and Rick as the children, Vyvyan the boy and Rick the girl. In the first six episodes of the series, a person whose hair covers their face appears in the background of some scenes, such as to the left when Neil gets hit by Vyvyan with a kettle in \"Bomb\". In the episode Demolition he appears slumped against the back wall when Rick is watching TV. These rumours of a mysterious fifth housemate have been the subject of fan speculation on the internet. In 2016 journalist Peter Farquhar sent members", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "5908968", "score": "1.7265332", "text": "hum it, I'll smash your face in!\" Actress and writer Pauline Melville appears as Vyvyan's mother. A devil, played by David Rappaport. The premise is that if anyone utters his name three times, he shall appear to claim a soul. He doesn't get called to Earth very often because 'Ftumch' is such an unusual name: 'No-one ever says Ftumch. Why couldn't I be called William?' Ftumch is accidentally summoned to Earth by Rik reading a gibberish typo aloud from The Guardian twice, and Neil asking \"What's a Ftumch?\" Boring (The Young Ones) Boring is the third episode of \"The Young", "title": "Boring (The Young Ones)" }, { "id": "1530177", "score": "1.7094076", "text": "tell the time from a watch. Although Vyvyan is constantly unruly, he does possess a compassionate side; primarily in the episode \"Cash\", when he thought he was pregnant he was considering names to call his baby and he also patted his \"bump\" saying \"that's my boy!\" when it hit Rick in the face and knocked him into the fireplace. Also when Vyvyan began having \"contractions\" he appealed to the other housemates for help, this led to Neil getting a job in the police force (it was later revealed that he just had a really bad case of built-up gas). On", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "1530178", "score": "1.7022879", "text": "another occasion, in the last episode \"Summer Holiday\" Vyvyan dissolved into tears because he crashed his car and also because it caused SPG's death while he was asleep on the car's radiator. Vyvyan is the only member of the group who owns a car, a yellow Ford Anglia with red flames painted along the sides and has \"Vyv\" written across the back window. Neil is forbidden from touching his car, as when he suggested using it to listen to a tape, Vyvyan cheerfully reminded him that he would be killed if he even touched the car. He also appears to", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "1530155", "score": "1.697747", "text": "Groups that appeared included Dexys Midnight Runners, Motörhead, The Damned, and Madness, who appeared in two episodes. The one episode that featured no musical act still fulfilled the variety criteria by including a lion tamer whose presence also directly contributed to the plot. Some of these performances were omitted from DVD release for copyright reasons. Some musical acts were also edited out for similar reasons on some satellite reruns. Portrayed by Christopher Ryan Mike is the assumed leader of the group (within which Vyvyan is his enforcer) who frequently makes puns, which are either deliberately cheap or humorous. These confusing,", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "1530159", "score": "1.6825917", "text": "do, and seems to cause his housemates trouble only when it benefits him, rather than out of sadistic joy. While it is rare for him to be victim to violence, he has been on a few occasions; such as when he was flirting with a Christian, this resulted in her repeatedly kneeing Mike in the crotch. At the end of the \"Living Doll\" song with Cliff Richard, Vyvyan hit Mike and everyone else over the head with a hammer, knocking them out. Also when Mike was trying to nail plates to the dining table, he managed to nail his own", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "1530175", "score": "1.6821907", "text": "statements regarding subjects ranging from Rick's manifest personality problems to the inherent dullness of \"The Good Life\", and the end of \"Oil\" implies he manipulated the rest of the household, possibly for amusement. Vyvyan also appears to have good knowledge of electrics and technology; on one occasion he wired the doorbell to a bomb \"to pep it up a bit\" so the housemates would be able to hear it, and he also added a small car engine to the vacuum cleaner as previously it \"looked a bit on the tentative side\" which then proceeds to suck up the carpet, the", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "1530173", "score": "1.6771064", "text": "of \"Boring\" had not seen Vyvyan in ten years and still has no idea who his father is. Neil revealed that Vyvyan has more friends than the other housemates but \"... apparently he doesn't like any of them.\" Vyvyan occasionally displays feats of superhuman strength and resilience, such as surviving a pickaxe through his head, moving entire walls with his bare hands, lifting Neil above his head in a fight with Rick, biting through a brick (making the comment that some of the house's bricks explode), using dynamite to try and cure his hangover, and even being decapitated and re-attaching", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "1530193", "score": "1.6753912", "text": "friend Mark Dewison. Mark also played a speaking role as Neil's friend (also called 'Neil') during series one episode \"Interesting\". He emerges from Vyvyan's full vacuum cleaner bag and ends up being shoved into the fridge by Rick. In an exclusive documentary \"How the Young Ones Changed Comedy\" that aired in 2018 on Gold, series co-writer Lise Mayer stated that the idea was there had been a party at the student house at some point in the past and there was a person who had just never left. This is why you see them just hanging around. In the final", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "5913289", "score": "1.6719759", "text": "of childbirth. Instead, Vyvyan actually ends up passing wind loudly. Having been handcuffed together with Vyvyan, Rick and Neil frantically try to escape the smell but Neil is unable to find the key. Unaware, Mike comes back in, and tries to light a celebratory cigar. The flame reacts with the gas, causing the house to explode. As with all episodes of \"The Young Ones\", the main four characters were student flatmates Mike (Christopher Ryan); Vyvyan (Adrian Edmondson); Rick (Rik Mayall) and Neil (Nigel Planer). Alexei Sayle starred as a Benito Mussolini cabaret act and police recruitment officer. DJ Alan Freeman", "title": "Cash (The Young Ones)" }, { "id": "1530164", "score": "1.6603839", "text": "having any discernible talent. The only time he comes close to succeeding is when it seems like he has wooed a girl; this turns out to be a lie, however, and he is exposed and punished (beset by Vyvyan) almost immediately. He insults Neil at every opportunity, using Neil as a target and an outlet, picks fights and bickers with Vyvyan and attempts to impress Mike. He is portrayed as being so self-absorbed that he believes he is the \"most popular member of the flat\" despite being disliked by virtually everyone he knows; even though his housemates hate him, he", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "1530190", "score": "1.6582853", "text": "of himself. He tells poor jokes and stories (but finds them hilarious himself), is a would-be anarchist (although deep-down he is quite conservative), and frequently acts like a child when he does not get his way. He generally vents his frustration (when trying to impress the others) on Neil, since Neil never sticks up for himself and is ignored by the others. The majority of his anger is generated in endless battles with Vyvyan, which he invariably loses. Rik Mayall once opined that the characters in \"The Young Ones\" form the basis of a classic nuclear family, comprising Neil as", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "5955493", "score": "1.6554439", "text": "on their house instead. As with all episodes of \"The Young Ones\", the main four characters were student flatmates Mike (Christopher Ryan); Vyvyan (Adrian Edmondson); Rick (Rik Mayall) and Neil (Nigel Planer). However, there are several telltale signs of this being the pilot episode - the characters' individual personalities aren't as fleshed out as in later episodes, Rick's outfit is different, and Vyvyan and Rick sport shorter haircuts. The episode also introduces their landlord Jerzei Balowski (Alexei Sayle), a character who would only appear once more during the first series, and twice more in total. Sayle, however, featured in every", "title": "Demolition (The Young Ones)" }, { "id": "5908901", "score": "1.6546767", "text": "(Working On The Chain Gang),\" by Roy 'C,' who was better known for his 1966 hit, Shotgun Wedding. During the end credits in which shows a disoriented but conscious Vyvyan stumbling about the cellar, he reveals to the camera: \"By the way, it was a complete lie about the oil.\" The episode featured a performance from electronic band Radical Posture, with Alexei Sayle as their singer, singing \"Doctor Martens' Boots\" As with all episodes of \"The Young Ones\", the main four characters were student flatmates Mike (Christopher Ryan); Vyvyan (Adrian Edmondson); Rick (Rik Mayall) and Neil (Nigel Planer). Alexei Sayle", "title": "Oil (The Young Ones)" }, { "id": "5914554", "score": "1.6508751", "text": "Young Ones\", the main four characters were student flatmates Mike (Christopher Ryan); Vyvyan (Adrian Edmondson); Rick (Rik Mayall) and Neil (Nigel Planer). The episode also features their landlord Jerzei Balowski (Alexei Sayle) for his only time during the second series, and for the third time in total. No explanation is given for how he survived being locked in Mike's room with man eating lions or reverted from being a homicidal ax-wielding maniac. A postman is played by Lenny Henry while Jools Holland portrays a bank customer (with outlandish punk hairstyle) and Stephen Frost makes an appearance without his comedy partner", "title": "Summer Holiday (The Young Ones)" }, { "id": "15360364", "score": "1.6500313", "text": "to star in \"The Young Ones\", a sitcom in the same anarchic style as \"The Comic Strip\". (Richardson later decided not to proceed and was replaced by Christopher Ryan.) The show revolved around the shared house where four students lived during their studies at Scumbag College. It was noted at the time of its first airing for its violent slapstick, and the series retains a cult following. During this time, Edmondson also appeared in a bank advertisement in what was basically his \"Vyvyan\" guise. Following the success of \"The Comic Strip Presents...\" and, to a greater extent, \"The Young Ones\",", "title": "Ade Edmondson" }, { "id": "1530181", "score": "1.6478224", "text": "episode is his major concern when the house is transported back to the Middle Ages in 'Time'. He avoids sleep, believing that it causes cancer, and in the episode \"Boring\" he is shown to merely be standing at his window waiting for dawn. Neil frequently demonstrates a very literal interpretation of terms and phrases. For example, when Vyvyan says that his mother used to be a shoplifter, Neil responds \"She doesn't look strong enough... to lift shops\". Neil wants the others to feel sorry for him, or just acknowledge his presence. He claims \"the most interesting thing that ever happens", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" }, { "id": "1530194", "score": "1.6432339", "text": "episode, the four students steal a red AEC Routemaster after robbing a bank (Special Patrol Group dies during their escape), only to drive it through a billboard with a picture of Cliff Richard on it and then over a cliff, which the bus tumbles down until it comes to rest at the bottom, at which point they proclaim—in unison—\"Phew! That was close!\", after which the bus explodes. Although Vyvyan and some of the others have had (what should have been) fatal accidents before without suffering any real effects, this time it really signified the end of the series. Even so,", "title": "The Young Ones (TV series)" } ]

[ "minder", "Minder" ]

[ { "id": "8921465", "score": "1.7319783", "text": "featured as a soundtrack in several movies and TV shows within the country. It was later covered by local artist Ariel Rivera. His composition \"I Could Be So Good For You\" was recorded by Dennis Waterman for the theme tune of the ITV series \"Minder\" and became a Top 10 hit single in the United Kingdom during 1980. It also gained an Ivor Novello Award for Kenny. In 1983, he began to work with Alan Jay Lerner on a musical adaption of \"My Man Godfrey\", but Lerner died before it could be completed. However, two of the song the pair", "title": "Gerard Kenny" }, { "id": "2097625", "score": "1.6718605", "text": "(with blue tint) still photographs of Arthur and Terry together outside famous London landmarks, and a few hinting of (unseen) previous escapades typical of a standard episode plot. In the later Gary Webster series, this changed to Arthur and Ray walking along Southend Pier, over a mile long: at the end Arthur realises he has left his lighter at the other end of the pier and they start to walk back to find it. The theme tune, \"I Could Be So Good for You\", was released on 13 October 1980 and originally written in 1979 by Gerard Kenny and Patricia", "title": "Minder (TV series)" }, { "id": "15680209", "score": "1.6011796", "text": "a single in the United Kingdom, was a song the group had performed in concert for many years previously. Track \"I Could Be So Good for You\" is included to signify the beginning of the television series \"Minder\", though the song itself wasn't a hit until 1980. The group continue (in 2018) to perform the show around the United Kingdom and have received good reviews. The Seventies Story The Seventies Story is a 2002 album by pop group Brotherhood of Man. It is based on a live stage show the group had undertaken at the time. The show reflects on", "title": "The Seventies Story" }, { "id": "2923148", "score": "1.5871608", "text": "became well known and something of a pin-up as DS George Carter in \"The Sweeney\" during the 1970s. As well as starring in \"Minder\", he sang the theme song, \"I Could Be So Good for You\", which was a top three UK hit in 1980 and a top ten hit in Australia. It was written by his then-wife Patricia Waterman with Gerard Kenny. Waterman also recorded a song with George Cole: \"What Are We Gonna Get For 'Er Indoors?\" In 1976 Waterman released his first album, \"Downwind of Angels\", arranged and produced by Brian Bennett. A single, \"I Will Glide\",", "title": "Dennis Waterman" }, { "id": "16293329", "score": "1.5273058", "text": "So Good (B.o.B song) \"So Good\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist B.o.B. The song, released via digital download on February 21, 2012, is the second single from his second studio album \"Strange Clouds\". The single was issued physically in Germany on May 4. The song features production and additional vocals from Ryan Tedder, the frontman of the pop rock band OneRepublic. The song is also in the 2013 film \"The Internship\", starring Owen Wilson and Vince Vaughn, as well as the first episode of Netflix's romantic comedy television series, \"Love\". Digital Spy gave the following review", "title": "So Good (B.o.B song)" }, { "id": "5841333", "score": "1.523617", "text": "by Association Vol. 1\" compilation. Coldplay performed the song with Gary Barlow at Shepherd's Bush Empire, London in aid of War Child in 2009. The song's popularity and quality led to an urban myth that it had secretly been written by Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees. Gibb later commented that he had \"never even heard\" the song. \"If it touches people, it's a good song,\" remarked Noel Gallagher. \"You know, people go on about Take That – but 'Back for Good' \"said\" something to me. And if it touches me…\"' The song was released on 27 March 1995 and", "title": "Back for Good (song)" }, { "id": "2923157", "score": "1.5222065", "text": "tunes for at least four of the programmes in which he has starred, namely for \"Minder\", \"New Tricks\", \"On the Up\" and \"Stay Lucky\". It is common to misattribute the \"Minder\" theme tune (\"I Could Be So Good for You\") to Dennis Waterman. Although he was the singer on the theme song, it was written by his then partner Patricia Maynard and Gerard Kenny. In November 2006, Waterman made a guest appearance in a \"Little Britain\" stage show, alongside the comedy character version of himself. Dennis Waterman Dennis Waterman (born 24 February 1948) is an English actor and singer, best", "title": "Dennis Waterman" }, { "id": "11517599", "score": "1.5113083", "text": "I'd say could you be loved.\" 7\" Single 7\" Single British singer Joe Cocker covered \"Could You Be Loved\" on his 1997 album \"Across from Midnight\". The single peaked at number 1 in Hungary. CD-Singles Could You Be Loved \"Could You Be Loved\" is a song by Jamaican reggae band Bob Marley and the Wailers. It was released in 1980 on their last album \"Uprising\" and is included on Bob Marley & The Wailers greatest hits album \"Legend\". It was written in 1979 on an aeroplane while The Wailers were experimenting on guitar. In the middle of the song, background", "title": "Could You Be Loved" }, { "id": "9045415", "score": "1.5056077", "text": "the album on 25 April 2005. It was backed with live recordings of the Cream song \"Sunshine of Your Love\" and the previously unreleased track \"Bulletproof\". The single reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. In a review of the album for the website Gigwise, writer Alex Lai praised \"You're So Right for Me\" for \"picking up the pace\" after preceding track \"To Die For\", but concluded by claiming that it \"isn't their best work\". The music video for \"You're So Right for Me\" was directed by Jake Nava and first aired in the week of 11 April 2005.", "title": "You're So Right for Me" }, { "id": "3091190", "score": "1.502377", "text": "I'll Be There for You (The Rembrandts song) \"I'll Be There for You\" is a song recorded by the American duo The Rembrandts. It is best known as the theme song to the American sitcom \"Friends\", which premiered in September 1994 and ended in May 2004. The song was also released as the first single from the group's third studio album \"LP\", reaching the top 10 in Australia, New Zealand, and Norway, as well as in Ireland and the United Kingdom in both 1995 and 1997. In Canada, the song reached number one for five weeks and was the highest-selling", "title": "I'll Be There for You (The Rembrandts song)" }, { "id": "18080699", "score": "1.489135", "text": "in the UK. \"Billboard\" named it KD Lang's sixth-best song. If I Were You (k.d. lang song) \"If I Were You\" is a 1995 single written by k.d. lang and Ben Mink and performed by k.d. lang. The single was the first release from lang's All You Can Eat album. \"If I Were You\" proved to be a hit in lang's native Canada, where it went to #24 on the Canadian pop chart and #4 on the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart. On the US charts, the single was lang's second and last number one on the dance chart. Overseas, \"If", "title": "If I Were You (k.d. lang song)" }, { "id": "10171484", "score": "1.4858193", "text": "We Could Be So Good Together \"We Could Be So Good Together\" is a song by American rock band the Doors, appearing as the ninth song on their 1968 album, \"Waiting for the Sun\", but was initially released as the B-side of the single \"The Unknown Soldier\". The song was recorded during the sessions for \"Strange Days\", and appears on an early track listing for the album. The song has been described (for example in \"No One Here Gets Out Alive\") as lead singer Jim Morrison's way of telling his audience what kind of world they would be able to", "title": "We Could Be So Good Together" }, { "id": "3090496", "score": "1.4852265", "text": "1992, featured the minor successes \"Johnny, Have You Seen Her?\" and \"Chase the Clouds Away\". Another track from the album, \"Rollin' Down the Hill\", was used in the film \"Dumb and Dumber\". \"I'll Be There for You,\" the theme for the sitcom \"Friends\", reached No. 1 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart for several weeks before being released as a single and peaking at No. 17 on the U.S. Billboard charts. The single has been released in other countries, including the UK, where it reached No. 3 in 1995 and No. 5 in 1997. The success of \"Friends\" has caused", "title": "The Rembrandts" }, { "id": "16336728", "score": "1.4710546", "text": "track was written by Wilko & produced by Gordon Hammer. British electronic group The Prodigy sampled the song for their 1994 hit single \"No Good (Start the Dance)\". In 2000, British UK garage duo Oxide & Neutrino interpolated \"You're No Good for Me\" on their second single \"No Good 4 Me\", which was taken from their debut album \"Execute\" (2001). The song features vocals from fellow So Solid Crew members Megaman, Romeo and Lisa Maffia and also contains elements from \"No Good (Start the Dance)\" by The Prodigy. The single peaked at No. 6 on the UK Singles Chart and", "title": "You're No Good for Me" }, { "id": "8179230", "score": "1.4702072", "text": "the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack not performed by the Bee Gees, \"If I Can't Have You\" would become the fourth number 1 hit from the film, reaching the top spot on the Hot 100 in \"Billboard\" dated 13 May 1978, ending an eight-week number 1 tenure by \"Night Fever\". \"If I Can't Have You\" was the fourth consecutive US number 1 to be co-written by Barry Gibb, and the sixth consecutive to be released on the RSO record label. The B-side of the single was a track from the \"Love Me\" album, \"Good Sign\", a composition by Melissa Manchester and", "title": "If I Can't Have You" }, { "id": "8789618", "score": "1.4673467", "text": "also recorded by a number of other artists including B J Thomas, Sammy Davis Jr. and Tom Jones. Biographer Chris Bolton notes in the sleevenotes of the 2009 reissue on the Edsel record label that \"I Could Be So Good For You\", was Kenny's attempt to \"go Disco\" and suggests the Disco influence may be the reason only one single was pulled from this album. Bolton goes on to call \"Momma's Waiting\" a close cousin of Merle Haggard's \"Mama Tried\" and states the album features songs that are a lot more pop slanted -on the whole- than any of Rogers'", "title": "Love or Something Like It" }, { "id": "5841332", "score": "1.4624697", "text": "attempt to play the song for Marsha, a la the boombox scene from \"Say Anything...\" It also featured in the final episode of Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant's \"The Office\" as a love theme for characters Tim (Martin Freeman) and Dawn (Lucy Davis). Gary Barlow stated on ITV1's \"An Audience with Take That Live\" broadcast on 2 December 2006 that there were 89 versions recorded by other artists. \"Back for Good\" was covered by Boyz II Men for their \"Love\" album, by The Wedding Present for their \"How the West Was Won\" album, and by The Concretes on the \"Guilt", "title": "Back for Good (song)" }, { "id": "11517598", "score": "1.4550663", "text": "on the original record of this song are guitars, bass, drums, acoustic piano, the Hohner clavinet and an organ, as well as the Brazilian cuíca. Marley's song was played straight after the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final. UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Jon Jones used this song for his walkout music at UFC 152. The song has been played in various movies including: The song appears in the 2013 video game \"Just Dance 2014\". Ska punk band Sublime mentioned \"Could You Be Loved\" in their song \"Don't Push\" (from their 1992 album \"40oz. to Freedom\"), saying \"If I was Bob Marley", "title": "Could You Be Loved" }, { "id": "16861528", "score": "1.4528348", "text": "as the album's lead single, becoming a top-ten hit in the UK and also peaking within the top-twenty of the Irish Singles and US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. It was her first and remains her only entry on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The album's fourth and final single is a cover of the Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway single \"Where Is the Love\" and features American singer-songwriter Will Downing. \"So Good\" achieved generally positive reviews from critics. In a retrospective review, AllMusic editor, Alex Henderson praised Paris's \"fine range\", describing her as an \"earthy singer\" and compared her to", "title": "So Good (Mica Paris album)" }, { "id": "12518424", "score": "1.4527462", "text": "of print following the release of Newton-John's 1973 album, \"Let Me Be There\", and became a rare collector's item. However, the original American edition of \"Let Me Be There\" features six tracks from \"If Not for You\". The album was first released on CD in Japan in 1990 as part of the EMI PASTMASTERS series (Cat.# CP21-6074). The album was simply called \"Olivia Newton-John\", which was the full title of the original vinyl / cassette release in England in 1971. (It was initially released as \"Olivia Newton-John\" in England, and \"If Not for You\" in foreign territories, including the US", "title": "If Not for You (album)" } ]

[ "Chancellor", "temporal chancellor", "Temporal chancellor", "Chingsang", "great chancellor", "Great Chancellor", "chancelier federal", "Great chancellor", "staatskanzler", "chancellour", "deputy chancellor", "Chancellier fédéral", "Chancellier federal", "Chancelier federal", "Chancelier fédéral", "Chancellors", "chingsang", "chancelier fédéral", "Chancellour", "chancellier federal", "Deputy Chancellor", "chancellor", "chancellors", "chancellier fédéral", "Staatskanzler" ]

[ { "id": "774744", "score": "1.7574189", "text": "Churchill had requisitioned the bulk of the supply of the paper's newsprint so it reduced its size from eight pages to four. In the meantime, the government took action to protect the men who decided to return to work. On 8 May 1926, there was a dramatic moment on the London Docks. Lorries were protected by the army. They broke the picket line and transported food to Hyde Park. That showed that the government was in greater control of the situation. It was also a measure of Baldwin's rationalism, in place of Churchill's more reactionary stance. Churchill had wanted, in", "title": "1926 United Kingdom general strike" }, { "id": "21005259", "score": "1.7504497", "text": "John Gibbs Churchill John \"Jack\" Gibbs Churchill (7 February 1905–2 December 1975) was a New Zealand trade unionist and local politician. For six years he was the Mayor of Otaki. Churchill was born 7 February 1905 in Wellington. He was educated at Terrace School and then Wellington College. In 1929 he married Hilda Kate Barley. That same year he entered employment with the New Zealand Post Office as a Mechanician. He rose to become a Senior Mechanician and then a Departmental Welfare Officer. He was a leading figure in the New Zealand Post Office and Telegraph Association. In 1937 he", "title": "John Gibbs Churchill" }, { "id": "11427918", "score": "1.7473319", "text": "the general strike of 1926, Churchill was reported to have suggested that machine guns be used on the striking miners. Churchill edited the government's newspaper, the \"British Gazette\", and, during the dispute, he argued that \"either the country will break the general strike, or the general strike will break the country.\" Furthermore, he controversially claimed that the fascism of Benito Mussolini had \"rendered a service to the whole world,\" showing, as it had, \"a way to combat subversive forces\"—that is, he considered Mussolini's regime to be a bulwark against the perceived threat of Communist revolution. At one point, Churchill went", "title": "Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939" }, { "id": "774740", "score": "1.6964624", "text": "strike call was immediate and overwhelming and surprised both the government and the TUC; the latter not being in control of the strike. On this first day, there were no major initiatives and no dramatic events except for the nation's transport being at a standstill. On 5 May 1926, both sides gave their views. Churchill (at that time Chancellor of the Exchequer) commented as editor of the government newspaper \"British Gazette\": \"I do not agree that the TUC have as much right as the Government to publish their side of the case and to exhort their followers to continue action.", "title": "1926 United Kingdom general strike" }, { "id": "11427912", "score": "1.6798942", "text": "\"Anyone can rat, but it takes a certain ingenuity to re-rat.\" Churchill was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1924 under Stanley Baldwin and oversaw Britain's disastrous return to the gold standard, which resulted in deflation, unemployment, and the miners' strike that led to the General Strike of 1926. His decision, announced in the 1924 budget, came after long consultation with treasury officials, various economists, and the board of the Bank of England. Churchill was sceptical about the benefits of returning to the gold standard, and widely questioned the almost unanimous advice he was receiving that it was necessary. The", "title": "Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1926 United Kingdom general strike\n\nThe 1926 general strike in the United Kingdom was a general strike that lasted nine days, from 4 to 12 May 1926. It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the British government to act to prevent wage reductions and worsening conditions for 1.2 million locked-out coal miners. Some 1.7 million workers went out, especially in transport and heavy industry. The government was well prepared, and enlisted middle class volunteers to maintain essential services. There was little violence and the TUC gave up in defeat.", "title": "1926 United Kingdom general strike" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939\n\nThis article documents the career of Winston Churchill in Parliament from its beginning in 1900 to the start of his term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in World War II.\n\nChurchill entered Parliament as member for Oldham in 1900 as a Conservative. He changed parties in 1904 after increasing disagreement with the mainstream Conservative policy of protectionist tariffs preferentially favouring trade with the British Empire, joining the Liberals and winning the seat of Manchester North West. His political ascent was rapid; he became, successively, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, and First Lord of the Admiralty, all before he was 40 years old.\n\nHis career suffered a severe check in 1915, after his support for the failed Dardanelles Campaign during World War I, and the subsequent formation of the first Coalition. Temporarily leaving politics, he served on the Western Front before rejoining the Government after David Lloyd George had replaced H. H. Asquith as prime minister. He served as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, and Secretary of State for the Colonies before the downfall of the Coalition in 1922 when he also lost his seat in Parliament.\n\nAfter contesting two seats unsuccessfully as an independent, he was elected to Epping in 1924 with the backing of local Conservatives, officially rejoining the Conservative Party the following year. He immediately became Chancellor of the Exchequer, retaining the post until the fall of the Conservative government in 1929, and presided over the return of the United Kingdom to the Gold Standard exchange rate system. In opposition after 1929, Churchill became isolated, opposing Indian independence, advocating the unpopular policy of rearmament in the face of a resurgent Germany, and supporting King Edward VIII in the abdication crisis. By 1939, he had been out of Cabinet for ten years, and his career seemed all but over.", "title": "Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Aneurin Bevan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Winston Churchill" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "British Gazette\n\nThe British Gazette was a short-lived British state newspaper published by the government during the General Strike of 1926.\n\nOne of the first groups of workers called out by the Trades Union Congress when the general strike began on 3 May were the printers, and consequently most newspapers appeared only in truncated form. In order to propagate the government's point of view His Majesty's Stationery Office decided to produce an official publication printed on the presses of the Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies. Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill, a former journalist, was appointed the paper's editor and wrote much of its material.\n\nThe \"Gazette\" first appeared on the morning of 5 May. It was highly condemnatory of the strike and was open that it had no editorial independence. The TUC produced its own newspaper, the \"British Worker\" (subtitled \"Official Strike News Edition\"), however they were unable to match the government's ability to produce and distribute the \"Gazette\", with the \"Gazette\"'s circulation rising as high as 2,000,000. From issue 4, the masthead contained the invitation \"Please pass on this copy or display it\". The \"Gazette\" ran to only eight editions before the strike collapsed; the last edition, on 13 May 1926, had the headline \"General Strike Off\".\n\nOn 7 July 1926, at the end of a debate in Parliament on whether to grant the money to pay for the \"British Gazette\", Churchill responded to Labour MP A. A. Purcell's speculation about what would happen in future general strikes with the words \"Make your minds perfectly clear that if ever you let loose upon us again a general strike, we will loose upon you (pause) another \"British Gazette\"!\" The statement drew laughter and applause from both sides and defused some of the lingering political tension in the debate.\n\n", "title": "British Gazette" }, { "id": "453105", "score": "1.6516129", "text": "granted. He stood for the Liberals again in the 1923 general election, losing in Leicester West. In January 1924, the first Labour Government had taken office amid fears of threats to the Constitution. Churchill was noted at the time for being particularly hostile to socialism. He believed that the Labour Party, as a socialist party, did not fully support the existing British Constitution. In March 1924, aged 49, he sought election at the Westminster Abbey by-election, 1924. He had originally sought the backing of the local Unionist association, which happened to be called the Westminster Abbey Constitutional Association, so he", "title": "Winston Churchill" }, { "id": "11427860", "score": "1.6318438", "text": "still at the Board of Trade in 1909, Churchill was accosted with a whip by suffragette Theresa Garnett. Churchill's proposed solution was a referendum on the issue but this found no favour with Herbert Henry Asquith and women's suffrage remained unresolved until after World War I. In 1911, Churchill was transferred to the office of the First Lord of the Admiralty, a post he held into World War I. This was the year of the Agadir Crisis, with which Churchill opens \"The World Crisis\", his account of World War One. His first major act was to replace all but one", "title": "Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939" }, { "id": "453111", "score": "1.6252664", "text": "Cabinet, recommending that the route of food convoys from the docks into London should be guarded by tanks, armoured cars and hidden machine guns. This was rejected by the Cabinet. Exaggerated accounts of Churchill's belligerency during the strike soon began to circulate. Immediately afterward, the \"New Statesman\" claimed that Churchill had been leader of a \"war party\" in the Cabinet and had wished to use military force against the strikers. He consulted the Attorney-General Sir Douglas Hogg, who advised that although he had a good case for criminal libel, it would be inadvisable to have confidential Cabinet discussions aired in", "title": "Winston Churchill" }, { "id": "4119093", "score": "1.6251209", "text": "proposed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Winston Churchill, especially regarding the construction of new cruisers. He served as deputy chief civil commissioner during the general strike of 1926, with responsibility for publicity. He also managed the short-lived \"British Gazette\" during the strike and arranged for the broadcasting of official bulletins. In 1926 Davidson left the government to take up the post of Chairman of the Conservative Party, which he remained until 1930. He was primarily charged with raising cash for the party and cleaning up the honours system, which had fallen into disrepute following informal cash-for-honours system instigated by", "title": "J. C. C. Davidson" }, { "id": "3173762", "score": "1.6047347", "text": "Committee to help co-ordinate responses to government action during the 1926 general strike. In Parliament, he became a front bench spokesman on trade, staunchly criticising the protectionist policies of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Winston Churchill. He also spoke on agriculture, local government and on social security, where he called for increased welfare, citing the suffering of his own constituents during the depression. In early 1929, Alexander applied for the position of General Secretary of the Co-operative Union, but was beaten by Robert Palmer. Within weeks, he became a member of the cabinet in the second Labour government. Although many", "title": "A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough" }, { "id": "4125286", "score": "1.5907252", "text": "Gallipoli campaign he had been demoted to a sinecure post (Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster) in Asquith's new Coalition Government, from which he resigned at the end of 1915. The Conservatives initially blocked him from having a post in David Lloyd George's new government in December 1916; he was eventually appointed Minister of Munitions in July 1917. After the war, Churchill had served as a Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer, before entering the political wilderness. His past views and actions on domestic issues, most notably his opposition to the 1926 United Kingdom general strike, did not make him a", "title": "Norway Debate" }, { "id": "2081429", "score": "1.5827022", "text": "down as deputy leader and went back to the Bar again. Unlike Lloyd George, Simon opposed the General Strike in 1926. On 6 May 1926, the fourth day of the Strike, he declared in the House of Commons that the General Strike was illegal. He argued that the strike was not entitled to the legal privileges of the Trade Disputes Act 1906, and that the union bosses would be \"liable to the utmost farthing\" in damages for the harm they inflicted on businesses and for inciting the men to break their contracts of employment. Simon was highly respected as an", "title": "John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon" }, { "id": "774732", "score": "1.5809733", "text": "1926 United Kingdom general strike The 1926 general strike in the United Kingdom was a general strike that lasted nine days, from 3 May 1926 to 12 May 1926. It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the British government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for 1.2 million locked-out coal miners. Some 1.7 million workers went out, especially in transport and heavy industry. The government was prepared and enlisted middle class volunteers to maintain essential services. There was little violence and the TUC gave up", "title": "1926 United Kingdom general strike" }, { "id": "11427850", "score": "1.5764403", "text": "social reforms which have become known as the Liberal reforms. The first of these, passed while Churchill was still Colonial Undersecretary, the Trade Disputes Act 1906 overturned the Taff Vale Case by providing that unions were not liable for damages caused by strike action. His direct achievements at the Board of Trade were considerable particularly in employment law. He was responsible for the Coal Mines Regulation Act 1908, which provided for an 8-hour day in all mines; the Trade Boards Act 1909, which established the first minimum wage system in Britain, mandating rates for both time- and piece-work for 200,000", "title": "Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939" }, { "id": "21005260", "score": "1.5748782", "text": "was elected on to the executive of the association and two years later was elected as Vice-President. He then served as its President from 1943 to 1946 when he resigned to take up a position on the association's permanent staff as associate secretary. He later became General Secretary of the association from 1958 to 1964 when he retired. In 1950 Churchill won a seat on the Wellington City Council on a Labour ticket which he was to hold until 1964 when he decided not stand for re-election. He had twice stood for the council previously but been unsuccessful. He became", "title": "John Gibbs Churchill" }, { "id": "774751", "score": "1.5716339", "text": "it a mistake. They decided that action by political parties was a better solution. However, the country came close to a one-day general strike on 31 July 1972. over the imprisonment of the Pentonville Five. 1926 United Kingdom general strike The 1926 general strike in the United Kingdom was a general strike that lasted nine days, from 3 May 1926 to 12 May 1926. It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the British government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for 1.2 million locked-out coal", "title": "1926 United Kingdom general strike" }, { "id": "453069", "score": "1.571142", "text": "Churchill became Under-Secretary of State for the Colonial Office, a position that he had requested. He worked beneath the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin, and took Edward Marsh as his secretary; the latter remained Churchill's secretary for 25 years. In this junior ministerial position, Churchill was first tasked with helping to draft a constitution for the Transvaal. In 1906, he helped oversee the granting of a government to the Orange Free State. In dealing with southern Africa, he sought to ensure equality between the British and Boer. He also announced a gradual phasing", "title": "Winston Churchill" }, { "id": "3943662", "score": "1.5637597", "text": "the invitation \"Please pass on this copy or display it\". The \"Gazette\" ran to only eight editions before the strike collapsed; the last edition had the headline \"General Strike Off\". Churchill enjoyed his time on the \"Gazette\" but did not take it entirely seriously. On 7 July 1926, at the end of a debate in Parliament on whether to grant the money to pay for the \"British Gazette\", Churchill responded to Labour MP A. A. Purcell's speculation about what would happen in future general strikes with the words \"Make your minds perfectly clear that if ever you let loose upon", "title": "British Gazette" }, { "id": "13913650", "score": "1.5610476", "text": "going to sack Winston Churchill? That is the issue.\" However the Labour candidate won the seat with a majority of 3,431. Noel Whiteside Borras Noel Hamilton Whiteside (12 December 1903 – 13 June 1948) was a British company director and politician, who served a single term as a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP). He was noted for his interest in aviation, being a private pilot and frequently raising the issue of air defence in Parliament. During the Second World War he was a senior civil servant; at the end he fought again for a seat in Parliament but was unsuccessful.", "title": "Noel Whiteside" }, { "id": "4541451", "score": "1.5586404", "text": "Labour Party and TUC leaders were blocked by the Government; in partial response, he personally vetoed a statement that Randall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury, wished to make, in the belief that allowing such a statement would give Winston Churchill both motive and opportunity to take over the BBC—something which Churchill had continually advocated since the beginning of the Strike. Reith admitted to his staff that he would have preferred to allow the Labour and TUC leaders to broadcast directly. A post-strike analysis carried out by the BBC's Programme Correspondence Department reported that of those polled, 3,696 commended the BBC's coverage,", "title": "BBC controversies" } ]

[ "wiredoo", "M c hammer", "stanley burrell", "Stanley Burrell", "MC Hammer", "WireDoo", "Stanley Kirk Burrell", "Mc Hammer", "Mchammer", "Too Tight(MC Hammer album)", "Family Affair (MC Hammer album)", "hammer crew", "too tight mc hammer album", "The hammer crew", "you shouldn t touch this", "Family Affair(MC Hammer album)", "M. C. Hammer", "Wiredoo", "McHammer", "Stanley K. Burrell", "hammer rapper", "m c hammer", "mc hammer", "stanley kirk burrell", "mchammer", "stanley k burrell", "family affair mc hammer album", "Mc hammer", "Hammer (rapper)", "You Shouldn't Touch This", "M.C. Hammer", "Too Tight (MC Hammer album)" ]

[ { "id": "5222964", "score": "1.9340305", "text": "April 1990 \"U Can't Touch This\" hit the Top 40. The song also secured a Best R&B Song and a Best Rap Solo Performance in 1991, a new category at the time and the first rap song to be nominated for Record of the Year. The single was a major success, reaching #1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and no. 8 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The track also performed successfully in other parts of the world, peaking at no. 1 in Australia, Netherlands, New Zealand and Sweden, and no. 3 on the UK Singles Chart. In", "title": "U Can't Touch This" }, { "id": "1455520", "score": "1.8389411", "text": "1990). It included the successful single \"U Can't Touch This\" (which sampled Rick James' \"Super Freak\"). It was produced, recorded, and mixed by Felton Pilate and James Earley on a modified tour bus while on tour in 1989. Despite heavy airplay and a No. 27 chart debut, \"U Can't Touch This\" stopped at No. 8 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart because it was released only as a twelve-inch single. However, the album was a No. 1 success for 21 weeks, due primarily to this single, the first time ever for a recording on the pop charts. The song has", "title": "MC Hammer" }, { "id": "5222965", "score": "1.7594752", "text": "September 1990, the video for \"U Can't Touch This\" won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video and Best Dance Video and was nominated for Best Male Video, Best Editing, and Best Choreography. In 1991, \"Kids Incorporated\" covered \"U Can't Touch This\" in the Season 7 episode \"Pipe Dreams\". In 1999, MTV's \"100 Greatest Videos Ever Made\" included \"U Can't Touch This\" at No. 71. In October 2000, VH1's \"\"100 Greatest Dance Songs\"\" included \"U Can't Touch This\" at No. 88. In May 2001, VH1's \"100 Greatest Videos\" included \"U Can't Touch This\" at No. 59. In August", "title": "U Can't Touch This" }, { "id": "5222960", "score": "1.7453706", "text": "U Can't Touch This \"U Can't Touch This\" is a song co-written, produced and performed by MC Hammer from his 1990 album \"Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em\". The track is considered to be Hammer's signature song and is his most successful single. Along with Hammer, Rick James shares songwriting credits with Alonzo Miller because the song samples the prominent opening riff of \"Super Freak\". The song has been used or referenced in multiple television shows, films, commercials and other forms of media. It has also received numerous awards and recognitions. The song is notable as the winner of the Best", "title": "U Can't Touch This" }, { "id": "4434156", "score": "1.7269506", "text": "ten million. It remains one of the genre's all-time best-selling albums. To date, the album has sold as many as 22 million units in the U.S and 29.2 million units worldwide as of 2015. \"Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em\" was released on February 12, 1990, and featured the successful single \"U Can't Touch This\" (which sampled Rick James' 1981 single \"Super Freak\"). It was produced, recorded, and mixed by Felton Pilate and James Earley on a modified tour bus in 1989. Despite heavy airplay and a #27 chart debut, \"U Can't Touch This\" peaked at #8 on the \"Billboard\" Hot", "title": "Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em" }, { "id": "5222961", "score": "1.7189949", "text": "R&B Song and a Best Rap Solo Performance and the first rap song to be nominated for Record of the Year at the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards in 1991 as well as the Best Rap Video and Best Dance Video at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards. It peaked at No. 1 in the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and on the charts in several countries. The song samples the prominent opening riff of the Rick James song \"Super Freak\", which is repeated throughout the recording. The lyrics describe Hammer as having \"toured around the world, from London to", "title": "U Can't Touch This" }, { "id": "4434155", "score": "1.6809008", "text": "chart at number one because it peaked there for 28 weeks. Hammer, being good friends with Arsenio Hall, was invited to first perform \"U Can't Touch This\" prior to its release, on \"The Arsenio Hall Show\" in late 1989. The album singles released all proved to be successful on radio and video television, with \"U Can't Touch This\", \"Pray\", \"Have You Seen Her\", \"Here Comes the Hammer\" and \"Yo!! Sweetness\" (UK only) all charting. The album raised rap music to a new level of popularity. It was the first hip-hop album certified diamond by the RIAA for sales of over", "title": "Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em" }, { "id": "5758909", "score": "1.649581", "text": "number 6 in October. From Italy, 49ers scored two of the biggest dance hits of the year; \"Touch Me\" peaked at number 3, and the follow-up, \"Don't You Love Me\", which contained a sample from Jody Watley's song \"Don't You Want Me\", made number 12. Meanwhile, Dutch trio Twenty 4 Seven hit the Top 20 twice with their two hits, \"I Can't Stand It\" (No.7) and \"Are You Dreaming\" (No.17); both tracks were fronted by US rapper, Captain Hollywood. Manchester in the UK was the base of 808 State who scored two Top 10 hits this year, one with fellow", "title": "1990 in British music" }, { "id": "5758910", "score": "1.6100698", "text": "Mancunian rapper MC Tunes, \"The Only Rhyme That Bites\", and one on their own, \"Cubik/Olympic\", both tracks reached No.10. Londonbeat hit the charts in the summer of 1990 with \"I've Been Thinking About You\" and The Adventures Of Stevie V released the summer anthem of 1990 \"Dirty Cash\" which reached No.2 in July. The KLF, who were formerly in the charts as The Timelords back in 1988, had a huge club and chart comeback with \"What Time is Love?\" which made No.5 in September. This started a successful run of hits that continued through to 1992. A problem occurred in", "title": "1990 in British music" }, { "id": "5222968", "score": "1.6034354", "text": "group, parodies this song as \"Dokundur\" in \"Bol Vitamin\" album in 1990 and as \"Sürtündürt\" in \"Grup Vitamin\" one in 1991. The TV sitcom \"Mrs. Brown's Boys\" performed \"U Can't Touch This\" as a dance routine at the end of the 2015 Christmas episode. It is also played by Agnes Brown's Christmas tree, that punches anyone who gets too close; the tree says the opening \"U Can't Touch This!\", then boxing gloves extend, punching the would-be thief. The Annoying Orange parodies the song as \"Can't Squash This\". The theme song for the British children comedy talk TV show Hacker Time", "title": "U Can't Touch This" }, { "id": "5222966", "score": "1.5866356", "text": "2005, \"U Can't Touch This\" was certified gold. In December 2007, VH1's \"100 Greatest Songs of the 90s\" included the song at No. 16. During 2008, the song ranked as No. 26 on VH1's \"100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop\". The song is used comically in various films of the 2000s and 2010s such as \"Bubble Boy\", \"\", \"Kung Pow! Enter the Fist\", \"Shark Tale\", \"White Chicks\", \"Racing Stripes\", \"\" and \"\", among others. In 1991, a parody entitled \"I Can't Watch This\" was released by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic for his album \"Off the Deep End\", with lyrics complaining about", "title": "U Can't Touch This" }, { "id": "2438929", "score": "1.5638969", "text": "in 1985 and his appearance on the popular TV show, \"The A-Team\". James's subsequent releases failed to sell as well as their predecessors. Rapper MC Hammer sampled James's \"Super Freak\" for his 1990 hit, \"U Can't Touch This\", and James became the 1991 recipient of a Best R&B Song Grammy for composing the song. James's career was hampered by his drug addiction by the early 1990s. In 1993, James was convicted for two separate instances of kidnapping and torturing two different women while under the influence of crack cocaine, resulting in a three-year sentence at Folsom State Prison. James was", "title": "Rick James" }, { "id": "14507697", "score": "1.5603154", "text": "single, the semi-autobiographical \"Tar Top,\" peaked at number seven that November, breaking the streak. A new streak would be started in early 1988 with the song \"Face to Face\". This song is unrelated to Stan Bush's song of a similar title from the Transformers movie. Works cited \"You've Got\" the Touch \"\"You've Got\" the Touch\" is a song written by Lisa Palas, John Jarrard and Will Robinson, and recorded by American country music band Alabama. The song, a ballad done in the band's signature mellow style, was released in December 1986, as the second and final single from the album", "title": "\"You've Got\" the Touch" }, { "id": "1455518", "score": "1.5564518", "text": "Vanilla Ice, despite later rumors that there was a \"beef\" between the two rappers which was addressed during the height of both their careers on Hall's show, and who he would later reunite with in a 2009 concert in Salt Lake City, Utah). Therefore, Hammer was first invited to perform the song \"U Can't Touch This\", prior to its release, on \"The Arsenio Hall Show\" in 1989. He also performed \"Dancing Machine\" in a version that appeared in the same-titled movie. Hammer used some of the proceeds from this album to install a rolling recording studio in the back of", "title": "MC Hammer" }, { "id": "15934149", "score": "1.5512297", "text": "African success, WEA / Eternal (part of Warner Music) in the UK picked up the license. In 2002, a promo 12” vinyl and CD single was released featuring remixes by Almighty, Xenomania and Nip & Tuck. \"U Touch Me\" is published by Robroy Music UK CD SAM00675 (2002) Dawnay Dawnay is a South African singer, producer and song writer best known for his hit \"U Touch Me\" which broke records in South Africa when it spent 22 weeks at the top of the charts in 2001, toppling artists such as Destiny's Child and Shaggy from the No. 1 position. Dawnay", "title": "Dawnay" }, { "id": "5222963", "score": "1.5405458", "text": "James as a songwriter, effectively granting James millions of dollars in royalties. The song was first performed publicly on a late 1989 episode of \"The Arsenio Hall Show.\" Because the song was not initially released as a single, listeners had to purchase the album, which as a result, went on to sell more than 18 million copies, gaining multi-platinum certifications from the RIAA, as well as in other countries. Directed by Rupert Wainwright, a music video was produced to promote the single, showing Hammer doing some of his signature dances, such as \"The Running Man\" and the \"Hammer Dance\". In", "title": "U Can't Touch This" }, { "id": "5222969", "score": "1.5375578", "text": "is a parody of the song, but the lyrics ended with \"Sorted Hacker Time\". The YouTube channel \"How It Should Have Ended\" created a parody, titled \"Not Worthy\", featuring various clips of Thor within the Marvel Cinematic Universe. U Can't Touch This \"U Can't Touch This\" is a song co-written, produced and performed by MC Hammer from his 1990 album \"Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em\". The track is considered to be Hammer's signature song and is his most successful single. Along with Hammer, Rick James shares songwriting credits with Alonzo Miller because the song samples the prominent opening riff of", "title": "U Can't Touch This" }, { "id": "2500118", "score": "1.526408", "text": "century by going retro. Many of these songs are as follows: \"U Can't Touch This\" by MC Hammer; \"Ice Ice Baby\" by Vanilla Ice; \"Jump Around\" by House of Pain; \"Mo Money Mo Problems\" and \"Big Poppa\" by Notorious B.I.G.; \"It Was a Good Day\" by Ice Cube; \"Regulate\" by Warren G and Nate Dogg; \"I'll Be Missing You\" by Puff Daddy featuring Faith Evans and 112; \"Ain't No Nigga\" by Jay-Z featuring Foxy Brown; \"Killing Me Softly\" by The Fugees; \"Feel So Good\" by Mase; \"Hey Lover\" by Boyz II Men featuring LL Cool J; \"C.R.E.A.M.\" by Wu-Tang Clan;", "title": "1990s in music" }, { "id": "4434163", "score": "1.5253816", "text": "and soundtrack. Rick James sued Hammer for infringement of copyright on the song \"U Can't Touch This\", but the suit was settled out of court when Hammer agreed to credit James as co-composer, effectively cutting James in on the millions of dollars the record was earning. Hammer was also sued by a former producer, Felton Pilate (who is also a member of the successful R&B band, Con Funk Shun) and by several of his former backers, and faced charges that performance troupe members endured an abusive, militaristic atmosphere. In 1992, Hammer also admitted in depositions and court documents to getting", "title": "Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em" }, { "id": "2788182", "score": "1.5239258", "text": "and an estimated 1.5 billion television viewers. It was the 35-year-old's first live performance following his 1982 accident. Pendergrass tearfully thanked the audience for keeping him in their well-wishes and then performed the Diana Ross classic \"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand).\" In 1988, Pendergrass scored his first R&B number-one hit in nearly a decade when the new jack swing-styled \"Joy,\" from his album of the same name, was released. A video of the song enjoyed heavy rotation on BET. It was also his final Hot 100 charted single, peaking at number 77. The album was certified Gold by the", "title": "Teddy Pendergrass" } ]

[ "Secretariat of State", "Secretary of State", "state secretariat", "State Secretaries", "Secretary of State (Luxembourg)", "State secretary", "secretary of state", "State Secretariats", "secreatary of state", "secretaries of state", "State Secretary", "Secreatary of State", "Secretary Of State", "Secretariats of State", "Secretary of state (Luxembourg)", "State Secretariat", "Secretary of State (Great Britain)", "secretary of state luxembourg", "state secretaries", "Secretary of States", "secretary of state great britain", "secretary of states", "Secretary of state", "state secretary", "state secretariats", "Secretaries of State", "secretariat of state", "secretariats of state" ]

[ { "id": "845157", "score": "1.7168372", "text": "History of the United States National Security Council 1969–74 This article is about the history of the United States National Security Council during the Nixon Administration, 1969–1974. U.S. President Richard Nixon and his National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, dominated the making of US foreign policy during the Nixon Presidency. As Nixon recalled in his memoirs: \"\"From the outset of my administration... I planned to direct foreign policy from the White House. Therefore I regarded my choice of a National Security Adviser as crucial.\"\" Henry Kissinger worked through a National Security Council apparatus he revised and fashioned to serve his needs", "title": "History of the United States National Security Council 1969–74" }, { "id": "845168", "score": "1.7152405", "text": "of either pushing his Department's views as chairman or dissociating himself from his subordinates. History of the United States National Security Council 1969–74 This article is about the history of the United States National Security Council during the Nixon Administration, 1969–1974. U.S. President Richard Nixon and his National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, dominated the making of US foreign policy during the Nixon Presidency. As Nixon recalled in his memoirs: \"\"From the outset of my administration... I planned to direct foreign policy from the White House. Therefore I regarded my choice of a National Security Adviser as crucial.\"\" Henry Kissinger worked", "title": "History of the United States National Security Council 1969–74" }, { "id": "11228866", "score": "1.6897004", "text": "National Security Council, which was led by National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger. Nixon's first Secretary of State, William P. Rogers, was largely sidelined during his tenure, and in 1973, Kissinger succeeded Rogers as Secretary of State while continuing to serve as National Security Advisor. Nixon presided over the reorganization of the Bureau of the Budget into the more powerful Office of Management and Budget, further concentrating executive power in the White House. He also created the Domestic Council, an organization charged with coordinating and formulating domestic policy. Nixon attempted to centralize control over the intelligence agencies, but he was generally", "title": "Presidency of Richard Nixon" }, { "id": "845172", "score": "1.6779425", "text": "essential to provide continuity following the constitutional crisis of Watergate. Himself untarnished by the scandal, Kissinger was able to continue to serve his dual roles on the National Security Council. However, when Ford began to think about re-election in 1975, Kissinger quickly came to be seen as a political liability by the President Ford Committee, the group set up to seek Ford's re-election in 1976. When Ford had taken power, it appeared that one key to his success would be building upon the foreign policy successes of President Nixon, his predecessor. But by mid-1975 these seemed to have unravelled, with", "title": "History of the United States National Security Council 1974–77" }, { "id": "14425469", "score": "1.6736875", "text": "hit a target in Cambodia. The intense bombing of Cambodia since February 1973 by the U.S. prevented the capture of Phnon Penh by the Khmer Rouge. However, Phnom Penh remained encircled by the Khmer Rouge army. The PAVN capture Plei Djereng Camp in the Central Highlands. Henry Kissinger became United States Secretary of State replacing William P. Rogers. The U.S. Congress adopted, over the President's veto, the War Powers Resolution of 1973 (50 U.S.C. 1541–1548) providing that the President can send U.S. armed forces into action abroad only by authorization of Congress or if the United States is already under", "title": "1973 in the Vietnam War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Henry Kissinger\n\nHenry Alfred Kissinger (; ; born Heinz Alfred Kissinger, May 27, 1923) is a German-born American politician, diplomat, and geopolitical consultant who served as United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. A Jewish refugee who fled Nazi Germany with his family in 1938, Kissinger excelled academically, receiving his BA degree \"summa cum laude\" from Harvard College in 1950, studying under William Yandell Elliott. He received his MA and PhD degrees at Harvard University in 1951 and 1954, respectively. For his actions negotiating a ceasefire in Vietnam, Kissinger received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize under controversial circumstances.<ref name=\"Feldman16\" />\n\nA practitioner of \"Realpolitik\", Kissinger played a prominent role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977, pioneering the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrating an opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, engaging in what became known as shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East to end the Yom Kippur War, and negotiating the Paris Peace Accords, which ended American involvement in the Vietnam War. Kissinger has also been associated with such controversial policies as U.S. involvement in the 1973 Chilean military coup, a \"green light\" to Argentina's military junta for their Dirty War, and U.S. support for Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War despite a genocide being perpetrated by Pakistan. After leaving government, he formed Kissinger Associates, an international geopolitical consulting firm. Kissinger has written over a dozen books on diplomatic history and international relations.\n\nKissinger remains a controversial and polarizing figure in U.S. politics, both venerated by some as a highly effective U.S. Secretary of State and condemned by others for allegedly tolerating or supporting war crimes committed by allied nation states during his tenure. A 2015 survey of top international relations scholars, conducted by College of William & Mary, ranked Kissinger as the most effective U.S. secretary of state in the 50 years to 2015.", "title": "Henry Kissinger" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Henry Kissinger and the Vietnam War\n\nHenry Kissinger, a noted American diplomat, played an important and controversial role in the Vietnam War.", "title": "Henry Kissinger and the Vietnam War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United States intervention in Chile\n\nUnited States intervention in Chilean politics started during the War of Chilean Independence (1812–1826). The influence of United States in both the economic and the political arenas of Chile has since gradually increased over the last two centuries, and continues to be significant.", "title": "United States intervention in Chile" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "1973 Chilean coup d'état" }, { "id": "845139", "score": "1.6657777", "text": "with his Tuesday Lunch Group and in 1966 officially turned over responsibility for the supervision and coordination of interdepartmental activities overseas to the Secretary of State, with mixed results. Under Presidents Nixon and Ford, Henry Kissinger's expanded NSC staff concentrated on acquiring analytical information from the various departments that would allow the National Security Adviser to put before the President the best possible range of options for decision. This system was in perfect accord with President Nixon's preference for detailed written expositions rather than interpersonal groupings. Kissinger concentrated on a handful of major issues and allowed some foreign matters to", "title": "History of the United States National Security Council" }, { "id": "174002", "score": "1.6652235", "text": "and the establishment of Liaison Offices in the Chinese and American capitals, with serious implications for Indochinese matters, full normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China would not occur until 1979, because the Watergate scandal overshadowed the latter years of the Nixon presidency and because the United States continued to recognize the Republic of China on Taiwan. In September 1989, the Wall Street Journal's John Fialka disclosed that Kissinger took a direct economic interest in US-China relations in March 1989 with the establishment of China Ventures, Inc., a Delaware limited partnership, of which he was chairman of the", "title": "Henry Kissinger" }, { "id": "174004", "score": "1.6644156", "text": "Adviser to Nixon. While still at Harvard, he had worked as a consultant on foreign policy to both the White House and State Department. Kissinger says that \"In August 1965 ... <nowiki>[</nowiki>Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.<nowiki>]</nowiki>, an old friend serving as Ambassador to Saigon, had asked me to visit Vietnam as his consultant. I toured Vietnam first for two weeks in October and November 1965, again for about ten days in July 1966, and a third time for a few days in October 1966 ... Lodge gave me a free hand to look into any subject of my choice\". He became", "title": "Henry Kissinger" }, { "id": "174039", "score": "1.6576746", "text": "multinational copper and gold producer with significant mining and milling operations in Papua, Indonesia. In February 2000, then-president of Indonesia Abdurrahman Wahid appointed Kissinger as a political advisor. He also serves as an honorary advisor to the United States-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce. From 2000–2006, Kissinger served as chairman of the board of trustees of Eisenhower Fellowships. In 2006, upon his departure from Eisenhower Fellowships, he received the Dwight D. Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service. In November 2002, he was appointed by President George W. Bush to chair the newly established National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States", "title": "Henry Kissinger" }, { "id": "14674160", "score": "1.6458256", "text": "1986. He died in New York City on March 17, 1996. He is buried in Waterford, Connecticut. Henry Kissinger appointed Enders to the role of Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs in 1973. Ender’s job was to corral the allies into a common approach to the energy crisis and prevent bilateralism from gaining the upper hand. The US spearheaded the International Energy Program (IEP) Agreement, underpinned by the International Energy Agency(IEA), which still exists today, as a counterweight to OPEC. To make the US credible on the IEA, Congress adopted our first energy legislation in 1975 promoting", "title": "Thomas O. Enders" }, { "id": "14886183", "score": "1.6350951", "text": "a mile in the moccasins\" of the military despots before she criticized them) for fear that his political appointees \"might share those names and their information with the oppressive foreign governments which would put her informants in greater peril.\" As the principal source of an October 1987 exposé published in \"The Nation\", Derian revealed that in June 1976 Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had secretly given a \"green light\" of approval to Argentina's new far-right military rulers for state terrorist policies against a purposely overblown left-wing guerrilla threat. \"It sickened me,\" said Derian upon revealing that in 1977, then-U.S. Ambassador", "title": "Patricia M. Derian" }, { "id": "11228888", "score": "1.6309874", "text": "China in February 1972. In the aftermath of the announcement, the United Nations passed Resolution 2758, which recognized the PRC as the legitimate government of China and expelled representatives from the ROC. In February 1972, Nixon traveled to China; Kissinger briefed Nixon for over 40 hours in preparation. Upon touching down in the Chinese capital of Beijing, the President and First Lady emerged from Air Force One and greeted Zhou. Nixon made a point of shaking Zhou's hand, something which then-Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had refused to do in 1954 when the two met in Geneva. Prior to", "title": "Presidency of Richard Nixon" }, { "id": "174037", "score": "1.6308844", "text": "independent nation fend off attacks from South Africa and right-wing guerrillas. Kissinger left office when Democrat Jimmy Carter defeated Republican Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential elections. Kissinger continued to participate in policy groups, such as the Trilateral Commission, and to maintain political consulting, speaking, and writing engagements. After Kissinger left office in 1977, he was offered an endowed chair at Columbia University. There was student opposition to the appointment, which became a subject of media commentary. Columbia canceled the appointment as a result. Kissinger was then appointed to Georgetown University's Center for Strategic and International Studies. He taught at", "title": "Henry Kissinger" }, { "id": "4684992", "score": "1.6296766", "text": "Secretary of State for Congressional Relations under President Eisenhower and Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs under President Nixon. In Argentina, the five-time conservative Republican ambassadorial appointee became best known for his efforts to keep the Argentina military junta that took power in March 1976 from engaging in massive human rights violations like those of Captain General Augusto Pinochet in neighboring Chile following his September 1973 coup. Upon finding out that Kissinger had given the Argentine generals a \"green light\" for their own so-called \"dirty war\" in June 1976 while at an Organization of American States meeting in", "title": "Robert C. Hill" }, { "id": "173997", "score": "1.6294725", "text": "foreign policy advisor to the presidential campaigns of Nelson Rockefeller, supporting his bids for the Republican nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968. After Richard Nixon won the presidency in 1968, he made Kissinger National Security Advisor. Kissinger served as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under President Richard Nixon, and continued as Secretary of State under Nixon's successor Gerald Ford. On Nixon's last full day in office, in the meeting where he informed Ford of his intention to resign the next day, he advised Ford that he felt it was very important that he keep Kissinger in his new", "title": "Henry Kissinger" }, { "id": "16143316", "score": "1.6264946", "text": "was nominated by President Nixon to be the United States Ambassador to the Republic of Chad. He was confirmed on December 6, 1972, and left that post on June 23, 1974. Later in 1974, Mulcahy became the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs at the State Department. During this time, he worked very closely with then Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, during the Angolan Civil War. On March 4, 1976, Mulcahy was nominated to be the United States Ambassador to Tunisia, this time by President Ford. He was confirmed on May 31, 1976, and served until January 5,", "title": "Edward W. Mulcahy" }, { "id": "173986", "score": "1.624305", "text": "Henry Kissinger Henry Alfred Kissinger (; ; born Heinz Alfred Kissinger; May 27, 1923) is an American elder statesman, political scientist, diplomat, geopolitical and consultant who served as United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. A Jewish refugee who fled Nazi Germany with his family in 1938, he became National Security Advisor in 1969 and U.S. Secretary of State in 1973. For his actions negotiating a ceasefire in Vietnam, Kissinger received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize under controversial circumstances, with two members of the committee resigning in protest.", "title": "Henry Kissinger" }, { "id": "11989219", "score": "1.6211576", "text": "an assignment to Belgrade, he was chosen as a research assistant on a specific project to former United States Secretary of State Dean Acheson. He first joined the National Security Council staff under the administration of Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson. When Republican Richard Nixon won the presidency in 1968, he appointed Henry Kissinger as his National Security Advisor, and Kissinger asked Morris to remain on the NSC staff as a senior staff member. However, Morris resigned in April 1970, when Nixon ordered the Cambodian Campaign. Morris has served as a university lecturer, but is best known as a writer.", "title": "Roger Morris (American writer)" }, { "id": "2408616", "score": "1.6203389", "text": "Dean Rusk as Secretary of State in the Nixon administration from January 22, 1969, to September 3, 1973. One of his notable aims was to initiate efforts at a lasting peace in the Arab–Israeli conflict by the so-called Rogers Plan. Throughout his tenure, however, his influence was curtailed by Nixon's determination to handle critical foreign policy strategy and execution directly from the White House through his national security adviser Henry Kissinger. Kissinger later said of Rogers, \"Few secretaries of state can have been selected because of their president's confidence in their ignorance of foreign policy.\" On October 15, 1973, Rogers", "title": "William P. Rogers" }, { "id": "174015", "score": "1.6174512", "text": "brief span of time. The war began on October 6, 1973, when Egypt and Syria attacked Israel. Kissinger published lengthy telephone transcripts from this period in the 2002 book \"Crisis\". On October 12, under Nixon's direction, and against Kissinger's initial advice, while Kissinger was on his way to Moscow to discuss conditions for a cease-fire, Nixon sent a message to Brezhnev giving Kissinger full negotiating authority. Israel regained the territory it lost in the early fighting and gained new territories from Syria and Egypt, including land in Syria east of the previously captured Golan Heights, and additionally on the western", "title": "Henry Kissinger" } ]

[ "In the Attic", "in attic", "In the Attic (disambiguation)", "in attic disambiguation", "In The Attic" ]

[ { "id": "11427220", "score": "2.0395503", "text": "(Kevin Nealon) and his wife Nina (Gillian Vigman) head a family that includes 7-year-old Hannah (Ashley Boettcher), 17-year-old hormonal sister Bethany (Ashley Tisdale), who has just come back from a secret outing with her boyfriend Ricky Dillman (Robert Hoffman), and 15-year-old techno-geek Tom (Carter Jenkins) whose high school grades are low. After having an argument with Tom about him hacking into the school's website to change his grades and deciding the family needs some good old-fashioned togetherness, Stuart takes them to a holiday home in the middle of nowhere. Joining them is Nathan \"Nate\" Pearson (Andy Richter), his 14-year-old son", "title": "Aliens in the Attic" }, { "id": "11427218", "score": "1.9356575", "text": "Aliens in the Attic Aliens in the Attic is a 2009 American family science fiction comedy film produced by 20th Century Fox and Regency Enterprises and starring Carter Jenkins, Austin Butler, Ashley Tisdale, Gillian Vigman, Andy Richter, Doris Roberts, Robert Hoffman, Kevin Nealon, Tim Meadows, Henri Young, Regan Young, Josh Peck, J. K. Simmons, Kari Wahlgren, and Thomas Haden Church. The plot revolves around the children in the Pearson family having to defend their vacation house against a group of aliens planning an invasion of Earth until one of the aliens betrays them and joins the Pearson children in battle.", "title": "Aliens in the Attic" }, { "id": "11427233", "score": "1.9080937", "text": "appeal primarily to a more narrow demographic of tweens and pre-teens and despite Tisdale's presence, it’s difficult to imagine many ticket buyers between the ages of 12 and 18 while \"The New York Times\" described Jenkins and Butler as the actors with more personality and Hoffman as the actor who provides the film’s occasional funny moments and stated that even though she is credited as one of the main characters, Tisdale spends most of the film off screen. \"The Los Angeles Times\" said the film is \"an enjoyable kid-friendly film but not an out-of-this-world classic\" and also mentioned the film", "title": "Aliens in the Attic" }, { "id": "11249163", "score": "1.8348258", "text": "in the episode titled \"Princess\". In July 2009, Butler starred in 20th Century Fox's family adventure movie \"Aliens in the Attic\" (originally titled \"They Came From Upstairs\"), portraying Jake Pearson, alongside Ashley Tisdale, Carter Jenkins, Robert Hoffman, Kevin Nealon and Doris Roberts. In the movie, his character, along with his family, battles to save their vacation home and the world from an alien invasion. That same summer, Butler appeared in the starring role of Jordan Gallagher on the popular, but short-lived ABC Family series \"Ruby & The Rockits\", alongside David Cassidy, Patrick Cassidy and his good friend, Alexa Vega. Butler", "title": "Austin Butler" }, { "id": "11427229", "score": "1.7745748", "text": "but later changed to \"Aliens in the Attic\" while the first title is instead used as the film's tag line. Ashley Tisdale's involvement in the film was confirmed in January 2008 as she was cast as Bethany Pearson. Robert Hoffman, Carter Jenkins and Austin Butler were later cast in the film. Doris Roberts was signed on to the film in February 2008. MTV confirmed that Josh Peck joined the cast as the voice of the alien Sparks. John Debney composed the original score for the film. Tisdale recorded a song titled \"Switch\" for the film, which is also included in", "title": "Aliens in the Attic" }, { "id": "11427221", "score": "1.7681367", "text": "Jake (Austin Butler), Nana Rose (Doris Roberts), and identical 12-year-old twins Art (Henri Young) and Lee (Regan Young). Ricky also arrives unexpectedly and talks his way into staying overnight, by giving them the impression that his car has broken down and needs to be repaired (though he secretly took out one of the plugs) so he can spend time with Bethany, plus saying he is 18 years old. As the family settle in, dark storm clouds swirl around the house. Suddenly, the four glowing pods land on the roof. An alien crew emerges, made up of Skip (J. K. Simmons),", "title": "Aliens in the Attic" }, { "id": "18006938", "score": "1.7465932", "text": "Alien Abduction (2014 film) Alien Abduction (also known under the working title of \"The Morris Family Abduction\") is a 2014 American found-footage science fiction horror film and the directorial debut of Matty Beckerman. The movie was released to VOD on April 4, 2014, and also had a limited theatrical run. The film stars Riley Polanski as an autistic 11-year-old boy who records his ordeal as an alien abductee. The film begins with a dim, out-of-focus corridor with machinery sounds and screams, an opening disposal chute, and the camera falling back to Earth where it is later recovered by the U.S.", "title": "Alien Abduction (2014 film)" }, { "id": "18004248", "score": "1.710022", "text": "now the aliens are hunting for them. The kids run back to the cabin and board up the windows, while Travis stays behind to fight, only to get either abducted or killed. Seth mistakes Sheriff Murphy and Deputy Mitchell for aliens and they arrest him, then argue about the aliens. Sheriff Murphy reveals that he blames the aliens for his wife's disappearance. An alien appears and uses telepathy to force Murphy to shoot himself and Deputy Mitchell, but April arrives and saves Seth in the nick of time. Unfortunately he panics and runs into the forest, where he is abducted.", "title": "Extraterrestrial (2014 film)" }, { "id": "18004245", "score": "1.7095902", "text": "Extraterrestrial (2014 film) Extraterrestrial (also known under the working title of The Visitors) is a 2014 American science fiction horror film that was directed by Colin Minihan, based on a script by both Vicious Brothers. It stars Brittany Allen, Freddie Stroma, and Melanie Papalia as a group of friends who must defend themselves against an alien onslaught. A panicked woman runs to a shop wanting to use the phone. After being denied entry, she enters a nearby phone booth, and is taken by a flash of light. April and her boyfriend Kyle leave to spend the weekend at her parents'", "title": "Extraterrestrial (2014 film)" }, { "id": "13200937", "score": "1.7075152", "text": "Alien Trespass Alien Trespass is a 2009 science-fiction comedy film based on 1950s sci-fi B movies, produced by James Swift and directed by R.W. Goodwin. It stars Eric McCormack and Robert Patrick. The film was shot in Ashcroft, B.C. The story begins in 1957 in the star-filled skies above California's Mojave Desert. It is a special night for noted astronomer Ted Lewis, who is preparing a special anniversary dinner with steaks for his beautiful, adoring wife Lana while observing the annual meteor shower of the Perseids. In another part of town, Tammy, a waitress at small local diner with big", "title": "Alien Trespass" }, { "id": "18006949", "score": "1.7027204", "text": "the reviewers saw as an overly generic plotline and an overabundance of jump scares. Alien Abduction (2014 film) Alien Abduction (also known under the working title of \"The Morris Family Abduction\") is a 2014 American found-footage science fiction horror film and the directorial debut of Matty Beckerman. The movie was released to VOD on April 4, 2014, and also had a limited theatrical run. The film stars Riley Polanski as an autistic 11-year-old boy who records his ordeal as an alien abductee. The film begins with a dim, out-of-focus corridor with machinery sounds and screams, an opening disposal chute, and", "title": "Alien Abduction (2014 film)" }, { "id": "11427222", "score": "1.6988788", "text": "the nasty, tough commander, Tazer (Thomas Haden Church), a muscle-bound dude armed to the teeth, Razor (Kari Wahlgren), a lethal, violent female alien soldier, and Sparks (Josh Peck), a four-armed techie, who is the only non-threatening intruder. Since the aliens crashed into the satellite dish, Ricky and Tom are sent to fix it. In the attic Ricky then reveals to Tom that he lied about his car breaking down, and his age; Ricky is actually in college and is 21 years old, four years older than Bethany. Ricky sends Tom to fix the satellite dish by himself, but it is", "title": "Aliens in the Attic" }, { "id": "18006943", "score": "1.6910634", "text": "to fight the Aliens. The cabin is eventually breached and in an effort to save his family, Corey hides the others in the cellar, blocking the door—he is, however, quickly abducted by the aliens. The remaining members of the family are soon saved by a returned Sean who takes them to his truck, planning to take them back to town down the mountain. His plan is a quick failure as the lights, and thus the aliens, find them and in a last effort attempt at saving the family, he tells them to head to a nearby barn and take refuge.", "title": "Alien Abduction (2014 film)" }, { "id": "18006940", "score": "1.6871614", "text": "mountain en route to the highway, Riley's father, Peter (Peter Holden) is sidetracked when their GPS mysteriously misdirects them to an isolated route. Riley's mother, Katie (Katherine Sigismund), senses something is wrong when they lose their cellphone signals. The family starts to panic when Peter announces the car is running low on gas. A crow unexpectedly falls besides the car, dead. They reach a tunnel thinking it will lead to the highway but see it is blocked with recently abandoned vehicles - including a police car. Peter, Corey and Riley leave their car to investigate the tunnel while Katie stays", "title": "Alien Abduction (2014 film)" }, { "id": "18006944", "score": "1.6790396", "text": "Sean mysteriously returns to them after a dramatic escape and the group, believing they're safe, attempt to leave the barn—Katie, however, is killed and abducted, along with Sean. Riley and Jillian take refuge deep in the woods for the night, hiding in silence and in the dark from close-by aliens. Climbing down the mountain at dawn, they see a town in the valley below and soon find a road they are confident will lead back to civilization but it leads back to the tunnel where their father was abducted, instead. Jillian collapses in despair, at the same moment a police", "title": "Alien Abduction (2014 film)" }, { "id": "9517866", "score": "1.6722331", "text": "Aliens in the Wild, Wild West Aliens in the Wild, Wild West is a science fiction movie released in 1999. It was directed by George Erschbamer and written by Alon Kaplan. \"Aliens in the Wild, Wild West\" takes place in a mid-19th century western town which had been traveled to by two modern day siblings through the means of time travel. The younger sibling, Tom Johnson (Locke), was an annoyance to his older sister Sara (Pope). They fought all the time, which is what got them put into the town. While back in time, Tom finds an alien spaceship in", "title": "Aliens in the Wild, Wild West" }, { "id": "17992811", "score": "1.6719193", "text": "as K.J. It was also produced in Chicago at the Red Orchid Theatre in 2013. The play premiered in London at the Bush Theatre in September 2010. Wabash College included the play as part of their 2014-2015 theater season. The play takes place in a small town in Vermont. Two thirtyish men, Jasper and KJ, meet to discuss music and poetry in an alley behind a coffee shop. They discuss their band, which was called (among many things) \"The Aliens\". KJ has dropped out of college and Jasper has not finished high school, but is writing a novel. When Evan,", "title": "The Aliens (play)" }, { "id": "15294698", "score": "1.6705527", "text": "Sally Marshall Is Not an Alien Sally Marshall Is Not an Alien is a 1999 family drama film starring Helen Neville, Natalie Vansier, and Thea Gumbert. It was released on July 1, 1999 in Australia. Twelve-year-old Pip Lawson is obsessed with watching outer space from her telescope. One day when she's watching from a nearby dock, local bully Rhonnie Bronston stops by with her dog. They get into a heated conversation in which Pip leaves with her telescope but forgets her walkman, which Rhonnie leaves with. When Pip returns home she discovers that a strange new family has moved into", "title": "Sally Marshall Is Not an Alien" }, { "id": "11427234", "score": "1.6653535", "text": "belonged to Hoffman and Kirk Honeycutt of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said the director John Schultz played everything for laughs and earns a more than a few but tech effects deliver a fair number of those laughs and described the film as an \"amusing family comedy\". \"Radio Times\" gave the film a three out of five stars rating, saying that the film is \"a thrilling children's yarn with enough pop-culture references to hold grown-ups' interest\". \"The Dove Foundation\" praised the film, saying it is \"one of those movies that you find to be better than anticipated\" and also said the film", "title": "Aliens in the Attic" }, { "id": "7759312", "score": "1.6651287", "text": "(Amy Pietz) who just wants him to be \"cool\" and fit in, entrepreneur dad Gary (Scott Patterson) who is very laid back, and his newly popular younger sister Claire (Lindsey Shaw), who tries to raise her popularity in school. When the school guidance counselor, Mr. Matthews (Christopher B. Duncan) convinces the family to take in an international student, they accept him with the expectation that he will be a good-looking European or Latin American student that will make Justin popular. Although initially dismayed when Raja Musharraf (Adhir Kalyan), a 16-year-old Muslim boy from Pakistan turns up instead, they soon warm", "title": "Aliens in America" } ]

[ "Tahrir Square, Cairo", "midan al tahrir", "Ismailia Square", "midan at tahrir", "Al-Tahrir Square", "at tahrir square", "Midan at-Tahrir", "liberation square cairo", "Tahrir square", "midan tahrir", "Midan Tahrir", "ismailia square", "tahreer square", "At-Tahrir Square", "al tahrir square", "Tahrir Square", "tahrir square cairo", "Midan al-Tahrir", "tahrir square", "Tahreer Square", "Liberation Square (Cairo)" ]

[ { "id": "17411110", "score": "1.724499", "text": "the big masses staged in Tahrir Square and Sidi Gaber in Egypt's second city of Alexandria at the time. At the beginning, this was surprising to some commentators who considered the location to be a second focal point of anti-Morsi protests in Cairo along with Tahrir. Most of the palace's gates were left unguarded except for gate 5 which saw a high concentration of armoured vehicles and police was nowhere to be seen but three were reportedly arrested by night in possession of weapons including blades and firearms, according to state news agency \"MENA\". By 5:45 PM however, demonstrators started", "title": "June 2013 Egyptian protests" }, { "id": "17411106", "score": "1.7016239", "text": "the Press Syndicate chairman Diaa Rashwan that began from the union's headquarters in Downtown Cairo. Later that day, the crowd in Tahrir Square has reached its maximum capacity of 500,000 demonstrators. This prompted other joining protesters to fill up the square's neighboring alleys instead such as the nearby Talaat Harb Street and Qasr al-Nil Bridge. A less notable sit-in took place at the Culture Ministry in Zamalek's Shagarat al Dur Street and was organized by artists, among them actors, musicians and painters, who were banging clogs and were led by some intellectuals, such as Bahaa Taher, who called for the", "title": "June 2013 Egyptian protests" }, { "id": "15262627", "score": "1.6949494", "text": "to Cairo the morning of 31 January. An estimated two million people protested at Tahrir Square. During the protests, reporters Natasha Smith, Lara Logan and Mona Eltahawy were sexually assaulted while covering the events. Alexandria, home of Khaled Saeed, experienced major protests and clashes with police. There were few confrontations between demonstrators, since there were few Mubarak supporters (except for a few police-escorted convoys). The breakdown of law and order, including the general absence of police from the streets, continued until the evening of 3 February. Alexandria's protests were notable for the joint presence of Christians and Muslims in the", "title": "Egyptian revolution of 2011" }, { "id": "14060650", "score": "1.6867752", "text": "Egyptian Museum, the Headquarters of the Arab League building, the Mogamma government building, the original downtown campus of the American University in Cairo, the Nile Hotel, and used to host the National Democratic Party headquarters building until it was demolished in the aftermath of the Egyptian revolution of 2011. Tahrir Square has been the site for numerous major protests and demonstrations, including in March 2003 when people came out to protest the War in Iraq, and the 2011 Egyptian protest gatherings. Tahrir Square was originally called \"Ismailia Square\", named after 19th-century ruler Khedive Ismail, but the name was changed to", "title": "Qasr El Eyni Street" }, { "id": "15262630", "score": "1.6809807", "text": "Dairut, tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets of Shebin el-Kom, thousands protested in El-Arish on the Sinai Peninsula, large protests took place in the southern cities of Sohag and Minya and nearly 100,000 people protested in and around local-government headquarters in Ismaïlia. Over 100,000 protesters gathered on 27 January in front of the city council in Zagazig. Bedouins in the Sinai Peninsula fought security forces for several weeks. As a result of the decreased military border presence, Bedouin groups protected the borders and pledged their support of the revolution. However, despite mounting tension among tourists no protests", "title": "Egyptian revolution of 2011" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "2011 Egyptian revolution" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arab Spring\n\nThe Arab Spring () was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in Tunisia in response to corruption and economic stagnation. From Tunisia, the protests then spread to five other countries: Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Bahrain. Rulers were deposed (Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Muammar Gaddafi, Hosni Mubarak, Ali Abdullah Saleh) or major uprisings and social violence occurred including riots, civil wars, or insurgencies. Sustained street demonstrations took place in Morocco, Iraq, Algeria, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman and Sudan. Minor protests took place in Djibouti, Mauritania, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and the Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara. A major slogan of the demonstrators in the Arab world is \"ash-shaʻb yurīd isqāṭ an-niẓām!\" ().<ref name=\"slogan\" />\n\nThe wave of initial revolutions and protests faded by mid-2012, as many Arab Spring demonstrations were met with violent responses from authorities, the rise of ISIL, insurgency in Iraq and the following civil war; the Egyptian Crisis, coup, and subsequent unrest and insurgency; the Libyan Civil War; and the Yemeni Crisis and following civil war. Regimes that lacked major oil wealth and hereditary succession arrangements were more likely to undergo regime change.\n\nA power struggle continued after the immediate response to the Arab Spring. While leadership changed and regimes were held accountable, power vacuums opened across the Arab world. Ultimately, it resulted in a contentious battle between a consolidation of power by religious elites and the growing support for democracy in many Muslim-majority states. The early hopes that these popular movements would end corruption, increase political participation, and bring about greater economic equity quickly collapsed in the wake of the counter-revolutionary moves by foreign state actors in Yemen, the regional and international military interventions in Bahrain and Yemen, and the destructive civil wars in Syria, Iraq, Libya, and Yemen.\n\nSome have referred to the succeeding and still ongoing conflicts as the Arab Winter. In 2019, multiple uprisings and protest movements in Algeria, Sudan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Egypt have been seen as a continuation of the Arab Spring.\n\n, multiple conflicts are still continuing that might be seen as a result of the Arab Spring. The Syrian Civil War has caused massive political instability and economic hardship in Syria, with the Syrian pound plunging to new lows. In Libya, a major civil war recently concluded, with Western powers and Russia sending in proxy fighters. In Yemen, a civil war continues to affect the country. In Lebanon, a major banking crisis is threatening the country's economy as well as that of neighboring Syria.", "title": "Arab Spring" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of the 2011 Bahraini uprising\n\nThe following is a timeline of the Bahraini uprising from February to March 2011, beginning with the start of protests in February 2011 and including the Saudi and Emirati-backed crackdown from 15 March.", "title": "Timeline of the 2011 Bahraini uprising" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011\n\nThe following chronological summary of major events took place during the 2011 Egyptian revolution right up to Hosni Mubarak's resignation as the fourth President of Egypt on 11 February 2011.\n\nFrom 1981 to 2011, Hosni Mubarak was in power under emergency law with his son Gamal appearing to be a likely successor for the presidency. In December 2010, protests in Tunisia sparked by the death of Mohamed Bouazizi turned into a revolution. The death of Khaled Saeed in June 2010 became a similar rallying point for activists in Egypt. Increasing use of social media among activists centered on plans for a nationwide protest on 25 January 2011.\n\nMillions turned out in major cities across Egypt on the 25th, especially in Cairo's Tahrir Square. In the beginning, tensions were high between the police and protesters with violence breaking out in Suez and Alexandria. The government took a hard line, using riot-control tactics, and shutting down communications; But by the 28th the protests were continuing and the police had retreated. The security role was taken over by the military, and from then on the situation remained almost entirely peaceful. As pressure rose on Mubarak, the scale of the protests continued to grow, especially on specially organized Friday rallies.\n\nMubarak initially gave concessions, including the dissolution of parliament, agreeing to oversee a process of reform, and promising not to run for reelection in September 2011. The protesters, however, were not satisfied and by 8 February there were widespread calls for Mubarak's resignation. On the night of 10 February, Mubarak gave a speech in which it was expected he would step down. Anger erupted when he stated plans to merely delegate some of his power. By the next day, 11 February 2011, he had resigned.", "title": "Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Occupy movement\n\nThe Occupy movement was an international populist socio-political movement that expressed opposition to social and economic inequality and to the perceived lack of \"real democracy\" around the world. It aimed primarily to advance social and economic justice and different forms of democracy. The movement has had many different scopes, since local groups often had different focuses, but its prime concerns included how large corporations (and the global financial system) control the world in a way that disproportionately benefits a minority, undermines democracy and causes instability.\n\nThe first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention, Occupy Wall Street in Zuccotti Park, Lower Manhattan, began on 17 September 2011. By 9 October, Occupy protests had taken place or were ongoing in over 951 cities across 82 countries, and in over 600 communities in the United States.<ref name=\"theatlantic\"/><ref name=\"Occupy Wall Street protests go global\"/><ref name=\"Occupy Wall Street protests continue worldwide\"/><ref name=\"guardian2\"/> Although the movement became most active in the United States, by October 2011 Occupy protests and occupations had started in dozens of other countries across every widely inhabited continent. For the first month, overt police repression remained minimal, but this began to change by 25 October 2011, when police first attempted to forcibly remove Occupy Oakland. By the end of 2011 authorities had cleared most of the major camps, with the last remaining high-profile sites – in Washington, D.C. and in London – evicted by February 2012.\n\nThe Occupy movement took inspiration in part from the Arab Spring,<ref name=\"Where now for the Occupy protesters?\"/><ref name=\"Tahrir Square protesters send message of solidarity to Occupy Wall Street\"/> from the 2009 Iranian Green Movement, and from the Spanish Indignados Movement, as well as from the overall global wave of anti-austerity protests of 2010 and following. The movement commonly used the slogan \"We are the 99%\" and the #Occupy hashtag format; it organized through websites such as the now defunct Occupy Together.<ref>\n</ref><ref name=\"From a single hashtag, a protest circled the world\"/> According to \"The Washington Post\", the movement, which Cornel West described as a \"democratic awakening\", is difficult to distill to a few demands.<ref name=\"westc\"/><ref name=\"washingtonpost22\"/> On 12 October 2011, the Los Angeles City Council became one of the first governmental bodies in the United States to adopt a resolution stating its informal support of the Occupy movement.<ref name=\"City Council Unanimously Passes Occupy L.A. Resolution - Protesters Struggle to Distance Themselves From Democrats, Unions - Los Angeles News - The Informer\"/> In October 2012, the Executive Director of Financial Stability at the Bank of England stated that the protesters were right to criticise and had persuaded bankers and politicians \"to behave in a more moral way\".<ref name=\"Andy\"/>", "title": "Occupy movement" }, { "id": "15262626", "score": "1.6755943", "text": "was held between 26 and 28 May 2014, resulted in a resounding victory for el-Sisi. Sisi sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014. Cairo has been at the epicentre of the revolution; the largest protests were held in downtown Tahrir Square, considered the \"protest movement's beating heart and most effective symbol\". During the first three days of the protests there were clashes between the central security police and demonstrators, but on 28 January the police withdrew from all of Cairo. Citizens formed neighbourhood-watch groups to maintain order, and widespread looting was reported. Traffic police were reintroduced", "title": "Egyptian revolution of 2011" }, { "id": "17411115", "score": "1.6626911", "text": "that Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya would not allow the overthrow of the democratically elected president by any means. However, the demonstrations continued peacefully with no reported clashes occurring between supporters and opponents of Morsi either at Rabaa al-Adawiya or at the presidential palace. Egypt's second city of Alexandria saw protesters gathering at Al Qa'ed Ibrahim Mosque, a meeting point for the city's rallies and also at the railway station in the neighborhood of Sidi Gaber. Hundreds of protesters had gathered by 4:35 PM, according to \"Al-Ahram\", but in the following few hours the square started filling with demonstrators who poured in from", "title": "June 2013 Egyptian protests" }, { "id": "16949772", "score": "1.6588963", "text": "cabinet. Activists on Monday camped in Cairo's Tahrir Square for a fourth day, blocking traffic with makeshift barricades to protest against what they said was a power-grab by Morsi. Nearby, riot police and protesters clashed intermittently. In addition to popular outbursts on the street, Egypt's judges reacted. All but seven of Egypt's 34 courts and 90% of its prosecutors went on strike Monday in protest, according to Judge Mohamed al-Zind of the Egyptian Judge's Club. Muslim Brotherhood supporters staged a counter-demonstration, while they were relocated from central Cairo to a location in front of Cairo University in Giza. Egypt's stock", "title": "2012–13 Egyptian protests" }, { "id": "1822454", "score": "1.6526327", "text": "Israel. Suez was the first city to hold major protests against the government of Hosni Mubarak during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and was the scene of the first fatality of that uprising. On account of this, it has been called the Sidi Bouzid of Egypt, recalling that small town's role in the 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution. The city is divided into five main districts: It is most populous district of the city. It has most of the government buildings and public institutions. It also has the city's main fruit and vegetable markets in addition to other markets and stores selling various", "title": "Suez" }, { "id": "17411143", "score": "1.6474574", "text": "groups such as Al-Gamaa al-Islamiyya which stated that pro-Morsi demonstrations this day would take place in 11 different governorates. Around Rabaa Al-Adawiya Mosque in Nasr City, the president's supporters gathered in their hundreds of thousands, a clear defiance of the millions of anti-Morsi demonstrators who gathered in dozens of squares across Egypt. In Upper Egypt, thousands of Morsi supporters prominently gathered in the cities of Minya, Assiut and Qena among others. In front of Minya's Al-Rahman mosque which is known in the city as an Al-Gamaa Al-Islamiya spot, thousands gathered in a march towards the city's Palace Square where hundreds", "title": "June 2013 Egyptian protests" }, { "id": "17411133", "score": "1.6438692", "text": "sit-in around the Mogamma building and completely surrounded the government complex early in the morning, demanding the departure of President Mohamed Morsi and early presidential elections. Around 600 families who were affiliated with the so-called \"Couch Party\" staged demonstrations in the up-scale Greater Cairo district of Mohandessin, along with others in the El-Manial district in southern Cairo, calling for Morsi to resign and some brought sofas with them as a way of displaying how unashamed they are of belonging to this movement. In the evening, the band Cairokee performed for thousands of protesters in front of the presidential palace after", "title": "June 2013 Egyptian protests" }, { "id": "17411125", "score": "1.6431975", "text": "of Aswan south of the Luxor and Qena governorates. There were escalating verbal confrontations between opponents and supporters of Morsi in Aswan's main Shohadah Square as lawyers had gathered for a march heading to the square from the city court. Tamarod, joined by a number of parties such as the Wafd Party, announced an open ended sit-in and blockade at the government offices in Sohag. In the provincial capital's Culture Square, the city's largest, revolutionary forces have announced their intention to march after mid-day prayers. Shops were closed and the city's trading activity was relatively calm. The protesters chanted against", "title": "June 2013 Egyptian protests" }, { "id": "17411123", "score": "1.642232", "text": "the square using megaphones to chant anti-Mori slogans. They have taken over the governorate headquarters and the offices of the local educational authority and also planned to occupy other government buildings to prevent governor Tarek Khedr from entering his office. A similar scene took place in the Upper Egyptian governorate of Luxor, where a flotilla consisting of boats and motor launches packed with people in hundreds waving Egyptian flags and chanting \"Leave Morsi!\" accompanied by drums, reportedly sailed down the Nile voicing their opposition to the president. Both river banks saw a significant number of protesters in a city that", "title": "June 2013 Egyptian protests" }, { "id": "17411108", "score": "1.6418803", "text": "sit-in in front of Abdeen Palace as soon as they received information that Prime Minister Hesham Qandil was there. Another thousand protesters gathered in front of the Qubba Palace only three kilometers away from Ittihadiya following rumors that Mohamed Morsi was residing there at the time, which was later semi-confirmed when the presidency announced it would hold a press conference at the palace later in the afternoon. The satellite town of 6th of October also saw hundreds rallying in Juhayna Square. Demonstrations have taken place in other similar locations around Cairo such as the wealthy district of New Cairo, where", "title": "June 2013 Egyptian protests" }, { "id": "78290", "score": "1.6389803", "text": "the Mogamma governmental administrative Building, the headquarters of the Arab League, the Nile Ritz Carlton Hotel, and the Egyptian Museum. Being at the heart of Cairo, the square witnessed several major protests over the years. However, the most notable event in the square was being the focal point of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution against former president Hosni Mubarak. The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, is home to the most extensive collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities in the world. It has 136,000 items on display, with many more hundreds of thousands in its basement storerooms. Among", "title": "Cairo" }, { "id": "15365288", "score": "1.6365944", "text": "Tahrir Square, the main site of demonstrations during the 2011 Egyptian revolution. On 15 February 2011, after the funeral procession of Mr Ali Mushaima, more people joined the demonstrators and moved towards the Pearl Roundabout, where they arrived at around 15:00. By 15:15, demonstrators began to set up tents at the roundabout, and later in the day a projector screen was installed. Among these was a tent erected by members of the SMC medical staff. There were also a number of demonstrators obstructing traffic in the roundabout overpass. By nightfall, the number of demonstrators had reached several thousand. The roundabout", "title": "Pearl Roundabout" }, { "id": "12316861", "score": "1.6339636", "text": "Tahrir Square Tahrir Square ( \", , English: Liberation Square), also known as \"Martyr Square\", is a major public town square in downtown Cairo, Egypt. The square has been the location and focus for political demonstrations in Cairo, most notably those that led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak. The square was originally called \"Ismailia Square\" ( \"), after the 19th-century ruler Khedive Ismail, who commissioned the new downtown district's 'Paris on the Nile' design. After the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, the square became widely known as Tahrir (Liberation) Square, but the square was", "title": "Tahrir Square" }, { "id": "17411124", "score": "1.6339496", "text": "rarely witnesses unrest, with masses demonstrating across Luxor en route to one of their rallying points at the governorate building, where a sit-in was planned until their demands are met. There was a line of men on the corniche holding hands and making a corridor packed with women of all ages into the front, sealing off area of the governor's office. Luxor Temple was the site another gathering, where marches from Karnak, Sawagi and Awamea had met and the temple's exterior became full in the afternoon despite the stifling heat that day. 3,500 anti-Morsi demonstrators were reported in the city", "title": "June 2013 Egyptian protests" }, { "id": "15262669", "score": "1.6214083", "text": "later. Egyptian activist and 6 April Youth Movement member Asmaa Mahfouz posted a video urging the Egyptian people to meet her at Tahrir Square, rise up against the government and demand democracy. In the video, she spoke about four protesters who had immolated themselves in protest of 30 years of poverty and degradation. On 24 January Mahfouz posted another video relating efforts made in support of the protest, from printing posters to creating flyers. The videos were posted on Facebook and then YouTube. The day after her last video post, hundreds of thousands of Egyptians poured into the streets in", "title": "Egyptian revolution of 2011" }, { "id": "17411153", "score": "1.6188117", "text": "its surroundings and the Al Qa'ed Ibrahim Mosque in the city center, two typical rally points for anti-government demonstrations in the city. There were also tens of thousands of Morsi opponents who were stationed in the Sidi Bishr district's Mahatta Square calling for the fall of the regime. Clashes, however, took place in the neighborhood when supporters of Mohamed Morsi scuffled with the residents, leaving five injured. There were violent clashes that erupted in other parts of the city when a rally by estimated hundreds of Morsi's Islamist supporters, who were chanting \"The people want to apply the law of", "title": "June 2013 Egyptian protests" } ]

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[ { "id": "14757633", "score": "1.4502052", "text": "pursuit of justice in relation to minor grievances. In psychiatry, the terms querulous paranoia (Kraepelin, 1904) and litigious paranoia have been used to describe a paranoid condition which manifested itself in querulant behavior. The concept had, until 2004, disappeared from the psychiatric literature; largely because it had been misused to stigmatise the behavior of people seeking the resolution of valid grievances. It also appears in ICD-10, under its Latin name \"Paranoia querulans\", in section F22.8, \"Other persistent delusional disorders\". According to Lester et al. querulous behavior remains common, as shown in petitions to the courts and complaints organizations. They state", "title": "Querulant" }, { "id": "14757632", "score": "1.4420134", "text": "Querulant In the legal profession and courts, a querulant (from the Latin \"querulus\" - \"complaining\") is a person who obsessively feels wronged, particularly about minor causes of action. In particular the term is used for those who repeatedly petition authorities or pursue legal actions based on manifestly unfounded grounds. These applications include in particular complaints about petty offenses. Querulant behavior is to be distinguished from either the obsessive pursuit of justice regarding major injustices, or the proportionate, reasonable, pursuit of justice regarding minor grievances. According to Mullen and Lester, the life of the querulant individual becomes consumed by their personal", "title": "Querulant" }, { "id": "6170349", "score": "1.4274526", "text": "Querent A querent (derived, according to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\", from the Latin \"quærēns\" \"seeking\", the present participle of \"quærere\" \"to seek, gain, ask\") is \"one who seeks\". \"Querent\" became used to denote \"a person who questions an oracle\" because it is usually when one has a problem that requires otherworldly advice that one would seek out the oracle in the first place. This oracle may simply be a divinatory technique, such as the \"I Ching\", that is manipulated by the querents themselves without recourse to any other human agency. Alternatively it may involve another person, someone perhaps seen as", "title": "Querent" }, { "id": "14757634", "score": "1.3804688", "text": "that \"persistent complainants’ pursuit of vindication and retribution fits badly with complaints systems established to deliver reparation and compensation [and that these] complainants damaged the financial and social fabric of their own lives and frightened those dealing with their claims.\" Querulant In the legal profession and courts, a querulant (from the Latin \"querulus\" - \"complaining\") is a person who obsessively feels wronged, particularly about minor causes of action. In particular the term is used for those who repeatedly petition authorities or pursue legal actions based on manifestly unfounded grounds. These applications include in particular complaints about petty offenses. Querulant behavior", "title": "Querulant" }, { "id": "6170353", "score": "1.35047", "text": "from their personal beliefs concerning spirituality and the nature of the particular oracular system they are consulting. Common theories that inform these attitudes divide generally into three classes: Querent A querent (derived, according to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\", from the Latin \"quærēns\" \"seeking\", the present participle of \"quærere\" \"to seek, gain, ask\") is \"one who seeks\". \"Querent\" became used to denote \"a person who questions an oracle\" because it is usually when one has a problem that requires otherworldly advice that one would seek out the oracle in the first place. This oracle may simply be a divinatory technique, such", "title": "Querent" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Querulant\n\nIn the legal profession and courts, a querulant (from the Latin \"querulus\" - \"complaining\") is a person who obsessively feels wronged, particularly about minor causes of action. In particular the term is used for those who repeatedly petition authorities or pursue legal actions based on manifestly unfounded grounds. These applications include in particular complaints about petty offenses.\n\nQuerulant behavior is to be distinguished from either the obsessive pursuit of justice regarding major injustices, or the proportionate, reasonable, pursuit of justice regarding minor grievances. According to Mullen and Lester, the life of the querulant individual becomes consumed by their personal pursuit of justice in relation to minor grievances.<ref name=\"mullen2006\" />", "title": "Querulant" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paranoid personality disorder\n\nParanoid personality disorder (PPD) is a mental illness characterized by paranoid delusions, and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others. People with this personality disorder may be hypersensitive, easily insulted, and habitually relate to the world by vigilant scanning of the environment for clues or suggestions that may validate their fears or biases. They are eager observers. They think they are in danger and look for signs and threats of that danger, potentially not appreciating other interpretations or evidence.\n\nThey tend to be guarded and suspicious and have quite constricted emotional lives. Their reduced capacity for meaningful emotional involvement and the general pattern of isolated withdrawal often lend a quality of schizoid isolation to their life experience. People with PPD may have a tendency to bear grudges, suspiciousness, tendency to interpret others' actions as hostile, persistent tendency to self-reference, or a tenacious sense of personal right. Patients with this disorder can also have significant comorbidity with other personality disorders, such as schizotypal, schizoid, narcissistic, avoidant and borderline.", "title": "Paranoid personality disorder" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Megapode\n\nThe megapodes, also known as incubator birds or mound-builders, are stocky, medium-large, chicken-like birds with small heads and large feet in the family Megapodiidae. Their name literally means \"large foot\" and is a reference to the heavy legs and feet typical of these terrestrial birds. All are browsers, and all but the malleefowl occupy wooded habitats. Most are brown or black in color. Megapodes are superprecocial, hatching from their eggs in the most mature condition of any bird. They hatch with open eyes, bodily coordination and strength, full wing feathers, and downy body feathers, and are able to run, pursue prey, and in some species, fly on the same day they hatch.<ref name=Starck-Ricklefs-1998/>", "title": "Megapode" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Delusion\n\nA delusion is a false fixed belief that is not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence. As a pathology, it is distinct from a belief based on false or incomplete information, confabulation, dogma, illusion, hallucination, or some other misleading effects of perception, as individuals with those beliefs \"are\" able to change or readjust their beliefs upon reviewing the evidence. However:\n\n\"The distinction between a delusion and a strongly held idea is sometimes difficult to make and depends in part on the degree of conviction with which the belief is held despite clear or reasonable contradictory evidence regarding its veracity.\"<ref name=Delusions_in_dsm5/>\n\nDelusions have been found to occur in the context of many pathological states (both general physical and mental) and are of particular diagnostic importance in psychotic disorders including schizophrenia, paraphrenia, manic episodes of bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression.", "title": "Delusion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of psychopathy\n\nPsychopathy, from psych (soul or mind) and pathy (suffering or disease), was coined by German psychiatrists in the 19th century and originally just meant what would today be called mental disorder, the study of which is still known as psychopathology. By the turn of the century 'psychopathic inferiority' referred to the type of mental disorder that might now be termed personality disorder, along with a wide variety of other conditions now otherwise classified. Through the early 20th century this and other terms such as 'constitutional (inborn) psychopaths' or 'psychopathic personalities', were used very broadly to cover anyone who violated legal or moral expectations or was considered inherently socially undesirable in some way.\n\nThe term sociopathy was popularized from 1929/30 by the American psychologist George E. Partridge and was originally intended as an alternative term to indicate that the defining feature was a pervasive failure to adhere to societal norms in a way that could harm others. The term psychopathy also gradually narrowed to the latter sense, based on interpretations of the work of a Scottish psychiatrist and especially checklists popularized by an American psychiatrist and later a Canadian psychologist. Psychopathy became defined in these quarters as a constellation of personality traits allegedly associated with immorality, criminality, or in some cases socioeconomic success.\n\nOfficial psychiatric diagnostic manuals adopted a mixture of approaches, eventually going by the term antisocial or dissocial personality disorder. In the meantime concepts of psychopaths/sociopaths had become notorious among the general public and as characters in fiction.", "title": "History of psychopathy" }, { "id": "6170350", "score": "1.3117435", "text": "a \"fortune teller\" – particularly a practitioner of tarot reading or other form of mediumship – from whom advice is sought. The kinds of questions asked by querents may vary widely according to their needs, and the methodology of the divination system. Some querents seek general advice trusting that they will be told what is most pertinent to their present situation. Others will ask questions that are only slightly more direct such as, \"Will I be rich?\" and \"What kind of person will I marry?\" Still others seek specific advice, although opinions are divided amongst practitioners of various divinatory arts", "title": "Querent" }, { "id": "2779437", "score": "1.2935458", "text": "object will come back, or be found. This is particularly true if the significator of the querent and that of the quesited are making aspect to each other. For example, the trine would mean that it is found relatively easily, whereas the opposition may mean that it will be found, but the querent will almost wish it hadn't been. In the above case, the ring may be found, but in such bad shape that the querent would rather not have seen it in its terrible condition. If this question were about a missing person, the person will be found, but", "title": "Horary astrology" }, { "id": "7051813", "score": "1.2924175", "text": "the feudal (medieval) incidents (payments) to an overlord, while leaving the land for the use of another, who owed nothing to the lord. The law of que tended to defer jurisdiction to courts of equity as opposed to common law courts. The was often utilized by persons who might be absent from the kingdom for an extended time (as on a Crusade, or a business adventure), and who held tenancy to the land, and owed feudal incidents to a lord. The land could be left for the use of a third party, who did not owe the incidents to the", "title": "Cestui que" }, { "id": "16056463", "score": "1.2807534", "text": "do that. A person is not always engaged in a deliberate action but has the eligibility to do so. A human being is an individual who is both a person and a specimen of Homo sapiens. Since persons are deliberate actors, they also employ hedonic, prudent, aesthetic and ethical reasons when selecting, choosing or deciding on a course of action. As part of our \"social contract\" we expect that the typical person can make use of all four of these motivational perspectives. Individual persons will weigh these motives in a manner that reflects their personal characteristics. That life is lived", "title": "Personhood" }, { "id": "7051829", "score": "1.2698357", "text": "kingdom to be enforced to perform. Since the feudal oath was to the person, and not the land, there could be no lien against the land. A hallmark of medieval feudalism was the person to person oath of allegiance. The feudal incidents could not be enforced upon the beneficiaries of the \"cestui que use\", since these were not the owners of the land. The users had not sworn an oath to the lord. Therefore, they owed the lord nothing. The \"cestui que use\" had no estate. They had no seisin, nor a trespass, and therefore, ejectment could not be effected.", "title": "Cestui que" }, { "id": "6170352", "score": "1.2677357", "text": "a human oracle, are often unwilling to engage the reader at all, which can result in a stifling of the prophetic flow that is so intrinsic to divination. Conversely, some approach with great respect, as if they predetermine that the Diviner or the system of divination is influence by some kind of higher, even divine, power and thereby will believe virtually anything they are told. A third ideal group will talk freely with a human oracle and accept their advice with a healthy dose of skepticism, yet still remain open-minded to the possibility of revelation. These querent attitudes often stem", "title": "Querent" }, { "id": "7051823", "score": "1.2591152", "text": "of a landholding called Blackacre. He conveys this to Richard with the command that Richard hold the land with the duty not for Richard's benefit, but for a different purpose. This could be to do a job, such as collect rents and profits for the purpose of passing them to a third person, Lucy. This was nothing more than a clever legal device with Richard playing either an active or passive role. Example 2: If Jane (women could engage in cestui que use), granted Blackacre to Charles to the use of David, then David became the beneficial owner and Jane", "title": "Cestui que" }, { "id": "4012952", "score": "1.235139", "text": "person who can get things in motion. Few people own cars and the buses, or \"camellos\", are slow and overcrowded; many Cubans spend hours each day arranging rides to get to work, school or accomplish a task. People often must reach out and secure what they need \"por fuera\" (\"through the outside\") or \"por la izquierda\" (\"through the left\"), slang terms that mean \"outside the official system\". The system has different levels and obligations. Friends, neighbors and relatives do favors for each other without expecting anything in return. But with lesser-known acquaintances, exchange is more normal for such things as", "title": "Sociolismo" }, { "id": "2083298", "score": "1.2289195", "text": "this skill is called a Legilimens, and can, for example, detect lies and deceit in another person, witness memories in another person's past, or \"plant\" false visions in another's mind. The counter-skill to Legilimency is Occlumency (and its user, known as an Occlumens), by which one can compartmentalize one's emotions, or prevent a Legilimens from discovering thoughts or memories which contradict one's spoken words or actions. An advanced form of Occlumency is planting false temporary memories inside an Occlumens' own head while blocking all other true memories, so if a Legilimens, even a highly skilled one, were to attempt to", "title": "Magic in Harry Potter" }, { "id": "15717966", "score": "1.2182438", "text": "is elderly and kind; the latter is younger and romantically inclined. They are both also clients of \"Valma\", the professional name of the palmist Frank Pollitt; he practises in the next door premises and is Sophy's fiancé. Sophy is the foster-sister of the beautiful Muriel Eden, and is set against Muriel's intended marriage to the notorious middle-aged roué, the Marquess of Quex. Sophy does not believe that he is, as he claims, a reformed character and believes a more suitable husband for her foster-sister would be the charming young Captain Bastling. Lady Owbridge invites the other characters to her country", "title": "The Gay Lord Quex (play)" }, { "id": "5985329", "score": "1.2172098", "text": "of the attacker convinces him to spare Guenelic's life and to settle the battle with a man-to-man combat; Quezinstra is chosen to represent the queen and he wins this fight and the war is ended. The friends then enroll in the service of a foreign prince who is trying to subjugate a rebellious city; Quezinstra once again plays a pivotal role in the successful battle and he counsels the prince to use clemency with the town. Book three (still from Guenelic's perspective) has the two friends come first to Genoa, and from there to a desert island where they talk", "title": "Hélisenne de Crenne" }, { "id": "7051828", "score": "1.2164326", "text": "was a way to avoid primogeniture inheritance. While the use was intact, the occupant of the land could take advantage of the \"cestui que use\" to avoid the feudal payments and duties (incidents). Incidents such as wardship, marriage penalties and other gifts, taxes, fines, fees, and knight service were onerous. Common law did not recognize \"cestui que uses\" as such, and there was difficulty fitting these cases into the existing writs and case law. The incidents could not be enforced against a person who was on a Crusade, or other war, or business adventure. They were not present in the", "title": "Cestui que" }, { "id": "15963634", "score": "1.2119622", "text": "to make the person she is using her powers on see and feel what she wants them to, as seen when she causes Michael to believe there were things crawling around in Cell 25 with him. She later gains the ability to make others think that certain objects or people, including herself and others, are whatever people want, fear, or even a particular person by manipulating the brain's functions. Quentin, also known as Q, has the ability to produce a small EMP, or electromagnetic pulse. He is a flirt and both Tara and Kylee have a crush on him. He", "title": "Michael Vey: The Prisoner of Cell 25" }, { "id": "3523341", "score": "1.2083228", "text": "defiled by the religious occupants. Querry is persuaded to design and oversee a new building for the hospital. An English journalist called Parkinson arrives at the village with the intention of writing a series of articles, to be syndicated in many European and North American newspapers, on the subject of Querry's perceived 'saintly' activities in the village, including a story of Querry rescuing his servant – an African mutilated by leprosy- who became lost in the jungle. However Parkinson also brings up Querry's past not only as an architect but also as a womaniser. It is revealed that Querry's former", "title": "A Burnt-Out Case" }, { "id": "11210834", "score": "1.2033846", "text": "Querolus Querolus (\"The Complainer\") or Aulularia (\"The Pot\") is an anonymous Latin comedy from late antiquity, the only Latin drama to survive from this period and the only ancient Latin comedy outside the works of Plautus and Terence. In his prologue to the spectators the author first says \"Aululariam hodie sumus acturi\" (‘We are going to perform the \"Aulularia\" today’), then offers a choice of title: \"Querolus an Aulularia haec dicatur fabula, vestrum hinc iudicium, vestra erit sententia\" (‘Whether this play is called \"Querolus\" or \"Aulularia\" will be your judgement, your decision’). The archetype of the surviving manuscripts seem to", "title": "Querolus" } ]

[ "Fluid dynamicist", "flow mechanics", "Liquid mechanics", "fluid mechanics", "Fluid mechanics", "liquid mechanics", "fluid dynamicist", "hydromechanics", "Fluid physics", "Mechanics of fluids", "Hydromechanics", "Flow (mechanics)", "fluid physics", "kymatology", "Kymatology", "Fluid Mechanics", "mechanics of fluids" ]

[ { "id": "11491161", "score": "1.4987606", "text": "possibility of a constant (linear) drift in \"x\" and/or \"t\": with \"φ\"(\"x\",\"z\",\"t\") – as well as the derivatives ∂\"Φ\"/∂\"t\" and ∂\"Φ\"/∂\"x\" – being periodic. Here \"β\" is the mean flow velocity below trough level, and \"γ\" is related to the hydraulic head as observed in a frame of reference moving with the wave's phase velocity \"c\" (so the flow becomes steady in this reference frame). In order to apply the Stokes expansion to progressive periodic waves, it is advantageous to describe them through Fourier series as a function of the wave phase \"θ\"(\"x\",\"t\"): assuming waves propagating in the \"x\"–direction. Here", "title": "Stokes wave" }, { "id": "11466044", "score": "1.4753554", "text": "this drift in his 1847 study of water waves. The Stokes drift is the difference in end positions, after a predefined amount of time (usually one wave period), as derived from a description in the Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates. The end position in the Lagrangian description is obtained by following a specific fluid parcel during the time interval. The corresponding end position in the Eulerian description is obtained by integrating the flow velocity at a fixed position—equal to the initial position in the Lagrangian description—during the same time interval. The Stokes drift velocity equals the Stokes drift divided by the", "title": "Stokes drift" }, { "id": "11466050", "score": "1.46225", "text": "\"z = -¼ λ\", it is about 4% of its value at the mean free surface, \"z = 0\". It is assumed that the waves are of infinitesimal amplitude and the free surface oscillates around the mean level \"z = 0\". The waves propagate under the action of gravity, with a constant acceleration vector by gravity (pointing downward in the negative \"z\"-direction). Further the fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible, with a constant mass density. The fluid flow is irrotational. At infinite depth, the fluid is taken to be at rest. Now the flow may be represented by", "title": "Stokes drift" }, { "id": "5721455", "score": "1.4603324", "text": "Stokes phenomenon In complex analysis the Stokes phenomenon, discovered by , is that the asymptotic behavior of functions can differ in different regions of the complex plane. These regions are bounded by Stokes line or anti-Stokes lines. Somewhat confusingly, mathematicians and physicists use the terms \"Stokes line\" and \"anti-Stokes line\" in opposite ways. The lines originally studied by Stokes are what some mathematicians call anti-Stokes lines and what physicists call Stokes lines. (These terms are also used in optics for the unrelated Stokes lines and anti-Stokes lines in Raman scattering). This article uses the physicist's convention, which is historically more", "title": "Stokes phenomenon" }, { "id": "11466043", "score": "1.4501858", "text": "Stokes drift For a pure wave motion in fluid dynamics, the Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation. More generally, the Stokes drift velocity is the difference between the average Lagrangian flow velocity of a fluid parcel, and the average Eulerian flow velocity of the fluid at a fixed position. This nonlinear phenomenon is named after George Gabriel Stokes, who derived expressions for", "title": "Stokes drift" }, { "id": "11466049", "score": "1.4413501", "text": "last term describes the Stokes drift formula_10 The Stokes drift was formulated for water waves by George Gabriel Stokes in 1847. For simplicity, the case of infinite-deep water is considered, with linear wave propagation of a sinusoidal wave on the free surface of a fluid layer: where As derived below, the horizontal component \"ū\"(\"z\") of the Stokes drift velocity for deep-water waves is approximately: As can be seen, the Stokes drift velocity \"ū\" is a nonlinear quantity in terms of the wave amplitude \"a\". Further, the Stokes drift velocity decays exponentially with depth: at a depth of a quarter wavelength,", "title": "Stokes drift" }, { "id": "11466045", "score": "1.4402342", "text": "considered time interval. Often, the Stokes drift velocity is loosely referred to as Stokes drift. Stokes drift may occur in all instances of oscillatory flow which are inhomogeneous in space. For instance in water waves, tides and atmospheric waves. In the Lagrangian description, fluid parcels may drift far from their initial positions. As a result, the unambiguous definition of an average Lagrangian velocity and Stokes drift velocity, which can be attributed to a certain fixed position, is by no means a trivial task. However, such an unambiguous description is provided by the \"Generalized Lagrangian Mean\" (GLM) theory of Andrews and", "title": "Stokes drift" }, { "id": "11466052", "score": "1.431546", "text": ": Stokes drift For a pure wave motion in fluid dynamics, the Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation. More generally, the Stokes drift velocity is the difference between the average Lagrangian flow velocity of a fluid parcel, and the average Eulerian flow velocity of the fluid at a fixed position. This nonlinear phenomenon is named after George Gabriel Stokes, who derived expressions", "title": "Stokes drift" }, { "id": "11466051", "score": "1.419419", "text": "a velocity potential \"φ\", satisfying the Laplace equation and In order to have non-trivial solutions for this eigenvalue problem, the wave length and wave period may not be chosen arbitrarily, but must satisfy the deep-water dispersion relation: with \"g\" the acceleration by gravity in (\"m / s\"). Within the framework of linear theory, the horizontal and vertical components, \"ξ\" and \"ξ\" respectively, of the Lagrangian position ξ are: The horizontal component \"ū\" of the Stokes drift velocity is estimated by using a Taylor expansion around x of the Eulerian horizontal-velocity component \"u = ∂ξ / ∂t\" at the position ξ", "title": "Stokes drift" }, { "id": "13686431", "score": "1.4123218", "text": "Stokes operator The Stokes operator, named after George Gabriel Stokes, is an unbounded linear operator used in the theory of partial differential equations, specifically in the fields of fluid dynamics and electromagnetics. If we define formula_1 as the Leray projection onto divergence free vector fields, then the Stokes Operator formula_2 is defined by where formula_4 is the Laplacian. Since formula_2 is unbounded, we must also give its domain of definition, which is defined as formula_6, where formula_7. Here, formula_8 is a bounded open set in formula_9 (usually \"n\" = 2 or 3), formula_10 and formula_11 are the standard Sobolev spaces,", "title": "Stokes operator" }, { "id": "11466046", "score": "1.4067636", "text": "McIntyre in 1978. The Stokes drift is important for the mass transfer of all kind of materials and organisms by oscillatory flows. Further the Stokes drift is important for the generation of Langmuir circulations. For nonlinear and periodic water waves, accurate results on the Stokes drift have been computed and tabulated. The Lagrangian motion of a fluid parcel with position vector \"x = ξ(α,t)\" in the Eulerian coordinates is given by: where \"∂ξ / ∂t\" is the partial derivative of \"ξ(α,t)\" with respect to \"t\", and Often, the Lagrangian coordinates α are chosen to coincide with the Eulerian coordinates x", "title": "Stokes drift" }, { "id": "4829371", "score": "1.4055257", "text": "the first to note that the generalized Stokes theorem can be written in the simple form where formula_2 is a \"p\"-form in \"n\"-space and \"S\" is the \"p\"-dimensional boundary of the (\"p\" + 1)-dimensional region \"T\". Goursat also used differential forms to state the Poincaré lemma and its converse, namely, that if formula_2 is a \"p\"-form, then formula_4 if and only if there is a (\"p\" − 1)-form formula_5 with formula_6. However Goursat did not notice that the \"only if\" part of the result depends on the domain of formula_2 and is not true in general. E. Cartan himself in", "title": "Édouard Goursat" }, { "id": "5721456", "score": "1.400415", "text": "accurate and seems to be becoming more common among mathematicians. recommends the term \"principal curve\" for (physicist's) anti-Stokes lines. Informally the anti-Stokes lines are roughly where some term in the asymptotic expansion changes from increasing to decreasing (and therefore can exhibit a purely oscillatory behavior), and the Stokes lines are lines along which some term approaches infinity or zero fastest. Anti-Stokes lines bound regions where the function exhibit a particular asymptotic behavior. The Stokes lines and anti-Stokes lines are not unique and do not really have a precise definition in general, because the region where a function has a given", "title": "Stokes phenomenon" }, { "id": "5721457", "score": "1.3878763", "text": "asymptotic behavior is a somewhat vague concept. However the lines do usually have well determined directions at essential singularities of the function, and there is sometimes a natural choice of these lines as follows. The asymptotic expansion of a function is often given by a linear combination of functions of the form \"f\"(\"z\")e for functions \"f\" and \"g\". The Stokes lines can then be taken as the zeros of the imaginary part of \"g\", and the anti-Stokes lines as the zeros of the real part of \"g\". (This is not quite canonical, because one can add a constant to \"g\",", "title": "Stokes phenomenon" }, { "id": "92100", "score": "1.3760955", "text": "and that \"I\" know what \"thinking\" is. He suggested a more appropriate phrase would be \"it thinks\" wherein the \"it\" could be an impersonal subject as in the sentence \"It is raining.\" The Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard calls the phrase a tautology in his \"Concluding Unscientific Postscript\". He argues that the \"cogito\" already presupposes the existence of \"I\", and therefore concluding with existence is logically trivial. Kierkegaard's argument can be made clearer if one extracts the premise \"I think\" into the premises \"'x' thinks\" and \"I am that 'x'\", where \"x\" is used as a placeholder in order to disambiguate", "title": "Cogito, ergo sum" }, { "id": "1882508", "score": "1.3760531", "text": "called Stokes' law. When the value of formula_5 is substituted in the equation (5), we obtain the expression for terminal speed of a spherical object moving under creeping flow conditions: The creeping flow results can be applied in order to study the settling of sediments near the ocean bottom and the fall of moisture drops in the atmosphere. The principle is also applied in the falling sphere viscometer, an experimental device used to measure the viscosity of highly viscous fluids, for example oil, paraffin, tar etc. When the buoyancy effects are taken into account, an object falling through a fluid", "title": "Terminal velocity" }, { "id": "5721460", "score": "1.3746221", "text": "approximate the Airy function for both positive and negative values, we would find that which are two very different expressions. What has happened is that as we have increased the argument of \"x\" from 0 to pi (rotating it around through the upper half complex plane) we have crossed an anti-Stokes line, which in this case is at formula_4. At this anti-Stokes line, the coefficient of formula_5 is forced to jump. The coefficient of formula_6 can jump at this line but is not forced to; it can change gradually as arg \"x\" varies from π/3 to π as it is", "title": "Stokes phenomenon" }, { "id": "11491134", "score": "1.3732779", "text": "fluid parcels are not closed circles. This is due to the reduction of the velocity amplitude at increasing depth below the surface. This Lagrangian drift of the fluid parcels is known as the Stokes drift. The surface elevation \"η\" and the velocity potential Φ are, according to Stokes' second-order theory of surface gravity waves on a fluid layer of mean depth \"h\": Observe that for finite depth the velocity potential Φ contains a linear drift in time, independent of position (\"x\" and \"z\"). Both this temporal drift and the double-frequency term (containing sin 2θ) in Φ vanish for deep-water waves.", "title": "Stokes wave" }, { "id": "20142751", "score": "1.370951", "text": "Stokes problem In fluid dynamics, Stokes problem also known as Stokes second problem or sometimes referred to as Stokes boundary layer or Oscillating boundary layer is a problem of determining the flow created by an oscillating solid surface, named after Sir George Stokes. This is considered as one of the simplest unsteady problem that have exact solution for the Navier-Stokes equations. In turbulent flow, this is still named a Stokes boundary layer, but now one has to rely on experiments, numerical simulations or approximate methods in order to obtain useful information on the flow. Consider an infinitely long plate which", "title": "Stokes problem" }, { "id": "11491138", "score": "1.3679146", "text": "Next, a solution for the non-linear wave problem (including the Taylor series expansion around the mean or still surface elevation) is sought by means of a perturbation series – known as the \"Stokes expansion\" – in terms of a small parameter, most often the wave steepness. The unknown terms in the expansion can be solved sequentially. Often, only a small number of terms is needed to provide a solution of sufficient accuracy for engineering purposes. Typical applications are in the design of coastal and offshore structures, and of ships. Another property of non-linear waves is that the phase speed of", "title": "Stokes wave" } ]

[ "Trying to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London", "trying to steal crown jewels from tower of london" ]

[ { "id": "2051529", "score": "2.1520061", "text": "Maurice Petherick, and Brian Inglis, had distinguished careers in British and Irish society. Thomas Blood Colonel Thomas Blood (1618 – 24 August 1680) was an Anglo-Irish officer and self-styled colonel best known for his attempt to steal the Crown Jewels of England from the Tower of London in 1671. Described in an American source as a \"noted bravo and desperado,\" he was known for his attempt to kidnap and, later, to kill, his enemy, the Duke of Ormonde. He had switched allegiances from Royalist to Roundhead during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, and despite his subsequent notoriety received a", "title": "Thomas Blood" }, { "id": "2051510", "score": "2.1437893", "text": "Thomas Blood Colonel Thomas Blood (1618 – 24 August 1680) was an Anglo-Irish officer and self-styled colonel best known for his attempt to steal the Crown Jewels of England from the Tower of London in 1671. Described in an American source as a \"noted bravo and desperado,\" he was known for his attempt to kidnap and, later, to kill, his enemy, the Duke of Ormonde. He had switched allegiances from Royalist to Roundhead during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, and despite his subsequent notoriety received a Royal free pardon and found favour at the court of King Charles II.", "title": "Thomas Blood" }, { "id": "6717982", "score": "1.7874792", "text": "the Orange Regiment in 1660 and a colonel of the yellow Regiment from 1660 to 1682. In 1661, he was re-elected MP for Southwark for the Cavalier Parliament. He became an alderman for Portsoken ward in 1662 and was a member of the committee of the E.I.C. from 1662 to 1663. In 1663 he served as one of the two sheriffs of London. He was alderman of Aldersgate from 1663 to 1682 and was on the committee E.I.C again from 1664 to 1665. In 1665 he was Master of the Vintners Company. Bloodworth became Lord Mayor of London in November", "title": "Thomas Bloodworth" }, { "id": "20390171", "score": "1.7763982", "text": "Holcroft Blood Holcroft Blood (c.1657-1707) was an Anglo-Irish soldier, notable for his service as an engineer and artillery commander under the Duke of Marlborough during the War of the Spanish Succession. He was the son of Thomas Blood, an adventurer who became notorious for his failed attempts to steal the crown jewels from the Tower of London and assassinate the Duke of Ormonde. His mother was Mary Holcroft, daughter of the Liverpool Mayor and MP John Holcroft. In 1672, without his father's permission he enlisted in the Royal Navy during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, then served as a cadet in", "title": "Holcroft Blood" }, { "id": "2051512", "score": "1.7500681", "text": "of John Holcroft, a gentleman from Golborne, Lancashire, and returned to Ireland. At the outbreak of the First English Civil War in 1642, Blood returned to England and initially took up arms with the Royalist forces loyal to Charles I. As the conflict progressed he switched sides and became a lieutenant in Oliver Cromwell's Roundheads. In 1653 at the cessation of hostilities Cromwell awarded Blood land grants as payment for his service and appointed him a justice of the peace. Following the Restoration of King Charles II to the Crowns of the Three Kingdoms in 1660, Blood fled with his", "title": "Thomas Blood" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Samuel Pepys\n\nSamuel Pepys (; 23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703) was an English diarist and naval administrator. He served as administrator of the Royal Navy and Member of Parliament and is most famous for the diary he kept for a decade. Pepys had no maritime experience, but he rose to be the Chief Secretary to the Admiralty under both King Charles II and King James II through patronage, diligence, and his talent for administration. His influence and reforms at the Admiralty were important in the early professionalisation of the Royal Navy.\n\nThe detailed private diary that Pepys kept from 1660 until 1669 was first published in the 19th century and is one of the most important primary sources for the English Restoration period. It provides a combination of personal revelation and eyewitness accounts of great events, such as the Great Plague of London, the Second Dutch War, and the Great Fire of London.", "title": "Samuel Pepys" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Charles II of England\n\nCharles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651, and King of England, Scotland and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.\n\nCharles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France. After Charles I's execution at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War, the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 February 1649. But England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth, and the country was a de facto republic led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. The political crisis that followed Cromwell's death in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. After 1660, all legal documents stating a regnal year did so as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649.\n\nCharles's English parliament enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code, designed to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England. Charles acquiesced to the Clarendon Code even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of Dover, an alliance with his cousin King Louis XIV of France. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date. Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oates's revelations of a supposed Popish Plot sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, had become a Catholic. The crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories, and after the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were executed or forced into exile. Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681 and ruled alone until his death in 1685.\n\nTraditionally considered one of the most popular English kings, Charles is known as the \"Merry Monarch\", a reference to the liveliness and hedonism of his court. He acknowledged at least 12 illegitimate children by various mistresses, but left no legitimate children and was succeeded by his brother, James.", "title": "Charles II of England" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "George II of Great Britain\n\nGeorge II (George Augustus; ; 30 October / 9 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death in 1760.\n\nBorn and brought up in northern Germany, George is the most recent British monarch born outside Great Britain. The Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 positioned his grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, and her Protestant descendants to inherit the British throne. After the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father, the Elector of Hanover, became George I of Great Britain. In the first years of his father's reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians until they rejoined the governing party in 1720.\n\nAs king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had more direct control over government policy. He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son, Frederick, who supported the parliamentary opposition. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle. In 1745 supporters of the Catholic claimant to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart (\"The Old Pretender\"), led by James's son Charles Edward Stuart (\"The Young Pretender\" or \"Bonnie Prince Charlie\"), attempted and failed to depose George in the last of the Jacobite rebellions. Frederick died suddenly in 1751, nine years before his father; George was succeeded by Frederick's eldest son, George III.\n\nFor two centuries after George II's death, history tended to view him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper, and boorishness. Since then, reassessment of his legacy has led scholars to conclude that he exercised more influence in foreign policy and military appointments than previously thought.", "title": "George II of Great Britain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Charles I of England\n\nCharles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. He was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 upon the death of his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to the Spanish Habsburg princess Maria Anna culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiation. Two years later, he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France.\n\nAfter his 1625 succession, Charles quarrelled with the English Parliament, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. He believed in the divine right of kings, and was determined to govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated antipathy and mistrust from Reformed religious groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported high church Anglican ecclesiastics and failed to aid continental Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments, and helped precipitate his own downfall.\n\nFrom 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. After his defeat in 1645 at the hands of the Parliamentarian New Model Army, he fled north from his base at Oxford. Charles surrendered to a Scottish force and after lengthy negotiations between the English and Scottish parliaments he was handed over to the Long Parliament in London. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, he forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648, the New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and the Commonwealth of England was established as a republic. The monarchy was restored to Charles's son Charles II in 1660.", "title": "Charles I of England" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "The Nuttall Encyclopædia/C - Wikisource, the free online library" }, { "id": "2051513", "score": "1.7235055", "text": "family to Ireland. The confiscations and restitutions under the Act of Settlement 1662 (which sought to cancel and annul some of the grants of land and real properties allocated as reward to new holders being Cromwellians under the Act of Settlement 1652) brought Blood to financial ruin, and in return Blood sought to unite his fellow Cromwellians in Ireland to cause insurrection. As part of the expression of discontent, Blood conspired to storm Dublin Castle, usurp the government, and kidnap James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, for ransom. On the eve of the attempt, the", "title": "Thomas Blood" }, { "id": "12318214", "score": "1.7177647", "text": "Colonel Blood (film) Colonel Blood (1934) was a British film written and directed by W. P. Lipscomb. It was a dramatised account of Thomas Blood, a 17th-century adventurer in England. The plot is based on a dramatised account of the exploits of the historical renegade, Thomas Blood, in the 17th century and his attempted theft of the British Crown jewels. The film was shot on location at Shepperton Studios in England. It was shot on 35mm black and white film in an aspect ratio of 1.37:1. It was produced by Norman Loudon for Sound City Film, Shepperton Studio's in-house sound", "title": "Colonel Blood (film)" }, { "id": "12318215", "score": "1.7094882", "text": "production company. Colonel Blood (film) Colonel Blood (1934) was a British film written and directed by W. P. Lipscomb. It was a dramatised account of Thomas Blood, a 17th-century adventurer in England. The plot is based on a dramatised account of the exploits of the historical renegade, Thomas Blood, in the 17th century and his attempted theft of the British Crown jewels. The film was shot on location at Shepperton Studios in England. It was shot on 35mm black and white film in an aspect ratio of 1.37:1. It was produced by Norman Loudon for Sound City Film, Shepperton Studio's", "title": "Colonel Blood (film)" }, { "id": "2051527", "score": "1.7048444", "text": "to advocate in the claims of suitors to the Crown. In John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester's \"History of Insipids\", he wrote of Blood: In 1679 Blood fell into dispute with the Duke of Buckingham, his former patron, and Buckingham sued Blood for £10,000, for insulting remarks Blood had made about his character. In the proceedings that followed, Blood was convicted by the King's Bench in 1680 and granted bail, although he never paid the damages. Blood was released from prison in July 1680 but had fallen into a coma by 22 August. He died on 24 August at his", "title": "Thomas Blood" }, { "id": "2051525", "score": "1.6956428", "text": "the Tower regaling visitors with his tales of the attempted theft. He died in 1674 and his tomb rests in the chapel of St Peter's Ad Vincula, at the Tower of London. The reasons for the King's pardon are unknown. Some historians have speculated that the King may have feared an uprising in revenge by followers of Blood, who were thought to have taken an oath to their leader. Others speculate that the King had a fondness for audacious scoundrels such as Blood, and that he was amused by the Irishman's claim that the jewels were worth only £6,000 as", "title": "Thomas Blood" }, { "id": "6717981", "score": "1.6923785", "text": "a London vintner and became a member of the mercantile guild the Company of Vintners. He became a successful seller of turkeys, though was primarily a timber merchant. He was a member of the committee of the East India Company (E.I.C.) from 1651 to 1661 and one of the Court Assistants for the Levant Company from 1652 to 1665. In 1658 he was elected an alderman of the City of London for Dowgate ward. In 1660 he was elected Member of Parliament for Southwark in the Convention Parliament. He was knighted on 16 May 1660. He was a Colonel of", "title": "Thomas Bloodworth" }, { "id": "2051515", "score": "1.663378", "text": "the wealthy George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, who 19th-century commentators believed used Blood as a means to punish his own political and social adversaries, since his own class ranking did not allow him to meet them \"in the field\". In 1670, despite his status as a wanted man, Blood returned to England and is believed to have taken the name Ayloffe and practised as a doctor or an apothecary in Romford Market, east of London. A second attempt, this time on the life of the Duke of Ormonde, followed. Since Ormonde's return to England, he had taken up residence", "title": "Thomas Blood" }, { "id": "2051517", "score": "1.6528556", "text": "succeeded in freeing himself and escaped. The plot's secrecy meant that Blood was not suspected of the crime, despite a reward being offered for the capture of the attempted assassins. In the King's presence, James's son, Thomas Butler, accused the Duke of Buckingham of being behind the crime. Thomas threatened to shoot Buckingham dead in revenge, if his father, James, was murdered. Blood did not lie low for long, and within six months he made his notorious attempt to steal the Crown Jewels. In April or May 1671 he visited the Tower of London dressed as a parson and accompanied", "title": "Thomas Blood" }, { "id": "9754157", "score": "1.65138", "text": "the family line ends. The Holcroft family also have some notoriety for a scandal involving the daughter of Lt-Col John Holcroft who was an officer in Cromwell's army. His daughter, Maria, married Irishman Lieutenant Thomas Blood against Holcroft's wishes. They married on 16 June 1650 in Newchurch before moving to Ireland. At the end of the civil war, Cromwell promoted Blood to the rank of Captain. Three years later he was elevated to Commissioner of Parliament. Blood is most famous for devising a plot to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London and using them as a ransom", "title": "Culcheth and Glazebury" }, { "id": "2051511", "score": "1.6445241", "text": "Sources suggest that Blood was born in County Clare, in the Kingdom of Ireland, the son of a successful land-owning blacksmith of English descent, and was partly raised at Sarney, near Dunboyne, in County Meath. He was apparently a Presbyterian. His family was respectable and prosperous (by the standards of the time); his father held lands in the Counties Clare, Meath and Wicklow. His grandfather was a member of the Irish Parliament, and had lived at Kilnaboy Castle (also in County Clare). He received his education in Lancashire, England. At the age of 20, he married Maria Holcroft, the daughter", "title": "Thomas Blood" }, { "id": "20511322", "score": "1.6379693", "text": "In 1703 the regiment was in the action of Loonaken and engaged in covering the sieges of Huy and Limbourg. Meanwhile its Lieutenant-Colonel Holcroft Blood had succeeded as colonel on 26 August 1703. In October the regiment sailed from Holland to Portsmouth and on 15 March 1704 it landed in Portugal. Its Colonel Blood continued to serve as brigadier-general and When the 1715 Jacobite rebellion broke out he commanded the first reinforcements sent to assist the Duke of Argyll at Stirling. He fought under Argyll at the Battle of Sherrifmuir in November 1715. The battle was inconclusive, but the Jacobite", "title": "Joseph Wightman (general)" }, { "id": "2051528", "score": "1.6061786", "text": "home in Bowling Alley, Westminster. His body was buried in the churchyard of St Margaret's Church (now Christchurch Gardens) near St. James's Park. It is believed that his body was exhumed by the authorities for confirmation: such was his reputation for trickery, it was suspected he might have faked his death and funeral to avoid paying his debt to Buckingham. Blood's epitaph read: Blood's son Holcroft Blood became a distinguished military engineer rising to the rank of Brigadier-General; he commanded the Duke of Marlborough's artillery at the Battle of Blenheim. Descendants including General Bindon Blood, civil engineer William Bindon Blood,", "title": "Thomas Blood" }, { "id": "2051519", "score": "1.5997945", "text": "the Edwardses and presented Mrs Edwards with four pairs of white gloves as a gesture of thanks. As Blood became ingratiated with the family, an offer was made for a fictitious nephew of Blood's to marry the Edwardses' daughter, who, Blood alleged, would be eligible, by virtue of the marriage, to an income of several hundred pounds. On 9 May 1671, in furtherance of the deception, Blood convinced Edwards to show the jewels to him, his supposed nephew, and two of his friends while they waited for a dinner that Mrs Edwards was to put on for Blood and his", "title": "Thomas Blood" }, { "id": "2051514", "score": "1.5938816", "text": "plot was foiled. Blood managed to evade the authorities by hiding with his countrymen in the mountains, and ultimately managed to escape to the United Dutch Provinces in the Low Country. A few of Blood's collaborators were captured and executed. As a result, some historians speculated that Blood swore vengeance against Ormonde. While in the Dutch Republic, Blood gained the favour of Admiral de Ruyter, an opponent of the English forces in the Anglo-Dutch Wars, and was implicated in the Scottish Pentland Rising of 1666 by the Scottish Presbyterian Covenanters. At some point during this period, Blood became associated with", "title": "Thomas Blood" }, { "id": "13179063", "score": "1.586149", "text": "the attack on Seward but about a legal case that the attorney Seward handled on behalf of the African American Willie Freeman, who was found guilty but insane of the murders of a white farm family. The prosecutor in the trial was John Van Buren, son of former U.S. President Martin Van Buren. In the first episode of 1957, \"The Trial of Colonel Blood\", Michael Wilding guest starred in the title role of Thomas Blood, the Irish-born colonel who in 1671 tried to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London. Norman Lloyd, a director of \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\",", "title": "The Joseph Cotten Show" } ]

[ "Stop!", "Stop (song)", "stop disambiguation", "STOP", "STOP (disambiguation)", "Stop(song)", "stop", "Stop (disambiguation)", "Stop! (disambiguation)", "Stop", "stop album", "stops", "Stop! (song)", "Stops", "stop song", "Stop (album)" ]

[ { "id": "3695445", "score": "1.4224281", "text": "square, replaced by a white rectangle in 1964, was displayed in the corner of the screen. An off-screen voice warned at the beginning of the program that it was unsuitable for all audiences. This system continued until 1996 when the Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel replaced it with a system of five pictograms, indicating the suitability of the program. This system was replaced by the current system on 18 November 2002. In Germany every broadcaster has to show a disclaimer displaying the sentence \"Die nachfolgende Sendung ist für Zuschauer unter 16/18 Jahren nicht geeignet\" before transmission if the program contains potentially", "title": "Television content rating system" }, { "id": "2618791", "score": "1.4164908", "text": "typically indicate whether the curves are to the right or to the left, the angle of the curve and whether it is one curve or a series of curves. <br><br><br> Chevron-shaped symbols or arrows on rectangular signs may be placed at the actual location of the bend or curve to further mark the location of the curve and to assist in the negotiation of the curve. They may also be used to indicate \"merge\" with other traffic, as for an on-ramp of a limited-access highway. <br> An unusual occurrence of the rectangular arrow sign appears on the eastbound approach to", "title": "Warning sign" }, { "id": "8041969", "score": "1.4062841", "text": "square cupboard. This is even more true of a square plate, but there are various problems (such as fragility, and difficulty of wiping up sauce) associated with the corners of square plates. Sumvision manufactures an SD card-based MP3 player named Squircle for the budget market. It is not, however, a genuine squircle, although vaguely similar in shape. Nokia is closely associated with the squircle, having used it as a touchpad button in many phones. Italian car manufacturer Fiat used numerous squircles in the interior and exterior design of the third generation Panda. Apple Inc. uses a shape that resembles a", "title": "Squircle" }, { "id": "400695", "score": "1.4007106", "text": "hand, while an 'X' hand with a hollow bullet means that it becomes a 'D' hand. If the fingers are already flexed, then a solid bullet shows that they squeeze. For example, a square (closed fist, 'S' hand) with double solid bullets is the sign for 'milk' (iconically squeezing an udder). A downward-pointing chevron represents flexing at the knuckles, while an upward-pointing chevron (^) shows that the knuckles straighten. That is, a 'U' hand with a down chevron becomes an 'N' hand, while and 'N' hand with an up chevron becomes a 'U' hand. A zigzag like two chevrons (^^)", "title": "SignWriting" }, { "id": "751291", "score": "1.3844852", "text": "emulated on many software control panels. These symbols are commonly a square for \"stop\", a vertically pointed triangle with a line under it for \"eject\", a right-pointing triangle for \"play\", double triangles for \"fast-forward\" and \"rewind\", a red dot for \"record\", and a vertically divided square (two rectangles side-by-side) for \"pause\". Stereo recorders eventually evolved into high fidelity and were known as cassette decks, after the reel-to-reel decks. Hi-Fi cassette decks, in contrast to cassette recorders and cassette players, often didn't have built-in amplification or speakers. Many formats of cassette players and recorders have evolved over the years. Initially all", "title": "Cassette tape" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Media control symbols\n\nIn digital electronics, analogue electronics and entertainment, the user interface may include media controls or player controls, to enact and change or adjust the process of video playback, audio playback, and alike. These controls are commonly depicted as widely known symbols found in a multitude of products, exemplifying what is known as dominant design.", "title": "Media control symbols" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Video game\n\nVideo games, also known as computer games, are electronic games that involve interaction with a user interface or input device such as a joystick, controller, keyboard, or motion sensing device to generate visual feedback. This feedback mostly commonly is shown on a video display device, such as a TV set, monitor, touchscreen, or virtual reality headset. Some computer games do not always depend on a graphics display, for example text adventure games and computer chess can be played through teletype printers. Video games are often augmented with audio feedback delivered through speakers or headphones, and sometimes with other types of feedback, including haptic technology.\n\nVideo games are defined based on their platform, which include arcade video games, console games, and personal computer (PC) games. More recently, the industry has expanded onto mobile gaming through smartphones and tablet computers, virtual and augmented reality systems, and remote cloud gaming. Video games are classified into a wide range of genres based on their type of gameplay and purpose.\n\nThe first video game prototypes in the 1950s and 1960s were simple extensions of electronic games using video-like output from large room-size computers. The first consumer video game was the arcade video game \"Computer Space\" in 1971. In 1972 came the iconic hit arcade game \"Pong\", and the first home console, the Magnavox Odyssey. The industry grew quickly during the golden age of arcade video games from the late 1970s to early 1980s, but suffered from the crash of the North American video game market in 1983 due to loss of publishing control and saturation of the market. Following the crash, the industry matured, dominated by Japanese companies such as Nintendo, Sega, and Sony, and established practices and methods around the development and distribution of video games to prevent a similar crash in the future, many of which continue to be followed. Today, video game development requires numerous skills to bring a game to market, including developers, publishers, distributors, retailers, console and other third-party manufacturers, and other roles.\n\nIn the 2000s, the core industry centered on \"AAA\" games, leaving little room for riskier, experimental games. Coupled with the availability of the Internet and digital distribution, this gave room for independent video game development (or indie games) to gain prominence into the 2010s. Since then, the commercial importance of the video game industry has been increasing. The emerging Asian markets and mobile games on smartphones in particular are altering player demographics towards casual gaming and increasing monetization by incorporating games as a service. As of 2020, the global video game market has estimated annual revenues of across hardware, software, and services. This is three times the size of the 2019 global music industry and four times that of the 2019 film industry.", "title": "Video game" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Digital on-screen graphic\n\nA digital on-screen graphic, digitally originated graphic (DOG, bug, or network bug) is a watermark-like station logo that most television broadcasters overlay over a portion of the screen area of their programs to identify the channel. They are thus a form of permanent visual station identification, increasing brand recognition and asserting ownership of the video signal.\n\nThe graphic identifies the source of programming, even if it has been time-shifted—that is, recorded to videotape, DVD, or a digital personal video recorder such as TiVo. Many of these technologies allow viewers to skip or omit traditional between-programming station identification; thus the use of a DOG enables the station or network to enforce brand identification even when standard commercials are skipped.\n\nDOG watermarking helps to reduce off-the-air copyright infringement—for example, the distribution of a current series' episodes on DVD: the watermarked content is easily differentiated from \"official\" DVD releases, and can help identify not only the station from which the broadcast was captured, but usually the actual date of the broadcast as well.\n\nGraphics may be used to identify if the correct subscription is being used for a type of venue. For example, showing Sky Sports within a pub requires a more expensive subscription; a channel authorized under this subscription adds a pint glass graphic to the bottom of the screen for inspectors to see. The graphic changes at certain times, making it harder to counterfeit.\n\nOn the other hand, watermarks pollute the picture, distract viewers' attention and may cover an important piece of information presented in the television program. Extremely bright watermarks may cause screen burn-in on some types of TV sets.\n\nUsage of visually perceptible embedded watermarks requires program author to have a separate clean copy for archival purposes, but this practice was not common decades ago when watermarking became popular among broadcasters. Watermarks present an issue when archival videos are used for a documentary that strives to create a coherent story. In some cases, watermarks are blurred or digitally removed if possible to clean up the picture. In the absence of visually perceptible watermarks content control can be ensured with visually imperceptible digital watermarks.\n\nIn some cases, the graphic also shows the name of the current program. Some television networks may place additional logos or text alongside their DOG to advertise significant upcoming programs. For example, broadcasters of the Olympic Games often add the Olympic rings to their DOG for a period of time leading up to—and during—the Games.", "title": "Digital on-screen graphic" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Blockbuster (retailer)\n\nBlockbuster LLC, formerly known as Blockbuster Video, was an American-based provider of home video and video game rental services. Services were offered primarily at video rental shops, but later alternatives included DVD-by-mail, streaming, video on demand, and cinema theater. Previously operated by Blockbuster Entertainment, Inc.,<ref name=\"BEinc1996\"/> the company expanded internationally throughout the 1990s. At its peak in 2004, Blockbuster consisted of 9,094 stores and employed approximately 84,300 people: 58,500 in the United States and 25,800 in other countries.\n\nPoor leadership and the impact of the Great Recession were major factors leading to Blockbuster's decline, as was the growing competition from Netflix's mail-order service, video on demand, and Redbox automated kiosks. Significant loss of revenue occurred during the late 2000s, and the company filed for bankruptcy protection in 2010. The following year, its remaining 1,700 stores were bought by satellite television provider Dish Network, and by 2014, the last 300 company-owned stores were closed. Although corporate support for the brand ended, Dish retained a small number of franchise agreements, enabling some privately owned franchises to remain open. Following a series of further closures in 2019, only one franchised store remains open, located in Bend, Oregon, United States.", "title": "Blockbuster (retailer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Capacitance Electronic Disc\n\nThe Capacitance Electronic Disc (CED) is an analog video disc playback system developed by RCA, in which video and audio could be played back on a TV set using a special stylus and high-density groove system similar to phonograph records.\n\nFirst conceived in 1964, the CED system was widely seen as a technological success which was able to increase the density of a long-playing record by two orders of magnitude. Despite this achievement, the CED system fell victim to poor planning, various conflicts with RCA management, and several technical difficulties that slowed development and stalled production of the system for 17 years—until 1981, by which time it had already been made obsolete by laser videodisc (DiscoVision, later called LaserVision and LaserDisc) as well as Betamax and VHS video cassette formats. Sales for the system were nowhere near projected estimates. In the spring of 1984, RCA announced it was discontinuing player production, but continued the production of videodiscs until 1986, losing an estimated $600 million in the process. RCA had initially intended to release the SKT425 CED player with their high end Dimensia system in late 1984, but cancelled CED player production prior to the Dimensia system's release.\n\nThe format was commonly known as \"videodisc\", leading to much confusion with the contemporaneous LaserDisc format. LaserDiscs are read optically with a laser beam, whereas CED discs are read physically with a stylus (similar to a conventional gramophone record). The two systems are mutually incompatible.\n\nRCA used the brand \"SelectaVision\" for the CED system, a name also used for some early RCA brand VCRs, and other experimental projects at RCA. The Video High Density system is similar to that of CED. ", "title": "Capacitance Electronic Disc" }, { "id": "19826296", "score": "1.3814036", "text": "The projector starts to spark. A squared hammer surrounded by electric arcs is revealed. The intertitle refers to it as the \"Square Hammer\". The man picks it up as the mysterious spectre makes mystic passes. The Hammer glows and emits lightning. Suddenly, the mysterious spectre puts his hand through the screen. It arcs with power. Papa Emeritus III sees it, but the others appear unconcerned. Then the mysterious spectre bows and becomes a cloud of bats, which chase everyone except Papa Emeritus III and the ghouls outside the theatre. An afterimage of the mysterious spectre glows blue on the screen.", "title": "Square Hammer" }, { "id": "14212363", "score": "1.3696022", "text": "\"yes\" and \"no,\" respectively (which explains their common use as \"confirm\" and \"cancel\" in games; interestingly enough, this layout is reversed in Western games); the triangle symbolizes a point of view and the square is equated to a sheet of paper there to be used to access menus. The order of the shapes also coincides with the order children are able to draw them from ages 3 to 6 years, moving clockwise, starting with the circle and ending with the triangle. The North American model of the PlayStation controller is roughly 10% larger than the Japanese model, to account for", "title": "PlayStation Controller" }, { "id": "10714856", "score": "1.3672614", "text": "negative space. The display also offered the possibility of live video streaming across the sign's curvature. Built by digital LED display manufacturer Daktronics and titled \"Simply Coke,\" the sign was covered in programmable Light-emitting diodes and allowed graphics to be displayed. The sign attained 180-degree visibility by sculpting LED panels around the 8 foot horizontal thrust. Wright Massey, owner of Brand Architecture Inc. and creator of the sign, said, \"We realized that a vibrant, simple design would draw focus in the frenzied pandemonium of Times Square. Drawing from recent Coca-Cola marketing research, we found the Dynamic Ribbon Device the best", "title": "Coca-Cola sign" }, { "id": "2247907", "score": "1.3634447", "text": "the sign in the closing scene of the 1971 motorsport movie, \"Le Mans\". A still picture of the gesture was recorded by photographer Nigel Snowdon and has become an icon of both McQueen and the film itself. The gesture was also flashed by Spike (played by James Marsters) in \"Hush\", a Season 4 episode of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\". The scene was also featured in the series' opening credits for all of Season 5. It was censored by BBC Two only in its early-evening showings of the program. For a time in the UK, \"a Harvey (Smith)\" became a way", "title": "V sign" }, { "id": "6877781", "score": "1.3574977", "text": "of teeth, but are generally smooth and with rounded edges, such as ovals or rounded rectangles. A logo can be printed on a shaped CD, in the same way common audio CDs and CD-ROMs are labeled. Shaped CDs are produced in one of two ways. A special mold can be made and used to \"stamp\" CDs (or DVDs) as part of the precision injection molding process that is used to make CDs and DVDs. Because of the initial cost involved in setting up this process, it is usually used for mass production. For the same reason, this is generally restricted", "title": "Shaped Compact Disc" }, { "id": "15570103", "score": "1.3526962", "text": "1960s, with the Pause symbol having reportedly been invented at Ampex during that decade for use on reel-to-reel audio recorder controls, due to the difficulty of translating the word \"pause\" into some languages used in foreign markets. The Pause symbol was designed as a variation on the existing square Stop symbol and was intended to evoke the concept of an interruption or \"stutter stop\". In popular culture, the play triangle is arguably the most widely used of the media control symbols. In many ways, the symbol has become synonymous with music culture and more broadly the digital download era. As", "title": "Media controls" }, { "id": "10164231", "score": "1.3515216", "text": "content but General discs may not. Although most DVD writers can nowadays write the DVD+R/RW and DVD-R/RW formats (usually denoted by \"DVD±RW\" or the existence of both the DVD Forum logo and the DVD+RW Alliance logo), the \"plus\" and the \"dash\" formats use different writing specifications. Most DVD readers and players play both kinds of discs, though older models can have trouble with the \"plus\" variants. Some first generation DVD players would cause damage to DVD±R/RW/DL when attempting to read them. The form of the spiral groove that makes up the structure of a recordable DVD encodes unalterable identification data", "title": "DVD" }, { "id": "13659962", "score": "1.3432798", "text": "or both (DVD-14). When used for movie releases, double-sided DVDs typically have the widescreen (or letterbox) version of the movie on one side, and the pan and scan (sometimes called \"fullscreen\") version on the opposite side, often with different set of bonus content on each side (Many Fox and MGM DVDs have this setup). Some releases place the feature on Side A, and the extra features on the Side B (i.e. The Pianist and Terminator 1 ). Some particularly lengthy films (i.e. Schindler's List and Oliver!) are divided between the two sides, starting on Side A and continuing on Side", "title": "Double-sided disk" }, { "id": "276164", "score": "1.3410988", "text": "could interfere with other electronic equipment. For example, if one were to run a video signal through a VCR before the television, some VCRs will output a ruined signal regardless of whether it is recording. This also occurs in some TV-VCR combo sets. Apart from this, many DVD recorders mistake the mechanical instability of worn videotapes for Macrovision signals, and so refuse to make what would be perfectly legal DVD dubs of people's old home movies and the like. This widespread problem is another factor contributing to the demand for devices that defeat Macrovision. The signal has also been known", "title": "TiVo Corporation" }, { "id": "535467", "score": "1.3399004", "text": "during a program. This can be confusing for the user as the player will indicate that it is still playing chapter 1 when it has played through to chapter 2 or later. Pressing the Next button would cause playback from the beginning of chapter 2. However, preview material is sometimes stored in a separate chapter, followed by a single chapter for the film. VCDs are often bilingual. Because they feature stereo audio, disc players have an option to play only the left or right audio channel. On some films, they feature English on the left audio channel and Cantonese on", "title": "Video CD" }, { "id": "14365845", "score": "1.336817", "text": "the machine at the time of playback, Kaleidescape violated the \"CSS General Specifications\" section of the license agreement. Under this particular licensing scheme, the licensee must sign a standard agreement to maintain confidentiality of the CSS technology. At the time of signing, the licensee is not aware of the particular specifications to which the licensee must comply (such as the specification that the original DVD must be inserted into the player at the time of playback). It is only after noting the \"membership category\", executing the agreement, and paying the required fees, will the licensee receive the \"CSS General Specifications\".", "title": "DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc. v. Kaleidescape, Inc." }, { "id": "7212769", "score": "1.335341", "text": "waiting for some external event (such as the user inserting a CD). Unicode has an symbol at codice_1 (⌛). Because of its symmetry, graphic signs resembling an hourglass are seen in the art of cultures which never encountered such objects. Vertical pairs of triangles joined at the apex are common in Native American art; both in North America, where it can represent, for example, the body of the Thunderbird or (in more elongated form) an enemy scalp, and in South America, where it is believed to represent a Chuncho jungle dweller. In Zulu textiles they symbolise a married man, as", "title": "Hourglass" }, { "id": "14977343", "score": "1.3277098", "text": "commercial Blu-ray Disc or CSS in the case of a copy of a commercial DVD), a message is displayed (either immediately or after a set duration) stating that the media is not authorized for playback on the device and that users should visit the Cinavia web page for more information. Depending on the device and firmware, once the message is triggered, the audio may be muted, or playback may stop entirely. Following an intervention by the Cinavia+AACS system, one of four messages is displayed to reflect the specific situation in which a watermark was detected. The messages are numbered \"Cinavia", "title": "Cinavia" }, { "id": "2247902", "score": "1.3259286", "text": "V sign The V sign is a hand gesture in which the index and middle fingers are raised and parted, while the other fingers are clenched. It has various meanings, depending on the cultural context and how it is presented. When displayed with the palm inward toward the signer, it has long been an offensive gesture in some Commonwealth nations. In the 1940s, during the Second World War, a campaign by the Western Allies to use the sign with the back of the hand toward the signer ( in Unicode) as a \"V for Victory\" sign proved quite effective. During", "title": "V sign" }, { "id": "8090298", "score": "1.3246341", "text": "Sound recording copyright symbol The sound recording copyright symbol, represented by the graphic symbol ℗ (a circled capital letter P), is the copyright symbol used to provide notice of copyright in a sound recording (phonogram) embodied in a phonorecord (LPs, audiotapes, cassette tapes, compact discs, etc.). Present in Europe since at least the mid-1960s, the use of the symbol in United States copyright law after 1971 was codified at 17 U.S.C. § 402 and is specified internationally in the Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms. The P stands for phonogram, the legal", "title": "Sound recording copyright symbol" } ]

[ "James Osterberg", "iggy stooge", "Iggy pop", "The Godfather of Punk", "The Passenger (2007 film)", "godfather of punk", "iggy pop biography", "James Newell Osterberg", "james osterberg", "Iggy Stooge", "Iggy Pop", "passenger 2008 film", "Iggy Pop Biography", "passenger 2007 film", "The Passenger (2007)", "james newell osterberg", "The Passenger (2008 film)", "passenger 2007", "iggy pop" ]

[ { "id": "17464312", "score": "1.4783576", "text": "John Österlund John Österlund (born 21 August 1875 in Stockholm, died 17 February 1953) was a Swedish artist and curator. Österlund studied decorative painting at the Technical School's senior art and design department and was a student at the Art Academy in 1903 as he did with the chancellor medal. He then studied further during trips to Europe's art centers. He arrived shortly afterwards to live in Uppsala, and was to spend the majority of their designs to Uppsala. Although the West Coast, primarily Mollosund where he often spent summers became a frequent recurring motif in Österlunds art. Although Visby", "title": "John Österlund" }, { "id": "2921555", "score": "1.4623239", "text": "Kurt Atterberg Kurt Magnus Atterberg (12 December 188715 February 1974) was a Swedish composer and engineer. He is best known for his symphonies, operas, and ballets. Atterberg was born in Gothenburg. His father was Anders Johan Atterberg, engineer and brother of famous chemist Albert Atterberg. His mother, Elvira Uddman, was the daughter of a famous male opera singer. In 1902, Atterberg began learning the cello, having been inspired by a concert by the Brussels String Quartet, featuring a performance of Beethoven's String Quartet No. 8. Six years later he became a performer in the Stockholm Concert Society, now known as", "title": "Kurt Atterberg" }, { "id": "15214985", "score": "1.4586055", "text": "Sven-Erik Österberg Sven-Erik Österberg (born 10 March 1955 in Munktorp) is a Swedish official and former social-democratic politician. He is Governor of Norrbotten County since 1 October 2012. Österberg was Minister for Financial Markets from 2004 to 2006. In 1991, he became municipal commissioner in Skinnskatteberg Municipality. 1994 he became a member of the Parliament of Sweden. 2004 to 2006, he was Deputy Minister of Finance in the Cabinet of Göran Persson, with responsibility for municipal and financial market issues. After the Social Democrat's defeat in the 2006 election, Österberg returned to being a member of parliament. From 2008 to", "title": "Sven-Erik Österberg" }, { "id": "2921564", "score": "1.4354457", "text": "in 1925, which lasted until her death in 1962. Notes Sources Kurt Atterberg Kurt Magnus Atterberg (12 December 188715 February 1974) was a Swedish composer and engineer. He is best known for his symphonies, operas, and ballets. Atterberg was born in Gothenburg. His father was Anders Johan Atterberg, engineer and brother of famous chemist Albert Atterberg. His mother, Elvira Uddman, was the daughter of a famous male opera singer. In 1902, Atterberg began learning the cello, having been inspired by a concert by the Brussels String Quartet, featuring a performance of Beethoven's String Quartet No. 8. Six years later he", "title": "Kurt Atterberg" }, { "id": "17464314", "score": "1.4267211", "text": "Stockholm Three Crowns State Museum as well as models for the State Historical Museum, and Gothenburg's historical museum. Österlund was in the later years chairman of Upplands Art Association. John Österlund John Österlund (born 21 August 1875 in Stockholm, died 17 February 1953) was a Swedish artist and curator. Österlund studied decorative painting at the Technical School's senior art and design department and was a student at the Art Academy in 1903 as he did with the chancellor medal. He then studied further during trips to Europe's art centers. He arrived shortly afterwards to live in Uppsala, and was to", "title": "John Österlund" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Iggy Pop\n\nJames Newell Osterberg Jr. (born April 21, 1947), known professionally as Iggy Pop, is an American singer, musician, songwriter and actor. Called the \"Godfather of Punk\", he was the vocalist and lyricist of proto-punk band The Stooges, who were formed in 1967 and have disbanded and reunited many times since.\n\nInitially playing a raw, primitive style of rock and roll (progressing later towards more experimental and aggressive rock), the Stooges sold few records in their original incarnation and gained a reputation for their confrontational performances, which often involved acts of self-mutilation by Pop. He had a long collaborative relationship and friendship with David Bowie over the course of his career, beginning with the Stooges' album \"Raw Power\" in 1973. Both musicians went to West Berlin to wean themselves off their respective drug addictions and Pop began his solo career by collaborating with Bowie on the 1977 albums \"The Idiot\" and \"Lust for Life\", Pop usually contributing the lyrics. Throughout his career, he is well known for his outrageous and unpredictable stage antics, poetic lyrics and distinctive voice. He was one of the first performers to do a stage-dive and popularized the activity.<ref name=\"Brooklyn Rail\" /> Pop, who traditionally (but not exclusively) performs bare-chested, also performed such stage theatrics as rolling around in broken glass and exposing himself to the crowd.<ref name=\"Brooklyn Rail\" />\n\nPop's music has encompassed a number of styles over the course of his career, including garage rock, punk rock, hard rock, heavy metal, art rock, new wave, jazz, blues and electronic. Though his popularity has fluctuated, many of Pop's songs have become well known, including \"Search and Destroy\" and \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\" by the Stooges, and his solo hits \"Lust for Life\", \"The Passenger\" and \"Real Wild Child (Wild One)\". In 1990, he recorded his first and only Top 40 U.S. hit, \"Candy\", a duet with B-52's singer Kate Pierson. Pop's song \"China Girl\" became more widely known when it was re-recorded by co-writer Bowie, who released it as the second single from his most commercially successful album, \"Let's Dance\" (1983). Bowie re-recorded and performed many of Pop's songs throughout his career.\n\nAlthough Pop has had limited commercial success, he has remained a culture icon and a significant influence on a wide range of musicians in numerous genres. The Stooges' album \"Raw Power\" has proved an influence on artists such as Sex Pistols, the Smiths, His solo album \"The Idiot\" has been cited as a major influence on a number of post-punk, electronic and industrial artists including Depeche Mode, Nine Inch Nails and Joy Division, and was described by Siouxsie Sioux as a \"re-affirmation that our suspicions were true: the man is a genius.\" He was inducted as part of the Stooges into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010. In January 2020, Pop received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.", "title": "Iggy Pop" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Stooges\n\nThe Stooges, originally billed as the Psychedelic Stooges, also known as Iggy and the Stooges, was an American rock band formed in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1967 by singer Iggy Pop, guitarist Ron Asheton, drummer Scott Asheton, and bassist Dave Alexander. Initially playing a raw, primitive style of rock and roll, the band sold few records in their original incarnation and gained a reputation for their confrontational performances, which often involved acts of self-mutilation by Iggy Pop.<ref name=all/>\n\nAfter releasing two albums – \"The Stooges\" (1969) and \"Fun House\" (1970) – the group disbanded briefly, and reformed with an altered lineup (with Ron Asheton replacing Dave Alexander on bass and James Williamson taking up guitar) to release a third album, \"Raw Power\" (1973), before breaking up again in 1974. The band reunited in 2003 with Ron Asheton moving back to guitar and Mike Watt on bass, and the addition of saxophonist Steve Mackay, who had played briefly with the 1973–1974 lineup. Ron Asheton died in 2009 and was replaced by James Williamson, and the band continued to play shows until 2013, when they also released their last album, \"Ready to Die\". The Stooges formally announced their breakup in 2016 due to the deaths of Scott Asheton and saxophonist Steve Mackay.\n\nThe Stooges are widely regarded as a seminal proto-punk act. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010. In 2004, \"Rolling Stone\" ranked them 78th on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. In 2007, they were awarded the Mojo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Mojo Awards.", "title": "The Stooges" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of netball\n\nThe history of netball can be traced to the early development of basketball. A year after basketball was invented in 1895, the sport was modified for women to accommodate social conventions regarding their participation in sport, giving rise to women's basketball. Variations of women's basketball arose across the United States and in England. At the Bergman Österberg physical training college in Dartford, England, the rules of women's basketball were modified over several years to form an entirely new sport: \"net ball\". The sport was invented to encourage young females to be physically active and energetic. The first codified rules of netball were published at the start of the twentieth century, and from there the new sport spread throughout the British Empire.\n\nFrom the beginning, netball was widely accepted as a sport suitable for women. Domestic netball competitions arose in several countries during the first half of the 20th century. Starting from the 1920s, national associations were formed to organise the sport in netball-playing nations. International matches were played sporadically in the early 20th century, but were hampered by varying rules in different countries.\n\nBy 1960, the rules of netball were standardized internationally and an international governing body was formed to oversee the sport globally. Initially called the International Netball Federation (INF), the organization was later renamed World Netball. The second half of the 20th century saw international competition expand, with the sport's premier international competition, the INF Netball World Cup, starting in 1963. Netball has also been contested at the Commonwealth Games since 1998.\n\nToday, netball is popular in Commonwealth nations, and is reportedly played by over 20 million people worldwide. It remains primarily a women's sport, although male participation is increasing in some countries. Further developments to the sport are being trialled, including a shortened version of the game played in a World Series format; netball is also being promoted by sports advocates for possible inclusion in the Olympic Games.", "title": "History of netball" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of stage names\n\nThis list of stages lists names used by those in the entertainment industry, alphabetically by their stage name's surname, followed by their birth name. Individuals who dropped their last name and substituted their middle name as their last name are listed. In many cases, performers have legally changed their name to their stage name.\n\nNote: Many cultures have their own naming customs and systems, some rather intricate. Minor changes or alterations, including reversing Eastern-style formats, do not in and of themselves qualify as stage names, and should not normally be included. For example, Björk, whose stage name appears to be an original creation, is part of her full Icelandic name, Björk Guðmundsdóttir. Her second name is a patronymic instead of a family name, following Icelandic naming conventions. \"Björk\" is not a stage name but how any Icelander would refer to her, casually or formally.\nPeople are not listed here if they fall into one or more of the following categories:\n\nThe following exceptions are listed here for the following reasons:", "title": "List of stage names" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "April 1947\n\nThe following events occurred in April 1947:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "April 1947" }, { "id": "20348169", "score": "1.4256934", "text": "the Robert Owen Lehman Foundation, was completed in 1977. An avid hiker, Oster died of a stroke while hiking on Schunemunk Mountain. He was survived by a sister, Therese, who was living in Switzerland at the time of his death. The papers of Heinrich Schenker that were in his possession were donated by his estate to the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts where they are known as the \"Oster Collection: Papers of Heinrich Schenker.\" Ernst Oster Ernst Oster (January 26, 1908 — June 30, 1977) was a pianist, musicologist, and music theorist. A specialist in the use", "title": "Ernst Oster" }, { "id": "5460860", "score": "1.4181149", "text": "shift. In 1998, at the age of 24, he adopted the stage name of \"Andrew G\" while doing the afternoon shift at SAFM after his program director said, \"Günsberg? Adelaide? Nahh, Andrew G!\", thus becoming the first person to ever call him by this name and ensuring some confusion amongst audiences between Günsberg and his new namesake, former Australian rugby league footballer for the Brisbane Broncos, Andrew Gee. In 2009, he decided to drop his abbreviated stage name and revert to his full surname. From 2004 to 2009, he formally hosted the Australian radio chart countdown programme \"Take 40 Australia\",", "title": "Osher Günsberg" }, { "id": "5460858", "score": "1.4177709", "text": "Osher Günsberg Osher Günsberg (born Andrew Günsberg), widely recognised by his former stage name Andrew G, is an Australian television and radio presenter and journalist who is best known as the host of the reality TV series \"The Bachelor Australia\", \"The Bachelorette Australia\", \"Bachelor in Paradise Australia\" and the narrator of the factual TV series \"Bondi Rescue\". He is also known for his hosting roles on Channel [V], \"Australian Idol\", \"Live to Dance\" on CBS and radio shows including \"Take 40 Australia\" and \"The Hot Hits\". Günsberg also narrated the factual television program \"Recruits\". He was a regular contributor to", "title": "Osher Günsberg" }, { "id": "18503133", "score": "1.4176621", "text": "Rickard Söderberg John \"Rickard\" Söderberg (born 10 April 1975) in Snöstorp, Halland, is a Swedish tenor, singer and debater. Söderberg started as a pianist and had studied playing at the Music College of Gothenburg University. He started his singing career after he began studying opera at Operacademy at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark. Even before he had finished his studies he had made opera debuts on stages in Denmark, Sweden and Germany. After this he has continued his opera career at both smaller and bigger operahouses and today sings in Europe, US and Africa. Söderberg is known for", "title": "Rickard Söderberg" }, { "id": "7884397", "score": "1.4089888", "text": "Harry Oster Dr. Harry Oster (April 12, 1923 – January 19, 2001) was an American folklorist and musicologist. Oster was the firstborn of Jacob and Sarah, Russian-Polish Jews, who emigrated to Cambridge, Massachusetts. After one year in college, he was enlisted in January 1943 to serve as a weather observer, graduated from Columbia Business School with an MBA and became a firm manager. He went on to Harvard University to receive a BA (1946), and to Cornell University for an MA (1950) and PhD in English (1953). He worked as an assistant in the Cornell department and helped to organize", "title": "Harry Oster" }, { "id": "6195127", "score": "1.407392", "text": "Ragnar Östberg Ragnar Östberg (14 July 1866 – 5 February 1945) was a Swedish architect who is best known for designing Stockholm City Hall. Östberg was born in 1866 in Stockholm. Scharinska villan in Umeå in north Sweden is considered one of Östberg's best works during his youth. Östberg has become the most famous architect within the so-called \"national romanticist\" movement in Sweden. His body of work from the period range from public buildings, such as Stockholm City Hall, to mansions for influential families at the turn of the century, such as Scharinska villan or Nedre Manilla, built for the", "title": "Ragnar Östberg" }, { "id": "6195128", "score": "1.4071566", "text": "Bonnier family. Ragnar Östberg Ragnar Östberg (14 July 1866 – 5 February 1945) was a Swedish architect who is best known for designing Stockholm City Hall. Östberg was born in 1866 in Stockholm. Scharinska villan in Umeå in north Sweden is considered one of Östberg's best works during his youth. Östberg has become the most famous architect within the so-called \"national romanticist\" movement in Sweden. His body of work from the period range from public buildings, such as Stockholm City Hall, to mansions for influential families at the turn of the century, such as Scharinska villan or Nedre Manilla, built", "title": "Ragnar Östberg" }, { "id": "13053423", "score": "1.4015133", "text": "Johan Cullberg Johan Cullberg (born 1934), is a Swedish professor in psychiatry, researcher, psychoanalyst and author of a number of internationally recognized textbooks. He started his career at the department of gynecology at the Karolinska Hospital studying the effects of birth control. He came to head of one of the outpatient clinics in the Nacka project, doing groundbreaking work on psychiatric care outside the hospital in Sweden. He is recognized for advocacy of lower doses of antipsychotic medicine, reduction in compulsory treatment and more humane psychiatric care. He was awarded the Dobloug Prize (Swedish: Doblougska priset), a literature prize awarded", "title": "Johan Cullberg" }, { "id": "16002892", "score": "1.3998268", "text": "Jödde i Göljaryd Known as the father of \"bondkomik\" (rustic humor), Jödde i Göljaryd (1855–1900) was a beloved storyteller, whose folk humor and songs dominated popular culture in Sweden during the 1890s. The entertainer, whose real name was Karl Petter Rosén, was famous for his stone – Jödde’s Stone – which can still be seen at the open-air museum of Skansen in Stockholm's Djurgården park. 1893 was the year he began performing at Skansen with every manner of story and anecdote, often in the dialect of Småland, and with homey songs of a rural nature. In 1899 and 1900 Rosén", "title": "Jödde i Göljaryd" }, { "id": "5901446", "score": "1.3998122", "text": "David Isberg David Isberg (born 23 February 1975) is a Swedish musician, most famous for having founded seminal Swedish progressive death metal band Opeth. David Isberg is also known as DJ Dake, having a successful DJ career with independent and electronic music, often influenced by the Madchester scene. He also DJs old school heavy, thrash, speed and death metal from the 1980s at Club Rocks in Stockholm on a monthly basis. David was in the Swedish black metal band \"Procreation\" (1989–1991). In Procreation, he used the alias of Unholy Emperor. Alongside David was Christofer Johnsson, the man most known for", "title": "David Isberg" }, { "id": "1297512", "score": "1.397224", "text": "Movers nicknamed Osterberg \"Iggy\" in reference to his earlier band. Osterberg was first inspired to form the Stooges after meeting blues drummer Sam Lay during a visit to Chicago. Upon returning to Detroit, Osterberg sought to create a new form of blues music that was not derivative of historical precedents. Ron Asheton (guitar) and Scott Asheton (drums) and Dave Alexander (bass guitar) composed the rest of the band, with Osterberg as main singer. Osterberg became interested in Ron Asheton after seeing him perform in the Chosen Few (a covers band), believing \"I’ve never met a convincing musician that didn’t look", "title": "The Stooges" }, { "id": "3997707", "score": "1.3949627", "text": "member of the international Mont Pelerin Society. In January 2017 Norberg became Executive Editor of Free To Choose Media. Norberg has two children. Johan Norberg Johan Norberg (; born 27 August 1973) is a Swedish author and historian of ideas, devoted to promoting economic globalization and what he regards as classical liberal positions. He is arguably most known as the author of \"In Defense of Global Capitalism\" (2001) and \"\" (2016). Since 15 March 2007 he has been a senior fellow at the Cato Institute, and in January 2017 he became the executive editor at Free To Choose Media. Johan", "title": "Johan Norberg" }, { "id": "11293227", "score": "1.3864005", "text": "in Nyköping. Lars Hjortsberg is portrayed in a novel by Agneta Pleijel, \"Kungens komediant\" ('The King's Comedian'). Lars Hjortsberg Lars Hjortsberg (22 November 1772 – 8 July 1843) was a Swedish stage actor. He belonged to the pioneer generation of elite actors of the Royal Dramatic Theatre and has, alongside Emilie Högquist, been referred to as the most famous Swedish actor of the first half of the 19th-century. Lars Hjortsberg was one of six children to the stone mason Laurentius (Lars) Hjortsberg and the opera singer Maria Lovisa Schützer: he was the brother of the ballerina Hedda Hjortsberg and the", "title": "Lars Hjortsberg" }, { "id": "21001806", "score": "1.3827767", "text": "Emil Österman Carl Emil Österman (11 January 1870, Västra Vingåker Parish, Södermanland - 8 March 1927, Stockholm) was a Swedish painter, illustrator and academician. His twin brother, Bernhard, was also an artist. His father was a dye master. From 1890 to 1893, he studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts and was awarded the Royal Medal for his depiction of the murder of Axel von Fersen. While there, he also took lessons in etching from Axel Tallberg. From 1894 to 1898, thanks to several scholarships, he was able to visit Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany and Spain.", "title": "Emil Österman" }, { "id": "9187555", "score": "1.3819325", "text": "Örjan Ramberg Ralf Örjan Valter Ramberg, né Rahmberg (26 February 1948), is a Swedish actor, born in Örgryte, Gothenburg. Örjan Ramberg started his acting career in musicals with successful leading parts in the original Swedish stagings of \"Hair\" (1971) and \"Jesus Christ Superstar\" (1972; opposite, among others, Agnetha Fältskog from ABBA as Mary Magdalene). He was later educated in the dramatic arts at Sweden's National Academy of Dramatic Art (in Sweden colloquially known as \"Scenskolan\") in Malmö, 1974-1977. Since 1978, he has been part of Sweden's Royal Dramatic Theatre (Dramaten) ensemble, becoming one of the theatre's most popular actors. On", "title": "Örjan Ramberg" } ]

[ "Games called football", "Foot ball", "games called football", "football games", "football group of sports", "modern codes of football", "FOOTBALL", "foot ball", "football move", "history of football games", "History of football games", "Modern codes of football", "Foot Ball", "Football (Group of Sports)", "Football move", "football code", "footbal", "Football games", "football", "football rules", "Footbal", "Football (elliptical)", "Foot-Ball", "Foot-ball", "History of football", "history of football", "football s", "football codes", "Football", "Football code", "FootBall", "Football codes", "football elliptical", "Football's", "Football rules" ]

[ { "id": "139987", "score": "1.546793", "text": "FIFA The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA ; French for 'International Federation of Association Football') is an organization which describes itself as an international governing body of association football, fútsal, and beach soccer. FIFA is responsible for the organization of football's major international tournaments, notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930 and the Women's World Cup which commenced in 1991. FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. Headquartered in Zürich, its membership now comprises 211 national associations. Member countries must each", "title": "FIFA" }, { "id": "138052", "score": "1.5213864", "text": "had forfeited a game or had been forfeited against would be awarded a technical loss or win. The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer) is FIFA. The FIFA headquarters are located in Zürich, Switzerland. Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are: National associations oversee football within individual countries. These are generally synonymous with sovereign states, (for example: the Fédération Camerounaise de Football in Cameroon) but also include a smaller number of associations responsible for sub-national entities or autonomous regions (for example the Scottish Football Association in Scotland). 209 national", "title": "Association football" }, { "id": "138053", "score": "1.5057805", "text": "associations are affiliated both with FIFA and with their respective continental confederations. While FIFA is responsible for arranging competitions and most rules related to international competition, the actual Laws of the Game are set by the International Football Association Board, where each of the UK Associations has one vote, while FIFA collectively has four votes. The major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA. This competition takes place every four years since 1930 with the exception of 1942 and 1946 tournaments, which were cancelled due to World War II. Approximately 190–200 national teams compete in qualifying", "title": "Association football" }, { "id": "3111962", "score": "1.464731", "text": "Bright Future GmbH. FIFA (video game series) FIFA, also known as FIFA Football or FIFA Soccer, is a series of association football video games or football simulator, released annually by Electronic Arts under the EA Sports label. Football video games such as \"Sensible Soccer\", \"Kick Off\" and \"Match Day\" had been developed since the late 1980s and already competitive in the games market when EA Sports announced a football game as the next addition to their EA Sports label. \"The Guardian\" called the series “the slickest, most polished and by far the most popular football game around.” When the series", "title": "FIFA (video game series)" }, { "id": "8953511", "score": "1.4633888", "text": "Non-FIFA international football FIFA is the international governing body of association football, charged with overseeing football globally and with running international representative matches. However, some international football takes place outside its ratification. This often consists of matches involving sub-national entities such as islands, colonies or autonomous regions. Representative matches also occur involving states with limited international recognition who are unable to qualify for FIFA membership. There are also a limited number of states whose representative teams are not affiliated to FIFA. Historically, a number of competitions occurred outside FIFA's auspices. Broadly-speaking, there are five categories of Non-FIFA national team: Eight", "title": "Non-FIFA international football" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "FIFA" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mardi Gras\n\nMardi Gras (, ) refers to events of the Carnival celebration, beginning on or after the Christian feasts of the Epiphany (Three Kings Day) and culminating on the day before Ash Wednesday, which is known as Shrove Tuesday. is French for \"Fat Tuesday\", reflecting the practice of the last night of eating rich, fatty foods before the ritual Lenten sacrifices and fasting of the Lenten season.\n\nRelated popular practices are associated with Shrovetide celebrations before the fasting and religious obligations associated with the penitential season of Lent. In countries such as the United Kingdom, Mardi Gras is more usually known as Pancake Day or (traditionally) Shrove Tuesday (derived from the word \"shrive\", meaning \"to administer the sacrament of confession to; to absolve\").", "title": "Mardi Gras" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of men's national association football teams\n\nThis is a '\"listof the men's national association football teams\"' in the world. There are more nations with football teams than for any other sport, with teams representing 191 of the 193 UN member states, as well as several dependent territories, sub-national entities, and states that are not members of the United Nations. This list divides teams into three main groups:\n\n\nThis list excludes other teams, which generally play outside FIFA's recognition. Excluded teams include those who represent ethnic groups, sub-national entities,", "title": "List of men's national association football teams" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Non-FIFA international football\n\nNon-FIFA international football is the segment of international football that is not overseen by FIFA. FIFA is the international governing body of association football, overseeing football globally and with running international representative matches. However, some international football takes place outside its purview. This often consists of matches involving sub-national entities such as islands, colonies, or autonomous regions. Representative matches also occur involving states with limited international recognition who are unable to qualify for FIFA membership. There are also a limited number of states whose representative teams are not affiliated to FIFA. Historically, a number of competitions occurred outside FIFA's auspices. Member associations are national associations, usually affiliated to continental confederations which are subordinate to FIFA.", "title": "Non-FIFA international football" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Category:Football in Africa not associated with FIFA" }, { "id": "8953514", "score": "1.4624784", "text": "one game a year, traditionally at Christmas. The first, and most common, are teams which represent the regional associations of established footballing nations. These oversee local football in their respective regions and are part of a network of associations that contribute to the national association as a whole. A good example of this would be Jersey, whose members are also members of the FA. These regional associations often enter representative teams into international non-FIFA matches. The third group of teams features representative sides drawn from ethnic groups that have yet to gain significant control over a home state, or drawn", "title": "Non-FIFA international football" }, { "id": "4368728", "score": "1.4575839", "text": "History of FIFA FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) is the international governing body of association football, futsal and beach soccer. It is one of the world's oldest and largest NGOs, being founded on 21 May 1904. It has since expanded to include 209 member associations. The first official match between representatives of two nations was conducted by Shubh Krishna Singh between England and Scotland in 1872 at Hamilton Crescent, Partick, Glasgow, finishing in a 0–0 draw. The following year at The Oval, England enjoyed a 4–2 victory over the travelling Scots. This was followed by the creation of the", "title": "History of FIFA" }, { "id": "8953526", "score": "1.4529335", "text": "is Muratti Vase who is played for U-21, U-18, U-15. Despite the fact many non-FIFA associations have their own league, there are no international or continental club tournaments. Non-FIFA international football FIFA is the international governing body of association football, charged with overseeing football globally and with running international representative matches. However, some international football takes place outside its ratification. This often consists of matches involving sub-national entities such as islands, colonies or autonomous regions. Representative matches also occur involving states with limited international recognition who are unable to qualify for FIFA membership. There are also a limited number of", "title": "Non-FIFA international football" }, { "id": "3308009", "score": "1.4413947", "text": "confusion with the dominant sport in their area, and FIFA, the world governing body for the sport, is a French-language acronym of \"Fédération Internationale de Football Association\" – the International Federation of Association Football. \"Soccer football\" is used less often than it once was: the United States Soccer Federation was known as the United States Soccer Football Association from 1945 until 1974, when it adopted its current name and the Canadian Soccer Association was known as the Canadian Soccer Football Association from 1958 to 1971. For nearly a hundred years after it was coined, \"soccer\" was an accepted and uncontroversial", "title": "Names for association football" }, { "id": "3111907", "score": "1.440208", "text": "FIFA (video game series) FIFA, also known as FIFA Football or FIFA Soccer, is a series of association football video games or football simulator, released annually by Electronic Arts under the EA Sports label. Football video games such as \"Sensible Soccer\", \"Kick Off\" and \"Match Day\" had been developed since the late 1980s and already competitive in the games market when EA Sports announced a football game as the next addition to their EA Sports label. \"The Guardian\" called the series “the slickest, most polished and by far the most popular football game around.” When the series began in late", "title": "FIFA (video game series)" }, { "id": "15791731", "score": "1.4375699", "text": "FIFA eligibility rules As the governing body of association football, FIFA is responsible for maintaining and implementing the rules that determine whether an association football player is eligible to represent a particular country in officially recognised international competitions and friendly matches. In the 20th century, FIFA allowed a player to represent any national team, as long as the player held citizenship of that country. In 2004, in reaction to the growing trend towards naturalisation of foreign players in some countries, FIFA implemented a significant new ruling that requires a player to demonstrate a \"clear connection\" to any country they wish", "title": "FIFA eligibility rules" }, { "id": "3502537", "score": "1.4327501", "text": "football associations listed in this section are members of FIFA-affiliated confederations. All UEFA associations are affiliated with FIFA. All CONMEBOL associations are affiliated with FIFA. The football associations in this section represent fully or partially recognized sovereign states or dependent territories, but are not part of FIFA or a FIFA confederation. Beneath the national level, governance of football may be divided up into regional or territorial associations. Other non-national associations represent stateless populations, diasporas or micronations. Details of these are listed at non-FIFA international football. Geography of association football The following article gives a list of association football confederations, sub-confederations", "title": "Geography of association football" }, { "id": "139988", "score": "1.431657", "text": "also be members of one of the six regional confederations into which the world is divided: Africa, Asia, Europe, North & Central America and the Caribbean, Oceania, and South America. Although FIFA does not control the rules of football, that being the responsibility of the International Football Association Board, it is responsible for both the organization of a number of tournaments and their promotion, which generate revenue from sponsorship. In 2017, FIFA had revenues of over US$734 million, for a net loss of $189 million, and had cash reserves of over US$930 million. Reports by investigative journalists have linked FIFA", "title": "FIFA" }, { "id": "15649966", "score": "1.4289795", "text": "FIFA Congress The FIFA Congress is the supreme legislative body of the International Federation of Association Football (French: Fédération Internationale de Football Association), commonly known by the acronym FIFA . FIFA is the international governing body of :association football, futsal and beach soccer. The congress may be ordinary or extraordinary. An ordinary congress meets every year, an extraordinary congress may be convened by the FIFA Council (formerly Executive Committee) at any time with the support of one fifth of the members of FIFA. Each of the 211 members of FIFA has one vote in the congress. The members of FIFA", "title": "FIFA Congress" }, { "id": "17884487", "score": "1.4262369", "text": "between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. The FIFA World Cup, often simply the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of \"Fédération Internationale de Football Association\" (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. Variants of association football have been codified for reduced-sized teams (i.e. Five-a-side football), for play in non-field environments (i.e.", "title": "Comparison of association football and rugby union" }, { "id": "15649969", "score": "1.4225242", "text": "the Acting FIFA President, Issa Hayatou was in charge of FIFA. FIFA Congress The FIFA Congress is the supreme legislative body of the International Federation of Association Football (French: Fédération Internationale de Football Association), commonly known by the acronym FIFA . FIFA is the international governing body of :association football, futsal and beach soccer. The congress may be ordinary or extraordinary. An ordinary congress meets every year, an extraordinary congress may be convened by the FIFA Council (formerly Executive Committee) at any time with the support of one fifth of the members of FIFA. Each of the 211 members of", "title": "FIFA Congress" }, { "id": "5829221", "score": "1.4194279", "text": "Football association A football association is a governing body for association football. Many of them are members of the sport's regional bodies such as UEFA and CONMEBOL and the world governing body, FIFA. A small number have not yet applied for or been granted entry to these higher bodies. Below is a list of football associations for which there are articles. Asian Football Confederation affiliated Confederation of African Football affiliated Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football affiliated North American Football Union Central American Football Union Caribbean Football Union South American Football Confederation affiliated Oceania Football Confederation affiliated", "title": "Football association" }, { "id": "140002", "score": "1.4182793", "text": "its centennial celebrations in 2004, FIFA organised a \"Match of the Century\" between France and Brazil. The laws that govern football, known officially as the Laws of the Game, are not solely the responsibility of FIFA; they are maintained by a body called the International Football Association Board (IFAB). FIFA has members on its board (four representatives); the other four are provided by the football associations of the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, who jointly established IFAB in 1882 and are recognised for the creation and history of the game. Changes to the Laws of the Game", "title": "FIFA" }, { "id": "4368749", "score": "1.4179893", "text": "Secretaries since its foundation in 1904: History of FIFA FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) is the international governing body of association football, futsal and beach soccer. It is one of the world's oldest and largest NGOs, being founded on 21 May 1904. It has since expanded to include 209 member associations. The first official match between representatives of two nations was conducted by Shubh Krishna Singh between England and Scotland in 1872 at Hamilton Crescent, Partick, Glasgow, finishing in a 0–0 draw. The following year at The Oval, England enjoyed a 4–2 victory over the travelling Scots. This was", "title": "History of FIFA" }, { "id": "18811681", "score": "1.4170532", "text": "2015 FIFA corruption case In 2015, U.S. federal prosecutors disclosed cases of corruption by officials and associates connected with the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the governing body of association football, futsal and beach soccer. Near the end of May 2015, fourteen people were indicted in connection with an investigation by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division (IRS-CI) into wire fraud, racketeering, and money laundering. The United States Attorney General simultaneously announced the unsealing of the indictments and the prior guilty pleas by four football executives and two corporations.", "title": "2015 FIFA corruption case" } ]

[ "burial of osama bin laden", "Coffity", "Abbottabad Operation", "Abbotabad Operation", "osama bin laden assassination", "assassination attempts against osama bin laden", "death of bin laden", "geronimo ekia", "osama bin laden s death", "osama bin laden death", "Kill Osama bin Laden", "neptune s spear", "Osama bin Laden assassination", "death of osama", "Geronimo EKIA", "Osama bin Laden dead", "sohaib athar", "death of usama bin ladin", "Legal debate over the killing of Osama bin Laden", "osama bin laden killed", "may 2 2011", "Cairo (dog)", "Assassination of Osama bin Laden", "Funeral of Osama bin Laden", "Killing of bin Laden", "Critiques of Osama bin Laden burial at sea", "Death of Osama Bin Laden", "sohiab", "Assassination attempts against Osama bin Laden", "assassination of usama bin laden", "death of obama bin laden", "Osama bin laden killing", "Death of osama", "The death of Osama bin Laden", "assassination of osama bin laden", "Osama bin Laden killed", "Osama bin Laden Capture", "operation neptune s spear", "Operation Neptune Spear", "Osama bin Laden's death", "Execution of Osama bin Laden", "death of osama bin laden", "2011 Abottabad raid", "Death of Obama bin Laden", "abbotabad operation", "Death of Osama bin Laden", "Death of Osama", "Osama bin Laden Assassination", "Death of Usama bin Ladin", "Murder of Osama bin Laden", "Sohaib athar", "osama bin laden killing", "funeral of osama bin laden", "May 2, 2011", "Death of Osama bin Ladin", "cairo dog", "athar sohaib", "Burial of Osama bin Laden", "murder of osama bin laden", "death of obl", "death of osama bin ladin", "Death of Usama bin Laden", "Neptune's spear", "coffity", "kill osama bin laden", "Athar Sohaib", "Assassination of Usama bin Laden", "abbottabad operation", "operation neptune spear", "Death of bin Laden", "osama bin laden dead", "Sohaib Athar", "Operation Neptune's Spear", "2011 abottabad raid", "Death of Bin Laden", "Killing of Osama bin Laden", "execution of osama bin laden", "history of osama bin laden death reports", "osama bin laden capture", "Sohiab", "critiques of osama bin laden burial at sea", "killing of bin laden", "killing of osama bin laden", "death of usama bin laden", "Osama bin Laden death", "History of Osama bin Laden death reports", "Death of osama bin laden", "legal debate over killing of osama bin laden", "assassination attempts on osama bin laden", "Death of OBL", "Assassination attempts on Osama bin Laden" ]

[ { "id": "15872915", "score": "1.5148797", "text": "Pakistan Link Pakistan Link is a Pakistani weekly newspaper based in Anaheim, California, United States. The newspaper also has a version published in Urdu, called the \"Urdu Link\". The newspaper \"Pakistan Link\" is distributed throughout the United States and is also sold through ethnic grocery stores in the US and Canada. A prominent Pakistani politician Benazir Bhutto was assassinated on 27 December 2007 in Pakistan and this news was also covered by a California newspaper, Long Beach Press Telegram where its reporter interviewed many local people from among the 40,000 strong Pakistani American local community including a regular newspaper columnist", "title": "Pakistan Link" }, { "id": "15872916", "score": "1.4837686", "text": "from \"Pakistan Link\" newspaper, Nayyer Ali. Long Beach Press Telegram then used Nayyer Ali's quotes to write up their news article. Pakistan Link Pakistan Link is a Pakistani weekly newspaper based in Anaheim, California, United States. The newspaper also has a version published in Urdu, called the \"Urdu Link\". The newspaper \"Pakistan Link\" is distributed throughout the United States and is also sold through ethnic grocery stores in the US and Canada. A prominent Pakistani politician Benazir Bhutto was assassinated on 27 December 2007 in Pakistan and this news was also covered by a California newspaper, Long Beach Press Telegram", "title": "Pakistan Link" }, { "id": "12523259", "score": "1.4547703", "text": "mortar attack by militants in Pakistan was imminent, according to the Coalition. Pakistani Frontier Corps troops manning the Mandata Kadaho border post fired warning shots, and the helicopters responded by firing two missiles that destroyed the post. Three soldiers were killed and another three wounded. Pakistan responded by closing a key NATO supply route for eleven days. On May 17, 2011, a skirmish between a U.S. helicopter and Pakistani forces took place in the Datta Khel area. According to NATO, an American base along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border took direct and indirect fire from Pakistan. Two U.S. helicopters flew into the", "title": "Pakistan–United States skirmishes" }, { "id": "12424674", "score": "1.448468", "text": "and Wana. On September 3, 2008 a raid was conducted by a US military force on Angur Ada in which 20 civilians, including at least 3 women and 4 children, were killed. This is not the first time Afghan based US troops cross the Afghan-Pakistani border in pursuit of enemy fighters, but was the first to be widely reported. Pakistan on May 21, 2016 handed over a purpose-build border crossing facility at Angoor Ada to Afghan authorities. “With aim to strengthen brotherly relations with Afghanistan besides strategic intent to improve border management, the border-crossing facility was handed over to Afghan", "title": "Angur Ada" }, { "id": "11959631", "score": "1.4459752", "text": "several Afghan trucks delivered fruits from Afghanistan to the Wagah border with India in June 2011. With the completion of the APTTA, the United States and other NATO states are planning to revive the ancient Silk Road. This is to help the local economies of Afghanistan and Pakistan by connecting South Asia with Central Asia and the Middle East. The APTTA is intended to improve trade between the two countries but Pakistan often delays Afghan-bound containers, especially after the 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan. In July 2012, Afghanistan and Pakistan agreed to extend APTTA to Tajikistan in what will be", "title": "Afghanistan–Pakistan relations" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Allegations of a support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Killing of Osama bin Laden\n\nOn May 2, 2011, Osama bin Laden, the founder and first leader of the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda, was shot several times and killed at his compound in the Pakistani city of Abbottabad, by United States Navy SEALs of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU or SEAL Team Six). The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was carried out in a CIA-led operation with Joint Special Operations Command, commonly known as JSOC, coordinating the Special Mission Units involved in the raid. In addition to SEAL Team Six, participating units under JSOC included the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)—also known as \"Night Stalkers\"—and operators from the CIA's Special Activities Division, which recruits heavily from former JSOC Special Mission Units.<ref name=\"deadlyraid\" /><ref name=\"CIAled\" /> The operation's success ended a nearly decade-long manhunt for bin Laden, who was wanted for masterminding the September 11 attacks on the United States.\n\nThe raid, approved by president Barack Obama and involving two-dozen Navy Seals in two Black Hawk helicopters, was launched from Afghanistan, where U.S. forces were based, The raid was 40 minutes long; bin Laden was killed shortly before 1:00a.m. PKT (20:00 UTC, May 1). Three other men (including one of bin Laden's sons) and a woman in the compound were also killed. After the raid was completed, U.S. forces returned to Afghanistan with the body of bin Laden for identification; they then flew over to the Arabian Sea, where his body was buried in accordance with Islamic tradition, within 24 hours of his death.<ref name=\"ref-5\" />\n\nAl-Qaeda confirmed the death on May 6 with posts made on militant websites, vowing to avenge the killing. The raid was supported by over 90% of the American public, was welcomed by the United Nations, NATO, the European Union and a large number of governments, Legal and ethical aspects of the killing, such as the failure to capture him alive despite him being unarmed, were questioned by others, including Amnesty International. Also controversial was the decision not to publish any photographic or DNA evidence of bin Laden's death. There was also controversy in Pakistan as to how the country's defences were breached and the Air Force failed to pick up the American aircraft.\n\nAfter the killing, Pakistani prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani formed a commission under Senior Justice Javed Iqbal to investigate the circumstances of the attack. The resulting Abbottabad Commission Report, which revealed Pakistani state military and intelligence authorities' \"collective failure\" that enabled bin Laden to hide in Pakistan for nine years, was leaked to Al Jazeera on July 8, 2013.", "title": "Killing of Osama bin Laden" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Osama bin Laden\n\nOsama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (10 March 1957 – 2 May 2011) was a Saudi-born Islamist extremist militant who was co-founder of al-Qaeda and served as its emir from 1988 until his death in 2011. He was also a military commander of the Mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War. Ideologically a pan-Islamist, he belonged to the aristocratic Bin Laden family. His group is designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, and various countries.\n\nOsama bin Laden was born in Riyadh and raised in Jeddah. He studied at local universities until 1979, when he joined the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviet Union in the Soviet–Aghan War. In 1984, he co-founded the charitable organization \"Maktab al-Khidamat\", which recruited foreign mujahideen into the war. He founded al-Qaeda in 1988 for worldwide \"jihad\" ('armed strive'). In the Gulf War (1990–1991), bin Laden's offer for support against Iraq was rebuked by the Saudi royal family, which instead sought American aid. Bin Laden's views on pan-Islamism and anti-Americanism resulted in his expulsion from Saudi Arabia in 1992. He subsequently shifted his headquarters to Sudan until 1996 when he left the country to establish a new base in Afghanistan, where he was supported by the ruling Taliban. Bin Laden declared two \"fatawa\" ('proclamations'), the first in August 1996, and the second in February 1998, declaring holy war against the United States. He orchestrated the 1998 United States embassy bombings in East Africa which killed 224 people.\n\nBin Laden was the mastermind behind the September 11 attacks, which killed nearly 3,000 people and induced global market shocks. This resulted in the United States invading Afghanistan and launching the war on terror. He became the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorist and Most Wanted Fugitive. Bin Laden became the subject of nearly a decade-long international manhunt. During this period, he hid in several mountainous regions of Afghanistan. On 2 May 2011, he was killed by U.S. special operations forces at his compound in Abbottabad. His corpse was buried at the Arabian Sea and he was officially succeeded by his deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri on 16 June 2011.\n\nWidely considered to be one of the most significant figures of Islamism, bin Laden is a major figure in popular culture and is reviled in the United States and much of the world. Bin Laden's war against the United States made him popular among many in the Islamic world.", "title": "Osama bin Laden" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad\n\nOsama bin Laden's compound, known locally as the Waziristan Haveli (), was a large, upper-class house within a walled compound used as a safe house for militant Islamist Osama bin Laden, who was shot and killed there by U.S. forces on 2 May 2011. The compound was located at the end of a dirt road southwest of the Pakistan Military Academy in Bilal Town, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, a suburb housing many retired military officers. Bin Laden was reported to have evaded capture by living in a section of the house for at least five years, having no Internet or phone connection, and hiding away from the public, who were unaware of his presence.\n\nCompleted in 2005, the main buildings in the compound lay on a plot of land, much larger than those of nearby houses. Around its perimeter ran concrete walls topped with barbed wire, and there were two security gates. The compound had very few windows. Little more than five years old, the compound's ramshackle buildings were badly in need of repainting. The grounds contained a well-kept vegetable garden, rabbits, some 100 chickens and a cow. The house itself did not stand out architecturally from others in the neighbourhood, except for its size and exaggerated security measures; for example, the third-floor balcony had a privacy wall. Photographs inside the house showed excessive clutter and modest furnishings. After the American mission, there was extensive interest in and reporting about the compound and its design. To date, the Pakistani government has not responded to any allegations as to who had built the structure.\n\nAfter the September 11 attacks in 2001, the U.S. searched for bin Laden for nearly 10 years. By tracking his courier Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti to the compound, U.S. officials surmised that bin Laden was hiding there. During a raid on 2 May 2011, 24 members of the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group arrived by helicopter, breached a wall using explosives, and entered the compound in search of bin Laden. After the operation was completed and bin Laden was killed, Pakistan demolished the structure in February 2012.", "title": "Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Abbottabad\n\nAbbottabad is the capital city of Abbottabad District in the Hazara region of eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is the 40th largest city in Pakistan and fourth largest in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population. It is about north of Islamabad-Rawalpindi and east of Peshawar, at an elevation of . Kashmir lies a short distance to the east.\n\nAbbottabad was founded in January 1853 by its namesake James Abbott, who made it the capital of Hazara. The city subsequently became an important center of the British Raj for cantonment and sanatorium. In 1901, Abbottabad became a part of the newly-established North-West Frontier Province. Following the Partition of India, it became a part of West Pakistan. In 1970, the Legal Framework Order appointed Abbottabad as the capital of the Hazara Division.\n\nAbbottabad's diverse culture encompass various ethnicities and languages. It houses the Pakistan Military Academy.", "title": "Abbottabad" }, { "id": "13327504", "score": "1.4426265", "text": "rift between Pakistan and the United States. Davis was later freed by the Pakistani government and the families of the victims were paid compensation, in spite of large public opposition to his acquittal. In February 2011, American citizen Aaron Mark DeHaven was arrested in Peshawar after he was found allegedly overstaying his visa illegally. He was later deported. In May 2011, an American national Mathew Greg Bennett was tailed and arrested by law enforcement agencies in Rawalpindi on claims of involvement in suspicious activities. In June 2011, an American citizen living in Pakistan with his Pakistani wife and family, Mathew", "title": "Americans in Pakistan" }, { "id": "16098563", "score": "1.4391965", "text": "of Pakistani personnel are... unacceptable and deplorable.\" At the same time, US senators such as John McCain and Lindsey Graham said the United States needed to \"fully review\" its ties with Pakistan and consider enforcing cuts or new restrictions to military and economic aid, in response to attacks on American soldiers in Afghanistan which the United States accuses of having links to Pakistani intelligence agencies. Dennis J. Kucinich, a US Congressman from Ohio, said while speaking at an event organised by the Association of Physicians of Pakistani Descent of North America (APPNA) that the United States must apologise to Pakistan", "title": "2011 NATO attack in Pakistan" }, { "id": "13056129", "score": "1.4337099", "text": "to the United States for use as a base for joint Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and United States Air Force (USAF) surveillance and drone operations (particularly those involving Predator drones) against militants in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The United States was ordered to vacate the airfield by the Pakistani Government on 26 November 2011 after the Salala Incident in which US-led NATO forces attacked two Pakistani border checkposts in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas killing 24 Pakistan Army soldiers. The United States vacated the airfield on 11 December 2011. The disused Bhandari Airstrip was leased to the United Arab", "title": "Shamsi Airfield" }, { "id": "16098536", "score": "1.4320103", "text": "States, and orders of its evacuation by US personnel symbolised an increasing rift and deterioration in relations between Pakistan and the United States. In early December, the US military personnel occupying the base, along with all military equipment, were shifted to the Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan via US military aircraft. On 10 December, Pakistani troops from the Frontier Corps took full control of the airfield as scheduled, and by 11 December all remaining American staff were evacuated. Upon establishing control of the airfield, the United States flag was removed from the base and replaced with the flag of Pakistan.", "title": "2011 NATO attack in Pakistan" }, { "id": "19950390", "score": "1.430778", "text": "at Ground Zero, Times Square, and outside of the White House. The raid on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad led to a rise in diplomatic tensions between the US and Pakistan. With civilian deaths from the United States' drone program in so-called \"signature strikes\", the 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan, which led to the deaths of 24 Pakistani military officers, and the closure of NATO supply lines to neighboring Afghanistan, Pakistan–United States relations remain fractured as a result of the War on Terror. In mid-2011 President Obama announced the start of the withdrawal of the additional 33,000 troops deployed from", "title": "History of the United States (2008–present)" }, { "id": "12523256", "score": "1.4294217", "text": "the border into Pakistan. As they did so, Pakistani paramilitary soldiers at a checkpoint began firing warning shots into the air and the US troops decided not to continue forward. The firing reportedly lasted for several hours. Local tribesmen also evacuated their homes and took up defensive positions in the mountains after placing women and children out of harm's way. The standoff occurred less than two weeks after the 3 September 2008 Angoor Ada raid, during which U.S. Special Forces conducted a raid inside Pakistani territory. That incident caused much consternation and protests in Pakistan, over the violation of Pakistan's", "title": "Pakistan–United States skirmishes" }, { "id": "16098514", "score": "1.4278793", "text": "in April 2012 after Pakistan could not get an unconditional apology from the United States for the November 2011 incident. The White House refused to apologise after Taliban attacks in Kabul and other cities in Afghanistan on 15 April 2012, which according to US military and intelligence officials came from the Haqqani network, an Afghan group working from a base in North Waziristan along the Afghanistan border in Pakistan's tribal belt. Pakistani officials said they cannot open the NATO supply routes in Afghanistan without a US apology. Later in May, Pakistan demanded the United States to pay stiff fees as", "title": "2011 NATO attack in Pakistan" }, { "id": "2322574", "score": "1.4262545", "text": "of June 2016, cross-border shootings between Afghan and Pakistani forces left three people dead after tensions escalated over Pakistan's construction of fence's across the Durand Line. On 20 June 2016, Pakistan completed the construction of a 1,100-kilometre-long trench along Pak-Afghan border in Balochistan. At the invitation of Barack Obama, Sharif paid an official visit to Washington, D.C. from 20 to 23 October 2013, marking the commitment of both leaders to strengthen US-Pakistan relations and advance shared interests in a stable, secure, and prosperous Pakistan and region, read a press release of White House. \"Voice of America\" reported that as a", "title": "Nawaz Sharif" }, { "id": "16107715", "score": "1.4252348", "text": "move troop supplies through the region was given on January 20, 2009, after a visit to the region by General Petraeus. The first shipment along the NDN left on February 20, 2009. By 2011, the NDN handled about 40% of Afghanistan-bound traffic, compared to 30% through Pakistan. On May 11, 2009, Uzbekistan president Islam Karimov announced that the airport in Navoi, Uzbekistan was being used to transport non-lethal cargo into Afghanistan. Due to the still unsettled relationship between Uzbekistan and the United States following the 2005 Andijon massacre and subsequent expulsion of U.S. forces from Karshi-Khanabad airbase, U.S. forces were", "title": "NATO logistics in the Afghan War" }, { "id": "16098571", "score": "1.4212613", "text": "Recipients of the Tamgha-e-Basalat: 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan The 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan (also known as the Salala incident, Salala attack or 26/11 attacks), was a border skirmish that occurred when US-led NATO forces engaged Pakistani security forces at two Pakistani military checkposts along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border on Saturday, 26 November 2011. Two NATO Apache helicopters an AC-130 gunship and two F-15E Eagle fighter jets entered by varying estimates as little as 200 meters (660 ft) to up to 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles), into the Pakistani border area of Salala (in the Baizai subdivision of Mohmand Agency, FATA)", "title": "2011 NATO attack in Pakistan" }, { "id": "8819445", "score": "1.4198129", "text": "the [[2011 NATO attack in Pakistan|Salala incident]]. As early as 2005, Western criticism against Pakistan grew and many European and American political correspondents criticized Pakistan at the public level. The London-based \"[[The Economist]]\" in fact observed: \"As an American ally, Pakistan has become an embarrassment for the United States.\" In January 2011, the [[Raymond Allen Davis incident]] occurred in which Raymond Davis, an alleged private security contractor, shot dead two Pakistani locals after they attempted to rob him. The action sparked protests in Pakistan and threatened relations between the United States and Pakistan, including aid flows. Pakistan prosecuted him despite", "title": "Pakistan–United States relations" }, { "id": "15209079", "score": "1.4172728", "text": "the co-Chairman of the ruling Pakistan Peoples Party) to appoint his sister Faryal Talpur as President and he had informed the United Arab Emirates of his intent to allow the family to continue living there. A new rail link between Pakistan and Iran would be delayed for the time being, owing to poor conditions, low freight-carrying capacity and unrest from Baloch insurgents in the Balochistan region of both countries. Likewise, a natural gas pipeline agreement was also not expected to be fruitful because \"the Pakistanis don't have the money to pay for either the pipeline, or the gas\". According to", "title": "Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Pakistan)" }, { "id": "8819435", "score": "1.4124335", "text": "the November [[2008 Mumbai Attacks]], the United States informed Pakistan that it expected full cooperation in the hunt for the plotters of the attacks. The United States and Pakistan have experienced several military confrontations on the [[Durand Line]]. These skirmishes took place between American forces deployed in [[Afghanistan]], and Pakistani troops guarding the border. On November 26, 2011, 24 Pakistani soldiers were killed in an aerial [[2011 NATO attack in Pakistan|attack]] on Pakistani positions near the border. The attack further damaged US-Pakistani relations with many in Pakistan calling for a more hardline stance against the United States. Present US-Pakistan relations", "title": "Pakistan–United States relations" }, { "id": "17391359", "score": "1.4120419", "text": "concerns, but the report was released by Al Jazeera on 8 July 2013. In 2011, the United States took unilateral actions to target and kill al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden, who was reportedly in hiding in Abottabad, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. After much criticism, Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani formed the commission under Senior Justice Javed Iqbal. Soon after conducting session interviews, Senior Justice Iqbal announced that Abbottabad Commission report will be made public in a few weeks. Despite Iqbal's claims, the commission did not release the report and its preparation period further prolonged to next years.", "title": "Abbottabad Commission Report" }, { "id": "216619", "score": "1.4080758", "text": "including the Afghan Air Force, and houses large number of ISAF forces. The airport is also used as one of the launching and monitoring spots of drone attacks in Pakistan. There are proposals for the establishment of Afghanistan's rail network linking Jalalabad with Pakistan Railways, allowing for increased trade of goods, people and commerce between the two countries. Jalalabad is connected by main roads with the Afghan capital of Kabul, the city of Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and several nearby Afghan cities and towns. All trade between Afghanistan and Pakistan passes through this city. The highway between Jalalabad and", "title": "Jalalabad" } ]

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[ { "id": "12403161", "score": "1.9210613", "text": "On August 2, 2012, Phelps won his 16th Olympic gold medal when he edged out Ryan Lochte to win the 200-meter individual medley with a time of 1:54.27, and by that victory also became the first male swimmer to win the same event in three consecutive Olympics. Rebecca Soni and Phelps (twice) are the only swimmers to successfully defend an individual title from the 2008 Games. This win also marked Phelps's fifth Olympic title in the individual medley, breaking the record of four shared by Hungarian Tamás Darnyi and Ukrainian Yana Klochkova. He repeated the achievement of winning the same", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": "12403101", "score": "1.9051849", "text": "of eight medals of any color at a single Games by winning six gold and two bronze medals. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Phelps won four gold and two silver medals, and at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, he won five gold medals and one silver. This made him the most successful athlete of the Games for the fourth Olympics in a row. Phelps is the long course world record holder in the men's 100 meter butterfly, 200 meter butterfly, and 400 meter individual medley as well as the former long course world record holder", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": "15161522", "score": "1.8882315", "text": "most successful nation in swimming. Brought by an unprecedented sporting domination, Michael Phelps emerged as the most decorated Olympian of all time after winning six more medals at these Games to bring his total after the 2012 games to 22 (18 golds, 2 silver, and 2 bronze). Battling against the Americans for an overall medal count, China mounted to an unexpected second-place effort on the leaderboard with a tally of 10 medals (five golds, three silver, and bronze) after striking a superb double from Sun Yang in long-distance freestyle (both 400 and 1500 m) and Ye Shiwen in the individual", "title": "Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "12350315", "score": "1.8821189", "text": "Homeland. NBAC has produced eight Olympic swimmers overall. The organization's best known swimmer is Michael Phelps, who initially competed in the 2000 Sydney Games, then won six gold and two bronze medals at the 2004 Athens Games. In the 2008 Beijing Games Phelps broke seven world records and won the gold medal in all eight events that he competed in. At the 2012 London Games, he earned four gold and two silver medals. Phelps holds the records for most career Olympic gold medals in any sport and the most gold medals in a single Olympic Games, and the record for", "title": "North Baltimore Aquatic Club" }, { "id": "12403100", "score": "1.8744491", "text": "Michael Phelps Michael Fred Phelps II (born June 30, 1985) is an American retired competitive swimmer and the most successful and most decorated Olympian of all time, with a total of 28 medals. Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals (23), Olympic gold medals in individual events (13), and Olympic medals in individual events (16). When he won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games, Phelps broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Phelps had already tied the record", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics\n\nThe swimming competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London took place from 28 July to 4 August at the Aquatics Centre. The open-water competition took place from 9 to 10 August in Hyde Park.\n\nSwimming featured 34 events (17 male, 17 female), including two 10 km open-water marathons in Hyde Park's Serpentine Lake. The remaining 32 were contested in a 50 m long course pool within the Olympic Park.\n\nUnited States claimed a total of 31 medals (16 golds, 9 silver, and 6 bronze) in the leaderboard to maintain its supremacy as the most successful nation in swimming. Brought by an unprecedented sporting domination, Michael Phelps emerged as the most decorated Olympian of all time after winning six more medals at these Games to bring his total after the 2012 games to 22 (18 golds, 2 silver, and 2 bronze). Battling against the Americans for an overall medal count, China mounted to an unexpected second-place effort on the leaderboard with a tally of 10 medals (five golds, three silver, and bronze) after striking a superb double from Sun Yang in long-distance freestyle (both 400 and 1500 m) and Ye Shiwen in the individual medley (both 200 and 400 m). Meanwhile, France ended on a spectacular fashion in third spot with a total of seven medals (four golds, two silver, and one bronze), followed by the Netherlands with four, including two golds from Ranomi Kromowidjojo in sprint freestyle (both 50 and 100 m), and South Africa with three.<ref name=swimreview/>\n\nFor the first time since 1992, Australia delivered an underwhelming performance with only a single triumph in the freestyle relay, but managed to bring home a total of ten medals. After not winning a gold in swimming since 2000, Japan produced the most medals in the post-war era to build a tally of eleven (three silver and eight bronze).\n\nA total of nine world records and twenty five Olympic records were set during the competition.", "title": "Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2012 Summer Olympics medal table\n\nThe 2012 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXX Olympiad, were a summer multi-sport event held in London, the capital of the United Kingdom, from 27 July to 12 August. A total of 10,768 athletes from 204 nations participated in 302 events in 26 sports across 39 different disciplines.\n\nOverall, 86 nations received at least one medal, and 55 of them won at least one gold medal. Athletes from the United States won the most medals overall, with 104, and the most gold medals, with 47. The latter record is the largest gold medal haul for the country at a non-US hosted Olympics.\n\nMichael Phelps and Missy Franklin won the most gold medals at the games with four each. Phelps also won the greatest number of medals overall winning six in total. Bahrain, Botswana, Cyprus, Gabon, Grenada, Guatemala, and Montenegro all won their first Olympic medals with Bahrain and Grenada winning their nation's first Olympic gold medal. Taekwondo athlete Milica Mandić from Serbia won the first Olympic gold medal for that nation as an independent nation. However, Serbian athletes had previously won gold medals as nationals of Yugoslavia.\n\nDuring and after the games, many athletes who were caught doping or tested positive for banned substances were disqualified from competition and had their medals revoked. To date, 40 medals have been stripped, with Russia accounting for 17 of those.", "title": "2012 Summer Olympics medal table" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United States at the Olympics\n\nUnited States of America (USA) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern era Olympic Games, except for the 1980 Summer Olympics, during which it led a boycott to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.\n\nAmerican athletes have won a total of 2,629 medals (1,060 of them gold) at the Summer Olympic Games, and another 330 (113 of them gold) at the Winter Olympic Games, making the United States the most prolific medal-winning nation in the history of the Olympics. The United States remains one of the only major teams in the world to receive no government funding.", "title": "United States at the Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chad le Clos\n\nChad Guy Bertrand le Clos, OIS (born 12 April 1992) is a South African competitive swimmer who is an Olympic, World and Commonwealth Games champion. He is the African record, Commonwealth record, and South African record holder in the short course and long course 200-metre butterfly and the short course 100-metre butterfly. He also holds the African records and South African records in the long course 200-metre freestyle and 100-metre butterfly, and the short course 100-metre freestyle. Formerly, he was a world record holder in the short course 100-metre butterfly and 200-metre butterfly.\n\nAt the 2012 Summer Olympics, he won a gold medal in the 200-metre butterfly and a silver medal in the 100-metre butterfly, as well as silver medals in the 200-metre freestyle and 100-metre butterfly at the 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, he won five total medals. Le Clos has won the Swimming World Cup overall male winner title four times: 2011, 2013, 2014, and 2017. Across the 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022 Commonwealth Games he has won a total of 18 medals, including 7 gold medals, 4 silver medals, and 7 bronze medals. He has won a total of 19 medals, 12 gold medals, 5 silver medals, and 2 bronze medals, in individual events at Short Course World Championships.\n\nAt the 2014 Commonwealth Games, he tied the record set by Ian Thorpe for the most number of medals won at a single Commonwealth Games with seven medals. When he won his fourth Olympic medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics, he became South Africa's most decorated Olympian. In 2017, he became the first male to win the overall title in the Swimming World Cup four times. Upon his completion of the 2018 Swimming World Cup, he won the Guinness World Record for \"most gold medals won in the FINA Swimming World Cup by a male swimmer\" for the 143 gold medals he won between 2009 and 2018, inclusive. In the same year, he became the most decorated Commonwealth Games swimmer, with 17 total medals, as well as first man to win the Commonwealth Games title in the 200-metre butterfly three times in a row. At the 2022 Commonwealth Games, he became the third person to win 18 medals at Commonwealth Games and tied for the title of most decorated competitor.", "title": "Chad le Clos" }, { "id": "12403102", "score": "1.8634092", "text": "in the 200 meter freestyle and 200 meter individual medley. He has won 82 medals in major international long course competition, of which 65 were gold, 14 silver, and 3 bronze, spanning the Olympics, the World Championships, and the Pan Pacific Championships. Phelps's international titles and record-breaking performances have earned him the World Swimmer of the Year Award eight times and American Swimmer of the Year Award eleven times, as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2012 and 2016. Phelps earned \"Sports Illustrated\" magazine's Sportsman of the Year award due to his unprecedented Olympic success in", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": "12403174", "score": "1.8591695", "text": "individual event of the Rio Olympics by Singaporean Joseph Schooling, when he earned joint silver along with Chad le Clos and László Cseh. On August 13, in the 4 × 100-meter medley relay, Phelps ended his career with another gold medal, his 23rd at the Olympics and his 28th medal overall. Together with Ryan Murphy, Cody Miller, and Nathan Adrian, swimming as the butterfly leg of the medley, they broke the Olympic record, and won the United States' 1001st all time Olympic gold medal, in accordance with the USOC. Phelps's performance in the Rio Olympics was unique in \"winning multiple", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": "12403159", "score": "1.8438263", "text": "four years ago in Beijing, when Phelps won a record eight gold medals. He out-touched László Cseh by 0.07 seconds in his heat to qualify last for the final, locking out Cseh. In his first finals of the Summer Olympics, Phelps placed fourth behind fellow American Ryan Lochte, Thiago Pereira of Brazil, and Kosuke Hagino of Japan in the 400-meter individual medley. It was the first time Phelps failed to medal in an Olympic event since 2000. The next night, in his second event of the Games, he got a silver as a member of the 4×100-meter free relay. Phelps", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": "18262385", "score": "1.8344312", "text": "On August 11, 2016, Phelps set another historic record as the first ever swimmer to earn four consecutive gold medals in the men's 200 m individual medley. Ledecky's final medal total (four golds, one silver) is the most decorated single-Olympics performance by a U.S. female athlete in terms of gold medals, topping Missy Franklin (2012; four golds, 1 bronze), Simone Biles (2016; four golds, 1 bronze), and Amy Van Dyken (1996; four golds). Qualifiers for the latter rounds (Q) of all events were decided on a time only basis, therefore positions shown are overall results versus competitors in all heats.<br>", "title": "United States at the 2016 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "469732", "score": "1.8343965", "text": "China's colossal clout in an increasingly shaky world economy, and therefore of the importance of keeping good relations with its government.' One of the most prominent events of the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing was the achievement of Michael Phelps the American swimmer, frequently cited as the greatest swimmer and one of the greatest Olympians of all time. He has won 14 career Olympic gold medals, the most by any Olympian. As of August 2, 2009, Phelps has broken thirty-seven world records in swimming. Phelps holds the record for the most gold medals won in a single Olympics, his", "title": "2000s (decade)" }, { "id": "11366390", "score": "1.829756", "text": "highest total medal count, and won more silver and bronze medals than any other participating nation. This games also saw a gold medal record for U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps, who won 8 golds surpassing Mark Spitz's record of 7 golds in a single Olympic event in 1972. Phelps also surpassed Spitz, Larisa Latynina of the USSR, Paavo Nurmi of Finland, and U.S. sprinter Carl Lewis to become the current record holder for the most Olympic gold medals (14). The United States also saw milestones in women's swimming. Natalie Coughlin won 6 medals in Beijing, the most for a female Olympic", "title": "United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "12403128", "score": "1.821582", "text": "2007 World Aquatics Championships, Phelps won seven gold medals, tying the record for a global long-course championship held by Mark Spitz since the 1972 Summer Olympics, and broke five world records. Phelps first gold medal came in the 4×100-meter freestyle. Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 48.42 seconds and Neil Walker, Cullen Jones and Jason Lezak each expanded the lead to win in a Championship record of 3:12.72, just missing the world record of 3:12.46 set the previous year. His lead-off time was faster than the winning time in the individual 100-meter freestyle final later in the meet. Phelps set", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": "15294580", "score": "1.8135741", "text": "Anthony Ervin (swimming), who both made their comeback in London after long years of absence. Two hundred and eight returning athletes had competed in Beijing, including 124 Olympic medalists, and 76 defending champions. Among the nation's defending champions were swimmers Michael Phelps and Natalie Coughlin. Phelps won a historic amount of eight gold medals in Beijing to become the most-decorated Olympic athlete at a single event and the first person to win a total of fourteen Olympic gold medals. Coughlin, on the other hand, won a total of 11 Olympic medals in two previous games, including six gold medals from", "title": "United States at the 2012 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "12403122", "score": "1.8073338", "text": "had raced in a preliminary heat of the medley relay, he was also awarded a gold medal along with the team members who competed in the final. In winning six gold and two bronze medals, Phelps, still a teenager, had the second-best performance ever at a single Olympics, behind Mark Spitz's seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Also, he became the second male swimmer ever to win more than two individual titles at a single Games with four, tying Spitz's four from 1972. At the 2005 World Championship Trials, Phelps decided to drop his specialty events, the 400-meter", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": "12403138", "score": "1.7984656", "text": "leader for most Olympic gold medals won by an individual in the modern Olympic era. Moreover, Phelps became the first swimmer, male or female, to win three Olympic butterfly titles, after his two titles in the Athens 2004 Olympics. He also became the first swimmer to successfully defend an Olympic butterfly title. Less than one hour after his gold medal victory in the 200-meter butterfly, Phelps swam the lead-off leg of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. With Lochte, Ricky Berens, and Peter Vanderkaay, he won his fifth gold and set his fifth world record as the American team finished first with", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": "12403172", "score": "1.7854697", "text": "gold medals 12 years apart. Both these records were broken by Anthony Ervin three days later. Also on August 9, Phelps won his 21st gold medal in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay together with Conor Dwyer, Townley Haas, and Ryan Lochte. For Phelps and Lochte, this was their 4th consecutive gold medal in this event, an all-time record in swimming for any event. On August 11, Phelps won his 22nd gold medal in the 200 m individual medley. He beat Kosuke Hagino, the 400 m individual medley champion, by 1.95 seconds. This was Phelps's 4th consecutive gold medal", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": "16183561", "score": "1.7843451", "text": "five-hundredths of a second (0.05) for the gold medal and an African record in 1:52.96. By finishing with a time of 1:53.01, Phelps earned his second silver medal of the games, bringing his overall total to eighteen, and matching Larisa Latynina's record of eighteen medals as the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time. Japan's Takeshi Matsuda managed to repeat his bronze from Beijing four years earlier in 1:53.21. Austria's Dinko Jukić, who claimed the top seed earlier in the prelims, missed the podium by over a body length with a fourth-place time and a national record in 1:54.35. U.S.", "title": "Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly" }, { "id": "11366415", "score": "1.7836739", "text": "Olympic team after failing an anti-doping test at the national trials. Hardy opted to pull out instead of contesting the test results at the Court of Arbitration for Sport. The U.S. left Beijing with 31 swimming medals: 12 gold, 9 silver and 10 bronze. This surpassed the 28 medals won by the swimming team in Athens. In the process, the U.S. broke ten swimming world records and twenty-four American records. The American performance in swimming was highlighted by Michael Phelps, who won a total of eight gold medals, surpassing Mark Spitz's 36-year-old single Games record of seven gold medals. Phelps", "title": "United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "12403173", "score": "1.7816188", "text": "in the event as well as his 4th in the Games. He became the first swimmer to win the same individual event four times, surpassing the previous record of three held by Dawn Fraser and Krisztina Egerszegi. He also became the third Olympian to win the same individual event four times, after athletes Al Oerter and Carl Lewis. With that 13th individual gold medal, Phelps broke a 2,168-year-old ancient Olympic record, set by Leonidas of Rhodes, who had held the most Olympic individual titles of all time, with twelve. In the 100 m butterfly, Phelps was defeated in his last", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "id": "8509099", "score": "1.7815108", "text": "its standings as the most successful nation in swimming. A stellar performance in the pool also made an Olympic history for Michael Phelps, who captured eight gold medals to break Mark Spitz's 1972 record, a total of seven, at a single Games. Despite the male swimmers failing to attain a single gold in swimming, Australia managed to repeat a second-place effort on its third consecutive Olympics with 20 medals (six golds, six silver, and eight bronze). Meanwhile, Great Britain finished third with a total of six medals by the benefit of a sterling long-distance freestyle double from Rebecca Adlington. A", "title": "Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics" } ]

[ "Strychnine sulfate", "strynchnos", "strichnine", "strictnine", "stricknine", "stricnine", "strychnidin 10 one", "Strictnine", "Strynchnos", "c21h22n2o2", "Strychnidin-10-one", "Strichnine", "Strychnine alkaloids", "Strychnine", "strychnine", "strychnine alkaloids", "Stricknine", "C21H22N2O2", "strychnine sulfate", "Stricnine" ]

[ { "id": "11656491", "score": "1.5548136", "text": "and Claudius had become suspicious of her intrigues. Despite the negative effects of poison, which were so evident in these times, cures were being found in poison, even at such a time where it was hated by the most of the general public. An example can be found in the works of Iranian born Persian physician, philosopher, and scholar Rhazes, writer of \"Secret of Secrets\", which was a long list of chemical compounds, minerals and appratus, the first man to distil alcohol and use it as an anti-septic, and the person who suggested mercury be used as a laxative. He", "title": "History of poison" }, { "id": "12257654", "score": "1.5406194", "text": "laxative. Mercury(II) chloride (also known as mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate) was once used to treat syphilis (along with other mercury compounds), although it is so toxic that sometimes the symptoms of its toxicity were confused with those of the syphilis it was believed to treat. It is also used as a disinfectant. Blue mass, a pill or syrup in which mercury is the main ingredient, was prescribed throughout the 19th century for numerous conditions including constipation, depression, child-bearing and toothaches. In the early 20th century, mercury was administered to children yearly as a laxative and dewormer, and it was", "title": "Mercury (element)" }, { "id": "615912", "score": "1.5355786", "text": "their complex, diffuse, and highly interrelated effects. The word \"poison\" was first used in 1200 to mean \"a deadly potion or substance\"; the English term comes from the \"...Old French poison, puison (12c., Modern French poison) \"a drink,\" especially a medical drink, later \"a (magic) potion, poisonous drink\" (14c.), from Latin potionem (nominative potio) \"a drinking, a drink,\" also \"poisonous drink\" (Cicero), from potare \"to drink\". The use of \"poison\" as an adjective (\"poisonous\") dates from the 1520s. Using the word \"poison\" with plant names dates from the 18th century. The term \"poison ivy\", for example, was first used in", "title": "Poison" }, { "id": "11656479", "score": "1.5256565", "text": "in history, particularly at the time of the Roman Empire, one of the more prevalent uses was assassination. As early as 331 BC, poisonings executed at the dinner table or in drinks were reported, and the practice became a common occurrence. The use of fatal substances was seen among every social class; even the nobility would often use it to dispose of unwanted political or economic opponents. In Medieval Europe, poison became a more popular form of killing, though cures surfaced for many of the more widely known poisons. This was stimulated by the increased availability of poisons; shops known", "title": "History of poison" }, { "id": "11656487", "score": "1.5138596", "text": "records. The Egyptians are also thought to have come into knowledge about elements such as antimony, copper, crude arsenic, lead, opium, and mandrake (among others) which are mentioned in papyri. Egyptians are now thought to be the first to master distillation, and to manipulate the poison that can be retrieved from apricot kernels. Cleopatra is said to have poisoned herself with an asp after hearing of Marc Antony's demise. Prior to her death, she was said to have sent many of her maidservants to act as guinea pigs to test different poisons, including belladonna, henbane, and the strychnine tree's seed.", "title": "History of poison" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Aphrodisiac\n\nAn aphrodisiac is a substance that increases sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior. Substances range from a variety of plants, spices, foods, and synthetic chemicals. Natural aphrodisiacs like cannabis or cocaine are classified into plant-based and non-plant-based substances. There are non-naturally-occurring aphrodisiacs like MDMA and methamphetamine. Aphrodisiacs can be classified by their type of effects (i.e., psychological or physiological).<ref name=\":0\" /> Aphrodisiacs that contain hallucinogenic properties like Bufotenin have psychological effects on a person that can increase sexual desire and sexual pleasure.<ref name=\":0\" /><ref name=\":2\" /> Aphrodisiacs that contain smooth muscle relaxing properties like yohimbine have physiological effects on a person that can affect hormone levels and increase blood flow.<ref name=\":0\" /><ref name=\":3\" />\n\nIt is possible that the aphrodisiac effect of a substance is due to the placebo effect.<ref name=\":1\" /> Other substances that impede on areas that aphrodisiacs aim to enhance are classified as anaphrodisiacs.<ref name=\":1\" />\n\nBoth males and females can benefit from the use of aphrodisiacs, but they are more focused on males as their properties tend to increase testosterone levels rather than estrogen levels.<ref name=\":2\" /> This is in part due to the historical context of aphrodisiacs, which focused solely on males. Only recent attention has been paid to understanding how aphrodisiacs can aid female sexual function.<ref name=\":4\" /> In addition, cultural influence in appropriate sexual behavior from males and females also play a part in the research gap.<ref name=\":4\" />", "title": "Aphrodisiac" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of patent medicines\n\nA patent medicine, also known as a proprietary medicine or a nostrum (from the Latin \"nostrum remedium\", or \"our remedy\") is a commercial product advertised to consumers as an over-the-counter medicine, generally for a variety of ailments, without regard to its actual effectiveness or the potential for harmful side effects. The earliest patent medicines were created in the 17th century. They were most popular from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, before the advent of consumer protection laws and evidence-based medicine. Despite the name, patent medicines were usually trademarked but not actually patented, in order to keep their formulas secret.\n\nPatent medicines often included alcohol and drugs such as opium as active ingredients. Addiction and overdose were common as a result. Other ingredients like sarsaparilla and wintergreen may have been medically inert and largely harmless, but lacked significant medical benefits. It was rare for any patent medication to be pharmacologically effective, and none lived up to the miraculous promises made by their advertising.<ref name=\":7\" />\n\nPatent medicine advertising was typically outlandish, eye-catching, and had little basis in reality. Advertisements emphasized exotic or scientific-sounding ingredients, featured endorsements from purported experts or celebrities, and often claimed that products were universal remedies or panaceas. Beginning in the early 20th century, the passage of consumer protection laws in countries like the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada began to regulate deceptive advertising and put limits on what ingredients could be used in medicines, putting an end to the dominance of patent medicines. Although some modern alternative medicines bear similarities to patent medicines, the term most typically refers to remedies created before modern regulations, and the scope of this list reflects that.", "title": "List of patent medicines" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Muscle relaxant\n\nA muscle relaxant is a drug that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone. It may be used to alleviate symptoms such as muscle spasms, pain, and hyperreflexia. The term \"muscle relaxant\" is used to refer to two major therapeutic groups: neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics. Neuromuscular blockers act by interfering with transmission at the neuromuscular end plate and have no central nervous system (CNS) activity. They are often used during surgical procedures and in intensive care and emergency medicine to cause temporary paralysis. Spasmolytics, also known as \"centrally acting\" muscle relaxant, are used to alleviate musculoskeletal pain and spasms and to reduce spasticity in a variety of neurological conditions. While both neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics are often grouped together as muscle relaxant, the term is commonly used to refer to spasmolytics only.", "title": "Muscle relaxant" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anti-obesity medication\n\nAnti-obesity medication or weight loss medications are pharmacological agents that reduce or control weight. These medications alter one of the fundamental processes of the human body, weight regulation, by altering either appetite, or absorption of calories. The main treatment modalities for overweight and individuals with obesity remain dieting (healthy diet and caloric restriction) and physical exercise.\n\nIn the United States orlistat (Xenical) and semaglutide (Wegovy) are currently approved by the FDA for long-term use. Xenical reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase; Wegovy is a GLP-1 analogue, a class of drugs that is relatively recent and which has promise as an effective anti-obesity measure.\n\nBecause of potential side effects, and limited evidence of small benefits in weight reduction for children and adolescents with obesity, it is recommended that anti-obesity medications only be prescribed for obesity where it is hoped that the benefits of the treatment outweigh its risks. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration advocates that people with either a body-mass index of at least 30, or a body-mass index of at least 27 with at least one weight-related comorbidity, represent a patient population with sufficiently high baseline health risks to justify the use of anti-obesity medication.", "title": "Anti-obesity medication" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Loperamide\n\nLoperamide, sold under the brand name Imodium, among others, is a medication used to decrease the frequency of diarrhea. It is often used for this purpose in inflammatory bowel disease and short bowel syndrome.<ref name=AHFS2015/> It is not recommended for those with blood in the stool, mucus in the stool, or fevers.<ref name=AHFS2015/> The medication is taken by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/>\nCommon side effects include abdominal pain, constipation, sleepiness, vomiting, and a dry mouth. It appears to be safe in breastfeeding. It is an opioid with no significant absorption from the gut and does not cross the blood–brain barrier when used at normal doses. It works by slowing the contractions of the intestines.<ref name=AHFS2015/>\nLoperamide was first made in 1969 and used medically in 1976. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Loperamide is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 330th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 700thousand prescriptions.", "title": "Loperamide" }, { "id": "11656481", "score": "1.5137763", "text": "common than the Middle Ages. Rather, the more common concern is the risk of accidental poisoning from everyday substances and products. Constructive uses for poisons have increased considerably in the modern world. Poisons are now used as pesticides, disinfectants, cleaning solutions, and preservatives. Nonetheless, poison continues to be used as a hunting tool in remote parts of developing countries, including Africa, South America, and Asia. Archaeological findings prove that while ancient mankind used conventional weapons such as axes and clubs, and later swords, they sought more subtle, destructive means of causing death—something that could be achieved through poison. Grooves for", "title": "History of poison" }, { "id": "11656482", "score": "1.5090909", "text": "storing or holding poisons such as tubocurarine have been plainly found in their hunting weapons and tools, showing that early humans had discovered poisons of varying potency and applied them to their weapons. Some speculate that this use and existence of these strange and noxious substances was kept secret within the more important and higher-ranked members of a tribe or clan, and were seen as emblems of a greater power. This may have also given birth to the concept of the stereotypical \"medicine man\" or \"witch doctor\". Once the use and danger of poison was realized, it became apparent that", "title": "History of poison" }, { "id": "11656484", "score": "1.4969695", "text": "small portions of dozens of the best-known herbal remedies of the time, which he named Mithridatium. This was kept secret until his kingdom was invaded by Pompey the Great, who took it back to Rome. After being defeated by Pompey, Mithridates' antidote prescriptions and notes of medicinal plants were taken by the Romans and translated into Latin. Pliny the Elder describes over 7000 different poisons. One he describes as \"The blood of a duck found in a certain district of Pontus, which was supposed to live on poisonous food, and the blood of this duck was afterwards used in the", "title": "History of poison" }, { "id": "10199242", "score": "1.4963124", "text": "a meal or drink, as \"medication\". Finally, a preparation with the desired properties called C-2 or K-2 (carbylamine choline chloride) was developed. According to witness testimonies, the victim changed physically, became shorter, weakened quickly, became calm and silent, and died within fifteen minutes. Mairanovsky brought to the laboratory people of varied physical condition and ages in order to have a more complete picture about the action of each poison. Pavel Sudoplatov and Nahum Eitingon approved special equipment (i.e., poisons) only if it had been tested on \"humans\", according to testimony of Mikhail Filimonov. Vsevolod Merkulov said that these experiments were", "title": "Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services" }, { "id": "11656478", "score": "1.4887035", "text": "History of poison The history of poison stretches from before 4500 BC to the present day. Poisons have been used for many purposes across the span of human existence, most commonly as weapons, anti-venoms, and medicines. Poison has allowed much progress in branches, toxicology, and technology, among other sciences. Poison was discovered in ancient times, and was used by ancient tribes and civilizations as a hunting tool to quicken and ensure the death of their prey or enemies. This use of poison grew more advanced, and many of these ancient peoples began forging weapons designed specifically for poison enhancement. Later", "title": "History of poison" }, { "id": "11656494", "score": "1.4856985", "text": "more available. Antidotes have been found for many poisons, and the antidotes for some of the most commonly known poisons are shown in the table above: However, poison still exists as a murderous entity today, but it is not as popular form of conducting murder as it used to be in past times, probably because of the wider range of ways to kill people and other factors that must be taken into consideration. One of the more recent deaths by poisoning was that of Russian dissident Alexander Litvinenko in 2006 from lethal polonium-210 radiation poisoning. Today, poison is used for", "title": "History of poison" }, { "id": "4031503", "score": "1.4810181", "text": "were considered useful at the time, including poisonous compounds such as mercury, lead, strychnine and arsenic. There were 108 remedies listed for indigestion (dyspepsia), including alcohol, arsenic, cocaine, gold chloride, mercury, morphine, nux vomica, opium, silver nitrate, strychnine, and “Turkish baths (for malaise after dining out)”. Bismuth, calcium, magnesium salts were also on the list, which are ingredients found in many modern gastrointestinal treatments available today. Arsenic was recommended for over 100 illnesses including anemia, diarrhea, hydrophobia, elephantiasis, and impotence. The formulas include “aletris cordial”, a “uterine tonic and restorative”, which contained “aletris farinosa or True Unicorn combined with aromatics”.", "title": "Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy" }, { "id": "7282912", "score": "1.4790039", "text": "reportedly advised Agrippina to use \"Atropa belladonna\" as a poison. Extracts of atropa have been used for poisoning since antiquity, as the plant and its fruits contain tropane alkaloids (primarily hyoscyamine and scopolamine). Atropa-derived poisons were commonly used in ancient Roman murders, and previous empress Livia reportedly used them to murder her contemporaries. The effective doses of atropa needed to cause hallucinations for up to four days, and the ones needed to kill a person were described by a 1st-century writer, Pedanius Dioscorides. Dioscorides called the plant \"strychnos manikos\" or \"thryon\". In AD 55, while still imprisoned, Locusta was called", "title": "Locusta" }, { "id": "16612623", "score": "1.4771135", "text": "poison centers. In Europe, the drugs were predominantly purchased from websites, but in the US they were mainly sold in small independent stores such as gas stations and head shops. In the US, this often made them easier to obtain than cigarettes and alcohol. Bath salts have also been sold online in small packets. Hundreds of other designer drugs or \"legal highs\" have been reported, including artificial chemicals such as synthetic cannabis and semi-synthetic substances such as methylhexaneamine. These drugs are primarily developed to avoid being controlled by laws against illegal drugs, thus giving them the label of designer drugs.", "title": "Bath salts (drug)" }, { "id": "11656498", "score": "1.476418", "text": "the contents of the beetle right onto the head. Plant sap is then mixed and serves as an adhesive. However, instead of the plant sap, a powder made from the dead, eviscerated larva can be used. History of poison The history of poison stretches from before 4500 BC to the present day. Poisons have been used for many purposes across the span of human existence, most commonly as weapons, anti-venoms, and medicines. Poison has allowed much progress in branches, toxicology, and technology, among other sciences. Poison was discovered in ancient times, and was used by ancient tribes and civilizations as", "title": "History of poison" }, { "id": "615925", "score": "1.475703", "text": "\"gu\" poison. Poison was also employed in gunpowder warfare. For example, the 14th-century Chinese text of the \"Huolongjing\" written by Jiao Yu outlined the use of a poisonous gunpowder mixture to fill cast iron grenade bombs. The term \"poison\" is also used in a figurative sense. The \"[s]lang sense of \"alcoholic drink\" [is] first attested 1805, American English.\" (e.g., a bartender might ask a customer \"what's your poison?\") Figurative use of the term dates from the late 15th century. Figuratively referring to persons as poison dates from 1910. The figurative term \"poison-pen letter\" became well known in \"...1913 by a", "title": "Poison" }, { "id": "3379834", "score": "1.4720182", "text": "Ouabain Ouabain or (from Somali \"waabaayo\", \"arrow poison\" through French \"ouabaïo\") also known as g-strophanthin, is a plant derived toxic substance that was traditionally used as an arrow poison in eastern Africa for both hunting and warfare. Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside and in lower doses, can be used medically to treat hypotension and some arrhythmias. It acts by inhibiting the Na/K-ATPase, also known as the sodium-potassium ion pump. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is", "title": "Ouabain" }, { "id": "11656480", "score": "1.4709114", "text": "as apothecaries, selling various medicinal wares, were open to the public, and from there, substances that were traditionally used for curative purposes were employed for more sinister ends. At approximately the same time, in the Middle East, Arabs developed a form of arsenic that is odorless and transparent, making the poison difficult to detect. This \"poison epidemic\" was also prevalent in parts of Asia at this time, as well. Over the centuries, the variety of harmful uses of poisons continued to increase. The means for curing these poisons also advanced in parallel. In the modern world, intentional poisoning is less", "title": "History of poison" }, { "id": "20844193", "score": "1.4705889", "text": "lists of safe home remedies, in a bid to increase public health awareness, which mentioned calomel and sugar-based derivatives as substitute sedative agents. Finally, the Pharmacy Act 1908, which classified it as a Schedule-I poison, followed by the Dangerous Drugs Act 1920 which mandated a medical prescription, heavily restricted the availability and usage of any such opioid-based drug. Godfrey's Cordial Godfrey's Cordial was a patent medicine, containing laudanum (tincture of opium) in a sweet syrup, which was commonly used as a sedative to quieten infants and children in Victorian England. Used mostly by mothers working in agricultural groups or industry,", "title": "Godfrey's Cordial" }, { "id": "5816318", "score": "1.4696815", "text": "and causes hypotension. Tubocurarine chloride Tubocurarine (also known as \"d\"-tubocurarine or DTC) is a toxic alkaloid historically known for its use as an arrow poison. In the mid-1900s, it was used in conjunction with an anesthetic to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. It is now rarely used as an adjunct for clinical anesthesia because safer alternatives, such as cisatracurium and rocuronium, are available. Tubocurarine is a naturally occurring mono-quaternary alkaloid obtained from the bark of the Menispermaceous South American plant \"Chondrodendron tomentosum\", a climbing vine known to the European world since the Spanish conquest of South", "title": "Tubocurarine chloride" } ]

[ "paul bunyan lumberjack", "babe blue ox", "paul bunyan", "Blue ox", "blue ox", "Babe the blue ox", "Babe the Ox", "Babe the Blue Ox", "Paul Bunyan (lumberjack)", "paul bunyon", "Paul Bunyon", "Paul Bunyan", "Babe, the Blue Ox", "babe ox" ]

[ { "id": "17995349", "score": "1.714263", "text": "book on the Black Donnellys in the 1950s, and the story of the family has been retold and fictionalized ever since. Lumberjack heroes are one genre of Canadian folklore that spread throughout the Great Lakes region. The lumberjack tall tales, some of which later became popular as Paul Bunyan tales, often had French-Canadian origins, but were hugely popular among the itinerant lumberjacks of Ontario and the northern United States as well. Ottawa Valley storytellers transformed a real historical figure, the Quebec lumberjack Joseph Montferrand, into \"Joe Muffreau\" or \"Big Joe Mufferaw\". Other lumberjack heroes include Julius Neville, Louis Cyr, and", "title": "Canadian folklore" }, { "id": "845672", "score": "1.6736679", "text": "\"sleeve\" tattoos, and wear large hoop piercings in their earlobes. Denver Nicks described the trend as perhaps an attempt to \"reclaim masculinity\". The most famous depiction of a lumberjack in folklore is Paul Bunyan. Several towns claim to have been Paul Bunyan's home and have erected statues of Bunyan and his blue ox \"Babe\". Known for their many exploits, many real life loggers have become renowned for their extraordinary strength, intuition, and knowledge of the woods. Men such as Jigger Johnson, the Maine woodsman who supposedly kicked knots of frozen logs barefooted, and Joseph Montferrand (better known as Big Joe", "title": "Lumberjack" }, { "id": "329900", "score": "1.6715623", "text": "Paul Bunyan Paul Bunyan is a giant lumberjack in American folklore. His exploits revolve around the tall tales of his superhuman labors, and he is customarily accompanied by Babe the Blue Ox. The character originated in the oral tradition of North American loggers, and was later popularized by freelance writer William B. Laughead (1882–1958) in a 1916 promotional pamphlet for the Red River Lumber Company. He has been the subject of various literary compositions, musical pieces, commercial works, and theatrical productions. His likeness is displayed in several oversized statues across North America. There are many hypotheses about the etymology of", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "id": "17981364", "score": "1.6263249", "text": "storyline. Clearly, the tale evolved depending on what message the storyteller was trying to portray. Regardless of the version, the vast influence of the Catholic Church is clearly noticeable. A number of lumberjack heroes were made famous through stories told by itinerant lumberjacks throughout Central Canada and the northern United States. These lumberjack heroes were of French-Canadian origin, and became the basis for many Paul Bunyan stories. They include tales about Joseph Montferrand (\"Joe Muffreau\" or \"Big Joe Mufferaw\"), Julius Neville, Louis Cyr, and Napoleon La Rue. Other aspects of Quebec folklore include superstitions surrounding objects, events, and dreams. In", "title": "Folklore of Quebec" }, { "id": "5731063", "score": "1.5945891", "text": "statue of a lumberjack entitled \"Chetwynd, the Little Giant of the Great Peace\", measuring 2.7 metres (9 ft) tall and located alongside the highway, has stood in the town since 1967. The statue has been periodically altered by replacing the ax with other accessories, such as a lasso, rifle, gold pan and pitchfork, or dressed in other outfits, like a Santa suit. In 2009 the original statue was replaced with a wood carving facsimile, intended to reflect the popularity of the annual chainsaw carving event. For outdoor recreation, a community forest on Mount Baldy provides residents with trails for walking,", "title": "Chetwynd, British Columbia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Folklore of the United States\n\nAmerican folklore encompasses the folklores that have evolved in the present-day United States since Europeans arrived in the 16th century. While it contains much in the way of Native American tradition, it is not wholly identical to the tribal beliefs of any community of native people.\n\nFolklore consists of legends, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, fairy tales, stories, tall tales, and customs that are the traditions of a culture, subculture, or group. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared.", "title": "Folklore of the United States" }, { "id": "845657", "score": "1.5778611", "text": "the continent to the Upper Midwest, and finally the Pacific Northwest. Stewart Holbrook documented the emergence and westward migration of the classic American lumberjack in his first book, \"Holy Old Mackinaw: A Natural History of the American Lumberjack\". He often wrote colourfully about lumberjacks in his subsequent books, romanticizing them as hard-drinking, hard-working men. Logging camps were slowly phased out between World War II and the early 1960s as crews could by then be transported to remote logging sites in motor vehicles. The division of labour in lumber camps led to several specialized jobs on logging crews, such as whistle", "title": "Lumberjack" }, { "id": "17838126", "score": "1.5755546", "text": "The Forest Giant The Forest Giant (French: \"Le Gigantesque\") is a novel written by Adrien Le Corbeau, one of the pseudonyms of Romanian-born author Rudolf Bernhardt (1886–1932). An English translation was made in 1923 by T. E. Lawrence (as J. H. Ross), but both French and English versions have since fallen into obscurity. The book was despised by Lawrence, who wrote the following while working on the translation: At last this foul work: complete. Please have [it] typed and send [it] down that I may get it off my suffering chest before I burst. Damn Adrien le Corbeau and his", "title": "The Forest Giant" }, { "id": "329905", "score": "1.5750955", "text": "\"Legends of Paul Bunyan, Lumberjack\" in \"Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters\" and coauthored by her English professor Homer A. Watt. The research relates traditional narratives, some in multiple versions, and goes on to conclude that many probably existed in some part before they were set to revolve around Bunyan as a central character. Stewart argued in her analysis that Paul Bunyan belongs to a class of traveler's tales. Charles E. Brown was the curator of the Museum of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin and secretary of the Wisconsin Archaeological Society. He was another principal", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "id": "1972129", "score": "1.5720624", "text": "a number of similar hoaxes. Cardiff Giant The Cardiff Giant was one of the most famous hoaxes in American history. It was a purported \"petrified man\" uncovered on October 16, 1869, by workers digging a well behind the barn of William C. \"Stub\" Newell in Cardiff, New York. Both it and an unauthorized copy made by P.T. Barnum are still being displayed. The giant was the creation of a New York tobacconist named George Hull. Hull, an atheist, decided to create the giant after an argument at a Methodist revival meeting about Genesis 6:4 which stated that there were giants", "title": "Cardiff Giant" }, { "id": "1972122", "score": "1.5660233", "text": "Cardiff Giant The Cardiff Giant was one of the most famous hoaxes in American history. It was a purported \"petrified man\" uncovered on October 16, 1869, by workers digging a well behind the barn of William C. \"Stub\" Newell in Cardiff, New York. Both it and an unauthorized copy made by P.T. Barnum are still being displayed. The giant was the creation of a New York tobacconist named George Hull. Hull, an atheist, decided to create the giant after an argument at a Methodist revival meeting about Genesis 6:4 which stated that there were giants who once lived on Earth.", "title": "Cardiff Giant" }, { "id": "7463592", "score": "1.5609379", "text": "than humanly possible. He is accompanied by a blue ox named Babe. Bunyan was first created by the oral tradition of North American loggers. He was later popularized by freelance writer William B. Laughed in a 1916 promotional pamphlet for the Red River Lumber Company. Bunyan is known as a symbol of the American lumberjack. Some historians believe Bunyan was based on the French-Canadian logger Fabian \"Joe\" Fournier. Bunyan was originally portrayed as a hardworking American logger of large but normal proportions. As his popularity grew, so did his stature, until he was eventually portrayed as standing at treetop height.", "title": "Trees of Mystery" }, { "id": "329903", "score": "1.559874", "text": "camp, the winter of the blue snow, and stove skating. All four anecdotes are mirrored in J. E. Rockwell's \"Some Lumberjack Myths\" six years later, and James MacGillivray wrote on the subject of stove skating in \"Round River\" four years before that. MacGillivray's account, somewhat extended, reappeared in \"The American Lumberman\" in 1910. \"The American Lumberman\" followed up with a few sporadic editorials, such as \"Paul Bunyan's Oxen,\" \"In Paul Bunyan's Cook Shanty,\" and \"Chronicle of Life and Works of Mr. Paul Bunyan.\" Rockwell's earlier story was one of the few to allude to Paul Bunyan's large stature, \"eight feet", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "id": "329913", "score": "1.5583766", "text": "occasionally repeated in other accounts. Stewart and Watt acknowledge that they have not yet succeeded in definitively finding out whether Bunyan was based on an actual person or was wholly mythical. They have noted, however, that some of the older lumberjacks whom they interviewed claimed to have known him or members of his crew, and the supposed location of his grave was actually pointed out in northern Minnesota. Bunyan's extreme gigantism was a later invention, and early stories either do not mention it or, as in the Stewart and Watt paper, refer to him as being about seven feet tall.", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "id": "845673", "score": "1.5518374", "text": "Mufferaw), the French-Canadian known for his physical prowess and desire to protect the French-speaking logger, have been celebrated as folk heroes throughout North America, and have contributed to the mythos of the Lumberjack. The lives of loggers have been featured on the following American television series: Lumberjack Lumberjacks are North American workers in the logging industry who perform the initial harvesting and transport of trees for ultimate processing into forest products. The term usually refers to a bygone era (before 1945 in the United States) when hand tools were used in harvesting trees. Because of its historical ties, the term", "title": "Lumberjack" }, { "id": "20801717", "score": "1.5433439", "text": "Charles Freeman (American Giant) Charles Freeman (1821-1845) known as the \"American Giant\" or \"Michigan Giant\" was a tall and powerfully built man who featured as an \"exhibit\" in America before meeting the English heavyweight boxer Ben Caunt. They provided an entertainment by sparring on stage. Freeman accompanied Caunt to England where he continued his boxing exhibitions. He achieved fame when he was matched in two prizefights with William Perry (the Tipton Slasher). Despite not being trained as a bareknuckle boxer he drew one fight and won the second bout. He remained in England as an entertainer until his early death", "title": "Charles Freeman (American Giant)" }, { "id": "13162822", "score": "1.5385997", "text": "as well as subsequent observations such as those of William Stukeley, were discussed at meetings of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1764. Additionally, in 1738 the antiquarian Francis Wise mentioned the giant in a letter. Beginning in 1763 descriptions of the giant appeared in contemporary magazines. The earliest known survey was published in the \"Royal Magazine\" in September 1763. Derivative versions subsequently appeared in the October 1763 \"St James Chronicle\", the July 1764 \"Gentleman's Magazine\" and the 1764 edition of \"The Annual Register\". The earliest known drawing of the Giant appears in the August 1764 issue of \"Gentleman's", "title": "Cerne Abbas Giant" }, { "id": "329912", "score": "1.5375477", "text": "in logging camps and forest industries. At the same time, several authors have come forward to propose that the legend of Paul Bunyan was based on a real person. D. Laurence Rogers and others have suggested a possible connection between Paul Bunyan tales and the exploits of French-Canadian lumberjack Fabian Fournier (1845 – 1875). From 1865 to 1875, Fournier worked for the H. M. Loud Company in the Grayling, Michigan area. James Stevens in his 1925 book \"Paul Bunyan\" makes another unverified claim that Paul Bunyan was a soldier in the Papineau Rebellion named Paul Bon Jean, and this is", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "id": "5514532", "score": "1.5326877", "text": "thought to be those of giants by an untrained observer. She also discusses the reddish hair, pointing out that hair pigment is not stable after death and that various factors such as temperature, soil, etc. can turn ancient very dark hair rusty red or orange. Another explanation for the 'giant' interpretation of the skeletons may also come from the fact that some of the first remains unearthed by the guano miners in 1911-12 were described as “giant\". A written report by James H. Hart, the first of two miners to excavate the cave in the fall of 1911, recalls that", "title": "Si-Te-Cah" }, { "id": "13338448", "score": "1.5269396", "text": "in the Great Plains region, Feboldson eventually became a strongman rather than a lumberjack, and his prodigious strength was demonstrated through other means in the stories. Caroll and another man, Don Holmes, wrote numerous Febold Feboldson stories between 1928 and 1933, which featured Feboldson taking on Native Americans, politicians, disease outbreaks, droughts, tornadoes, and even excessive heat and cold. In 1932, Paul Robert Beath published the first widely-circulated story about Febold Feboldson, \"Paul Bunyan and Febold\" in the University of Nebraska - Lincoln's literary magazine, \"Prairie Schooner\" (vol. VI, p. 59-61). Beath's account claims to be based on interviews with", "title": "Febold Feboldson" }, { "id": "2912103", "score": "1.5203459", "text": "January 15th 1937.\" Ever since, the 18 foot lumberjack and his faithful ox have christened the south shore of Lake Bemidji with their presence. The Bemidji Chamber of Commerce documents that \"As some stories go, the idea of building a giant statue of the town’s lumberjack son was conceived over sharing a pint (or two). 737 man hours, and 2.5 tons later, a national tourism legend was proudly born. After more than 50 years of towering Lake Bemidji, the statues were officially honored by the National Parks Service as a cultural resource worthy of preservation, adding them to the National", "title": "Lake Bemidji" } ]

[ "Gerald Scarfe", "Gerald Anthony Scarfe", "gerald anthony scarfe", "gerald scarfe" ]

[ { "id": "1675737", "score": "1.8784785", "text": "were fifteen people dropping in all day long. The house had changed and was full of stuff I didn't know about.\" Asher attended the 1970 London premiere of the Beatles' last movie \"Let it Be\" along with John Lennon's former wife Cynthia, though none of the former Beatles was in attendance. In 1971, she met the illustrator Gerald Scarfe. Their daughter, Katie, was born in 1974. They married in 1981, and they had two more children, sons Alexander (born 1981) and Rory (born 1983). Asher dislikes discussing or being asked about her relationship with McCartney; as she stated in 2004:", "title": "Jane Asher" }, { "id": "9055474", "score": "1.8691264", "text": "the source of Asher's \"accidental\" reputation as a medical etymologist. They had three children: Peter Asher (born 1944), a member of the pop duo Peter & Gordon and later record producer, Jane Asher (born 1946), a film and TV actress and novelist, and Clare Asher (born 1948), a radio actress. The Asher family home above his private consulting rooms at 57 Wimpole Street was briefly notable when Paul McCartney lived there in 1964–66 during his relationship with Jane Asher. In 1964 Asher suddenly gave up his hospital post and perhaps all medical activities. He suffered from depression in later life", "title": "Richard Asher" }, { "id": "1675738", "score": "1.7599686", "text": "\"I've been happily married for 30-something years. It's insulting.\" Jane Asher Jane Asher (born 5 April 1946) is an English actress, author, and entrepreneur, who achieved early fame as a child actress, and has worked extensively in film and TV throughout her career. Asher has appeared in TV shows and films such as \"Deep End\"\", The Masque of the Red Death\", \"Alfie\", \"The Mistress\", \"Crossroads\", \"Death at a Funeral\", and \"The Old Guys\". She is also known for supplying specialist cakes and kitchenware, and publishing three best-selling novels. She was a key figure of 1960s UK entertainment and arts culture,", "title": "Jane Asher" }, { "id": "5466947", "score": "1.6850142", "text": "suggested that the Beach Party films were not only \"visions of paradise\" for the audience, but also for Asher, who used them \"to create a fantasy world to replace his own troubled childhood.\" Asher later recalled his directorial years: Asher received a star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars in November 2003. Asher was first married in 1951 to Danny Sue Nolan, with whom he had two children; the couple divorced in 1961. Asher then married \"Bewitched\" star Elizabeth Montgomery in 1963. They had three children and divorced in 1973 (soon after the series' cancellation). His third marriage was", "title": "William Asher" }, { "id": "19734013", "score": "1.6795061", "text": "her works were included in many public collections, including those of the National Academy of Sciences and the Corcoran Gallery. She was married to the artist Nanno de Groot, and later to the poet Stanley Kunitz, whose poetry featured in some of her works. She had one daughter, Babette. Elise Asher Elise Asher (January 15, 1912 – March 8, 2004) was an American painter and poet. She is known for paintings on canvas and plexiglas, illustrating poems written by herself and others. Her first show, a solo exhibition, was at the Tanager Gallery in New York in 1953. She published", "title": "Elise Asher" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jane Asher\n\nJane Asher (born 5 April 1946) is an English actress and author. She achieved early fame as a child actress and has worked extensively in film and TV throughout her career.\n\nAsher has appeared in TV shows and films such as \"Deep End\" (1970), \"The Masque of the Red Death\" (1964), \"Alfie\" (1966), \"The Mistress\", \"Crossroads\", \"Death at a Funeral\" (2007), and \"The Old Guys\". She also appeared in two episodes of the 1950s TV series \"The Buccaneers\" alongside Robert Shaw. She was well known as the girlfriend of Paul McCartney from 1963 to 1968.", "title": "Jane Asher" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gerald Scarfe\n\nGerald Anthony Scarfe (born 1 June 1936) is an English cartoonist and illustrator. He has worked as editorial cartoonist for \"The Sunday Times\" and illustrator for \"The New Yorker\".\n\nHis other work includes graphics for rock group Pink Floyd, particularly on their 1979 album \"The Wall\", its 1982 film adaptation, and tour (1980–81), as well as the music video for \"Welcome to the Machine\". Scarfe was the production designer on the Disney animated feature \"Hercules\" (1997). Scarfe also provided the opening titles for \"Yes Minister\" and \"Yes, Prime Minister\".", "title": "Gerald Scarfe" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Paul McCartney" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of show business families\n\nThis is a list of contemporary (20th- or 21st-century) show business families.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of show business families" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tom Baker\n\nThomas Stewart Baker (born 20 January 1934) is an English actor and writer. He is well known for his portrayal of the fourth incarnation of the Doctor in the science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\" from 1974 to 1981.\n\nLater in his career, Baker performed in the television series \"Medics\" (1992–1995), \"Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased)\" (2000–2001) and \"Monarch of the Glen\" (2004–2005). He also provided narration for the television comedy series \"Little Britain\" (2003–2006) and \"Little Britain USA\" (2008).", "title": "Tom Baker" }, { "id": "15211537", "score": "1.6752352", "text": "design teacher and Robert Bruce, a Canadian who taught illustration. He also attended Yale University summer school in 1955. Urquhart's first marriage was in July 1958. The couple had four children together including two sons and two daughters. The couple later divorced. In 1976, Urquhart married the Canadian novelist and poet Jane Urquhart. Together, the couple had one daughter named Emily who was born in 1977. The couple now live in a heritage home in Colborne Ontario. Tony Urquhart began his career as a painter. Some of his earliest work includes landscapes such as \"Primavera\", 1957. His association with Av", "title": "Tony Urquhart" }, { "id": "5239799", "score": "1.6726689", "text": "2012, when Cohen finally acquired the painting for $150 million. In 2008, he was inducted into Institutional Investors Alpha's Hedge Fund Manager Hall of Fame along with David Swensen, Louis Bacon, Seth Klarman, Kenneth Griffin, Paul Tudor Jones, George Soros, Michael Steinhardt, Jack Nash, James Simons, Alfred Jones, Leon Levy, Julian Roberston, and Bruce Kovner. Cohen has been married twice. In 1979, he married Patricia Finke, a New York native from a working-class background who grew up in the Washington Heights, Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. They had two children together. They divorced in 1990. In 1992, he married", "title": "Steven A. Cohen" }, { "id": "5169908", "score": "1.6655946", "text": "(and biggest) hit was the 1964 Paul McCartney song \"A World Without Love.\" Asher's sister Jane was, in the mid-1960s, the girlfriend of Paul McCartney. Through this connection, Asher and Waller were often given unrecorded Lennon-McCartney songs to perform. Asher later read philosophy at King's College London. In 1965, he was best man when singer Marianne Faithfull married John Dunbar in Cambridge. After Peter and Gordon disbanded in 1968, Asher took charge of the A&R department at the Beatles' Apple Records label, where he signed a then-unknown James Taylor and agreed to produce the singer-songwriter's debut solo album. The album", "title": "Peter Asher" }, { "id": "6359623", "score": "1.6647518", "text": "Springs, California. Bulifant has been married five times. She married James MacArthur (November 2, 1958, until 1967; divorced) and had two children with him – Mary MacArthur and Charles MacArthur. Bulifant next married Edward Mallory (September 19, 1969 – 1974; divorced) and had one child with him, John Mallory Asher. She then married William Asher (August 28, 1976 – 1993; divorced) and Asher adopted her son John which gave him the last name of Asher. Bulifant has a grandson, Evan Joseph Asher, from John's marriage to Jenny McCarthy. In 2000, Bulifant briefly married Glade Bruce Hansen; the couple divorced in", "title": "Joyce Bulifant" }, { "id": "5169916", "score": "1.6622738", "text": "who sang \"My Boy Lollipop\". He was married twice, first to Betsy Doster. In 1983, he married his second wife, Wendy Worth. Their daughter, Victoria Asher, was born in 1984. She is the keytarist in the American synthpop/pop punk band, Cobra Starship. All releases by Peter and Gordon unless noted. Peter Asher Peter Asher CBE (born 22 June 1944) is a British guitarist, singer, manager and record producer. He came to prominence in the 1960s as a member of the pop music vocal duo Peter and Gordon before going on to a successful career as a manager and record producer.", "title": "Peter Asher" }, { "id": "18118578", "score": "1.6508932", "text": "couple had two children. Asher retired in 1990 and in Beverly Hills in 1994. Her papers were donated to the Getty Research Institute in 2010 by her son, conceptual artist Michael Asher. Betty Asher Betty Asher (May 6, 1914 – 1994) was an American art collector and dealer. An ardent supporter of Pop art and Contemporary art, her large collection of cups and saucers by artists was world-famous. Asher was born in Chicago on May 4, 1914. The family lived behind the drugstore. Asher attended a normal school (teacher training college) in Chicago for one year before beginning training at", "title": "Betty Asher" }, { "id": "5466948", "score": "1.6482675", "text": "to Joyce Bulifant from 1976–1993. He adopted her son, actor, John Mallory Asher. This marriage also ended in divorce. In his last years, Asher resided in Palm Desert, California, with his fourth and final wife, Meredith Asher. Asher died from complications of Alzheimer's disease at age 90 on July 16, 2012. William Asher William Milton Asher (August 8, 1921 – July 16, 2012) was an American television and film producer, film director, and screenwriter. He was one of the most prolific early television directors, producing or directing over two dozen series. With television in its infancy, Asher introduced the sitcom", "title": "William Asher" }, { "id": "1675724", "score": "1.6381438", "text": "muse to Beatle Paul McCartney. Asher was the middle of three children born to Richard and Margaret Asher, \"née\" Eliot, in Willesden, Middlesex. Her father was a consultant in blood and mental diseases at the Central Middlesex Hospital, as well as being a broadcaster and the author of notable medical articles. Asher's mother was a professor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Asher attended Queen's College in Harley Street, London and is the elder sister of Clare Asher, a radio actress and school inspector. Asher's elder brother is record producer and manager Peter Asher, who started his career", "title": "Jane Asher" }, { "id": "8813494", "score": "1.6324162", "text": "Her husband was close to Jackson Pollock and Barnett Newman, and she was the subject of one of Pollock's late black-and-white paintings, \"No. 7\" (1952), now owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Two of her daughters, Kiki Smith and Seton Smith, are artists, adding to her prominence in the art world. After her husband's death, in 1980, she resumed her acting career, this time in avant-garde theater, and worked with the directors John Jesurun, Joan Jonas and Marianne Weems. She performed the lead role in the no wave opera \"\" (1984-6) that was created by composer Rhys Chatham and", "title": "Jane Lawrence" }, { "id": "2177959", "score": "1.6257722", "text": "then to director-producer William Asher from 1963 until their divorce in 1973. They had three children: William A. Asher (b. 1964), Robert Asher (b. 1965), and Rebecca Asher (b. 1969). The latter two pregnancies were incorporated into \"Bewitched\" as Samantha's pregnancies with Tabitha and Adam Stephens. During the eighth year of the show, Elizabeth fell in love with director Richard Michaels. Their resulting affair led to the end of both their marriages, as well as the end of the series. They moved in together when shooting ended in 1972; the relationship lasted years. On January 28, 1993, she married for", "title": "Elizabeth Montgomery" }, { "id": "2909642", "score": "1.6194444", "text": "degrees in Philosophy and Computer Science. He was married to Meg Wise-Lawrence from 1990 to 1999, and they raised three children, Elizabeth (adopted from Meg's first marriage), Daniel, and Abigail. He was married to Caryn D. Stein from 2008 to 2015. Before working as a web developer, he worked as a C++ programmer at the JP Morgan bank on Wall Street in New York City. His first published story, Jeannie Might Know, a satire about his job at JP Morgan, appeared in the early online journal Intertext in 1993. He later explained in his memoir that he changed his name", "title": "Levi Asher" }, { "id": "879957", "score": "1.6151084", "text": "13 years. They never married, despite rumours and misreporting to the contrary. In 1971, they had a daughter, the actress and singer Charlotte Gainsbourg. They separated in 1980. On 4 September 1982 she gave birth to her third daughter, Lou Doillon, from her relationship with the director Jacques Doillon. They separated in the 1990s. \"The Observer\" reported in 2007 that Doillon \"could not compete with her grief for Gainsbourg\" (who died in 1991), and that she had lived alone since their separation. Later, Birkin had a relationship with French writer Olivier Rolin. Her grandchildren are Roman de Kermadec (born 1987)", "title": "Jane Birkin" }, { "id": "8662128", "score": "1.6137316", "text": "the distributor of Volkswagen and Audi vehicles in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, and which helped introduce the Volkswagen Beetle to the U.S. Stanton, who died January 20, 1987, adopted Alexander & Crowley's daughter, Jane when she was 9 years old. The couple's other children were sons Adam (died 1993) and Timothy. The Stantons entertained lavishly at their Manhattan apartment on the Upper East Side and their home in East Hampton, New York; their daughter told \"The New York Times\" that author George Plimpton proposed to his future wife, Freddy Espy, at one party there, that composer Leonard Bernstein", "title": "Joan Alexander" }, { "id": "4305779", "score": "1.6060696", "text": "a daughter, Jane Hall. They divorced in 1967, after which he married his longtime live-in partner Shirley (née Allder) in 1971; they had two sons, Michael and Mark Edward. Reid moved to a villa in Marbella, Spain so he could live close to a golf course which would enable him to pursue his passion of playing golf three to four times each week. Mike had three grand-daughters from his daughter, Jane, one of whom suffers from the rare genetic condition Prader-Willi syndrome. Reid was known to be opposed to plans to introduce blasphemy laws, for the effect this would have", "title": "Mike Reid (actor)" }, { "id": "1675723", "score": "1.6030715", "text": "Jane Asher Jane Asher (born 5 April 1946) is an English actress, author, and entrepreneur, who achieved early fame as a child actress, and has worked extensively in film and TV throughout her career. Asher has appeared in TV shows and films such as \"Deep End\"\", The Masque of the Red Death\", \"Alfie\", \"The Mistress\", \"Crossroads\", \"Death at a Funeral\", and \"The Old Guys\". She is also known for supplying specialist cakes and kitchenware, and publishing three best-selling novels. She was a key figure of 1960s UK entertainment and arts culture, as well as being well-known as the girlfriend and", "title": "Jane Asher" } ]

[ "Minogue", "Minoge", "minoge", "minogue" ]

[ { "id": "555361", "score": "1.6383624", "text": "Dannii Minogue Dannii Minogue (born 20 October 1971) is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer, model, fashion designer, television presenter and actress. Dannii rose to prominence in the early 1980s for her roles in the Australian television talent show \"Young Talent Time\" and the soap opera \"Home and Away\", before beginning her career as a pop singer in the early 1990s. Minogue achieved early success with hits such as \"Love and Kisses\", \"This is It\", \"Jump to the Beat\" and \"Baby Love\", though by the release of her second album, her popularity as a singer had declined, leading her to make", "title": "Dannii Minogue" }, { "id": "555365", "score": "1.6229688", "text": "show, Let It Shine. Dannii Minogue was brought up in Surrey Hills, Melbourne and attended Camberwell Primary School and later Camberwell High School. She is the younger daughter of accountant Ronald Charles Allan Minogue, and Carol Jones, a dancer from the United Kingdom (Maesteg, Wales). She is the youngest of three children, born between 1968 and 1971; oldest sibling Kylie Minogue is also a pop singer, while brother Brendan is a news cameraman in Australia. Minogue began her career as a child on Australian television. From the age of 7, she appeared in several soap operas, including \"Skyways\" and \"The", "title": "Dannii Minogue" }, { "id": "223455", "score": "1.6100681", "text": "1968. Her father is a fifth generation Australian, and has Irish ancestry, while her mother came from Maesteg, Wales. Jones had lived in Wales until age ten when her mother and father, Millie and Denis Jones, decided to move to Australia for a better life. Just before Kylie's birth, Ron qualified as an accountant and worked through several jobs while Carol worked as a professional dancer. Kylie's younger brother, Brendan, is a news cameraman in Australia, while her younger sister Dannii Minogue is also a singer and television host. The Minogue family frequently moved around various suburbs in Melbourne to", "title": "Kylie Minogue" }, { "id": "223456", "score": "1.5765014", "text": "sustain their living expenses, which Kylie found unsettling as a child. After the birth of Dannii, the family moved to South Oakleigh. Because money was tight, Ron worked as an accountant at a family-owned car company and Carol worked as a tea lady at a local hospital. After moving to Surrey Hills, Melbourne, Minogue attended Studfield Primary School briefly before attending Camberwell Primary School. She went on to Camberwell High School. During her schooling years, Minogue found it difficult to make friends. She got her HSC (graduated high school) with subjects including Arts and Graphics and English. Minogue described herself", "title": "Kylie Minogue" }, { "id": "3032556", "score": "1.5739157", "text": "two seasons. Interested in following a career in music, she made a demo tape for the producers of the weekly music programme \"Young Talent Time\", which featured Dannii as a regular performer. Kylie gave her first television singing performance on the show in 1985 but was not invited to join the cast. Dannii's success overshadowed Kylie's acting achievements, until Kylie was cast in the soap opera \"Neighbours\" in 1986, as Charlene Mitchell, a schoolgirl turned garage mechanic. \"Neighbours\" achieved popularity in the UK, and a story arc that created a romance between her character and the character played by Jason", "title": "Kylie (album)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Kylie Minogue" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of sibling pairs\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of sibling pairs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Kylian Mbappé" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of Kath & Kim characters" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tina Arena\n\nFilippina Lydia \"Tina\" Arena (born 1 November 1967) is an Australian singer-songwriter, musician, musical theatre actress and record producer. She is one of Australia's highest-selling artists and has sold over 10 million records worldwide. Arena is multilingual, singing and recording in English, Italian, French and Spanish.\n\nArena has earned several international and national awards, including a BRIT Award, seven ARIA Awards and two World Music Awards for Best-selling Australian Artist (1996, 2000). In 2001, she was awarded a BMI Foundation Songwriting Award (Broadcast Music Inc) by the American performance rights organisation for co-writing \"Burn\" with Pam Reswick and Steve Werfel. In 2011, Arena became the first Australian to be awarded a knighthood of the French National Order of National Merit, presented by the President of the French Republic, Nicolas Sarkozy, for her contributions to French culture, and ceremonially awarded by Frédéric Mitterrand, the Minister of Culture and Communication of France.\n\nIn 2015, Arena was inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association ARIA Hall of Fame. On Australia Day, 26 January 2016, Arena was recognised in the Australia Day Honours and appointed a member in the General Division of the Order of Australia \"for significant service to the music industry as a singer, songwriter, and recording artist, and as a supporter of charitable groups\". In 2016 Arena was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia (AM).\n\nIn March 2019, the Government of Australia appointed Arena as a board member of the Australia Council for the Arts for a three-year term.", "title": "Tina Arena" }, { "id": "3032555", "score": "1.5571642", "text": "Australia and the United Kingdom, and peaked at number twenty-eight on the US \"Billboard\" charts. In 1979, an 11-year-old Kylie Minogue was established as a child actress, appearing as a cameo actress in the TV series \"The Sullivans\" and \"Skyways\". Both Minogue and her sister Dannii Minogue were both child stars trying to achieve success in the TV industry of Australia, but Dannii received better opportunities as a TV actress than Kylie. In 1985, Kylie was cast as one of the lead roles on TV soap \"The Henderson Kids\" but her role only lasted one season, and was completed after", "title": "Kylie (album)" }, { "id": "555367", "score": "1.5487933", "text": "the Most Popular Actress on Australian television. In September 1988, Minogue released her own fashion range, \"Dannii\". She became interested in fashion design while appearing on \"Young Talent Time\". Minogue had designed the clothing she had worn on the show, and the positive response from the audience resulted in her releasing her own line. Minogue's debut line \"Dannii\" sold out across Australia in ten days, and was followed by three additional summer lines in 1989. Minogue signed a recording contract with Australian-based Mushroom Records in January 1989. Her first album, \"Dannii\", was released the following year and reached number 24", "title": "Dannii Minogue" }, { "id": "555380", "score": "1.5444211", "text": "Gold\", which featured Dannii on the single \"Take Me Inside.\" The album was released in Australia in 2008, featured two different versions of the song, both featuring Dannii. In October 2004, Minogue released the single \"You Won't Forget About Me\", a collaboration with the dance act Flower Power. Described by MSN Entertainment as a \"\"real grower\"\" and noted for its \"\"snip snapping house beats and '80s flecked synths\"\", the song peaked at number seven on the UK singles chart and also made the top 20 in Australia. \"Perfection\", a collaboration with the Soul Seekerz, followed in October 2005 where it", "title": "Dannii Minogue" }, { "id": "13522068", "score": "1.5098214", "text": "several honorific nicknames including \"Princess of Pop\" and \"Goddess of Pop\". She is recognised as the highest-selling Australian artist of all time by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Kylie was born to Ronald Charles Minogue and Carol Ann Jones in Melbourne, Australia, on 28 May 1968. Her father is a fifth generation Australian, and has Irish ancestry, while her mother came from Maesteg, Wales. The Sydney Opera House was formally opened on 20 October 1973, by Queen Elizabeth II. After a gestation beginning with Utzon's 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition. The government of New South", "title": "European Australians" }, { "id": "18540912", "score": "1.4930084", "text": "States, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Belgium, Netherlands and Australia. Kylie Auldist Kylie Auldist is an Australian singer, best known as the featured lead vocalist of The Bamboos and Cookin' on 3 Burners. She has also released three solo albums. Her fourth solo album, \"Family Tree\", was released in July 2016. Auldist recorded her first song at the age of six. She moved from Broken Hill, Australia to Melbourne to pursue a career as a singer. She performed as a backing singer both live and on studio recordings with Renee Geyer and Jimmy Barnes. She also worked with the groups Curtis", "title": "Kylie Auldist" }, { "id": "555414", "score": "1.4828166", "text": "hard to be compared all the time to Kylie. On the other hand, however, people will always try to compare you to somebody. Look at Britney and Christina.\" In an interview with \"Elle\" in April 2009, Kylie criticised \"X Factor\" judge Louis Walsh for his jibes at her sister: \"I'm so proud of my sister and it annoys the hell out of me when comparisons between us are made. In England you lot don't know where she came from. She was on TV every week from 7 years old. It makes it harder for her when she gets Louis Walsh's", "title": "Dannii Minogue" }, { "id": "8327848", "score": "1.4823481", "text": "Kylie (name) In the Western Australian Aboriginal language Noongar, the word Kiley/Kylie/Koilee means curved, returning stick or \"boomerang\". Kyly, Kiley, Kilee and Kylee are variant spellings. The name became popular during the late 1960s to the early 1970s and was listed in 1970 in Australia as the fifth most popular girls name http://www.essentialbaby.com.au/pregnancy/baby-names/1970The Australian author Kylie Tennant (born 1912) may have been the modern originator of this name. She was born Kathleen Tennant, but was called Kylie in childhood, meaning \"boomerang\" according to a contemporary magazine article. According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography, the publication of her third novel", "title": "Kylie (name)" }, { "id": "555416", "score": "1.4798462", "text": "be accepted by all governments. Minogue is an ambassador for the Terrence Higgins Trust, an organization that works to increase awareness of AIDS. She joined the charity in hope that her endorsement would encourage people to discuss safe sex and the disease more openly. In 2004 she posed nude, wrapped only in a red ribbon, to promote World AIDS Day in Australia and the UK. She has long been a supporter of breast cancer research and in August 2008 became an ambassador for the Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre Appeal. Dannii Minogue Dannii Minogue (born 20 October 1971) is", "title": "Dannii Minogue" }, { "id": "20937165", "score": "1.4770648", "text": "Danni Nicholls Danni Nicholls (born 28 August 1985) is a British singer-songwriter. With two EPs, \"Heavy Shoes\" (2009) and \"Time\" (2012) along with two full studio albums, \"A Little Redemption\" (2013), \"Mockingbird Lane\" (2015) and a full live album, \"The Vintage TV Recordings\" (2017), Danni is considered in the genre of Americana music. One of her songs, \"First Cuckoo of Spring\" was featured in the TV series Sons of Anarchy (season 7 2014) and Danni has toured and opened for artists such as Shakin' Stevens, Lucinda Williams and The Secret Sisters. Growing up in Bedford, England, from an early age", "title": "Danni Nicholls" }, { "id": "3032582", "score": "1.4723666", "text": "as a TV actress than Kylie. In 1985, Kylie was cast as one of the lead roles on TV soap \"The Henderson Kids\" but her role only lasted one season, and was completed after two seasons. Interested in following a career in music, she made a demo tape for the producers of the weekly music programme \"Young Talent Time\", which featured Dannii as a regular performer. Kylie gave her first television singing performance on the show in 1985 but was not invited to join the cast. Dannii's success overshadowed Kylie's acting achievements, until Kylie was cast in the soap opera", "title": "Enjoy Yourself (Kylie Minogue album)" }, { "id": "19159537", "score": "1.4718139", "text": "24 November. In a statement, Kylie said: \"I'll be bringing a little Christmas cheer to The X Factor stage, I can't wait to come home and perform on the show with Dannii\". The performance was their first performance together since their live performance of \"Kids\" on her in 2006, and the first televised performance together since they performed \"Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves\" on Young Talent Time in 1986. Kylie wrote \"100 Degrees\" about adapting to a winter Christmas in the UK after being raised in Australia and was inspired by Donna Summer's vintage disco classics. Dannii said; \"There's", "title": "100 Degrees" }, { "id": "18540909", "score": "1.4461596", "text": "Kylie Auldist Kylie Auldist is an Australian singer, best known as the featured lead vocalist of The Bamboos and Cookin' on 3 Burners. She has also released three solo albums. Her fourth solo album, \"Family Tree\", was released in July 2016. Auldist recorded her first song at the age of six. She moved from Broken Hill, Australia to Melbourne to pursue a career as a singer. She performed as a backing singer both live and on studio recordings with Renee Geyer and Jimmy Barnes. She also worked with the groups Curtis Late, Secret Masters, Small Fish Deep Sea, and Megabias,", "title": "Kylie Auldist" }, { "id": "7655876", "score": "1.4402924", "text": "the soprano position and plays acoustic guitar. Tammy has a signature sound with dynamic tones and range and has also contributed to the Perry Sisters songwritting efforts. Diana's daughter, Nicole Mathews makes her debut with her rich alto voices on the new recording' \"a New Season,\" proving nothing sounds better than family. The Perry Sisters The Perry Sisters originated in Huntington, WV in 1974 with Diana Perry Gillette and her two sisters, Bonnie & Carol. In 1984 they signed with a major record label and officially became the first professional ladies trio in southern gospel music and have enjoyed numerous", "title": "The Perry Sisters" }, { "id": "18966227", "score": "1.4336169", "text": "The Peasall Sisters The Peasall Sisters are a country harmony group formed by three of the six Peasall siblings. They are best known for their singing in the 2000 film \"O Brother, Where Art Thou?\". The six Peasall siblings were born and raised in White House, Tennessee. Group members include Sarah (alto voice, guitar), Hannah (soprano voice, mandolin), and Leah (tenor voice, violin). In the 2000 film O Brother, Where Art Thou?, they provided the singing voices for Ulysses Everett McGill's (George Clooney) daughters, the Wharvey Girls. They sang \"In the Highways\" and \"Angel Band.\" \"The Peasall Sisters – Family", "title": "The Peasall Sisters" }, { "id": "6913099", "score": "1.4319048", "text": "Dannii Minogue discography Australian singer Dannii Minogue has released five studio albums, eight compilation albums, twenty-eight singles, twenty-three music videos, and five video albums. Minogue rose to prominence in the early 1980s for her roles in the Australian television talent show \"Young Talent Time\" and in the soap opera \"Home and Away\", before commencing her career as a pop singer in the early 1990s. In Australia and the United Kingdom, Minogue achieved early success with singles such as \"Love and Kisses\" and \"Success\". Her debut studio album, \"Love and Kisses\", was released in the UK in June 1991 and October", "title": "Dannii Minogue discography" } ]

[ "hypnotist", "hypnotism", "hypnotizes", "hypnotized", "Dental Hypnosis", "mesmeric", "lobster hypnotism", "mass hypnosis", "Hynopsis", "Hypnotic suggestion", "hypnotise", "mesmerise", "hypnotic suggestion", "abreact", "Hypnotic state", "Mass hypnosis", "Hypnosis", "hynopsis", "Lobster hypnotism", "hypnotising", "dental hypnosis", "Mesmerise", "Hypnotise", "posthypnotic suggestion", "Post-hypnotic suggestion", "Abreact", "Hypnotizes", "Hypnotising", "Forensic hypnosis", "forensic hypnosis", "Hipnotism", "post hypnotic suggestion", "Hypnotism", "Mesmeric", "hipnotism", "Post hypnotic suggestion", "hypnotic state", "hypnosis for fertility", "Posthypnotic suggestion", "hypnosis", "Hypnotist", "Hypnosis for fertility", "Hypnotized" ]

[ { "id": "6570273", "score": "1.7452486", "text": "Georges Bernanos, Hannah Arendt, G. K. Chesterton, Hilaire Belloc, Jacques Maritain, Dorothy Day, Graham Greene, Emmanuel Mounier, Conor Cruise O’Brien, Thomas Merton, Wilfrid Sheed, Paul Ramsey, Joseph Bernardin, Abigail McCarthy, Christopher Lasch, Walter Kerr, Marilynne Robinson, Luke Timothy Johnson, Terry Eagleton, Elizabeth Johnson, and Andrew Bacevich. It has printed the short fiction of Evelyn Waugh, J. F. Powers, Alice McDermott, and Valerie Sayers; the poetry of W. H. Auden, Robert Lowell, Theodore Roethke, John Updike, Les Murray, John Berryman, and Marie Ponsot; and the artwork of Jean Charlot, Rita Corbin, Fritz Eichenberg, and Emil Antonucci. The journal, tagged as \"A", "title": "Commonweal (magazine)" }, { "id": "10353112", "score": "1.6932129", "text": "Custine, Thomas de Quincey, Daniel Defoe, Charles Dickens, John Donne, Dostoevsky, Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), T. S. Eliot, John Evelyn, Edward Gibbon, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, William Godwin, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Carlo Goldoni, Oliver Goldsmith, Johann Joseph von Görres, Thomas Gray, Graham Greene, Franz Grillparzer, Jacob Grimm, Wilhelm Grimm, Francesco Guicciardini, William Hazlitt, Johann Peter Hebel, Heinrich Heine, Ernest Hemingway, Johann Gottfried Herder, Henriette Herz, E. T. A. Hoffmann, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Washington Irving, Henry James, Francis Jammes, Samuel Johnson, James Joyce, Franz Kafka, Gottfried Keller, Rudyard Kipling, Heinrich von Kleist, Friedrich", "title": "Albin Schram" }, { "id": "7433980", "score": "1.6864175", "text": "S. Burroughs, William Cox, Theodore Enslin, Duncan Glen, Yannis Goumas, Bill Griffiths, Holderlin, Peter Jay, Peter Levi, Nossis, Theodore Weiss, William Sherman, John Riley, Tom Pickard, Alexis Lykiard, and others. 1974 Tom Phillips, Paul Celan, Stéphane Mallarmé, Tristan Tzara, Cesare Pavese, David Black, Tony Conran, Gavin Ewart, Jack Hirschman, Alan Jackson, James Kirkup, John Wain, Charles Plymell, Thomas Tessier, and others 1975 Antonin Artaud, Paul Auster, Harry Bell, Keith Bosley, René Char, Larry Eigner, Robin Fulton, Philip Holmes, Pierre Joris, John Montague, Susan Musgrave, Robert Nye, Benjamin Péret, William Rowe, Matt Simpson, David Tipton, Tomas Tranströmer, Vallejo, John Welch, J.", "title": "Second Aeon" }, { "id": "12056322", "score": "1.661493", "text": "context of the period in the 18th century when modern-day scientifically accurate mapping and international scientific collaboration began. Dramatis personae include Joseph Banks, Catherine the Great, Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche, James Cook, Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, Jeremiah Dixon, Benjamin Franklin, Edmond Halley, Maximilian Hell, Guillaume Le Gentil, Mikhail Lomonosov, Nevil Maskelyne, Charles Mason, Alexandre-Gui Pingré, David Rittenhouse, James Short, Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin, John Winthrop, and members of the American Philosophical Society, French Academy of Sciences, Royal Society, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and Russian Academy of Sciences. The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt's New World is a nonfiction book released in 2015,", "title": "Andrea Wulf" }, { "id": "274331", "score": "1.657387", "text": "Gosper, Ron Rivest, Richard K. Guy, Piet Hein, Ronald Graham, Donald Knuth, Robert Nozick, Lee Sallows, Scott Kim, M. C. Escher, Douglas Hofstadter, Roger Penrose, Ian Stewart, David A. Klarner, Benoit Mandelbrot, Elwyn R. Berlekamp, Solomon W. Golomb, Raymond Smullyan, James Randi, Persi Diaconis, Penn & Teller, and Ray Hyman. His admirers included such diverse people as W. H. Auden, Arthur C. Clarke, Carl Sagan, Isaac Asimov, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Jay Gould, and the entire French literary group known as the Oulipo. Salvador Dali once sought him out to discuss four-dimensional hypercubes. Gardner wrote to M.C. Escher in 1961 to", "title": "Martin Gardner" }, { "id": "10353111", "score": "1.6259348", "text": "Freud, Charles Dickens, Peter the Great, John Calvin, William Bligh, Oscar Wilde, Joséphine de Beauharnais. Joseph Addison, Henri Alban-Fournier, Bettina von Arnim, W. H. Auden, Honoré de Balzac, Charles Baudelaire, Pierre Beaumarchais, Jorge Luis Borges, James Boswell, Johann Jakob Breitinger, Bertholt Brecht, André Breton, Charlotte Brontë, Patrick Brontë, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Robert Browning, Fanny Burney, Robert Burns, Lord Byron, Lewis Carroll, Giacomo Casanova, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Nicolas Chamfort, Anton Chekhov, Joseph Chénier, Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, Paul Claudel, Matthias Claudius, Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, William Congreve, Joseph Conrad, Édouard Corbière, Marquis de", "title": "Albin Schram" }, { "id": "15832001", "score": "1.6248112", "text": "Adams, Harry Platt, Bartle Bull, Justine Cushing Freddy Eberstadt, Kathy Johnson, George Beane, Anthony Haden-Guest, Steve Mazoh, Lucinda Watson, Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo, Robert Meeropol, Michael Meeropol,Robert De Machy, Marjorie Neikrug, Susan Meiselas; John Szarkowski, Ralph Baum, Lydia Fischer Frank, David Plowden, Patricia Carbine, Sir Georg Solti, Mirella Freni, Rolf Lieberman, Marion Javits, Kurt Moll 1977: Jeannette McElvenny, Steven M.L. Aronson, George H. Beane, Dayton Carr, Mark R. Chartrand III, Christopher Forbes, Joseph Hammer, Jane Stanton Hitchcock, William M. Hitchcock, Thomas Lee Jones, Lorna Livingston, William C. Murray, Henry Eliot Plimack, Freddy Plimpton, Jocelyn Kress Turner, Susan Watson, Olive", "title": "Diana Mara Henry" }, { "id": "15796485", "score": "1.6203251", "text": "Constantin Brâncuși, Frank Lloyd Wright, Ai Weiwei, Noam Chomsky, William Rodriguez, Pierre Bourdieu, Le Corbusier, Frank Gehry, Immanuel Kant, Plato, Socrates, Bertolt Brecht, Tennessee Williams, Charles Bukowski, Jean-Paul Sartre, Marcel Broodthaers, Louise Bourgeois, Julian Assange, Diego Rivera, David Smith, Ilya Kabakov, Piet Mondrian, Yves Klein, Kazimir Malevich, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Sergei Eisenstein, Stanley Kubrick, Marina Abramović, Alexander Rodchenko, Piet Mondrian, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Gilbert & George, Charles Burchfield and Jean-Luc Godard. EIDIA EIDIA (pronounced “idea”) is the pseudonym under which the American transdisciplinary artists Paul Lamarre and Melissa P. Wolf have collaborated since 1986. Lamarre (born in Monroe, Michigan, 1950), was", "title": "EIDIA" }, { "id": "1710841", "score": "1.6151325", "text": "Williams, William Williams, and Edward Yarborough. [[Isaac Huger]], James Kennedy, [[Charles Lining]], [[William Moultrie]], [[Thomas Pinckney]] [[James Armstrong (Georgia)|James Armstrong]], [[Samuel Elbert]], [[George Mathews (Georgia)|George Mathews]], [[John Milton (Georgia politician)|John Milton]], [[Francis Tennille]]. [[Jean Baptiste, marquis de Traversay|Jean Baptiste de Traversay]], [[Maxime Julien Émeriau de Beauverger]], [[Pierre L'Enfant]], [[Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville]], [[Paul François Ignace de Barlatier de Mas]], [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Gilbert du Motier]], [[Louis Marc Antoine de Noailles]], [[Georges René Le Peley de Pléville]], [[Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouerie|Charles Armand Tuffin]], [[Jean Gaspard Vence]], [[Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth|Alexandre-Théodore-Victor]], [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte", "title": "Society of the Cincinnati" }, { "id": "10353114", "score": "1.6134628", "text": "Rimbaud, Antoine de Rivarol, Ludwig Robert, Joseph Roth, Saint-John Perse, George Sand, Friedrich Schiller, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, Johanna Schopenhauer, Johann Gottfried Seume, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de Sévigné, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Georges Simenon, Tobias Smollett, Sir Richard Steele, Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, Stendhal, Laurence Sterne, Christian zu Stolberg-Stolberg, Theodor Storm, August Strindberg, Madame Swetchine, Algernon Charles Swinburne, Jonathan Swift, John Millington Synge, Torquato Tasso, William Makepeace Thackeray, Gerhard Tersteegen, Dylan Thomas, J. R. R. Tolkien, Ludwig Tieck, Leo Tolstoy, Friedrich Torberg, Ivan Turgenev, Georg Trakl, Paul Valéry, Paul Verlaine, Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford, Evelyn Waugh, Franz", "title": "Albin Schram" }, { "id": "1389832", "score": "1.5999837", "text": "Kate Bush, Darby Crash, Muriel Draper, Robert Fripp, Keith Jarrett, Timothy Leary, Dennis Lewis, James Moore, A. R. Orage, P. D. Ouspensky, Maurice Nicoll, Louis Pauwels, Robert S de Ropp, George Russell, David Sylvian, Jean Toomer, Jeremy Lane, Therion, P. L. Travers, Alan Watts, Colin Wilson, Robert Anton Wilson and Frank Lloyd Wright. Gurdjieff's notable personal students include P. D. Ouspensky, Olga de Hartmann, Thomas de Hartmann, Jane Heap, Jeanne de Salzmann, Willem Nyland, Lord Pentland (Henry John Sinclair), John G. Bennett, Alfred Richard Orage, Maurice Nicoll, and Rene Daumal. Gurdjieff gave new life and practical form to ancient teachings", "title": "George Gurdjieff" }, { "id": "18588802", "score": "1.5941031", "text": "that any book were burnt than that I should be party to lending support to depravity of either the homo-sexual or the contra-sexual types. In the twenties and thirties Daniel’s firm published a wide range of the advanced thinkers of his time. These included Søren Kierkegaard and the psychologists Alfred Adler and Georg Groddeck, as well as a range of British high-thinkers and simple-lifers.He published plays by D. H. Lawrence and Douglas Goldring. A new journal, Focus (later changed to Purpose) was a more general cultural magazine. Its long list of contributors includes Henry Miller, Lawrence Durrell, John Middleton Murry,", "title": "Charles William Daniel" }, { "id": "10353121", "score": "1.5938611", "text": "José de Caldas, Jean de Carro, Jean-François Champollion, Jean-Antoine Chaptal, Comenius, Marquis de Condorcet, Charles Darwin, Denis Diderot, Albert Einstein, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, August Hermann Francke, Sigmund Freud, Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Hugo Grotius, Otto von Guericke, Fritz Haber, Samuel Hahnemann, Stephen Hales, Johann Georg Hamann, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Thomas Hobbes, Johann Heinrich Hottinger, Alexander von Humboldt, David Hume, Cornelius Jansen, Carl Jung, Immanuel Kant, René Laennec, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Gottfried Leibniz, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Carl Linnaeus, John Locke, Nicolas Malebranche, Dmitri Mendeleev, Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Adam Müller, Isaac Newton, Friedrich Nietzsche, Alfred Nobel,", "title": "Albin Schram" }, { "id": "232526", "score": "1.5929253", "text": "co-operated regularly with multiple other members on group activities. These include Richard Kirwan, John Smeaton, Henry Moyes, John Michell, Pieter Camper, R. E. Raspe, John Baskerville, Thomas Beddoes, John Wyatt, William Thomson, Cyril Jackson, Jean-André Deluc, John Wilkinson, John Ash, Samuel More, Robert Bage, James Brindley, Ralph Griffiths, John Roebuck, Thomas Percival, Joseph Black, James Hutton, Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Banks, William Herschel, Daniel Solander, John Warltire, George Fordyce, Alexander Blair, Samuel Parr, Louis Joseph d'Albert d'Ailly, William Emes, the seventh Duke of Chaulnes, Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond, Grossart de Virly, Johann Gottling. and Joseph Wright This lack of a defined", "title": "Lunar Society of Birmingham" }, { "id": "1487808", "score": "1.5924985", "text": "sexual psychologist J. Michael Bailey; Holocaust denier Arthur Butz; Federalist Society co-founder Steven Calabresi; former Weatherman Bernardine Rae Dohrn; ethnographer Gary Alan Fine; Pulitzer Prize–winning historian Garry Wills; American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellow Monica Olvera de la Cruz and MacArthur Fellowship recipients Stuart Dybek, Jennifer Richeson, Amy Rosenzweig, John A. Rogers, Mark Hersam, William Dichtel, and Dylan Penningroth. The faculty also includes Richard Bruce Silverman, inventor of Lyrica (Pregabalin). Notable former faculty include political advisor David Axelrod, artists William Conger, Ed Paschke, and James Valerio, writer Charles Newman, Nobel Prize–winning chemist John Pople, and military sociologist and \"don't", "title": "Northwestern University" }, { "id": "3188509", "score": "1.5920377", "text": "York City mayors, including Seth Low and John Purroy Mitchel, as well as spymaster William Joseph Donovan. Academics listed include philosophers Mortimer Adler and Irwin Edman, historians Jacques Barzun and Alfred Thayer Mahan, economist Arthur Burns, paleontologist Niles Eldredge, drama scholar Brander Matthews, art historian Meyer Schapiro and literary critic Lionel Trilling. Public intellectuals and journalists, including broadcaster Roone Arledge, social critic Randolph Bourne, environmentalist Barry Commoner, and writers like Henry Demarest Lloyd and Norman Podhoretz are also prominent on the list. Major publishers included were Alfred Knopf, Arthur Sulzberger, and Bennett Cerf. Rabbi Stephen Wise is also considered prominent.", "title": "Columbia College (New York)" }, { "id": "11962943", "score": "1.5920104", "text": "Jacques Lacan, Karl-Otto Apel, Walter Benjamin, Carl Schmitt, Ernst Cassirer, Ernst Troeltsch, Friedrich Schleiermacher, Ludwig Feuerbach, Félix Ravaisson, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Charles Sanders Peirce, Max Weber, Dilthey, Nikolai Berdyaev, Hermann Cohen, Salomon Maimon, Paul Natorp, Hans Jonas, Augusto del Noce, Jean Nabert, Thomas Merton, Edith Stein, Leo Strauss, etc. Some contemporary authors, for example : Paul Ricoeur, Gianni Vattimo, Jean-Marie Déchanet, Emmanuel Lévinas, , , Maxence Caron, Bernard Bonnejean, , Rémi Brague, , Yves Congar, Henri de Lubac, , Stanislas Breton, Michel Henry, Francis Kaplan, , Pierre Caye, , Dominique Noguez, Charles Taylor, Habermas, Jean-Luc Marion, , , , François", "title": "Éditions du Cerf" }, { "id": "2676638", "score": "1.588769", "text": "Redbeard, William Mortensen, Hans Brick, Max Reinhardt, Orrin Klapp, Fritz Lang, Friedrich Nietzsche, W. C. Fields, P. T. Barnum, Hans Poelzig, Reginald Marsh, Wilhelm Reich, and Mark Twain. The secondary dedication named Howard Hughes, James Moody, Marcello Truzzi, Adrian‐Claude Frazier, Marilyn Monroe, Wesley Mather, William Lindsay Gresham, Hugo Zacchini, Jayne Mansfield, Frederick Goerner, C. Huntley, Nathanael West, Horatio Alger Jr., Robert E. Howard, George Orwell, H. P. Lovecraft, Tuesday Weld, H. G. Wells, Sister Marie Koven, Harry Houdini, Togare (LaVey's pet lion), and the Nine Unknown Men from \"The Nine Unknown\". Throughout the various printings of \"The Satanic Bible\", it", "title": "The Satanic Bible" }, { "id": "10353120", "score": "1.5880237", "text": "Jeanne Françoise Julie Adélaïde Récamier (as Juliette Recamier), René I of Naples, Cardinal Richelieu, Maximilien Robespierre, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de Rochambeau, François de La Rochefoucauld, Madame Roland, Henri de Schomberg, Sebastian of Portugal, Heinrich Friedrich Karl Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein, Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Albrecht von Wallenstein, Chaim Weizmann, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. John Calvin, Jan Hus, Martin Luther, Pope Pius XI, Teresa of Ávila. Theodor W. Adorno, Amedeo Avogadro, Pierre Bayle, Johann Bernoulli, Claude Louis Berthollet, Herman Boerhaave, Ludwig Boltzmann, François-Joseph-Victor Broussais, Martin Buber, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Francisco", "title": "Albin Schram" }, { "id": "10353113", "score": "1.585014", "text": "Gottlieb Klopstock, Jean de La Fontaine, Jules Laforgue, Walter Savage Landor, Valery Larbaud, Johann Kaspar Lavater, Nikolaus Lenau, Giacomo Leopardi, Mikhail Lermontov, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Friedrich, Freiherr von Logau, Jack London, Garcia Lorca, François de Malherbe, James Macpherson, André Malraux, Thomas Mann, Alessandro Manzoni, Francois de Maucroix, Guy de Maupassant, Metastasio, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Henry Miller, Eduard Mörike, Pablo Neruda, Gérard de Nerval, Johann Nestroy, Pierre Nicole, Novalis, Seán O'Casey, Boris Pasternak, Leo Perutz, August von Platen-Hallermünde, Ezra Pound, Marcel Proust, Jeanne Clemence Proust, Alexander Pushkin, Wilhelm Raabe, Francesco Redi, Samuel Richardson, Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, Rainer Maria Rilke, Arthur", "title": "Albin Schram" } ]

[ "Andre Kirk Agassi", "Andre Agassy", "andrei agassi", "Andre Agassi Foundation", "andre kirk agassi", "andre agassi", "Andre Agassi Foundation for Education", "andreagassi", "Agassi, Andre", "andré agassi", "gaden gil agassi", "andre agassi charitable association", "Agassi Stars", "andre agassy", "Andre Agassi", "Canyon-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund", "Turner-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund", "andre agassi foundation", "Andre Agassi Charitable Association", "andre agasi", "Andrei Agassi", "agassi andre", "André Agassi", "Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy", "Jaden Gil Agassi", "Andre Agasi", "andre agassi foundation for education", "jaden gil agassi", "canyon agassi charter school facilities fund", "Gaden Gil Agassi", "turner agassi charter school facilities fund", "AndreAgassi", "andre agassi college preparatory academy", "agassi stars" ]

[ { "id": "12372573", "score": "1.8582518", "text": "she told reporters that the last time she saw him was at Elizabeth Taylor's eighth wedding in 1991.\" Jackson stated in his 1993 interview with Oprah Winfrey that he was dating Shields at the time. Shields has stated that Jackson asked her to marry him numerous times and to adopt a child together. In a conversation with Rabbi Shmuley Boteach in 2001, Jackson said of Shields: Brooke Shields Brooke Christa Shields (born May 31, 1965) is an American actress and model. She was initially a child model and gained critical acclaim at age 12 for her leading role in Louis", "title": "Brooke Shields" }, { "id": "12372547", "score": "1.8504033", "text": "Brooke Shields Brooke Christa Shields (born May 31, 1965) is an American actress and model. She was initially a child model and gained critical acclaim at age 12 for her leading role in Louis Malle's film \"Pretty Baby\" (1978), in which she played a child prostitute in New Orleans at the beginning of the 20th century. Shields garnered widespread notoriety in the role, and she continued to model into her late teenage years and starred in several dramas in the 1980s, including \"The Blue Lagoon\" (1980), and Franco Zeffirelli's \"Endless Love\" (1981). In 1983, Shields suspended her career as a", "title": "Brooke Shields" }, { "id": "9569191", "score": "1.8082306", "text": "in 1942 and served in the Pacific as a lieutenant in the navy during World War II. Before their divorce in 1947, they had one daughter: In 1949, after her divorce from Biddle, she married the tennis star and socialite Francis Xavier Shields (1909-1975). Shields was previously married to Rebecca Tenney (1910–2005) from 1932 until their divorce in 1940, and later to Princess Marina Torlonia di Civitella-Cesi (1916-1960), the daughter of Marino Torlonia, 4th prince of Civitella-Cesi and the American heiress Mary Elsie Moore. Shields had two children with Marina, Francis Alexander Shields (1941-2003) (the father of actress Brooke Shields)", "title": "Katharine Mortimer" }, { "id": "12372566", "score": "1.7931318", "text": "athletics are compatible. Although she was not the only woman doing so, Shields had what was required to promote women's athletics. Shields is also a well-known vegan and an animal rights activist. However, despite coming out against the fur industry in 1989, Shields later went on to create her own mink fur coat at Kopenhagen Fur. She came under the scrutiny of animal rights organizations such as PETA for this visit, which prompted media attention. Shields has been married twice. From 1997 to 1999, she was married to tennis player Andre Agassi; the couple had been together since 1993. Following", "title": "Brooke Shields" }, { "id": "12372567", "score": "1.7900734", "text": "her divorce from Agassi, she married television writer Chris Henchy in 2001, after they had met through mutual friends in 1999. The couple has two daughters and reside in Manhattan, New York City. She is a spokeswoman for Tupperware's Chain of Confidence SMART Girls campaign, a program that teaches girls to nurture their mental and physical well-being. Between April and May 2005, Shields spoke to magazines (such as \"Guideposts\") and appeared on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" to publicize her battle with postpartum depression, an experience that included depression, thoughts of suicide, an inability to respond to her baby's needs and", "title": "Brooke Shields" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Brooke Shields\n\nBrooke Christa Shields (born May 31, 1965) is an American actress and model. She was initially a child model and gained critical acclaim at age 12 for her leading role in Louis Malle's film \"Pretty Baby\" (1978). She continued to model into her late teenage years and starred in several dramas in the 1980s, including \"The Blue Lagoon\" (1980), and Franco Zeffirelli's \"Endless Love\" (1981).\n\nIn 1983, Shields suspended her career as a model to attend Princeton University, where she graduated with a bachelor's degree in Romance languages. In the 1990s, Shields returned to acting and appeared in minor roles in films. She also starred in the NBC sitcoms \"Suddenly Susan\" (1996–2000), for which she received two Golden Globe nominations, and \"Lipstick Jungle\" (2008–2009). In 2017, Shields returned to NBC with a major recurring role in \"\" in the show's 19th season. Since 2014, Shields has voiced Beverly Goodman in the Adult Swim animated series \"Mr. Pickles\" and its spinoff \"Momma Named Me Sheriff\".", "title": "Brooke Shields" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Personal relationships of Michael Jackson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Suddenly Susan\n\nSuddenly Susan is an American television sitcom that aired on NBC from September 19, 1996, to December 26, 2000. The series was created by Clyde Phillips and starred Brooke Shields in her first regular series. Shields played Susan Keane, a glamorous San Francisco magazine writer who begins to adjust to being single, and who learns to be independent-minded after having been taken care of all her life. The series was developed by Gary Dontzig and Steven Peterman, who also served as executive producers during the first three seasons, and was produced by Warner Bros. Television.", "title": "Suddenly Susan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dean Cain\n\nDean George Cain ( Tanaka; born July 31, 1966) is an American actor. From 1993 to 1997, he played Clark Kent / Superman in the TV series \"\". Cain was the host of \"Ripley's Believe It or Not!\" and appeared in the sports drama series \"Hit the Floor\".", "title": "Dean Cain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chicago (musical)\n\nChicago is a 1975 American musical with music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb, and book by Ebb and Bob Fosse. Set in Chicago in the jazz age, the musical is based on a 1926 play of the same title by reporter Maurine Dallas Watkins, about actual criminals and the crimes on which she reported. The story is a satire on corruption in the administration of criminal justice and the concept of the \"celebrity criminal\".\n\nThe original Broadway production opened in 1975 at the 46th Street Theatre and ran for 936 performances, until 1977. Bob Fosse directed and choreographed the original production, and his style is strongly identified with the show. It debuted in the West End in 1979, where it ran for 600 performances. \"Chicago\" was revived on Broadway in 1996, and a year later in the West End.\n\nThe 1996 Broadway production holds the record as the longest-running musical revival and the longest-running American musical in Broadway history. It is the second longest-running show ever to run on Broadway, behind only \"The Phantom of the Opera\". \"Chicago\" surpassed \"Cats\" on November 23, 2014, when it played its 7,486th performance. The West End revival became the longest-running American musical in West End history. \"Chicago\" has been staged in numerous productions around the world, and has toured extensively in the United States and United Kingdom. The 2002 film adaptation of the musical won the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "title": "Chicago (musical)" }, { "id": "12372548", "score": "1.7875011", "text": "model to attend Princeton University, where she graduated with a bachelor's degree in Romance Languages. In the 1990s, Shields returned to acting and appeared in minor roles in films. She also starred in the NBC sitcoms \"Suddenly Susan\" (1996-2000), for which she received two Golden Globe nominations, and \"Lipstick Jungle\" (2008-2009). In 2017, Shields returned to NBC with a major recurring role in \"\" in the show's 19th season. Since 2014, Shields has voiced Beverly Goodman in the Adult Swim animated series \"Mr. Pickles\". Brooke Christa Shields was born in Manhattan, New York on May 31, 1965, the daughter of", "title": "Brooke Shields" }, { "id": "7453093", "score": "1.719702", "text": "Teri Shields Teri Shields (August 1, 1933 – October 31, 2012), born Theresia Anna Lilian Maria Schmon, was an American actress, film producer, socialite, and model. Shields was born and raised in Newark, New Jersey. She was the daughter of Theresa (née Dollinger) (1905-1998), a house cleaner, and John Schmon (1904-1983), a chemist. She was of German, English, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh ancestry. In 1964, she married Francis Alexander Shields. The couple's only child, Brooke (born 1965) became a well-known actress. Several months later, they filed for divorce. She acted alongside her daughter in \"Wanda Nevada\", \"Endless Love\", and \"Backstreet Dreams\".", "title": "Teri Shields" }, { "id": "5633683", "score": "1.7177336", "text": "the Year,\" dual Georgies for \"Rising Stars of the Year\" and \"Special Attraction of the Year\" from the American Guild of Variety Artists. Shields and Yarnell were married in 1972 and divorced in 1986. Shields opened a jewelry and art business in Sedona, Arizona, while Yarnell remarried and moved to Norway. They reunited periodically to tour with their act. In 2002, Shields met Laurie Burke, a singer-songwriter in Sedona, and the two were married on September 25, 2006. Burke was diagnosed with a brain tumor the next spring, and died on April 25, 2007. Shields married Jennifer Griffiths in December", "title": "Shields and Yarnell" }, { "id": "12372560", "score": "1.6996248", "text": "earn an R rating. She won the People's Choice Award in the category of Favorite Young Performer in four consecutive years from 1981 to 1984. In 1998, she played a lesbian, Lily, in \"The Misadventures of Margaret\". In 2001, Lifetime aired the film \"What Makes a Family\", starring Shields and Cherry Jones in a true story of a lesbian couple who fought the adoption laws of Florida. Shields began her television career at an early age. In 1980, she was the youngest guest star to ever appear on \"The Muppet Show\", in which she and the Muppets put on their", "title": "Brooke Shields" }, { "id": "13982547", "score": "1.6982746", "text": "grew up too fast. She wasn't into innocence, and I love that. And similar to what he told Bashir, he said, \"...she was 13. And I was naive. She wanted to do everything and I didn't want to have sex at all.\" Jackson met 15-year-old actress/model Brooke Shields in 1981, at the Academy Awards. From there, the pair enjoyed a close relationship. Speaking in 2009, she reflected that they were close because sex was never an issue for them. Although the headlines in the media referred to Shields' talking about an \"asexual Jackson\" after his death, what she actually said", "title": "Personal relationships of Michael Jackson" }, { "id": "7453094", "score": "1.6936457", "text": "In 2009, Brooke Shields announced that her mother was suffering from dementia. On October 31, 2012, Teri Shields died at age 79 following a long illness related to her dementia. Teri Shields Teri Shields (August 1, 1933 – October 31, 2012), born Theresia Anna Lilian Maria Schmon, was an American actress, film producer, socialite, and model. Shields was born and raised in Newark, New Jersey. She was the daughter of Theresa (née Dollinger) (1905-1998), a house cleaner, and John Schmon (1904-1983), a chemist. She was of German, English, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh ancestry. In 1964, she married Francis Alexander Shields. The", "title": "Teri Shields" }, { "id": "12372571", "score": "1.690275", "text": "On August 31, 2006, according to USAToday.com, Cruise privately apologized to Shields for the incident. Shields accepted Cruise's apology, which she said was \"heartfelt.\" Three months later in November 2006, she and her husband attended the wedding of Cruise and Katie Holmes. On July 7, 2009, Shields spoke at the memorial service for Michael Jackson. She stated in that speech that she first met Jackson, who was 21 at the time, when she was 13 years old, and the two instantly became friends. Shields said: In her eulogy, she shared anecdotes, including an occasion in which she was his date", "title": "Brooke Shields" }, { "id": "13024100", "score": "1.6831481", "text": "Charvet in 2006. While cohabitating, they had a daughter (Heaven Rain, born 2007) and a son (Shaya Braven, born 2008). Burke and Charvet married on August 12, 2011, Brooke announcing that she would be known as Brooke Burke-Charvet. In April 2018, the couple announced that they were divorcing after seven years of marriage. On November 8, 2012, Burke-Charvet announced she had thyroid cancer and underwent surgery. On December 12, 2012, she made another announcement that all cancer had been removed. Brooke Burke Brooke Lisa Burke (born September 8, 1971) is an American actress, dancer, model, and television personality. She is", "title": "Brooke Burke" }, { "id": "1561614", "score": "1.6695864", "text": "(born August 16, 1988), Scout (born July 20, 1991), and Tallulah (born February 3, 1994). They announced their separation on June 24, 1998, and filed for divorce on October 18, 2000. Moore had a three-year relationship with martial arts instructor Oliver Whitcomb, whom she dated from 1999 to 2002. In 2003, Moore began dating actor Ashton Kutcher, who is 15 years younger. They married on September 24, 2005. The wedding was attended by about 150 close friends and family of the couple, including Willis. In November 2011, after months of media speculation about the state of the couple's marriage, Moore", "title": "Demi Moore" }, { "id": "12372550", "score": "1.669349", "text": "an American socialite. When Teri announced that she was pregnant, Frank's family paid her a sum to terminate the pregnancy. Teri took the money, but violated the agreement and gave birth to Shields. Frank married Teri, but they were divorced when Shields was five months old. She has two stepbrothers and three half-sisters. When Shields was only five days old, her mother openly stated she wanted her to be active in show business, saying, \"She's the most beautiful child and I'm going to help her with her career.\" Growing up, Shields took piano, ballet, and horse riding lessons. Shields was", "title": "Brooke Shields" }, { "id": "6785644", "score": "1.6576569", "text": "1962 she married Richard Gillespie Blaine. In his later years he was frequently drunk, at which times he became destructive and bullying with his strength. After two heart attacks and a stroke, he died at 65 of a third heart attack, in a Manhattan taxi. He was the grandfather of Brooke Shields, Morgan Christina Shields, and Holton Joseph Shields. Shields appeared in the following films: Shields was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island in 1964. Frank Shields Francis Xavier Alexander \"Frank\" Shields, Sr. (November 18, 1909 – August 19, 1975) was an amateur American", "title": "Frank Shields" }, { "id": "934721", "score": "1.6501219", "text": "their parents of abusing them without justification\". Geraldine said they did not speak for twelve years, but had reconciled. Barr filed for divorce from Tom Arnold on April 18, 1994 in the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, citing irreconcilable differences. Their efforts to have children were unsuccessful. On February 14, 1995, Barr married Ben Thomas, her one-time personal security guard, at Caesars Tahoe with a reception at Planet Hollywood. In November 1994, she became pregnant through in-vitro fertilization and they had a son named Buck. The couple stayed together until 2002. In the mid-1990s, Barr had multiple cosmetic surgeries", "title": "Roseanne Barr" }, { "id": "15556391", "score": "1.6454492", "text": "and as Gladys Shields in 1978. Troy's film appearances include \"Yours, Mine and Ours\" (1968), \"The Swimmer\" (1968) and \"Ghostbusters II\" (1989). Troy was first married to actor Werner Klemperer, from 1969 until they divorced in 1975, She then married her second husband, actor and director Douglas Seale until her death in 1994. She died of breast cancer at the age of 60 in 1994 in her home in New York City. She had no children and was survived by her second husband, actor Douglas Seale. Troy was nominated for the following Tony Awards: Louise Troy Louise Troy (November 9,", "title": "Louise Troy" }, { "id": "12372565", "score": "1.6445563", "text": "revival of \"Cabaret\" (in 2001), the 2003 revival of \"Wonderful Town\" (in 2004–2005) and \"Chicago\". She also performed in \"Chicago\" in London's West End. She took over the role of Morticia Addams in the Broadway musical \"The Addams Family\" on June 28, 2011. In the June 2009 issue of \"Health\" magazine, Shields related that she lost her virginity at age 22 to actor Dean Cain while they were dating at Princeton. She said it would have occurred earlier had she had a better self-image. In the 1990s, Shields promoted physical fitness as an extension of femininity, maintaining that femininity and", "title": "Brooke Shields" }, { "id": "11078111", "score": "1.6402295", "text": "Hayward was married to Michael M. Thomas from July 1956 until their July 1960 divorce; they had two sons. Hayward met actor Dennis Hopper while studying at the Actors Studio. They were married in August 1961. They had a daughter, Marin Brooke Hopper, in June 1962 and divorced in 1969. In 1981, Hayward began living with Peter Duchin. They were married in 1985 and separated in 2008. They divorced in 2011. She divides her time between her loft in Manhattan and her country house in Litchfield County, Connecticut. Brooke Hayward Brooke Hayward (born July 5, 1937) is an American stage,", "title": "Brooke Hayward" } ]

[ "Kathryn", "kathryn disambiguation", "Kathryn (disambiguation)", "kathryn" ]

[ { "id": "1941052", "score": "1.9438913", "text": "Cherie Blair Cherie Blair (née Booth; born 23 September 1954), also known professionally as Cherie Booth, is a British barrister and lecturer. She is married to Tony Blair, who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Booth was born in 23 September 1954 at Fairfield General Hospital, Bury, Lancashire, England, and brought up in Ferndale Road, Waterloo, Merseyside, just north of Liverpool. Although her birth was registered as 'Cherie', owing to her maternal grandmother's influence she was christened 'Theresa Cara' in deference to the requirement that she be given a saint's name. Her father, British actor Tony Booth, left", "title": "Cherie Blair" }, { "id": "1941065", "score": "1.8615742", "text": "widely criticised trial. In 1976, while she was studying to become a barrister, she met future Prime Minister and husband Tony Blair. She obtained a pupillage in the chambers of Derry Irvine ahead of him, although he was also taken on. Married on 29 March 1980, the Blairs have three sons and one daughter: Euan (born 1984), Nicholas (born 1985), Kathryn (born 1988), and Leo (born 2000). It is well known that the Blair's Catholic faith prevents Cherie from divorcing her husband, the former Prime Minister Tony Blair, for his alleged affair with a rich Israeli woman. It is alleged", "title": "Cherie Blair" }, { "id": "6590033", "score": "1.8035573", "text": "married Cherie Booth, a Roman Catholic, who would later become a Queen's Counsel, on 29 March 1980. They have four children: Euan, Nicholas, Kathryn, and Leo. Leo, delivered by the Royal Surgeon/Gynaecologist Marcus Setchell, was the first legitimate child born to a serving Prime Minister in over 150 years – since Francis Russell was born to Lord John Russell on 11 July 1849. All four children have Irish passports, by virtue of Blair's mother, Hazel Elizabeth Rosaleen Corscaden (1923–1975). The family's primary residence is in Connaught Square; the Blairs own eight residences in total. His first grandchild (a girl) was", "title": "Tony Blair" }, { "id": "1941066", "score": "1.7968056", "text": "Tony Blair has been seeing Ofra Strauss for many years. It is well known within the protective teams that Tony Blair uses the screen of his work as middle East envoy to carry on the affair to this day. Cherie is left upset by this affair and is often seen crying alone. Leo was the first child born to the wife of a serving British Prime Minister in over 150 years, since Francis Russell was born to the wife of Lord John Russell on 11 July 1849. Another pregnancy at the age of 47 ended in miscarriage in early August", "title": "Cherie Blair" }, { "id": "1941067", "score": "1.7362902", "text": "2002. The Blair children attended Catholic secondary schools. All four children have Irish passports, by virtue of Tony Blair's mother, Hazel Elizabeth Corscadden, a Protestant, the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher and Orangeman who moved to Glasgow in 1916 but returned to Ballyshannon in 1923, where Hazel was born to George and Sarah Margaret (née Lipsett), above her family's grocery shop. Via her father, Blair and her younger sister Lyndsey have six half-sisters, including British journalist Lauren Booth. Her first grandchild (a girl) was born in October 2016. Blair has described herself as a socialist and, at times, has", "title": "Cherie Blair" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cherie Blair\n\nCherie, Lady Blair, (; born 23 September 1954), also known professionally as Cherie Booth, is an English barrister and writer. She is married to the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Sir Tony Blair.", "title": "Cherie Blair" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Tony Blair" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lauren Booth\n\nLauren Booth (born Sarah Jane Booth; 22 July 1967) is an English broadcaster, journalist and activist holding a VIP Palestinian Authority passport as well as a British passport.", "title": "Lauren Booth" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tony Booth (actor)\n\nAnthony George Booth (9 October 1931 – 25 September 2017) was an English actor, best known for his role as Mike Rawlins in the BBC series \"Till Death Us Do Part\". He was the father-in-law of former Prime Minister Tony Blair and the widower of \"Coronation Street\" star Pat Phoenix, marrying her a few days before her death in 1986.", "title": "Tony Booth (actor)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Booth family\n\nThe Booth family was an English American theatrical family of the 19th century. Its most known members were Edwin Booth, one of the leading actors of his day, and John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated Abraham Lincoln.\n\nThe patriarch was Junius Brutus Booth, a London-born lawyer's son who eventually became an actor after he attended a production of \"Othello\" at the Covent Garden theatre. The prospects of fame, fortune, and freedom were very appealing to young Booth, and he displayed remarkable talent from an early age, deciding on a career in the theatre by the age of 17. He performed roles in several small theaters throughout England, and joined a tour of the Low Countries in 1814, returning the following year to make his London debut.\n\nBooth abandoned his wife and their young son in 1821 and ran off to the United States with Mary Ann Holmes, a London flower girl. They settled on some 150 acres in Harford County near Baltimore and started a family; they had 10 children, six of whom survived to adulthood.\n\nJunius Sr. and Edwin toured in California during the Gold Rush. Edwin bought an interest in the Winter Garden Theatre at 667 Broadway in New York City together with his brother-in-law John Sleeper Clarke. The brothers John Wilkes, Edwin, and Junius Brutus, Jr. performed there in the play \"Julius Caesar\" at a benefit in 1864, the only time they were seen together on a stage, playing Mark Antony, Brutus, and Cassius, respectively.\n\n\n\n", "title": "Booth family" }, { "id": "6589966", "score": "1.6432967", "text": "He met his future wife, Cherie Booth (daughter of the actor Tony Booth) at the law chambers founded by Derry Irvine (who was to be Blair's first Lord Chancellor), 11 King's Bench Walk Chambers. Blair joined the Labour Party shortly after graduating from Oxford in 1975. In the early 1980s, he was involved in Labour politics in Hackney South and Shoreditch, where he aligned himself with the \"soft left\" of the party. He put himself forward as a candidate for the Hackney council elections of 1982 in Queensbridge ward, a safe Labour area, but was not selected. In 1982, Blair", "title": "Tony Blair" }, { "id": "6736674", "score": "1.6170416", "text": "Peter.\" Blair made a public apology, blaming her \"misfortune\" on the pressures of running a family and being a mother. Foster told the media Cherie and Tony Blair at one time agreed to be godparents to the yet-to-be born child of Foster and his partner Carole Caplin, who later miscarried. He also said he celebrated Christmas with the Blair family and was a guest at 10 Downing Street on the night of his 40th birthday, however, Blair declared in her apology she'd only met him once, for less than five minutes. Foster later acknowledged that apart from one brief meeting,", "title": "Peter Foster" }, { "id": "11959576", "score": "1.6019461", "text": "director, told the Leveson inquiry that it was \"at least possible\" that press stories about Cherie Blair had been obtained by hacking Caplin's phone, and he had apologised to Caplin that he had earlier accused her of tipping off newspapers. Carole Caplin Carole Caplin (born 8 January 1962) was the style adviser to Cherie Blair and a fitness adviser to Tony Blair, when he was the British prime minister. She was controversial because of her relationship with the convicted conman Peter Foster. Caplin and her elder sister were brought up by her mother, Sylvia, of Jewish descent, who was a", "title": "Carole Caplin" }, { "id": "10726637", "score": "1.5933359", "text": "as prime minister, and sits purposefully at his desk to begin work. His wife Cherie then enters to visit, but is indifferently shunted to one side to make way for the entrance of Peter Mandelson, Tony's closest advisor, who is portrayed as a camp and serpentine character and brings a homoerotic element to the Blair story. Bathed in a soft, romantic light, Tony and Peter both tell the audience of their mutual admiration. They exit the stage, leaving a rejected Cherie to sing the poignant \"No Me In Tony,\" a theme which is reprised by various characters throughout the production.", "title": "TONY! The Blair Musical" }, { "id": "6589960", "score": "1.5909867", "text": "2015. He currently runs the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. Anthony Charles Lynton Blair was born at Queen Mary Maternity Home in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6 May 1953. He was the second son of Leo and Hazel ( Corscadden) Blair. Leo Blair was the illegitimate son of two entertainers and was adopted as a baby by Glasgow shipyard worker James Blair and his wife, Mary. Hazel Corscadden was the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher and Orangeman who moved to Glasgow in 1916. In 1923, he returned to (and later died in) Ballyshannon, County Donegal. In Ballyshannon, Corscadden's wife,", "title": "Tony Blair" }, { "id": "1941070", "score": "1.5631886", "text": "McCrory, Blair features as a character in \"The Queen\" (2006), starring Helen Mirren, about the aftermath of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997, and is portrayed as a fierce anti-monarchist. McCrory played her again in the 2010 HBO film \"The Special Relationship\". Cherie Blair also features as a character in Chris Bush and Ian McCluskey's production \"TONY! The Blair Musical\". Phoebe Nicholls played her in \"The Trial of Tony Blair\" (2007). She was also a subject in Shoot The Dog, a song by George Michael that was critical of the Iraq war. Cherie Blair Cherie Blair (née", "title": "Cherie Blair" }, { "id": "1941059", "score": "1.5615485", "text": "1999, Blair was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of the University (DUniv) from the Open University. Blair is a patron of Breast Cancer Care, a UK breast cancer information and support charity, Jospice, the international hospice organisation based in her home town of Crosby, and disability charity Scope. She is also involved with the British branch of Child in Need India (CINI UK), and is the organisation's patron. In 2008, she launched her foundation the Cherie Blair Foundation for Women, a development organisation that aims to support women entrepreneurs in developing countries. \"Our mission is to provide women with", "title": "Cherie Blair" }, { "id": "14530120", "score": "1.5599272", "text": "Chancellor and the Lord Chief Justice. If a further, more detailed, investigation is required, this is carried out by an 'investigating judge'. Any disciplinary action required is taken by the Lord Chancellor and the Lord Chief Justice. On 23 January 2010 Cherie Booth QC, wife of Tony Blair (who until recently had been Prime Minister of the United Kingdom), was sitting as a Recorder in a case where a man was found guilty violent assault in which he broke another man's jaw in a queue in a bank. Mrs Booth prevented the man from going to prison. \"Mrs Blair said", "title": "Office for Judicial Complaints" }, { "id": "1941068", "score": "1.5400531", "text": "appeared to have views further to the left than those of her husband. In March 2008 she chaired the Street Weapons Commission on behalf of the broadcaster Channel 4. She toured the UK and took evidence from people affected by street crime and published a report and practical advice in June 2008. She is a practising Roman Catholic. In 2009, Blair urged the Catholic Church to reconsider its hardline stance against contraception, suggesting it could be holding some women back from pursuing a career. In George W. Bush's 2010 autobiography \"Decision Points\", Blair is briefly described as a fierce opponent", "title": "Cherie Blair" }, { "id": "5414914", "score": "1.537763", "text": "Lauren Booth Lauren Booth (born Sarah Jane Booth; 22 July 1967) is an English broadcaster, journalist and activist. Sarah Jane Booth was born and grew up in North London. Booth is a half-sister of Cherie Blair (wife of former British Prime Minister Tony Blair) and the sixth daughter of actor Tony Booth. She trained as an actress at the London Academy of Performing Arts spending several years touring Europe with various, regional, theatre completely . In 1997, she entered journalism. Her earliest writing experiences were with the \"London Evening Standard\", writing the column ‘About Town’. In 1999, she began to", "title": "Lauren Booth" }, { "id": "9537817", "score": "1.5333719", "text": "are \"inevitable\". Blair's plan works, in that Labour wins the election with a majority of just two Members of Parliament, smaller than Blair's majority and with Cameron in a much better position. Meanwhile, Blair is having problems of his own. Both he and his wife, Cherie, are having financial problems. He is obsessed with his legacy, but neither his former supporters nor the U.S. government – led by President Hillary Clinton – want anything to do with him. Finally, Blair is haunted by disturbing visions of dead Iraqi civilians and British soldiers in the ongoing Iraq War. His troubled conscience", "title": "The Trial of Tony Blair" }, { "id": "11959571", "score": "1.5326028", "text": "Carole Caplin Carole Caplin (born 8 January 1962) was the style adviser to Cherie Blair and a fitness adviser to Tony Blair, when he was the British prime minister. She was controversial because of her relationship with the convicted conman Peter Foster. Caplin and her elder sister were brought up by her mother, Sylvia, of Jewish descent, who was a ballet dancer with the Festival Ballet until a car crash ended her dancing career. Her mother divorced her father, a furrier, when Carole was a toddler. Caplin was educated at Glendower, a private school in South Kensington, Lillsden School for", "title": "Carole Caplin" }, { "id": "7356637", "score": "1.5309088", "text": "in Glasgow. They had two sons, both of whom attended Fettes College (an independent school in Edinburgh), and a daughter. Their first son, Sir William Blair, a banking and finance law specialist, became a High Court judge. Their second son, Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (Tony Blair), was born in 1953 and also became a barrister before becoming a politician and (in 1997) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. At the end of 1954 the family moved to Adelaide, Australia for 3 years, where Blair lectured in law at the University of Adelaide. Blair and his family later returned to England,", "title": "Leo Blair" }, { "id": "7183091", "score": "1.5272865", "text": "she began campaigning for breast cancer awareness in the United Kingdom. As a result, she became close friends with Cherie Blair, wife of former UK prime minister Tony Blair. This led to McCartney being chosen to take the first official photo of the prime minister and his wife with their fourth child, Leo, born 20 May 2000. Before this, the most well-known photos of hers were the last photographs taken of her mother, three weeks before her death. McCartney has taken portraits of Sam Taylor-Wood, Ralph Fiennes, Jude Law, and of her sister Stella McCartney, who is a fashion designer.", "title": "Mary McCartney" }, { "id": "1941053", "score": "1.5241984", "text": "her mother, actress Gale Howard (née Joyce Smith; 14 February 1933 – 5 June 2016), when Cherie was 8 years old. Cherie and her younger sister Lyndsey were then brought up by Gale and their paternal grandmother Vera Booth, a devout Roman Catholic of Irish descent. The sisters attended Catholic schools in Crosby, Merseyside. Cherie Booth attended Seafield Convent Grammar, which is now part of Sacred Heart Catholic College, where she achieved 4 Grade-A GCE A Level passes. She read law at the London School of Economics and graduated with First-Class Honours. Later she was enrolled at the College of", "title": "Cherie Blair" } ]

[ "Around the ribs", "around ribs" ]

[ { "id": "6252578", "score": "1.5324852", "text": "Girth (tack) A girth, sometimes called a cinch (Western riding), is a piece of equipment used to keep the saddle in place on a horse or other animal. It passes under the barrel of the equine, usually attached to the saddle on both sides by two or three leather straps called billets. Girths are used on Australian and English saddles, while western saddles and many pack saddles have a cinch, which is fastened to the saddle by a single wide leather strap on each side, called a latigo. Although a girth is often enough to keep a well-fitting saddle in", "title": "Girth (tack)" }, { "id": "6252587", "score": "1.5300965", "text": "strip down its center, it may cause discomfort. It is also best if it has some \"give\" to it, which makes it more comfortable for the horse. Many riders also choose a girth that allows for extra elbow room, so the horse is not restricted as his leg moves backward. To measure for a girth, the saddle with a pad should be placed on the horse. A measuring tape is then used to measure from the middle hole of the billet on one side, under the horse's belly, to the middle billet on the other side. If a girth is", "title": "Girth (tack)" }, { "id": "6252582", "score": "1.5163193", "text": "often used in addition to a regular leather girth. Made of leather or nylon with an elastic insert (for racing), the overgirth completely encircles the horse around belly and the saddle's seat. It is used by stockmen, eventers, polo players, in flat racing, and by steeplechase jockeys to provide more security in holding the saddle in place. Some girths (those used on jumpers and eventers) have a belly guard (or stud guard), to protect the belly from being stabbed by horseshoe studs as the animal tucks his legs up underneath him over a tall obstacle. The traditional western cinch was", "title": "Girth (tack)" }, { "id": "6252579", "score": "1.5043476", "text": "place, other pieces of equipment are also used in jumping or speed sports such as polo, eventing, show jumping, and fox hunting; or on rough terrain such as trail riding. These include breastplates, overgirths, cruppers, and, on pack saddles, breeching. Studies have shown that, although girths may restrict the movement of the ribcage in the horse, they have no effect on the horse's ability to take in air. Several types of girth are shaped to allow ample room for the elbows. The Balding style is a flat piece of leather cut into three strips which are crossed and folded in", "title": "Girth (tack)" }, { "id": "6252581", "score": "1.489844", "text": "sensitive horses to protect the barrel of the horse, and some styles of girth come with attached or removable sheepskin liners that perform the same function. A dressage girth, or Lonsdale girth, is shorter than the usual girths used on other saddles. This is because the dressage saddle has longer billets, to keep the buckles out from under the rider's leg, and so a shorter girth may be used. Dressage girths can be made of all the materials, and in all the styles, mentioned before, and also can be made entirely of very strong elastic. An overgirth or surcingle is", "title": "Girth (tack)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Horse tack\n\nTack is equipment or accessories equipped on horses and other equines in the course of their use as domesticated animals. This equipment includes such items as saddles, stirrups, bridles, halters, reins, bits, and harnesses. Equipping a horse is often referred to as tacking up, and involves putting the tack equipment on the horse. A room to store such equipment, usually near or in a stable, is a tack room.", "title": "Horse tack" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Girth (tack)\n\nA girth, sometimes called a cinch (Western riding), is a piece of equipment used to keep the saddle in place on a horse or other animal. It passes under the barrel of the equine, usually attached to the saddle on both sides by two or three leather straps called billets. Girths are used on Australian and English saddles, while western saddles and many pack saddles have a cinch, which is fastened to the saddle by a single wide leather strap on each side, called a latigo.\n\nAlthough a girth is often enough to keep a well-fitting saddle in place, other pieces of equipment are also used in jumping or speed sports such as polo, eventing, show jumping, and fox hunting; or on rough terrain such as trail riding. These include breastplates, overgirths, cruppers, and, on pack saddles, breeching.\n\nStudies have shown that, although girths may restrict the movement of the ribcage in the horse, they have no effect on the horse's ability to take in air.", "title": "Girth (tack)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Horse harness\n\nHorse harness is a device that connects a horse to a vehicle or another type of load.\n\nThere are two main categories of horse harness: (1) the \"breaststrap\" or \"breastcollar\" design, and (2) the collar and hames design. For light work, such as horse show competition where light carts are used, a harness needs only a breastcollar. It can only be used for lighter hauling, since it places the weight of the load on the sternum of the horse and the nearby windpipe. This is not the heaviest skeletal area; also heavy loads can constrict the windpipe and reduce a horse's air supply.\n\nBy contrast, the collar and harness places the weight of the load onto the horse's shoulders, and without any restriction on the air supply. For heavy hauling, the harness must include a horse collar to allow the animal to use its full weight and strength.\n\nHarness components designed for other animals (such as the yoke used with oxen) are not suitable for horses and will not allow the horse to work efficiently.\n\nPutting harness on a horse is called \"harnessing\" or \"harnessing up\". Attaching the harness to the load is called \"putting to\" (British Isles) or \"hitching\" (North America). The order of putting on harness components varies by discipline, but when a horse collar is used, it is usually put on first.", "title": "Horse harness" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Saddle\n\nThe saddle is a supportive structure for a rider of an animal, fastened to an animal's back by a girth. The most common type is equestrian. However, specialized saddles have been created for oxen, camels and other animals. It is not known precisely when riders first began to use some sort of padding or protection, but a blanket attached by some form of surcingle or girth was probably the first \"saddle\", followed later by more elaborate padded designs. The solid saddle tree was a later invention, and though early stirrup designs predated the invention of the solid tree, the paired stirrup, which attached to the tree, was the last element of the saddle to reach the basic form that is still used today. Today, modern saddles come in a wide variety of styles, each designed for a specific equestrianism discipline, and require careful fit to both the rider and the horse. Proper saddle care can extend the useful life of a saddle, often for decades. The saddle was a crucial step in the increased use of domesticated animals, during the Classical Era.", "title": "Saddle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Glossary of equestrian terms\n\nThis is a basic glossary of equestrian terms that includes both technical terminology and jargon developed over the centuries for horses and other equidae, as well as various horse-related concepts. Where noted, some terms are used only in American English (US), only in British English (UK), or are regional to a particular part of the world, such as Australia (AU).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA term of art in equine conformation to describe the quality of certain skeletal structures.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Glossary of equestrian terms" }, { "id": "6252589", "score": "1.474231", "text": "they are attached to a single piece of webbing to the saddle's tree. Since the first billet is attached to a separate piece of webbing, riders can safely combine its use with either of the other two billets. There are other girthing systems available such as the Adjustable Y system or a similar girthing system. These also provide an adjustment option and have a front girth strap which is connected to the saddle tree point, and a rear girth strap giving it a Y shape and stability. Girth (tack) A girth, sometimes called a cinch (Western riding), is a piece", "title": "Girth (tack)" }, { "id": "8454949", "score": "1.4282811", "text": "one of the bit rings. The cord then follows the cheekpiece of the bridle up to a ring or pulley at the side of the browband, before going back down to snap to the leather piece near the chest. The leather extends so that it can attach to the girth. The horse is therefore \"in control\" of the action of the Gogue: when he keeps his head in the acceptable position, the Gogue has no effect. When he sticks his nose out or raises his head, the Gogue comes into action, raising the bit in his mouth and applying slight", "title": "Gogue" }, { "id": "10410329", "score": "1.4166431", "text": "Thoracic circumference (girth) is about , cannon bone measurement about The profile is straight or slightly convex, the legs fine and often bowed; the mane and tail are sparse, and the skin is delicate. Iomud The Iomud is a breed of light horse from Turkmenistan. Like other breeds of Turkmen horse, it is named for the Turkmen tribe that raised it, the Iomud. Both the name of the horse and the name of the Turkmen clan may be spelt in many ways, including Iomud, Yomud, Yamud and Yomut. The Iomud horse is raised in Turkmenistan, particularly in the velayat of", "title": "Iomud" }, { "id": "6252588", "score": "1.4114344", "text": "slightly too small, a girth extender may be used. A girth extender attaches to the billets of the saddle and lengthens them, so that a shorter girth may be used. Most jumping saddles have three billets. This not only allows the rider a spare should one break, but can also provide an adjustment option. For horses on which the saddle sits nicely, neither slipping forward or back, the first and third billets should be used. On horses where the saddle slips back, the first and second billets should be used. The second and third should never be used together, as", "title": "Girth (tack)" }, { "id": "10335138", "score": "1.3751101", "text": "the girth to maintain the bend and encourage the horse to step under its body with its inside hind leg, while the rider's outside leg prevents the horse's haunches from swinging out. The outside rein steadies the horse and helps maintain the correct bend, while the inside rein is used with a giving hand. The rider's back and position in the saddle shift toward the horse's outside shoulder in order to restrain the horse from moving off the track, maintaining movement along the track. Common errors include use of the inside rein to create the bend for the shoulder-in. Doing", "title": "Shoulder-in" }, { "id": "6252586", "score": "1.3749311", "text": "saddle at all times, except to make fitting adjustments. The latigo on the near (left) side is attached to the saddle at all times, but the loose end is used to secure the saddle for riding by running it through the left cinch ring one or more times, back through the saddle's dee ring, and then finally buckled or knotted when tight. It is loosened and removed from the cinch to take off the saddle. A girth should first and foremost spread pressure evenly over the entire area. If it is too narrow, or if it has a narrow reinforcing", "title": "Girth (tack)" }, { "id": "6252580", "score": "1.3548601", "text": "the center, and the Atherstone style is a shaped piece of baghide with a roughly 1.5” wide strip of stronger leather running along the center. A variation on this is the overlay girth, in which the piece of leather in the center is the same curved shape as the girth. This overlay is often stitched in a decorative design. Unshaped girths are commonly made of flat, heavy cotton, or padded cotton with nylon webbing reinforcement, or out of leather as in the tri-fold or threefold girth, popular among sidesaddle riders and traditional foxhunters. Fleece girth covers are often used on", "title": "Girth (tack)" }, { "id": "3602531", "score": "1.3444303", "text": "supporting the stirrup. More very strong leather or nylon straps known as \"billets\" (or \"girth points/straps\" - UK) are attached to stout webbing which is tacked across the top of the tree, to which will eventually buckle the \"girth\"--the beltlike strap which holds the saddle onto the horse. The tree and its various parts are upholstered with a covering made of leather, nylon or microfiber and shaped to form the seat above and the panels below. In addition to the seat and panels, English saddles feature leather flaps on either side; the underside flap is called the sweat flap, and", "title": "English saddle" }, { "id": "10507065", "score": "1.3203648", "text": "horse to horse. The upper curvature of a horse's withers, back, and loin is called the \"topline.\" The line of the belly from elbow to flank is the \"under line\" or \"bottom line.\" In terms of the back, both are important; a long underline with a relatively short topline is ideal. The underline is where the abdominal muscles are, which, like in humans, can provide tremendous support to the back when well-conditioned. The topline will vary in length and in curvature, with some relationship between the two. When being ridden, a horse's back may either be stiff or relaxed as", "title": "Back (horse)" }, { "id": "10519477", "score": "1.3166491", "text": "the Occipital bone and ends at the spines of the 7th cervical and all the thoracic vertebrae. It lifts the shoulder and forehand, and if this muscle is well developed, the horse will work in a good outline. The \"Nuchal\" ligament begins at the poll and ends at the withers, and helps the muscles in the neck support the head. The \"deltoid\" begins at the scapula and ends at the humerus. The deltoid flexes the shoulder joint, and will load the shoulder if overdeveloped. The \"Supraspinatus\" begins below the \"trapezius\" and ends at the point of the shoulder; it maintains", "title": "Forehand (horse)" }, { "id": "7967090", "score": "1.3097572", "text": "the hoof wall's free margin encircles most of the hoof. The triangular frog occupies the center area. Lateral to the frog are two grooves, deeper in their posterior portion, named 'collateral grooves'. At the heels, the palmar/plantar portion of the walls bend inward sharply, following the external surface of collateral grooves to form the bars. The lower surface of the hoof, from the outer walls and the inner frog and bars, is covered by an exfoliating keratinised material, called the 'sole'. Just below the coronet, the walls are covered for about an inch by a cornified, opaque 'periople' material. In", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "7967111", "score": "1.3062792", "text": "seen, although most commonly in draft horses. Quarter cracks are vertical splits in a hoof wall, most commonly seen on the inside of the front hooves or the outside of the hind hooves. They can result from poor shoeing and management practices, natural hoof conformation, or injuries to the leg and hoof. Horse hoof A horse hoof is a structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit (digit III of the basic pentadactyl limb of vertebrates, evolved into a single weight-bearing digit in equids) of each of the four limbs of Equus species, which is covered by complex soft", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "7967089", "score": "1.298399", "text": "to the ground of roughly similar magnitude in each pair of feet (i.e. fronts and backs). These angles may differ slightly from one horse to another, but not markedly. The walls originate from the coronet band. Walls are longer in the dorsal portion of the hoof (toe), intermediate in length in the lateral portion (quarter) and very short in palmar/plantar portion (heel). Heels are separated by an elastic, resilient structure named the 'frog'. In the palmar/plantar part of the foot, above the heels and the frog, there are two oval bulges named the 'bulbs'. When viewed from the lower surface,", "title": "Horse hoof" }, { "id": "7188698", "score": "1.295907", "text": "and a resisting hand. The leg asks the horse to move, but the hand prevents the horse from going forward, so it instead releases that energy in a step back. As soon as the horse begins to step back, the aids are released. The rein-back should be performed in a straight line, with the rider's legs used softly behind the girth to keep the hindquarters straight. The upper body of the rider stays upright, leaning neither forward nor back. Leaning back is especially bad, as it drives the seat bones of the rider into the horse, causing the animal to", "title": "Rein-back" }, { "id": "15459721", "score": "1.2825", "text": "is , the girth and the cannon circumference ; for females the height measures , the girth and the cannon . Horses over at 30 months may not be registered. The head is rather heavy and roughly set on, the profile straight, the ears mobile and the eyes and nostrils large. The neck is muscular, the mane thick. The shoulder is fairly straight, the withers high and the croup short but muscular. The legs are short, strong and reasonably well conformed, the joints are broad, the hooves are strong but tend to be cylindrical. The action is lively and sure-footed.", "title": "Sarcidano horse" } ]

[ "united arab emirates", "Administrative divisions of the United Arab Emirates", "UAE", "united arab emirats", "al imarat al arabiyah al muttahidah", "uae", "united arab emirate", "U.A. Emirates", "United Arab Emirites", "united arab emirat", "Untied Arab Emirates", "United arabia", "ISO 3166-1:AE", "al imrata al arabiyyah al muttahida", "emirates of uae", "emirates of united arab emirates", "U.A.Emirates", "United Arab Emirate", "Al-Imarat Al-Arabiyah Al-Muttahidah", "arab emirates", "united arab emirites", "United Arab Emirates", "Al-Imarat al-'Arabiyyah al-Muttahidah", "northern emirates", "untied arab emirates", "united emirates", "Subdivisions of the United Arab Emirates", "Arab Emirates", "United Arab Emirat", "The U.A.E", "UA Emirates", "الإمارات العربيّة المتّحدة", "united arab emerites", "Uae", "united arab", "Northern Emirates", "الإمارات العربية المتحدة", "United arabic", "united arab emirates government", "united arabia", "u emirates", "Al-Imārāt al-ʿArabiyyah al-Muttaḥidah", "administrative divisions of united arab emirates", "u e", "The UAE", "united arabic emirates", "United Arab Emerites", "United Emirates", "ranked lists of uae emirates", "United arab", "United arab emirates", "Al-Imrata al-Arabiyyah al-Muttahida", "list of uae emirates", "united arab emerates", "al imārāt al ʿarabiyyah al muttaḥidah", "Emirates of the united arab emirates", "United Arabic Emirates", "U.A.E.", "United Arab Emirares", "United Arab Emirates government", "The U.A.E.", "الإمارات", "Emirates of UAE", "U.A.E", "United Arab Emirats", "united arab emirares", "United Arab Emerates", "United Arab Emirates'", "List of UAE Emirates", "iso 3166 1 ae", "The United Arab Emirates", "united arabic", "subdivisions of united arab emirates", "al imarat al arabiyyah al muttahidah", "ua emirates", "Ranked lists of UAE Emirates" ]

[ { "id": "372736", "score": "1.8052385", "text": "the sharing of the rich Zararah oil field. In return, Saudi Arabia obtained an outlet to the Persian Gulf through Abu Dhabi. Saudi Arabia's maritime claims include a twelve-nautical-mile (22 km) territorial limit along its coasts. The country also claims many small islands as well as some seabeds and subsoils beyond the twelve-nautical-mile (22 km) limit. Land boundaries: <br>\"total:\" 4,415 km <br>\"border countries:\" Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km Coastline: 2,640 km Maritime claims: <br>\"contiguous zone:\" <br>\"continental shelf:\" not specified <br>\"territorial sea:\" Until the 1980s,", "title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia" }, { "id": "372735", "score": "1.6988068", "text": "the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, runs through the Empty Quarter (Rub 'al-Khali). The border demarcation was defined by a 1990 agreement between Saudi Arabia and Oman that included provisions for shared grazing rights and water rights. The border through 'Al Buraymi Oasis, located near the conjunction of the frontiers of Oman, Abu Dhabi (one of the emirates of the UAE) and Saudi Arabia, has triggered extensive dispute among the three states since the Treaty of Jeddah in 1927. In a 1975 agreement with Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi accepted sovereignty over six villages in the 'Al Buraymi Oasis and", "title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia" }, { "id": "372730", "score": "1.6923693", "text": "the Red Sea form a coastal border of almost 1,800 kilometres that extends to the southern part of Yemen and follows a mountain ridge for approximately 320 kilometres to the vicinity of Najran. This section of the border with Yemen was demarcated in 1934 and is one of the few clearly defined borders with a neighbouring country. The Saudi border running southeast from Najran, however, is still undetermined. The undemarcated border became an issue in the early 1990s, when oil was discovered in the area and Saudi Arabia objected to the commercial exploration by foreign companies on behalf of Yemen.", "title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia" }, { "id": "13549671", "score": "1.6900467", "text": "area of Al Ain and Al Buraimi, located in the Eastern Region of Abu Dhabi on its border with Oman. This led to the Buraimi Dispute. The Jeddah Agreement granted Saudi Arabia a 25 km corridor eastwards from Khawr al Udayd, thus giving the Saudis an outlet to the Persian Gulf on the eastern side of Qatar. In return, the UAE was to keep six villages in the area of Al Buraimi, including al-Ain, and most of al-Zafra desert. Article 3 of the agreement stated that \"all hydrocarbons in the Shaybah-Zarrara field shall be considered as belonging to the Kingdom", "title": "Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates border dispute" }, { "id": "372731", "score": "1.6770751", "text": "In the summer of 1992, representatives of Saudi Arabia and Yemen met in Geneva to discuss settlement of the border issue. To the north, Saudi Arabia is bounded by Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait. The northern boundary extends almost 1,400 kilometers from the Gulf of Aqaba on the west to Ras al Khafji on the Persian Gulf. In 1965, Saudi Arabia and Jordan agreed to boundary demarcations involving an exchange of small areas of territory that gave Jordan some essential additional land near Aqaba, its only port. In 1922, Ibn Saud and British officials representing Iraqi interests signed the Treaty of", "title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of the United Arab Emirates\n\nThe United Arab Emirates is situated in the Middle East and southwest Asia, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia; it is at a strategic location along the northern approaches to the Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil. The UAE lies between 22°50′ and 26° north latitude and between 51° and 56°25′ east longitude. It shares a border with Qatar on the northwest, a border with Saudi Arabia on the west, south, and southeast, and a border with Oman on the southeast and northeast.<ref name=\":0\" />\n\nThe land border with Qatar in the Khawr al Udayd area is a source of long-running dispute<ref name=\":0\" /> (in fact, whether it even shares a land border with Qatar is in dispute). The total area of the UAE is approximately .<ref name=\":1\" /> The country's exact size is unknown because of disputed claims to several islands in the Persian Gulf, because of the lack of precise information on the size of many of these islands, and because most of its land boundaries, especially with Saudi Arabia, remain undemarcated.<ref name=\":0\" /> The largest emirate, Abu Dhabi, accounts for 87 percent of the UAE's total area ().<ref name=\":0\" /> The smallest emirate, Ajman, encompasses only .<ref name=\":0\" />", "title": "Geography of the United Arab Emirates" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United Arab Emirates\n\nThe United Arab Emirates (UAE; ), or simply the Emirates ( ), is a country in Western Asia (The Middle East). It is located at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula and shares borders with Oman and Saudi Arabia, while having maritime borders in the Persian Gulf with Qatar and Iran. Abu Dhabi is the nation's capital, while Dubai, the most populous city, is an international hub.\n\nThe United Arab Emirates is an elective monarchy formed from a federation of seven emirates, consisting of Abu Dhabi (the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain. Each emirate is governed by an emir and together the emirs form the Federal Supreme Council. The members of the Federal Supreme Council elect a president and vice president from among their members. In practice, the emir of Abu Dhabi serves as president while the ruler of Dubai is vice president and also prime minister. In 2013, the country had a population of 9.2 million, of which 1.4 million were Emirati citizens and 7.8 million were expatriates. , the United Arab Emirates has an estimated population of roughly 9.9 million.\n\nThe area which is today the United Arab Emirates has been inhabited for over 125,000 years. It has been the crossroads of trading for many civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Persia, and India.\n\nIslam is the official religion and Arabic the official language. The United Arab Emirates' oil and natural gas reserves are the world's sixth and seventh-largest, respectively. Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the country's first president, oversaw the development of the Emirates by investing oil revenues into healthcare, education, and infrastructure. The United Arab Emirates has the most diversified economy among the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. In the 21st century, the country has become less reliant on oil and gas and is economically focusing on tourism and business. The government does not levy income tax, although there is a corporate tax in place and a 5% value-added tax was established in 2018.\n\nHuman rights groups, such as Amnesty International, Freedom House and Human Rights Watch, regard UAE as generally substandard on human rights, with citizens criticising the regime imprisoned and tortured, families harassed by the state security apparatus, and cases of forced disappearances.\n\nThe UAE is considered a middle power. It is a member of the United Nations, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, OPEC, Non-Aligned Movement, and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).", "title": "United Arab Emirates" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arabian Sea\n\nThe Arabian Sea () is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan, Iran and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Peninsula, on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea and the Maldives, on the southwest by Somalia, and on the east by India. Its total area is 3,862,000 km (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 4,652 meters (15,262 ft). The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf.", "title": "Arabian Sea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bahrain\n\nBahrain ( ; ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in Western Asia. It is situated on the Persian Gulf, and comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an additional 33 artificial islands, centered on Bahrain Island which makes up around 83 percent of the country's landmass. Bahrain is situated between Qatar and the northeastern coast of Saudi Arabia, to which it is connected by the King Fahd Causeway. According to the 2020 census, the country's population numbers 1,501,635, of whom 712,362 are Bahraini nationals. Bahrain spans some , and is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore. The capital and largest city is Manama.\n\nBahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization. It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries, which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century. Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to be influenced by Islam, during the lifetime of Muhammad in 628 AD. Following a period of Arab rule, Bahrain was ruled by the Portuguese Empire from 1521 until 1602, when they were expelled by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty. In 1783, the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family, with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain's first \"hakim\".\n\nIn the late 1800s, following successive treaties with the British, Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom. In 1971, it declared independence. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared an Islamic constitutional monarchy in 2002. In 2011, the country experienced protests inspired by the regional Arab Spring. Bahrain's ruling Sunni Muslim Al Khalifa royal family has been criticised for violating the human rights of groups including dissidents, political opposition figures, and its majority Shia Muslim population.\n\nBahrain developed the first post-oil economy in the Persian Gulf, the result of decades of investing in the banking and tourism sectors; many of the world's largest financial institutions have a presence in the country's capital. It consequently ranks 35th in the Human Development Index and is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy. Bahrain is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Gulf Cooperation Council.", "title": "Bahrain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kuwait\n\nKuwait (; ', or ), officially the State of Kuwait ( '), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south. Kuwait also shares maritime borders with Iran. Kuwait has a coastal length of approximately . Most of the country's population reside in the urban agglomeration of the capital city Kuwait City. , Kuwait has a population of 4.45 million people of which 1.45 million are Kuwaiti citizens while the remaining 3.00 million are foreign nationals from over 100 countries.\n\nHistorically, most of present-day Kuwait was part of ancient Mesopotamia. From 1946 to 1982, the country underwent large-scale modernization, largely based on income from oil production. In the 1980s, Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability and an economic crisis following the stock market crash. In 1990, after oil production disputes with neighbouring Iraq, Kuwait was invaded, and later annexed into one of Iraq's governorates by Iraq under Saddam Hussein. The Iraqi occupation of Kuwait came to an end on February 26, 1991, after military intervention by a military coalition led by the United States and various other countries.\n\nKuwait is an emirate. The emir is the head of state and the Al Sabah is the ruling family which dominates the country's political system. Kuwait's official state religion is Islam. Kuwait is a developing country with a high-income economy, backed by the world's sixth largest oil reserves. The Kuwaiti dinar is the highest valued currency in the world. Kuwait has the largest number of stateless people in the entire region.<ref name=\"new\" /><ref name=\"hrw\" /> Kuwait is a founding member of the GCC and is also a member of the UN, AL, OPEC and the OIC.\nKuwait named the emir's son as the country's new prime minister on July 24, 2022 to replace caretaker premier Sheikh Sabah al-Khalid, who faced a combative parliament as head of cabinet in a feud hindering fiscal reform.", "title": "Kuwait" }, { "id": "372734", "score": "1.6713682", "text": "in the Divided Zone. After years of discussions, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait reached an agreement in 1965 that divided the zone geographically, with each country administering its half of the zone. The agreement guaranteed that the rights of both parties to the natural resources in the whole zone would continue to be respected after each country had annexed its half of the zone in 1966. Saudi Arabia's eastern boundary follows the Persian Gulf from Ras 'al Khafji to the peninsula of Qatar, whose border with Saudi Arabia was determined in 1965. The Saudi border with the state of Oman, on", "title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia" }, { "id": "372733", "score": "1.6593145", "text": "an agreement that defined the border between the two countries and provided for the division of the neutral zone between them. The agreement effectively dissolved this neutral zone. The boundary between Ibn Saud's territories of Najd and the Eastern Province and the British protectorate of Kuwait was first regulated by the Al Uqair Convention in 1922. In an effort to avoid territorial disputes, another diamond-shaped Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone of 5,790 square kilometers directly south of Kuwait was established. In 1938 oil was discovered in Kuwait's southern Burqan fields, and both countries contracted with foreign oil companies to perform exploration work", "title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia" }, { "id": "2233637", "score": "1.6564395", "text": "became the first Western government to suspend future arms deal with the kingdom after Angela Merkel stated that “arms exports can’t take place in the current circumstances.” Saudi Arabia occupies about 80% of the Arabian Peninsula (the world's largest peninsula), lying between latitudes 16° and 33° N, and longitudes 34° and 56° E. Because the country's southern borders with the United Arab Emirates and Oman are not precisely marked, the exact size of the country is undefined. The CIA World Factbook estimates and lists Saudi Arabia as the world's 13th largest state. It is geographically the largest country in the", "title": "Saudi Arabia" }, { "id": "339325", "score": "1.6405816", "text": "reeds and shrubs like tamarind, phragmites, and mace can grow. These regions are mostly to the east, near the coast. Qatar has one land border. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the south. The boundary with Saudi Arabia was settled in 1965 but never demarcated. Qatar's northwest coast is fewer than from the main islands of Bahrain, while the small Hawar Islands of Bahrain are only 1.4 km (0.8 mi) off that coast. The peninsula's northernmost point is Ras Rakan. \"contiguous zone:\" <br>\"exclusive economic zone:\" as determined by bilateral agreements, or the median line <br>\"territorial sea:\" Of the islands belonging", "title": "Geography of Qatar" }, { "id": "12695269", "score": "1.6282256", "text": "area in a 20-mile circle around the centre of the Buraimi Oasis. The claim arose after a geological party from the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco) crossed the 'Riyadh line'. This was a border line negotiated in 1935 by the British on behalf of Oman and Abu Dhabi with Saudi Arabia, which the latter had rejected. The Aramco party was accompanied by Saudi guards and was met by Patrick Stobart, then the British political officer for the Trucial States. Stobart was briefly detained by the Saudis, who disarmed his guards. The incident led the British to formally protest to the", "title": "Trucial Oman Scouts" }, { "id": "777559", "score": "1.6277122", "text": "Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil. The UAE lies between 22°30' and 26°10' north latitude and between 51° and 56°25′ east longitude. It shares a border with Saudi Arabia on the west, south, and southeast, and a border with Oman on the southeast and northeast. The land border with Qatar in the Khawr al Udayd area is about in the northwest; however, it is a source of ongoing dispute. Following Britain's military departure from the UAE in 1971, and its establishment as a new state, the UAE laid claim to islands resulting in disputes with", "title": "United Arab Emirates" }, { "id": "7551714", "score": "1.6212037", "text": "northern desert border with Iraq. It was part of a larger package of fence-building to secure all of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's 6,500 kilometers of border. It would supplement the existing 7-meter-high sand berm that runs along the border, in front of which there is an 8-kilometer stretch of no-mans-land which is regularly swept smooth so that trespassers can be tracked. The proposals were not implemented until September 2014, when the Iraq War had escalated following the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. ISIL's occupation of much of western Iraq had given it a substantial", "title": "Iraq–Saudi Arabia border" }, { "id": "222767", "score": "1.6194236", "text": "Saudi Arabia agreed to divide the neutral zone; the partitioning agreement making each country responsible for administration in its portion was signed in December 1969. The resources in the area, now known as the Divided Zone, are not affected by the agreement. The oil from onshore and offshore fields continues to be shared equally between the two countries. The third side of the triangle-shaped nation is the 240 kilometers of historically contested border between Kuwait and Iraq. Although the Iraqi government, which had first asserted a claim to rule Kuwait in 1938, recognized the borders with Kuwait in 1963 (based", "title": "Geography of Kuwait" }, { "id": "8081871", "score": "1.618623", "text": "upon the dissolution of Sweden and Norway in 1905. Amid the Empty Quarter of Arabia—as trilaterally agreed and monumented in 2006 precisely at the intersection of the 19th parallel and 52nd meridian (datum uncertain)—Oman (governorate of Dhofar) and Saudi Arabia (emirate of Ash Sharqiyah) meet Yemen (and its governorates of Al Mahrah and Hadramawt) in a tricountry quadripoint. At a secondary summit of Pilsko Peak called Góra Pięciu Kopców, where there is situated a prominent turnpoint on the border of Poland and Slovakia that is evidently demarcated by a primary border marker numbered III/109, there lies a binational quadripoint at", "title": "Quadripoint" }, { "id": "1845348", "score": "1.6116276", "text": "Arabia does not have a barrier with its other neighbors in the Gulf Cooperation Council, whose economies are more similar. In 2006 Saudi Arabia proposed constructing a security fence along the entire length of its 900 kilometre long desert border with Iraq in a multimillion-dollar project to secure the Kingdom's borders in order to improve internal security, control illegal immigration, and bolster its defences against external threats. As of July 2009 it was reported that Saudis will pay $3.5 billion for a security fence. The combined wall and ditch will be 600 miles long and include five layers of fencing,", "title": "Border control" }, { "id": "10363725", "score": "1.6107852", "text": "on the Virtualtourist website states: Oman–United Arab Emirates barrier The Oman–United Arab Emirates barrier is a border wall or fence, constructed by United Arab Emirates along its border with Oman in an effort to curb the flow of illegal migrants, illicit drugs and terrorists into the country. This was built despite the fact that the two countries are both members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. In 2005, the United Arab Emirates and Oman formally signed maps delineating the borders between the two countries from Umm az-Zamul, in the south, northwards to east Eqaidat. The original agreement on the borders was", "title": "Oman–United Arab Emirates barrier" }, { "id": "7551713", "score": "1.6052468", "text": "Iraq–Saudi Arabia border The Saudi–Iraq border stretches from Turaif near the Jordanian border in the West to Hafar Al-Batin near the Kuwaiti border in the East. It is 814 km long. The most important border crossing is situated North-East from Arar. In April 2006, while Iraq was experiencing a high level of sectarian violence, Saudi Arabia began to call for tenders to construct a border barrier in the form of a fence along the border in an attempt to prevent the violence in Iraq spilling over into Saudi Arabia. The proposed fence would run for approximately along Saudi Arabia's isolated", "title": "Iraq–Saudi Arabia border" }, { "id": "13549672", "score": "1.6051496", "text": "of Saudi Arabia\" and provided for exploration and development of the whole field by Saudi Arabia. Article 4 stipulated that Saudi Arabia and the UAE “each undertake to refrain from engaging in and from permitting the exploitation of hydro-carbons in that part of its territory to which the hydrocarbon fields primarily located in the territory of the other state extend.\" In 2005, there were concerns that the border dispute might flare up again. Some maps published in the UAE still reportedly show the country stretching as far westwards as Qatar. The UAE publicly reopened the dispute in 2006, claiming some", "title": "Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates border dispute" }, { "id": "20198168", "score": "1.6014568", "text": "was transported on land through the Salwa Border Crossing connecting both countries. This border crossing was closed in June 2018 and Qatar's trade with the blockading countries was suspended, thereby cutting off Qatar from its primary source of food imports. Imports of pharmaceuticals were also interrupted in Qatar, of which 50 to 60% was supplied by Saudi Arabia and the other Arab countries in the Persian Gulf. Qatar bypassed the blockade by setting up trade routes with Turkey, Iran and Oman. In May 2018, Qatar declared that it would ban products imported from Saudi Arabia and the three other blockading", "title": "Qatar–Saudi Arabia relations" }, { "id": "10363724", "score": "1.5995361", "text": "Oman–United Arab Emirates barrier The Oman–United Arab Emirates barrier is a border wall or fence, constructed by United Arab Emirates along its border with Oman in an effort to curb the flow of illegal migrants, illicit drugs and terrorists into the country. This was built despite the fact that the two countries are both members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. In 2005, the United Arab Emirates and Oman formally signed maps delineating the borders between the two countries from Umm az-Zamul, in the south, northwards to east Eqaidat. The original agreement on the borders was signed in 1999. A report", "title": "Oman–United Arab Emirates barrier" } ]

[ "madness song", "phycosis", "madness disambiguation", "madness album", "madness film", "madness", "Madness (song)", "Madness (album)", "Madness", "Madness (disambiguation)", "Phycosis", "Madness (film)" ]

[ { "id": "5039379", "score": "1.9811374", "text": "Suggs (singer) Graham McPherson (born 13 January 1961), known by the stage name Suggs, is an English singer-songwriter, musician, radio personality and actor. In a music career spanning 40 years, Suggs came to prominence in the late 1970s as the lead singer of the ska band Madness, which released fifteen singles that entered the Top 10 charts in the United Kingdom during the 1970s, 1980s and the 1990s, including \"My Girl\", \"Baggy Trousers\", \"Embarrassment\", \"It Must Be Love\", \"House of Fun\", \"Driving in My Car\", \"Our House\", \"Wings of a Dove\" and \"Lovestruck\". Suggs began his solo career in 1995,", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039407", "score": "1.8678323", "text": "members include or have included Keith Waterhouse, Richard Littlejohn, Noel Botham, Ken Stott and Brian Hitchen. Suggs is a fan of Chelsea F.C., made apparent by the FA Cup related song \"Blue Day\" which he wrote and then performed along with the rest of the 1996–1997 Chelsea squad. Suggs (singer) Graham McPherson (born 13 January 1961), known by the stage name Suggs, is an English singer-songwriter, musician, radio personality and actor. In a music career spanning 40 years, Suggs came to prominence in the late 1970s as the lead singer of the ska band Madness, which released fifteen singles that", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039384", "score": "1.8349773", "text": "the walls and only answering to that name. After leaving school, he worked at a butcher's for eight months, his first proper job. He also worked as a painter and decorator. The first gig he went to was the Who supported by the Sensational Alex Harvey Band in 1976. In 1976 Mike Barson, Chris Foreman and Lee Thompson formed the North London Invaders, which later became the band Madness. The original members recruited were John Hasler, Cathal Smyth and vocalist Dikron Tulane. This six-piece line-up was stable until 1977, when Suggs took over the lead vocals and Tulane left the", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039385", "score": "1.8249214", "text": "band. After a decline in hits, the band broke-up in 1986. Suggs has said that he felt \"a bit lost\" after the band split up, and he saw a psychotherapist on four occasions. After Madness' reformation for Madstock! in 1992 and 1994, Suggs went to work on his first solo album with the production help of reggae producers Sly and Robbie. In 1995 \"The Lone Ranger\" was released on Warner Music and peaked on the UK Albums Chart at No. 14. The first single to be released from the album was a cover of the Beatles song \"I'm Only Sleeping\"", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039382", "score": "1.8187046", "text": "a comprehensive school at Quintin Kynaston, Swiss Cottage, North London. On the official Madness website, he has stated: I was born in Hastings on a stormy evening on 13 January 1961. I only lived with my mum, so we were free agents. She was a singer in the pubs and clubs. We moved to Liverpool then London. I lived with relations in Wales for a while and came back to London. Because I was an only child, I was pretty insular and stubborn. All the upheaval made me lazy academically, so by the time I got to Quintin Kynaston school", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Suggs\n\nGraham McPherson (born 13 January 1961), known primarily by his stage name Suggs, is an English singer-songwriter, musician, radio personality and actor from Hastings, England. \n\nIn a music career spanning 40 years, he came to prominence in the late 1970s as the lead singer of the ska band Madness, which released fifteen singles that entered the top 10 charts in the United Kingdom during the 1970s, 1980s and the 1990s, including \"My Girl\", \"Baggy Trousers\", \"Embarrassment\", \"It Must Be Love\", \"House of Fun\", \"Driving in My Car\", \"Our House\", \"Wings of a Dove\" and \"Lovestruck\". Suggs began his solo career in 1995, while still a member of Madness. Since then, he has released two studio albums and two compilation albums. His solo hits include \"I'm Only Sleeping\", \"Camden Town\", \"Cecilia\" and \"Blue Day\".\n\nSuggs has also been an actor, with roles in films, theatre and television. He is married and is the father of two children.", "title": "Suggs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Madness (band)\n\nMadness are an English ska and pop band from Camden Town, North London, who formed in 1976. One of the most prominent bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s two-tone ska revival, they continue to perform with six of the seven members of their original line-up. Madness's most successful period was from 1980 to 1986, when the band's songs spent a total of 214 weeks on the UK Singles Chart. (UB40 shared the same number of weeks, the largest for any British group in the decade, but over a longer period.)\n\nMadness have had 15 singles reach the UK top ten, including \"One Step Beyond\", \"Baggy Trousers\" and \"It Must Be Love\", one UK number-one single \"House of Fun\" and two number ones in Ireland, \"House of Fun\" and \"Wings of a Dove\". \"Our House\" was their biggest US hit, reaching number 7 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. In 2000, the band received the Ivor Novello Award from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors for Outstanding Song Collection.<ref name=\"novellobbc\"/>", "title": "Madness (band)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Brad Suggs\n\nBrad Suggs is a singer and songwriter, but best known as a guitarist that contributed greatly to the legacy of Phillips' Sun and Phillips' International labels. His name is widely unknown although he appeared on more than eight Sun and Phillips International records.", "title": "Brad Suggs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Three Pyramids Club\n\nThe Three Pyramids Club is the second solo studio album by British singer Suggs known from second wave ska band Madness. It was released in 1998 and reached no. 82 on the UK album chart (see 1998 in music), lasting within the Top 100 for one week.", "title": "The Three Pyramids Club" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Farm (British band)\n\nThe Farm are a British band from Liverpool. Their first album, \"Spartacus\", reached the top position on the UK Albums Chart when it was released in March 1991; \"Spartacus 30\" was released in 2021 to commemorate the anniversary. \"Spartacus\" includes two songs which had been top 10 singles the year before.", "title": "The Farm (British band)" }, { "id": "5039400", "score": "1.7904319", "text": "twice been a guest presenter on the BBC's long-running chart show \"Top of the Pops\", once in 1995 and again in 2005. In 2006, Suggs was the main presenter of the BBC London series \"Inside Out\", a weekly programme for Londoners looking at surprising stories in the capital. He was part of Declan Donnelly's Boy Band on \"Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway\" the same year and performed \"It Only Takes a Minute\" by Take That. In 2007, Suggs starred in a series of Birds Eye commercials which feature the Madness song \"Our House\". A popular online game featuring Suggs", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039383", "score": "1.7729375", "text": "in St John's Wood I didn't bother much, I stayed onto the sixth form for social security reasons, and got two O-levels and a CSE on the way. I met Mike Barson hanging around Hampstead School. Suggs got his nickname from randomly sticking a pin in an encyclopaedia of jazz musicians (hitting Peter Suggs) while he was still in school, to avoid being labelled as the member of an ethnic minority owing to his Scottish name. To capitalise on the name he went as far as to create a myth about it, writing lines like \"Suggs is our leader\" on", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039390", "score": "1.7614919", "text": "which reached number-one in the UK Album Charts and spawned the international hit \"All Together Now\". He also produced their first single \"Hearts and Minds\" in 1984. Suggs has collaborated with Jools Holland twice on his \"Small World Big Band\" albums, firstly in 2001 with the song \"Oranges and Lemons Again\" and then with \"Jack O The Green\" in 2003. He also played with Holland and his Rhythm and Blues Orchestra in 2003 for a television special where they performed two songs with veteran ska singer Prince Buster. In July 2005, shortly after the terrorist attacks in London, Suggs and", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039398", "score": "1.7614455", "text": "He was a team captain in the BBC music trivia game show \"A Question of Pop\", hosted by Jamie Theakston, opposite Noddy Holder. Suggs has also appeared as a guest on the BBC Two show \"Never Mind the Buzzcocks\". He has co-presented two programmes of a series of sixty-minute programmes called \"Salvage Squad\", one restoring a Model T Ford, and one restoring a Ruston-Bucyrus 10RB in which a group of engineers restored rare old machinery. Some other items restored included a steamroller, a ploughing engine called \"Margaret\", a Blackpool \"Coronation\" tram, a Scammell Mechanical Horse, a Revopak garbage truck, various", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039405", "score": "1.7305634", "text": "that his father left when Suggs was three, not before he was born. Suggs is married to singer Bette Bright, who is the vocalist of the 1970s British band Deaf School. They met through their connection with Clive Langer, married in 1981 and live in Holloway. They have two daughters, Scarlett and Viva. Suggs also owns a holiday home in the Italian countryside. Suggs is a patron of the charity Children in Need, and has frequently appeared on the annual television fundraiser, performing various Madness tracks with other celebrities. He has also been involved with Cancer Research UK and their", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039406", "score": "1.7099423", "text": "\"Busking Cancer\" campaign, for which he performed live with Rod Stewart on in May 2009. Following the death of his sister-in-law Alanah in 2012 from pancreatic cancer, he organised a fundraising night for Pancreatic Cancer UK called An Evening with Suggs and Friends. Another event was held at Porchester Hall in London in March 2014. A third charity gala took place in March 2015. Suggs is a member of the \"Useless Information Society\" (founded 1995), a society of journalists, writers and entertainers which focuses on useless esoteric information and has released books such as \"The Book of Useless Information\". Other", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039380", "score": "1.709374", "text": "while still a member of Madness. Since then, he has released two studio albums, and two compilation albums. His solo hits include \"I'm Only Sleeping\", \"Camden Town\", \"Cecilia\" and \"Blue Day\". Suggs has also been an actor, with roles in films, theatre and television. He is married and is the father of two children. Graham McPherson was born on 13 January 1961 in Hastings, Sussex, England to William Rutherford McPherson (1935–1975) and jazz singer Edith Gower. The couple had married in Paddington in 1960 and Suggs was raised in Hastings by his mother. His father had left by the time", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039389", "score": "1.7042314", "text": "on Warner Music, featuring a selection of Suggs best tracks from his two solo albums along with \"Blue Day\" and a remixed version of \"Cecilia\". In 2008, Suggs contributed vocals to a cover of Al Bowlly's \"Hang Out the Stars in Indiana\" for the soundtrack for \"The Edge of Love\" composed by Angelo Badalamenti. Suggs also made a cameo in the film, singing the track. Suggs worked with Morrissey between 1989 and 1990, singing backing vocals on the tracks \"Piccadilly Palare\" and \"Sing Your Life\". From early 1990 to 1992, he co-managed The Farm and co-produced their first album \"Spartacus\"", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039393", "score": "1.7028902", "text": "in the 2008 romantic drama \"The Edge of Love\" starring Keira Knightley and Sienna Miller, playing the part of \"the crooner\" (also credited as Al Bowlly) and singing Bowlly's hit \"Hang Out the Stars in Indiana\". In late 2011, Suggs began a nationwide UK tour of a new one man stage show entitled \"LIVESUGGS\". In the show, Suggs shared various anecdotes from his childhood to the present day, intertwined with musical numbers. The show was well received by critics. In 2003 Suggs appeared as Joe's dad in the stage musical \"Our House\", featuring the songs of Madness, for a limited", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039404", "score": "1.6997027", "text": "In August 2012, he appeared at the Queen's Hall in Edinburgh as part of the Festival Fringe. In his show \"Suggs: My Life Story in Word and Music\", he talked about his early life and his search to find out more information about his father. He referenced his Wikipedia entry and stated that some published information relating to his early life was untrue, adding that he would get bored in interviews and make things up. He confirmed that although he was born in Hastings, the family moved around and he spent much of his early life in Wales. He stated", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "5039397", "score": "1.6903907", "text": "he appeared on the \"Cultural Exchange\" feature of the BBC Radio 4 series \"Front Row\", where he nominated a poem by John Betjeman (\"On a Portrait of a Deaf Man\"), as a piece of art work which he had found particularly meaningful. Suggs appeared twice with Madness on the British TV comedy show \"The Young Ones\", first on the episode titled \"Boring\" in which the band performed \"House of Fun\". On the second series, the band performed \"Our House\" on the penultimate episode \"Sick\". Suggs has hosted a celebrity karaoke game show on the UK's Channel 5, titled \"Night Fever\".", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "14988523", "score": "1.6729584", "text": "Brad Suggs Brad Suggs is a singer and songwriter, but best known as a guitarist that contributed greatly to the legacy of Phillips' Sun and Phillips' International labels. His name is widely unknown although he appeared on more than eight Sun and Phillips International records. Brad Suggs, born Luther Bradley “Pee Wee” Suggs (also known as “LB” and “Junior,”) was born in 1933 in North Carolina. Suggs was one of twelve children born to his parents on their farm near Raleigh, North Carolina. Suggs first began playing guitar professionally with the Loden Family in North Carolina. Sonny James (born Sonny", "title": "Brad Suggs" }, { "id": "5039402", "score": "1.6608999", "text": "The class performed Curtis's \"Name It You Got It\". Also in 2008, he presented his own chat show titled \"Suggs in the City\". The show, set in the Soho members club The Colony Room, aired on ITV London on Thursday nights. In October 2008, he presented a new culture series called \"Suggs' Italian Job\" which was aired on Sky Arts, following the singer around Italy's most culturally significant hot spots. In 2009, Suggs performed with Zoë Ball in \"Let's Dance\" For Comic Relief dancing to \"You Can Never Tell\" from \"Pulp Fiction\" but was eliminated. He also appeared in an", "title": "Suggs (singer)" }, { "id": "14988527", "score": "1.660788", "text": "confirmed that \"at least\" Suggs’ guitar playing appears on the following recordings (1): Brad Suggs Brad Suggs is a singer and songwriter, but best known as a guitarist that contributed greatly to the legacy of Phillips' Sun and Phillips' International labels. His name is widely unknown although he appeared on more than eight Sun and Phillips International records. Brad Suggs, born Luther Bradley “Pee Wee” Suggs (also known as “LB” and “Junior,”) was born in 1933 in North Carolina. Suggs was one of twelve children born to his parents on their farm near Raleigh, North Carolina. Suggs first began playing", "title": "Brad Suggs" }, { "id": "5039386", "score": "1.6544085", "text": "entering the UK Top 10 at No. 7. Its music video featured appearances from Madness bandmates Mike Barson and Chas Smash. This was followed by \"Camden Town\", a homage to Suggs's favourite part of London, which reached No. 14 in the UK. In December of that year, Suggs released \"The Christmas E.P.\" featuring his song \"The Tune\" (co-written with Mike Barson) plus covers of \"Sleigh Ride\" and \"Alright\" by Supergrass. In 1996 the third single from the album, a version of the Simon & Garfunkel song \"Cecilia\", became his most successful release, peaking at No. 4 in the UK and", "title": "Suggs (singer)" } ]

[ "australocentrist", "pax australiana", "iso 3166 1 au", "australian s", "australian", "ostralia", "austraila", "Imperial Australia", "australia commonwealth", "straya", "austrlaia", "Australia (nation state)", "Australian Commonwealth", "Technology in Australia", "Australian geopolitics", "orstraya", "Australia (federation)", "technology in australia", "philosophy in australia", "science in australia", "australia federation", "Australia (state)", "australia constitutional monarchy", "Federal Australia", "australia nation", "ISO 3166-1:AU", "Austalia", "Etymology of Australia", "australian country life", "Australian city life", "Empire of Australia", "Australocentrist", "Science in Australia", "mainland australia", "Austraila", "empire of australia", "Austrlaia", "australia monarchy", "Geopolitics of Australia", "Commonwealth of Australia", "Peace of Australia", "Ausrtalia", "modern australia", "Mainland Australia", "Asutralia", "aussieland", "continental australia", "peace of australia", "australian commonwealth", "austrailia", "The Commonwealth of Australia", "federal australia", "australia state", "geopolitics of australia", "Australia (Commonwealth)", "New Australian", "austalia", "australias", "Australia's", "Australia.", "Ostralia", "Austraya", "Australia (empire)", "AustraliA", "dominion of australia", "country life in australia", "australian woman s day", "australia commonwealth realm", "Aussieland", "Philosophy in Australia", "AUSTRALIA", "Modern Australia", "australia", "australian geopolitics", "australia dominion", "australia country", "Australia (commonwealth realm)", "Dominion of Australia", "Australlia", "commonwealth australia", "commonwealth of australia", "Australo", "Australia (nation-state)", "ausrtalia", "Orstraya", "Australija", "austrlia", "Austrlia", "australie", "asutralia", "new australian", "Straya", "Commonwealth of australia", "united states of australia", "australian city life", "Australiia", "australia s", "australo", "Country life in Australia", "Australia (dominion)", "United States of Australia", "Austrailia", "australia realm", "Australian country life", "imperial australia", "australiia", "etymology of australia", "australia nation state", "australien", "city life in australia", "Australocentric", "Australia (country)", "Australai", "australai", "Australie", "Australian's", "australlia", "Australian Woman's Day", "Australia", "austraya", "Australien", "City life in Australia", "Australia (Commonwealth realm)", "australija", "Pax Australiana", "AUSTRALIAN", "Australian mainland", "Australia (constitutional monarchy)", "Australocentrism", "australian mainland", "australocentric", "Australia (nation)", "australia empire", "Australia (commonwealth)", "Australo-", "Australia (realm)", "Commonwealth Australia", "Continental Australia", "australocentrism", "Australias", "Australia (monarchy)" ]

[ { "id": "2819649", "score": "2.0040116", "text": "transactions. Green and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton-top tamarin (\"Saguinus oedipus\"). Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard-affiliated New England Regional Primate Research Center into the exotic pet trade through the aforementioned loophole, but in October 1976, over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States in order to beat the official listing of the species under the ESA. Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of", "title": "Endangered Species Act of 1973" }, { "id": "13554302", "score": "1.8573639", "text": "fuel wider deforestation in the Amazon over the next two decades. Mura's saddleback tamarin Mura's saddleback tamarin (\"Saguinus fuscicollis mura\") is a subspecies of monkey that was first seen by scientists in 2007 in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. The monkey, which is mostly gray and brown, weighs , is tall, and has a tail. According to the discoverers of this new subspecies, Mura's saddleback tamarin is threatened by several planned development projects in the region, including a proposed gas pipeline, two hydroelectric dams currently in the beginning stages of construction, and, most notably, a major highway cutting through the", "title": "Mura's saddleback tamarin" }, { "id": "14301099", "score": "1.8553958", "text": "Bird Day, Black Bear Awareness Day, and Endangered Species Day. In January 2015, two critically endangered monkeys died at the zoo after a caretaker left them overnight outside in the cold. The cotton-top tamarin monkeys, weighing less than one pound each, were left outside on Jan. 7, when temperatures were as low as 30 degrees in Alexandria, La. that night. One other individual survived. The monkeys’ native habitat is northern Colombia’s tropical forests and they require temperatures between 76 and 85 degrees. Only 6,000 monkeys are estimated to remain in the wild. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, which", "title": "Alexandria Zoological Park" }, { "id": "6746668", "score": "1.8531744", "text": "in the Country Park. According to park wardens, since 2006 about 38 animal traps have been found in the park. An animal rights volunteer group was formed in 2007 when people discovered illegal hunting activities in the park. Dead monkeys wounded with sharp objects have been found in the park since 2007. On 3 March 2009 a dead monkey was found with a loop trap around its leg with body stab wounds. According to rights group, 300 wild monkeys were slaughtered for mainland China in May 2009. A man also used a BB gun to shoot the monkeys and shot", "title": "Kam Shan Country Park" }, { "id": "4542782", "score": "1.8466719", "text": "when CITES gave them the highest level of protection and all international trade was banned. Now, the species is at risk due to large-scale habitat destruction, as the lowland forest in northwestern Colombia where the cotton-top tamarin is found has been reduced to 5% of its previous area. It is currently classified as critically endangered and is one of the rarest primates in the world, with only 6,000 individuals left in the wild. \"S. oedipus\" has the common names \"cotton-top tamarin\" and \"cotton-headed tamarin\" in English. Its name comes from the white hair that spans its head and flows down", "title": "Cotton-top tamarin" }, { "id": "4542780", "score": "1.8358533", "text": "Cotton-top tamarin The cotton-top tamarin (\"Saguinus oedipus\") is a small New World monkey weighing less than . This New World Monkey can live up to 24 years old, but most of them die at 13 years old. One of the smallest primates, the cotton-top tamarin is easily recognized by the long, white sagittal crest extending from its forehead to its shoulders. The species is found in tropical forest edges and secondary forests in northwestern Colombia, where it is arboreal and diurnal. Its diet includes insects and plant exudates, and it is an important seed disperser in the tropical ecosystem. The", "title": "Cotton-top tamarin" }, { "id": "3793238", "score": "1.8234639", "text": "crested macaques were kept here until they moved to 'Islands' in 2015. Visitors enter the monkey house and view the animals from a central corridor. Each species has a glass-fronted indoor enclosure with climbing apparatus and an outdoor enclosure, moated and heavily planted. Miniature Monkeys, opened in May 2004, consists of two enclosures. The first is home to a pair of pied tamarins with pygmy marmosets, and the second is shared by three emperor tamarins and three golden-headed lion tamarins. Azara's agoutis, Geoffrey's marmosets, black-tailed marmosets, black lion tamarins, Red Titi and white-faced sakis have also been housed here in", "title": "Chester Zoo" }, { "id": "4542822", "score": "1.8192711", "text": "°F. One other individual survived. Cotton-top tamarin The cotton-top tamarin (\"Saguinus oedipus\") is a small New World monkey weighing less than . This New World Monkey can live up to 24 years old, but most of them die at 13 years old. One of the smallest primates, the cotton-top tamarin is easily recognized by the long, white sagittal crest extending from its forehead to its shoulders. The species is found in tropical forest edges and secondary forests in northwestern Colombia, where it is arboreal and diurnal. Its diet includes insects and plant exudates, and it is an important seed disperser", "title": "Cotton-top tamarin" }, { "id": "13554301", "score": "1.811795", "text": "Mura's saddleback tamarin Mura's saddleback tamarin (\"Saguinus fuscicollis mura\") is a subspecies of monkey that was first seen by scientists in 2007 in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. The monkey, which is mostly gray and brown, weighs , is tall, and has a tail. According to the discoverers of this new subspecies, Mura's saddleback tamarin is threatened by several planned development projects in the region, including a proposed gas pipeline, two hydroelectric dams currently in the beginning stages of construction, and, most notably, a major highway cutting through the Amazon that is currently being paved. Conservationists fear the highway could", "title": "Mura's saddleback tamarin" }, { "id": "4542818", "score": "1.8099313", "text": "While this may appear to be a result from a very primitive form of communication, Roush and Snowdon (2005) maintain that the food-calling behavior confers some mentally representable information about food to recipient tamarins. The wild population is estimated at 6,000 individuals, with 2,000 adults. This species is critically endangered, and was listed in \"The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates between 2008 and 2012.\" The publication lists highly endangered primate species and is released every two years by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group. The cotton-top tamarin was not selected for the 2012–2014", "title": "Cotton-top tamarin" }, { "id": "6540538", "score": "1.7870703", "text": "densities, slow maturation, and low reproductive rate, have led to a predicted decline of at least 80% over the next three generations. This and its restricted geographic distribution have led to this species' current critically endangered status. Conservation work started soon after the species was rediscovered in the mid-1970s. This pioneering work by the Peruvian NGO APECO led to the creation of three protected areas, Rio Abiseo National Park, Alto Mayo Protected Forest, and Cordillera de Colán National Sanctuary. From the mid-1980s until recently, further conservation or research efforts were minimal. Starting in 2007, though, British NGO Neotropical Primate Conservation", "title": "Yellow-tailed woolly monkey" }, { "id": "20053050", "score": "1.7688832", "text": "seniculus\"), common squirrel monkey (\"Saimiri sciureus\"), bare-eared squirrel monkey (\"Saimiri ustus\") and red-handed tamarin (\"Saguinus midas\"). Endemic primates include Hoffmanns's titi (\"Callicebus hoffmannsi\"), ashy black titi (\"Callicebus cinerascens\"), Hershkovitz's titi (\"Callicebus dubius\"), Santarem marmoset (\"Mico humeralifer\") and white-footed saki (\"Pithecia albicans\"). Endangered primate include white-bellied spider monkey (\"Ateles belzebuth\"), Peruvian spider monkey (\"Ateles chamek\"), white-cheeked spider monkey (\"Ateles marginatus\"), white-nosed saki (\"Chiropotes albinasus\"), black bearded saki (\"Chiropotes satanas\") and pied tamarin (\"Saguinus bicolor\"). 681 species of birds have been reported, including herons and egrets (Egretta and Ardea genera), whistling ducks (Dendrocygninae family), sharp-tailed ibis (\"Cercibis oxycerca)\", ibis (Theristicus genus), and", "title": "Monte Alegre várzea" }, { "id": "9041707", "score": "1.7638439", "text": "entire colony of eleven black-tufted marmosets were stolen, the only breeding colony in Britain, wrecking 13 years of the zoo's attempts to protect the highly endangered animals. The thieves' haul also included a pair of white-fronted marmosets, a pair of cockatoos and a pair of amazon parrots. It is believed that the animals were stolen 'to order'. Two of the marmosets have since been recovered. In September 2006 the zoo acquired a pair of howler monkeys, called \"Greeb\" and \"Wing\", to act as a 'burglar alarm'. This move was prompted by the theft of the marmosets earlier in the year.", "title": "Exmoor Zoo" }, { "id": "11918083", "score": "1.7628965", "text": "The park has few large specimens of the former two due to overexploitation, and specimens are rarely found in the surrounding surrounding the park. The latter, \"D. louvelii\", is not found outside of the park. Marojejy National Park is best known for its two iconic species, the helmet vanga (\"Euryceros prevostii\") and the critically endangered silky sifaka or \"simpona\" (\"Propithecus candidus\"). The silky sifaka has been listed as one of \"The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates\" since the inception of the list in 2000. According to estimates, fewer than 1,000 individuals of this species remain, and none exist in captivity.", "title": "Marojejy National Park" }, { "id": "14798042", "score": "1.7587693", "text": "list, four species were removed because of increased conservation efforts: the black lion tamarin (\"Leontopithecus chrysopygus\"), golden lion tamarin (\"Leontopithecus rosalia\"), mountain gorilla (\"Gorilla beringei beringei\"), and Perrier's sifaka (\"Propithecus perrieri\"). In 2008, the black lion tamarin went from critically endangered to endangered and the golden lion tamarin was similarly promoted in 2003 after three decades of collaborative conservation efforts by zoos and other institutions. Well-protected species such as these still have very small populations, and due to deforestation, new habitat is still needed for their long-term survival. The Hainan black crested gibbon (\"Nomascus hainanus\"), which was removed from the", "title": "The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates" }, { "id": "15353225", "score": "1.7519617", "text": "law regulates ownership. In 1975, the Center for Disease Control prohibited their import into the US for use as pets. The breeding industry uses descendants of animals imported before 1975. Non-human primates of various species, including those listed as endangered, such as cottontop tamarins, baboons, chimpanzees, Diana monkeys, lemurs and gibbons are still available for purchase in the US, although due to captive breeding, this does not affect wild populations. For example, chimpanzees are popular in some areas despite their strength, aggression, and wild nature. Even in areas where keeping non-human primates as pets is illegal, the exotic pet trade", "title": "Exotic pet" }, { "id": "2918778", "score": "1.7462108", "text": "predators are domestic and feral cats and dogs. Because of the destruction of its natural habitat, the species is at risk. However, the species also occurs in several protected areas. Major protected areas outside Manaus include: Major protected areas within Manaus include: Pied tamarin The pied tamarin (\"Saguinus bicolor\") is an endangered primate species found in a restricted area in the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. This New World monkey is found within and just north of the city limits of Manaus, the capital of the Amazonas state of Brazil. The main distribution is in the rio Cuieiras and rio Preto da", "title": "Pied tamarin" }, { "id": "5646233", "score": "1.7452791", "text": "the Antilles. Circa 31 mammal species are found on the island, four of which (the red-tailed squirrel \"Sciurus granatensis nesaeus\", the eastern cottontail rabbit \"Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae\", the white-tailed dear \"Odocoileus virginianus margaritae\", and the capuchin monkey \"Cebus apella margaritae\") are endemic subspecies, with the main populations located inside the national park. The Margarita capuchin monkey is considered to be the country's most threatened primate species and is critically endangered. La Asunción La Asunción () is a city in Venezuela. The capital of Nueva Esparta state (made up of three islands), it lies on the Isla Margarita in the Caribbean", "title": "La Asunción" }, { "id": "2918775", "score": "1.7439349", "text": "Pied tamarin The pied tamarin (\"Saguinus bicolor\") is an endangered primate species found in a restricted area in the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. This New World monkey is found within and just north of the city limits of Manaus, the capital of the Amazonas state of Brazil. The main distribution is in the rio Cuieiras and rio Preto da Eva interfluvium. Pied tamarins are also found in the adjacent rio Preto da Eva and rio Urubu interfluvium, but are comparatively rare. There appears to be interspecific competition between the pied tamarin and the red-handed tamarin with the red-handed tamarin gradually displacing", "title": "Pied tamarin" }, { "id": "4542804", "score": "1.7425716", "text": "cotton-top punishing another primate after watching that individual perform a similar action. Another way to look at punishment in cotton-top tamarins is by observing their aggressive behavioral responses within and between groups, as well as between species. The cotton-top tamarin, like many marmosets, other tamarins, and specifically those in the genus \"Saguinus\", stages aggressive displays almost exclusively towards fellow monkeys that belong to the same gender. These intrasexual displays of aggression are more frequent in females, and are vital when a breeding female is forcing both subadult and adult females to emigrate out of a familial group. Though aggression can", "title": "Cotton-top tamarin" } ]

[ "Rainier", "rainier", "Rainier (disambiguation)", "rainier disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "13239810", "score": "1.4987081", "text": "thought to be inactive, had a series of eruptions in 1980. In 1981, the caldera lake volcano Lake Shikotsu erupted in Hokkaidō, followed in 1982 by Mount Tarumae, which is located on its shores. Mount Kusatsu-Shirane in Kusatsu, Gunma Prefecture, erupted in 1983. The Kaitoku Seamount erupted in 1984, Mount Tokachi—located in Hokkaidō—and Izu-Tobu—located on the Izu Peninsula—erupted in 1989. Emperor Showa died in the year 1989 after serving his people for more than 60 years. Akihito acceded to the throne in 1989, and is the 20th most senior monarch or lifelong leader. He is the world's only reigning monarch", "title": "1980s in Japan" }, { "id": "1362698", "score": "1.4722357", "text": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco Rainier III (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi; 31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005) ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest ruling monarchs in European history. Though internationally known for his marriage to American actress Grace Kelly, he was also responsible for reforms to Monaco's constitution and for expanding the principality's economy beyond its traditional casino gambling base. Gambling accounts for only approximately three percent of the nation's annual revenue today; when Rainier ascended the throne in 1949, it accounted for more than 95 percent. Rainier", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": "10466521", "score": "1.4668217", "text": "and later King of Swaziland. He ruled for 82 years, 8 months, 11 days. The longest current reigning male monarch is Hassanal Bolkiah, who is the Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of Brunei (\"(he) who is Lord\"), an absolute monarch of Brunei Darussalam. The longest current reigning constitutional male monarch is Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, who is the King of Sweden of the Kingdom of Sweden. The longest reigning female monarch ever known was Eleanor of Aquitaine, who ruled the Duchy of Aquitaine as a feudal absolute monarch under the title of Duchess of Aquitaine. She ruled for 66 years,", "title": "Records of heads of state" }, { "id": "1362705", "score": "1.4563687", "text": "(He suspended the previous constitution in 1959, saying that it \"has hindered the administrative and political life of the country.\") The changes ended autocratic rule, placing power with the prince and a National Council of eighteen elected members. At the time of his death, he was the world's second longest-serving living head of state (independent), ranking just below the King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej. After a year-long courtship described as containing \"a good deal of rational appraisal on both sides\" (\"The Times\", 7 April 2005, page 59), Prince Rainier married Oscar-winning American actress Grace Kelly (1929–1982) in 1956. The ceremonies", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "id": "17745750", "score": "1.4453793", "text": "Hery Rajaonarimampianina Hery Martial Rajaonarimampianina Rakotoarimanana (; ; born November 6, 1958) is a Malagasy politician who was President of Madagascar from January 2014 to September 2018, resigning to run for re-election. Previously he served as Minister of Finance under President Andry Rajoelina, and he was the Rajoelina political movement's candidate in the 2013 presidential election. He won the vote in a second round, defeating Jean-Louis Robinson, the candidate of Marc Ravalomanana's party. Once he was elected, Rajaonarimampianina holds the world record of the Head of State with the longest name (44 characters) as well as family name (19 characters).", "title": "Hery Rajaonarimampianina" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Hawaii" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "El Salvador" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Italy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Ring of Fire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Columbia River" }, { "id": "10535722", "score": "1.4447019", "text": "the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015. She is also the \"longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era\". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over Canada (New France) for longer than Elizabeth.) She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015. She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016, and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe", "title": "Elizabeth II" }, { "id": "1891548", "score": "1.4350836", "text": "he declared war on the Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, a Spanish co-prince of Andorra. In 1976, a short-lived monarchy, the \"Central African Empire\" was created when dictator, Jean-Bédel Bokassa of the Central African Republic proclaimed himself \"Emperor Bokassa I\". In 1977, he held a lavish coronation ceremony. In 1860, a French adventurer Orelie-Antoine de Tounens proclaimed the \"Kingdom of Araucania\" in Chile with the support of local Mapuche chiefs. He called himself \"Orllie-Antoine I\". In 1862, he was arrested and deported by the Chilean government. In 1915, the president of China, Yuan Shikai, declared a restoration of the Chinese monarchy,", "title": "Self-proclaimed monarchy" }, { "id": "10466528", "score": "1.4326165", "text": "of Navarre was the tallest head of state. He was the King of Kingdom of Navarre. His remains were measured to indicate a height of at least . President Benito Juárez of Mexico was reportedly the shortest world leader, standing at . According to legends, the youngest ruler is Shapur II who was crowned \"in utero\" when a crown was placed on the belly of Hormizd II 's wife after Hormizd II died. However, according to Shapur Shahbazi, it is unlikely. Other claims as the youngest ruler include John I of France and Alfonso XIII of Spain who were both", "title": "Records of heads of state" }, { "id": "10466523", "score": "1.4227229", "text": "United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand, since February 6, 1952, but all of the other countries she is at present queen of had yet to gain independence at the time of her accession. The longest-serving non-royal head of state in the 20th and 21st centuries was Fidel Castro, who held the titles of Prime Minister of Cuba, First Secretary of the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the United Party for the Socialist Revolution of Cuba, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba, President of the Council of State, and", "title": "Records of heads of state" }, { "id": "9889560", "score": "1.4177942", "text": "Pakubuwono XII Pakubuwono XII (also transliterated Pakubuwana XII) (reigned 1944 – 11 June 2004) was the twelfth Susuhunan (ruler of Surakarta) and the longest ruling of all monarchs in Javanese history. His reign involved being under Japanese power during the second world war, and through the Sukarno and Suharto eras - in effect three eras in which traditional Javanese power had been both respected and challenged. Towards the end of his reign he was able to enable the claim of his palaces' context in the modern Indonesia by the publication of \"Karaton Surakarta. A look into the court of Surakarta", "title": "Pakubuwono XII" }, { "id": "624158", "score": "1.4142767", "text": "Serbia, which was Russia's ally. That activated a system of alliances which resulted in World War I. Franz Joseph died on 21 November 1916, after ruling his domains for almost 68 years as one of the longest reigning monarchs in modern history. He was succeeded by his grandnephew Charles. Franz Joseph was born in the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna (on the 65th death anniversary of Francis of Lorraine), the eldest son of Archduke Franz Karl (the younger son of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II), and his wife Princess Sophie of Bavaria. Because his uncle, from 1835 the Emperor Ferdinand, was", "title": "Franz Joseph I of Austria" }, { "id": "2368915", "score": "1.4129605", "text": "Minister Helen Clark, Fijian Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase, Vanuatu president Kalkot Mataskelekele, the American Samoan Governor Togiola Tulafono, Niue Premier Vivian Young, and the Duke of Gloucester, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth II. The funeral blended Christian and ancient Polynesian burial rites. The funeral was overseen by the Royal undertaker Lauaki and his men of the Haʻatufunga (clan), also known as the \"nima tapu\" (sacred hands). According to the \"International Herald Tribune\", \"Tupou IV's 41-year reign made him one of the world's longest-serving sovereigns\", after Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej; Queen Elizabeth II, as queen of Australia, Barbados, Canada, Jamaica, New", "title": "Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV" }, { "id": "2384275", "score": "1.4128525", "text": "the longest serving non-royal rulers since 1900. Bongo was criticized for in effect having worked for himself, his family and local elites and not for Gabon and its people. For instance, French green politician Eva Joly claimed that during Bongo's long reign, despite an oil-led GDP per capita growth to one of the highest levels in Africa, Gabon built only 5 km of freeway a year and still had one of the world's highest infant mortality rates by the time of his death in 2009. After Bongo's death in June 2009, his son Ali Bongo—who had long been assigned key", "title": "Omar Bongo" }, { "id": "11531477", "score": "1.4110894", "text": "Khengarji III Maharajadhiraj Mirza Maharao Sir Khengarji III Sawai Bahadur (23 August 1866 – 15 January 1942) was a progressive and one of the longest ruling monarchs of the world and also the longest ruling king of the Princely State of Cutch from 1875 to 1942. He ascended the throne in 1875 after his father Maharao Shri Pragmalji II died on 19 December 1875. He ascended the throne on 3 January 1876 and reigned under a Council of Regency until he came of age, 11 August 1884 and was invested with full ruling powers, 14 November 1884. In 1892, during", "title": "Khengarji III" }, { "id": "10466527", "score": "1.4100586", "text": "generations, from Osman I to Mehmed VI for 623 years. (See List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire.) The highest post-nominal number representing a member of a royal house is 75, used by Count Heinrich LXXV Reuss (r. 1800–1801). All male members of the branch were named Heinrich, and were successively numbered from 1 upwards, from the beginning of each century. The heaviest monarch is believed to have been Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, King of Tonga from 1965 to 2006 who at his peak in 1976 was measured as , though he subsequently lost around 40% of his weight. Sancho VII", "title": "Records of heads of state" }, { "id": "10466522", "score": "1.4033744", "text": "11 months, and 23 days. The longest reigning female constitutional monarch ever is Elizabeth II, who is currently the Queen of the United Kingdom and other commonwealth realms. She has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, since February 6, 1952, but all of the other countries she is at present queen of had yet to gain independence at the time of her accession. The longest current reigning female monarch is Elizabeth II, who is the Queen of the United Kingdom and other commonwealth realms, and is a constitutional monarch. She has been Queen of the", "title": "Records of heads of state" }, { "id": "3559646", "score": "1.3986474", "text": "queen regnant and female head of state in world history. In 2016, she became the longest currently serving head of state and longest currently reigning monarch. In China, Wu Zetian became the Chinese empress regnant and established the Zhou Dynasty after dismissing her sons. The Empress Wu used the title \"huangdi\" (皇帝, \"emperor\") and in many European sources, is referred to as a female emperor rather than an empress regnant. A few decades earlier in Korea, Queen Seondeok of Silla and Jindeok of Silla developed the term \"yeowang\" (여왕, \"female king\") to refer to themselves, using the title instead of", "title": "Queen regnant" }, { "id": "739520", "score": "1.3984721", "text": "of Utrecht forbade any future possibility of unifying the French and Spanish thrones. Philip was the first member of the French House of Bourbon to rule as king of Spain. The sum of his two reigns, 45 years and 21 days, is the longest in modern Spanish history. Philip was born at the Palace of Versailles in France the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, the heir apparent to the throne of France, and his wife Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, \"Dauphine Victoire\". He was a younger brother of Louis, Duke of Burgundy, the father of Louis XV of France.", "title": "Philip V of Spain" }, { "id": "5225761", "score": "1.3938324", "text": "in all the Asian Subcontinents, and islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. However, it was under his son Philip III of Spain that the Spanish Empire acquired its largest extension. Philip III and his son Philip IV of Spain were also kings of Portugal among other territories besides Spain, which made both of them the rulers of the greatest extension on earth of all time, simply by joining the global territories of Spain and Portugal empires account for more extension than any other king has ever ruled. In 1585, Giovanni Battista Guarini wrote \"Il pastor fido\" to mark", "title": "The empire on which the sun never sets" }, { "id": "2153619", "score": "1.3932948", "text": "\"2012: The Return of Quetzalcoatl\" (2006), also uses the name \"Votan\" in reference to Pakal. K'inich Janaab' Pakal K'inich Janaab Pakal I (, also known as Pacal, Pacal the Great, 8 Ahau and Sun Shield (March 603 – August 683), was \"ajaw\" of the Maya city-state of Palenque in the Late Classic period of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican chronology. He acceded to the throne in July 615 and ruled until his death. During a reign of 68 years, the longest known regnal period in the history of the Americas, the 30th longest worldwide and longest until Frederick III in the 15th century,", "title": "K'inich Janaab' Pakal" } ]

[ "Female lead", "female lead", "leading lady", "Leading lady" ]

[ { "id": "13027091", "score": "1.453078", "text": "a consensus on the matter and stated that the \"...subject divides the profession\". In 2009, the \"Los Angeles Times\" stated that \"Actress\" remains the common term used in major acting awards given to female recipients (e.g., Academy Award for Best Actress). With regard to the cinema of the United States, the gender-neutral term \"player\" was common in film in the silent film era and the early days of the Motion Picture Production Code, but in the 2000s in a film context, it is generally deemed archaic. However, \"player\" remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of", "title": "Actor" }, { "id": "11936264", "score": "1.3779535", "text": "enjoyable and joyfully entered into. Actresses are usually presented as always being available and willing to engage in any sex acts that their on-screen partner, as the proxy of the viewer, wishes. Depending on the genre of a film, the on-screen appearance and physical features of the main actors and their ability to create the sexual mood of the film is of critical importance. Most actors specialize in certain genres, such as lesbian sex, bondage, strap-on sex, anal sex, double penetration, semen swallowing, teenage women, interracial or MILFs. Sex acts may be simulated or unsimulated. Irrespective of the genre, most", "title": "Pornographic film actor" }, { "id": "13027088", "score": "1.3688052", "text": "time of William Shakespeare, only men could become actors, and women's roles were generally played by men or boys. After the English Restoration of 1660, women began to appear on stage in England. In modern times, particularly in pantomime and some operas, women occasionally play the roles of boys or young men. After 1660 in England, when women first started to appear on stage, the terms \"actor\" or \"actress\" were initially used interchangeably for female performers, but later, influenced by the French , \"actress\" became the commonly used term for women in theater and film. The etymology is a simple", "title": "Actor" }, { "id": "13027089", "score": "1.366689", "text": "derivation from \"actor\" with added. When referring to groups of performers of both sexes, \"actors\" is preferred. \"Actor\" is also used before the full name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the neutral term dates to the post-war period of the 1950 and '60s, when the contributions of women to cultural life in general were being reviewed. When \"The Observer\" and \"The Guardian\" published their new joint style guide in 2010, it stated \"Use ['actor'] for both male and female actors; do not use actress except when in name of award, e.g. Oscar", "title": "Actor" }, { "id": "13062882", "score": "1.3558037", "text": "is an actor or actress, often a popular one, and in many cases, a celebrity who plays a central character in a film. Occasionally the word can also be used to refer to the fame of other members of the crew, such as a director or other personality, such as Martin Scorsese. A \"crew\" is usually interpreted as the people involved in a film's physical construction outside cast participation, and it could include directors, film editors, photographers, grips, gaffers, set decorators, prop masters, and costume designers. A person can both be part of a film's cast and crew, such as", "title": "Film" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Silent film\n\nA silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound (or more generally, no audible dialogue). Though silent films convey narrative and emotion visually, various plot elements (such as a setting or era) or key lines of dialogue may, when necessary, be conveyed by the use of title cards.\n\nThe term \"silent film\" is something of a misnomer, as these films were almost always accompanied by live sounds. During the silent era that existed from the mid-1890s to the late 1920s, a pianist, theater organist—or even, in large cities, a small orchestra—would often play music to accompany the films. Pianists and organists would play either from sheet music, or improvisation. Sometimes a person would even narrate the inter-title cards for the audience. Though at the time the technology to synchronize sound with the film did not exist, music was seen as an essential part of the viewing experience. \"Silent film\" is typically used as a historical term to describe an era of cinema prior to the invention of synchronized sound, but it also applies to such sound-era films as \"City Lights,\", \"Modern Times\", \"Silent Movie\" and \"The Artist\", which are accompanied by a music-only soundtrack in place of dialogue.\n\nThe term \"silent film\" is a retronym—a term created to retroactively distinguish something from later developments. Early sound films, starting with \"The Jazz Singer\" in 1927, were variously referred to as the \"talkies\", \"sound films\", or \"talking pictures\". The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is older than film (it was suggested almost immediately after Edison introduced the phonograph in 1877), and some early experiments had the projectionist manually adjusting the frame rate to fit the sound, but because of the technical challenges involved, the introduction of synchronized dialogue became practical only in the late 1920s with the perfection of the Audion amplifier tube and the advent of the Vitaphone system. Within a decade, the widespread production of silent films for popular entertainment had ceased, and the industry had moved fully into the sound era, in which movies were accompanied by synchronized sound recordings of spoken dialogue, music and sound effects.\n\nMost early motion pictures are considered lost because the nitrate film used in that era was extremely unstable and flammable. Additionally, many films were deliberately destroyed because they had negligible continuing financial value in this era. It has often been claimed that around 75 percent of silent films produced in the US have been lost, though these estimates may be inaccurate due to a lack of numerical data.", "title": "Silent film" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Film\n\nA film also called a movie, motion picture, moving picture, picture, photoplay or (slang) flick is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere through the use of moving images. These images are generally accompanied by sound and, more rarely, other sensory stimulations. The word \"cinema\", short for cinematography, is often used to refer to filmmaking and the film industry, and to the art form that is the result of it.", "title": "Film" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Actor\n\nAn actor or actress is a person who portrays a character in a performance. The actor performs \"in the flesh\" in the traditional medium of the theatre or in modern media such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is (), literally \"one who answers\". The actor's interpretation of a rolethe art of actingpertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. This can also be considered an \"actor's role,\" which was called this due to scrolls being used in the theaters. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is \"playing themselves\", as in some forms of experimental performance art.\n\nFormerly, in ancient Greece and the medieval world, and in England at the time of William Shakespeare, only men could become actors, and women's roles were generally played by men or boys. While Ancient Rome did allow female stage performers, only a small minority of them were given speaking parts. The commedia dell'arte of Italy, however, allowed professional women to perform early on; Lucrezia Di Siena, whose name is on a contract of actors from 10 October 1564, has been referred to as the first Italian actress known by name, with Vincenza Armani and Barbara Flaminia as the first primadonnas and the first well-documented actresses in Italy (and in Europe). After the English Restoration of 1660, women began to appear onstage in England. In modern times, particularly in pantomime and some operas, women occasionally play the roles of boys or young men.", "title": "Actor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Casting (performing arts)\n\nIn the performing arts industry such as theatre, film, or television, casting, or a casting call, is a pre-production process for selecting a certain type of actor, dancer, singer, or extra for a particular role or part in a script, screenplay, or teleplay. This process may be used for a motion picture, television program, documentary film, music video, play, or advertisement, intended for an audience.", "title": "Casting (performing arts)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Billing (performing arts)\n\nBilling is a performing arts term used in referring to the order and other aspects of how credits are presented for plays, films, television, or other creative works. Information given in billing usually consists of the companies, actors, directors, producers, and other crew members.", "title": "Billing (performing arts)" }, { "id": "3871780", "score": "1.3547683", "text": "earlier times, these could often be ethnic stereotypes. A supporting actor should usually not upstage the starring or main actor or actress. The title of the role is usually specific to the performance; that is, a person may be a supporting actor in one film and the lead in another. In television, the term day player is used to refer to most performers with supporting speaking roles hired on a daily basis without long-term contracts. Supporting actor A supporting actor is an actor who performs a role in a play or film below that of the leading actor(s), and above", "title": "Supporting actor" }, { "id": "4017936", "score": "1.343698", "text": "lead role must also be differentiated from a starring role, which means that an actor is credited as a part of the main cast, but not that he necessarily plays the main character. Leading actor A leading actor, leading actress, star, or simply lead, plays the role of the protagonist of a film, television show or play. The word \"lead\" may also refer to the largest role in the piece and \"leading actor\" may refer to a person who typically plays such parts or an actor with a respected body of work. Some actors are typecast as leads, but most", "title": "Leading actor" }, { "id": "16802440", "score": "1.3434956", "text": "his actors as shifting characters. “So, at all times, all of the actors are all of the characters.” “The audience can neither immediately nor continually identify a specific character with a specific actor,” says Paquette. “It democratizes the three characters.” Other films that employ two or more actors to perform a single character include Todd Solondz's \"Palindromes\", wherein eight different actors of different ages, races, and genders play a 13-year-old girl named Aviva during the course of the film, and Luis Buñuel's \"That Obscure Object of Desire\", wherein two actresses, Carole Bouquet and Angela Molina, play the role of Conchita;", "title": "Perspective (film)" }, { "id": "4018019", "score": "1.3382564", "text": "Viola Davis, Gal Gadot, Mariska Hargitay, Katherine Heigl, Angelina Jolie, Scarlett Johansson, Mindy Kaling, Anna Kendrick, Nicole Kidman, Jessica Lange, Jennifer Lawrence, Blake Lively, Jennifer Lopez, Melissa McCarthy, Eva Mendes, Julianne Moore, Elisabeth Moss, Lupita Nyong'o, Sarah Paulson, Amy Poehler, Rihanna, Julia Roberts, Margot Robbie, Zoe Saldana, Hailee Steinfeld, Meryl Streep, Emma Stone, Emma Watson, Rebel Wilson, Kate Winslet, Reese Witherspoon and Sofia Vergara. Leading lady Leading lady is a term often applied to the leading actress in the performance if her character is the protagonist. It is also an informal term for the actress who plays a secondary lead,", "title": "Leading lady" }, { "id": "1784823", "score": "1.3369236", "text": "Movie star A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is an actor who is famous for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term is used for actors who are marketable stars and whose names are used to promote movies, for example in trailers and posters. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors and actresses appearing in them were not publicized or credited because producers feared this would result in demands for higher salaries. However, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By 1909, actresses such as Florence Lawrence", "title": "Movie star" }, { "id": "4017934", "score": "1.332294", "text": "Leading actor A leading actor, leading actress, star, or simply lead, plays the role of the protagonist of a film, television show or play. The word \"lead\" may also refer to the largest role in the piece and \"leading actor\" may refer to a person who typically plays such parts or an actor with a respected body of work. Some actors are typecast as leads, but most play the lead in some performances and supporting or character roles in others. Sometimes there is more than one significant leading role in a dramatic piece, and the actors are said to play", "title": "Leading actor" }, { "id": "3871779", "score": "1.3302314", "text": "Supporting actor A supporting actor is an actor who performs a role in a play or film below that of the leading actor(s), and above that of a bit part. In recognition of important nature of this work, the theater and film industries give separate awards to the best supporting actors and actresses. These range from minor roles to principal players and are often pivotal or vital to the story as in a best friend, love interest, sidekick (such as Robin in the Batman series), or antagonist (such as the villain). They are sometimes but not necessarily character roles. In", "title": "Supporting actor" }, { "id": "2353709", "score": "1.3277326", "text": "either case, character actor roles are more substantial than bit parts or non-speaking extras. The term is used primarily to describe television and film actors, and is less used to describe theater actors. An early use of the term was in the 1883 edition of \"The Stage\", which defined a character actor as \"one who portrays individualities and eccentricities\". Actors with a long career history of playing character roles may be difficult for audiences to recognize as being the same actor. Unlike leading actors, they are generally seen as less glamorous. While a leading actor often has physical beauty needed", "title": "Character actor" }, { "id": "1784835", "score": "1.3184186", "text": "as Aaron Aziz and Adi Putra. Movie star A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is an actor who is famous for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term is used for actors who are marketable stars and whose names are used to promote movies, for example in trailers and posters. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors and actresses appearing in them were not publicized or credited because producers feared this would result in demands for higher salaries. However, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By", "title": "Movie star" }, { "id": "13027090", "score": "1.3149538", "text": "for best actress.\" The guide's authors stated that \"actress comes into the same category as authoress, comedienne, manageress, 'lady doctor', 'male nurse' and similar obsolete terms that date from a time when professions were largely the preserve of one sex (usually men).\" (See \"male as norm\"). \"As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper: 'An actress can only play a woman. I'm an actor – I can play anything. The UK performers' union Equity has no policy on the use of \"actor\" or \"actress\". An Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is", "title": "Actor" }, { "id": "4175263", "score": "1.3046539", "text": "example, the title character of \"Dracula\" can be referred to as \"the titular vampire\", and the title character of \"Hamlet\" is \"the titular prince of Denmark\". Title role The title role in the performing arts is the performance part that gives the title to the piece, as in \"Aida\", \"Giselle\", \"Michael Collins\", or \"Othello\". The actor, singer, or dancer who performs that part is also said to have the \"title role\". The performer playing the title role is not always the lead and the title role may or may not be the protagonist. In the television miniseries \"Shogun\", for example,", "title": "Title role" }, { "id": "10804371", "score": "1.3033252", "text": "characters who are actors performing those texts, within a wider non-Shakespearean story. \"Hamlet\" and \"Romeo and Juliet\" are the two plays which have most often been used in this way. Usually, Shakespeare's story has some parallel or resonance with the main plot. In the 1933 Katharine Hepburn film \"Morning Glory\", for which she won her first Best Actress Academy Award, Hepburn's character Eva Lovelace becomes slightly drunk at a party and very effectively begins to recite \"To be or not to be\", when she is rudely interrupted. In James Whale's 1937 fictional biopic \"The Great Garrick\", Brian Aherne, as David", "title": "Hamlet on screen" }, { "id": "4018017", "score": "1.302573", "text": "Leading lady Leading lady is a term often applied to the leading actress in the performance if her character is the protagonist. It is also an informal term for the actress who plays a secondary lead, usually a love interest, to the leading actor in a film or play. A leading lady can also be an actress of renown. For example, Lynn Fontanne and Helen Hayes were both referred to as the \"leading lady of the theatre\" in their time. Similarly, Mary Pickford was called the \"leading lady\" of the cinema. The term has been applied to an actress who", "title": "Leading lady" }, { "id": "4281472", "score": "1.3011862", "text": "role of Josephine 'Jo' March in \"Little Women\". Best Actress Best Actress is the name of an award which is presented by various film, television and theatre organizations, festivals, and people's awards to leading actresses in a film, television series, television film or play. The first Best Actress award was awarded for acting in a film, on May 16, 1929 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) at the Academy Awards to Janet Gaynor for her role of Diane in \"7th Heaven\", Angela in \"Street Angel\" and The Wife - Indre in \"\". In theatre, it was", "title": "Best Actress" }, { "id": "995659", "score": "1.300081", "text": "unheralded performers (sometimes referred to as \"B actors\"). The term retained its earlier suggestion that such movies relied on formulaic plots, \"stock\" character types, and simplistic action or unsophisticated comedy. At the same time, the realm of the B movie was becoming increasingly fertile territory for experimentation, both serious and outlandish. Ida Lupino, a leading actress, established herself as Hollywood's sole female director of the era. In short, low-budget pictures made for her production company, The Filmakers, Lupino explored virtually taboo subjects such as rape in 1950's \"Outrage\" and 1953's self-explanatory \"The Bigamist\". Her best known directorial effort, \"The Hitch-Hiker\",", "title": "B movie" } ]

[ "la Florentine", "la florentine" ]

[ { "id": "20061441", "score": "1.5760832", "text": "Spinach soup Spinach soup is a soup prepared using spinach as a primary ingredient. The soup can be prepared as a broth-based or cream-based soup, and the latter can be referred to as \"cream of spinach soup.\" Fresh, canned or frozen spinach can be used, and the spinach can be used whole, puréed or chopped. Additional ingredients can include onion, green onion, carrot, celery, tomatoes, potatoes, lemon juice, olive oil, seasonings, salt and pepper. Spinach soup is typically served hot, but can also be served as a cold soup. Prior to being served, it can be topped or garnished with", "title": "Spinach soup" }, { "id": "20061442", "score": "1.5645201", "text": "ingredients such as sour cream and crème fraîche. Spinach soup Spinach soup is a soup prepared using spinach as a primary ingredient. The soup can be prepared as a broth-based or cream-based soup, and the latter can be referred to as \"cream of spinach soup.\" Fresh, canned or frozen spinach can be used, and the spinach can be used whole, puréed or chopped. Additional ingredients can include onion, green onion, carrot, celery, tomatoes, potatoes, lemon juice, olive oil, seasonings, salt and pepper. Spinach soup is typically served hot, but can also be served as a cold soup. Prior to being", "title": "Spinach soup" }, { "id": "18235175", "score": "1.5141456", "text": "Spinach dip Spinach dip is a dip that uses the vegetable spinach as a primary ingredient. Frozen spinach is often used in its preparation. Additional primary ingredients may include: mayonnaise, cream cheese, sour cream and cheese. Slow cookers may be used to prepare the dip. Examples of accompaniments to spinach dip include: bread, crackers and chips. Many casual restaurant chains offer spinach dip on their menus. Several commercially prepared, mass-produced spinach dips are sold in grocery stores and supermarkets. The dish is commonly eaten as an \"hors d'oeuvre\", appetizer, or party platter. The dip is well-suited to a simple presentation,", "title": "Spinach dip" }, { "id": "18235176", "score": "1.5001606", "text": "being served in a small bowl or large ramekin. A bread bowl prepared using hollowed-out bread that is filled with spinach dip is another method of presentation. Spinach dips are sometimes served at a hot temperature. Variations include spinach-artichoke dip with artichoke hearts utilized as the other primary ingredient. Ingredient variations may include beans. Some recipes use spinach dip as a filling within other foods. Spinach dip Spinach dip is a dip that uses the vegetable spinach as a primary ingredient. Frozen spinach is often used in its preparation. Additional primary ingredients may include: mayonnaise, cream cheese, sour cream and", "title": "Spinach dip" }, { "id": "18849983", "score": "1.4344196", "text": "mix, similar to the sauce base of the famous adobo dish. The Southern Chinese recipe might favour oyster sauce or fermented tofu (腐乳) seasoning. In West Java, the Chinese Indonesian version however, favours the use of \"tauco\" fermented soybeans paste as seasoning. A specific stir-fried water spinach seasoned with shrimp paste (\"belacan\" or \"terasi\") is called kangkung belacan, kangkong belacan or cah kangkung terasi. In Malay \"kangkong belacan\" means water spinach in shrimp paste seasoning. It is a popular vegetable dish in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Stir fried water spinach Stir fried water spinach is a common Asian vegetable dish", "title": "Stir fried water spinach" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Spinach soup\n\nSpinach soup is a soup prepared using spinach as a primary ingredient. and thus the spinach soup itself can be called \"emerald soup\". Fresh, canned or frozen spinach can be used, and the spinach can be used whole, puréed or chopped.<ref name=\"Spitler Yoakam 2015\"/><ref name=\"Parker-Pope 2016\"/><ref name=\"Stock 2014\"/> Additional ingredients can include onion, green onion, carrot, celery, tomatoes, potatoes, lemon juice, olive oil, seasonings, salt and pepper.<ref name=\"St. Louis Post-Dispatch 2016\"/><ref name=\"Stock 2014\"/><ref name=\"Agarwal 2014\"/><ref name=\"Kamal 2011\"/> Spinach soup is typically served hot, but can also be served as a cold soup.<ref name=\"Child 2012\"/><ref name=\"Molokhovets Toomre 1998\"/> Prior to being served, it can be topped or garnished with ingredients such as sour cream and crème fraîche.<ref name=\"Chase 1959\"/><ref name=\"Soup 2009\"/>\n\n", "title": "Spinach soup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Florentine (culinary term)\n\nFlorentine or à la Florentine is a term from classic French cuisine that refers to dishes that typically include a base of cooked spinach, a protein component and Mornay sauce. Chicken Florentine is the most popular version. Because Mornay sauce is a derivation of béchamel sauce which includes roux and requires time and skill to prepare correctly, many contemporary recipes use simpler cream based sauces.", "title": "Florentine (culinary term)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lasagna\n\nLasagna (, also , also known as lasagne, ) is a type of pasta, possibly one of the oldest types, made of very wide, flat sheets. Either term can also refer to an Italian dish made of stacked layers of lasagna alternating with fillings such as ragù (ground meats and tomato sauce), vegetables, cheeses (which may include ricotta, mozzarella, and parmesan), and seasonings and spices. The dish may be topped with grated cheese, which becomes melted after baking. Typically cooked pasta is assembled with the other ingredients and then baked in an oven. The resulting baked pasta is cut into single-serving square portions.", "title": "Lasagna" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gratin\n\nGratin () is a culinary technique in which an ingredient is topped with a browned crust, often using breadcrumbs, grated cheese, egg or butter. The term may be applied to any dish made using this method. Gratin is usually prepared in a shallow dish of some kind. A gratin is baked or cooked under an overhead grill or broiler to form a golden crust on top and is often served in its baking dish.<ref name=\"larousse2003\" />\n\nA \"gratin dish\" is a shallow oven-proof container used to prepare gratins and similar dishes.", "title": "Gratin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cornmeal\n\nCornmeal is a meal (coarse flour) or a cell membrane ground from dried corn. It is a common staple food, and is ground to coarse, medium, and fine consistencies, but not as fine as wheat flour can be. In Mexico, very finely ground cornmeal is referred to as corn flour. When fine cornmeal is made from maize that has been soaked in an alkaline solution, e.g., limewater (a process known as nixtamalization), it is called masa harina (or masa flour), which is used for making arepas, tamales and tortillas. Boiled cornmeal is called polenta in Italy and is also a traditional dish and bread substitute in Romania.", "title": "Cornmeal" }, { "id": "1464366", "score": "1.4233134", "text": "Spinach Spinach (\"Spinacia oleracea\") is an edible flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae native to central and western Asia. Its leaves are commonly eaten as a vegetable, either fresh, frozen, canned, chopped, or dehydrated. It is an annual plant (rarely biennial) growing as tall as . Spinach may overwinter in temperate regions. The leaves are alternate, simple, ovate to triangular, and very variable in size: long and broad, with larger leaves at the base of the plant and small leaves higher on the flowering stem. The flowers are inconspicuous, yellow-green, in diameter, and mature into a small, hard, dry, lumpy", "title": "Spinach" }, { "id": "4752348", "score": "1.4182937", "text": "\"spinach\" equivalent of a certain country in English, even though it is not related to the true spinach (\"Spinacia oleracea\"). Examples include \"Malabar spinach\", \"Ceylon spinach\", \"Indian spinach\", \"Surinam spinach\", \"Chinese spinach\", or \"Vietnamese spinach\". Other common names include \"vine spinach\", \"red vine spinach\", \"climbing spinach\", \"creeping spinach\", \"buffalo spinach\", \"Malabar nightshade\", and \"broad bologi\". In South Asia, it is known as \"pui shak\" (পুঁই শাক) in Bengali; \"poi ni bhaji\" in Gujarati; \"basale soppu(ಬಸಳೆ ಸೊಪ್ಪು)\" in Kannada; \"valchi bhaji\" or \"daento\" or \"vauchi bhaji\" in Konkani; \"vallicheera\" (വള്ളിച്ചീര ) in Malayalam; \"mayalu\" (मायाळू) in Marathi; \"poi saaga\" (ପୋଈ ଶାଗ)", "title": "Basella alba" }, { "id": "12598125", "score": "1.4139421", "text": "recommends cooking it. Sissoo spinach can be added to quiches, pies, curries, dals, pasta sauces, lasagna or added to dishes and stir-fries late in the cooking process as a spinach substitute and to add a nutty flavour. Sissoo spinach Sissoo spinach, also known as Brazilian spinach, Sambu or Samba lettuce, is a tropical edible groundcover of the genus \"Alternanthera\" used as a leaf vegetable. Although it is referred to scientifically as Alternanthera sissoo , there are no known scientific descriptions of its taxonomy. Sissoo spinach is a vigorous and spreading groundcover about 30 cm high with crinkly leaves, rooting at", "title": "Sissoo spinach" }, { "id": "1464377", "score": "1.4049082", "text": "having a strong affinity for spinach, particularly the canned variety. He becomes physically stronger after consuming it. Spinach Spinach (\"Spinacia oleracea\") is an edible flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae native to central and western Asia. Its leaves are commonly eaten as a vegetable, either fresh, frozen, canned, chopped, or dehydrated. It is an annual plant (rarely biennial) growing as tall as . Spinach may overwinter in temperate regions. The leaves are alternate, simple, ovate to triangular, and very variable in size: long and broad, with larger leaves at the base of the plant and small leaves higher on the", "title": "Spinach" }, { "id": "4752345", "score": "1.4010568", "text": "soluble fiber. Among many other possibilities, Malabar spinach may be used to thicken soups or stir-fries with garlic and chili peppers. In the Philippines, the leaves of this vegetable is one of the main ingredients in an all vegetable dish called utan that is served over rice. It is usually cooked with sardines, onions, garlic, and parsley. In Karnataka Cuisine (Karavali and Malnad regions), the leaves and stems are used to make Basale Soppu Saaru/Curry (Especially in combination with Jackfruit seed) and soupy raita with curd. Beary Muslims of coastal Karnataka prepare Basalede kunhi Pindi (small rice dumplings smeared in", "title": "Basella alba" }, { "id": "1464368", "score": "1.4001667", "text": "\"\", meaning purportedly 'green hand', but the multiplicity of forms makes the theory doubtful. Spinach is thought to have originated in ancient Persia (modern Iran and neighboring countries). It is not known by whom, or when, spinach was introduced to India, but the plant was subsequently introduced to ancient China, where it was known as \"Persian vegetable\" (\"bōsī cài\"; 波斯菜; present:菠菜). The earliest available record of the spinach plant was recorded in Chinese, stating it was introduced into China via Nepal (probably in 647 AD). In AD 827, the Saracens introduced spinach to Sicily. The first written evidence of spinach", "title": "Spinach" }, { "id": "1464369", "score": "1.3954076", "text": "in the Mediterranean was recorded in three 10th-century works: the medical work by al-Rāzī (known as Rhazes in the West) and in two agricultural treatises, one by Ibn Waḥshīyah and the other by Qusṭus al-Rūmī. Spinach became a popular vegetable in the Arab Mediterranean and arrived in Spain by the latter part of the 12th century, where it was called \"\", 'the chieftain of leafy greens'. Spinach was also the subject of a special treatise in the 11th century by Ibn Ḥajjāj. The prickly-seeded form of spinach was known in Germany by no later than the 13th century, though the", "title": "Spinach" }, { "id": "18913782", "score": "1.3932891", "text": "incorporate spinach as a main ingredient. A recipe for a spicy soup made with eggs and broth that bears similarities to the modern-day stracciatella was recorded as early as the 15th century by Martino da Como in his \"Libro de Arte Coquinaria\" (\"The Art of Cooking\") under the name of \"zanzarelli\". The traditional preparation of stracciatella is also rather similar to that of \"sciusceddu\", a rich festive soup from Messina in Sicily that may be a cousin of the Roman dish. Stracciatella soup inspired the gelato (Italian ice-cream) flavour of the same name, which was created in 1962 by a", "title": "Stracciatella (soup)" }, { "id": "1464370", "score": "1.3900616", "text": "smooth-seeded form was not described until 1552. Spinach first appeared in England and France in the 14th century, probably via Spain, and it gained quick popularity because it appeared in early spring, when other vegetables were scarce and when Lenten dietary restrictions discouraged consumption of other foods. Spinach is mentioned in the first known English cookbook, the \"Forme of Cury\" (1390), where it is referred to as 'spinnedge' and/or 'spynoches'. Smooth-seeded spinach was described in 1552. During World War I, wine fortified with spinach juice was given to French soldiers weakened by hemorrhage. Raw spinach is 91% water, 4% carbohydrates,", "title": "Spinach" }, { "id": "1464372", "score": "1.3868023", "text": "raw spinach (table). For example, the United States Department of Agriculture states that a serving of cooked spinach contains of iron, whereas a ground hamburger patty contains . However, spinach contains iron absorption-inhibiting substances, including high levels of oxalate, which can bind to the iron to form ferrous oxalate and render much of the iron in spinach unusable by the body. In addition to preventing absorption and use, high levels of oxalates remove iron from the body. Spinach also has a moderate calcium content which can be affected by oxalates, decreasing its absorption. The calcium in spinach is among the", "title": "Spinach" }, { "id": "12598124", "score": "1.385364", "text": "matter and water. Plants are prone to leaf-eating caterpillar pests and slugs. It can be planted as a living mulch under fruit trees. Plants are propagated with softwood cuttings. The leaves are crunchy, slightly more so than the temperate climate spinach, and not slimy. Some cultivars are slightly bitter. They require steaming or boiling when eaten in large quantities because of the presence of oxalates. It is eaten alone as a green or added to other dishes as a spinach substitute. Reportedly, Brazilians usually eat it raw in salads with oil and or vinegar, tomato, and onion, although the literature", "title": "Sissoo spinach" }, { "id": "17834212", "score": "1.3832642", "text": "I say it's spinach I say it's spinach (sometimes given in full as I say it's spinach and I say the hell with it or further abbreviated to just spinach) is a twentieth-century American idiom The phrase originated as the caption of a gag cartoon published in \"The New Yorker\" on December 8, 1928. Drawn by Carl Rose and captioned by E. B. White, the cartoon shows a mother at table trying to convince her young daughter to eat her vegetable, the dialogue being What White called \"the spinach joke\" quickly became one of the \"New Yorker\" cartoon captions to", "title": "I say it's spinach" }, { "id": "10526123", "score": "1.3803486", "text": "has been thought of as having the power to calm tensions, or to cause them. Other names for the dish include Kontonmire, Kentumere, Nkontommire and pla'sas. It has regional variations and can contain beef, fish, shrimp, pepitas, cassava, taro (cocoyam) leaves, and palm oil. It is served with boiled rice, potatoes, garri, fufu or yams. Outside of Africa, spinach is often used as a substitute for other greens. The leaves used to make this soup in Liberia are called Molokhia or Mulukhiyah leaves. The meat is first cut into small pieces and is fried in palm oil in a pan,", "title": "Palaver sauce" }, { "id": "18658550", "score": "1.3757687", "text": "sometimes prepared using spinach as an additional primary ingredient. Some versions are baked in an oven, which can give them a brown crust on the top. It is sometimes served in a hollowed-out round of bread. Spinach and Artichoke dip became prominent in the 50s when eating in front of the TV became more common. These became widespread as they do not require any utensils. Consumer Packaged Goods companies like Lays, Hellman's and Lipton's helped push this trend. Artichoke dip Artichoke dip is a dip that uses artichoke as a primary ingredient. Some versions are served chunky, while others are", "title": "Artichoke dip" }, { "id": "1464374", "score": "1.3751805", "text": "three basic types of spinach are: In 2016, world production of spinach was 26.7 million tonnes, with China alone accounting for 92% of the total. The Environmental Working Group reported spinach is one of the dozen most heavily pesticide-contaminated produce products. Depending on the soil and location where the spinach is grown, spinach may be high in cadmium contamination. Spinach is sold loose, bunched, packaged fresh in bags, canned, or frozen. Fresh spinach loses much of its nutritional value with storage of more than a few days. While refrigeration slows this effect to about eight days, spinach will lose most", "title": "Spinach" } ]

[ "chunghua minkuo", "RO China", "chuka minkoku", "Ilha formosa", "Chunghwa Minkuo", "Republic of China (ROC)", "Taiwan (country)", "ilha formosa", "chunghwa republic", "China (Taiwan)", "Taiwan (nation)", "Zhonghuá Mínguó", "Taiwan (state)", "Taiwan, Republic of China", "Zhōnghuá Mín'guó", "republic of china roc", "Republic China", "Taiwan (ROC)", "china republic 1949", "tiawan", "China (Republic : 1949-)", "táiwān", "republic of china 1949–present", "Taiwan Country", "taiwan republic of china", "Taiwan country", "Tiawan", "r china", "Chuka Minkoku", "Tai-Wan", "Min Guo", "ro china", "táiwan", "republic of china 1945–71", "chung min kuo", "Chunghwaminkuo", "Jhonghuá Mínguó", "roc china", "republic of china r o c", "Republic of China(Taiwan)", "taiwan", "china republic of taiwan", "Tai-oan", "JhongHua MinGuo", "taiwan country", "free china modern", "republic of china taiwan", "Jhonghua Minguo", "tai oan", "tâi oân", "chung hua min kuo", "The Republic of China", "China (Republic of)", "Tawian", "Republic of China (Taiwan)", "Republic of China", "republic of china", "Chunghua Minkuo", "chunghwaminkuo", "Taiwan Island", "China (ROC)", "R.O.C", "minguo", "Tawan", "ISO 3166-1:TW", "ts ai tai wan te chung hua min kuo", "china republic of", "臺灣", "Chunghwa Republic", "Chūka Minkoku", "chūka minkoku", "Taiwan, ROC", "T'aiwan", "中華民國", "Chung-hua Min-kuo", "Taiwan ROC", "TPKM", "Republic of China, Taiwan", "China, Republic of (Taiwan)", "Republic of China (R.O.C.)", "Taioaan", "RoC", "Republic of China/Taiwan", "Republic of China (1949–present)", "roc", "chunghwa minkuo", "taiwan island", "Táiwān", "zhonghua minguo", "taiwan roc", "R.O. China", "iso 3166 1 tw", "Jhong-hua Min-guo", "tawan", "tawian", "taiwan nation", "台湾", "Ts'ai Tai-wan te Chung-hua Min-kuo", "tpkm", "tai wan", "Taioan", "Republic of CHina", "china roc", "TAIWAN", "china taiwan", "zhōnghuá mín guó", "zhōnghuá mínguó", "t aiwan", "taioan", "Zhonghua Minguo", "台灣", "中华民国", "republic china", "taïwan", "Taiwan (Republic of China)", "jhong hua min guo", "R China", "Táiwan", "Chung Min Kuo", "taiwan state", "Republic Of China", "min guo", "Taïwan", "Zhōnghuá Mínguó", "China, the Republic of", "r o china", "Free China (modern)", "R.o.China", "jhonghuá mínguó", "ROC (China)", "Chung-Hua Min-Kuo", "Republic of China (1945–71)", "JhongHuá MínGuó", "Tâi-oân", "r o c", "zhonghuá mínguó", "Republic of China on Taiwan", "taioaan", "Taiwan", "The R.O.C.", "China, Republic of", "Minguo", "republic of china on taiwan", "jhonghua minguo", "Republic of china" ]

[ { "id": "11266349", "score": "1.5642185", "text": "(area only 8 km2) in the northeastern part of the Bay of Bengal, about 9 km south of the tip of the Cox's Bazar-Teknaf peninsula, and forming the southernmost part of Bangladesh. There is a small adjoining island that is separated at high tide, called Chhera island. It is about 8 km west of the northwest coast of Myanmar, at the mouth of the Naf River. The first settlement started just 250 years ago by some Arabian sailors who named the island 'Zajira'. During British occupation the island was named St. Martin Island. The local names of the island are", "title": "Tourism in Bangladesh" }, { "id": "19888481", "score": "1.4839693", "text": "the Bay of Bengal. The island first appeared around 2007, formed from washed down silt from the Meghna River. The nearest inhabited land, Hatiya island is around 30 km away. News agencies quoted a regional official describing the plan as \"terrible\". The move has received substantial opposition from a number of quarters. Human rights groups have described the plan as a forced relocation. Additionally, concerns have been raised about the living conditions on the island, which is low-lying and prone to flooding. The island has been described as \"only accessible during winter and a haven for pirates\". It is nine", "title": "2016 Rohingya persecution in Myanmar" }, { "id": "20017534", "score": "1.4752195", "text": "government ordered their resettlement nonetheless. Human Rights Watch called it \"a human rights and humanitarian disaster in the making\". Thengar Char Thengar Char (), also known as Char Piya, is an island in Hatiya Upazila, Bangladesh. It is located in the Bay of Bengal, 37 miles from the coast. The island was formed with Himalayan silt in 2006. It spans . It is under water from June to September annually because of the monsoon, and it has no flood fences. There are no roads on the island. In June 2015, the Bangladeshi government suggested resettling Rohingya refugees on the island.", "title": "Thengar Char" }, { "id": "3548713", "score": "1.4353831", "text": "rides and two ferry rides. On the north bank is the river Subansiri and on the south bank, the mighty Brahmaputra has excided the island from the main land. Lakhimpur town is to the north and Golaghat is to its southwest. The town of Sibsagar is on the southeast and Jorhat is to the south. On the extreme east is Dibrugarh District. The southern part of the island is a bird lover's paradise. The best time to visit is between November to March as the weather and wildlife view is satisfactory. There are three locales for birdwatching: .Sakuli Beel, near", "title": "Majuli" }, { "id": "20017533", "score": "1.4332353", "text": "Thengar Char Thengar Char (), also known as Char Piya, is an island in Hatiya Upazila, Bangladesh. It is located in the Bay of Bengal, 37 miles from the coast. The island was formed with Himalayan silt in 2006. It spans . It is under water from June to September annually because of the monsoon, and it has no flood fences. There are no roads on the island. In June 2015, the Bangladeshi government suggested resettling Rohingya refugees on the island. The proposal was characterized by the United Nations Refugee Agency as \"logistically challenging\". On January 26, 2017, the Bangladeshi", "title": "Thengar Char" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of Bangladesh\n\nBangladesh is a densely populated, low-lying, mainly riverine country located in South Asia with a coastline of on the northern littoral of the Bay of Bengal. The delta plain of the Ganges (Padma), Brahmaputra (Jamuna), and Meghna Rivers and their tributaries occupy 79 percent of the country. Four uplifted blocks (including the Madhupur and Barind Tracts in the centre and northwest) occupy 9 percent and steep hill ranges up to approximately high occupy 12 percent in the southeast (the Chittagong Hill Tracts) and in the northeast. Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon climate characterised by heavy seasonal rainfall, high temperatures, and high humidity. Natural disasters such as floods and cyclones accompanied by storm surges periodically affect the country. Most of the country is intensively farmed, with rice the main crop, grown in three seasons. Rapid urbanisation is taking place with associated industrial and commercial development. Exports of garments and shrimp plus remittances from Bangladeshis working abroad provide the country's three main sources of foreign exchange income.", "title": "Geography of Bangladesh" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bengal\n\nBengal ( ; , ) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal, predominantly covering present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. Geographically, it consists of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta system, the largest river delta in the world and a section of the Himalayas up to Nepal and Bhutan. Dense woodlands, including hilly rainforests, cover Bengal's northern and eastern areas, while an elevated forested plateau covers its central area; the highest point is at Sandakphu. In the littoral southwest are the Sundarbans, the world's largest mangrove forest. The region has a monsoon climate, which the Bengali calendar divides into six seasons.\n\nBengal, then known as Gangaridai, was a leading power in ancient South Asia, with extensive trade networks forming connections to as far away as Roman Egypt. The Bengali Pala Empire was the last major Buddhist power in the subcontinent, founded in 750 CE and becoming the dominant power in the northern Indian subcontinent by the 9th century CE.\n\nAbsorbed into the Mughal Empire in 1576, the Bengal Subah was the empire's wealthiest province, and became a major global exporter, a value bigger than the entirety of Western Europe, and its citizens' living standards were among the world's highest.\n\nAfter World War Two, during which Bengal was invaded by Japan, Bengal played a major role in hosting revolutionary groups of the Indian independence movement. As part of the Partition of India, Bengal was divided between predominantly Muslim and Hindu populations; an independent, united Bengal was considered, but the idea was rejected, predominantly due to religious divisions. West Bengal subsequently became a part of India and East Bengal a part of Pakistan, although it won its independence as Bangladesh in 1971. Today, Bengal is divided between Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal; the historical region encompassed the modern-day states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Assam, among others in India, and some parts of Myanmar or Burma (Rakhine State). The population of Bengal was estimated to be 250 million in 2011, with an estimated 160 million people in Bangladesh and 91.3 million people in India, making it one of the most densely populated regions in the world. The predominant ethnolinguistic group is the Bengali people, who speak the Indo-Aryan language of Bengali. Bengali peoples also have a significant presence in the Indian states of Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Uttarakhand, and others.", "title": "Bengal" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Francis Xavier\n\nFrancis Xavier (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin: \"Franciscus Xaverius\"; Basque: \"Frantzisko Xabierkoa\"; French: \"François Xavier\"; Spanish: \"Francisco Javier\"; Portuguese: \"Francisco Xavier\"; 7 April 15063 December 1552), venerated as Saint Francis Xavier, was a Spanish Catholic missionary and saint who was a co-founder of the Society of Jesus.\n\nBorn in Javier (Xavier in Old Spanish and in Navarro-Aragonese, or Xabier, a Basque word meaning \"new house\"), in the Kingdom of Navarre (in present-day Spain), he was a companion of Ignatius of Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits who took vows of poverty and chastity at Montmartre, Paris in 1534. He led an extensive mission into Asia, mainly the Portuguese Empire in the East, and was influential in evangelisation work, most notably in early modern India. He was extensively involved in the missionary activity in Portuguese India. In 1546, Francis Xavier proposed the establishment of the Goan Inquisition in a letter addressed to the Portuguese King, John III.\n While some sources claim that he actually asked for a special minister whose sole office would be to further Christianity in Goa, others disagree with this assertion. He was also the first Christian missionary to venture into Borneo, the Maluku Islands, and other areas. In those areas, struggling to learn the local languages and in the face of opposition, he had less success than what he had enjoyed in India. Xavier was about to extend his mission to Ming China, when he died on Shangchuan Island.\n\nHe was beatified by Pope Paul V on 25 October 1619 and canonized by Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622. In 1624, he was made co-patron of Navarre. Known as the \"Apostle of the Indies\", \"Apostle of the Far East\", \"Apostle of China\" and \"Apostle of Japan\", he is considered to be one of the greatest missionaries since Paul the Apostle. In 1927, Pope Pius XI published the decree \"Apostolicorum in Missionibus\" naming Francis Xavier, along with Thérèse of Lisieux, co-patron of all foreign missions. He is now co-patron saint of Navarre, with Fermin. The Day of Navarre in Navarre, Spain, marks the anniversary of Francis Xavier's death, on 3 December 1552.", "title": "Francis Xavier" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bay of Bengal\n\nThe Bay of Bengal is the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, bounded on the west and northwest by India, on the north by Bangladesh, and on the east by Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Its southern limit is a line between Sangaman Kanda, Sri Lanka, and the north westernmost point of Sumatra, Indonesia. It is the largest water region called a bay in the world. There are countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal in South Asia and Southeast Asia. During the existence of British India, it was named as the Bay of Bengal after the historic Bengal region. At the time, the Port of Kolkata served as the gateway to the Crown rule in India. Cox's Bazar, the longest sea beach in the world and Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest and the natural habitat of the Bengal tiger, are located along the bay.\n\nThe Bay of Bengal occupies an area of . A number of large rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal: the Ganges–Hooghly, the Padma, the Brahmaputra–Yamuna, the Barak–Surma–Meghna, the Irrawaddy, the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Brahmani, the Baitarani, the Krishna and the Kaveri.", "title": "Bay of Bengal" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ibn Battuta\n\nAbu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Battutah (, ; 24 February 13041368/1369), commonly known as Ibn Battuta, was a Berber Maghrebi scholar and explorer who travelled extensively in the lands of Afro-Eurasia, largely in the Muslim world. He travelled more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, totalling around , surpassing Zheng He with about and Marco Polo with . Over a period of thirty years, Ibn Battuta visited most of southern Eurasia, including Central Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, China, and the Iberian Peninsula. Near the end of his life, he dictated an account of his journeys, titled \"A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling\", but commonly known as \"The Rihla\".", "title": "Ibn Battuta" }, { "id": "5194294", "score": "1.4290812", "text": "During the First Anglo-Burmese War between the British and Burmese empires in 1824–1826, rival claims to the island were a major factor. The local names of the island are \"Narikel jinjira\" which means 'Coconut Island' in Bengali, and \"Daruchini Dwip\" which means \"Cinnamon island\" in Bengali. It is the only coral island in Bangladesh. It is also the southernmost part among Extreme Points of Bangladesh Most of the island's approximately 3,700 inhabitants live primarily from fishing. The other staple crops are rice and coconut. Being very common on the island, algae are collected, dried, and exported to Myanmar. Between October", "title": "St. Martin's Island" }, { "id": "10063508", "score": "1.4288889", "text": "of about at low tide, including a number of ordinarily submerged shoals. The highest elevation of the island never exceeded above sea level. The island was located in the coastal, shallow Bay of Bengal immediately south of the international border river, the Hariabhanga, flowing between Satkhira district of Bangladesh and the South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India, at 21°37′00″N 89°08′30″E. It is now under the waves of the Bay of Bengal. The island was claimed by both Bangladesh and India, although neither country established any permanent settlement there because of the island's geological instability based on silt deposits", "title": "New Moor" }, { "id": "19995504", "score": "1.4235861", "text": "that it planned to relocate the new refugees and another 232,000 Rohingya refugees already in the country to Thengar Char, a sedimentary island in the Bay of Bengal. The island first appeared around 2007, formed from washed down silt from the Meghna River. The nearest inhabited land, Hatiya Island is around away. News agencies quoted a regional official describing the plan as \"terrible\". The move has received substantial opposition from a number of quarters. Human rights groups have described the plan as a forced relocation. Bangladesh approved a plan on 28 November 2017 to temporarily shelter 100,000 Rohingya on the", "title": "Northern Rakhine State clashes" }, { "id": "5194295", "score": "1.4218593", "text": "and April, the fishermen from neighboring areas bring their caught fishes to the island's temporary wholesale market. However, imports of chicken, meat and other foods come in from the mainland Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma). As the centre and the south are mainly farmland and makeshift huts, most of the permanent structures are around the far north. During the rainy season, because of the dangerous conditions on the Bay of Bengal, the inhabitants have no scope to go to the mainland (Teknaf) and their life can become dangerous. There is a hospital on the island, but in the past there has", "title": "St. Martin's Island" }, { "id": "8083386", "score": "1.4054044", "text": "where travellers paused to buy provisions and worship the goddess Chandi. Chitpur and Kalikata were neighbouring villages passed just before reaching Betor. Gobindapur and Sutanuti did not exist. Kalighat was a small sanctuary claiming just a bare mention. When the Portuguese first started to frequent Bengal, around the year 1530, the two great centres of trade were Chittagong, then known as Porto Grande or Great Haven, in the east and Satgaon, then known as Porto Pequeno or Little Haven in the west. Tolly’s Nallah or Adi Ganga was then the outlet to the sea and ocean-going ships came up to", "title": "Sutanuti" }, { "id": "9828724", "score": "1.4053845", "text": "Middle East. The airline has been founded on the basis of providing direct flights to Osmani International Airport in Sylhet from the United Kingdom. The company slogan on initial launch was \"The Journey Begins Here\". However, the Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh has yet to confirm that Royal Bengal Airlines (or any other airline) will be given access to this lucrative route. By June 2007, the airline had raised GBP£5.5 million of investment from local businesses and stock brokers and had purchased two Dash 8-100 aircraft. Domestic services were expected to commence during summer 2007 with international flights from the", "title": "Royal Bengal Airline" }, { "id": "10063511", "score": "1.3976982", "text": "1991 US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) chart number 63330 Edition 9 at 1:300,000 scale. On the other hand, the Bangladeshi government claimed, as during Ziaur Rahman's visit to India in late 1970s, that data provided clearly showed the main current flow on the western side of the island's location, thus favoring Bangladesh. Under some international boundary precedents, the location of the channel in 1947 or at the time of the island's emergence may have been more relevant than its later location. River channels may shift their locations from time to time. Based on a case filed by the Government of", "title": "New Moor" }, { "id": "14363065", "score": "1.3862071", "text": "an area of shrub and palm tree vegetation. No permanent settlement is established on the island. Chhera Island Chhera Island, also called Chhera Dwip, Cheradia Island or Cheridia Island, is an uninhabited island and extension of St. Martin's Island at the mouth of the Naf River in the Bay of Bengal, within the Chittagong Division of southeastern Bangladesh. During high tides it is divided from St. Martin's Island by the sea. During low tides, the island can be reached by walking for about 2½ hours from St. Martin's Island. The most popular travel mode to it is by local motorboat", "title": "Chhera Island" }, { "id": "10063507", "score": "1.3797135", "text": "the Radcliffe Award methodology of settling the maritime boundary between the two nations. The matter was resolved on 7 July 2014, when the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) delivered a verdict in the \"Bay of Bengal maritime boundary arbitration between Bangladesh and India\" case. The PFA gave verdict in favour of Bangladesh. The island was only from the mouth of the Hariabhanga River. The emergence of the island was discovered by an American satellite in 1974 that showed it to have an area of . Later, various remote sensing surveys showed that the island had expanded gradually to an area", "title": "New Moor" }, { "id": "5158384", "score": "1.3656602", "text": "substantial opposition. Human rights groups have seen the plan as a forced relocation. Additionally, concerns have been raised about living conditions on the island, which is low-lying and prone to flooding. The island has been described as \"only accessible during winter and a haven for pirates\". It is nine hours away from the camps in which the Rohingya currently live. 65,000 refugees have been estimated to have entered Bangladesh since October 2016: more than 200,000 are estimated to have been there already. In 2015, an assessment by the Yale Law School concluded that there was a concerted campaign against the", "title": "Rohingya people" }, { "id": "11266350", "score": "1.3618387", "text": "\"Narical Gingira\", also spelled \"Narikel Jinjira/Jinjera\", which means 'Coconut Island' in Bengali, and \"Daruchini Dip\". It is the only coral island in Bangladesh. The city of Chittagong has many high end, private hotels such as the Hotel Agrabad, the Hotel Well Park Residence, The Peninsula Chittagong, the Hotel Harbour View, the Hotel Meridian, and Avenue Hotels and Suites. The JW Marriott, Westin and Radisson Blu are among the upcoming five-star hotels in Chittagong city. \"Bandarban\" () is a district in South-Eastern Bangladesh, and a part of the Chittagong Division and Chittagong Hill Tracts. Bandarban is regarded as one of the", "title": "Tourism in Bangladesh" }, { "id": "14363064", "score": "1.3521281", "text": "Chhera Island Chhera Island, also called Chhera Dwip, Cheradia Island or Cheridia Island, is an uninhabited island and extension of St. Martin's Island at the mouth of the Naf River in the Bay of Bengal, within the Chittagong Division of southeastern Bangladesh. During high tides it is divided from St. Martin's Island by the sea. During low tides, the island can be reached by walking for about 2½ hours from St. Martin's Island. The most popular travel mode to it is by local motorboat or tourist boat services. Washed up corals can be found on the island's beaches. It has", "title": "Chhera Island" }, { "id": "9387046", "score": "1.3493928", "text": "the river delta, as severe flooding sometimes occurs. A 1990 study noted \"There is no evidence that environmental degradation in the Himalayas or a 'greenhouse'-induced rise in sea level have aggravated floods in Bangladesh.\" The Bengal Basin is slowly tilting towards the east due to neo-tectonic movement. As a result, the salinity of Bangladesh Sunderbans is much lower than that of the Indian Sunderbans. Overall population of the Sundarbans has risen 200% to nearly 4.3 million. Lohachara Island Lohachara Island was an islet which was permanently flooded in the 1980s. It was located in the Hooghly River as part of", "title": "Lohachara Island" }, { "id": "11266348", "score": "1.3459326", "text": "a percentage of GDP, was 142 out of 176. \"Cox's Bazar\" ( \"Kaksbajar\") is a seaside town, a fishing port and district headquarters in Bangladesh. It is known for its wide and long sandy beach, which is considered by many as the world's longest natural sandy sea beach. The beach in Cox's Bazar is an unbroken sandy sea beach with a gentle slope. It is located south of the Chittagong Seaport. Cox's Bazar is also known by the name \"Panowa,\" whose literal translation means \"yellow flower\". Its other old name was \"Palongkee\". \"St. Martin's Island\" () is a small island", "title": "Tourism in Bangladesh" }, { "id": "10063512", "score": "1.3431792", "text": "Bangladesh in October 2009 at the Permanent Court of Arbitration the dispute was settled in July 2014 by a final verdict not open to appeal and in favour of Bangladesh. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) verdict awarded Bangladesh with out of disputed area with India in the Bay of Bengal but with South Talpatti Island in India's part. In March 2010, Sugata Hazra of the School of Oceanographic Studies at Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, said that the island had disappeared and that sea level rise caused by climate change was a factor. He said that sea level rise, changes", "title": "New Moor" } ]

[ "john bingham 7th earl of lucan", "Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan", "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan", "Richard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan", "sandra rivett", "richard john bingham", "Richard John Bingham", "Sandra Rivett", "Lord lucan", "22lucky 22 lucan", "Bingham, (Richard) John, seventh earl of Lucan", "Lord Lucan", "richard bingham 7th earl of lucan", "richard john bingham 7th earl of lucan", "bingham richard john seventh earl of lucan", "%22Lucky%22 Lucan", "Richard Bingham (7th Earl of Lucan)", "lord lucan" ]

[ { "id": "1819875", "score": "2.2099953", "text": "his absence, a coroner's jury found that he had murdered his children's nanny, Sandra Rivett. There have been no confirmed sightings of the 7th Earl since his disappearance, and he was declared legally dead for purposes of probate (debts and assets) in October 1999. This was, alone, insufficient to enable his son George, Lord Bingham to succeed to the titles — a death certificate for the 7th Earl was issued in February 2016 under the \"Presumption of Death Act 2013\", and Lord Bingham's claim to the Earldom was formally accepted by the House of Lords on 7 June 2016. The", "title": "Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "1715110", "score": "2.1945875", "text": "Britain, there has been continuing interest in Lucan's fate. Since Rivett's murder, hundreds of reported sightings have been made in various countries around the world; none have been substantiated. Despite a police investigation and huge press interest, Lucan has not been found. He was presumed deceased in chambers on 11 December 1992 and declared legally dead in October 1999; a death certificate was issued in 2016. Richard John Bingham was born on 18 December 1934 at 19 Bentinck Street, Marylebone, London, the second child and elder son of George Bingham, 6th Earl of Lucan, an Anglo-Irish peer, and his wife", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "1715108", "score": "2.0915494", "text": "46 Lower Belgrave Street, in London's Belgravia, to a property nearby. A bitter custody battle ensued, which Lucan lost. He began to spy on his wife and record their telephone conversations, apparently obsessed with regaining custody of the children. This fixation, combined with his gambling losses, had a dramatic effect on his life and personal finances. On the evening of 7 November 1974, the children's nanny, Sandra Rivett, was bludgeoned to death in the basement of the Lucan family home. Lady Lucan was also attacked; she later identified Lucan as her assailant. As the police began their murder investigation, Lucan", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "1715131", "score": "2.082448", "text": "some from a man asking for non-existent people. Following a series of temporary nannies, Sandra Rivett started work in late 1974. Losing the court case proved devastating for Lucan. It had cost him an estimated £20,000, and by late 1974 his financial position was dire. As he drank more heavily and started chain-smoking, his friends began to worry. In drunken conversations with some of them, including Aspinall's mother, Lady Osborne, and her son, Lucan discussed murdering his wife. Greville Howard later gave a statement to the police describing how Lucan had talked of how killing his wife might save him", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "1715138", "score": "2.0620275", "text": "on a reservation for dinner with Greville Howard and friends. Howard had called him at 5:15 pm and asked if he wished to come to the theatre, but Lucan had declined and made the alternative suggestion to meet at the Clermont at 11:00 pm. He failed to arrive and did not answer his telephone when called. Sandra Eleanor Rivett was born on 16 September 1945, the third child of Albert and Eunice Hensby. The family moved to Australia when she was two years old, but returned in 1955. Sandra was a popular child, described at school as \"intelligent, although she", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan\n\nRichard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan (born 18 December 1934 – disappeared 8 November 1974, declared dead 3 February 2016), commonly known as Lord Lucan, was a British peer who disappeared after being suspected of murder. He was an Anglo-Irish aristocrat, the eldest son of George Bingham, 6th Earl of Lucan, and Kaitlin Dawson. Lucan was an evacuee during the Second World War but returned to attend Eton College, and served with the Coldstream Guards in West Germany from 1953 to 1955. Having developed a taste for gambling, he played backgammon and bridge, and was an early member of the exclusive group of rich British gamblers at the Clermont Club. Lucan's losses often exceeded his winnings, yet he left his job at a London-based merchant bank and became a professional gambler. He was known as Lord Bingham from April 1949 until January 1964, during his father's lifetime.\n\nLucan was considered for the role of James Bond in the cinematic adaptations of Ian Fleming's novels. He was known for his expensive tastes; he raced power boats and drove an Aston Martin. In 1963, Lucan married Veronica Duncan, with whom he had three children. The couple moved home to 46 Lower Belgrave Street in Belgravia in 1967, paying £17,500 for the house. After the marriage collapsed in late 1972, he moved out to a nearby property. A bitter custody battle ensued, which Lucan eventually lost. Apparently obsessed with regaining custody of the children, Lucan began to spy on his wife and record their telephone conversations. This fixation, combined with mounting legal expenses and gambling losses, had a dramatic effect on Lucan's life and personal finances.\n\nOn the evening of 7 November 1974, Sandra Rivett, the nanny of Lucan's children, was bludgeoned to death in the kitchen of the Lucan family home. Lady Lucan was also attacked after going to investigate Rivett's whereabouts. She identified Lord Lucan as her assailant. Lucan had, by then, driven to visit a friend in Uckfield, East Sussex. Lucan then telephoned his mother and asked her to collect his children, saying there had been an incident at the family home; he also penned a letter.\n\nThere has been continuing interest in Lucan's fate, with hundreds of alleged sightings being reported in various countries around the world, none of which has been substantiated. Despite a police investigation and widespread press coverage, Lucan has never been found. He was presumed dead in chambers on 11 December 1992, and was declared legally dead in October 1999. Finally, in 2016, a death certificate was issued, allowing his titles to be inherited by his son George.", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Today's featured article/December 2016" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Featured log/July 2012 ..." }, { "id": "1715162", "score": "2.0217512", "text": "case made headlines around the world. Within days of the murder, newspapers reported on Veronica Lucan's statement to the police, with claims that she had pretended to collude with her husband to ensure her safety. In January 1975 Veronica gave an exclusive interview to the \"Daily Express\". She also appeared in a murder reconstruction, in the same newspaper, complete with posed photographs taken inside the house. The inquest into Sandra Rivett's death opened on 13 November 1974 and was led by the Coroner for Inner West London, Gavin Thurston. Two witnesses were called to the courtroom, which was packed with", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "6547879", "score": "2.0126853", "text": "Earl and his sister Lady Camilla are not convinced that their father was responsible for Sandra Rivett's death. In the 1990s the Probate Registry (a division of the High Court of Justice) gave leave for the 7th Earl to be sworn dead by his trustees and the family was granted probate over his estate in 1999, but no death certificate was issued. In 1998, Bingham, supported by sworn statements from his entire living family excluding his mother, and by the Metropolitan Police, applied for his father to be declared dead for House of Lords purposes. The Lord Chancellor, Lord Irvine", "title": "George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "1715156", "score": "1.9856381", "text": "no avail. A warrant for Lucan's arrest, to answer charges of murdering Sandra Rivett, and attempting to murder his wife, was issued on Tuesday 12 November 1974. Descriptions of his appearance, already issued to police forces across the UK, were then issued to Interpol. The forensic examination of the lead pipes found at the murder scene and in the Corsair's boot revealed traces of blood on the pipe from 46 Lower Belgrave Street. This proved to be a mixture of Lady Lucan's (blood group A) and Sandra Rivett's (B) blood. Hair belonging to Veronica Lucan was also found on that", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "1715141", "score": "1.9629431", "text": "employed by a cigarette company in Croydon. Their marriage collapsed in May 1974 when, suspicious of Sandra's movements while he was away, Roger went to live with his parents. She was by then listed on the books of a Belgravia domestic agency and had been caring for an elderly couple in that district. A few weeks later she began to work for the Lucans. Sandra normally went out with her boyfriend, John Hankins, on Thursday nights, but had decided to change her night off and thus, had seen him the previous day. The two last spoke on the telephone at", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "20516474", "score": "1.957016", "text": "Cowden family murders Richard Cowden (born October 9, 1946), his wife Belinda June Cowden (born May 24, 1952), and their children, David James Phillips (born June 30, 1969) and Melissa Dawn Cowden (born March 19, 1974) disappeared from their campground in the Siskiyou Mountains near Carberry Creek, Copper, Oregon, on September 1, 1974. Seven months later, in April 1975, their bodies were discovered approximately from their campsite. While law enforcement has suspected convicted-killer Dwain Lee Little in their murders, their case remains unsolved. The family's disappearance resulted in one of the largest search efforts in Oregon history, and their murders", "title": "Cowden family murders" }, { "id": "1715109", "score": "1.9502547", "text": "telephoned his mother, asking her to collect the children, and then drove a borrowed Ford Corsair to a friend's house in Uckfield, East Sussex. Hours later, he left the property and vanished without trace. The car was found abandoned in Newhaven, its interior stained with blood and its boot containing a piece of bandaged lead pipe similar to one found at the crime scene. A warrant for Lucan's arrest was issued a few days later, and in his absence the inquest into Rivett's death named him as her murderer, the last occasion in Britain a coroner's court did so. Within", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "1715147", "score": "1.9482008", "text": "meeting with Lucan was his last confirmed sighting. By the time Detective Chief Superintendent Roy Ranson arrived at Lower Belgrave Street early on Friday 8 November, the divisional surgeon had pronounced Sandra Rivett dead and forensic officers and photographers had been called to the property. Other than the front door, which the first two officers on the scene had kicked in, there was no sign of a forced entry. A bloodstained towel was found in Veronica's first-floor bedroom. The area around the top of the basement staircase was heavily bloodstained. A bloodstained lead pipe lay on the floor. Pictures hanging", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "1715140", "score": "1.9258544", "text": "adoption. Her parents took on the responsibility and adopted him in May 1965. Sandra later worked at an old people's home, before moving to Portsmouth to stay with her elder sister. While there she met Roger Rivett; the two married on 10 June 1967 in Croydon. Roger was serving as a Royal Navy able seaman and later worked as a loader for British Road Services, while Sandra worked part-time at Reedham Orphanage in Purley. In summer 1973 he took a job on an Esso tanker, returning to their flat in Kenley a few months later by which time Sandra was", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "2271994", "score": "1.9110017", "text": "returned to Australia, unaware that he was now under surveillance. The police initially suspected him of being Lord Lucan, who had disappeared two weeks before Stonehouse; following the murder of his children's nanny, Sandra Rivett. Investigators noted that the suspect was reading British newspapers that also included stories attacking the \"recently deceased\" John Stonehouse. They contacted Scotland Yard, requesting pictures of both Lucan and Stonehouse. On his arrest, the police instructed him to pull down his trousers so they could be sure whether or not he was Lord Lucan, who had a six-inch scar on the inside of his right", "title": "John Stonehouse" }, { "id": "1715179", "score": "1.8910455", "text": "of sightings as \"nonsense\", reiterating that in her opinion her husband \"was not the sort of Englishman to cope abroad\". Footnotes Notes Bibliography Non-fiction Fiction John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan (18 December 1934 – disappeared 8 November 1974), commonly known as Lord Lucan, was a British peer who disappeared after being suspected of murder. He was an Anglo-Irish aristocrat, the eldest son of George Bingham, 6th Earl of Lucan by his mother, Kaitlin Dawson. An evacuee during the Second World War, Lucan returned to attend Eton College, and then from 1953 to", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "1715106", "score": "1.8816814", "text": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan (18 December 1934 – disappeared 8 November 1974), commonly known as Lord Lucan, was a British peer who disappeared after being suspected of murder. He was an Anglo-Irish aristocrat, the eldest son of George Bingham, 6th Earl of Lucan by his mother, Kaitlin Dawson. An evacuee during the Second World War, Lucan returned to attend Eton College, and then from 1953 to 1955 served with the Coldstream Guards in West Germany. He developed a taste for gambling and, skilled at backgammon and bridge, became an early member", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "1715151", "score": "1.8799119", "text": "and boyfriends were questioned and discounted as suspects. Her parents confirmed that Sandra had a good working relationship with Lady Lucan, and was extremely fond of the children. Meanwhile, Lucan had yet to make an appearance, and so his description was circulated to police forces across the country. Newspapers and television stations were told only that Lucan was wanted by the police for questioning. Hours earlier, Lucan had again called his mother, at about 12:30 am. He told her that he would be in touch later that day, but declined to speak with the police constable who had accompanied her", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "1715130", "score": "1.8525542", "text": "of her own, Veronica took a part-time job in a local hospital. A temporary nanny, Elizabeth Murphy, was befriended by Lucan, who bought her drinks and asked her for information on his wife. He instructed his detective agency to investigate Murphy, looking for evidence that she was failing in her duty of care to his children. This they found; he dispensed with the detective agency's services when they presented him with bills amounting to several hundred pounds. Murphy was later hospitalised with cancer. Another temporary nanny, Christabel Martin, reported strange telephone calls to the house, some with heavy breathing and", "title": "John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan" }, { "id": "12008101", "score": "1.8289719", "text": "by a friend, John Brereton, who was watching the NBC program Unsolved Mysteries. Webb was going by the name of Jim Webber and worked as a construction worker. When Brenton recognized his colleague on the program, he alerted the authorities. Anton, 34, disappeared December 15, 1986, and her body was found 12 days later 20 miles north of Lyons. She had been shot three times, and had a slash across her throat. The brutal nature of the crime shocked Americans, for Anton who walked with a cane was a vulnerable target for a senseless killing. In addition to national exposure", "title": "Gregory Webb" }, { "id": "13776907", "score": "1.8184865", "text": "\"that\" difficult to get... He kept potentially expensive company round the card table. His opponents included John Bingham (later Lord Lucan), before his fall the most formidable stud poker player in London. Evans is frequently asked whether or not he believes that Lucan murdered Sandra Rivett in November 1974. \"John was a killer at the poker table, a pussycat away from it. Certainly not!\" And is Lucan still alive? \"His family is long-lived. John is probably still with us, possibly living right here in the UK!\" In Evans's opinion, Lucan should now come forward \"to face the music\" and prove", "title": "Peter Evans (restaurateur)" } ]

[ "People’s Republic of China", "people s republic or china", "Territorial disputes of China", "people s republic of china prc", "Peoples republic of China", "chung kuo", "Zhong Guo", "The Peoples Republic of China", "Zhonghuarenmingongheguo", "Sinic", "Peoples' Republic of China", "Zhonghuá rénmín gònghéguó", "PR China", "zhongguó", "pr of china", "中华人民共和国", "Zhongguó", "Zhonghua Renmin Gonghe Guo", "ISO 3166-1:CN", "People's Republic of China (PRC)", "china prc", "China, PRC", "china republic 1949", "p r of china", "China (PRC)", "proc", "中國", "zhonghua renmin gongheguo", "China PRC", "P.R. China", "cihna", "Red Chinese", "Prc", "jhongguó", "territorial disputes of china", "pr of c", "Chinese PR", "Nation of China", "peoples republic of china", "Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo", "prc china", "Homes in china", "Pr of china", "zhōngguó", "P.r. of china", "Chaina", "homes in china", "China, People's Republic of", "socialist china", "China (Peking)", "people s repuublic of china", "People' s Republic of China", "Zhongguo", "state of china", "The People’s Republic of China", "chungkuo", "China's", "sinic", "中国", "red china modern", "Peoples Republic of China", "Chung-kuo", "P.R. of China", "china", "P.R.C.", "Pr of c", "chinese pr", "red chinese", "PR of China", "Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó", "people republic of china", "China (Republic : 1949- )", "People's republic of china", "nation of china", "zhongguo", "communist china modern", "zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó", "The PRC", "PRChina", "Modern day China", "Chinese People's Republic", "iso 3166 1 cn", "中華人民共和國", "P.R.China", "China People's Republic", "China", "中华", "China (People's Republic)", "People's Republic of China (Mainland China)", "State of China", "Communist China (modern)", "Red China (modern)", "china s", "PRC (China)", "Chungkuo", "PRoC", "People' Republic of China", "Zhonghua renmin gongheguo", "china people s republic", "prchina", "pr china", "People's republic of China", "Land of China", "P. R. China", "The People's Republic of China", "prc", "modern day china", "P. R. of China", "The people's republic of china", "zhong guo", "china pr", "P.R. of CHINA", "zhonghua renmin gonghe guo", "Jhongguó", "PROC", "chaina", "people s republic of china mainland china", "The prc", "china people s republic of", "Peoples republic of china", "Chung-Kuo", "China PR", "People's Republic of China", "Pr china", "China, the People's Republic of", "Zhōngguó", "People's Republic or China", "p r china", "zhonghuarenmingongheguo", "CHINA", "PRC", "People's Republic Of China", "(The People's Republic of) China", "中華", "p r c", "zhonghuá rénmín gònghéguó", "chinese people s republic", "china peking", "people s republic of china", "Socialist China", "land of china", "People's repuublic of china", "Cihna" ]

[ { "id": "10165046", "score": "1.8119154", "text": "movement and decided to reexamine the issue. But in the meantime, over a million youth continued to be rusticated every year. After Mao's death in 1976, many of the rusticated youth remained in the countryside. Some of them had married into their villages. In 1977, university entrance exams were reinstated, inspiring the majority of rusticated youth to attempt to return to the cities. In Yunnan in the winter of 1978, the youth used strikes and petitions to implore the government to hear their plight, which reinforced the pressing nature of the issue to party authorities. On March 8, 1980, Hu", "title": "Sent-down youth" }, { "id": "10165047", "score": "1.7537913", "text": "Yaobang, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, proposed ending rustication. On October 1 of the same year, the party essentially decided to end the movement and allow the youth to return to their families in the cities. In addition, under age and marriage restrictions, one child per family of the rusticated youth was permitted to accompany their parents to their native cities. In the late 1970s, the so-called scar literature included many vivid and realistic descriptions of their experiences, becoming the first public exploration of the cost of the Cultural Revolution. Sent-down youth The sent-down, rusticated,", "title": "Sent-down youth" }, { "id": "10165044", "score": "1.6401472", "text": "a piece entitled \"We too have two hands, let us not laze about in the city\", which quoted Mao as saying \"The intellectual youth must go to the country, and will be educated from living in rural poverty.\" In 1969, many youth were rusticated. High school students were organized and assigned to the countryside on a national level. From 1962 to 1979, no fewer than 16 million youth were displaced (other sources set minimum at 18 million). Although many were directed to distant provinces such as Inner Mongolia, the usual destinations for the sent-down youth were rural counties in neighboring", "title": "Sent-down youth" }, { "id": "4020138", "score": "1.5321388", "text": "idea of the green belt to protect the countryside, which was at risk from development of new housing units. The 1960s saw dramatic shifts in attitudes and values led by youth. It was a worldwide phenomenon, in which British rock musicians especially The Beatles played an international role. The generations divided sharply regarding the new sexual freedom demanded by youth who listened to bands like \"The Rolling Stones\". Sexual morals changed. One notable event was the publication of D. H. Lawrence's \"Lady Chatterley's Lover\" by Penguin Books in 1960. Although first printed in 1928, the release in 1960 of an", "title": "English society" }, { "id": "10165041", "score": "1.5135107", "text": "Sent-down youth The sent-down, rusticated, or \"educated\" youth（Chinese: 知識青年), also known as the zhiqing, were the young people who—beginning in the 1950s until the end of the Cultural Revolution, willingly or under coercion—left the urban districts of the People's Republic of China to live and work in rural areas as part of the \"Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside Movement\". The vast majority of those who went had received elementary to high school education, and only a small minority had matriculated to the post-secondary or university level. After the People's Republic of China was established, in order", "title": "Sent-down youth" }, { "id": "6405582", "score": "1.507329", "text": "to within a certain distance of them. The related term \"bannimus\" implies a permanent, publicly announced expulsion. The term is used in British public schools (private schools), and was used in the United States during the 19th century, though it has been superseded by the term \"suspension\". Notable Britons who were rusticated during their time at University include: \"The penalty for plagiarism at Harvard Extension is a failing grade in the course and rustication from the university for at least one calendar year\" (noted on a course syllabus in 2009). The term also was used in the United States in", "title": "Rustication (academia)" }, { "id": "18906662", "score": "1.4952259", "text": "these decades\" The work was also reviewed in the \"Daily Telegraph\" 78-87 London Youth 78-87 London Youth is a 2012 photography book by British photographer Derek Ridgers. The book is a collection of photographs of young Londoners taken by the photographer from 1978-1988. It especially focuses on the alternative youth scene from punk through to the birth of acid house music. It showcases the creativity and individuality of the young. In \"The Observer\" Sean O'Hagan described the work as a \"visual anthropology of a bygone era\" and wrote that \"hopefully this is only the first instalment in a much bigger", "title": "78-87 London Youth" }, { "id": "469622", "score": "1.4942319", "text": "Britain until the early 1960s when Andy Warhol, the most known artist of this movement began to show Pop Art in galleries in the United States. The 1950s saw the birth of the teenager and with it rock n roll and youth fashion dominating the fashion industry. In the UK the Teddy boy became both style icons and anti-authoritarian figures. While in America Greasers had a similar social position. Previously teenagers dressed similar to their parents but now a rebellious and different youth style was being developed. this was particularly noticeable in the overtly sexual nature of their dress. men", "title": "1950s" }, { "id": "5202829", "score": "1.4883006", "text": "rustication is known from a few buildings of Greek and Roman antiquity, for example Rome's Porta Maggiore, the method first became popular during the Renaissance, when the stone work of lower floors and sometimes entire facades of buildings were finished in this manner. It was generally used for secular buildings, and has always remained uncommon in churches, perhaps through a lingering association with the architecture of military power; there are exceptions, such as St Giles in the Fields, London (1730–34). Probably the earliest and most influential example is the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, built between 1444 and 1484, with", "title": "Rustication (architecture)" }, { "id": "6405583", "score": "1.4792607", "text": "the 19th century, and on occasion, later. Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, in \"\", have a character explain the term: In a story in the August 1858 \"Atlantic Monthly\", a character reminisces: Kevin Starr writes of Richard Henry Dana, Jr. that: A biographer refers to one of James Russell Lowell's college letters as \"written while he was at Concord because rusticated\". In a 1932 letter to TIME Magazine, publisher William Randolph Hearst denied he had been expelled from Harvard College, but had instead been \"rusticated in [1886] for an excess of political enthusiasm\" and had simply never returned. At", "title": "Rustication (academia)" }, { "id": "2631493", "score": "1.4671713", "text": "after post-Second World War austerity, which lasted through much of the 1950s. \"The Swinging City\" was defined by \"Time\" magazine on the cover of its issue of 15 April 1966. The magazine pronounced London the global hub of youthful creativity, hedonism and excitement: “In a decade dominated by youth, London has burst into bloom. It swings; it is the scene\", and celebrated in the name of the pirate radio station, Swinging Radio England, that began shortly afterwards. However, \"swinging\" in the sense of hip or fashionable had been used since the early 1960s, including by Norman Vaughan in his \"swinging/dodgy\"", "title": "Swinging Sixties" }, { "id": "17283955", "score": "1.4656328", "text": "the 1950s singers was little more than nostalgia for their youth; he sees this sentimentality it as a reaction to the threat posed by the fast-changing world of the post-World War II period, a nostalgia for a \"safer\" period. Van Gelder adds that 1955 was the year rock and roll was introduced from the United States to the Netherlands, and the same year a new word for young people, \"nozem\", was coined to indicate a new and completely different youth culture. The Westertoren, the spire of the Westerkerk, symbolizes the area and plays an important role in the music--in 1917's", "title": "Jordaanlied" }, { "id": "19524041", "score": "1.4649769", "text": "Although many set out the journey with revolutionary fervor, their naive idealism were crushed by realities of the hardscrabble rural lives too different from what they were used to. With no prospect of a better future in sight, many of these urban youths got married, had children and settled down in villages. Everything changed in 1976 with the death of Mao Zedong and the arrest of the Gang of Four. Soon after, these rusticated \"youths\" (now in their 30s) were allowed to return to cities, to reunite with their parents and try to be something other than peasants—only if they", "title": "Educated Youth (novel)" }, { "id": "5202838", "score": "1.463666", "text": "rustication in industrial architecture; the effect is pleasing, and the cost was probably reduced. Massive effects of contrasting rustications typify the \"Richardsonian Romanesque\" style exemplified in the 1870s and 80s by the American architect H. H. Richardson. The technique is still sometimes used in architecture of a broadly Modernist character, especially in city centre streets where it helps modern buildings blend with older ones with rustication. Although essentially a technique for stone masonry, rustication can be imitated in brick and stucco, which began as early as Bramante's Palazzo Caprini and was common in smaller houses in Georgian architecture, and also", "title": "Rustication (architecture)" }, { "id": "5823296", "score": "1.4611683", "text": "the time. \"The Quietus\" noted the album's genre as post-punk and further described its style as \"a six track set of lowly garage rock which traverses the cosmos irrespective. Secondly, it's a gothic downer but leavened by motion and momentum thanks to its krautrock influences. And lastly it's a grittily real punk record defined by an unerring air of unreality – as unromantic as it is fantastical\". Released in 1981, \"Youth of America\" was, according to Sage, not well received in the United States at the time of its release, but fared better in Europe. In its retrospective review, \"Consequence", "title": "Youth of America" }, { "id": "6405581", "score": "1.459984", "text": "Rustication (academia) Rustication is a term used at Oxford, Cambridge and Durham Universities to mean being \"sent down\" or expelled temporarily, or, in more recent times, to leave temporarily for welfare and/or health reasons. The term derives from the Latin word \"rus\", countryside, to indicate that a student has been sent back to his or her family in the country, or from medieval Latin \"rustici\", meaning \"heathens or barbarians\" (\"missus in rusticos\", \"sent among ...\"). Depending on the conditions given, a student who has been rusticated may not be allowed to enter any of the university buildings, or even travel", "title": "Rustication (academia)" }, { "id": "2631491", "score": "1.4520655", "text": "1960s, London underwent a \"metamorphosis from a gloomy, grimy post-war capital into a bright, shining epicentre of style\". The phenomenon was caused by the large number of young people in the city (due to the baby boom of the 1950s) and the postwar economic boom. Following the abolition of the national service for men in 1960, these young people enjoyed greater freedom and fewer responsibilities than their parents' generation, and \"[fanned] changes to social and sexual politics\". Despite shaping the popular consciousness of Britain in the 1960s, however, Swinging London was a West End-centred phenomenon that only happened among young,", "title": "Swinging Sixties" }, { "id": "326608", "score": "1.4469707", "text": "mean that the sexual revolution, counterculture, youth rebellion and so on never developed during that decade in Spain's conservative Roman Catholic culture and under Francisco Franco's authoritarian regime. Likewise it is very often said, as the historian Arthur Marwick has, that \"the 1960s\" began in the late 1950s and ended in the early 1970s. His reason for saying this is that the cultural and economic conditions that define the meaning of the period covers more than the accidental fact of a 10-year block beginning with the number 6. This extended usage is termed the \"long 1960s\". This usage derives from", "title": "Periodization" }, { "id": "4020140", "score": "1.446506", "text": "Act and the Sex Discrimination Act in 1975. The 1960s were a time of greater disregard for the \"establishment,\" with a satire boom led by people who were willing to attack their elders. Pop music became a dominant form of expression for the young, and bands like The Beatles and the Rolling Stones were seen as leaders of youth culture. Youth-based subcultures such as the mods, rockers, hippies and skinheads became more visible. Reforms in education led to the effective elimination of the grammar school. The rise of the comprehensive school was aimed at producing a more egalitarian educational system,", "title": "English society" }, { "id": "469297", "score": "1.4457071", "text": "previous age through extreme deviation from the norm. He charts the rise, success, fall/nightmare and explosion in the London scene of the 1960s. Several Western nations such as the United States, United Kingdom, France, and West Germany turned to the political left in the early and mid-1960s. By the end of the 1950s, war-ravaged Europe had largely finished reconstruction and began a tremendous economic boom. World War II had brought about a huge leveling of social classes in which the remnants of the old feudal gentry disappeared. There was a major expansion of the middle class in western European countries", "title": "1960s" } ]

[ "Presidency of Martin Van Buren", "martin van buren", "President Van Buren", "Old Kinderhook", "Eighth President of the United States", "martin van buran", "martin vanburen", "The Little Magician", "van buren administration", "Martin VanBuren", "old kinderhook", "Van Buren Administration", "martin van ruin", "eighth president of united states", "Martin van bueran", "martin van bueren", "president van buren", "maarten van buren", "Martin Van Buran", "Martin Van Ruin", "Little Magician", "8th President of the United States", "Maarten van Buren", "martin van bueran", "Martin Van Buren", "presidency of martin van buren", "little magician", "Martin van Buren", "Martin van bueren", "8th president of united states" ]

[ { "id": "740004", "score": "1.5391054", "text": "marriage. African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist Sojourner Truth (born 'Isabella Baumfree') was a native speaker of Dutch. Martin Van Buren, the first President born in the United States following its independence, spoke Dutch as his native language, making him the only President whose first language was not English. In a 1990 demographic consensus, 3% of surveyed citizens claimed descent from Dutch settlers. Modern estimates place the Dutch American population at 5 million, lagging just a bit behind Scottish Americans and Swedish Americans. Notable Dutch Americans include the Roosevelts (Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Eleanor Roosevelt), Marlon Brando, Thomas", "title": "Languages of the United States" }, { "id": "1581741", "score": "1.479198", "text": "States' national language that would have made \"American\" the national language in order to differentiate the United States's language from that of England. This bill did not pass in Congress despite significant support—especially from Irish immigrants who were resentful of British influence. In 1907, US President Theodore Roosevelt wrote, \"We have room for but one language in this country, and that is the English language, for we intend to see that the crucible turns our people out as Americans, of American nationality, and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding house.\" U.S. English, the nation's oldest and largest organization advocating", "title": "English-only movement" }, { "id": "7374575", "score": "1.4602613", "text": "inch the Francophile\" who was very close to successive governments in Paris from the time he came to power until his death. In 2012, the country declared an intention to add English as a second official language, as Ali Bongo who succeeded his father as president does not share his father's Francophilia. However, it was later clarified that the country intended to introduce English as a first foreign language in schools, while keeping French as the general medium of instruction and the sole official language. President Félix Houphouët-Boigny of the Côte d'Ivoire was described as a \"staunch Francophile\" who maintained", "title": "Francophile" }, { "id": "2450042", "score": "1.4088825", "text": "proposed an amendment to the U.S. Constitution to \"establish English as the official language of the United States\", (H.R. 19). In 2005, Tancredo introduced a resolution calling on the president to recognize the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and to abandon the One-China policy. He has been critical of the People's Republic of China. This has since been modified and reintroduced as H. Con. Res. 73. In February 2005, Tancredo announced he would seek the Republican nomination for president if all other candidates failed to address the illegal immigration problem. On February 9, 2006, Tancredo addressed the Conservative", "title": "Tom Tancredo" }, { "id": "2175390", "score": "1.4004383", "text": "Board include: Edward A. Capano, Denton Cooley, M.D., Midge Decter, Jorge Delgado, Dinesh Desai, Mrs. Richard DeVos, George Gilder, Nathan Glazer, Ph.D., Charles Gogolak, Lee Majors, Laura McKenzie, Harvey Meyerhoff, Barbara Mujica, Ph.D., Alex Olmedo, Arnold Palmer, Margie Petersen, Norman Podhoretz, Donald M. Ross, Randolph Rowland, James Schlesinger, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Norman D. Shumway, Rodney Smith, Alex Trebek, George W. Wilson, and Roger Wildermuth . To date, the United States federal government has recognized no official language, even though nearly all federal, state and local government business is conducted in English. Some states and territories do have English as an official", "title": "U.S. English (organization)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of multilingual presidents of the United States\n\nOf the 45 persons who have served as presidents of the United States, at least half have displayed proficiency in speaking or writing a language other than English. Of these, only one, Martin Van Buren, learned English as his second language; his first language was Dutch. Four of the earliest presidents were multilingual, with John Quincy Adams and Thomas Jefferson demonstrating proficiency in a number of foreign languages.\n\nJames A. Garfield and his successor Chester A. Arthur knew Ancient Greek and Latin, but it was Garfield's ambidexterity that would lead to rumors that he could write both at the same time. Both Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke French, and Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke German. As for Asian languages, James Madison studied Hebrew, Herbert Hoover spoke some Mandarin Chinese, while Barack Obama speaks Indonesian at a conversational level.", "title": "List of multilingual presidents of the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "English-only movement\n\nThe English-only movement, also known as the Official English movement, is a political movement that advocates for the use of only the English language in official United States government operations through the establishment of English as the only official language in the United States. The United States has never had a legal policy proclaiming an official national language. However, at some times and places, there have been various moves to promote or require the use of English, such as in Native American boarding schools.<ref name=\"Navajo\">\n\nU.S. English is the nation's oldest and largest organization advocating for Official English. \n\nSupport for the English-only movement began in 1907, under US President Theodore Roosevelt, and continues today as studies prove high percentage in approval ratings. Republican candidates have supported this movement during elections.\n\nThe English-only movement has received criticism and rejection within societies and educational systems. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has stated that English-only laws are inconsistent with both the First Amendment right to communicate with or petition the government, as well as free speech and the right to equality, because they bar government employees from providing non-English language assistance and services. Current law shows that the United States federal government does not specify an official language; however, each state has unique terms they abide by.", "title": "English-only movement" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "English language in Puerto Rico\n\nWhile Spanish is the first official language of Puerto Rico, English is the second official language. Spanish has been an official language in Puerto Rico since it was first colonized by Spain in the 15th century. English was first introduced on the island when the United States had acquired Puerto Rico as a U.S. territory after the Spanish–American War and the Treaty of Paris in 1898 but was not declared as an official language alongside Spanish until 1902. Its status as an official language was removed briefly in 1991, but was brought back as the second official language again in 1993 and has remained the co-official language of the commonwealth ever since.\n\nSpanish is the most widely spoken and written language, and the vast majority of Puerto Ricans do not use English regularly other than some borrowed English words in their ordinary Spanish speech. Various surveys have found that the majority of Puerto Ricans are not fluent in English. Out of those age five and older, 76.6% of Puerto Rico did not speak English \"very well,\" and 94.5% spoke a language other than English at home.", "title": "English language in Puerto Rico" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Martin Van Buren" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Irish language\n\nIrish (Standard Irish: ), also known as Gaelic and Gaeilge, is a Goidelic language of the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, which is a part of the Indo-European language family. Irish is indigenous to the island of Ireland and was the population's first language until the 19th century, when English gradually became dominant, particularly in the last decades of the century. Irish is still spoken as a first language in a small number of areas of certain counties such as Cork, Donegal, Galway, and Kerry, as well as smaller areas of counties Mayo, Meath, and Waterford. It is also spoken by a larger group of habitual but non-traditional speakers, mostly in urban areas where the majority are second-language speakers. Daily users in Ireland outside the education system number around 73,000 (1.5%), and the total number of persons (aged 3 and over) who claimed they could speak Irish in April 2016 was 1,761,420, representing 39.8% of respondents.\n\nFor most of recorded Irish history, Irish was the dominant language of the Irish people, who took it with them to other regions, such as Scotland and the Isle of Man, where Middle Irish gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx. It was also, for a period, spoken widely across Canada, with an estimated 200,000–250,000 daily Canadian speakers of Irish in 1890. On the island of Newfoundland, a unique dialect of Irish developed before falling out of use in the early 20th century.\n\nWith a writing system, Ogham, dating back to at least the 4th century AD, which was gradually replaced by Latin script since the 5th century AD, Irish has the oldest vernacular literature in Western Europe. On the island, the language has three major dialects: Munster, Connacht and Ulster. All three have distinctions in their speech and orthography. There is also a \"standard written form\" devised by a parliamentary commission in the 1950s. The traditional Irish alphabet, a variant of the Latin alphabet with 18 letters, has been succeeded by the standard Latin alphabet (albeit with 7–8 letters used primarily in loanwords).\n\nIrish has constitutional status as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland, and is also an official language of Northern Ireland and among the official languages of the European Union. The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island. Irish has no regulatory body but the standard modern written form is guided by a parliamentary service and new vocabulary by a voluntary committee with university input. The modern-day areas of Ireland where Irish is still spoken daily as a first language are collectively known as the .", "title": "Irish language" }, { "id": "1581747", "score": "1.3955234", "text": "2009, voters in Nashville, Tennessee rejected a proposal under a referendum election to make \"Nashville the largest city in the United States to prohibit the government from using languages other than English, with exceptions allowed for issues of health and safety.\" The initiative failed by a vote of 57% to 43%. In March 2012, Republican presidential candidate Rick Santorum was criticized by some Republican delegates from Puerto Rico when he publicly took the position that Puerto Rico, a Spanish-speaking territory, should be required to make English its primary language as a condition of statehood. The modern English-only movement has met", "title": "English-only movement" }, { "id": "7509726", "score": "1.3888228", "text": "explain that some Americans have forgotten what an oath is and that he would not break his even if the government told him to. Throughout Roosevelt's life, he pursued an interest in languages. A Latin and Greek scholar when he was a boy, he had a speaking or reading knowledge of perhaps 20 languages, including French, Spanish, German, Russian, Arabic, Hebrew, Swahili and Uzbek. Roosevelt married the former Katharine W. Tweed (the daughter of Harrison Tweed) in 1940 and they had one son, Tweed Roosevelt born in 1942. That marriage ended in divorce in 1950. Roosevelt later married Selwa \"Lucky\"", "title": "Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr." }, { "id": "12759705", "score": "1.3806989", "text": "pointed to eleven WASP top politicians—typically scions of upper class English families. She ending with Republicans G.H.W. Bush elected in 1988, his son George W. Bush elected in 2000 and 2004, and John McCain, who was nominated but defeated in 2008. English is the most commonly spoken language in the U.S, where it is estimated that two thirds of all native speakers of English live. The American English dialect developed from English colonization. It serves as the \"de facto\" official language, the language in which government business is carried out. According to the 1990 census, 94% of the U.S. population", "title": "English Americans" }, { "id": "15469638", "score": "1.3776836", "text": "to have him win their state's presidential primary, Coolidge informed the Republican state chairman \"Such an action would be most embarrassing to me… I request that it not be done.\" While the language was open for debate, some pointed out that it was the language of a Vermont Yankee. \"The Yankee language is founded on understatement and not overstatement,\" said publisher Charles Thompson. Some feel that Coolidge was honoring the two-term tradition set by President Washington. Coolidge held the opinion that a vice president who succeeded to part of another president's term would not violate the rule by then running", "title": "I do not choose to run" }, { "id": "1831520", "score": "1.3748848", "text": "Colorado, in Boulder, in 1953. On each of these occasions, the family accompanied him. Artin insisted that only German be spoken in the house. Even Tom, born in the U.S., spoke German as his first language, acquiring English only from his siblings and his playmates in the neighborhood; for the first four or five years of his life, he spoke English with a pronounced German accent. Consistent with his program of maintaining the family’s German cultural heritage, Artin gave high priority to regularly reading German literature aloud to the children. The text was frequently from Goethe's autobiographical \"Dichtung und Wahrheit,\"", "title": "Emil Artin" }, { "id": "20791804", "score": "1.3689164", "text": "French, who were debating whether or not to recognize and aid the United States. On April 1, he arrived in Spain, where Adams learned that France had already agreed to an alliance with the United States on February 6. Adams was annoyed by the other two commissioners: Lee, whom he thought paranoid and cynical, and the popular and influential Franklin, whom he found irritating, lethargic, and overly deferential and accommodating to the French. He took a disliking to Dr. Edward Bancroft, Franklin's aid, who, unbeknownst to him, was a British spy. Adams did not speak French, the international language of", "title": "Diplomacy of John Adams" }, { "id": "17951294", "score": "1.3643541", "text": "in America to pass an official language law, though its first official language was not English but \"American\". In 1923, Representative Washington J. McCormick of Montana had failed to pass a bill in the United States Congress declaring \"American\" to be the official language of the United States. Following the bill's failure, Senator Frank Ryan introduced a similar bill to the Illinois General Assembly. The bill passed with the support of Irish and Jewish politicians in Chicago, who, by rejecting the term \"English\", wanted to show their opposition to British policies in Ireland and Palestine, respectively. In 1969, another act", "title": "Languages of Illinois" }, { "id": "16445750", "score": "1.3638242", "text": "to people who do not speak English and receive their information through the internet. One of the undertakings by the Digital Outreach Team occurred on June 4, 2009, when President Barack Obama gave a speech addressing the Muslim world, from Cairo, Egypt. President Obama's speech was an attempt to foster change in the perception of the United States. His speech discussed the new beginnings and relations between the West and the Middle East. Between June and December in 2009, the DOT opened thirty discussion threads on nineteen Arab and Russian centered websites, where the primary conversation was Obama's Cairo speech.", "title": "United States cyber-diplomacy" }, { "id": "4641056", "score": "1.3622371", "text": "Texas. At the time of the wedding, she did not speak English and a part of the wedding ceremony was conducted in Spanish. In 1988, she appeared in a Spanish-language campaign commercial for her father-in-law, George H. W. Bush, in his campaign for President and she presented a nominating speech for him, also in Spanish, at the Republican National Convention in New Orleans. But, for the most part, she tends to be uninvolved in politics. As First Lady of Florida, Bush advocated for Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence, the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, and Arts for Life, a", "title": "Columba Bush" }, { "id": "3383559", "score": "1.3598325", "text": "training. He was fluent in French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese as well as his native English. He also spoke German fluently but, as he joked, inaccurately, and knew the basics of several other languages. His simultaneous translation of a speech by United States President Richard Nixon in France prompted French President Charles de Gaulle to say to Nixon, \"You gave a magnificent speech, but your interpreter was eloquent.\" Walters joined the Army in 1941 and was soon commissioned. He served in Africa and Italy during World War II. He served as a link between the commands of Brazilian Expeditionary Force", "title": "Vernon A. Walters" }, { "id": "1649333", "score": "1.353949", "text": "Speaker in 1796. On April 29, 1796, as chairman of the Committee of the Whole, he cast the deciding vote for the laws necessary to carry out the Jay Treaty. In 1794, during Muhlenberg's second tenure as Speaker, the House voted 42-41 against a proposal to translate some of the laws into German. Muhlenberg, who himself abstained from the vote, commented later, \"the faster the Germans become Americans, the better it will be.\" Despite not having voted against the bill, a legend called the Muhlenberg Legend developed in which he was responsible for prohibiting German as an official language of", "title": "Frederick Muhlenberg" }, { "id": "9006449", "score": "1.3519311", "text": "spoke only English, and the island's primary language was Spanish, with great numbers of French and Italian speakers. In less than 18 months, after Brumbaugh took over, school absenteeism shot up to 98% with the ensuing performance collapse of a population that spoke one language and the teachers another. Those children who did go to school were punished for speaking Spanish, and put down for their culture. The next thing Brumbaugh did, with the backing of the US Military Government, was to change the entire curriculum, to \"Americanize it\". He re-wrote the entire Puerto Rican history curriculum, sanitized it and", "title": "Martin Grove Brumbaugh" }, { "id": "1581748", "score": "1.339607", "text": "with rejection from the Linguistic Society of America, which passed a resolution in 1986–87 opposing \"'English only' measures on the grounds that they are based on misconceptions about the role of a common language in establishing political unity, and that they are inconsistent with basic American traditions of linguistic tolerance.\" Linguist Geoffrey Pullum, in an essay entitled \"Here come the linguistic fascists\", charges English First with \"hatred and suspicion of aliens and immigrants\" and points out that English is far from under threat in the United States, saying \"making English the official language of the United States of America is", "title": "English-only movement" }, { "id": "2267038", "score": "1.3375292", "text": "eavesdroppers. To date, she is the only First Lady to speak an Asian language. Mrs. Hoover was also well versed in Latin; she collaborated with her husband in translating Agricola's \"De Re Metallica\", a 16th-century encyclopedia of mining and metallurgy. The Hoover translation was published in 1912, and remains in print today as the standard English translation. During World War I, she assisted her husband in providing relief for Belgian refugees. For her work she was decorated in 1919 by King Albert I of Belgium. She was also involved with the American Women's War Relief Fund, which provided ambulances, funded", "title": "Lou Henry Hoover" }, { "id": "1581743", "score": "1.3365457", "text": "as America's common, unifying language, and to persuade lawmakers to adopt English as the official language at all levels of government.\" In 1980, Dade County, Florida voters approved an \"anti-bilingual ordinance\". However, this was repealed by the county commission in 1993, after \"racially orientated redistricting\" led to a change in government. In 1981, English was declared the official language in the commonwealth of Virginia. In 1983, John Tanton and U.S. Senator S. I. Hayakawa founded a political lobbying organization, U.S. English. (Tanton was a former head of the Sierra Club's population committee and of Zero Population Growth, and founder of", "title": "English-only movement" } ]

[ "Chogan", "polo sport", "Polo stick", "ecuadorian polo", "Night polo ball", "chukkers", "horse polo", "Horse polo", "polo mallet", "Polo mallet", "Polo", "Polo (sport)", "polo stick", "Chogân", "polo", "Polo pitch", "Ice polo", "Ecuadorian Polo", "ice polo", "chogân", "Chukkers", "polo pitch", "sagol kangjei", "night polo ball", "chogan", "Sagol Kangjei" ]

[ { "id": "15254802", "score": "1.5898584", "text": "right-handed clubs, giving an advantage over one-handed players. Professional golfer Phil Mickelson plays left-handed though he is naturally right-handed. In tennis, southpaws hold the racket in their left hand. Because of this, their grip of the handle is supposedly adjusted in a slightly different style from right-handed players. Some world champion left-handed tennis players include Jimmy Connors, Guillermo Vilas, John McEnroe, Martina Navratilova, Marcelo Ríos, Goran Ivanišević and Rafael Nadal. Often the playing cards have their pips printed only in the upper left corner assuming holding them with right hand. Such design may be uncomfortable for left-handed people who may", "title": "Bias against left-handed people" }, { "id": "1541407", "score": "1.5843024", "text": "more precise coordination with the left hand is believed to allow better-controlled, and stronger drives. Mac O'Grady was a touring pro who played right-handed, yet could play \"scratch\" (no handicap) golf left-handed. He lobbied the USGA for years to be certified as an amateur \"lefty\" and a pro \"righty\" to no avail. Although not ambidextrous, Phil Mickelson and Mike Weir are both right-handers who golf left-handed; Ben Hogan was the opposite, being a natural left-hander who played golf right-handed. This is known as cross-dominance or mixed-handedness. Katelyn Johnson is a famous ambidextrous women's golf player. Ice hockey players may shoot", "title": "Ambidexterity" }, { "id": "1541410", "score": "1.565912", "text": "play right-handed. The rules of the game denote that the ball can only be struck with the flat side of the stick. Only one player Laeeq Ahmed on Pakistan National Hockey team, played with unorthodox left hand below and right hand up side of stick grip with full command. He played from 1991 to 1992 for the national team. Perhaps to avoid confusing referees, there are no left-handed sticks. In field lacrosse, which is more popular in the United States, it is extremely advantageous to be able to use both hands, as players can play on both sides of the", "title": "Ambidexterity" }, { "id": "3039784", "score": "1.4789294", "text": "and was liable to lose several consecutive frames. He is right-handed but can play to a very high standard with his left hand and routinely alternates where needed. While not quite possessing the same power in his left arm, being ambidextrous enables him to attempt shots with his left hand that would otherwise require awkward cueing with a or . When he first displayed this left-handed ability in the 1996 World Championship against Alain Robidoux, the Canadian accused him of disrespect. He was summoned to a disciplinary hearing in response to Robidoux's formal complaint, where he had to prove that", "title": "Ronnie O'Sullivan" }, { "id": "13539376", "score": "1.4621842", "text": "He could also benefit from this ability in serving when he was able to easily change the serve direction. He asked for a permission to use two racquets simultaneously, one in each hand, but it was officially banned in 1931 by the ILTF. Although when playing golf his preferred shot was with his right hand as well as while serving. In one of his articles written to \"The Sydney Morning Herald\", Fred Perry described Stefani as a \"freak player\" and his style as unorthodox and that he lacks the beauty of shot execution of those as Bunny Austin and Jack", "title": "Giorgio de Stefani" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bias against left-handed people\n\nBias against left-handed people is bias or design that is usually unfavorable against people who are left-handed. Handwriting is one of the biggest sources of disadvantage for left-handed people, other than for those forced to work with certain machinery. About 90 percent of the world's population is right-handed, and many common articles are designed for efficient use by right-handed people, and may be inconvenient, painful, or even dangerous for left-handed people to use. These may include school desks, kitchen implements, and tools ranging from simple scissors to hazardous machinery such as power saws.<ref name=\"tools\" />\n\nBeyond being inherently disadvantaged by a right-handed bias in the design of tools, left-handed people have been subjected to deliberate discrimination and discouragement. In certain societies, they may be considered unlucky or even malicious by the right-handed majority. Many languages still contain references to left-handedness to convey awkwardness, dishonesty, stupidity, or other undesirable qualities. In many societies, left-handed people were historically (and in some cases still are) forced as children to use their right hands for tasks which they would naturally perform with the left, such as eating or writing.<ref name=\"Susumu\" /> In the late 20th century, left-handedness became less stigmatized, and in many countries, particularly the Western world, left-handed children were no longer forced to switch to their right hand.", "title": "Bias against left-handed people" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ambidexterity\n\nAmbidexterity is the ability to use both the right and left hand equally well. When referring to objects, the term indicates that the object is equally suitable for right-handed and left-handed people. When referring to humans, it indicates that a person has no marked preference for the use of the right or left hand.\n\nOnly about one percent of people are naturally ambidextrous, which equates to about 80,000,000 people in the world today. In modern times, it is common to find some people considered ambidextrous who were originally left-handed and who learned to be ambidextrous, either deliberately or as a result of training in schools or in jobs where right-handed habits are often emphasized or required. Since many everyday devices (such as can openers and scissors) are asymmetrical and designed for right-handed people, many left-handers learn to use them right-handedly due to the rarity or lack of left-handed models. Thus, left-handed people are more likely to develop motor skills in their non-dominant hand than right-handed people.", "title": "Ambidexterity" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Handedness\n\nIn human biology, handedness is an individual's preferential use of one hand, known as the dominant hand, due to it being stronger, faster or more dextrous. The other hand, comparatively often the weaker, less dextrous or simply less subjectively preferred, is called the non-dominant hand. In a study from 1975 on 7688 children in US grades 1-6, Left handers comprised 9.6% of the sample, with 10.5% of male children and 8.7% of female children being left-handed. Handedness is often defined by one's writing hand, as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand. There are examples of true ambidexterity (equal preference of either hand), but it is rare—most people prefer using one hand for most purposes.\n\nMost of the current research suggests that left-handedness has an epigenetic marker—a combination of genetics, biology and the environment.\n\nBecause the vast majority of the population is right-handed, many devices are designed for use by right-handed people, making their use by left-handed people more difficult. and mixed martial arts (MMA).\n", "title": "Handedness" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Babe Ruth" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Polo\n\nPolo is a ball game played on horseback, a traditional field sport and one of the world's oldest known team sports. The game is played by two opposing teams with the objective of scoring using a long-handled wooden mallet to hit a small hard ball through the opposing team's goal. Each team has four mounted riders, and the game usually lasts one to two hours, divided into periods called \"chukkas\" or \"\"chukkers\"\".\n\nPolo has been called \"the sport of kings\", and has become a spectator sport for equestrians and high society, often supported by sponsorship. The progenitor of the game and its variants existed from the to the as equestrian games played by nomadic Iranian and Turkic peoples. A notable example is Saladin, who was known for being a skilled polo player which contributed to his cavalry training. It is now popular around the world, with well over 100 member countries in the Federation of International Polo, played professionally in 16 countries, and was an Olympic sport from 1900 to 1936.\n\nArena polo is an indoor or semi-outdoor variant with similar rules, and is played with three riders per team. The playing field is smaller, enclosed and usually of compacted sand or fine aggregate, and often indoors. Arena polo has more maneuvering due to space limitations, and uses an air-inflated ball slightly larger than the hard solid ball used in field polo. Standard mallets are used, though slightly larger-head \"arena mallets\" are an option.", "title": "Polo" }, { "id": "4597732", "score": "1.4619179", "text": "the county championship the previous year and hopes to repeat their success. Unfortunately, in addition to viewing left-handedness as a conscious choice, \"Pure backwards of what's right and good,\" Ezekiel also views baseball as a temptation that needs to be resisted, so Luke must practice pitching in secret, by throwing rocks and may apples in the woods. Early on, while Luke is watching a forbidden game, a ball lands at his feet. Throwing it back with his left hand, he amazes the crowd with both distance and placement. The ballplayers and his uncle, Micah, a sports editor for a northern", "title": "John H. Ritter" }, { "id": "1782861", "score": "1.4587682", "text": "is no wall on the right side, all jai alai players must play right-handed (wear the cesta on their right hand), as the spin of a left-handed hurl would send the ball toward the open right side. The sport can be dangerous, as the ball travels at high velocities. It has led to injuries that caused players to retire and fatalities have been recorded in some cases. Jai alai is a popular sport within the Latin American countries and the Philippines from its Hispanic influence. It was one of the two gambling sports from Europe, the other being horse racing,", "title": "Jai alai" }, { "id": "15254801", "score": "1.4567354", "text": "a left-handed fencer's stance is opposite that of a right-handed opponent. Although commonly asserted that left-handed fencers have an advantage over right-handed opponents because the line of defence favors their sword arm, this assertion describes both fencers in a mixed-handed duel, so neither competitor has a unique physical advantage. Thus the left-hander's advantage in fencing stems mostly from a right-hander's unfamiliarity with a left-handed stance. The game of golf is most commonly played right-handed, and left-handed players typically must provide their own special golf clubs. The game can be played with both hands, provided the player has both left- and", "title": "Bias against left-handed people" }, { "id": "1541408", "score": "1.4538436", "text": "from the left or right side of the body. For the most part, right-handed players shoot left and, likewise, most left-handed players shoot right as the player will often wield the stick one-handed. The dominant hand is typically placed on the top of the stick to allow for better stickhandling and control of the puck. Players who learn the game in the United States will generally play with their stronger hand in the middle of the stick, thus putting more power into slapshots. Gordie Howe was one of few players capable of doing both, although this was at a time", "title": "Ambidexterity" }, { "id": "1541415", "score": "1.4309754", "text": "with right foot or whose left foot isn't dominated, this drastically shorten the time from maximum acceleration to maximum deceleration and left footer possesses a much greater advantages in racing. In tennis, a player may be able to reach balls on the backhand side more easily if they're able to use the weaker hand. An example of a player who is ambidextrous is Luke Jensen. Rafael Nadal uses his right hand for writing, but plays tennis with left. There are many players who are naturally right handed but play lefty and vice versa. Evgenia Kulikovskaya is also an ambidextrous player,", "title": "Ambidexterity" }, { "id": "4562195", "score": "1.4264748", "text": "just should be outlawed straightaway. If you want to hit to one side of the field, you've got to do it in a cross fashion, and not swap the way you're facing or your grip. Otherwise you are going to start to allow the bowlers to go round the wicket, over the wicket, and keep swapping during their run-ups.\" Former fast-bowler Michael Holding argued \"if the batsman can change from being right-handed to left-handed, there shouldn't be a problem with a bowler changing from being right-handed to left-handed, either, without having to tell the umpire, nor should he have to", "title": "Kevin Pietersen" }, { "id": "1541397", "score": "1.4252819", "text": "his left hand for writing, but bats and bowls with right hand. There are many players who are naturally right handed but bat left and vice versa. Sourav Ganguly uses his right hand for writing and bowls with the right hand, too, but bats with his left hand. Players due to injuries may also switch arms for fielding. Phillip Hughes batted, bowled and fielded left handed before a shoulder injury. Australian batsman George Bailey also due to sustaining an injury, taught himself to throw with his weaker left arm. He is now often seen throughout matches switching between arms as", "title": "Ambidexterity" }, { "id": "15254779", "score": "1.4241474", "text": "rude or even signs of bad luck when the left hand becomes involved. In some parts of Scotland, it is considered bad luck to meet a left-handed person at the start of a journey. In Ghana, pointing, gesturing, giving or receiving items with the left hand is considered taboo or rude. A person giving directions will put their left hand behind them and even physically strain to point with their right hand if necessary. In some Asian countries, holding eating utensils in the left hand is considered impolite. Due to cultural and social pressures, many left-handed children were encouraged or", "title": "Bias against left-handed people" }, { "id": "1906346", "score": "1.4228146", "text": "it was this issue that brought about the myth that he was left-handed. This may be the reason that his early play with right-handed equipment found him using a cross-handed grip (right hand at the end of the club, left hand below it). In \"The Search for the Perfect Golf Swing\", researchers Cochran and Stobbs held the opinion that a left-handed person playing right-handed would be prone to hook the ball. Hy Peskin, a staff photographer for \"Sports Illustrated\", took an iconic photo of Ben Hogan playing a 1-iron shot to the green at the 72nd hole of the 1950", "title": "Ben Hogan" }, { "id": "6517473", "score": "1.4216208", "text": "other hand. A player typically punches with his dominant hand; \"i.e.\" holding the ball with the left hand and punching with the right hand is considered a right-handed handball. When a player receives a handpass from another player, play continues – unlike the kick where if a player catches the ball on the full from a kick (a mark), he is entitled to take his next kick unimpeded. Failure to execute a handball correctly is deemed a \"throw\" or \"illegal disposal\" and results in a free kick to the nearest opposition player. Moving the hand that holds the ball excessively", "title": "Handball (Australian rules football)" }, { "id": "1475744", "score": "1.417249", "text": "an overrepresentation of left-handedness, while non-interactive sports such as swimming show no overrepresentation. Smaller physical distance between participants increases the overrepresentation. In fencing, about half the participants are left-handed. Other, sports-specific factors may increase or decrease the advantage left-handers usually hold in one-on-one situations: According to a meta-analysis of 144 studies, totaling 1,787,629 participants, the best estimate for the male to female odds ratio was 1.23, indicating 23% more men are left-handed. 11% of men and 9% of women would be approximately 10% overall, at a 1.22 male to female odds ratio. A number of studies examining the relationship between", "title": "Handedness" }, { "id": "17369379", "score": "1.417161", "text": "behind on first innings and were asked to follow on, the first time that a new follow-on law was operated; it was next modified in 1854. Left-handed played MCC again in July 1838 and this time were outclassed, losing heavily by an innings and 159 runs. That one-sided match ended the idea of a left-handed team for over thirty years until it was resurrected one last time in May 1870. Again, however, the left-handed were well beaten, losing to the right-handed team, which included W. G. Grace, by an innings and 8 runs. Left-Handed v Right-Handed Left-Handed v Right-Handed was", "title": "Left-Handed v Right-Handed" }, { "id": "17369377", "score": "1.4145715", "text": "Left-Handed v Right-Handed Left-Handed v Right-Handed was an occasional first-class cricket fixture held in England between 1790 and 1870. There were four such fixtures in all where a team titled \"Left-Handed\" played a team titled \"Right-Handed\". Additionally, a left-handed team played in two other matches against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). There are no instances of a right-handed team except in the four matches against left-handed teams. The first match in 1790 was held at Lord's Old Ground in London and the other five at Lord's Cricket Ground, which opened in 1814. The first match was played 10–12 May 1790 and", "title": "Left-Handed v Right-Handed" }, { "id": "1541406", "score": "1.4125357", "text": "Ambidextrous receivers can make one-handed catches with either hand; linemen can hold their shoulders square and produce an equal amount of power with both arms; and punters can handle a bad snap and roll out and punt with either leg, limiting the chance of a block. Naturally right-handed quarterbacks may have to perform left-handed passes to avoid sacks. Chris Jones is cross dominant. Although he is a left-footed punter, he throws with his right. Chris Hanson was dual-footed, able to punt with either foot. Some players find cross-dominance advantageous in golf, especially if a left-handed player utilizes right-handed clubs. Having", "title": "Ambidexterity" }, { "id": "9765060", "score": "1.4119682", "text": "golf left-handed as a follow-on from his hockey experience. Weir was fortunate in that his godfather's son played left-handed and had a partial set of spare clubs that he handed down to Weir—three woods and four irons. From his earnings as a caddy and pro shop worker, he purchased a left-handed wedge that he used until the grip wore out. When he was 12, he won a junior tournament in which the first prize was a complete set of irons; he replaced his original four irons with the clubs he had won. While working at Huron Oaks, he also met", "title": "Mike Weir" } ]

[ "punch to body", "Punch to the body" ]

[ { "id": "3616374", "score": "2.1118646", "text": "fully turning the attacking competitor's body, so that the back is fully exposed to the targeted competitor during execution of the technique (spinning kick), an additional point is awarded; a kick to the head scores three points; as of October 2010 an additional point is awarded if a turning kick was used to execute this attack. Punches to the head are not allowed. As of March 2010, no additional points are awarded for knocking down an opponent (beyond the normal points awarded for legal strikes). The referee can give penalties (called \"gam-jeom\") at any time for rule-breaking, such as hitting", "title": "World Taekwondo" }, { "id": "411684", "score": "1.9634335", "text": "head. Under World Taekwondo (WT, formerly WTF) and Olympic rules, sparring is a full-contact event and takes place between two competitors in either an area measuring 8 meters square or an octagon of similar size. Competitors are matched within gender and weight division - 8 divisions for World Championships that are condensed to 4 for the Olympics. A win can occur by points, or if one competitor is unable to continue (knockout). However, there are several decisions that can lead to a win, as well, including superiority, withdrawal, disqualification, or even a referee's punitive declaration. Each match consists of three", "title": "Taekwondo" }, { "id": "411688", "score": "1.8806962", "text": "scoring techniques (such as a kick to the hogu), permitted but non-scoring techniques (such as a kick that strikes and arm), and not-permitted techniques (such as a kick below the waist). The referee can give penalties at any time for rule-breaking, such as hitting an area not recognized as a target, usually the legs or neck. Penalties, called \"Gam-jeom\" are counted as an addition of one point for the opposing contestant. Following 10 \"Gam-jeom\" a player is declared the loser by referee's punitive declaration At the end of three rounds, the competitor with most points wins the match. In the", "title": "Taekwondo" }, { "id": "411687", "score": "1.8742384", "text": "scoring system reduces controversy concerning judging decisions, but this technology is still not universally accepted., In particular, the move to electronic headgear has replaced controversy over judging with controversy over how the technology has changed the sport. Because the headgear is not able to determine if a kick was a correct taekwondo technique, and the pressure threshold for sensor activation for headgear is kept low for safety reasons, athletes who improvised ways of placing their foot on their opponents head were able to score points, regardless of how true to taekwondo those techniques were. Techniques are divided into three categories:", "title": "Taekwondo" }, { "id": "411686", "score": "1.8494397", "text": "determined by an electronic scoring system, which assesses the strength and location of the contact. The only techniques allowed are kicks (delivering a strike using an area of the foot below the ankle), punches (delivering a strike using the closed fist), and pushes. In some smaller tournaments, and in the past, points were awarded by three corner judges using electronic scoring tallies. All major national and international tournaments have moved fully (as of 2017) to electronic scoring, including the use of electronic headgear. This limits corner judges to scoring only technical points and punches. Some believe that the new electronic", "title": "Taekwondo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Taekwondo\n\nTaekwondo, Tae Kwon Do or Taekwon-Do (; ) is a Korean form of martial arts involving punching and kicking techniques, with emphasis on head-height kicks, spinning jump kicks, and fast kicking techniques. The literal translation for tae kwon do is \"kicking\", \"punching\", and \"the art or way of\". They are a kind of martial arts in which one attacks or defends with hands and feet anytime or anywhere, with occasional use of weapons. The physical training undertaken in Taekwondo is purposeful and fosters strength of mind through mental armament.\n\nTaekwondo practitioners wear a uniform, known as a dobok. It is a combat sport and was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Korean martial artists with experience in martial arts such as karate, Chinese martial arts, and indigenous Korean martial arts traditions such as Taekkyon, Subak, and Gwonbeop.\n\nThe oldest governing body for Taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA), formed in 1959 through a collaborative effort by representatives from the nine original kwans, or martial arts schools, in Korea. The main international organisational bodies for Taekwondo today are the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), founded by Choi Hong-hi in 1966, and the partnership of the Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo (WT, formerly World Taekwondo Federation or WTF), founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively by the Korea Taekwondo Association. \"Gyeorugi\" (), a type of full-contact sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000. In 2018, the South Korean government officially designated Taekwondo as Korea's national martial art.\n\nThe governing body for Taekwondo in the Olympics and Paralympics is World Taekwondo.", "title": "Taekwondo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "World Taekwondo\n\nWorld Taekwondo, called the World Taekwondo Federation until June 2017, is an international federation governing the sport of taekwondo and is a member of the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF). \n\nThe \"World Taekwondo Federation\" was established on May 28, 1973, at its inaugural meeting held at the Kukkiwon with participation of 35 representatives from around the world. there are 212 member nations. Since 2004, Choue Chung-won has been the president of World Taekwondo, succeeding the first president, Kim Un-yong.\n\nOn July 17, 1980, the International Olympic Committee recognized World Taekwondo at its 83rd Session in Moscow, Russia. Taekwondo debuted as a demonstration sport of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. On September 4, 1994, Taekwondo was adopted as an official Sport of the 2000 Summer Olympics at the 103rd IOC Session in Paris, France. According to World Taekwondo, Taekwondo is one of the most systematic and scientific Korean traditional martial arts, that teaches more than physical fighting skills. It is a discipline that shows ways of enhancing our spirit and life through training our body and mind. Today, it has become a global sport that has gained an international reputation, and stands among the official games in the Olympics.\n\nThe body was renamed World Taekwondo in June 2017 to avoid the \"negative connotations\" of the acronym associated with the common internet slang WTF.", "title": "World Taekwondo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of taekwondo techniques" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Taekwondo at the 2008 Summer Olympics\n\nThe event of Taekwondo competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics is held in Beijing. It was on the duration of August 20 to August 23 at the Beijing Science and Technology University Gymnasium. The event consists of various athletes, who are 128 Taekwondo practitioners, consisting 64 men and 64 women. These athletes competed in 8 events, where for the first time ever, two bronze medals were awarded per event.\n\nThe highlight of the 2008 Summer Olympics are the top 3 Men Taekwondo medalists, which are: Guillermo Perez from Mexico, Yulis Gabriel Mercedes from Dominica Republic, and Mu-Yen Chu from Taipei. The top 3 Women Taekwondo medalists are: Jingyu Wu from China, Buttree Puedpong from Thailand, and Dalia Contreras Rivero from Venezuela. \n ", "title": "Taekwondo at the 2008 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Martial arts\n\nMartial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practiced for a number of reasons such as self-defense; military and law enforcement applications; competition; physical, mental, and spiritual development; entertainment; and the preservation of a nation's intangible cultural heritage.", "title": "Martial arts" }, { "id": "3616379", "score": "1.8391216", "text": "Taekwondo poomsae uniform, as opposed to the traditional World Taekwondo v-neck. Competitors are assigned compulsory poomsae depending on their age division. The compulsory poomsae are as follows: World Taekwondo approves three systems of competition: cut-off, round robin, and single elimination. Competitors are given a score out of 10.00 using an electronic scoring system or by hand. The score is composed of accuracy (4.00 points) and presentation (6.00 points). Competitions are judged by 3, 5, or 7 judges. If using a 5 or 7 judge format, the highest and lowest presentation and accuracy scores are dropped. In May 2016, World Taekwondo", "title": "World Taekwondo" }, { "id": "411691", "score": "1.821953", "text": "that allow more creativity. The World Taekwondo Federation directly sanctions the following competitions: The International Taekwon-Do Federation's sparring rules are similar to the WT's rules but differ in several aspects. Competitors do not wear the \"hogu\" (although they are required to wear approved foot and hand protection equipment, as well as optional head guards). This scoring system varies between individual organisations within the ITF; for example, in the TAGB, punches to the head or body score 1 point, kicks to the body score 2 points, and kicks to the head score 3 points. A continuous point system is utilized in", "title": "Taekwondo" }, { "id": "3674103", "score": "1.8188165", "text": "Encyclopedia but is present in the 15 Volume Encyclopedia (see: Volume 10, page 122). The 25 Patterns in Taekwon-Do ITF are: The retired pattern in Taekwon-Do ITF is The International Taekwon-Do Federation's sparring rules are similar to the WTF's rules, but differ in several aspects. Competitors do not wear the \"hogu\" (although they are required to wear approved foot and hand protection equipment, as well as optional head guards). This scoring system varies between individual organisations within the ITF- for example, in the TAGB, punches to the head or body score 1, kicks to the body score 2 and kicks", "title": "International Taekwon-Do Federation" }, { "id": "3616373", "score": "1.8137019", "text": "updated by World Taekwondo General Assembly in November 2016 in order to upgrade the sport so that it \"dazzles and excites.\" Changes include encouraging more offensive actions with modifications to some of the point scoring and by disallowing certain leg blocks, elimination of mid-game interruptions, and improvements that simplify penalty assessment and foster better officiating. These new rules took effect in January 2017. Beginning in 2009, a kick or punch that makes contact with the opponent's \"hogu\" (the body guard that functions as a scoring target) scores one point; if a kick to the \"hogu\" involved a technique that includes", "title": "World Taekwondo" }, { "id": "3674104", "score": "1.805139", "text": "to the head score 3 A continuous point system is utilized in ITF competition, where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring a technique. Full-force blows are not allowed, and knockouts result in a disqualification of the attacker; although these rules vary between ITF organizations. At the end of two minutes (or some other specified time) the competitor with more scoring techniques wins. Fouls in ITF sparring include heavy contact, attacking a fallen opponent, leg sweeping, holding/grabbing, intentional attack to a target other than allowed (for example below the belt, attacks to the back). ITF competitions also feature performances", "title": "International Taekwon-Do Federation" }, { "id": "3616372", "score": "1.7945015", "text": "Olympic rules, sparring is a full-contact event and takes place between two competitors on a matted 8 meter octagon. At the end of three rounds, the athlete with the most points is declared the winner. A tie, however, results in an additional round, known as \"Golden Point\". If no point is scored during the Golden Point, the player with the most registers on the PSS is declared the winner. Points are awarded for permitted, accurate, and powerful techniques to the legal scoring areas; light contact does not score any points. Points are awarded as follows: The competition sparring rules were", "title": "World Taekwondo" }, { "id": "20292944", "score": "1.7922082", "text": "opponent finishes their Poomsae in different time, a competitor will be guaranteed not less than a one-minute rest period between each Poomsae. Scoring criteria The total score of Para Taekwondo Poomsae competition is 10.0 points. In the P20 Sport Class additions are made based on the difficulty of the poomsae that the athlete performs. Scoring is divided into two point categories, technical and presentation. The maximum points for each point category is as follows: 1. Technical (4.0); 2. Presentation (6.0). Classification of competition The Classifications of Para Taekwondo Poomsae competition are divided by Age and Gender as follows: Athlete evaluation", "title": "Para Taekwondo" }, { "id": "411690", "score": "1.7872062", "text": "that competitor is declared the winner. In addition to sparring competition, World Taekwondo sanctions competition in poomsae or forms, although this is not an Olympic event. Single competitors perform a designated pattern of movements, and are assessed by judges for accuracy (accuracy of movements, balance, precision of details) and presentation (speed and power, rhythm, energy), both of which receive numerical scores, with deductions made for errors. Pair and team competition is also recognized, where two or more competitors perform the same form at the same time. In addition to competition with the traditional forms, there is experimentation with freestyle forms", "title": "Taekwondo" }, { "id": "6103906", "score": "1.7836571", "text": "between WTF and ITF taekwondo. This stance varies with the martial art and practitioner, but is the basic all-purpose stance used in sparring and combat. Common features across the arts include turning the body to the side to present a smaller target, slightly bent knees for balance and agility, feet about two shoulder widths apart, and hands up, protecting the head. In an art relying heavily on kicks, the body's mass is usually shifted slightly to the back leg, making the front leg easier to lift and increasing the speed of kicks. Regardless of the exact stance, this is the", "title": "Taekwondo stances" }, { "id": "3616377", "score": "1.7694322", "text": "value of a tournament is used to calculate how many points an athlete is awarded for winning a tournment. For example the Olympics as a G-20 tournament is worth five times as many points to the athlete as a Continental Championship (a G-4 tournament). To compete on a WT Ranking-Points Competition the athletes need a Global License, which allows them to secure points on any country that hosts a tournament and it's affiliated with WT. The points awarded to the athletes are given within the following formula: Where, generally, excluding the Summer Olympics where players tie at the same place", "title": "World Taekwondo" }, { "id": "411683", "score": "1.7665644", "text": "in which all strikes are light contact and the clock is stopped when a point is scored; and Olympic sparring, where all strikes are full contact and the clock continues when points are scored. Sparring involves a Hogu, or a chest protector, which muffles any kick's damage to avoid serious injuries. Helmets and other gear are provided as well. Though other systems may vary, a common point system works like this: One point for a regular kick to the Hogu, two for a turning behind the kick, three for a back kick, and four for a spinning kick to the", "title": "Taekwondo" }, { "id": "3616378", "score": "1.7650857", "text": "due to the repechages: Thereafter (generally) the percentage used is 70% rather than 60% Example: An athlete places 3rd at a G-8 event. Then the athlete is awarded: (10 points x 60% x 60%) x 8 = 28.8 points. When an athlete is awarded points at a Ranking-Point Tournament, those points remain attached to that athlete for four years. During a four-year period, points are deducted from the athletes rank after each completed year by 25% of the initial points. Poomsae competition has skyrocked in participation since the 1st World Taekwondo Poomsae Championships in 2006. Athletes wear the y-neck World", "title": "World Taekwondo" }, { "id": "3616375", "score": "1.7493783", "text": "an area not recognized as a target, falling, or stalling the match. Until 2008, if one competitor gained a 7-point lead over the other, or if one competitor reached a total of 12 points, then that competitor was immediately declared the winner and the match ended. These rules were abolished by World Taekwondo at the start of 2009. In October 2010 World Taekwondo reintroduced a point gap rule. Under the new rule if a competitor has a 12-point lead at the end of the second round or achieves a 12-point lead at any point in the third round then the", "title": "World Taekwondo" }, { "id": "15437668", "score": "1.7246928", "text": "physicality than Semi but less so than Full. All fighters are required to wear protection for their head, teeth, breast (women only) groin, shin and feet, and must fight with the standard 10oz gloves. Fighters score the following points for landing a controlled strike on their opponent; punch, kick to body, foot sweep (1 point), kick to head, jumping kick to body (2 points), jumping kick to head (3 points). Each fight is three, two-minute rounds and is scored by three judges. In the event of a draw the match will be scored electronically. Victory can be achieved by points", "title": "W.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 (Belgrade)" }, { "id": "411689", "score": "1.7224014", "text": "event of a tie, a fourth \"sudden death\" overtime round, sometimes called a \"Golden Point\", is held to determine the winner after a one-minute rest period. In this round, the first competitor to score a point wins the match. If there is no score in the additional round, the winner is decided by superiority, as determined by the refereeing officials or number of fouls committed during that round. If a competitor has a 20-point lead at the end of the second round or achieves a 20-point lead at any point in the third round, then the match is over and", "title": "Taekwondo" } ]

[ "end single", "end band", "The end", "end film", "end album", "The End (book)", "The End", "end", "The End (Single)", "The End (film)", "end television", "The End (album)", "end disambiguation", "The End(album)", "The End (television)", "The End.", "The End (song)", "The End (band)", "The End (disambiguation)", "end song", "The END", "end book" ]

[ { "id": "10363381", "score": "1.5303354", "text": "the sultry, soulful \"Fine\" manages to convey any of the strengths that made Houston a star.\" and \"hearing [Houston] work the tune's insistent, retro-funk groove, there's no doubting that she still has what it takes to make hits\". CANOE reviewer Jane Stevenson felt that the song \"falls flat\". \"The Star-Ledger\" wrote that the song \"grows tiresomely repetitious\". According to \"New Nation\" the song takes Houston \"to even greater heights, changing [her] vocals to a much lower tone, with an added hip-hop bassline\". The \"St. Louis Post-Dispatch\" called it \"a wonderful composition\". \"Fine\" appeared on the singles charts only in the", "title": "Fine (Whitney Houston song)" }, { "id": "10363379", "score": "1.51299", "text": "Fine (Whitney Houston song) \"Fine\" is a song by American R&B singer Whitney Houston, and was the fourth single from her 2000 compilation album, \"\". \"Fine\" is a mid-tempo R&B tune, written and produced by Raphael Saadiq and Kamaal Fareed. According to \"Billboard\", it features \"languid retro-funk guitars\" and a \"sneaky hook\", brought to life by \"richly layered harmonies\". It was described as having \"a sleek lite-funk sound\" by \"The Star-Ledger\". \"Billboard\" wrote that \"Fine\" is \"perhaps her most convincing crack at urbanized pop music to date. [Houston] seems to have eased into the chilled soul that propels a street-wise", "title": "Fine (Whitney Houston song)" }, { "id": "20065494", "score": "1.4340899", "text": "Fine (Taeyeon song) \"Fine\" is a song recorded by South Korean singer Taeyeon for her first studio album \"My Voice\" (2017). It was released on February 28, 2017 as the album's single by S.M. Entertainment. The song's lyrics were penned by Jin Ri, while its music was composed by Michael Woods, Kevin White, Andrew Bazzi, Shaylen Carroll, and MZMC. Musically, \"Fine\" is an alternative pop song that highlights Taeyeon's vocals. The single received positive reviews from music critics, who praised Taeyeon's vocals on the song and compared its musical styles to those of American singer Taylor Swift. It debuted atop", "title": "Fine (Taeyeon song)" }, { "id": "4473400", "score": "1.4231434", "text": "the word 'fine.' It does not then imply any pause in the music between the first and second part of the number.\" In the classical and baroque eras, fermatas were usually points at which performers were expected to improvise cadenzas commensurate with its place in the score: in the middle of a movement required short cadenzas, over a I and it implied the kind of cadenzas that are associated with the ending of concerto movements. The word lunga (shortened form of the Italian \"lunga pausa\", meaning \"long pause\") is sometimes added above a fermata to indicate a longer duration, the", "title": "Fermata" }, { "id": "936235", "score": "1.4179239", "text": "of scores, as discussed below. The term \"score\" can also refer to theatre music, orchestral music or songs written for a play, musical, opera or ballet, or to music or songs written for a television programme or film; for the last of these, see Film score. Sheet music from the 20th and 21st century typically indicates the title of the song or composition on a title page or cover, or on the top of the first page, if there is no title page or cover. If the song or piece is from a movie, Broadway musical, or opera, the title", "title": "Sheet music" }, { "id": "10363380", "score": "1.3831525", "text": "track. She wisely does not give into the temptation to belt and wail her way through the song [...]. Instead, Houston works the more sultry lower register of her voice, saving the big, beautiful notes as a dramatic accent toward the end of the cut\". LA Weekly in its review for \"Whitney: The Greatest Hits\" wrote that \"Only on the stellar R&B track “Fine” does Whitney stand out. [...] “Fine” is soulful, funky and tight as hell. And the vocal performance ranks among Whitney’s best.\" \"The Baltimore Sun\" wrote that \"Of the new tracks [on \"Whitney: The Greatest Hits\"], only", "title": "Fine (Whitney Houston song)" }, { "id": "9896791", "score": "1.3749522", "text": "an American, trying to sound like an American style. Maybe like The Doobie Brothers or something, y'know, trying to sound a bit like an American group with harmonies. I wasn't trying to copy 'em, but it was... it was sort of bouncy American style with a wobbly bit on the top.\" Jeff Lynne (August 21, 1990 - Classic Albums radio interview by Roger Scott) Regarding the dropping end of So Fine to segue into the next song on the LP, Livin' Thing: \"(It) was getting the two track and - and just basically switching it off, y'know, the motors off.", "title": "So Fine (Electric Light Orchestra song)" }, { "id": "10399083", "score": "1.3714445", "text": "Fine and Dandy (song) \"Fine and Dandy\" is a popular song from the 1930 Broadway musical of the same name when it was introduced by Joe Squibb and Nancy Ellis. The music was written by Kay Swift, the lyrics by Paul James (pseudonym for James Paul Warburg). The song was published in 1930. The song was introduced in the musical of the same name in 1930, and has since become a pop and jazz standard. A take-off using the same chord structure but a different melodic line was recorded by Woody Herman and called \"Keen and Peachy\". New York weatherman", "title": "Fine and Dandy (song)" }, { "id": "936251", "score": "1.3661938", "text": "music can be issued as individual pieces or works (for example, a popular song or a Beethoven sonata), in collections (for example works by one or several composers), as pieces performed by a given artist, etc. When the separate instrumental and vocal parts of a musical work are printed together, the resulting sheet music is called a \"score\". Conventionally, a score consists of musical notation with each instrumental or vocal part in vertical alignment (meaning that concurrent events in the notation for each part are orthographically arranged). The term \"score\" has also been used to refer to sheet music written", "title": "Sheet music" }, { "id": "8914796", "score": "1.3554907", "text": "Fine and Mellow \"Fine and Mellow\" is a jazz standard written by Billie Holiday, who first recorded it on April 20, 1939 on the Commodore label. It is a blues lamenting the bad treatment of a woman at the hands of \"my man\". The song was famously performed by Billie Holiday in 1957 in a television special, \"The Sound of Jazz\". The line-up included several jazz legends (the first six are listed in the order of their solos): It has been covered several times, sometimes with a change in lyrics or emphasis. For example, Lou Rawls switched the gender to", "title": "Fine and Mellow" }, { "id": "6199663", "score": "1.3501976", "text": "Fine Line \"Fine Line\" is a song from Paul McCartney's 2005 album, \"Chaos and Creation in the Backyard\". McCartney plays all the instruments on the song including drums, bass, and piano. It was released 29 August 2005 as the first single from the album in the UK (see 2005 in British music). It reached number 20 on the UK Singles Chart, McCartney's last top 20 solo single in the UK as of 2018, and number 31 on the US Adult Contemporary. It also reached number 1 in Japan. A live version is also featured on \"The Space Within US\" concert", "title": "Fine Line" }, { "id": "16594933", "score": "1.3473456", "text": "that seek to identify songs that have misogynistic undertones woven throughout them. For example, an article in the online US women's magazine \"Bustle\" provided a clip of lyrics from the song \"Fine China\" by Chris Brown. He sings \"It's alright, I'm not dangerous / When you're mine, I'll be generous / You're irreplaceable; Collectible / Just like fine China.\" The article went on to conclude that the song was demeaning to women by referring to them as objects or possessions. Music is a key factor in the socialization of children. Children and adolescents often turn to music lyrics as an", "title": "Exploitation of women in mass media" }, { "id": "9803657", "score": "1.3470953", "text": "F.I.N.E.* \"FINE\" is a song by hard rock band Aerosmith. It was written by lead singer Steven Tyler and lead guitarist Joe Perry. The song title is an acronym for \"Fucked Up, Insecure, Neurotic, and Emotional\", as stated in the album's liner notes. The song, totaling four minutes, nine seconds, is the second track on the band's 1989 album \"Pump\". It was released as a promotional single to rock radio in 1989, and reached No. 14 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. \"F.I.N.E.\" is an upbeat, hard rocking song, similar to \"Young Lust\" both lyrically and musically. Its raunchy lyrics", "title": "F.I.N.E.*" }, { "id": "7953920", "score": "1.3469379", "text": "Fine (brandy) Fine (French word meaning \"fine\", as in \"high quality\") is a term for some high quality French brandy (generally AOC), including Cognac and Armagnac. Varieties include: It was formerly quite common in France; it is now quite rare. It is notably referenced in Ernest Hemingway's works, including his posthumously published \"A Moveable Feast,\" and in his 1926 novel \"The Sun Also Rises\": In a scene in the 1964 James Bond film \"Goldfinger\", Bond is offered more of what Col. Smithers describes as \"rather disappointing brandy.\" M asks what's wrong with it, and Bond replies, (Bon Bois is a", "title": "Fine (brandy)" }, { "id": "936233", "score": "1.3321106", "text": "cases, \"play back\" the notated music using a synthesizer or virtual instruments. Use of the term \"sheet\" is intended to differentiate written or printed forms of music from sound recordings (on vinyl record, cassette, CD), radio or TV broadcasts or recorded live performances, which may capture film or video footage of the performance as well as the audio component. In everyday use, \"sheet music\" (or simply \"music\") can refer to the print publication of commercial sheet music in conjunction with the release of a new film, TV show, record album, or other special or popular event which involves music. The", "title": "Sheet music" }, { "id": "936232", "score": "1.3313658", "text": "Sheet music Sheet music is a handwritten or printed form of music notation that uses modern musical symbols to indicate the pitches (melodies), rhythms or chords of a song or instrumental musical piece. Like its analogs – printed books or pamphlets in English, Arabic or other languages – the medium of sheet music typically is paper (or, in earlier centuries, papyrus or parchment), although the access to musical notation since the 1980s has included the presentation of musical notation on computer screens and the development of scorewriter computer programs that can notate a song or piece electronically, and, in some", "title": "Sheet music" }, { "id": "936243", "score": "1.3214227", "text": "notation (a pianist, orchestral instrument players, a jazz band, etc.) or singers to perform a song or piece. In classical music, authoritative musical information about a piece can be gained by studying the written sketches and early versions of compositions that the composer might have retained, as well as the final autograph score and personal markings on proofs and printed scores. Comprehending sheet music requires a special form of literacy: the ability to read music notation. An ability to read or write music is not a requirement to compose music. There have been a number of composers and songwriters who", "title": "Sheet music" }, { "id": "6199664", "score": "1.3150651", "text": "DVD from 2006. Personnel per booklet. Fine Line \"Fine Line\" is a song from Paul McCartney's 2005 album, \"Chaos and Creation in the Backyard\". McCartney plays all the instruments on the song including drums, bass, and piano. It was released 29 August 2005 as the first single from the album in the UK (see 2005 in British music). It reached number 20 on the UK Singles Chart, McCartney's last top 20 solo single in the UK as of 2018, and number 31 on the US Adult Contemporary. It also reached number 1 in Japan. A live version is also featured", "title": "Fine Line" }, { "id": "936234", "score": "1.3122656", "text": "first printed sheet music made with a printing press was made in 1473. Sheet music is the basic form in which Western classical music is notated so that it can be learned and performed by solo singers or instrumentalists or musical ensembles. Many forms of traditional and popular Western music are commonly learned by singers and musicians \"by ear\", rather than by using sheet music (although in many cases, traditional and pop music may also be available in sheet music form). The term \"score\" is a common alternative (and more generic) term for sheet music, and there are several types", "title": "Sheet music" }, { "id": "8209337", "score": "1.3114178", "text": "A Fine Romance (song) \"A Fine Romance\" is a popular song composed by Jerome Kern with lyrics by Dorothy Fields, published in 1936. The song was written for the musical film, \"Swing Time\", where it was co-introduced by Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Astaire recorded a solo version of the song on July 28, 1936 for Brunswick records (catalog 7716) and it topped the charts of the day for five weeks. Billie Holiday recorded the song for Vocalion Records on September 29, 1936 and this too reached the charts of the day as did versions by Henry King and Guy", "title": "A Fine Romance (song)" } ]

[ "voltaic republic", "Voltaic Republic", "The Republic of Upper Volta", "republic of upper volta", "Republic of Upper Volta" ]

[ { "id": "37044", "score": "1.7189095", "text": "and Michel Kafando was reinstated as Acting President. In the general election held on 29 November 2015, Roch Marc Christian Kaboré won in the first round with 53.5% of the vote and was sworn in as President on 29 December 2015. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. The words \"Burkina\" and \"Faso\" both stem from different languages spoken in the country: \"Burkina\" comes from Mossi and means \"upright\" showing how the people are proud of their integrity, while \"Faso\" comes from the Dyula language and", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "id": "529099", "score": "1.6700859", "text": "to implement a series of revolutionary programs which included mass-vaccinations, infrastructure improvements, the expansion of women's rights, encouragement of domestic agricultural consumption and anti-desertification projects. On 4 August 1984, on President Sankara's initiative, the country's name was changed from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso (\"land of the upright/honest people\"). Sankara's government formed the National Council for the Revolution (CNR), with Sankara as its president, and established popular Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDRs). The Pioneers of the Revolution youth programme was also established. Sankara launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme for change, one of the largest ever undertaken on", "title": "History of Burkina Faso" }, { "id": "37038", "score": "1.5925416", "text": "Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (, ; ) is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around and is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. In 2017, its population was estimated at just over 20 million. Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Its", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "id": "18373432", "score": "1.5873952", "text": "the sole legitimate representative of all of China. On May 24, 2018, Burkina Faso derecognized the Republic of China. Burkina Faso, known as the Republic of Upper Volta prior to 1984, entered diplomatic relations with the Republic of China in 1961 , the year after the country gained independence from its former colonial power, France. Relations continued for over a decade, until 15 September 1973 when the regime of Upper Volta – led by Major General Sangoulé Lamizana, who had come to power in a 1966 military coup – derecognized the ROC and instead opened relations with the People's Republic", "title": "Burkina Faso–Taiwan relations" }, { "id": "1436953", "score": "1.5731883", "text": "poorest people in the country by eliminating corruption and the dominance of the former French colonial power among other things. He immediately launched one of the most ambitious programmes for social, ecological, gender and economic change ever attempted on the African continent. To symbolise this new autonomy and rebirth, he renamed the country from the French colonial Upper Volta to Burkina Faso (\"Land of Upright Man\"). His foreign policies were centred on anti-imperialism, with his government eschewing all foreign aid, pushing for odious debt reduction, nationalising all land and mineral wealth and averting the power and influence of the International", "title": "Thomas Sankara" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Burkina Faso\n\nThe history of Burkina Faso includes the history of various kingdoms within the country, such as the Mossi kingdoms, as well as the later French colonisation of the territory and its independence as the Republic of Upper Volta in 1960.", "title": "History of Burkina Faso" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Republic of Upper Volta\n\nThe Republic of Upper Volta () was a landlocked West African country established on 11 December 1958 as a self-governing colony within the French Community. Before becoming autonomous, it had been part of the French Union as the French Upper Volta. On 5 August 1960, it gained full independence from France. On 4 August 1984, it changed its name to Burkina Faso.", "title": "Republic of Upper Volta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Benin\n\nBenin ( , ; , ), officially the Republic of Benin (), and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its population lives on the southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital is Porto-Novo, and the seat of government is in Cotonou, the most populous city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of \n\nThe official language of Benin is French, with indigenous languages such as Fon, Bariba, Yoruba and Dendi also spoken. The largest religious group in Benin is Sunni Islam (27.7%), followed by Roman Catholicism (25.5%), Vodun (11.6%), and Protestantism. Benin is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Francophonie, the Community of Sahel–Saharan States, the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority.\n\nFrom the 17th to the 19th century, political entities in the area included the Kingdom of Dahomey, the city-state of Porto-Novo, and other states to the north. This region was referred to as the Slave Coast from the early 17th century due to the high number of people who were sold and trafficked during the Atlantic slave trade to the New World. France took over the territory in 1894, incorporating it into French West Africa as French Dahomey. In 1960, Dahomey gained full independence from France. As a sovereign state, Benin has had democratic governments, military coups, and military governments. A self-described Marxist–Leninist state called the People's Republic of Benin existed between 1975 and 1990. In 1991, it was replaced by the multi-party Republic of Benin.", "title": "Benin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Burkinabé National Olympic and Sports Committee" }, { "id": "1436968", "score": "1.5719783", "text": "fighting corruption, promoting reforestation, averting famine and making education and health real priorities. On the first anniversary of his accession in 1984, he renamed the country Burkina Faso, meaning \"the land of upright people\" in Moré and Djula, the two major languages of the country. He also gave it a new flag and wrote a new national anthem (\"Une Seule Nuit\"). Immediately after Sankara took office, he suppressed most of the powers held by tribal chiefs in Burkina Faso. These feudal landlords were stripped of their rights to tribute payments and forced labour as well as having their land distributed", "title": "Thomas Sankara" }, { "id": "37040", "score": "1.5471615", "text": "Burkina Faso was invaded by France, and colonial control was established following a war of conquest between 1896 and 1904. The territory was made part of French West Africa in 1904, and the colony of French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919. The colony was named for its location on the upper courses of the Volta River (the Black, Red and White Volta). The Republic of Upper Volta was established on 11 December 1958 as a self-governing colony within the French Community, and on 5 August 1960 it gained full independence, with Maurice Yaméogo as President. After protests", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "id": "1126017", "score": "1.5463917", "text": "of black, white, and red. These colours represented the three major tributaries of the Volta River, which flows south through the country: the Black Volta, the White Volta and the Red Volta. It is similar to the tricolor flag used by the German Empire from 1871 to 1918. The flag was changed when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso on 4 August 1984. From 1984 until 1997, the official Burkina Faso coat of arms used a revolutionary central crest featuring a mattock crossed with a Soviet AK-47 assault rifle, along with an open book symbolising the importance of education and the", "title": "Flag of Burkina Faso" }, { "id": "20731627", "score": "1.5442508", "text": "the United Nations General Assembly of October 25, 1971. Maurice Yaméogo (president from 1959 to 1966) had however, maintained relations with Beijing before the formalization of bilateral relations, that is to say during the Taiwanese-Burkinabe cooperation. But Burkina Faso is the only African state to have twice recognized the Republic of China: in 1964 and in 1994. At the beginning of 1994, Ouagadougou faced numerous fiscal and economic difficulties - including the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) implemented since March 1991 or the devaluation of the CFA franc. Burkina Faso is desperate for foreign financing, preferably non-Western. In any case, China", "title": "Burkina Faso–China relations" }, { "id": "20731629", "score": "1.5291834", "text": "official mandate (1991-1998). As a result, Taiwan helped finance the political program of the former Burkinabe leader who received between 40 and 50 million dollars from Taiwan to recognize the Republic of China to the detriment of the People's Republic of China. On 24 May 2018, Burkina Faso again cut ties with the Republic of China and two days later, on 26 May, Burkina Faso re-established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. Burkina Faso–China relations Burkina Faso–China relations or Sino-Burkinabé relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Burkina Faso and China. From 1961 until 1973, Burkina Faso recognized", "title": "Burkina Faso–China relations" }, { "id": "18373431", "score": "1.5259036", "text": "Burkina Faso–Taiwan relations Burkina Faso–Taiwan relations referred to the historical relationship between the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Burkina Faso. Taiwan had an embassy in Ouagadougou, and Burkina Faso had an embassy in Taipei. The last ambassador of Burkina Faso to Taiwan, appointed in August 2017, was Aminata Sana Congo. Since the termination of relations between São Tomé and Príncipe and Taiwan, Burkina Faso was one of only two states in Africa to recognize the ROC, the another one being Swaziland. Also, it was the most populous UN member state to had had fully recognized the Republic of China as", "title": "Burkina Faso–Taiwan relations" }, { "id": "37053", "score": "1.525217", "text": "On 4 September 1947, it revived the colony of Upper Volta, with its previous boundaries, as a part of the French Union. The French designated its colonies as departments of metropolitan France on the European continent. On 11 December 1958 the colony achieved self-government as the Republic of Upper Volta; it joined the Franco-African Community. A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories had begun with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of 23 July 1956. This act was followed by reorganization measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 to ensure a large degree of", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "id": "529114", "score": "1.5212204", "text": "Republic of Upper Volta The Republic of Upper Volta (), now Burkina Faso, was a landlocked West African country established on December 11, 1958, as a self-governing colony within the French Community. Before attaining autonomy it had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union. On August 5, 1960, it attained full independence from France. Thomas Sankara came to power through a military coup d'état on August 4, 1983. After the coup, he formed the National Council for the Revolution (CNR), with himself as president. Under the direction of Sankara, the country changed its name on August 4,", "title": "Republic of Upper Volta" }, { "id": "18373436", "score": "1.5202255", "text": "2012, President Ma Ying-jeou of the ROC went on his first tour of Africa, visiting Burkina Faso and meeting with President Compaoré. During the visit Ma promised more aid in the areas of education, medical care, transportation and agriculture. He visited again in January 2014, a month before the 20-year anniversary of Burkinabé–Taiwanese relations, meeting once more with Compaoré. Burkina Faso–Taiwan relations Burkina Faso–Taiwan relations referred to the historical relationship between the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Burkina Faso. Taiwan had an embassy in Ouagadougou, and Burkina Faso had an embassy in Taipei. The last ambassador of Burkina Faso to", "title": "Burkina Faso–Taiwan relations" }, { "id": "18373434", "score": "1.5189399", "text": "were entwined as sister cities on 4 December 2008. On 28 October, the 2014 Burkinabé uprising broke out. In response, the ROC's Ministry of Foreign Affairs took measures to ensure contact with all Taiwanese nationals and businesspeople in the country. All ROC diplomatic personnel were reported to be safe. After three days of protests, President Blaise Compaoré resigned and fled to the Ivory Coast, with the military taking power shortly after and designating Isaac Zida as acting head of state. ROC Minister of Foreign Affairs David Lin responded by announcing that the relations between the two countries remained unchanged for", "title": "Burkina Faso–Taiwan relations" }, { "id": "18376934", "score": "1.5182681", "text": "Burkina Faso was known as the Republic of Upper Volta. Prior to the coup, Sankara – as Prime Minister, under the rule of Major Dr. Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo – invited Gaddafi to Ouagadougou. Gaddafi, intrigued by Sankara, met only with the young revolutionary-minded officer and not with President Ouédraogo, reportedly causing significant friction between Sankara and his superior. This was one of the reasons as to why Ouédraogo imprisoned Sankara not long after, which triggered the military coup against him. On 6 August 1983, only two days after the coup, Gaddafi sent an air plane full of aid to the new", "title": "Burkina Faso–Libya relations" }, { "id": "20731626", "score": "1.5158122", "text": "Burkina Faso–China relations Burkina Faso–China relations or Sino-Burkinabé relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Burkina Faso and China. From 1961 until 1973, Burkina Faso recognized the Republic of China as the sole legitimate representative in China. From September 15, 1973 to February 4, 1994, Ouagadougou and its five successive presidents will maintain a modest relationship with Beijing (in terms of projects and financing). Opportunistic, this recognition came two years after the accession of so-called mainland China to the UN Security Council. In 1971, Burkina Faso (then still \"Upper Volta\") opposed with the United States to the Resolution 2758 of", "title": "Burkina Faso–China relations" }, { "id": "37045", "score": "1.5146612", "text": "means \"fatherland\" (lit. \"father's house\"). The \"bè\" suffix added onto \"Burkina\" to form the demonym \"Burkinabè\" comes from the Fula language and means \"men or women\". The French colony of Upper Volta was named for its location on the upper courses of the Volta River (the Black, Red and White Volta). The northwestern part of today's Burkina Faso was populated by hunter-gatherers between 14,000 and 5,000 BC. Their tools, including scrapers, chisels and arrowheads, were discovered in 1973 through archaeological excavations. Agricultural settlements were established between 3600 and 2600 BC. The Bura culture was an Iron-Age civilization centred in the", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "id": "18376938", "score": "1.5121446", "text": "millennium was the creation of the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, which both countries were founding members of. Relations became far more complicated in the 21st century, when the 2011 Libyan Civil War broke out. On 24 August 2011, after the fall of Tripoli to rebel hands, Burkina Faso announced that it had stopped recognizing the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and instead recognized the rival National Transitional Council. Despite this, the country initially extended an offer of asylum to Gaddafi, even though it was a signatory of the International Criminal Court, which had charged the Libyan leader with crimes", "title": "Burkina Faso–Libya relations" }, { "id": "529115", "score": "1.509002", "text": "1984, from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso, which means \"Land of Incorruptible People\". The name Upper Volta indicated that the country contains the upper part of the Volta River. The colors of the national flag corresponded to the names of its three main tributaries — the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. Upper Volta obtained independence on August 5, 1960. The first president of the country, Maurice Yaméogo, is at the head of the Alliance for Democracy and the Federation / African Democratic Rally . The 1960 Constitution establishes the election by direct universal suffrage of the", "title": "Republic of Upper Volta" } ]

[ "commercial port", "Sea ports", "Fluvial port", "ice free port", "ferry port", "ice free harbour", "warm water port", "port city", "ice free harbor", "Ice free harbour", "Ice-free harbour", "Deep water port", "Shipping port", "Fishing Port", "fluvial port", "Port of discharge", "Port", "Warm-water port", "Commercial port", "Deepwater pier", "sea ports", "port", "deepwater port", "seaport", "Ferry port", "deep water port", "Ports (disambiguation)", "Ports", "seaports", "ports", "fishing port", "Seaport", "Sea-port", "Port town", "sea port", "Deepwater port", "Warm water port", "Ice-free harbor", "Deep-water port", "Ice free port", "port town", "port of discharge", "seaports of japan", "deepwater pier", "Fishing port", "shipping port", "Port city", "Seaports", "ports disambiguation", "Sea port", "Seaports of Japan", "Ice-free port" ]

[ { "id": "14834925", "score": "1.5340816", "text": "vessel's starboard side by green and its port side by red. Aircraft are lit in the same way. Port and starboard Port and starboard are nautical and aeronautical terms of orientation that deal unambiguously with the structure of vessels and aircraft. Their structures are largely bilaterally symmetrical, meaning they have mirror-image left and right halves if divided long-ways down the middle. One asymmetric feature is that on aircraft and ships where access is at the side, this access is usually only provided on the port side. To understand which is which, when a person is facing the bow on a", "title": "Port and starboard" }, { "id": "14834921", "score": "1.5036801", "text": "Port and starboard Port and starboard are nautical and aeronautical terms of orientation that deal unambiguously with the structure of vessels and aircraft. Their structures are largely bilaterally symmetrical, meaning they have mirror-image left and right halves if divided long-ways down the middle. One asymmetric feature is that on aircraft and ships where access is at the side, this access is usually only provided on the port side. To understand which is which, when a person is facing the bow on a vessel or aircraft, that is, forward towards the direction the vehicle is heading when underway, the port side", "title": "Port and starboard" }, { "id": "14834922", "score": "1.4699754", "text": "is the left-hand side and the starboard side is the right-hand side. However, port and starboard never change; they are unambiguous references that are \"not\" based on the relative directions of an observer, just as the cardinal directions of east and west do not change no matter the direction a person faces. The term \"starboard\" derives from the Old English \"steorbord\", meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their centrelines, they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship on the right hand side of the ship, because more", "title": "Port and starboard" }, { "id": "3282885", "score": "1.4264266", "text": "the starboard side (the right side from the perspective of someone on board facing forward), a red light from dead ahead to two points abaft the beam on the port side (left side) and a white light that shines from astern to two points abaft the beam on both sides. Power driven vessels, in addition to these lights, must carry either one or two (depending on length) white masthead lights that shine from ahead to two points abaft the beam on both sides. If two masthead lights are carried then the aft one must be higher than the forward one.", "title": "Navigation light" }, { "id": "1209090", "score": "1.383954", "text": "propeller would turn counterclockwise when going astern and the stern would walk to port. This aided in docking operations, where \"port side to\" was the preferred situation and the vessel would be brought to the dock with a small bow-in angle and backing would flatten the angle, slow or stop the vessel and walk it alongside. An exception to this was the U.S. Sealift class tankers, which used a controllable-pitch propeller, where the pitch and not the direction of rotation was reversed to go astern. These propellers rotated counterclockwise at all times and so the \"walk\" was \"normal\".) Other variations", "title": "Seamanship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of ship directions\n\nThis list of ship directions provides succinct definitions for terms applying to spatial orientation in a marine environment or location on a vessel, such as \"fore\", \"aft\", \"astern\", \"aboard\", or \"topside\". \n\n\n\n", "title": "List of ship directions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Port and starboard\n\nPort and starboard are nautical terms for watercraft and aircraft, referring respectively to the left and right sides of the vessel, when aboard and facing the bow (front).\n\nVessels with bilateral symmetry have left and right halves which are mirror images of each other. One asymmetric feature is where access to a boat, ship, or aircraft is at the side, it is usually only on the port side (hence the name).", "title": "Port and starboard" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jibe\n\nA jibe (US) or gybe (Britain) is a sailing maneuver whereby a sailing vessel reaching downwind turns its stern through the wind, which then exerts its force from the opposite side of the vessel. Because the mainsail boom can swing across the cockpit quickly, jibes are potentially dangerous to person and rigging compared to tacking. Therefore accidental jibes are to be avoided while the proper technique must be applied so as to control the maneuver. For square-rigged ships, this maneuver is called wearing ship. \n\nIn this maneuver, the mainsail will cross the center of the boat while the jib is pulled to the other side of the boat. If a spinnaker is up, its pole will have to be manually moved to the other side, to remain opposite the mainsail. In a dinghy, raising the centerboard can increase the risk of capsizing during what can be a somewhat violent maneuver, although the opposite is true of a dinghy with a flat, planing hull profile: raising the centerboard reduces heeling moment during the maneuver and so reduces the risk of capsize.\n\nThe other way to change the side of the boat that faces the wind is turning the bow of the boat into, and then through, the direction of the wind. This operation is known as tacking or coming about. Tacking more than 180° to avoid a jibe is sometimes referred to as a 'chicken jibe'.", "title": "Jibe" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tack (sailing)\n\nA tack is a nautical term both for the lower, windward corner of a sail and, \"separately\", for the windward side of a sailing craft (side from which the wind is coming while under way—the starboard or port tack. Generally, a boat is on a starboard tack if the wind is coming over the starboard (right) side of boat with sails on port (left) side. Similarly, a boat is on a port tack if the wind is coming over the port (left) side of boat. However, confusion can result when a boat is on a 'run', with the wind coming directly from astern and the mainsail and jib/genoa are on opposite sides of the vessel (wing-on-wing). Therefore, the windward side is defined as the side opposite to that on which the mainsail is being carried. On a starboard tack the mainsail is carried on the port side. On a port tack the mainsail is carried on the starboard side. It is the position of the mainsail that determines the tack. ", "title": "Tack (sailing)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Boat positions\n\nIn the sport of rowing, each rower is numbered by boat position in ascending order from the bow to the stern (with the exception of single sculls). The person who is seated on the first seat is always the 'bow', the closest to the stern is commonly referred to as the 'stroke'. There are some exceptions to this: Rowers in continental Europe number from stern up to bow. Certain crew members have other informal titles and roles. Stroke seat in most cases is responsible for keeping pace for the boat, while the coxswain is responsible for the steering of the boat.", "title": "Boat positions" }, { "id": "2542657", "score": "1.3668349", "text": "\"There's no doubt at all about it that the Royal Navy and the British government have taken very considerable steps over the years to try to prevent whatever can be found out about the \"Lusitania\"\". The wreck of \"Lusitania\" lies on its starboard side at an approximately 30-degree angle in roughly of water, south of the lighthouse at Kinsale. The wreck is badly collapsed onto her starboard side, due to the force with which she struck the bottom coupled with the forces of winter tides and corrosion in the decades since the sinking. The keel has an \"unusual curvature\" which", "title": "RMS Lusitania" }, { "id": "4194781", "score": "1.3640754", "text": "Support for this came initially from a journalist and naval historian William Laird Clowes who suggested that Queen's Regulations required \"If two ships under steam are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the ship which has the other on its starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other,\" which would place the onus upon \"Camperdown\" to take avoiding action. Clowes also maintained that in any contention between a ship carrying the commander and another, it was the responsibility of the other ship to keep clear from the path of his commander. Although this particular form", "title": "HMS Victoria (1887)" }, { "id": "370024", "score": "1.3619158", "text": "planing board with a skeg. Nautical terms for elements of a vessel: starboard (right-hand side), port or larboard (left-hand side), forward or fore (frontward), aft or abaft (rearward), bow (forward part of the hull), stern (aft part of the hull), beam (the widest part). Spars, supporting sails, include masts, booms, yards, gaffs and poles. In most cases, \"rope\" is the term used only for raw material. Once a section of rope is designated for a particular purpose on a vessel, it generally is called a \"line,\" as in \"outhaul line\" or \"dock line\". A very thick line is considered a", "title": "Sailing" }, { "id": "241691", "score": "1.3595543", "text": "a ship. The need for impersonal terms is most clearly seen in a rowing shell where the majority of the crew face aft (\"backwards\"), hence the oars to their right are actually on the port side of the boat. Rowers eschew the terms left, right, port and starboard in favor of stroke-side and bow-side. The usage derives from the tradition of having the stroke (the rower closest to the stern of the boat) oar on the port side of the boat. Most human cultures use relative directions for reference, but there are exceptions. Australian Aboriginal peoples like the Guugu Yimithirr,", "title": "Relative direction" }, { "id": "5935710", "score": "1.3525823", "text": "either side. Aircraft carriers of the U.S. Navy, however, always receive replenishment on the starboard side of the carrier. The design of an aircraft carrier, with its island/navigation bridge to starboard, does not permit replenishment to the carrier's port side. Alongside connected replenishment is a risky operation, as two or three ships running side-by-side at speed must hold to \"precisely\" the same course and speed for a long period of time. Moreover, the hydrodynamics of two ships running close together cause a suction between them. A slight steering error on the part of one of the ships could cause a", "title": "Underway replenishment" }, { "id": "326685", "score": "1.3522942", "text": "aft, is called right-handed. One that turns anticlockwise is said to be left-handed. Larger vessels often have twin screws to reduce \"heeling torque\", counter-rotating propellers, the starboard screw is usually right-handed and the port left-handed, this is called outward turning. The opposite case is called inward turning. Another possibility is contra-rotating propellers, where two propellers rotate in opposing directions on a single shaft, or on separate shafts on nearly the same axis. Contra-rotating propellers offer increased efficiency by capturing the energy lost in the tangential velocities imparted to the fluid by the forward propeller (known as \"propeller swirl\"). The flow", "title": "Propeller" }, { "id": "4335706", "score": "1.345232", "text": "a pair of pulleys before coming back together at the tiller and connecting to the ship's rudder. Movement of the wheels (which were connected and moved in unison) caused the tiller rope to wind in one of two directions and angled the tiller left or right. In a typical and intuitive arrangement, a forward-facing helmsman turning the wheel \"counter\"clockwise would cause the tiller to angle to starboard and therefore the rudder to swing to port causing the vessel to also turn to port (see animation). On many vessels the helmsman stood facing the rear of the ship with the ship's", "title": "Ship's wheel" }, { "id": "14834923", "score": "1.3371422", "text": "people are right-handed. Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at the wharf on the other side. Hence the left side was called \"port\". The Oxford English Dictionary cites \"port\" in this usage since 1543. Formerly, \"larboard\" was often used instead of \"port\". This is from Middle English \"ladebord\" and the term \"lade\" is related to the modern \"load\". \"Larboard\" sounds similar to \"starboard\" and in 1844 the Royal Navy ordered that \"port\" be used instead. The United States Navy followed suit in 1846. \"Larboard\" continued to be used well into", "title": "Port and starboard" }, { "id": "9270393", "score": "1.330867", "text": "the galley is immediately to starboard, while a chart table over a drawer stack is to port. A wall separates the aft end of the galley from the cockpit sail locker. The galley is separated on its forward side from the main cabin by a low wall. Aft of the chart table is a quarter berth. Forward of the chart table and galley are two settees; the port settee is able to unfold into a double sleeping berth. Forward is a hanging locker to the starboard side and a head to the port side. The mast passes through the cabin", "title": "Islander 36" }, { "id": "20395023", "score": "1.3289536", "text": "the inside with screens of leaded decorative glass with no clear view of the outdoors.) This was echoed by survivor Norman Chambers, who testified that after the collision: \"However, there was then a slight list to starboard, with probably a few degrees in pitch; and as the ship had a list to port nearly all afternoon, I decided to remain up.\" Gardiner states that few parts of either ship bore the name, other than the easily removed lifeboats, bell, compass binnacle, and name plates. Everything else was standard White Star issue and was interchangeable between the two ships, and other", "title": "Robin Gardiner" }, { "id": "9927343", "score": "1.327659", "text": "list to starboard was caused by asymmetrical flooding of the starboard side as water poured down a passageway at the bottom of the ship. When the passageway was fully flooded, the list corrected itself but the ship later began to list to port by up to ten degrees as that side also flooded asymmetrically. \"Titanic\"s down angle altered fairly rapidly from zero degrees to about four and a half degrees during the first hour after the collision, but the rate at which the ship went down slowed greatly for the second hour, worsening only to about five degrees. This gave", "title": "Sinking of the RMS Titanic" }, { "id": "2669122", "score": "1.3250618", "text": "with various ideas to remedy the solution. A photograph in 1917 shows her with a canvas mock-up of a starboard \"island\" superstructure and funnel. This was placed on the starboard side because the rotary engines of some early aircraft created torque which pulled the nose left, meaning an aircraft naturally yawed to port on take-off; therefore, it was desirable that they turned away from the fixed superstructure. This became the typical aircraft carrier arrangement and was used in the next British carriers, and . After World War I, battlecruisers that otherwise would have been discarded under the Washington Naval Treaty—such", "title": "Flight deck" }, { "id": "749866", "score": "1.3201189", "text": "Two same-sized downward-curving funnels on the ship's starboard side, just abaft the island, vented exhaust gases horizontally from the boilers and were sufficiently angled to keep the flight deck free of smoke in most wind conditions. \"Shōkaku\"s long wood-planked flight deck ended short of the ship's bow and, just barely, short of the stern. It was supported by four steel pillars forward of the hangar box and by two pillars aft. The flight deck and both hangars (upper and lower) were serviced by three elevators, the largest being the forward one at by , the middle and the rear elevators", "title": "Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku" }, { "id": "14834924", "score": "1.305881", "text": "the 1850s by whalers. The navigational treaty convention, the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea—for instance, as appears in the UK's Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 (and comparable US documents from the US Coast Guard)—sets forth requirements for maritime vessels to avoid collisions, whether by sail or powered, and whether a vessel is overtaking, approaching head-on, or crossing. To set forth these navigational rules, the terms starboard and port are absolutely essential, and to aid in \"in situ\" decision-making, the two sides of each vessel are marked, dusk to dawn, by navigation lights, the", "title": "Port and starboard" }, { "id": "12172267", "score": "1.301627", "text": "provided a promenade. The forward portion of the deck house contained a pantry on the starboard side with staterooms for the stewards on the port side. Aft was an long, wide dining room extending to the machinery casing amidships. Flanking that casing to starboard was a vestibule to the main deck, toilet, and barber shop. Flanking to port were staterooms for engineers and a laundry. Aft of the boiler casing were the owner's stateroom and a by living room, with a vestibule from which stairs led below to guest's quarters, with a sheltered quarter deck to the stern. On the", "title": "USS Nokomis (SP-609)" } ]

[ "truly this man was son of god", "Truly this man was the son of God" ]

[ { "id": "2153115", "score": "1.8992462", "text": "never appeared in an English-language film and was best known for his performances in Ingmar Bergman's dramatic films. Stevens wanted an actor unknown to international audiences, free of secular and unseemly associations in the mind of the public. \"The Greatest Story Ever Told\" featured an ensemble of well-known actors, many of them in brief, even cameo, appearances. Some critics would later complain that the large cast distracted from the solemnity, notably in the appearance of John Wayne as the Roman centurion who comments on the Crucifixion, in his well-known voice, by stating: \"Truly this man was the Son of God.\"", "title": "The Greatest Story Ever Told" }, { "id": "213787", "score": "1.7605584", "text": "Bravo\" (1959) with Dean Martin, and \"The Longest Day\" (1962). In his final screen performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in \"The Shootist\" (1976). He appeared with many important Hollywood stars of his era, and his last public appearance was at the Academy Awards ceremony on April 9, 1979. Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26, 1907 at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa. The local paper, \"Winterset Madisonian\", reported on page 4 of the edition of May 30, 1907 that Wayne weighed 13 lbs. (around 6 kg.) at birth. His middle name was", "title": "John Wayne" }, { "id": "213804", "score": "1.745594", "text": "to Twentieth Century Fox, which cast Peck in the role Wayne badly wanted but for which he refused to bend. One of Wayne's most popular roles was in \"The High and the Mighty\" (1954), directed by William Wellman, and based on a novel by Ernest K. Gann. His portrayal of a heroic copilot won widespread acclaim. Wayne also portrayed aviators in \"Flying Tigers\" (1942), \"Flying Leathernecks\" (1951), \"Island in the Sky\" (1953), \"The Wings of Eagles\" (1957), and \"Jet Pilot\" (1957). He appeared in nearly two dozen of John Ford's films over twenty years, including \"She Wore a Yellow Ribbon\"", "title": "John Wayne" }, { "id": "10613110", "score": "1.7394822", "text": "into other genres as well, including several films dealing with the Second World War (notably \"The Longest Day\" and \"In Harm's Way)\". Wayne made some of his most prominent films during this period, including John Ford's \"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance\" (1962) with James Stewart. Wayne's political views came under harsh attack from film critics with the release of \"The Green Berets\" (1968), which Wayne produced and co-directed as well as starred in. The following year, however, he would be praised by critics for his performance in \"True Grit\", which would earn him an Academy Award for Best Actor.", "title": "John Wayne filmography" }, { "id": "213797", "score": "1.7131679", "text": "billing. \"Stagecoach\" was a huge critical and financial success, and Wayne became a mainstream star. Cast member Louise Platt credited Ford as saying at the time that Wayne would become the biggest star ever because of his appeal as the archetypal \"everyman\". America's entry into World War II resulted in a deluge of support for the war effort from all sectors of society, and Hollywood was no exception. Wayne was exempted from service due to his age (34 at the time of Pearl Harbor) and family status (classified as 3-A – family deferment) although actor Henry Fonda, born two years", "title": "John Wayne" }, { "id": "213784", "score": "1.7127727", "text": "John Wayne Marion Mitchell Morrison (born Marion Robert Morrison; May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), known professionally as John Wayne and nicknamed \"The Duke\", was an American actor and filmmaker. An Academy Award-winner for \"True Grit\" (1969), Wayne was among the top box office draws for three decades. Born in Winterset, Iowa, Wayne grew up in Southern California. He was president of Glendale High class of 1925. He found work at local film studios when he lost his football scholarship to the University of Southern California as a result of a bodysurfing accident. Initially working for the Fox Film", "title": "John Wayne" }, { "id": "213839", "score": "1.6927317", "text": "presented in honor of Wayne's \"outstanding machismo and penchant for punching people\". Although the convoy was met with protests by members of the American Indian Movement and others, some of whom threw snowballs, Wayne received a standing ovation from the audience when he walked onto the stage. An internal investigation was launched into the Army's involvement in the day. Footnotes Citations John Wayne Marion Mitchell Morrison (born Marion Robert Morrison; May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), known professionally as John Wayne and nicknamed \"The Duke\", was an American actor and filmmaker. An Academy Award-winner for \"True Grit\" (1969), Wayne", "title": "John Wayne" }, { "id": "5426109", "score": "1.6775289", "text": "under the direction of Anthony Mann during the 1950s. He gave notable supporting performances in three John Wayne films: as a humorous, larcenous Marine air crew Line Chief in \"Flying Leathernecks\" (1951); as Wayne's commanding general in \"Jet Pilot\" (1957); and as a wheelchair-bound senior partner of Wayne's in \"Hellfighters\" (1968). He also made a fourth film which co-starred John Wayne (\"How the West Was Won\", 1962), but played his only scene with Debbie Reynolds and Gregory Peck. He also appeared on television, including a 1960 guest-starring role as Gabe Jethrow in the episode \"Four Came Quietly\" on the CBS", "title": "Jay C. Flippen" }, { "id": "213805", "score": "1.6745853", "text": "(1949), \"The Quiet Man\" (1952), \"The Wings of Eagles\" (1957), and \"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance\" (1962) with James Stewart. The first movie in which he called someone \"Pilgrim,\" Ford's \"The Searchers\" (1956), is often considered to contain Wayne's finest and most complex performance. Wayne was nominated as the producer of Best Picture for \"The Alamo\" (1960), one of two films he directed. The other was \"The Green Berets\" (1968), the only major film made during the Vietnam War in support of the war. During the filming of \"The Green Berets\", the Degar or Montagnard people of Vietnam's Central", "title": "John Wayne" }, { "id": "7878905", "score": "1.6692202", "text": "crime stories. Film rights were purchased by Republic Pictures who announced the film in May 1939 as part of their slate for 1939-40. Director Raoul Walsh had discovered John Wayne in 1929 when Wayne was a 23-year-old prop man named Marion \"Duke\" Morrison. Walsh was reading a biography of General \"Mad Anthony\" Wayne at the time and gave the prop boy the last name \"Wayne\" after casting him as the lead in \"The Big Trail\" (1930), a 70 mm Grandeur widescreen epic shot on location all across the West. \"Dark Command\" remains the only other film upon which both Walsh", "title": "Dark Command" }, { "id": "6649224", "score": "1.6646237", "text": "Glenn Ford and Henry Fonda film of the same name. Patrick also served a tour of duty with the United States Coast Guard. Throughout the 1970s he portrayed Marathon John in commercials for Mars Inc's Marathon candy bar. Following work on his father's 1971 film \"Big Jake\", Wayne earned recognition in the sci-fi genre. His career peaked in the late 1970s in the popular matinee fantasy \"Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger\" (1977), then in \"The People That Time Forgot\" (1977). Wayne also screen-tested for the title role of \"Superman\". He co-starred as a romantic love interest to Shirley", "title": "Patrick Wayne" }, { "id": "12687393", "score": "1.6644173", "text": "1967 \"Death Valley Days\" episode, \"The Man Who Wouldn't Die\", Collier played Texas pioneer Josiah Wilbarger, who lived for eleven years after being scalped by the Comanches. Jan Clayton was cast as his sister, Margaret. Collier appeared in three late-career Western films with John Wayne: \"El Dorado\" (1966), \"The War Wagon\" (1967), and \"The Undefeated\" (1969). In a 2016 interview, he discussed working with Wayne: \"I'd like to think that the John Wayne 'school of acting' consists of three things: (1) Be on time for your call. (2) Know your dialogue; and (3) Don't leave the camera, even if you're", "title": "Don Collier" }, { "id": "213832", "score": "1.6545327", "text": "His footprints at Grauman's Chinese theater in Hollywood were laid in concrete that contained sand from Iwo Jima. His status grew so large and legendary that when Japanese Emperor Hirohito visited the United States in 1975, he asked to meet John Wayne, the symbolic representation of his country's former enemy. Likewise when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev visited the United States in 1959, he made two requests: to visit Disneyland and meet Wayne. Wayne is the only actor to appear in every edition of the annual Harris Poll of Most Popular Film Actors, and the only actor to appear on the", "title": "John Wayne" }, { "id": "5265502", "score": "1.645427", "text": "J.J. Burden in \"The Connection\" (1961), his first movie role. In \"The Cowboys\" (1972) in a role as a camp cook, he led a group of young cowhands avenging the death of John Wayne's character in the movie. Browne was much in demand for narration and voice-over parts in film and on commercial sound recordings. In 1968–69, he was heard as a late-night disc jockey on WNEW-FM in New York reciting poetry and passages from the Bible and assorted literary works. In 1977, Browne narrated a record album, \"The Story of Star Wars\", which presented an abridged version of the", "title": "Roscoe Lee Browne" }, { "id": "213786", "score": "1.6444559", "text": "and in them he played cowboys, cavalrymen, and unconquerable loners extracted from the Republic's central creation myth.\" Wayne's other roles in Westerns include a cattleman driving his herd north on the Chisholm Trail in \"Red River\" (1948), a Civil War veteran whose young niece is abducted by a tribe of Comanches in \"The Searchers\" (1956), a troubled rancher competing with a lawyer (James Stewart) for a woman's hand in marriage in \"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance\" (1962), and a cantankerous one-eyed marshal in \"True Grit\" (1969). He is also remembered for his roles in \"The Quiet Man\" (1952), \"Rio", "title": "John Wayne" }, { "id": "213785", "score": "1.6398232", "text": "Corporation, he appeared mostly in small bit parts. His first leading role came in Raoul Walsh's Western \"The Big Trail\" (1930), an early widescreen film epic which was a box-office failure. Only leading roles in numerous B movies followed during the 1930s, most of them also Westerns. Wayne's career was rejuvenated with John Ford's \"Stagecoach\" (1939) making him an instant mainstream star. He starred in 142 motion pictures altogether, including the dozens with his name above the title produced before 1939. Biographer Ronald Davis said, \"John Wayne personified for millions the nation's frontier heritage. Eighty-three of his movies were Westerns,", "title": "John Wayne" }, { "id": "213831", "score": "1.639348", "text": "image, and as his career progressed, he selected roles that would not compromise his off-screen image. At a party in 1957, Wayne confronted actor Kirk Douglas about the latter's decision to play the role of Vincent van Gogh in the film \"Lust for Life\", saying: \"Christ, Kirk, how can you play a part like that? There's so goddamn few of us left. We got to play strong, tough characters. Not these weak queers.\" Wayne's rise to being the quintessential movie war hero began to take shape four years after World War II, when \"Sands of Iwo Jima\" (1949) was released.", "title": "John Wayne" }, { "id": "1968036", "score": "1.6393147", "text": "which is now widely regarded as not only one of his best films, but also by many as one of the greatest westerns, and one of the best performances of John Wayne's career. Shot on location in Monument Valley, it tells of the embittered Civil War veteran Ethan Edwards who spends years tracking down his niece, kidnapped by Comanches as a young girl. The supporting cast included Jeffrey Hunter, Ward Bond, Vera Miles and rising star Natalie Wood. It was Hunter's first film for Ford. It was very successful upon its first release and became one of the top 20", "title": "John Ford" }, { "id": "213838", "score": "1.6379373", "text": "\"True Grit\". In 1973, \"The Harvard Lampoon\", a satirical paper run by Harvard University students, invited Wayne to receive The Brass Balls Award, created in his \"honor\", after calling him \"the biggest fraud in history\". Harvard Square had become known for leftist intellectualism and protest throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Wayne accepted the invitation as a chance to promote the recently released film \"McQ\", and a Fort Devens Army convoy offered to drive him into the square on an armored personnel carrier. The ceremony was held on January 15, 1974, at the Harvard Square Theater and the award was officially", "title": "John Wayne" }, { "id": "213792", "score": "1.6371909", "text": "the 1926 film \"Bardelys the Magnificent\". Wayne also appeared with his USC teammates playing football in \"Brown of Harvard\" (1926), \"The Dropkick\" (1927), and \"Salute\" (1929) and Columbia's \"Maker of Men\" (filmed in 1930, released in 1931). While working for Fox Film Corporation in bit roles, Wayne was given on-screen credit as \"Duke Morrison\" only once, in \"Words and Music\" (1929). Director Raoul Walsh saw him moving studio furniture while working as a prop boy and cast him in his first starring role in \"The Big Trail\" (1930). For his screen name, Walsh suggested \"Anthony Wayne\", after Revolutionary War general", "title": "John Wayne" } ]

[ "james i england", "James I", "James I of England, Scotland, and Irerland", "james i king of england", "James I of England and James VI of Scotland", "wisest fool in christendom", "The wisest fool in Christendom", "James I of England", "James VI of Scotland, James I of England", "The wisest fool", "James I of Wales", "King James VI and I", "James I of the United Kingdom", "james vi scotland", "james vi i", "james vi of england", "Wisest fool", "James VI of Scotland and England", "King James I", "James VI", "James the First", "james i of ireland", "james i of england and vi of scotland", "james i of england and james vi of scotland", "James I of the UK", "James VI of Scotland and I of England", "james first", "James, King of England, Ireland and Scotland", "james 6th", "king james i of england and vi of scotland", "wisest fool", "King James VI of Scotland and I of England", "James vi", "King James VI", "King James VI & I", "James VI, King of Scots", "James VI of England", "james i of uk", "james vi king of scots", "james vi of scotland", "king james vi of scotland and i of england", "James I of Great Britain", "King James the First", "james i of england scotland and ireland", "King James VI of Scotland", "King James I of England", "james vi of scotland and i of england", "james i of united kingdom", "king james first", "James VI of Scotland", "James I and VI", "King James VI &I", "James VI (Scotland)", "James the first", "king james vi i", "James I of Ireland", "james i and vi", "James I of england", "seumas vi of scotland", "king james vi and i", "james king of england ireland and scotland", "james i", "James I (of England)", "king james i", "king james vi of scotland", "James I (England)", "james vi of scotland and england", "james vi", "james vi of scotland james i of england", "James VI & I", "James VI and I", "king james vi", "James I of England, Scotland, and Ireland", "james i of england", "Seumas VI of Scotland", "King James I of England and VI of Scotland", "James I, King of England", "james i of england scotland and irerland", "james i of great britain", "James I of England and VI of Scotland", "james vi and i", "James the 6th", "james i of wales", "king james i of england", "Wisest fool in Christendom" ]

[ { "id": "14521216", "score": "1.9490149", "text": "list of the 50 greatest people from Yorkshire. Notes Citations Bibliography Gunpowder Plot in popular culture The Gunpowder Plot was a failed assassination attempt against King James VI of Scotland and I of England by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby. The conspirators' aim was to blow up the House of Lords at the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605, while the king and many other important members of the aristocracy and nobility were inside. The conspirator who became most closely associated with the plot in the popular imagination was Guy Fawkes, who had", "title": "Gunpowder Plot in popular culture" }, { "id": "10124640", "score": "1.9134684", "text": "session on 5 November 1605, a soldier called Guy Fawkes was discovered in the cellars of the parliament buildings guarding a pile of slaves, not far from about twenty barrels of gunpowder with which he intended to blow up Parliament House the following day and cause the destruction, as James put it, \"not only...of my person, nor of my wife and posterity also, but of the whole body of the State in general\". A Catholic conspiracy led by a disaffected gentleman called Robert Catesby, the Gunpowder Plot, as it quickly became known, had in fact been discovered in advance of", "title": "James VI and I and the English Parliament" }, { "id": "14521196", "score": "1.9097311", "text": "Gunpowder Plot in popular culture The Gunpowder Plot was a failed assassination attempt against King James VI of Scotland and I of England by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby. The conspirators' aim was to blow up the House of Lords at the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605, while the king and many other important members of the aristocracy and nobility were inside. The conspirator who became most closely associated with the plot in the popular imagination was Guy Fawkes, who had been assigned the task of lighting the fuse to the explosives.", "title": "Gunpowder Plot in popular culture" }, { "id": "163346", "score": "1.9059289", "text": "for a Catholic rebellion in England without success. He later met Thomas Wintour, with whom he returned to England, and Wintour introduced him to Robert Catesby, who planned to assassinate and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne. The plotters leased an undercroft beneath the House of Lords, and Fawkes was placed in charge of the gunpowder which they stockpiled there. The authorities were prompted by an anonymous letter to search Westminster Palace during the early hours of 5 November, and they found Fawkes guarding the explosives. He was questioned and tortured over the next few days, and he finally", "title": "Guy Fawkes" }, { "id": "4524311", "score": "1.8872664", "text": "the plotters moved 36 barrels of gunpowder from Catesby's lodgings on the opposite side of the River Thames. The plan was that during the State Opening of Parliament, at which the king and his ministers would be present, the plotters would blow up the House of Lords, killing all those within it. James's daughter, Princess Elizabeth, would be captured during a Midlands uprising, and installed as a titular queen. Percy spent that Autumn collecting Northumberland's rents, while Catesby continued to enlist support. By October 1605, he had 12 Catholic men assigned to his cause and was at work on the", "title": "Thomas Percy (Gunpowder Plot)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gunpowder Plot\n\nThe Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby who sought to restore the Catholic monarchy to England after decades of persecution against Catholics.\n\nThe plan was to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605, as the prelude to a popular revolt in the Midlands during which King James's nine-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, was to be installed as the Catholic head of state. Catesby may have embarked on the scheme after hopes of securing greater religious tolerance under King James I had faded, leaving many English Catholics disappointed. His fellow contributors were John and Christopher Wright, Robert and Thomas Wintour, Thomas Percy, Guy Fawkes, Robert Keyes, Thomas Bates, John Grant, Ambrose Rookwood, Sir Everard Digby and Francis Tresham. Fawkes, who had 10 years of military experience fighting in the Spanish Netherlands in the failed suppression of the Dutch Revolt, was given charge of the explosives.\n\nThe plot was revealed to the authorities in an anonymous letter sent to William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle, on 26 October 1605. During a search of the House of Lords in the evening on 4 November 1605, Fawkes was discovered guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder—enough to reduce the House of Lords to rubble—and arrested. Most of the conspirators fled from London as they learned that the plot had been discovered, trying to enlist support along the way. Several made a stand against the pursuing Sheriff of Worcester and his men at Holbeche House; in the ensuing battle Catesby was one of those shot and killed. At their trial on 27 January 1606, eight of the survivors, including Fawkes, were convicted and sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered.\n\nDetails of the assassination attempt were allegedly known by the principal Jesuit of England, Father Henry Garnet . Although he was convicted of treason and sentenced to death, doubt has been cast on how much he really knew of the plot. As its existence was revealed to him through confession, Garnet was prevented from informing the authorities by the absolute confidentiality of the confessional. Although anti-Catholic legislation was introduced soon after the discovery of the plot, many important and loyal Catholics retained high office during King James I's reign. The thwarting of the Gunpowder Plot was commemorated for many years afterwards by special sermons and other public events such as the ringing of church bells, which evolved into the British variant of Bonfire Night of today.", "title": "Gunpowder Plot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Henry Garnet\n\nHenry Garnet (July 1555 – 3 May 1606), sometimes Henry Garnett, was an English Jesuit priest executed for his complicity in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Born in Heanor, Derbyshire, he was educated in Nottingham and later at Winchester College before he moved to London in 1571 to work for a publisher. There he professed an interest in legal studies and in 1575, he travelled to the continent and joined the Society of Jesus. He was ordained in Rome some time around 1582.\n\nIn 1586 Garnet returned to England as part of the Jesuit mission, soon succeeding Father William Weston as Jesuit superior, following the latter's capture by the English authorities. Garnet established a secret press, which lasted until late 1588, and in 1594 he interceded in the Wisbech Stirs, a dispute between secular and regular clergy. He preferred a passive approach to the problems Catholics faced in England, approving of the disclosure by Catholic priests of the existence of the 1603 Bye Plot, and exhorting English Catholics not to engage in violent rebellion.\n\nIn summer 1605 Garnet met with Robert Catesby, a religious zealot who, unknown to him, planned to kill the Protestant King James I. The existence of Catesby's Gunpowder Plot was revealed to him by Father Oswald Tesimond on 24 July 1605, but as the information was received under the seal of the confessional, Canon law prevented him from speaking out under penalty of immediate excommunication. Instead, without telling anyone of what Catesby planned, he wrote to his superiors in Rome, urging them to warn English Catholics against the use of force.\n\nWhen the plot failed Garnet went into hiding, but he was eventually arrested on 27 January 1606. He was taken to London and interrogated by the Privy Council, whose members included John Popham, Edward Coke and Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury. Imprisoned in the Tower of London, his conversations with fellow prisoner Edward Oldcorne were monitored by eavesdroppers, and his letters to friends such as Anne Vaux were intercepted. His guilt, announced at the end of his trial on 28 March 1606, was a foregone conclusion. Criticised for his use of equivocation, which Coke called \"open and broad lying and forswearing\", and condemned for not warning the authorities of what Catesby planned, he was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered. He was executed on 3 May 1606.", "title": "Henry Garnet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/Archive D6 ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Featured log/August 2010 ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/DNB Epitome 18" }, { "id": "171000", "score": "1.881115", "text": "handwriting stating that it had belonged to Guy Fawkes. A further note, written in the 19th century, confirmed this provenance, although in 1952 the document acquired a new comment: \"but there was none left!\" Notes Footnotes Bibliography Gunpowder Plot The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby. The plan was to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605, as the prelude", "title": "Gunpowder Plot" }, { "id": "170937", "score": "1.8809204", "text": "was aware of the precise nature of the plot, Garnet attempted to dissuade Catesby from his course, to no avail. Garnet wrote to a colleague in Rome, Claudio Acquaviva, expressing his concerns about open rebellion in England. He also told Acquaviva that \"there is a risk that some private endeavour may commit treason or use force against the King\", and urged the pope to issue a public brief against the use of force. According to Fawkes, 20 barrels of gunpowder were brought in at first, followed by 16 more on 20 July. The supply of gunpowder was theoretically controlled by", "title": "Gunpowder Plot" }, { "id": "11029733", "score": "1.878264", "text": "tolerant towards Catholics. In Robert Catesby's view however, James had reneged on his promises, and he quickly lost patience with the new dynasty. He therefore planned to kill James by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder, and inciting a popular revolt during which a Catholic monarch would be restored to the throne. Catesby enlisted the help of six fellow Catholics, and by 25 March 1605 he had recruited three others: Robert Wintour, Christopher Wright, and Grant. Grant had received a letter from Catesby inviting him to a meeting that took place in Oxford at the Catherine Wheel inn,", "title": "John Grant (Gunpowder Plot)" }, { "id": "170899", "score": "1.8747587", "text": "Gunpowder Plot The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby. The plan was to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605, as the prelude to a popular revolt in the Midlands during which James's nine-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, was to be installed as the Catholic head of state. Catesby may have embarked on the scheme after hopes of securing greater religious tolerance", "title": "Gunpowder Plot" }, { "id": "170928", "score": "1.8725502", "text": "arranged for the use of the house through Northumberland's agents, Dudley Carleton and John Hippisley. Fawkes, using the pseudonym \"John Johnson\", took charge of the building, posing as Percy's servant. The building was occupied by Scottish commissioners appointed by the King to consider his plans for the unification of England and Scotland, so the plotters hired Catesby's lodgings in Lambeth, on the opposite bank of the Thames, from where their stored gunpowder and other supplies could be conveniently rowed across each night. Meanwhile, King James continued with his policies against the Catholics, and Parliament pushed through anti-Catholic legislation, until its", "title": "Gunpowder Plot" }, { "id": "8754014", "score": "1.8644738", "text": "history, plunging the nation into a religious war. English spymasters uncovered the plot and caught Guy Fawkes with the gunpowder beneath Parliament. The other conspirators fled to Holbeach in Staffordshire. A shoot out on November 8 with authorities led to the deaths of Robert Catesby, Thomas Percy and the brothers Christopher and John Wright. The rest were captured. Fawkes and seven others were tried and executed in January 1606. The planned attack has become known as the Gunpowder Plot and is commemorated in Britain every November 5 with fireworks displays and large bonfires with effigies of Guy Fawkes and the", "title": "History of terrorism" }, { "id": "2274207", "score": "1.8638778", "text": "Yeomen of the Guard in order to prevent a modern-day Gunpowder Plot. The Plot of 1605 involved a failed attempt by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby to blow up the Houses of Parliament and kill the Protestant King James I and aristocracy. Since that year, the cellars have been searched, now largely, but not only, for ceremonial purposes. This is supervised by the Lord Great Chamberlain, and the Yeomen are paid for their services with a small glass of port wine. The peers assemble in the House of Lords wearing their robes. They are joined", "title": "State Opening of Parliament" }, { "id": "7456421", "score": "1.8555928", "text": "what actually transpired, with the conspirators caught and executed. Additionally, had the plot succeeded, there would have been a massacre of Catholics, who accounted for 5% of the populace, leaving no Catholics in England at all: \"In reality, the blast would have sent shockwaves through the Protestant community, bolstering their resolve against the hugely outnumbered Catholics and sparking ruthless revenge.\" Pollard concludes that the plot was a \"stupid\" plan, stating that \"you can't change the politics of a whole country just by blowing up a few hundred people\". Richard Hammond - \"Host\" Henry Douthwaite as Guy Fawkes Stuart Liddle as", "title": "The Gunpowder Plot: Exploding the Legend" }, { "id": "9467383", "score": "1.8529462", "text": "Christopher by Fawkes and Thomas Wintour, held in the Tower of London after the failure of the plot. Early in 1604 Robert Catesby, a Catholic convert who had lost patience with King James I's lack of toleration of Catholics, invited his cousin Thomas Wintour to a meeting at which John was also present. Catesby proposed to blow up \"the Parliament House with gunpowder\", killing the king and his government, as in \"that place, have they done us all the mischief\". Catesby had not then given up hope on foreign help, and so he sent Wintour to the continent to meet", "title": "John and Christopher Wright" }, { "id": "170900", "score": "1.8450565", "text": "under King James had faded, leaving many English Catholics disappointed. His fellow plotters were John and Christopher Wright, Robert and Thomas Wintour, Thomas Percy, Guy Fawkes, Robert Keyes, Thomas Bates, John Grant, Ambrose Rookwood, Sir Everard Digby and Francis Tresham. Fawkes, who had 10 years of military experience fighting in the Spanish Netherlands in the failed suppression of the Dutch Revolt, was given charge of the explosives. The plot was revealed to the authorities in an anonymous letter sent to William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle, on 26 October 1605. During a search of the House of Lords at about midnight", "title": "Gunpowder Plot" }, { "id": "170901", "score": "1.8403666", "text": "on 4 November 1605, Fawkes was discovered guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder—enough to reduce the House of Lords to rubble—and arrested. Most of the conspirators fled from London as they learned of the plot's discovery, trying to enlist support along the way. Several made a stand against the pursuing Sheriff of Worcester and his men at Holbeche House; in the ensuing battle, Catesby was one of those shot and killed. At their trial on 27 January 1606, eight of the survivors, including Fawkes, were convicted and sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered. Details of the assassination attempt were allegedly", "title": "Gunpowder Plot" }, { "id": "3977953", "score": "1.8402011", "text": "Henry Garnet and John Gerard on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St Winefride's Well in Holywell. Late in September, he was approached by Robert Catesby, Thomas Wintour and John Wright, and invited to join what became known as the Gunpowder Plot. English Catholics had hoped that the persecution of their faith would end when James I came to the throne, as his attitude appeared to be moderate, even tolerant towards Catholics. In Catesby's view however, James had reneged on his promises. He therefore planned to kill the king by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder, and then", "title": "Ambrose Rookwood" }, { "id": "350043", "score": "1.8227134", "text": "at the behest of King James I of England, was ordained into the Church of England. Guy Fawkes, an Englishman and a Spanish soldier, along with other recusants or converts, including, among others, Sir Robert Catesby, Christopher Wright, John Wright and Thomas Percy, was arrested and charged with attempting to blow up Parliament on 5 November 1605. The plot was uncovered and most of the plotters, who were recusants or converts, were tried and executed. Recusants and martyrs are represented in the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales and among the Jacobites, such as the Earls of Derwentwater, particularly those", "title": "Recusancy" }, { "id": "574878", "score": "1.82048", "text": "was too old and \"out of use\" to attract a large audience. In the Bye Plot of 1603, two Catholic priests planned to kidnap King James and hold him in the Tower of London until he agreed to be more tolerant towards Catholics. Most dramatic was the 1605 Gunpowder Plot to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament. It was discovered in time with eight conspirators executed, including Guy Fawkes, who became the iconic evil traitor in English lore. While Henry VIII had launched the Royal Navy, Edward and Mary had ignored it and it", "title": "Elizabethan era" }, { "id": "328368", "score": "1.814232", "text": "House of Commons. Visitors pass through metal detectors and their possessions are scanned. Police from the Palace of Westminster Division of the Metropolitan Police, supported by some armed police from the Diplomatic Protection Group, are always on duty in and around the Palace. The failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was a conspiracy among a group of Roman Catholic gentry to re-establish Catholicism in England by assassinating the Protestant King James I and replacing him with a Catholic monarch. To this end, they placed large quantities of gunpowder beneath the House of Lords, which one of the conspirators, Guy Fawkes, would", "title": "Palace of Westminster" } ]

[ "Spice islands", "Spice Islands (disambiguation)", "Spice island", "spice islands", "spice island", "Spice Islands", "The Spice Islands", "spice islands disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "805514", "score": "1.6386187", "text": "island of Samar, which is just west of due north of the Moluccas. The Moluccas are a group of islands west of New Guinea. However, unlike the large modern Indonesian archipelago of the Maluku Islands, to 16th-century Europeans the Moluccas were a small chain of islands, the only place on Earth where cloves grew, just west of the large north Malukan island of Halmahera (called Gilolo at the time). Cloves were so prized by Europeans for their medicinal uses that they were worth their weight in gold. 16th- and 17th-century maps and descriptions indicate that the main islands were Ternate,", "title": "Treaty of Tordesillas" }, { "id": "618024", "score": "1.6173185", "text": "Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands or the Moluccas () are an archipelago within Banda Sea, Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi, west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. The islands were known as the Spice Islands due to the nutmeg, mace and cloves that were originally exclusively found there, the presence of which sparked colonial interest from Europe in the 16th century. The Maluku Islands formed a single province from Indonesian independence until 1999, when it was split into two provinces.", "title": "Maluku Islands" }, { "id": "14415137", "score": "1.5996923", "text": "Moluccans Moluccans are a ethnolinguistic group of related Austronesian ethnic groups indigenous to the Maluku Islands, also called the Moluccas, which have been part of Indonesia since 1950. As such, \"Moluccans\" is used as a blanket term for various ethnic and linguistic groups inhabiting the islands. The original inhabitants of the Maluku Islands were Melanesian in origin. However the migration of the Austronesian people changed the situation drastically. Austronesian peoples displaced and partially assimilated the native Melanesian population around 2000 BCE. Melanesian features are strongest in the islands of Kei and Aru and amongst the interior people of Seram and", "title": "Moluccans" }, { "id": "11838390", "score": "1.5737903", "text": "designated him a prisoner of conscience. The RMS is an separatist group which was formed during the 1950s. The RMS is a mainly Christian. The RMS is also known as the Republik Maluku Selatan, South Moluccan Republic or the South Maluku Republic, depending on the translation. The Moluccas, which were once known as the Spice Islands, are now commonly known by their Indonesian name, Maluku. The islands are located approximately east of the national capital of Jakarta. The Moluccas, who are populated by roughly even numbers of Christians and Muslims, were plagued by inter-religious violence between the two groups from", "title": "Johan Teterisa" }, { "id": "2754783", "score": "1.5679891", "text": "chronicle (1365) mentions the Moluccas and \"Maloko\"; and navigational works of the 14th and 15th centuries contain the first unequivocal Arab reference to Moluccas. Sulaima al-Mahr writes: \"East of Timor [where sandalwood is found] are the islands of \"Bandam\" and they are the islands where nutmeg and mace are found. The islands of cloves are called \"Maluku\" ...\" Moluccan products were then shipped to trading emporiums in India, passing through ports like Kozhikode, and through Sri Lanka. from there they were shipped westward across the ports of Arabia to the Near East, to Ormus in the Persian Gulf and Jeddah", "title": "Spice trade" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Maluku Islands\n\nThe Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: \"Kepulauan Maluku\") or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi, west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. Lying within Wallacea (mostly east of the biogeographical Weber Line), the Maluku Islands have been considered as a geographical and cultural intersection of Asia and Oceania.\n\nThe islands were known as the Spice Islands because of the nutmeg, mace and cloves that were exclusively found there, the presence of which sparked colonial interest from Europe in the sixteenth century.\n\nThe Maluku Islands formed a single province from Indonesian independence until 1999, when it was split into two provinces. A new province, North Maluku, incorporates the area between Morotai and Sula, with the arc of islands from Buru and Seram to Wetar remaining within the existing Maluku Province. North Maluku is predominantly Muslim, and its capital is Sofifi on Halmahera island. Maluku province has a larger Christian population, and its capital is Ambon. Though originally Melanesian, many island populations, especially in the Banda Islands, were massacred in the seventeenth century during the Dutch–Portuguese War, also known as the Spice War. A second influx of immigrants primarily from Java began in the early twentieth century under the Dutch and continues in the Indonesian era, which has also caused a lot of controversy as the Transmigrant programs have done so and even thought to have led to the Maluku Riots.\n\nBetween 1999 and 2002, conflict between Muslims and Christians killed thousands and displaced half a million people.", "title": "Maluku Islands" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Moluccans\n\nMoluccans are the Austronesian-speaking and Papuan-speaking ethnic groups indigenous to the Maluku Islands (also called the Moluccas), Indonesia. The region was historically known as the Spice Islands, and today consists of two Indonesian provinces of Maluku and North Maluku. As such, \"Moluccans\" is used as a blanket term for the various ethnic and linguistic groups native to the islands.\n\nIslam and Christianity are major religions of most Moluccans. Despite religious differences, all groups share strong cultural bonds and a sense of common identity, such as through Adat. Music is also a binding factor, playing an important role in the cultural identity, and the Moluccan capital city of Ambon was awarded the official status of City of Music by UNESCO in 2019.\n\nA small population of Moluccans (~50.000+ However, the vast majority of Moluccans still live in the Moluccas and the other surrounding regions such as Papua, East- and West Timor, North Sulawesi, and further west.", "title": "Moluccans" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Magellan expedition\n\nThe Magellan expedition, also known as the Magellan–Elcano expedition, was the first voyage around the world in recorded history. It was a 16th century Spanish expedition initially led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan to the Moluccas, which departed from Spain in 1519, and completed in 1522 by Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano, after crossing the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, culminating in the first circumnavigation of the world. \n\nThe expedition accomplished its primary goalto find a western route to the Moluccas (Spice Islands). The fleet left Spain on 20 September 1519, sailed across the Atlantic ocean and down the eastern coast of South America, eventually discovering the Strait of Magellan, allowing them to pass through to the Pacific Ocean (which Magellan named). The fleet completed the first Pacific crossing, stopping in the Philippines, and eventually reached the Moluccas after two years. A much-depleted crew led by Juan Sebastián Elcano finally returned to Spain on 6 September 1522, having sailed west across the great Indian Ocean, then around the Cape of Good Hope through waters controlled by the Portuguese and north along the Western African coast to eventually arrive in Spain.\n\nThe fleet initially consisted of five ships and about 270 men. The expedition faced numerous hardships including Portuguese sabotage attempts, mutinies, starvation, scurvy, storms, and hostile encounters with indigenous people. Only 30 men and one ship (the \"Victoria\") completed the return trip to Spain. Magellan himself died in battle in the Philippines, and was succeeded as captain-general by a series of officers, with Elcano eventually leading the \"Victoria\"s return trip.\n\nThe expedition was funded mostly by King Charles I of Spain, with the hope that it would discover a profitable western route to the Moluccas, as the eastern route was controlled by Portugal under the Treaty of Tordesillas. Though the expedition did find a route, it was much longer and more arduous than expected, and was therefore not commercially useful. Nevertheless, the expedition is regarded as one of the greatest achievements in seamanship, and had a significant impact on the European understanding of the world.", "title": "Magellan expedition" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Invasion of the Spice Islands\n\nThe invasion of the Spice Islands was a military invasion by British forces that took place between February to August 1810 on and around the Dutch owned Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) also known as the Spice Islands in the Dutch East Indies during the Napoleonic wars.\n\nBy 1810 the Kingdom of Holland was a vassal of Napoleonic France and Great Britain along with the East India Company sought to control the rich Dutch spice islands in the East Indies. Two British forces were allocated; one to the island of Ambon and Ternate, then another force would capture the more heavily defended islands of Banda Neira, following which any other island that was defended.\n\nIn a campaign that lasted seven months British forces took all of the islands in the region; Ambon was captured in February, Banda Neira in August and Ternate and all other islands in the region later that same month.\n\nThe British held on to the islands until the end of the war. After the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the islands were handed back to the Dutch, but in the meantime the East India Company had uprooted a lot of the spice trees for transplantation throughout the British Empire.", "title": "Invasion of the Spice Islands" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Ferdinand Magellan" }, { "id": "9650148", "score": "1.5671632", "text": "from the Maluku Islands. He used the French name \"Le gros-bec de Moluques\" and the Latin \"Coccothraustes Moluccensis\". Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his \"Systema Naturae\" for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the black-faced munia. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name \"Loxia molucca\" and cited Brisson's work. The specific name \"molucca\" denotes the Moluccas islands. This", "title": "Black-faced munia" }, { "id": "2878115", "score": "1.5504441", "text": "East Indies entitled \"Insulce Molucoe\" by the Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius, and in the map of Nova Guinea of 1600 (based on Portuguese sources). The Tanimbar Islands were sighted and possibly visited by Portuguese navigators such as Martim Afonso de Melo Jusarte around 1522–1525, who traveled around the archipelagos of Aru (with the reference \"Here wintered Martin Afonso de Melo\") and Tanimbar, and possibly Gomes de Sequeira in 1526. The Tanimbar Islands were part of the Dutch East Indies. During World War II the Dutch sent a detachment of thirteen men to the town of Saumlaki in the Tanimbar Islands", "title": "Tanimbar Islands" }, { "id": "15239373", "score": "1.5285827", "text": "Sultanate by the fifteenth century, when the first Europeans arrived. Ternate was one of the so-calledSpice Islands. Until the 18th century, cloves grew only on a few islands in the Moluccas: Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore. The trade in cloves and other spices from the Molaccas was a fabulously wealthy one and the European colonial powers competed to control it. In November 1511. the Portugese in Malacca learnt of the location of the Spice Islands in the Moluccas, and sent an expedition led by António de Abreu to find them. This arrived in early 1512, with Abreu going to", "title": "Fort Tolukko" }, { "id": "4281105", "score": "1.5245907", "text": "East Indies, the Molluccans declined to be a part of the Muslim dominated newly formed Indonesia and the rule of Sukarno, who had become increasingly authoritarian. They declared their independence as the Republic of South Maluku. Sukarno was in the process of forcibly taking control of the islands. Roelfzema was approached to contact the resistance on the Moluccas and document that Sukarno was using military force against them. This evidence was to be presented to the United Nations, where the case of the Molaccan people could be heard. He was provided with a small float plane in the Philippines, a", "title": "Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema" }, { "id": "5889613", "score": "1.5055194", "text": "the Northeastern extreme of Celebes. The Portuguese, Dutch, British, and Spanish Empires fought each other for control of the spice islands that can only be accessed through the Moluccan Sea. The sea is a very seismically active area due to the Molucca Sea Plate. Molucca Sea The Moluccan Sea (Indonesian: \"Laut Maluku\") is located in the western Pacific Ocean, around the vicinity of Indonesia, specifically bordered by the Indonesian Islands of Celebes (Sulawesi) to the west, Halmahera to the east, and the Sula Islands to the south. The Molucca Sea has a total surface area of 77,000 square miles (200,000", "title": "Molucca Sea" }, { "id": "5514869", "score": "1.4928415", "text": "clove islands of the Moluccas (which Varthema calls \"Monoch\"). Ludovico de Varthema may very well have been the first European to set eyes on these islands (the Portuguese would only find them in 1512). He comments extensively on the cultivation of the spices and their prices. The Moluccas was the furthest eastward point reached by Varthema and his Persian partner. It was by now around June 1505. Guided by the two Chinese Christians, they returned via a different route, first proceeding to Borneo to charter a larger ship, then headed south to Java, the \"largest island in the world\", according", "title": "Ludovico di Varthema" }, { "id": "13662488", "score": "1.489469", "text": "that time was inadequate for an accurate assignment of longitude, and each group chose maps or globes that showed the islands to be in their own hemisphere. John III and Charles V agreed to not send anyone else to the Moluccas until it was established in whose hemisphere they were situated. Between 1525 and 1528 Portugal sent several expeditions to the area around the Moluccas. Gomes de Sequeira and Diogo da Rocha were sent by the governor of Ternate Jorge de Meneses to the Celebes (also already visited by Simão de Abreu in 1523) and to the north. The expeditioners", "title": "Treaty of Zaragoza" }, { "id": "13729809", "score": "1.4848176", "text": "south of the Island of Jawa are found many Islands called Timor and that to the east of Timor are the Islands of Bandam, also a large number. The latter are places sandalwood, aloeswood and mace. The island is called Isles of Clove as airs of Jawa are called Maluku islands. Since many of the islands have not been identified with confidence, the extent of his travel and familiarity with the region is not known. Al Mahri's division of Andaman and Nicobar Islands into two parts helped Arab and Portuguese navigators. Even in the mid-16th century Sidi Ali Celeb translated", "title": "Sulaiman Al Mahri" }, { "id": "13662483", "score": "1.4843068", "text": "islands\" – the Banda Islands in the Moluccas, then the single world source of nutmeg and cloves, and the main purpose for the travels in the Indian Ocean – Albuquerque sent an expedition led by António de Abreu in search of the Moluccas, particularly the Banda islands. The expedition arrived in early 1512, passing en route through the Lesser Sunda Islands, being the first Europeans to get there. Before reaching Banda, the explorers visited the islands of Buru, Ambon and Seram. Later, after a separation forced by a shipwreck, Abreu's vice-captain Francisco Serrão, sailed to the north and, but his", "title": "Treaty of Zaragoza" }, { "id": "18355611", "score": "1.4785258", "text": "\"Myotis moluccarum\" (\"of the Moluccas\") is native to Indonesia, where it is present on the islands of Halmahera, Seram, Ambon, Peleng and the Kai Islands. It has also been reported from New Guinea and Australia, but it seems possible that it has been misidentified in these locations and the species concerned may be the southern or large-footed myotis, \"Myotis macropus\". It is a lowland species found in wetlands, around lakes and near streams at altitudes of up to , but mostly below . \"M. moluccarum\" is nocturnal and feeds by flying low over the surface of water and scooping up", "title": "Maluku myotis" }, { "id": "19285937", "score": "1.4767952", "text": "India, was Portuguese; everything to the west was Spanish. Twenty or so years later the discovery of the riches of the Moluccas (Spice Islands), at a time when the mineral wealth of South America was untapped, gave rise to a great debate as to who should possess those Islands. In 1528, Monachus presented Carondelet a geographical globe which implied that the anti-meridian of the Tordesillas dividing line would clearly put the Moluccas in the Spanish hemisphere. In his accompanying tract, \"De Orbis Situ\", he said: \"Maximilian Transylvanus recently published a letter concerning the Moluccas islands, which exist in the sea", "title": "Franciscus Monachus" }, { "id": "618042", "score": "1.4665984", "text": "cultivated, as are cocoa, coffee and fruit. Fishing is a big industry across the islands but particularly around Halmahera and Bacan. The Aru Islands produce pearls, and Seram exports lobsters. Logging is a significant industry on the larger islands with Seram producing ironwood and teak and ebony are produced on Buru. Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands or the Moluccas () are an archipelago within Banda Sea, Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi, west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. The islands", "title": "Maluku Islands" }, { "id": "618026", "score": "1.4606063", "text": "and 2002, conflict between Muslims and Christians killed thousands and displaced half a million people. The name \"Maluku\" is thought to have been derived from the term used by Arab traders for the region, \"Jazirat al-Moluk\" (\"the island of the kings\"), from the word malik (pl. moluk). However, since the name itself has been mentioned in a 14th-century Majapahit eulogy, Nagarakretagama, that predates the arrival of Islam in Maluku at the late fifteenth century, other sources claim that the name comes from a local language with the meaning \"the head of a bull\" or \"the head of something large\". The", "title": "Maluku Islands" }, { "id": "1828802", "score": "1.4558513", "text": "named Kihod, as recorded in Legazpi's chronicles. The island was first sighted by the Spaniards in 1565 during Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition. The Spaniards called the island \"Isla del Fuego\" (\"Island of Fire\"), because the island gave off an eerie glow, from the great swarms of fireflies that lived in the numerous molave trees on the island. Esteban Rodríguez of the Legazpi expedition led the first Spaniards to discover the island. He was captain of a small party that left Legazpi's camp in Bohol to explore the nearby islands which are now called Pamilican, Siquijor, and Negros The island,", "title": "Siquijor" }, { "id": "1760166", "score": "1.4533786", "text": "1521 Magellan arrived in the region and claimed the Philippines for Spain. In 1525, Spain under Charles V sent an expedition to colonize the Moluccas islands, claiming they were in his zone of the Treaty of Tordesillas, since there was no set limit to the east. The expedition of García Jofre de Loaísa reached the Moluccas, docking at Tidore. With the Portuguese already established in nearby Ternate, conflict was inevitable, leading to nearly a decade of skirmishes. A resolution was reached with the Treaty of Zaragoza in 1529, attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and the Philippines to Spain. The Portuguese", "title": "Portuguese Empire" } ]

[ "Jumpin' Jack Flash", "Jumping jackflash", "Jumpin Jack Flash", "jumpin jack flash song", "jumping jackflash", "jumpin jack flash", "Jumpin' Jack Flash (song)", "jumping jack flash", "Jumping Jack Flash" ]

[ { "id": "1715422", "score": "1.6204221", "text": "the book \"Keith Richards: The Biography\" by Victor Bockris, the line, \"I was born in a crossfire hurricane\", was written by Richards, and refers to his being born amid the bombing and air raid sirens of Dartford, England, in 1943 during World War II. The phrase \"Crossfire Hurricane\" was later used as the code name for the F.B.I.'s Crossfire Hurricane investigation into Russian assistance into the 2016 election campaign of U.S. President Donald Trump. Single version The Rolling Stones Additional personnel Live version from \"Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!\" \"Child of the Moon\" The Rolling Stones Additional personnel Released on 24", "title": "Jumpin' Jack Flash" }, { "id": "16929996", "score": "1.4679029", "text": "Journal\": From James Poniewozik of \"Time\" magazine: From David Hinckley of \"New York Daily News\": The film won a Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing: Long Form Documentary. Crossfire Hurricane Crossfire Hurricane is a 2012 documentary film about The Rolling Stones written and directed by Brett Morgen. The film chronicles the early years of the band through to 1981. The film is a series of interviews conducted without cameras, while showing various points of interest that the band is discussing as archival footage. The title of the film comes from the first line of the band's 1968 hit \"Jumpin'", "title": "Crossfire Hurricane" }, { "id": "14696135", "score": "1.4525088", "text": "of 2009, and Papadopoulos and Boulter were nominated for a 2008 BAFTA Award as \"Most Promising Newcomers.\" In 2010, Hurricane won the tender to produce a specially commissioned immersive film exploring the early lives and career of The Beatles for the new Museum of Liverpool. Made in collaboration with Apple Corps Ltd, \"\"In The Town Where I was Born\"\" is shown in its own purpose-built circular theatre, which also houses the actual stage on which John Lennon and Paul McCartney first met – from St. Peter's Church, Woolton, Liverpool. The following year, Hurricane were commissioned to make \"\"The Power and", "title": "Hurricane Films" }, { "id": "19484948", "score": "1.4383808", "text": "In fact he kept driving faster and faster, through shat she felt to be a storm, from how fast they were going and how loud the engine was. Until, all of a sudden he lost control in a U-turn. Concluding with both her Mama and Papa passing away that evening. \"\"When the storm ended, my Mama and Papa were gone. The storm had turned my family into rain.\"\" One of the explanations as to why Papa did not stop for the police could be that the \"other people\" might of potentially been illegal immigrants and Papa was helping them travel.", "title": "Sonnets for an Old Century" }, { "id": "5783304", "score": "1.4286423", "text": "the traditional song \"Wasn’t That a Mighty Storm?\" about the 1900 hurricane that destroyed Galveston, Texas. When he met Bob Dylan, the two traded harmonica licks, drank red wine and played croquet. Dylan eagerly absorbed von Schmidt's voluminous knowledge of music, including folk, country and the blues. \"I sang [Dylan] a bunch of songs, and, with that spongelike mind of his, he remembered almost all of them when he got back to New York,\" von Schmidt said in \"The Boston Globe\". Von Schmidt is widely (and erroneously) credited as the author of the song, \"Baby, Let Me Follow You Down\",", "title": "Eric Von Schmidt" }, { "id": "16929993", "score": "1.4267809", "text": "Crossfire Hurricane Crossfire Hurricane is a 2012 documentary film about The Rolling Stones written and directed by Brett Morgen. The film chronicles the early years of the band through to 1981. The film is a series of interviews conducted without cameras, while showing various points of interest that the band is discussing as archival footage. The title of the film comes from the first line of the band's 1968 hit \"Jumpin' Jack Flash\". On their 50th anniversary, the Rolling Stones, with the support of archive footage and interviewed by director Brett Morgen, retrace the first 20 years of their career.", "title": "Crossfire Hurricane" }, { "id": "13321455", "score": "1.4233739", "text": "original title Let the Hurricane Roar, the two characters are named \"Charles\" and \"Caroline\" which were the actual names of Lane's maternal grandparents - they were changed to \"Molly\" and \"David\" for the re-issue of the book as \"Young Pioneers\". David is forced to go back east because of the grasshoppers plague, leaving his young wife and infant son alone to endure a brutal winter on their isolated farm. The very same plot line is a part of her mother's \"\"On the Banks of Plum Creek\"\". Both of those incidents actually happened to Laura when she was about seven and", "title": "Young Pioneers (novel)" }, { "id": "9304823", "score": "1.4078375", "text": "Atlantic hurricane naming list after Hurricane Maria killed 3,057 people in 2017. Stewart's novel \"Fire\" (1948) was a sequel to \"Storm,\" again featuring the life of the (former) Junior Meteorologist, who was now a World War Two veteran and had been promoted. Dealing with a California wildfire, it also used the backdrop of an environmental catastrophe to disclose the personal struggles and triumphs of individual human beings. Storm (novel) Storm is a novel written by George Rippey Stewart and published in 1941. The book became a best-seller and helped lead to the naming of tropical cyclones worldwide, even though the", "title": "Storm (novel)" }, { "id": "3447231", "score": "1.4032497", "text": "boasting his role in each of several historical violent atrocities. The singer then ironically demands our courtesy towards him, implicitly chastising the listener for our collective culpability in the listed killings and crimes. In the 2012 documentary \"Crossfire Hurricane\", Jagger stated that his influence for the song came from Baudelaire and from the Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov's novel \"The Master and Margarita\" (which had just appeared in English translation in 1967). The book was given to him by Marianne Faithfull. In a 1995 interview with \"Rolling Stone\", Jagger said, \"I think that was taken from an old idea of Baudelaire's,", "title": "Sympathy for the Devil" }, { "id": "11878539", "score": "1.4026525", "text": "Charles Martin (author) Charles Martin (born November 3, 1969) is an author from the Southern United States. Martin earned his B.A. in English from Florida State University and went on to receive an M.A. in Journalism and a Ph.D. in Communication from Regent University. He currently lives in Jacksonville, Florida. He is the author of thirteen novels: \"Send Down the Rain\" (2018), \"Long Way Gone\" (2017), \"Water from My Heart\" (2015), \"A Life Intercepted\" (2014), \"Unwritten\" (2013), \"Thunder and Rain\" (2012), \"The Mountain Between Us\" (2010), \"Where the River Ends\" (2008), \"Chasing Fireflies: A Novel of Discovery\" (2007), \"Maggie: The", "title": "Charles Martin (author)" }, { "id": "16929994", "score": "1.3906059", "text": "The film discusses their early success in the sixties; the way the media characterised the difference between them and the Beatles; the exceptional musical talent of Brian Jones; their first song-writing; the difference between the boy fans' aggressiveness that resulted in fights with the police and the girl fans' screaming hysteria; Mick Jagger and Keith Richards drug use and their arrest; the musical contribution of Brian Jones that was waning due to excessive use of drugs, and his death a few weeks after the separation from the band; Mick Taylor's debut concert in Hyde Park in memory of Jones and", "title": "Crossfire Hurricane" }, { "id": "10792849", "score": "1.3879142", "text": "the Carnegie Medal. Despite the young audience, \"Storm\" is not a simple story. The language is deceptively simple: no difficult words are used but the effect is poetic and moving, and the ideas conveyed are anything but simple. Is it a ghost story? Is it a folk legend? Crossley-Holland is a folklore scholar and brings elements of the folk tale, and of the legends of the East Anglian country where he lived at the time, into this 42-page story of Annie and her adventure on a wild stormy night. Storm (novella) Storm is a novella and picture book written by", "title": "Storm (novella)" }, { "id": "19980657", "score": "1.3858265", "text": "mistake on his birth certificate. His first experience with a hurricane was October 1954, when he went with his family to Long Beach, North Carolina, to help relatives whose home had been destroyed by Hurricane Hazel. The devastation from that storm—still the most powerful hurricane on record for North Carolina—made a vivid and lasting impression on him. He credits Davida Gates, his sixth-grade teacher at Richfield School, with sparking his interest in historical research and storytelling. He was a standout athlete, earning five athletic letters at North Stanly High School, where he won a local award for sports writing for", "title": "Willie Drye" }, { "id": "2381061", "score": "1.3834615", "text": "Born in Flames Born in Flames is a 1983 documentary-style feminist fiction film by Lizzie Borden that explores racism, classism, sexism, and heterosexism in an alternative United States socialist democracy. The title comes from the song \"Born in Flames\" written by a member of Art & Language, Mayo Thompson of the band Red Krayola. The plot concerns two feminist groups in New York City, each voicing their concerns to the public by pirate radio. One group, led by an outspoken white lesbian, Isabel (Adele Bertei), operates \"Radio Ragazza\". The other group, led by a soft-spoken African-American, Honey (Honey), operates \"Phoenix", "title": "Born in Flames" }, { "id": "733579", "score": "1.378552", "text": "slums of London, and, in his own words, on \"the wrong side of the river Thames\" Rains was one of twelve children, all but three dying of malnutrition when still infants. His mother took in boarders in order to support the family. According to his daughter, Jessica Rains, he grew up with \"a very serious Cockney accent and a speech impediment\" which took the form of a stutter, causing him to call himself \"Willie Wains\"; she speaks of this in an interview on the 2004 DVD release of Universal Studio's Phantom of the Opera I, recorded in 2000. His accent", "title": "Claude Rains" }, { "id": "19532693", "score": "1.3767877", "text": "extreme weather by a childhood memory of Hurricane Hazel, and has had storm chasing experiences that included being hit by lightning, while Beverly has been obsessed with the destructive power of cyclonic motion since her daughter was killed by being sucked into the drain of a swimming pool. Maywell, nicknamed \"Bonefish\", is the descendant of pirates who first populated the island, and has his own obsession with the weather as hurricanes hit on both of the only two occasions in his entire life that he has ever left the island. Supporting characters include Jimmy Newton, who runs a storm chasing", "title": "Galveston (Quarrington novel)" }, { "id": "14133094", "score": "1.3763926", "text": "Curse\" (1978), \"Heartland\" (1979), \"My Body, My Child\" (1982), \"Terrible Joe Moran\" (1984), \"Country\" (1984), \"The Burning Bed\" (1984), \"The Night They Saved Christmas\" (1984), \"Arthur the King\" (1985), \"Sweet Dreams\" (1985), \"Between Two Women\" (1986) , Punchline\" (1988), \"Turner & Hooch\" (1989), \"Air America\" (1990), \"Another You\" (1991), \"A Family Thing\" (1996) and \"Fakin' Da Funk\" (1997). Charles Gross Charles Gross (born 1934) is an American film and TV composer, living in New York City. Gross was educated at Harvard University (BA), the New England Conservatory and Mills College (teaching fellowship) and a student of Darius Milhaud. He arranged", "title": "Charles Gross" }, { "id": "19084734", "score": "1.3748254", "text": "Born In a Storm Born In a Storm is the debut studio album by Dutch singer-songwriter Douwe Bob. It was released in the Netherlands on 3 May 2013, through Rodeomedia.nl. The album has peaked to number 7 on the Dutch Albums Chart. The album includes the singles \"Multicoloured Angels\", \"Stone Into the River\" and \"You Don't Have to Stay\". \"Multicoloured Angels\" was released as the lead single from the album on 21 September 2012. The song peaked to number 4 on the Dutch Singles Chart. \"Blind Man’s Bluff\" was released as the second single from the album on 24 January", "title": "Born In a Storm" }, { "id": "3595096", "score": "1.3740002", "text": "home in Sag Harbor, Long Island, New York. Steinbeck delayed his trip slightly due to Donna, which made a direct hit on Long Island. Steinbeck wrote of saving his boat during the middle of the hurricane, during which he jumped into the water and was blown to shore clinging to a fallen branch driven by the high winds. It was an exploit which foreshadowed his fearless, or even reckless, state of mind to dive into the unknown. The winds of Donna can be seen in the feature film \"Blast of Silence\" (1961); a fist fight scene on Long Island had", "title": "Hurricane Donna" }, { "id": "11496074", "score": "1.3658271", "text": "rehearsing a song. Every time they stop, the car rolls backwards down the hill, as if running out of petrol, but when the music starts up again, the car starts driving up the hill once more. In \"Tornado\" (2000-2010), spliced film clips show Alÿs chasing after huge dust devils kicked up by the annual dry season in Northern Mexico. Kara L. Rooney writes of the piece in \"The Brooklyn Rail\", \"The sight of his lean frame racing towards the twisters is at once ridiculous and hysterical—blithe qualities that quickly give way to gravitas as the artist physically enters the eye", "title": "Francis Alÿs" } ]

[ "Culture of peach", "Nectarines", "A Peach", "Prunus persica", "Amygdalus persica", "peaches", "White peach", "Prunus daemonifuga", "peacherine", "Amygdalus nucipersica", "brugnon", "persica platycarpa", "Peaches", "Peach trees", "Brugnon", "persica vulgaris", "Clingstone peach", "Persica potaninii", "amygdalus persica", "🍑", "Peacherines", "Elegant Lady", "nectarine", "Persica platycarpa", "persica nucipersica", "Nectarine", "nectarines", "persica potaninii", "amygdalus nucipersica", "peach", "freestone peach", "prunus daemonifuga", "white peach", "amygdalus potanini", "Persica vulgaris", "culture of peach", "peach trees", "peacherines", "peacherine tree", "elegant lady", "Peacherine tree", "Freestone peach", "Peach", "Persica nucipersica", "Peacherine", "prunus persica", "Amygdalus potanini", "clingstone peach" ]

[ { "id": "20609415", "score": "1.643131", "text": "with much overlap. The lack of skin fuzz can make nectarine skins appear more reddish than those of peaches, contributing to the fruit's plum-like appearance. The lack of down on nectarines' skin also means their skin is more easily bruised than peaches. The history of the nectarine is unclear; the first recorded mention in English is from 1616, but they had probably been grown much earlier within the native range of the peach in central and eastern Asia. Although one source states that nectarines were introduced into the United States by David Fairchild of the Department of Agriculture in 1906,", "title": "Peach (fruit)" }, { "id": "20609414", "score": "1.6117048", "text": "of fuzz or short hairs. Though fuzzy peaches and nectarines are regarded commercially as different fruits, with nectarines often erroneously believed to be a crossbreed between peaches and plums, or a \"peach with a plum skin\", nectarines belong to the same species as peaches. Several genetic studies have concluded nectarines are produced due to a recessive allele, whereas a fuzzy peach skin is dominant. Nectarines have arisen many times from peach trees, often as bud sports. As with peaches, nectarines can be white or yellow, and clingstone or freestone. On average, nectarines are slightly smaller and sweeter than peaches, but", "title": "Peach (fruit)" }, { "id": "617565", "score": "1.5484678", "text": "subgenera by the corrugated seed shell. Due to their close relatedness, the inside of a peach stone tastes remarkably similar to almond, and peach stones are often used to make a cheap version of marzipan, known as persipan. Peaches and nectarines are the same species, even though they are regarded commercially as different fruits. In contrast to peaches, whose fruits present the characteristic fuzz on the skin, nectarines are characterized by the absence of fruit-skin trichomes (fuzz-less fruit); it is thought that a mutation in a single gene (MYB25) is responsible for the hair or no-hair difference between the two.", "title": "Peach" }, { "id": "20609416", "score": "1.4723451", "text": "a number of colonial-era newspaper articles make reference to nectarines being grown in the United States prior to the Revolutionary War. 28 March 1768 edition of the \"New York Gazette\" (p. 3), for example, mentions a farm in Jamaica, Long Island, New York, where nectarines were grown. Peacherine is claimed to be a cross between a peach and a nectarine, and are marketed in Australia and New Zealand. The fruit is intermediate in appearance between a peach and a nectarine, large and brightly colored like a red peach. The flesh of the fruit is usually yellow, but white varieties also", "title": "Peach (fruit)" }, { "id": "617580", "score": "1.4459862", "text": "flavor. Peaches have a short shelf life, so commercial growers typically plant a mix of different cultivars to have fruit to ship all season long. Different countries have different cultivars. In the United Kingdom, for example, these cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit: The variety \"P. persica\" var. \"nucipersica\" (or var. \"nectarina\"), commonly called nectarine, has a smooth skin. It is on occasion referred to as a \"shaved peach\" or \"fuzzless peach\", due to its lack of fuzz or short hairs. Peacherine is claimed to be a cross between a peach and a nectarine, and", "title": "Peach" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Peach\n\nThe peach (\"Prunus persica\") is a deciduous tree first domesticated and cultivated in Zhejiang province of Eastern China. It bears edible juicy fruits with various characteristics, most called peaches and others (the glossy-skinned, non-fuzzy varieties), nectarines.\n\nThe specific name \"persica\" refers to its widespread cultivation in Persia (modern-day Iran), from where it was transplanted to Europe. It belongs to the genus \"Prunus\", which includes the cherry, apricot, almond, and plum, in the rose family. The peach is classified with the almond in the subgenus \"Amygdalus\", distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell (endocarp). Due to their close relatedness, the kernel of a peach stone tastes remarkably similar to almond, and peach stones are often used to make a cheap version of marzipan, known as persipan.\n\nPeaches and nectarines are the same species, though they are regarded commercially as different fruits. The skin of nectarines lacks the fuzz (fruit-skin trichomes) that peach skin has; a mutation in a single gene (\"MYB25\") is thought to be responsible for the difference between the two.\n\nIn 2018, China produced 62% of the world total of peaches and nectarines.<ref name=fao2018/>", "title": "Peach" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Figeater beetle\n\nCotinis mutabilis, also known as the figeater beetle (also green fruit beetle or fig beetle), is a member of the scarab beetle family. It belongs to the subfamily Cetoniinae, comprising a group of beetles commonly called flower chafers since many of them feed on pollen, nectar, or petals.) and Mexico.<ref name=\"greenfig\" /> Figeater beetles are often mistaken for green June beetles (\"Cotinis nitida\") and occasionally Japanese beetles (\"Popillia japonica\"), which occur in the eastern US.<ref name=\"greenfig\" />\n\nFigeater beetle larvae, commonly called \"crawly backs\",<ref name=\"crawly\" /> roll on their backs and propel themselves upside down. Adult figeater beetles grow to approximately .<ref name=\"sandiego\" /> They are a semi-glossy green on the top and a brilliant iridescent green on the underside and legs.<ref name=\"sandiego\" /> They are active during daylight hours, often congregating in the shade of trees near choice breeding grounds to find mates.\n\nThe figeater beetle is native to moister areas of the American southwest, where its natural diet includes fruit from cacti and sap from desert trees.<ref name=\"greenfig\" /> Their range has expanded considerably since the 1960s with the increasing availability of home gardens, compost piles, and organic mulch.<ref name=\"greenfig\" /><ref name=\"sandiego\" /> The larvae eat decomposing organic matter, such as that found in compost piles, manure piles, and organic mulch, and occasionally plant roots, such as the roots of grass in lawns.<ref name=\"greenfig\" /><ref name=\"sandiego\" /> The adult's primary food has become fruit in gardens and orchards.<ref name=\"greenfig\" />", "title": "Figeater beetle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Loquat\n\nThe loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is a large evergreen shrub or tree, grown commercially for its orange fruit and for its leaves, which are used to make herbal tea. It is also cultivated as an ornamental plant.\n\nThe loquat is in the family Rosaceae, and is native to the cooler hill regions of south-central China. In Japan the loquat is known as biwa (枇杷, びわ) and has been grown for over 1,000 years. The loquat has been introduced to regions with subtropical to mild temperate climates throughout the world.\n\n\"Eriobotrya japonica\" was formerly thought to be closely related to the genus \"Mespilus\", and is still sometimes mistakenly known as the Japanese medlar. It is also known as Japanese plum and Chinese plum, as well as pipa in China, naspli in Malta, Lukaat in India, Lucat in Sri Lanka, níspero in Spain, nêspera in Portugal, shések in Israel, akidéné in Lebanon, Ebirangweti in Kisii and nespolo in Italy (where the name is shared with \"Mespilus germanica\").", "title": "Loquat" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fruit waxing\n\nFruit waxing is the process of covering fruits (and, in some cases, vegetables) with artificial waxing material. Natural wax is removed first, usually by washing, followed by a coating of a biological or petroleum derived wax. Potentially allergenic proteins (peanut, soy, dairy, wheat) may be combined with shellac.\n\nThe primary reasons for waxing are to prevent water loss (making up for the removal in washing of the natural waxes in fruits that have them, particularly citrus but also, for example, apples) and thus retard shrinkage and spoilage, and to improve appearance. Dyes may be added to further enhance appearance, and sometimes fungicides. Fruits were waxed to cause fermentation as early as the 12th or the 13th century; commercial producers began waxing citrus to extend shelf life in the 1920s and 1930s. Aesthetics (consumer preference for shiny fruit) has since become the main reason. A distinction may be made between storage wax, pack-out wax (for immediate sale), and high-shine wax (for optimum attractiveness).", "title": "Fruit waxing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pluot\n\nPluots, apriums, apriplums, plumcots or pluclots are some of the hybrids between different \"Prunus\" species that are also called interspecific plums. Whereas plumcots and apriplums are first-generation hybrids between a plum parent (\"P. salicina\") and an apricot (\"P. armeniaca\"), pluots and apriums are later-generations. Both names \"plumcot\" and \"apriplum\" have been used for trees derived from a plum seed parent, and are therefore equivalent.", "title": "Pluot" }, { "id": "12365595", "score": "1.4115524", "text": "nectarine, the \"Wickson\" plum (named after the agronomist Edward J. Wickson), the freestone peach, and the white blackberry. A natural genetic variant of the Burbank potato with russet-colored skin later became known as the russet Burbank potato. This large, brown-skinned, white-fleshed potato has become the world's predominant potato in food processing. The Russet Burbank potato was in fact invented to help with the devastating situation in Ireland during the Irish Potato famine. This particular potato variety was created by Burbank to help \"revive the country's leading crop\" as it is slightly late blight-resistant. Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) is a disease", "title": "Luther Burbank" }, { "id": "12969647", "score": "1.3835803", "text": "in color from brick-red, rose-red, to scarlet, and are carried on many 15 in racemes. The calyx is a showy dark-red, about . The stems and petioles of the leaves have short wooly hairs, making them appear gray. The rough leaves are evergreen, with veining on the underside and light cream-colored hairs. Salvia karwinskii Salvia karwinskii (Karwinski's sage) is a perennial shrub native to the moist mountain forests of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, typically growing in or near pine or oak forests at elevation. It is known as a honey-producing plant in those areas, but is rarely", "title": "Salvia karwinskii" }, { "id": "13493002", "score": "1.3782192", "text": "top. The fuzzy, glandular corolla is white to light blue with a yellowish throat. Navarretia capillaris Navarretia capillaris (formerly \"Gilia capillaris\") is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name miniature gilia. It is native to the western United States where it grows in wet, gravel-lined habitat especially in mountains, such as snowmelt runs. It produces glandular stems coated thinly in hairs and lined with small lance-shaped or linear leaves only one or two millimeters wide. The tiny stem is topped with an inflorescence of one or more flowers each roughly a centimeter long.", "title": "Navarretia capillaris" }, { "id": "20609413", "score": "1.3765785", "text": "acidic, yellow-fleshed cultivars. Peach breeding has favored cultivars with more firmness, more red color, and shorter fuzz on the fruit surface. These characteristics ease shipping and supermarket sales by improving eye appeal. However, this selection process has not necessarily led to increased flavor. Peaches have a short shelf life, so commercial growers typically plant a mix of different cultivars to have fruit to ship all season long. The variety \"P. persica\" var. \"nucipersica\" (or var. \"nectarina\"), commonly called nectarine, has a smooth skin. It is on occasion referred to as a \"shaved peach\" or \"fuzzless peach\", due to its lack", "title": "Peach (fruit)" }, { "id": "617566", "score": "1.3511477", "text": "China alone produced 58% of the world's total for peaches and nectarines in 2016. \"Prunus persica\" grows up to tall and wide. However, when pruned properly, trees are usually tall and wide. The leaves are lanceolate, long, broad, pinnately veined. The flowers are produced in early spring before the leaves; they are solitary or paired, 2.5–3 cm diameter, pink, with five petals. The fruit has yellow or whitish flesh, a delicate aroma, and a skin that is either velvety (peaches) or smooth (nectarines) in different cultivars. The flesh is very delicate and easily bruised in some cultivars, but is fairly", "title": "Peach" }, { "id": "12338540", "score": "1.3491405", "text": "and are more persistent and petiolate. The leaves and stems are generally covered with silvery silky hairs but are scarcely glandular. The inflorescence consists of several short panicles, tightly packed, at the end of the stem, resembling a bottle-brush. The dark blue to purple bell-shaped corolla is 4–6 mm across. It is hairy inside and out but not glandular. The filaments are two to three times as long as the corolla and give the inflorescence a fuzzy appearance. The anthers are bright yellow or orange and the style is shortly cleft. The fruit consists of two-chambered capsules with 8 to", "title": "Phacelia sericea" }, { "id": "10823754", "score": "1.3467616", "text": "on the edges, are pea green, varying in size, all the way up to long and wide. Flower color and size is quite variable. The naturalized variety is typically tubular, bright red, about long. Flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds and butterflies. Cultivated varieties include orange-red, pink, salmon, red, white, and scarlet, and include bi-colored varieties. The plant is hardy to USDA Hardiness Zones Zones 8-10. Salvia coccinea Salvia coccinea, the blood sage, scarlet sage, Texas sage, or tropical sage, is a herbaceous perennial in the Lamiaceae family that is widespread throughout the Southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean,", "title": "Salvia coccinea" }, { "id": "867586", "score": "1.3466198", "text": "Clementine A clementine (\"Citrus × clementina\") is a tangor, a hybrid between a willowleaf mandarin orange (\"C.\" × \"deliciosa\") and a sweet orange (\"C. × sinensis\"), so named in 1902. The exterior is a deep orange colour with a smooth, glossy appearance. Clementines can be separated into 7 to 14 segments. Similar to tangerines, they tend to be easy to peel. They are typically juicy and sweet, with less acid than oranges. Their oils, like other citrus fruits, contain mostly limonene as well as myrcene, linalool, α-pinene and many complex aromatics. The clementine is a spontaneous citrus hybrid that arose", "title": "Clementine" }, { "id": "14871374", "score": "1.3425407", "text": "raised both above and below the leaf. The top of the leaf is a dark shiny green, below it is paler. The leaf stem is 5 to 10 mm long. White flowers appear in winter. The fruit is a fleshy black shining berry, around 10 mm in diameter. Jasminum volubile Jasminum volubile, the stiff jasmine, is a shrub or creeper from the olive family found in Australia. It may reach two metres in height as a shrub, but it can climb with stems to ten metres long. The plant's stems are mostly without hairs. The habitat is on the edge", "title": "Jasminum volubile" }, { "id": "6141309", "score": "1.3376677", "text": "Fairchild tangerine The Fairchild tangerine is a cross between a Clementine mandarin and an Orlando tangelo. The skin is thin with a deep orange color, is somewhat pebbly, and doesn't peel as easily as some other tangerines. It is juicy with a rich and sweet flavour and contains seeds. It is a popular variety in the United States, available from October until the middle of January and especially during the winter holidays. The Fairchild tangerine is one of California's most heavily planted varieties. Fairchild tangerines are sometimes found with the stem and leaves still attached. The Chinese believe the stems", "title": "Fairchild tangerine" }, { "id": "14785098", "score": "1.336978", "text": "stamens and three or four long styles protrude from the flower's center. Silene bernardina Silene bernardina is a species of flowering plant in the pink family known by the common name Palmer's catchfly. It is native to western North America from Washington and Idaho, through California and Oregon, to Baja California. It grows in several types of habitat, including chaparral scrub, mountain forests, and higher-elevation habitats in alpine climates. \"Silene bernardina\" is a variable plant and it is divided into several subspecies. In general, it is a perennial herb growing from a taproot and leafy caudex unit, the hairy, erect", "title": "Silene bernardina" }, { "id": "5252204", "score": "1.3364487", "text": "Salvia guaranitica Salvia guaranitica, the anise-scented sage or hummingbird sage, is a species of \"Salvia\" native to a wide area of South America, including Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. It is a perennial subshrub growing tall, spreading into a large patch through its spreading roots. The leaves are ovate, long and nearly as wide, with a fresh mint green color, and an anise scent when crushed. The inflorescences are up to long with flowers in various shades of blue, including an uncommonly true blue. In cold regions, flowering begins in mid summer and continues until frost. \"Salvia guaranitica\" is a", "title": "Salvia guaranitica" }, { "id": "10816613", "score": "1.3361106", "text": "is native to most of the southwestern United States as far north as Oregon, and to Baja California in Mexico. Rafinesquia californica Rafinesquia californica is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names California chicory and California plumeseed. It looks like a weedy daisy, bearing heads of elegant white-petaled flowers. The ligules of the flowers are often striped with lavender or pink on the undersides, a feature most noticeable when the heads are closed. Each fruit has a pappus of stiff white or light brown hairs. It is among the first plants to sprout", "title": "Rafinesquia californica" }, { "id": "11077735", "score": "1.3346484", "text": "alternate, with smooth or toothed margins and without stipules. The one-seeded, indehiscent fruit is a thin-fleshed globose drupe. The flowers and fruits often do not develop until after leaf fall and thus appear naked on the branches. The fruits often do not mature until the year after flowering. The calyx is persistent. The Pacific basin and New World species formerly separated in the genera \"Rapanea\" and \"Suttonia\" (distinguished from the African and Southeast Asian \"Myrsine sensu stricto\" by having the style absent and staminal tube and filaments completely adnate to the corolla) are now generally included in \"Myrsine\". Myrsine Myrsine", "title": "Myrsine" }, { "id": "15088283", "score": "1.3301556", "text": "and a pale purple-blue corolla up to 1.4 centimeters long. Glandularia gooddingii Glandularia gooddingii is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family known by the common name southwestern mock vervain. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it occurs in sandy and rocky desert habitat. It is a perennial herb producing several hairy, decumbent to erect stems up to 45 centimeters long. The hairy leaves are generally divided at the base into a few lobes, which are edged with large teeth or small lobes. The plant blooms in large, dense, head-like spikes of", "title": "Glandularia gooddingii" } ]

[ "She used to be male", "she used to be male" ]

[ { "id": "2836612", "score": "1.9558005", "text": "answer questions and present information on transitioned and transgender people. After becoming the 6th best player in Australia in 2003, she continued as a professional. Her coach is Australian Andrew Mowatt at the Royal Fremantle GC in Perth. At Bagger's first tournament as a professional, Laura Davies and Rachel Teske were among players who were happy to allow Bagger to compete. Bagger caused a media stir in 2004 when she played the Australia Women's Open and had intentions also of joining the Australian Ladies Professional Golf Tour (ALPG Tour). At a tournament in the United States, she met Ty Votaw,", "title": "Mianne Bagger" }, { "id": "2836607", "score": "1.9319007", "text": "Mianne Bagger Mianne Bagger (born in 25 December 1966) is a professional golfer from Denmark. Bagger moved with her family to Australia in 1979, when she was twelve and started to again play golf fully in 1998, first as an amateur player, then turning professional in 2003. In 2004, by playing in the Women's Australian Open, she became the first openly transitioned woman to play in a professional golf tournament. She also became the first trans woman to qualify for the Ladies European Tour in 2004, also becoming the first high-profile transitioned woman to qualify for a professional sports tour", "title": "Mianne Bagger" }, { "id": "2836608", "score": "1.9208987", "text": "since Renee Richards joined the Women's Tennis Association tour during the 1970s. She has been instrumental in gaining eligibility for transitioned women to compete on professional golf tours. Through her efforts, many professional golf organizations have amended their practices, but the policies generally still constrict rules of gender variance, and view atypically gendered women as something other than women. Bagger has sought to remove gender policies, specifically female-at-birth, as more problematic than helpful, and encourage sports organizations to see \"a fuller understanding and acceptance of gender variance and human diversity.\" Bagger was born in Copenhagen, Denmark on 25 December 1966.", "title": "Mianne Bagger" }, { "id": "2836616", "score": "1.8791783", "text": "remain under review. Bagger, along with a few high-profile athletes and a growing number of medical professionals and researchers around the world, continue to lobby the IOC, IAAF, WADA et al. in their approach to embracing transitioned athletes. Bagger also shares that many of these decisions are made by popular vote of members, often professionals in their sport, who are not doctors or medical professionals, and have no relevant medical training. Mianne Bagger Mianne Bagger (born in 25 December 1966) is a professional golfer from Denmark. Bagger moved with her family to Australia in 1979, when she was twelve and", "title": "Mianne Bagger" }, { "id": "2836609", "score": "1.8500133", "text": "She took up golf at the age of eight. At the age of 14, she was pictured with golfer Greg Norman during a golf clinic. Bagger moved with her family to Australia in 1979. In 1992 she started hormone replacement therapy and in 1995, had sex reassignment surgery. In 1998 she returned to golf as an amateur in Australia. She was open about her life and played in various amateur events around Adelaide and was invited to join the women's South Australian State Squad. After winning the 1999 South Australian State Amateur the media attention increased. Bagger played for the", "title": "Mianne Bagger" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mianne Bagger\n\nMianne Bagger (born 25 December 1966) is a professional golfer from Denmark. In 2004, by playing in the Women's Australian Open, she became the first openly transitioned woman to play in a professional golf tournament. She also became the first trans woman to qualify for the Ladies European Tour in 2004, and the first high-profile transitioned woman to qualify for a professional sports tour since Renee Richards joined the Women's Tennis Association tour during the 1970s.\n\nShe has been instrumental in gaining eligibility for transitioned women to compete on professional golf tours. Through her efforts, many professional golf organizations have amended their practices, but the policies generally still constrict rules of gender variance, and view atypically gendered women as something other than women.<ref name=WISPAJ/> Bagger has sought to remove gender policies, specifically female-at-birth, as more problematic than helpful, and encourage sports organizations to see \"a fuller understanding and acceptance of gender variance and human diversity.\"<ref name=WISPAJ/>", "title": "Mianne Bagger" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of LGBT sportspeople\n\nThis is a list of notable, openly lesbian, gay, bisexual, pansexual, and transgender sportspeople as well as those who identify as belonging to the broader queer community.\n\n", "title": "List of LGBT sportspeople" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sex verification in sports\n\nSex verification in sports (also known as gender verification, or loosely as gender determination or a sex test) occurs because eligibility of athletes to compete is restricted whenever sporting events are limited to a single sex, which is generally the case, as well as when events are limited to mixed-sex teams of defined composition (e.g., most \"pairs\" events). Practice has varied tremendously over time, across borders and by competitive level. Issues have arisen multiple times in the Olympic games and other high-profile sporting competitions, for example allegations that certain male athletes attempted to compete as women or that certain female athletes had intersex conditions perceived to give unfair advantage. Sex verification is not typically conducted on athletes competing in the male category.\n\nThe first mandatory sex test issued by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the world's track and field governing body, for woman athletes was in July 1950 in the month before the European Championships in Belgium. All athletes were tested in their own countries. Sex testing at the actual games began with the 1966 European Athletics Championships’ response to suspicion that several of the best women athletes from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were actually men. At the Olympics, testing was introduced in 1968.", "title": "Sex verification in sports" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Transgender people in sports\n\nThe participation of transgender people in competitive sports, a traditionally sex-segregated institution,<ref name=\":0\" /> is a controversial issue, particularly the inclusion of transgender women and girls in women's sports.\n\nOpponents argue that transgender women have an unfair advantage over, and may endanger, cisgender women in competitive sports due to sex differences in human physiology, and that these differences are not sufficiently reversed by transgender hormone therapies. Supporters of transgender athletes argue that medically prescribed puberty blockers and estrogen suppresses testosterone levels and reduces muscle mass of transgender women, reducing possible competitive advantages. Supporters also argue that sport, particularly youth sports, is also about belonging, well-being, and socialization of young people. The American Medical Association states that legislation barring trans women from women's sports harms the mental health of transgender people.\n\nThe controversy has caused debates regarding sex verification in sports. Since the mid-twentieth century, sports institutions have responded to the participation of transgender women, and women suspected to be transgender, male, or intersex, by adding eligibility requirements to women's sports variously determined by physical examination, sex chromosomes, and sex hormones. Proponents of such regulations regard them as necessary to ensure fair competition and women's safety.\n\nSince the late 2010s and early 2020s, some U.S. states have passed legislation restricting the participation of transgender youth in high school sports, or of trans women and girls in women's sports.<ref name=\":12\" /><ref name=\":22\" /><ref name=\":17\" />", "title": "Transgender people in sports" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of people from Texas\n\nThe following are notable people who were either born, raised or have lived for a significant period of time in the U.S. state of Texas.\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of people from Texas" }, { "id": "2836610", "score": "1.8416839", "text": "state team of South Australia (1999–2002) achieving a national top-ten rank for amateur women. Various players from time to time, were still concerned about Bagger having an \"unfair advantage\" The suspicion was that \"if I happen to do well or win a tournament, that it was because of an unfair advantage.\" She had researched the issues herself and, also through personal experience, realised that concerns were unfounded. All organizations that prevented her from competing had never actually done any research but had merely adopted a blanket ruling without question. Bagger answered that many people are not aware of physiological aspects", "title": "Mianne Bagger" }, { "id": "2836614", "score": "1.8147961", "text": "\"a measure that polices the traditional gender binary while being disguised as a progressive and inclusive measure,\" spells out specific requirements for a transitioned athlete. Bagger notes that the USGA policy requires \"a signed waiver by the entrant giving complete and unrestricted access to one’s medical records and pre-operative and post-operative psychiatric records\" – requirements that are unheard of for other competitors. In September 2004, after continued lobbying by Bagger, the Ladies European Tour voted on amending their membership entry criteria, allowing Bagger to compete on tour. Later that year, the ALPG also voted in favour of changing their constitution", "title": "Mianne Bagger" }, { "id": "2836611", "score": "1.749763", "text": "of gender variant conditions and the issues related to transitioning. Bagger again won the South Australian Amateur in 2001 and 2002. Bagger felt she had taken her amateur career as far as it could go and was looking to turn professional. She found that rules would prevent her from competing professionally in Australia and \"on most golf tours around the world.\" While still an amateur, she was offered the chance to play in the 2004 Women's Australian Open. This led to a front-page story in Sydney, which prompted Bagger to hold a news conference the day before the tournament to", "title": "Mianne Bagger" }, { "id": "7356611", "score": "1.6047133", "text": "in the crowd. Bammer said of her daughter, \"She is always telling other people to be quiet because mommy is concentrating.\" She is notable for her 2-0 head-to-head against Serena Williams, one of the only players to ever have a winning record against the American. Born on 27 April 1980 in Linz, Austria, Bammer made her WTA Tour main draw debut as a wildcard in 2000 at the Klagenfurt event. She lost to German player Andrea Glass at this event. She failed to qualify for Wimbledon, US Open and her home tournament in Linz. During 2001 she took a break", "title": "Sybille Bammer" }, { "id": "7356610", "score": "1.5566194", "text": "Sybille Bammer Sybille Bammer (born 27 April 1980) is a former professional female tennis player from Austria. Her career high ranking is No. 19, achieved on 17 December 2007. She was one of three mothers on the WTA Tour (Kim Clijsters and Rossana de los Ríos are the others), having taken time off at age 21 to have her daughter Tina before returning to the tour. When she won the 2007 Pattaya Women's Open, it was the first time in eighteen years that a mother won on tour, after Laura Arraya in 1989. Her daughter, Tina, was a frequent regular", "title": "Sybille Bammer" }, { "id": "7356627", "score": "1.5560473", "text": "Open – lost to V. Williams 6–2 7–5 Reached semi-final at Kuala Lumpur lost to No.1 seed Elena Dementieva. Bammer retired in 2011, after playing her last professional tournament, the 2011 Gastein Ladies. Sybille Bammer Sybille Bammer (born 27 April 1980) is a former professional female tennis player from Austria. Her career high ranking is No. 19, achieved on 17 December 2007. She was one of three mothers on the WTA Tour (Kim Clijsters and Rossana de los Ríos are the others), having taken time off at age 21 to have her daughter Tina before returning to the tour. When", "title": "Sybille Bammer" }, { "id": "2836615", "score": "1.5402467", "text": "to remove the 'female at birth' clause, thus making Bagger eligible to join the ALPG Tour in Australia. On 9 February 2005, the Ladies Golf Union also announced a policy change allowing Bagger to compete in the Women's British Open. On 21 March 2005, the United States Golf Association announced it adopted a new 'gender policy' that allows transitioned athletes to compete in USGA golf championships, including the upcoming U.S. Women's Open. In 2010, the LPGA amended their bylaws and removed the 'female at birth' entry condition. Although the various policy changes have enabled transitioned athletes to compete, the policies", "title": "Mianne Bagger" }, { "id": "20885903", "score": "1.537078", "text": "French tennis player Harmony Tan. Ségolène Berger Ségolène Berger (born 25 March 1978) is a former professional tennis player from France. Born in Nancy, Berger was a right-handed player who had a double handed backhand. Berger had a best singles ranking of 180 in the world, with her biggest title win a $25,000 ITF tournament in Getxo in 1997, beating Anna Smashnova in the final. At the 1998 French Open she received a wildcard into the main draw and lost in the first round to Barbara Rittner. Retiring in 2005, she continues to play tennis on the ITF senior circuit", "title": "Ségolène Berger" }, { "id": "14323365", "score": "1.5160728", "text": "Garbiñe Muguruza Garbiñe Muguruza Blanco (; born 8 October 1993) is a Spanish-Venezuelan professional tennis player and former world No. 1, currently ranked No. 15 in singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). Since turning professional in 2012, she has won six singles titles, including two majors, the 2016 French Open and the 2017 Wimbledon Championships. With powerful groundstrokes and an aggressive style, Muguruza came to prominence on reaching the last 16 at the 2014 Australian Open, besting former world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki. She defeated then world No. 1 Serena Williams in the second round of the French Open,", "title": "Garbiñe Muguruza" }, { "id": "7356612", "score": "1.5136346", "text": "from tennis to give birth to her daughter, Tina. Her boyfriend Christophe Gsthwendtner took a break from his engineering career to take care of Tina. Given that she was still to break into the top 200 at the time, this was a courageous decision for the young couple. It wasn't until two years later that she would break into the top 150. Upon her post-pregnancy comeback in 2002 she cruised to win her first career singles title at the $10k event in Grenoble. She won another two in the same year at Mostar and Innsbruck, both $25k events on the", "title": "Sybille Bammer" }, { "id": "20885902", "score": "1.49717", "text": "Ségolène Berger Ségolène Berger (born 25 March 1978) is a former professional tennis player from France. Born in Nancy, Berger was a right-handed player who had a double handed backhand. Berger had a best singles ranking of 180 in the world, with her biggest title win a $25,000 ITF tournament in Getxo in 1997, beating Anna Smashnova in the final. At the 1998 French Open she received a wildcard into the main draw and lost in the first round to Barbara Rittner. Retiring in 2005, she continues to play tennis on the ITF senior circuit and was early coach of", "title": "Ségolène Berger" }, { "id": "18846106", "score": "1.4939263", "text": "Championships wearing gold lame underpants she was initially banned from competing at that year's Wimbledon event because her dress might distract her opponents but she was reinstated when she promised to cover them with white lace. At the end of 1959 she signed a $30,000 professional contract to play a series of exhibition matches against Althea Gibson as the opening act for the Harlem Globetrotter basketball games and lost 4–114. Karol Fageros Karol Fageros (April 27, 1934 – April 4, 1988) was an American female tennis player who was active in the 1950s. As a junior, she won the Orange", "title": "Karol Fageros" }, { "id": "11732268", "score": "1.4929391", "text": "Russian about travelling on the tour, aimed as a guide for young players; currently writes articles for Ukrainian Tennis Magazine. Yuliya Beygelzimer Yuliya Markovna Beygelzimer (, born 20 October 1983) is an inactive professional female tennis player from Ukraine. She is perhaps best known for nearly defeating Jennifer Capriati at the 2004 French Open where she was down three games to love in the second set but then swept nine of ten games. She lost the match, having led 3 games to love in the final set after winning the second 6-4. The winner of twelve singles and thirty five", "title": "Yuliya Beygelzimer" }, { "id": "6428808", "score": "1.4890486", "text": "(ITF) Women's Circuit. She has never advanced beyond the third round of any Grand Slam event in singles competition. She represented France in the first round of the Fed Cup in 1998 as a rookie; she saved the defending champions from losing to Belgium by defeating Sabine Appelmans 4–6, 6–4, 6–1. Pitkowski married a French professional tennis player, Olivier Malcor, who has served as a coach for Nicolas Mahut, on 7 July 2001. The couple have a son. Sarah Pitkowski-Malcor Sarah Pitkowski-Malcor (born 13 November 1975) is a former professional female tennis player from France. Her career high singles ranking", "title": "Sarah Pitkowski-Malcor" }, { "id": "2836613", "score": "1.4878091", "text": "the commissioner of the LPGA Tour, who was later questioned about their policies stating \"right now, our rule is that they have to be born women.\" Bagger notes that \"they obviously don't consider that I meet that condition.\" Her comment reflects current medical findings that there are no physical advantages for transitioned women in the sport. Votaw left the possibility open for that rule to change in the future. The 2004 ruling by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) regarding transitioned athletes led to a re-examination of rules in many sports. The IOC 2004 Stockholm Consensus, which researchers have criticized as", "title": "Mianne Bagger" } ]